<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Madagascar</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 08 Jun 2013 10:30:46 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Fears of a malaria relapse in Madagascar</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106160935020971t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s recent gains in the battle against malaria are likely to be reversed because funding problems have interrupted prevention activities.
</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s recent gains in the battle against malaria are likely to be reversed because funding problems have interrupted prevention activities. 

“When fighting malaria, you need to be very technical. When grants come in too late, we end up handing out nets and spraying houses during the rainy season. There are many remote places, which we can’t reach during this time,” Benjamin Ramarosandratana, director of the National Programme for the Fight Against Malaria, told IRIN. 

“This year, our 2012 funding came in months later than we expected. For the next campaign, which runs from 2013 until 2015, we haven’t even signed the contract yet, while the year is already half over. This means that the nets we wanted to distribute in August won’t arrive until November,” Ramarosandratana said. 

“Fighting malaria is like sitting on a spring. You need to keep up the pressure to keep figures low. The moment you let go, the amount of cases soar,” he said. 

Donors suspended all but emergency assistance to Madagascar in 2009, after President Marc Ravalomanana was deposed in a coup d’etat. 

Slow bureaucratic procedures and the long-running political crisis have increased the country’s poverty levels. “With more than 92 percent of the population living under US$2 a day, Madagascar is now one of the poorest countries in the world,” the World Bank said in a 5 June briefing [ http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/05/madagascar-measuring-the-impact-of-the-political-crisis ]. These factors have combined to disrupt large-scale antimalarial campaigns. 

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the US-based President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) saw external funding for malaria prevention in the country increase between 2005 and 2011, peaking at US$96 million in 2010. But since 2012, funding glitches have become a major concern. 

Pockets of malaria 

Between 2007 and 2011, about $240 million was spent by a variety of donors on malaria control, including indoor residual spraying (IRS), distributing insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets, and training health workers on the use of rapid diagnostic test (RDTs) kits. 

More than 8.2 million nets were distributed in high-transmission areas in 2009 and 2010. As a result, 92 percent of the at-risk population was covered by either nets or IRS, according to the 2011 Malaria Indicator Survey [ http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-MIS9-MIS-Final-Reports.cfm ]. The prevention campaign resulted in a 13-fold reduction in reported malaria morbidity at primary health centres, from 130 cases per 1,000 people in 2003 to 10 per 1,000 people in 2011, according to government figures. 

IRS is seen as a key tool in malaria prevention, and was scaled up to reach over 1.8 million households annually between 2010 and 2012. But funding shortages will cause a 70 percent reduction in IRS in 2013. 

There is concern the disease is establishing footholds in remote areas, which could lead to malaria spreading to more populous areas. 

One such foothold is Ankazobe, in Analamanga District, where 19 people died of malaria in February. Ankazobe last received mosquito nets in 2010; the nets were scheduled to be replaced this year, but new nets did not arrive. 

Increasing insecurity in the south has also prevented malarial spraying campaigns across eight communes and several rural districts. “There were so many dahalos [bandits] in the area, that it would have been suicide to go there,” Ramarosandratana said. [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/default.aspx?id=62 ] 

“The human factor” 

Even when grants for antimalarial strategies are received on time, the fight against the disease is complicated by what Ramarosandratana calls “the human factor.” 

“When you go back to a [net] distribution place three months later, you sometimes see that the percentage of households that own a net has dropped from 80 to 60 percent,” Ramarosandratana said. “Poverty is our big enemy here. Sometimes people don’t use the net but keep it safely wrapped up in their house, or they sell it on the market.” 

In the southeastern, malaria-prone village of Ranomafana, few households possess mosquito nets, even though there is a distribution programme and all pregnant women receive them for free at the antenatal clinic. 

“They gave us three free nets two years ago, but my grandchildren played with them and broke them all when I was working in the field,” said Justine Ravao, 55. 

Net use is also thought to have declined when the disease was receding; a malaria outbreak in the southern Vatovavy-Fitovinanay, Atsimo Atsinanana and Androy districts last year was seen as a consequence of this. 

“Some community members started to use the nets on their beds, to protect themselves from fleas, but as soon as they stopped using them correctly, they were vulnerable when we had a malaria resurgence,” PMI malaria specialist Alyssa Finlay-Vickers told IRIN. 

“We need new tools and technology. The impregnated bed nets don’t last as long as we thought they would, and distributing millions of nets every three years to protect the population may be difficult to sustain,” she said. 

Preventing drug resistance 

“To think we can eradicate, or even eliminate, malaria in Madagascar is believing in utopia. The conditions here are too favourable for these mosquitoes to breed. The only thing we can do is fight the malaria mortality rates,” Ramarosandratana said. 

“Malaria is easy to treat, but the problem with it is that it comes back. A child can have up to four malaria attacks a year,” Ramarosandratana continued. About 17,000 community health workers have been trained to use RDTs and provide first-line malaria treatment, he said. But overtreatment can cause drug resistance. 

“When I was young, they used to distribute nivaquine like candy. It takes about a decade before the malaria drugs don’t work any longer,” said Clement Ranoeliharivelo, a general practitioner at Fondation Médical d'Ampasimanjeva, a hospital in Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region. 

“The problem is self-medication. In the 80s, nivaquine was sold in every small epicerie [small grocery stores] in the country. People took incorrect doses, and now the medicine has become useless. The medicine we have now is the last one we have. If the malaria parasites build resistance against this, we won’t know what to do next,” Ramarosandratana said. 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98185/Fears-of-a-malaria-relapse-in-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106160935020971t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s recent gains in the battle against malaria are likely to be reversed because funding problems have interrupted prevention activities.
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Digital jobs offer skills, promise to Africa&apos;s unemployed youth</title><pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305281532240097t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Although Africa’s economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, it has not kept pace with the growth of its youth population or their need for jobs.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Although Africa’s economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, it has not kept pace with the growth of its youth population or their need for jobs. 

With almost 200 million people between 15 and 24 years old - a figure that is set to double by 2045, according to the African Economic Outlook’s (AEO) 2012 report [ http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/in-depth/youth_employment/ ] - the continent has the youngest population in the world. Yet despite the increasing percentage of Africa’s young people with secondary and tertiary educations, many find themselves unemployed or underemployed in the informal economy. Part of the problem, according to the AEO study, is a mismatch between the skills young jobs seekers have to offer and those that employers need. 

The world’s increasingly digitalized economy needs workers with the skills to capture and manage the vast amounts of data it generates. With appropriate training, such tasks can be performed anywhere in the world. Data generated by a high-tech company in Silicon Valley, for example, can be processed by youth with smartphones or tablets living in a slum in Nairobi, Kenya. This means that digital work could potentially alleviate the unemployment and poverty hampering development in many African countries.

Both the private and humanitarian sectors are starting to recognize this potential and find ways to harness it.

Skills for the future

The Rockefeller Foundation recently launched Digital Jobs Africa [ http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/current-work/digital-jobs-africa ], a seven-year, US$83 million initiative to improve the lives of one million people in six African countries through digital job opportunities and skills training. 

Eme Essien Lore, the foundation’s Nairobi-based senior associate director, explained that having identified youth unemployment as one of Africa’s most pressing problems, the organization was looking for ways to help young people on the continent gain sustainable, long-term job opportunities. 

“The reason digital employment really rose to the top for us was because we saw the skills they get from these kinds of jobs as a springboard to other types of employment,” she told IRIN. “We know young people take time to figure out what they want to do. Also, we don’t know what the future labour market is going to look like. So we thought this was a very important sector because it develops skills they can use whether they stay in the digital economy or move into other sectors.” 

The six focus countries - Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Morocco and South Africa - share particularly high youth unemployment rates and have rapidly developing information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructures. Some, such as Nigeria and South Africa, have booming ICT sectors in need of labour, while others, such as Morocco, are well-placed to meet demand from Europe and the US, said Lore. 

Winnie Mwihaki, 24, is among 500 Kenyan youths from poor backgrounds recruited by one of the Rockefeller Foundation’s grantees - San Francisco-based non-profit Samasource. Globally, the company has connected an estimated 3,700 young people in nine countries to paying work and hopes to expand this number to 5,000 by the end of 2013. 

Samasource secures data- and content-processing jobs from its US-based clients, and then uses its specially developed software to break these large digital projects down into small computer-based tasks it calls “microwork”. This work is then distributed to local partners that are responsible for recruiting, training and managing employees. 

Unlike most companies in the business process outsourcing (BPO) and information technology outsourcing industry, Samasource only employs people living below the poverty line. Workers must also be between 18 and 30 years old, and preference is given to women, who are less likely to have access to formal employment. 

“Part of the criteria is that people need to be literate in English,” added Lauren Schulte, director of marketing and communications at Samasource. “They don’t have to have any computer skills. We can bring someone in with virtually no experience, and in a matter of weeks they can start doing small tasks on a computer.”

With her monthly salary of 13,000 shillings [$149], Mwihaki is able to assist her mother, who had been struggling to care for their family of six. “Because of the money I earn from here, I am now able to help my mother [and] to also be a breadwinner in the family,” Mwihaki told IRIN.

Mwihaki grew up in Korogocho, a sprawling slum in Nairobi, where crime is commonplace. She was unable to proceed to college after secondary school because her parents could not afford it.

“Now I will use part of what I earn from this job to sponsor myself through college,” she said. 

A new trajectory

Samasource is not the only company targeting disadvantaged people in low-income areas with digital employment. Another Rockefeller Foundation grantee, Digital Divide Data, operates on a similar principle and employs more than 1,000 people in Cambodia, Kenya and Laos. Both companies are considered pioneers of impact sourcing, which the Rockefeller Foundation defines as “the socially responsible arm of the BPO and information technology outsourcing industry”.

 A relative newcomer to the sector, and another Rockefeller Foundation grantee, is the Impact Sourcing Academy (ISA) in Johannesburg, South Africa. ISA combines a training and job placement programme with a fully functional call centre that gives its students the opportunity to obtain practical work experience while earning enough money to help support their families. 

“We’re not so much interested in just giving them a job as a call centre agent,” said ISA head Taddy Blecher. “We really want to make sure they’re doing part-time studies while they’re working, getting access to more knowledge and training so they can move into higher-level jobs.”

Once graduates are fully employed and earning a decent salary, they are encouraged to fund another student from a similar background. Using this model, the academy is already about 65 percent self-funded and aims to be completely self-funded in the future.

Blecher described the Rockefeller Foundation initiative as “a massive opportunity” for South Africa, given the need for skilled labour to work in its booming BPO sector and its 51 percent youth unemployment rate. “In a short period of time, you can bring a family out of poverty and put them on a whole new trajectory,” he told IRIN.

Opening doors

For now, evidence that impact sourcing really can lift families out of poverty is limited to the small studies the Rockefeller Foundation has conducted with Samasource and Digital Divide Data. “What we want to do next is really measure the impacts on a household level,” said Lore. “Anecdotally, we’re quite convinced, but we need to work on measuring over the next seven years.”

The Rockefeller Foundation does not stipulate a minimum wage that its grantees must pay, and the line between a living wage and an exploitatively low wage can be a fine one. “This is a sector where companies’ first priority is really around cost savings,” acknowledged Lore. “If you take the example of someone living in a slum, [a job like this] won’t get them into a nicer neighbourhood. But it might be able to buy food for the family and get younger siblings into school,” she said.

She added that the demand for young people with these skills is such that they are often poached by rival companies offering slightly higher salaries. “We’ve seen that when people move from these jobs, usually after about two years, they go on to better jobs. You rarely see people sitting in these types of jobs indefinitely.”

ks/ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98114/Digital-jobs-offer-skills-promise-to-Africa-apos-s-unemployed-youth</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305281532240097t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Although Africa’s economy has expanded rapidly in recent years, it has not kept pace with the growth of its youth population or their need for jobs.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Microcredit helps small businesses buck the system in Madagascar</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161340310590t.jpg" />]]>TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future.</description><body><![CDATA[TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future. 

“Before, I used to make 10,000 to 20,000 ariary (US$4.50 to $9) a day. Now, with the credit, I can make double that amount,” she told IRIN. “I can put my four [grand]children in school, buy some livestock and save the rest of the money. Eventually, I plan to sell other goods also, like rice and other local products,” Sija said. 

Madagascar’s microfinance sector was established in 1990, but it began to experience rapid growth only in the last 10 years; it was worth about 22.7 billion ariary ($10 million) in 2002, and by 2011, it was valued at about 244.4 billion ariary ($112 million) [ http://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Research_and_projects/Unlocking_potential_Microfinance.pdf ].

Microfinance is seen as a vehicle to help Madagascar attain some of its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly the goal on eradicating extreme poverty. The UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) [ http://www.uncdf.org/ ] says about 85 percent of the population lives on less than $1.25 a day. 

The poor often lack access to formal banking and credit services; according to some estimates, only 2 percent of low-income households have access to credit. Instead, they rely on informal money lenders, who charge annual interest rates for unsecured loans of between 120 to 400 percent - compared with microfinance institutions’ (MFI) average rate of 36 percent for the same period, or between 2 and 4 percent a month. (The country’s annual inflation rate was pegged at 5.4 percent in March 2013.) [ http://www.instat.mg ] 

Madagascar’s microfinance sector has about 31 players, which include state, foreign investor and donor-supported initiatives, operating under a legal framework and regulated by Madagascar’s Central Bank [ http://www.banque-centrale.mg ].

Since 2011, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html ] and UNCDF have jointly managed the $350,000 Support Programme for Inclusive Finance for Madagascar (PAFIM) [ http://www.uncdf.org/en/madagascar ], which operates through three MFIs and charges a zero interest rate on loans. 

“Through this mechanism we have good hope that the cycle of poverty caused by poor farmers’ debts will be broken,” Fatma Samoura, UNDP’s country representative, told IRIN. 

Education needed 

“People in Madagascar need to work together and the poor here need a direct approach to development. The products are there, but people also need the right education to be able to access them,” said Harinavalona Rajaonah, who works at Ombona Tahiry Ifampisamborana Vola (OTIV), one of the UNDP-partnered microfinance organizations. 

“We have tried to put a culture of credit access into place here. The hardest part is to change the mentality of the people,” Jean Olivier Razafimanantsoa, regional director of the Central Bank-registered credit cooperative Caisses d'Epargne et de Crédit Agricole Mutuelles (CECAM), told IRIN. 

“We work together with other organizations in the city, as some people are a member [of other MFIs] everywhere, and so they take out too many loans. Also, the farmers tend to overestimate how much they need. They want us to finance their rice crop, which is worth 700,000 ariary ($321), but they’ll come and ask for two million ($917). When you ask them how they got to this amount, they don’t know,” he said. 

All microloan borrowers receive business advice, but with technical assistance and funding from UNDP, microfinance players have also established microcredit education programmes aimed at vulnerable groups. 

One such programme, run by CECAM, mainly targets poor female street vendors. Razafimanantsoa says the programme has 1,303 clients, including Sija and other women from St Augustin Village. The women must save between 200 and 400 ariary ($0.09 to $0.18) a week, as part of the initial loan agreement. 

They are then enrolled in lending system that goes through nine cycles, the first entitling the recipient to an 80,000 ariary ($36) loan. Each time the clients repay a loan, they are eligible for another, with progressively higher loan ceilings up to 300,000 ariary ($137). Repayment schedules range from a few months to a year. The programme also offers education on basic money management, family planning and health issues. 

After completing all the cycles, the women become eligible for CECAM’s normal commercial microcredit system. 

“Right now, our goal is for these women to eat three times a day and feed their children, but eventually, they should be able to build up a guarantee to get a commercial business going and enter into the regular CECAM system,” Razafimanantsoa said. 

Cyclone 

The weekly obligatory savings plan acts as a buffer against hard times, which is especially important in this cyclone-prone country. 

After Cyclone Haruna struck Madagascar in February [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97805/Consecutive-catastrophes-hit-Madagascar-s-farmers ], many of CECAM’s clients in Toliara, the regional capital of Atsimo-Andrefana Region, were left penniless. 

“The first weeks, we didn’t give out any more loans, as we were afraid people would just use the money to eat. We are now helping some of the women who have lost their homes to reschedule their loans,” Razafimanantsoa said. 

Prisca, 33, who did not provide her family name, from Belem, a district of Toliara, had entered her second credit cycle, and was using the capital to buy eggs from producers to sell at the market. “After I got the microcredit, I went from selling 100 eggs a day to selling up to 300. I could send the children to a private school and was able to buy some chickens,” she told IRIN. 

But she was left homeless in the wake of the cyclone, and now lives in a displacement camp, sharing a tent with 10 others. “We left with only the clothes on our back. The first week we stayed in a school. Then the BNGRC [National Disaster Risk Reduction Office] came to give us these tents,” she said. 

Prisca owes a 44,000 ariary ($20) debt to CECAM, and in the interim has enrolled in a cash-for-work project. “We’re working to rehabilitate the roads, earning 24,000 ariary ($11) a week. I want to pay the CECAM [debt] first, as that will enable me to take out a new loan. Then, I can earn money again and rebuild the house little by little. This credit is what takes care of our daily needs,” she said. 

In the wake of the disaster, Sija, the fishmonger, was grateful for the loan’s savings requirement. “We pay back our loans from our savings,” she said. “After the cyclone in February, we had some problems paying, as there were no more goods to sell, so it was good I had saved up some money.” 

Growing businesses 

The programmes are working. 

Hanisoa Ravalison, 43, operates a small roadside restaurant selling sausages and simple meals in the village of Ambanitsena, about 26km east of Antananarivo, the capital. Following a visit by an OTIV agent, who recruits prospective clients, Ravalison decided to expand her business. 

“At first, I borrowed money to renovate and enlarge the snack bar and to buy a fridge,” she told IRIN. “Now, I use money to buy more goods, so I can make more profit.” 

Ravalison is in the tenth borrowing cycle of OTIV’s 12 cycles - which have an initial loan of 60,000 ariary ($27.50) and reach a loan ceiling of 440,000 ariary ($201). 

“Before I received training, I just used the money I made to buy whatever was needed. Now, I separate personal expenses and money for the business. I also know the difference between sales and profits and know that I need to use part of the profits to make the company run.” 

On a good day, her restaurant takes in 85,000 ariary ($39). “During holidays and festivals, we sell as many as 100kg of sausages,” she said. 

Her husband has set up a second restaurant, and two of their five children work in the family businesses. Ravalison said her next business plan was to open a wholesale food business. 

Liva Harininana Ramanatenasoa began a small business selling charcoal in Ambanitsena. “One day, an agent from OTIV came along and explained that, with microcredit, I could do better,” she told IRIN. 

With the first loan, Ramanatenasoa bought more charcoal. “Without credit, I would be able to buy 10 bags maximum, but with credit, I could afford as many as 22, so I made a lot more profit,” she said. 

Two years after first enrolling in the microcredit scheme, Ramanatenasoa used the profits from her charcoal business to buy the rights to a stone quarry for 200,000 ariary ($90). She now employs a staff of 14. Profits from the business have enabled her to build a house and put her children in school. 

“If it wasn’t for the credit, I would have still been selling coal,” she said. 

ar/go/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98050/Microcredit-helps-small-businesses-buck-the-system-in-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161340310590t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Food insecurity opens door to TB in Madagascar</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311158000830t.jpg" />]]>TOLIARA 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts fear the interruption of food assistance in Madagascar is increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Toliara, the capital city of Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana region.</description><body><![CDATA[TOLIARA 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts fear the interruption of food assistance in Madagascar is increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Toliara, the capital city of Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana region. 

Malnutrition and TB are intimately linked: Malnutrition weakens the immune system, increasing susceptibility to the disease, while TB reduces appetite, worsens the absorption of micronutrients and alters patients’ metabolism [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2813110/ ]. 

Donors suspended all but emergency assistance to Madagascar in 2009, after President Marc Ravalomanana was deposed in a coup d’etat. The paucity of donor funding has seen food assistance dwindle “to a very serious level”, said Xavier Poncin, head of the TB programme at the UN World Food Programme (WFP) in Madagascar. 

The impact of Cyclone Haruna, which struck the country in February, has compounded the problem. Since the cyclone, the donors’ food supply chain has been intermittent, Poncin told IRIN. 

TB cases are already appearing to increase. Voangy Rasoarinindrime, head of the TB treatment centre in Toliara, told IRIN that in the first three months of 2012, 56 new cases were registered for treatment, compared to 68 cases for the same period this year. 

“Many people can come into contact with TB, but [do] not become sick if they are healthy enough to fight off the illness. But now that food is scarce after the cyclone, many people have low immunity and so the illness takes root,” she said. 

Less food aid, less treatment 

Madagascar’s National Programme Control of TB (PNLT) said 2012 saw 26,182 confirmed cases of TB, although the total number of infections is thought to be about 50,000. 

About five percent of cases are fatal. Nine percent of those treated for TB do not complete the six-month treatment regime, risking the onset of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WFP estimates that about 0.49 percent of all TB cases in Madagascar are MDR-TB. 

Food supply at the TB treatment centre in Toliara was depleted in February, in the aftermath of Cyclone Haruna, said Rasoarinindrime. “People are unable to work during treatment, and they still need to feed themselves. We have some patients who left. They said since there was no more food aid here, they would have to go back to work to feed their families,” she said. 

Food aid “also encouraged people to come here and receive treatment in the first place. Now they are very upset that there is no more food. Some still come from the remote regions with their baskets ready to receive their rations,” Rasoarinindrime continued. “I’m afraid fewer people will actually be completely cured and that this will cause an augmentation in the amount of cases.” 

Some of Madagascar's TB patients receive food aid from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Others receive food from WFP’s Food by Prescription (FBP) programme, which targets 23,000 beneficiaries - both TB patients and their families - during the six months of treatment. But the FBP programme has been temporally suspended in 22 of 51 health facilities due to WFP Madagascar’s funding shortage. 

“If the lack of funding persists, the situation might even worsen as food availability in the pipeline allows for programming in the few remaining partner health centres until September 2013,” said WFP’s Poncin. 

Senaz Ratsimbazafy, a 26-year-old waitress in Toliara told IRIN she began feeling sick in November 2012. “I couldn’t breathe and I coughed all the time,” she recalls. 

After she was diagnosed with TB, she left her job and was put on the six-month course of antibiotics. In the first months of treatment, she received food assistance for her and her 80-year-old grandmother. “Now, my father’s family have to help us, as there is no more food aid, and I can’t go back to work for another two months,” she said. 

Waiting for improvement 

According to a 28 March 2013 country briefing [ http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=MDG ] by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS), Cyclone Haruna affected about 42,000 households. Meanwhile, a locust infestation is thought to have affected half the country, and rains have been erratic. “An estimated 13 million persons [of the country’s 20 million people] are potentially at risk” from food insecurity in 2013-14, the briefing said. 

“Despite an increasing number of people living below the poverty line, most international donors are still limiting their support due to political situation. And this has direct consequences on WFP programmes,” Poncin said. 

More than three-quarters of the population now live on less than US$1 a day, according to government figures - up from 68 percent before the political crisis. Elections are scheduled for July; if they are judged “free and fair”, more donor support could be unlocked. 

There are other barriers to TB treatment, as well. Eighty percent of the population is rural, and 65 percent live 10km or more from a health centre. 

“We had a woman here recently who refused treatment completely,” Rasoarinindrime said. “She lived in a remote region and insisted she had to go back and take care of her family. I told her, ‘You will die and you will contaminate your family.’ Moreover, it might create and contribute [to] spreading multidrug-resistant TB, which is much more difficult to treat - but she left anyway.” 

Laundry worker Celerine Ravaonirina, 46, lives 14km from the clinic where she is receiving treatment for TB. Because she has to care for her four children, she travels to the clinic and back each day. “In the beginning, we paid for a pousse-pousse [rickshaw], but now I’m able to walk,” she said. “However, I’m still not able to work.” 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97950/Food-insecurity-opens-door-to-TB-in-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311158000830t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TOLIARA 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts fear the interruption of food assistance in Madagascar is increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in Toliara, the capital city of Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana region.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Consecutive catastrophes hit Madagascar&apos;s farmers</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302260611160073t.jpg" />]]>ST AUGUSTIN 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers in Madagascar’s southwestern province of Tulear have been hit hard, first by floods and then by locusts, threatening food security in a region already among the poorest in the island country.</description><body><![CDATA[ST AUGUSTIN 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers in Madagascar’s southwestern province of Tulear have been hit hard, first by floods and then by locusts, threatening food security in a region already among the poorest in the island country.

Tsitindry, 52, a farmer in the Fenoarivo community, about 100km south of Tulear city, usually earns a reasonable living from his seven hectares of land. “In former years, when the rains were good, I could produce 100 bags of rice and 70 bags of beans. We would eat about 30 percent ourselves and the rest we sold on the market. From the profits we bought what we needed, and from our savings I bought four zebus [hump-backed cattle],” he told IRIN.

In February of this year the region was hit by cyclone Haruna [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97542/Tropical-Cyclone-Haruna-hits-southwestern-Madagascar ], which flooded and completely destroyed Tsitindry’s rice and maize fields. He sold two of his zebus to raise money and planted vegetables when the water receded, but now these fields are being attacked by swarms of locusts [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97460/Locust-invasion-threatens-underfunded-Madagascar ].

“Every morning we all go into the fields and clap to frighten the insects away,” he said. “I’ve bought some pesticides, but there are too many insects. Our traditional pesticides - made with zebu faeces, chilli powder and neem seeds - don’t work either, because I don’t have money to buy chilli and the neem plants don’t have seeds right now. During the day we all stay in the fields to make sure the locusts don’t come back and eat the leftover crops.”

Last week the farmer’s two remaining cows were stolen by the Dahalo, cattle rustlers who have free reign in southern Madagascar [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95892/Analysis-Madagascar-s-unforgiving-bandit-lands ]. Tsitindry says he has resorted to burning trees to make charcoal so as to earn a little money.

“In the last weeks we’ve had many farmers from the remote villages coming here to ask for help,” said Dieu Donne Hajasoa, a technical advisor at the ITAFA (Ivotoerana TAntsoroka ho amin'ny FAmpivoarana), an information centre for farmers and fishermen funded by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in St. Augustin, a fishing village 35km from Tulear city.

“The farmers need advice on how to clean up their fields, and they need pesticides to treat the locusts. Of every 25 hectares, at least 10 were destroyed by the floods. It took a week for the water to go down. Then, a week later, the locusts came, leaving about 2 hectares of crops. We informed the authorities in Tulear but they don’t have the resources to go to these fields either.”

Locusts thrive

According to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), cyclone Haruna not only damaged crops and homes but also provided optimal conditions for locusts to breed. About half of Madagascar is now infested by hoppers and flying swarms, each made up of billions of plant-devouring insects. The FAO estimates that about two-thirds of the island country will be affected by the locust plague by September 2013 if no action is taken. The agency is trying to raise US$41 million to respond to the current emergency and implement a three-year campaign to prevent future infestations.

Since the start of Madagascar’s political crisis in 2009, the National Anti-Locust Centre (CAN), has not been able to carry out necessary prevention work, mainly due to a lack of funds.

Elsewhere in Tulear Province, both farmers and city dwellers are struggling to rebuild their livelihoods after Haruna. “The cyclone came at night and we put bags on our roof. In the morning we started to congratulate each other, as the rain stopped and the house was fine. That’s when people started running up the hill. The dyke had broken and the water was rising fast. We put the children on higher ground and went back to save the furniture, but when we came back to the house we had to swim. We only managed to close the windows,” said Tiandrainy, 52, a former teacher who lived on the street with his family until the flood waters subsided.

Aid gaps

It was two weeks before the family received any aid, and Tiandrainy was forced to borrow money at 50 percent interest to survive, which he is struggling to repay. He is now group leader at a food-for-work project set up by CARE International and the UN World Food Programme (WFP), which enables him to earn food for his family, while his wife is trying to make an income as a vendor. “We’re trying not to eat all the food now, but to save some for later. This project will only last one month, and the money my wife earns needs to be used to pay back our debt,” he told IRIN.

Fields in this area normally produce the vegetables sold in the city’s markets, but they were also destroyed by the floods. In Miary, a WFP distribution site outside Tulear city, aid workers carefully count out cups of maize. Clementine Claudette and her eight children are among the 3,500 beneficiaries receiving food in return for cleaning up an irrigation canal, while her husband tries to replant some maize.

“We went back to our fields the day after the flood. We had to swim,” Claudette told IRIN. “For a few days we managed to pick and eat some corn cobs that were almost ripe, but after a few days everything was dead. It took almost a month for the water to go down. Our fields looked as if they had been burned; there were only dead plants. After that, we asked for food from our family.”

The food-for-work project is about to end, but it will be four months before the family can harvest a crop. “We’ll try to live off little jobs, like transporting wood to the city and making charcoal,” Claudette said.

According to WFP figures, Cyclone Haruna affected over 50,000 people in the region. After reaching 32,000 people with emergency aid, more than 13,000 are now enrolled in food-for-work projects. In Tulear city, where the markets now have food again, these programmes will become cash-for-work projects, starting in May.

ar/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97805/Consecutive-catastrophes-hit-Madagascar-apos-s-farmers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302260611160073t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ST AUGUSTIN 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers in Madagascar’s southwestern province of Tulear have been hit hard, first by floods and then by locusts, threatening food security in a region already among the poorest in the island country.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Southern Africa cracks down on TB in mines</title><pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa's gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation. 

In August 2012, heads of state from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) agreed to sign the SADC Declaration on TB in the Mining Sector, following endorsements by their national ministers for health, labour and justice [ http://t.co/Fi6fAChcRe ].

According to Swaziland’s Minister of Health, Benedict Xaba, he and South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi, and Lesotho’s former Minister of Health, Mphu Ramatlapeng, began pushing for the declaration in 2010. Xaba, the son of a miner, admitted that he has lost members of his family to TB. 

South Africa is supporting the declaration and related initiatives, including a 1,000-day campaign to meet TB and HIV targets in the region, but the country has not yet officially signed the declaration, according to Lynette Mabote, regional HIV, TB and human rights advocacy team leader at the AIDS Rights Alliance of Southern Africa (ARASA), a civil society body that has been heavily involved in the declaration and advocacy around TB in mines. 

How big a problem is TB in the mines? 

The South African Department of Health estimates the country's gold mining industry has the highest number of new TB cases annually in the world - up to 7,000 cases per 100,000 people per year - according to its TB Strategic Plan for South Africa 2007-2011 [ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=72544 ].

Data collected from autopsies on formers miners have also shown a prevalence of latent and undiagnosed TB as high as 90 percent, according to a 2009 study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105877 ].

Why is TB a problem on the mines? 

While many people may carry latent TB infection, active TB infection will usually only occur in a small number of them. However, those with compromised immune systems and HIV co-infection are up to 30 times more likely to develop active TB. 

In South Africa, where HIV prevalence is about 18 percent, many miners are no doubt living with HIV but face additional occupational risks, according to Rodney Ehrlich from the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research at University of Cape Town. He describes these risks as: 

- A high burden of silicosis, a respiratory disease that develops due to inhaling silica dust during the mining process and could be viewed as an immune deficiency illness; 

- Silica dust load in the lungs and previous lung damage; 

- Poor living conditions, including overcrowding; 

- Circular migration between neighbouring countries and South Africa, leading to interrupted TB/HIV treatment and poor access to care. 

The mines have also not escaped the growing epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis, which in the absence of wide access to molecular testing has not only been harder to diagnose but also to treat. Research released in 2010 estimated that that almost four percent of the national multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) burden, where TB is found to be resistant to both the commonly used first-line drugs isoniazid and rifampicin, may reside on the country's mines. 

Falling employment figures indicate that the mines now employ considerably fewer miners than in the late 1980s, Ehrlich added. Commodity prices dropped in 2008 and 2009, leading to further lay-offs, which may greatly complicate addressing the needs of affected miners who are no longer employed and will be relying on already stressed health systems in rural areas or home countries for treatment. 

What did countries commit to in the declaration? 

Countries agree to taking tangible actions like establishing independent mining ombudsmen to handle health-related complaints, harmonising treatment protocols related to addressing HIV, TB and silicosis on the mines, and - controversially for some - classifying TB and silicosis acquired in the mines as such. 

At a meeting of SADC health ministers in April 2012, mining companies were reluctant to classify TB and silicosis, a respiratory disease linked to exposure to silica dust produced during gold mining, as occupational diseases. In addition, the responsibility of mining companies to ensure treatment of mine workers with these diseases even after employees have left the company was a sticking point, according to David Mametja, head of South African Department of Health's TB Control and Management Programme. 

The document now calls on employers to take full responsibility for the management of all occupational diseases, including TB associated with silicosis post-employment. 

However, activists have cautioned that national legal frameworks must be changed to ensure TB is treated as an occupational disease. This would have to include provisions for mine workers who have left employment but later developed active TB. 

"The history around the issue of occupational health is littered with companies not taking responsibility," activist Gregg Gonsalves told IRIN at South Africa's 2012 TB conference. "It has to be about regulation - states have to regulate their business practices. Only in jurisdictions where that has happened has that problem been solved. It has to come through statues and regulation." 

The declaration also calls for the development of a minimum package of services to facilitate cross-border care. 

"Our referral systems do not take into consideration the dynamics that are experienced in the region as far as TB in the mines is concerned," said Stephen Sianga, SADC secretariat director for social and human development and special programmes. "There are challenges regarding standard treatment, both between countries and within countries, where you find that the system used in the mines is different to that used in the public health system." 

While TB treatment regimens across the SADC are largely already harmonized, activists have long been calling for the same to be done regarding HIV treatment. This would also facilitate the use of health passports, which would enhance cross-border care, as would the standardization of a minimum package of HIV, TB and silicosis services. 

What happens next? 

In the run-up to the August 2012 signing of the declaration, civil society groups like ARASA called for a five- or 10-year action plan, with concrete steps to be taken to implement the declaration. Now, SADC will be looking to operationalize the declaration at national level through a code of conduct. 

According to Mabote, the draft code was dismissed by ministers of health at a SADC meeting in Angola in July 2012. An SADC technical working group reworked the document in November, but a final version of the document has yet to be released. 

llg/kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97719/Southern-Africa-cracks-down-on-TB-in-mines</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Madagascar&apos;s Millennium Village goes it alone</title><pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303221020390468t.jpg" />]]>SAMBAINA 22 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Millennium Village in Madagascar is learning to stand on its own as five years of support from the UN Development Programme (UNDP) come to an end this month.</description><body><![CDATA[SAMBAINA 22 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Millennium Village in Madagascar is learning to stand on its own as five years of support from the UN Development Programme (UNDP) come to an end this month. 

The Millennium Villages Project dates back to 2004, when it was launched by the UN in conjunction with the Earth Institute at Columbia University and the international nonprofit Millennium Promise. Under the leadership of Columbia University’s Jeffrey Sachs, 14 sites in rural Africa, each with a total population of about half a million, were selected to become Millennium Villages. 

The project intended to demonstrate how the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) [ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/index.htm ] could be realized, testing the theory that a large injection of public investment and foreign aid could boost household incomes, improving savings and local investment. An average of US$60 per person per year was spent trying to improve lives in the Millennium Villages. 

The merits of such a costly project have sparked intense debate in the development sector. Some argue that Millennium Village outcomes such as lowered child mortality and improved access to safe drinking water were similar to those in neighbouring areas that were not part of the project [ http://www.economist.com/node/21541001 ].

But Madagascar’s Millennium Village appears to demonstrate that sufficient, targeted investment can speed up development, even in a country that has experienced four years of political crisis and near-zero percent economic growth. Following a coup in 2009, international donor funding to Madagascar was largely frozen [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94351/MADAGASCAR-Donors-deliver-despite-sanctions ], and government investment in social sectors has been almost non-existent [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92236/MADAGASCAR-A-poor-country-gets-poorer ]; the country as a whole has no hope of achieving the MDGs by the 2015 deadline. But funding for the Millennium Villages Project continued unabated, yielding positive results for the test community. 

Targeted investment 

Sambaina Commune, which lies 45km west of the capital, Antananarivo, was initially chosen as a Millennium Village because more than 60 percent of its 7,000 inhabitants were living in poverty, subsisting from agriculture and making crafts. At the same time, there was a clear potential to improve agricultural practices. 

The community was first named an ICT [information communications technology] village in 2005 through the separate Infopoverty Programme, which provided access to technology through classrooms equipped with computers. In 2008, the Millennium Villages Project declared Sambaina a Millennium Village, and investment was made into clean and renewable energy, safe water, agriculture and the development of small industries. For the last five years, the commune has received a donor investment of $400,000 per year, amounting to $50 per person per year. 

“In the beginning, agents came and explained to us what the Millennium Development Goals were. There were people in the village who didn’t want to believe them. Some of them didn’t want to change. They felt they wanted to preserve what they had,” said Rosalie Rabodozafy of the village Nanganehana, which is part of Sambaina. “Now, they have become interested in development.” 

When the programme started, Rabodozafy became a member of the community health committee. “The first thing that changed was hygiene and health,” she recalled. “There was a health centre before the project started, but often, people didn’t go to the doctor. They would just buy some Paracetamol on the street when they felt bad. This mentality had to change. Our committee informed them about health issues, and they now know that they need to go for tests and check-ups.” 

The health committee also set up a medical insurance scheme and ensured access to clean drinking water by installing pumps in the villages. 

Through the project, Rabodozafy’s family learned to plant rice according to the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94764/MADAGASCAR-The-less-is-more-philosophy-of-rice-production ], which involves planting in rows instead of in bunches and using less water. Rabodozafy and her five children now grow enough food to eat for 11 months of the year. “Our harvest used to last us three months, and that was if we ate only two times a day. So these improvements will stay, as long as we keep using the technique,” she said. 

Mayor Arsene Randriamiarana of Sambaina said about 73 percent of local farmers now use the SRI method, greatly improving their production. 

Significant infrastructural improvements have also been made, from renovating the school to installing pumps and electricity, with inhabitants contributing to the costs and helping with the work. “It was difficult in the beginning, as people thought every household would be given cash. It took a while for them to understand that the money would go to training and infrastructure,” Randriamiarana told IRIN. 

Lasting changes 

As the project comes to an end, both Sambaina’s residents and its mayor expressed the belief that the positive changes introduced by the project would remain now that the initial investment had been made and local people’s incomes had improved. 

Randriamiarana has set up committees charged with maintaining the new infrastructure, which will collect contributions from residents. “Electricity cables cost 1 million ariary (US$450) a metre, and we needed 3km of it. There’s no way we could have paid for this ourselves. But now that we have it, people can contribute to the maintenance of the cables and the water pumps. You can’t wait for the government to renovate schools and roads,” he told IRIN. 

Support for small local industries is also winding up as the project’s funding ends. A group of 15 women and two men who came together to form a cooperative making jam and yoghurt had received start-up funding of 300,000 ariary ($135) from the project. The women have been selling their sample yoghurts in small shops around the villages and, eventually, they hope to make enough money to pay themselves salaries of 80,000 ariary ($36) a month. For the moment, they are struggling to find enough fruit to make sufficient quantities of jam. Nonetheless, they say they are learning. “Before all this started, I didn’t have a job,” said Voahangy Razafinantoandromanan. “Now, I’m part of the health committee, and I work for the cooperative.” 

The Millennium Villages Project started at a time when Madagascar was following a development plan, but this changed after the coup. With donor funding still largely frozen, there has been scant investment in infrastructure or support for small businesses, and Randriamiarana is doubtful the Millennium Village model will be able to spread to other places. 

“When I go to other communes… people have to wait for days to get a birth certificate or other papers. The government doesn’t even send enough money to pay for the salaries of the civil servants. So the communes have no source of income, other than the meagre amount of money the people pay for the services. As long as there is no national policy to develop the rural areas, there’s no hope for other communes to develop,” he told IRIN. 

ar/ks/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97706/Madagascar-apos-s-Millennium-Village-goes-it-alone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303221020390468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SAMBAINA 22 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Millennium Village in Madagascar is learning to stand on its own as five years of support from the UN Development Programme (UNDP) come to an end this month.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Tropical Cyclone Haruna hits southwestern Madagascar</title><pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302251416290217t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 25 February 2013 (IRIN) - National disaster authorities and aid agencies are struggling to reach remote areas of Madagascar’s southwestern coast where thousands of people are thought to have been made homeless by Tropical Cyclone Haruna, which made landfall on 22 February as a powerful category two cyclone.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 25 February 2013 (IRIN) - National disaster authorities and aid agencies are struggling to reach remote areas of Madagascar’s southwestern coast where thousands of people are thought to have been made homeless by Tropical Cyclone Haruna, which made landfall on 22 February as a powerful category two cyclone.

According to the country’s National Disaster Risk Management Office (BNGRC), over 17,000 people have been affected by the storm, with 13 reported deaths and about 1,500 houses destroyed or flooded.  Speed boats and traditional boats were mobilized over the weekend to rescue people stranded in trees and on rooftops.

The most affected districts are Morombe and Toliary, where a burst dyke in an area called Fiherenana caused widespread flooding. According to BNGRC, 25,000 people may need to be evacuated as moderate rains are expected to continue over the next few days.

The government, NGOs and UN partners started distributing food aid to 3,000 people in six shelters in Toliary on 24 February. “Today [25 February], we reached another 4,800 people. Our emergency food supplies have come in, so now we can also hand out biscuits and rice, so people can get through the first five days,” Willem van Milink, the World Food Programme's (WFP) country representative, told IRIN.

Initial situation assessments by local authorities and humanitarian partners also started on 24 February, but bad weather over the weekend made it impossible to fly over the area. “There is a whole area behind Morombe that we don’t know about yet,” he said.

“Morombe is a small town and has relatively a lot of damage. The problem is that it is completely cut off. The helicopters can’t really carry anything, and the road is inaccessible, so we’re trying to see if we can reach people by boat,” he added. 

Rescue operations have been further complicated by the unexpected location of the flooding in the normally arid southwest.  “Most of the WFP and other NGOs’ emergency stock is located in the east of the country, as that is where the cyclones usually hit. So we had to send four trucks of supplies from Tamatave, on the east coast, to Toliary,” van Milink said.

Power has not yet been fully restored in Toliary, Morombe, Sakaraha or Betioky Sud. The outage has disrupted the fuel supply and the functioning of hospitals and other key services. 

After houses are rebuilt, WFP and partners will assess the region's food security. Many farmers in the south grow corn, which was ripe at the time of the cyclone. It is not yet known how much damage has been done to the harvest. 

Madagascar is extremely vulnerable to floods and cyclones during the rainy season, which stretches from October to April. Tropical Cyclone Felleng passed by the eastern coast of Madagascar in January, causing the deaths of nine people and displacing 1,300, all of whom have since returned to their homes.  

ar/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97542/Tropical-Cyclone-Haruna-hits-southwestern-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302251416290217t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 25 February 2013 (IRIN) - National disaster authorities and aid agencies are struggling to reach remote areas of Madagascar’s southwestern coast where thousands of people are thought to have been made homeless by Tropical Cyclone Haruna, which made landfall on 22 February as a powerful category two cyclone.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Locust invasion threatens underfunded Madagascar</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302040500240708t.jpg" />]]>SANHANGY-TSIALIH 13 February 2013 (IRIN) - After years of underfunding its locust management programme, Madagascar is threatened by a major swarm that could infest most of the island country.</description><body><![CDATA[SANHANGY-TSIALIH 13 February 2013 (IRIN) -  After years of underfunding its locust management programme, Madagascar is threatened by a major swarm that could infest most of the island country. 

“If nothing is done this year, there is a risk that almost the whole country, except for the extreme north and the eastern coast, will be invaded by locusts,” Alexandre Huynh, country representative for the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [ http://www.fao.org/index_en.htm ], told IRIN. “Three months ago, locusts were found as close as 40km from [the capital] Antananarivo. We are in a country where 80 percent of the population lives on agriculture, so there could be a huge humanitarian crisis.” 

International donors provided US$7.4 million to combat the locust outbreak in 2010-2011 - half of what was needed. Last year, funding fell back to 26 percent of the required amount. 

“We managed to prevent a humanitarian crisis and to treat the most threatened areas, but it was definitely not enough to stop the plague,” Huynh said. 

State of emergency 

A locust infestation can produce a new generation almost every two months, with each insect consuming roughly its own weight - about 2g - in vegetation daily. When swarming, they can cover up to 100km a day. The insects undergo behavioural, ecological and physiological transformation after their population density passes a tipping point: their body chemistry changes and individual locusts begin to concentrate and act as a synchronized group moving out en masse to devour available food sources. 

In November 2012, the government declared a state of emergency across the country, and many fear a return to the locust infestations of 1997, which cost the government and international community $60 million for the treatment of four million hectares over four years. Another such plague began in the 1950s and lasted 17 years because there was no coordinated action plan. 

Jean-Babtiste Manjarisoa, a 40-year-old farmer, remembers when his southern village, Sanhangy-Tsialih, lost the fight against locusts 16 years ago. He has since become a volunteer with the National Anti-Locust Centre (CNA). 

“They ate everything that was green. There was nothing left to eat. Both the people and the zebus [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89330/MADAGASCAR-A-financial-crisis-on-the-hoof ] [Madagascar's humped cattle] were out of food,” he told IRIN. “So we ate cactus fruits, fed the cactus leaves to the animals, and slowly sold our chickens, our cooking pots and, finally, half of our cattle to survive.” 

Surveillance 

“These insects are carriers of famine. They are the cause of crisis for us,” Manjarisoa said. 

“We encourage the population to tell us immediately when they have hoppers on their land, but they often wait until the insects are bigger and flying. It’s much better when we are early, because there is a window of three weeks to treat the fields. After that, the locusts can get out of hand, and it becomes a lot more expensive to treat them,” Herman Gerard Matangison, the CNA chief in the southern Madagascar town of Ambovombe, told IRIN. 

FAO’s Huynh said the current situation affects the whole western part of the island. “They [CNA] can treat some fields that are under immediate risk, but they are not able to stop a plague, whose control exceeds, largely, their capacities” he said. 

In Ambovombe, the CNA office has pesticide stocks to treat 3,500 hectares, which is, according to Matangison, about a tenth of what is required. “The locusts are not in this area yet, but once they start swarming in other regions, they can easily come here,” he said. 

A deteriorating security situation in the south is also hampering anti-locust operations; Matangison is embarking on a surveillance trip into the mountains with some trepidation. 

“It’s dangerous because there are bandits [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96337/MADAGASCAR-The-hunt-for-Remenabila ] there that try to attack us, and the police charge 300,000 ariary ($137) a day for protection, which we can’t afford. But if we don’t watch the locust populations there, they can swarm and fly over to our fields.” 

Locusts breed in the southwestern regions of Madagascar during the rainy season, from October to April. According to a 2012 World Food Programme (WFP) survey, an estimated 676,000 people in the 104 southern municipalities are considered at risk of severe food insecurity. 

“This region is where the farmers grow the most grains, like corn. That is what the locusts like to eat,” Matangison said. Compounding their food insecurity, Madagascar’s lean season normally occurs from October to January. 

Action plan 

Late last year, the Malagasy government appealed to the international community for about $10 million to combat the locust threat. Since the beginning of the rainy season, the CNA has treated 30,000 hectares, but a further 100,000 still have to be tackled by April. 

The government’s agriculture ministry and the FAO say eradicating the current locust threat in the south will require three successive years of action. 

The three-year programme is expected to cost about $41.5 million and will involve large-scale aerial spraying operations. About 2.2 million hectares of both natural vegetation and croplands are earmarked. Some $20 million is required by June to begin spraying programmes in October. 

Ignacio Leon-Garcia, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Regional Office for Southern Africa (OCHA-ROSA) [ http://www.unocha.org/rosa/ ], told IRIN the insects were threatening food supplies among the country’s most vulnerable and that the three-year action plan was “the more cost-effective way to respond to the locust outbreaks, before they increase in scale later on.” 

Donors suspended all but emergency assistance to Madagascar in 2009, after President Marc Ravalomanana was deposed in a coup d’etat. More than three-quarters of the country’s 20 million people now live on less than $1 a day, according to government figures - up from 68 percent before the political crisis. 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97460/Locust-invasion-threatens-underfunded-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302040500240708t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SANHANGY-TSIALIH 13 February 2013 (IRIN) - After years of underfunding its locust management programme, Madagascar is threatened by a major swarm that could infest most of the island country.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Solving statelessness in Southern Africa</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.

Not considered a national by South Africa or by Kenya or Uganda - the two countries where he grew up - Ngubane is stateless, a predicament he shares with an estimated 12 million people worldwide, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), which is mandated with trying to reduce that figure. 

Nationality confers a host of rights that stateless individuals cannot access, from education and healthcare to the ability to register a marriage or a birth. As a result, statelessness is often passed from one generation to the next. 

As early as 1954, the international community, under the auspices of the UN, adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb25729.html ], which defined who is a stateless person and established a framework for their international protection. A second international convention adopted in 1961 focused on reducing cases of statelessness [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb286d8.html ], primarily by requiring participating states to grant citizenship to children born on their territory who would otherwise be stateless. However, the majority of countries in Africa have not ratified either convention [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Africa_ConvStateless54_61_detail_A3PC_01-10-2012.pdf ], leaving them under no obligation to pass national legislation that would address the issue. 

Regional issue

An individual can end up stateless for a variety of reasons. Orphans whose births were not registered before their parents died and unaccompanied child migrants who arrive in a foreign country without documents are particularly vulnerable. Laws still in place in several African countries, including Malawi and Madagascar, that prevent married women from passing nationality to their children also contribute to the problem.

According to Sergio Calle-Norena, deputy regional representative for UNHCR, laws allowing for only one nationality and the denial of citizenship to certain groups are the main causes of statelessness in the Southern Africa region.

In Zimbabwe, for example, following an amendment to the citizenship act passed in 2001, individuals with dual nationality were given six months to renounce their foreign citizenship or lose their Zimbabwean nationality. The new law affected countless Zimbabweans whose parents had migrated to the country from Zambia, Mozambique or Malawi at a time when white-owned farms and mines offered plentiful employment. Most did not, in fact, hold citizenship in their parents’ countries, making it impossible for them to renounce it, while many were simply unaware of the new law, which was widely viewed as a means for the ruling ZANU-PF party to disenfranchise opposition supporters.

“I think they didn’t want people like me to vote,” said Promise*, who was born and raised in Harare, the capital, to a Malawian father and a mother with Mozambican parentage. “Most people in high-density areas of Harare are in the same situation, and most are anti-Zanu-PF.”

The new law stripped both Promise and her mother of their citizenship. They now live in South Africa, where the asylum-seeker system offers them a temporary and precarious form of documentation. 

“I just kept renewing my asylum-seeker permit every six months, but I decided to take action last year,” said Promise, who is in her early twenties. “I was tired of having no nationality. It was limiting my opportunities. Most universities need a study permit, and I want to study law.”

Waiting

Promise approached Lawyers for Human Rights (LHR), a South African NGO that, with funding from UNHCR, has been running a project to provide legal services to stateless individuals since 2011. UNHCR is also funding the international faith-based NGO Caritas to run a similar project in Mozambique, another country with a large burden of statelessness following years of civil war that displaced hundreds of thousands of its citizens.

South Africa has pledged to sign and ratify the two UN conventions on statelessness by the end of 2013, and both LHR and UNHCR are advocating for this pledge to be honoured and for relevant legislation to be established. In the meantime, LHR is assisting stateless clients on a case-by-case basis. 

Of the 736 stateless clients that LHR helped in 2012, over a third were born in Zimbabwe; many of them lost their nationality like Promise.

Another 150 were born in South Africa but are struggling to access nationality in any country. Jessica George, a legal counsellor with LHR, explained that this group of stateless individuals does not qualify for asylum, and they have no way to access legal immigration status other than through an exemption for permanent residence, a process that allows the Home Affairs Minister to grant permanent residency to foreigners with special circumstances. 

However, exemption applicants can wait up to three years for a decision. “In the meantime, they’re given no temporary permit, so they’re subject to detention, which tends to be prolonged because they can’t be deported,” said George. 

Ngubane spent three months at Lindela Repatriation Centre, South Africa’s largest holding facility for undocumented migrants awaiting deportation, after being arrested at a Home Affairs Department office while trying to replace a lost birth certificate. The document was his only proof of South African nationality; he had lost both his parents and all contact with his South African relatives during his time in Kenya and Uganda.

With help from LHR, Ngubane has applied for a permanent residency exemption, but so far he has received no response. In fact, according to George, only one of LHR’s stateless clients has received a decision on permanent residency exemption in the past two years, and it was negative.

Reforms, training needed

“I think some training is required in addition to law reform, because it’s clear there’s a misunderstanding about who is a stateless person,” said George. “Currently there are no guidelines in the law on how to identify a stateless person and what rights they’re entitled to.” 

In cases where a client has a claim to foreign nationality, LHR approaches the country’s embassy for assistance securing citizenship. However, few embassies or consulates provide such services, and for most stateless people, travelling to the country where they have a nationality claim is unaffordable and unfeasible given their lack of travel documents.

“One of the easiest ways to prevent statelessness would be if consulates provided certain services, so people wouldn’t have to leave South Africa in order to access their citizenship,” said George.

Calle-Norena of UNHCR says that, besides ratifying the two conventions on statelessness, addressing the problem requires political will. He noted, for example, that South Africa’s Citizenship Act grants nationality to any child born in the country who would otherwise be stateless, but that non-nationals without documents struggled to register their children’s births. “There should be a mechanism that allows [the law] to be applied, but in practice this is not yet operational,” he told IRIN.

Through a combination of luck and persistence, Promise has succeeded in convincing the Malawian authorities to grant her citizenship. She has never been to Malawi but plans to move there as soon as she receives her passport. 

Ngubane says he has tried applying for Kenyan citizenship, “but the embassy said there’s no way they can help me.” 

Numerous visits to home affairs offices in several provinces have not yielded any results, other than several attempts by corrupt officials to solicit bribes in return for a birth certificate or refugee status.

“If you don’t have money, you suffer,” he said. 

*not her real name

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97372/Solving-statelessness-in-Southern-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Navigating Madagascar&apos;s pneumonia vaccine roll-out</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301221010590378t.jpg" />]]>AMPASIMANJEVA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Even after days on an antibiotic regime, three-month-old Jean Marie Anselme struggles to breathe and eat at the Fondation Médical d&apos;Ampasimanjeva, a hospital in Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region, in southeastern Madagascar.</description><body><![CDATA[AMPASIMANJEVA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Even after days on an antibiotic regime, three-month-old Jean Marie Anselme struggles to breathe and eat at the Fondation Médical d'Ampasimanjeva, a hospital in Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region, in southeastern Madagascar. 

Clement Ranoeliharivelo, a doctor at the hospital, told IRIN Jean Marie was suffering from pneumonia; it was the fourth such case he had treated in a week. “One of them died. Sometimes the same child comes in twice in a month,” he said. 

“Cases increase during the rainy season [from November to April] as the air becomes damp, and mothers are often too ignorant or negligent to treat children when they have a cold,” he said. 

In Madagascar, pneumonia is responsible for 21 percent of deaths among children under five years old - making it the leading cause of death for this age group - followed by malaria, which causes 20 percent of under-five deaths, and diarrhoea, which causes 17 percent. 

According to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), pneumonia and diarrhoea are responsible for about 40 percent of deaths globally among children under age five. 

The recent introduction of a vaccine to protect against pneumococcal disease, the leading cause of severe childhood pneumonia, is attempting to reduce the thousands of child deaths that occur every year in Madagascar. 

“We try to prevent and treat all three diseases [pneumonia, malaria and diarrhoea]. Education for behaviour change is important. To prevent pneumonia we tell mothers to keep children warm when they are sick and keep them out of stuffy places, and we strive for an 80 percent coverage nationwide of the routine vaccination schedule,” Paul Ngwakum, head of the UN Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) Madagascar child survival and development unit, told IRIN. 

“The pneumococcal germ lives in the body, and when there is stress or malnutrition or other risk factors, it can become pathological. The germ can also be transmitted directly from person to person through close contact via respiratory droplets,” Ngwakum said. 

“As the age of the child goes up, the mortality rate goes down, because as the child gets older, it builds up more resistance. So with our vaccinations, we concentrate on babies before their first birthday.” 

Stumbling blocks 

Yet there are major stumbling blocks for the vaccination programme: the country’s poor infrastructure and its high poverty rates. 

Poverty rates in Madagascar have been on the rise since 2009, when President Marc Ravalomanana was deposed in a coup d’etat. More than three quarters of the country’s 20 million people now live on less than US$1 a day, according to government figures - up from 68 percent before the political crisis. 

“Patients often can’t come here because of poverty. They [subsistence farmers] have to wait for the fruit to be ripe and collectors come buy it and give them some money. That’s when they can afford the transportation to the hospital, provisions for their stay here and the 700 ariary [$0.30] fee,” Ranoeliharivelo said. 

In 2008, UNICEF set a five-year goal of reducing under-five mortality by 30 percent, but the political crisis has, in part, derailed this target; the international community imposed sanctions on the donor-dependent country in response to the coup d’etat. The 30 percent target remains, but there is little optimism about achieving it. 

“In some places, the health centre is closed due to lack of staff. Consequently, there is no way to administer vaccines to children. We also need a functioning cold chain, and some health centres have a refrigerator but no more kerosene. The whole health sector struggles with reduced funding, so even if the health centre is up and functioning, there is often no money for community outreach,” Ngwakum said. 

Government health statistics show that in 2011, some 83,171 Malagasy children received no vaccinations for any diseases. In the first quarter of 2012, this number rose to 191,435. 

Reaching remote areas 

“In many places, there is no geographical access. If the vaccines aren’t delivered there, it means people have to pay [for] transportation to come and get it. We try to go to all these villages,” Ngwakum said. 

Twice a year, the health department and UNICEF conduct Mother and Child Health Weeks, during which they dispatch 2,500 teams of health workers and 20,000 volunteers to 22 regions of the island state. Child survival packages are distributed; these include supplements such as vitamin A, as well as essential vaccines - to which the pneumococcal vaccinations has been added. In November 2012, the pneumococcal vaccine was administered in the targeted regions in Madagascar, reaching 60 percent of children 12 months or younger. 

“In places where health centres are closed, the children still need healthcare. We reach them through the Mother and Child Weeks. If we didn’t, there would be nothing,” Ngwakum told IRIN. 

UNICEF also supports the Reaching Every District (RED) initiative, which accesses other, more remote, areas. Still, many children have yet to be reached. 

“There are still many unreached pockets. Some districts have an 80 percent coverage on the map, but this is an average. There are still some problems,” Ngwakum continued. 

Additionally, a $29 million donation from the European Union, under the aegis of Madagascar’s PASSOBA programme (projet d’appui aux secteurs sociaux de base -Santé), will increase health coverage through the recruitment of staff and the re-opening of health centres in five regions. 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97304/Navigating-Madagascar-apos-s-pneumonia-vaccine-roll-out</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301221010590378t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMPASIMANJEVA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Even after days on an antibiotic regime, three-month-old Jean Marie Anselme struggles to breathe and eat at the Fondation Médical d&apos;Ampasimanjeva, a hospital in Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region, in southeastern Madagascar.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Food-for-work scheme helps Malagasy forests and people</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301151032460989t.jpg" />]]>AMBOASARY 15 January 2013 (IRIN) - The dry, spiny forests of southern Madagascar comprise one of the most unique ecosystems in the world, but they are becoming increasingly endangered as residents of the arid, food-insecure region cut down trees to make way for cultivation and to produce charcoal.</description><body><![CDATA[AMBOASARY 15 January 2013 (IRIN) - The dry, spiny forests of southern Madagascar comprise one of the most unique ecosystems in the world, but they are becoming increasingly endangered as residents of the arid, food-insecure region cut down trees to make way for cultivation and to produce charcoal. 

In an effort to slow the rapid deforestation and to address chronic food insecurity, the World Food Programme (WFP), in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), is replanting 1,000 hectares of trees through food-for-work projects reaching 60,000 beneficiaries.

Eager to plant

When a chief in Amboasary Sud District asked residents of the small town of Ankirikiriky if they would help replant the surrounding forest, the townspeople readily agreed.

“We know it’s good for the environment, and it will provide us with wood for construction and to make charcoal,” said 25-year-old team leader Havrelle Zanasoa Marovavy. “Before, we would just cut the trees, but they take 15 years to grow back.” 

According to a November 2012 WFP assessment, 676,000 people in the region are at risk of severe food insecurity during the current lean season. The food-for-work project offers 2.4kg of maize and beans in return for five hours of planting.

“This works for me, because if we earned money we would just use it to buy food also,” Marovavy told IRIN.

People in the area remember before 2009, when such projects did not exist. “In 2006, there was no rain, and we had nothing to eat for months. Since then, things have improved, as there are food-for-work projects, so we can earn some food during that time,” Horzentive Rasoanandrasana, a 47-year-old mother of 12, told IRIN.

With guidance from WWF, the townspeople have divided up the unused or depleted land in their area into different parcels for planting, restoration and exploitation, an approach that reduces deforestation while allowing locals with limited sources of fuel or income to continue making charcoal. They are planting Fantsiolitse, a spiny plant they rely on for both construction and charcoal production.

“We need about 80 of these trees to build a house,” Marovavy told IRIN. One of her fellow planters, who earns a living producing charcoal, said he needed to burn about four big trees to make one bag of coal. 

In Anjanahasoa Village, which is next to Andohahela, a dwindling national park, villagers organized a replanting effort after a forest fire destroyed most of the surrounding vegetation. WFP has now introduced its food-for-work programme to the area to boost their efforts.

“We knew we had to plant again,” said Tsareke, a 35-year-old farmer. “We need the forest to produce coal, so if there are no more trees, we’re going to have a problem. Our ancestors didn’t plant. We are the first generation to do this, because we see there’s not enough forest to go around.” 

In this village, each family has agreed to plant 30 saplings per year. A nearby hillside is now covered in Fantsiolitse saplings. 

Restoring livelihoods

Although unable to reverse deforestation, the WFP project aims to slow its rate and protect livelihoods that are threatened by the destruction of the forest. The region has become drier and its soil less fertile as more forest has been cleared, factors that have contributed to declining production among local subsistence farmers.

“The villagers themselves see that there is a problem with the forest. But we can’t just tell them to stop burning the wood for charcoal, because that is their livelihood. So we try to work with them to manage the forest," Enrique Alvarez of WFP told IRIN. "We tell them, ‘Yes, you’ll burn, but you’ll also plant’.

“These projects take some of the pressure off the forest, but they also help people to survive. Without them, the food insecurity of the people would be even worse. The reforestation activities try to restore the communities’ livelihoods, while the WFP-provided food contributes to food consumption during the lean season, when many households eat only once a day,” Alvares continued.

“People here don’t like to get food for free. They prefer to earn it; there’s dignity in that,” he said.

Before Madagascar plunged into a political crisis in 2009, when Andry Rajoelina deposed President Marc Ravalomanana in a coup d’etat, many farmers in the region went to the cities to find work during the lean season. But the crisis has damaged the Malagasy economy, and work is now scarce. 

Plans by WFP to expand its food-for-work programme into more areas in need of replanting have been put on hold due to a funding shortfall that has also affected the provision of school lunches [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97144/MADAGASCAR-Funding-gap-threatens-school-lunches ].

ar/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97246/Food-for-work-scheme-helps-Malagasy-forests-and-people</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301151032460989t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMBOASARY 15 January 2013 (IRIN) - The dry, spiny forests of southern Madagascar comprise one of the most unique ecosystems in the world, but they are becoming increasingly endangered as residents of the arid, food-insecure region cut down trees to make way for cultivation and to produce charcoal.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Funding gap threatens Madagascar&apos;s school lunches</title><pubDate>Fri, 28 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212280935470096t.jpg" />]]>AMBOVOMBE 28 December 2012 (IRIN) - The provision of school lunches to 215,000 children in 1,200 primary schools in southern Madagascar could be suspended by the end of January 2013 if the World Food Programme (WFP) fails to make up a funding shortfall of US$4.84 million. The funds are needed to cover the cost of running the feeding scheme from December 2012 to May 2013.</description><body><![CDATA[AMBOVOMBE 28 December 2012 (IRIN) - “Normally, we send out enough food to the schools for three months, but since the stock is so low, we are planning to send out only for a month,” said Enrique Alvarez, head of the WFP sub-office in Ambovombe, on Madagascar's southern coast. 

Elna Vavisoa, 10, from the village of Andranovato is a beneficiary of the school feeding programme. After crossing a river by boat to reach her school and spending a morning in the classroom, she receives a school lunch. While she usually only eats rice and manioc at home, the school meal includes boiled corn and vegetables.

“Sometimes, there is no food at home,” she told IRIN. “My father is a fisherman and my mother sells the fish in the market. When my father doesn’t catch anything, I ask my big sister to go find us some food.” 

Food insecurity worsens

Elna's village is in one of the most food-insecure regions of the country, where poor rains, locust infestations and flooding during the cyclone season mean that local farmers are unable to produce enough to feed their families for the whole year. 

According to an assessment carried out by WFP in November 2012, 676,000 people in the country’s south are at risk of severe food insecurity during the current lean season, the result of irregular rainfall during the 2011-2012 farming season. About half of these are in need of immediate assistance, which WFP is providing in the form of emergency food rations and food-for-work programmes. 

The lean season normally occurs from October to January, but in recent years it has lasted until March. During these times, food prices rise as food availability dwindles.

“When there is no food, we eat the fruits from the cactus and prepare tamarinds with ashes,” Hortensia Rasoanandrasana, a 47-year-old mother of 12, told IRIN. “When the children complain that they are hungry, parents tell them to wait until night time.”

Rasoanandrasana, who lives in the village of Bedaro, 12km from the town of Amboasary, volunteers as a cook at the school where four of her children receive free lunches. "If these school lunches stop, I will soon be in debt, trying to feed my children,” she said.

Banding together

“The school lunches take pressure off the households, helping them to build up stock during the harvest season, so that the food lasts longer,” WFP’s Alvarez told IRIN. “But the impact is much broader than just feeding the children. We started this programme in 2005 after we noticed that the percentage of children who finished school in this region was very low. The lunches are a development strategy for us; the students stay in school longer, learn better, and the community has to organize itself to prepare the lunches. They start to see the school differently; it becomes an important part of the village.”

Alvarez added that, in the past, when WFP had shortages, parents brought food to the schools themselves, but the severity of this year's lean season makes that impossible. "If WFP suspends the programme due to lack of resources, it will be difficult for [parents] to keep the programme running,” he said. 

Because WFP buys most of the corn to supply the school feeding programme locally, the programme’s suspension will also affect farmers like Maka, 39, from Tanandava Berano Village. He sells half of the two tons of corn he produces to WFP. “Before, I used to sell the corn on the market, but there was no profit,” he told IRIN. 

In 2006, Maka became a member of a local association of farmers that sell food to WFP and received training from the agency's NGO partners to improve his farming practices.

“I’ve been a farmer since I was 18, but when you work alone, you can’t get much done," he said. "At the association, there are farmers who can tell you how to increase production.”

ar/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97144/Funding-gap-threatens-Madagascar-apos-s-school-lunches</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212280935470096t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMBOVOMBE 28 December 2012 (IRIN) - The provision of school lunches to 215,000 children in 1,200 primary schools in southern Madagascar could be suspended by the end of January 2013 if the World Food Programme (WFP) fails to make up a funding shortfall of US$4.84 million. The funds are needed to cover the cost of running the feeding scheme from December 2012 to May 2013.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Relief for fistula sufferers in Madagascar</title><pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212210813110952t.jpg" />]]>AMPASIMANJEVA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - It took three days for Nisehotsara, a farmer’s wife from Betraka, a village on Madagascar’s east coast, to deliver her 10th child. After the difficult birth, she woke up to find her bed soaked with urine.</description><body><![CDATA[AMPASIMANJEVA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - It took three days for Nisehotsara, a farmer’s wife from Betraka, a village on Madagascar’s east coast, to deliver her 10th child. After the difficult birth, she woke up to find her bed soaked with urine.

Nisehotsara was diagnosed with obstetric fistula - a severe medical condition resulting primarily from obstructed labour - in which a hole, called a fistula, develops between the bladder or rectum and the vagina. Affected women are left with chronic incontinence.

“The doctor told me that I needed an operation. I had three of them in three months, but this didn’t help so I ended up living with it for 13 years,” said Nisehotsara.

Obstetric fistula was eradicated in wealthy countries at the end of the 19th century, when caesarean sections became widely available, but according to the World Health Organization, it continues to afflict two million women in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, mostly those living in poverty, without access to adequate medical services. Left untreated, fistula can lead to chronic medical problems including ulcerations, kidney disease and nerve damage.

According to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), Madagascar alone accounts for an estimated 2,000 of the more than 50,000 new fistula cases that occur annually.

“The presence of fistula is an indicator that the health system doesn’t work properly,” said Achu Lordfred, UNFPA’s chief technical adviser in Madagascar. “Wherever there is a high maternal death rate, there are cases of fistula. These are the women who escaped death after their difficult delivery.”

Early pregnancy is another major cause of fistula. Girls with under-developed pelvises are at higher risk of experiencing obstructed labour, and Madagascar has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95397/MADAGASCAR-Peer-pressure-to-stop-teen-pregnancy ]. Despite a 2007 law raising the age at which girls can be married from 14 to 18, child marriage remains common, especially in rural areas.

Outcasts

Living with fistula often means living as a social outcast. The smell of leaking urine, faeces or both is stigmatizing. “I was ashamed, so I never went to family reunions like weddings and funerals. I preferred to stay home, because I smelled bad,” Nisehotsara told IRIN.

Saholive Soavina, 28, developed the condition after the birth of her first child nine years ago. “My boyfriend left me after I started leaking urine. I lived with my parents. No one in the village wanted to give me any work, so I was forced to stay at home. I sometimes thought it would be better if I were dead. My parents were poor. They didn’t have enough to eat, and I was just a burden,” she told IRIN.

Yet many women are reluctant to seek treatment, fearing the operation and the expense. Lordfred said it was difficult to estimate the number of fistula cases in Madagascar, but noted that during a recent week of sensitization with mothers, during which his team actively searched for cases, 600 cases were identified and referred to health facilities. “We know that the majority of the women with this condition are still hiding,” he told IRIN.

Surgery

Finally, a woman in Soavina’s village who had previously suffered from fistula told her about the Fondation Médical d'Ampasimanjeva, a hospital about 50km north of Manakara, where a surgeon performs corrective operations for free.

“I wanted to go, but didn’t have any money. The former patient lent me some and brought me here,” she told IRIN. The trip took three days of walking, mini-bus taxi rides and river crossings by boat.

The hospital’s free surgeries are made possible by UNFPA’s global Campaign to End Fistula, which started in 2003. This year, grants from UNFPA have funded corrective surgeries for 125 women in Madagascar. The US$6,000 grant that the Fondation Médical d'Ampasimanjeva received also covers the women’s transportation costs and living expenses during their hospital stay.

The average cost of fistula treatment and post-operative care is about $100, far beyond the means of most people in Madagascar, the majority of whom live on less than $1.25 a day. Even those who do pay for the operation are not always cured. Often, several attempts by a skilled surgeon are needed, but until recently only two doctors in Madagascar could perform the operation. In 2011, UNFPA trained a further 14 doctors, and arranged for operations to take place in 10 additional hospitals.

In collaboration with UNFPA, the Ministry of Health is now lobbying for funds to scale up the fight against fistula, with the goal of providing corrective surgery to at least 700 fistula patients in 2013 and intensifying prevention efforts.

After undergoing a successful operation at the Fondation Médical d'Ampasimanjeva, Nisehotsara is recovering in the women’s ward, along with 14 other women. “The women really have a special bond. Whenever one is under surgery, the others all come to sit in front of the operating room and pray,” said Hortense Ranoaivo, the doctor responsible for the ward.

Reintegration

A second phase of the Campaign to End Fistula is now focusing on the social reintegration of former fistula sufferers. Currently, six NGOs are partnering with UNFPA to help fistula survivors return to their communities, earn a living and become advocates for the prevention of obstetric fistula. This involves urging pregnant women to deliver at health facilities and convincing women already suffering from the condition that free and effective treatment is available.

“When I go back, I want to tell the others in the village about this place,” Nisehotsara told IRIN. “There are seven more women in Betraka who have this, and until now, they haven’t wanted to get treatment, but I will try to convince them.”

ar/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97095/Relief-for-fistula-sufferers-in-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212210813110952t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMPASIMANJEVA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - It took three days for Nisehotsara, a farmer’s wife from Betraka, a village on Madagascar’s east coast, to deliver her 10th child. After the difficult birth, she woke up to find her bed soaked with urine.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Traditional midwives back in fashion</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212111149060110t.jpg" />]]>BETRAKA 12 December 2012 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s traditional midwives, or ‘matronnes’, are often thought to undermine safe childbirth practices, delivering babies in unsanitary environments and without provisions to manage complications. Yet they are now being recruited to a campaign to get women to deliver in clinics or hospitals, part of a move to lower maternal and newborn death rates.</description><body><![CDATA[BETRAKA 12 December 2012 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s traditional midwives, or ‘matronnes’, are often thought to undermine safe childbirth practices, delivering babies in unsanitary environments and without provisions to manage complications. Yet they are now being recruited to a campaign to get women to deliver in clinics or hospitals, part of a move to lower maternal and newborn death rates.

“We have more work than ever,” said matronnes Bertine, 52, and Marnette, 51. The women, who are cousins, learned the trade from their grandmother 20 years ago. Now they are cooperating with the Centre Sante de Base (CSB II) in Betraka, a tiny village 50km north of the coastal town of Manakara, to ensure that all pregnant women in the area deliver at the clinic.

“Sometimes women ask us to do their delivery at home, but we tell them it’s forbidden. It’s much better here, as there are materials. Before, we only had our own two hands,” Marnette told IRIN.

State of maternal care

Madagascar is “facing the triple challenge of fast population growth, growing poverty and political instability”, according to the UN Population Fund’s (UNFPA) 2011 State of World’s Midwifery report [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/en/main.htm ].

Though the country - which has the highest adolescent fertility rate in Africa - has reduced its maternal mortality since 1990, it still has a moderately high maternal mortality ratio (MMR), says a new report on MMR trends produced jointly by UNFP, the World Health Organization, the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank [ http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Trends_in_maternal_mortality_A4-1.pdf ]. Madagascar's MMR dropped from 710 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 240 per 100,000 live births in 2010.

According to 2011 estimates by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation [ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN ], of every 1,000 live births in a given year in Madagascar, 43 infants die before reaching age one. This number has dropped from 50 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007, but it is still much too high.

"Weak infrastructure, referral systems and equipment, and lack of qualified staff make access to health care especially difficult in the provinces," the UNFPA report said about Madagascar. Madagascar has about 3,000 health centres, but many are in disrepair or are closed because of the country’s ongoing political crisis.

The country only has four trained midwives per 1,000 live births. And although there are 21 midwifery schools, which train skilled midwives to hygienically deliver babies and deal with complications, the number of graduates is not meeting needs. In many areas, people have to rely on traditional midwives as their main maternal care providers.

Priority focus

The government made maternal and newborn health a top priority in 2008; a national plan for maternal and newborn health was launched the same year. A policy of free healthcare at birth - including expensive caesarean sections - aims to promote institutional birth and increase the use of skilled birth attendants during delivery to a target of 75 percent. Yet many areas struggle to meet this target.

The CSB in Betraka offers a success story.

“The mayor of this town had lost a family member to childbirth, so when we went to see him, he immediately set a new rule: Anyone who doesn’t come to deliver at the CSB can be fined 100,000 ariary [about US$44],” Hasiaina Rakotoarinaivo, head of the CSB, told IRIN. “We also went to see the local [heads] and matronnes. They signed a letter saying that they agreed with the new rule. The amount of deliveries in the CSB doubled to 30 a month after that.”

With encouragement from the matronnes, women in labour walk or are carried into the CSB. The matronnes come with them and assist at the clinic; they still receive their fee of 1,000 ariary (about $0.50) and five cups of rice.

In the 1980s, aid agencies tried to train traditional midwives, supplying them with sterile delivery kits. “The project to train matronnes was a total failure. It did nothing to decrease maternal deaths. These women were not equipped to deal with complications, and once they see that a delivery is not going well, the patient is often too far away from a hospital to be saved, as the most dangerous time for the mother is the first two hours after delivery,” Achu Lordfred, chief technical adviser at UNFPA, told IRIN. ”When the woman tries to deliver at home, there are too many delays for her to receive the help she needs.”

But by convincing matronnes to promote hospital deliveries, health workers have found a valuable ally.

“It’s good these matronnes come here. They assist with tasks we don’t have time for, like fetching water and walking the women around the courtyard,” skilled midwife Elia Razanadrambahy told IRIN.

Her colleague agrees. “When I was in school, the teacher told us that there will be matronnes to deal with once we started practicing. He said, ‘You can either work with them, or against them, but I advise you to cooperate’,” Miora Tahinjanoihay, another skilled midwife, told IRIN.

Convincing worked

Matronnes often use traditional practices that can harm women. Local doctors complain that they make women drink traditional herbs to speed up labour - a practice they say can rupture a patient’s uterus.

Tahinjanoihay said women around Betraka are made to drink water with gold in it, which supposedly proves that the husband is the father’s child. “Then, when there are complications, the women think it’s the magic working and they become afraid,” she explained.

“We show the townspeople the consequences of these methods. Sometimes women are brought in with convulsions because they drank this kind of herbal tea. After treatment, we use their examples to inform the villagers,” she continued. “Women believe the traditional herbs will speed up delivery and clean the baby, but it often has the opposite effect.”

“We found that it’s easy to convince the matronnes to take patients to the hospital,” UNFPA’s Lordfred told IRIN. “These women are merely looking for respect and a special position in society. The problem we’re working on now is for the [skilled] midwives to accept them. Often, when a matronne takes a patient to the hospital, the midwife will start to insult her and tell her off for giving traditional herbs. We try to convince them that it’s better to work with the traditional healers, that fighting them is not going to work."

The agency is trying to reinforce hundreds of CSBs to handle the influx of deliveries. UNFPA has spent $2.6 million since 2008 to get 200 health centres up to a basic level for deliveries; a further 44 centres are now equipped to perform C-sections and blood transfusions. “Some places are easy to transform - they just need light or water. It’s the more advanced units that are expensive, as they need equipment for operations,” Lordfred said. The agency also trains midwives and pays their salaries.

“I came here because all my friends deliver here,” said 28-year-old Raharisoa in Bekatra. She is expecting her second child; the first was born 15 years ago, at home with a matronne. “I didn’t know there was a hospital then. I didn’t have problems during the first delivery at home, but I heard it’s better for your health to come here.”

ar/jk/rz
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97024/MADAGASCAR-Traditional-midwives-back-in-fashion</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212111149060110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BETRAKA 12 December 2012 (IRIN) - Madagascar’s traditional midwives, or ‘matronnes’, are often thought to undermine safe childbirth practices, delivering babies in unsanitary environments and without provisions to manage complications. Yet they are now being recruited to a campaign to get women to deliver in clinics or hospitals, part of a move to lower maternal and newborn death rates.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa – Trainee teacher, Madagascar</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221420070327t.jpg" />]]>AMBOHIMANGA ROVA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa, 25, a single mother from the village of Ambohimanga Rova, about 24km east of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, is confident about the future - despite her daily struggles.</description><body><![CDATA[AMBOHIMANGA ROVA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa, 25, a single mother from the village of Ambohimanga Rova, about 24km east of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, is confident about the future - despite her daily struggles.

She lives in a church with her mother and father - the village priest - her two-year-old daughter and her five younger siblings. They raise chickens and pigs to supplement the family's three salaries, which must stretch to feed the nine-member household. 

Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa has started training as a teacher and receives a half of a teacher’s monthly salary, about US$23. The daily walk to school is 10km round trip, and the school has 100 learners and two classrooms, each divided into four by a curtain. 

“We raise chickens and pigs to earn some extra money, because my salary and that of my father and brother can’t feed all of us. My mother and I also embroider tablecloths. But in general, I think our lives are better than that of my parents. We now have a TV, a phone and a stereo, something they didn’t have while growing up. They went to school until ninth grade, while we can finish our educations. And I will make sure that my daughter’s life will be even better than mine. 

“I was very happy to find the job as a teacher. The only thing that saddens me is the attitude of the parents. They promised to complement my salary with rice, as I earn very little money, but they haven’t done so at all. It feels as if they don’t appreciate the job I do teaching their children.

“I passed my baccalauréat [the French secondary school exam]. It was the best thing that has happened to me this year. This diploma has opened up many new possibilities for me, as not many people here have this level [of education]. Now that I have my baccalauréat, my salary will be raised and I can start my correspondence courses, because eventually, I plan to become a lawyer. I can also start to teach secondary school in the afternoons and give private lessons in French, so that I can earn money to buy books.

“The beginning of the school year is always the hardest for us. We have to borrow money to pay for the school fees for my three brothers, two sisters and my daughter. We borrowed money from the neighbours to get everything together, and in the last month, we tried to spend less on food. Normally we buy and eat 100kg of rice a month, but now, we are cutting down on rice and oil. We never have leftover money. It’s a struggle to pay the bills every month.”

ar/go /rz


Name: Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa

Age: 25

Location: Ambohimanga Rova

Does your spouse/partner live with you? No

What is your primary job? Primary school teacher

What is your monthly salary? 50,000 ariary [US$23]

What is your household’s total income - including your partner’s salary and any additional sources? 380,000 ariary [$174]. My father earns 180,000 ariary [$81] and my eldest brother earns 150,000 ariary [$68] as ticket collector on a bus.

How many people are living in your household - what is their relationship to you? Nine people. This includes my parents, my daughter, myself, and three brothers and two sisters.

How many are dependent on you/your partner’s income - what is their relationship to you? All of them depend on our three salaries

How much do you spend each month on food? 300,000 ariary [$138]

What is your main staple - how much does it cost each month? Rice - 140,000 ariary [$63]

How much do you spend on rent? Nothing, we live for free in the old church.

How much on monthly transport? 60,000 ariary [$27]

How much do you spend on educating your children each month? 100,000 ariary [$46]

After you have paid all your bills each month, how much is left? Nothing, there are always more expenses than income. 

Have you or any member of the household been forced to skip meals or reduce portion sizes in the last three months? Yes, in October, when we had to pay school fees, we tried to eat less and spend less on oil and rice.

Have you been forced to borrow money (or food) in the last three months to cover basic household needs? Yes, we borrowed 70,000 ariary [$31] from the neighbours for rice.

-----------------------------
For more Survivor stories, please visit our In-Depth Our Lives [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96695/98/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96857/MADAGASCAR-Liliana-Lova-Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa-Trainee-teacher-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221420070327t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMBOHIMANGA ROVA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa, 25, a single mother from the village of Ambohimanga Rova, about 24km east of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, is confident about the future - despite her daily struggles.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH-KENYA: Our Lives - A survivors&apos; guide to hard times</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Our Lives - A survivors' guide to hard times

In-Depth Global Reports

Our Lives is a new IRIN series following 20 people in 10 countries as they try to get by in these testing times. The men and women featured - from teachers to truck drivers - describe how they cope with the rising cost of living, and explain their hopes for the future. This series will be regularly updated.

Survivors

Bangladesh
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96869/98/ ] Samir Uddin – Street hawker
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96870/98/ ] Wliar Rahman – School teacher

Kenya
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96886/98/ ] Jane Njeri – Displaced person
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96908/98/ ] Millicent Wanyama – Breadcrumb seller

Lesotho
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96896/98/ ] ‘Mammuso Lebakeng – Crafts trader
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96692/98/ ] Moloantoa Mokhomphatha – Builder

Liberia
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96863/98/ ] John Tamba – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96862/98/ ] Lorpu Kah – Single mum

Madagascar
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96857/98/ ] Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa – Trainee teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96859/98/ ] Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo – Cook

Mali
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96864/98/ ] Chaka Dagnoko – Mechanic
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96865/98/ ] Tembely Coulibaly – Restaurateur

Nepal
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96868/98/ ] Kumari Magar – Maid
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96871/98/ ] Manbahadur Tamang – Farmer

Pakistan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96861/98/ ] Aslam Rehmat – Dental assistant
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96860/98/ ] Rashid Minhas – Driver

South Sudan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96961/98/ ] Grace Taban Genova – Home-brewer
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96866/98/ ] Kenyi Chaplain Paul – Security guard

Yemen
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96855/98/ ] Adel Aklin – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96856/98/ ] Ali Abdullah al-Moudai – Community liaison officer


IRIN Films – Food for thought

Cassava in Cote di”ivoire [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4773/FOO/Food-Security/Cassava-in-C%C3%B4te-d-Ivoire ]
Wheat in India [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4700/Wheat-in-India ]
Lentils in Nepal [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4701/Lentils-in-Nepal ]
Rice in Madagascar [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4769/Rice-in-Madagascar ]
Kenya’s Unga revolution [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4882/Kenya-s-Unga-Revolution ]
A question of dignity [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4757/A-Question-of-Dignity ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96695/BANGLADESH-KENYA-Our-Lives-A-survivors-apos-guide-to-hard-times</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo – Cook, Madagascar</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221539530420t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo, 26, is one of three cooks in a local fast food restaurant in Antananarivo, Madagascar’s capital.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo, 26, is one of three cooks in a local fast food restaurant in Antananarivo, Madagascar’s capital. 

The fast food joint is a relatively new phenomenon in the city, where the main foods are traditional rice dishes and restaurant fare tends to specialize in French cuisine. The staff, in brightly coloured shirts and baseball caps, serve customers, while Razafindranaivo flips burgers in a small, stiflingly hot kitchen. 

Razafindranaivo, his wife and their six-month-old daughter live with his parents and extended family. They do not share expenses with the extended family, and they are fortunate to live rent-free. His wife is involved in a basket-weaving business; the couple takes home about US$92 a month, the average income of a Malagasy family in the capital city.

“I live in the same house as my parents, but we don’t have a household together, so I don’t need to give them money for food. Me, my wife and our six-month-old daughter survive on my salary. My wife also earns some money from basket making. My mother knows how to make traditional crafts, so my wife works with her. This way, we have some extra income. 

“When I was younger, I wanted to become a civil servant, like my father, but you had to pass an exam to be accepted to train at a ministry and, unlike my father, in my time you have to bribe people to be able to get in.

“Since I couldn’t get into the ministry, I tried to find a job in the private sector, but this was difficult, especially these last three years, with the crisis [in 2009 twice-elected president Marc Ravalomanana was deposed by Andry Rajoelina with the backing of the army; poverty has since been on the rise]. So in the end, I was glad to find this job in the restaurant. My wife if still trying to find a steady job, but until now it’s been hard. 

“I think that my parents had an easier life. Things weren’t so expensive when they were younger. Now, we spend all our money on food. There is never enough money to get through the month. Sometimes I can’t sleep, worrying about these things.” 

“The birth of my daughter was the happiest event this year. I hope that she will be able to obtain enough education and connections to become a civil 
servant.” 

“What is my biggest headache? That we can’t find suitable jobs, and the price of food keeps rising. We just hope we’ll be able to find jobs that pay more. Maybe we’ll try to sell more baskets, but often I can’t sleep because of money problems. 

“I hope I’ll be better off next year. I’ll try my best to improve our situation.”

ar/go/rz


Name: Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo

Age: 26

Location: Antananarivo

Does your spouse/partner live with you? Yes, I have a wife and six-month-old daughter.

What is your primary job? Cook at fast food restaurant

What is your monthly salary? 120,000 ariary [US$55]

What is your household’s total income - including your partner’s salary and any additional sources? 200,000 ariary [$92]

How many people are living in your household - what is their relationship to you? Three. Myself, my wife and daughter.

How many are dependent on you/your partner’s income - what is their relationship to you? Just us.

How much do you spend each month on food? 120,000 ariary [$55]

What is your main staple - how much does it cost each month? Rice, vegetables and meat [‘laoka’]. We eat 25kg a month of rice, and it costs us 32,000 ariary [$17].

How much do you spend on rent? Nothing. I live in my parents’ house.

How much on transport? 1,000 ariary [$0.45] a day, or about $13 a month.

How much do you spend on educating your children each month? Nothing yet.

After you have paid all your bills each month, how much is left? Nothing.

Have you or any member of the household been forced to skip meals or reduce portion sizes in the last three months? No.

Have you been forced to borrow money or food in the last three months to cover basic household needs? Yes, I’ve borrowed 10,000 ariary [$4.50] from my sister to buy food. 

-----------------------------
For more Survivor stories, please visit our In-Depth Our Lives [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96695/98/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96859/MADAGASCAR-Thierry-Mafisy-Miharivonjy-Razafindranaivo-Cook-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221539530420t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo, 26, is one of three cooks in a local fast food restaurant in Antananarivo, Madagascar’s capital.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Cyclone preparations threatened</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202200932370609t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - A US$6.1 million funding shortfall is jeopardizing the World Food Programme’s (WFP) practice of pre-positioning relief supplies in many areas vulnerable to cyclones. The practice results in quicker response times to Madagascar’s clockwork-like natural disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - A US$6.1 million funding shortfall is jeopardizing the World Food Programme’s (WFP) practice of pre-positioning relief supplies in many areas vulnerable to cyclones. The practice results in quicker response times to Madagascar’s clockwork-like natural disasters. 

The cyclone season generally runs from November through to March, making Madagascar one of the world’s most cyclone-affected countries. In a strategy to save both time and money, “WFP yearly pre-positions food in areas which are the most prone to cyclones during the cyclonic season,” WFP spokesperson Valerie Fuchs told IRIN. 

This year, Cyclone Giovanna [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94911/MADAGASCAR-Cyclone-Giovanna-struck-with-little-warning ] and Tropical Storm Irina [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95025/MADAGASCAR-Tropical-storm-Irina-claims-72-lives ] hit the country’s east coast in February and March, respectively, two of the 45 cyclone and tropical storm systems that have struck the island in the past 10 years. In October, Cyclone Anais threatened the country outside of the usual cyclone window before dissipating into a tropical depression. 

Coverage halved 

“Five sites were identified for food pre-positioning [for this cyclone season],” Fuchs said. “Farafangana, Vangaindrano, Nosy Varika, Antanambe, Antalaha [all situated in the country’s eastern regions]. Due to insufficient stock this year, priority was given to most vulnerable areas in terms of the food security situation,” as well as areas deemed difficult to access in the aftermath of a cyclone. 

“Normally WFP would pre-position in nine to 10 locations to make sure most of the cyclone-affected areas are covered,” she said. Only about half of the usual 1,000 tons of food have been deployed to cyclone-vulnerable areas - sufficient to feed about 17,000 people for 10 days. 

The humanitarian impact of tropical storms and cyclones on the island are magnified by both flimsy housing structures and poorly maintained road infrastructure, which has deteriorated in the absence of maintenance since the 2009 coup d’etat. 

The donor-dependent government of President Andry Rajoelina was slapped with sanctions and an aid freeze in the wake of the takeover, which deposed twice-elected President Marc Ravlomanana. The government is “struggling” in its efforts to mitigate the expected effects of cyclones and has been unable to source supplies such as “tents, water and sanitation kits, mobile bridges and road repair equipment,” WFP said in a statement [ http://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/wfp-warns-funding-shortage-madagascar-ahead-cyclone-season ]. 

Costs severe 

WFP country director Willem van Milink told IRIN that without pre-positioning of relief supplies - including the staple rice, pulses, oil and high energy biscuits - close to areas susceptible to cyclones, the humanitarian response will be “absent or limited within the first week,” as there is also a lack of available air transport. 

Without pre-positioning, the cost implications for humanitarian organizations responding to the island’s natural disasters will be severe, Fuchs said, with transport rates expected to multiply by 20 to 30 times. 

A meal programme for 215,000 primary school students, targeting the poorest children in the drought-prone southern regions, is also being threatened by an absence of funding. “If resources are not secured, WFP will have to stop the programme [in December 2012],” the WFP November Madagascar Resource Situation Report said. 

go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96874/MADAGASCAR-Cyclone-preparations-threatened</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202200932370609t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - A US$6.1 million funding shortfall is jeopardizing the World Food Programme’s (WFP) practice of pre-positioning relief supplies in many areas vulnerable to cyclones. The practice results in quicker response times to Madagascar’s clockwork-like natural disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Sentenced to malnutrition</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211210830290454t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Former gang member Robert, 62, shares a cell with 145 other inmates in Antanimora Prison in Madagascar’s capital, Antananarivo. He receives one meal a day of dried cassava.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Former gang member Robert, 62, shares a cell with 145 other inmates in Antanimora Prison in Madagascar’s capital, Antananarivo. He receives one meal a day of dried cassava. 

Robert, who declined to divulge his last name or his crime, was sentenced to 20 years in 1995; his last visit from a family member was in 2003. “My wife has left me since, and my son has moved to France, so I don’t see them anymore. My other family lives too far away to come here.” 

Without financial support from family members, he relies on a small income earned by teaching French and English to other inmates, which he uses to buy food and necessities. “We’re the poor people here,” he told IRIN. 

The country’s economy plummeted in the aftermath of the 2009 coup d’etat, and its prison system is rapidly deteriorating. 

In 2008, the European Union (EU) granted US$2.5 million to NGOs working to improve prison conditions, but these funds will be exhausted by the end of this year. It is unclear if the justice ministry, whose budget was cut by 40 percent in 2011, will have any money for 2013. 

“We’ve cut back on all other categories in order to be able to continue the food supply,” Antanimora director Arsene Aubin Rajernerson told IRIN. 

The US State Department’s 2011 human rights report on Madagascar [ http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186213.htm ] said chronic malnutrition affects as much as two-thirds of prisoners in some prisons and is the most common cause of inmate deaths. 

Cut backs 

The justice ministry had been planning to increase daily prison rations in 2008, but donors froze aid in response to the coup d’etat, and all the ministries’ budgets were subsequently reduced. 

In July 2012, Medicins du Monde, one of five EU-funded NGOs active in 24 prisons in northern Madagascar, distributed extra rations of ‘koba’ - crushed peanuts - and cassava to malnourished prisoners. 

“Often the situation of prisoners improves just because we are there,” Catherine Courtin of Medicins de Monde told IRIN. “The personnel at the prisons think that these living conditions are normal. After some training, they learn to look further,” she said. 

Even as money for prisons has decreased, the prison population has increased since 2009. The country’s 83 prisons and detention centres were designed for 10,319 inmates, but house 19,870. 

“Overpopulation is often 100 percent. You can find 150 people in a cell that’s made for 40 inmates. Apart from food, hygiene is a huge problem. There isn’t enough water for all these people, and the inmates have a scarce access to soap. Getting rid of the rats is a constant challenge,” Alphonse Kananura, program director of Handicap International (HI), told IRIN. 

Prison conditions 

Mamy, who was incarcerated for 18 months for “political reasons”, told IRIN, “We spent the first two months after our arrest in the Tsiafahy Detention Center. The cell was built for 30 inmates, and there were 150 of us. You had to pay for everything - 20cm of space in a bed cost 30,000 ariary ($15). If you didn’t pay, you slept with the rats on the floor.” 

Inmates must rely on family support or scrape together an income within prison. 

“Everyone has his own business,” said Mamy, who was transferred to Antanimora after his wife bribed prison officials. “Some inmates even manage to make enough money on the inside to support their families on the outside. But the poorest, those who don’t have families to help them, starve. They sell their bodies to survive.” 

A 2012 report by HI [ http://f3e.asso.fr///IMG/pdf/HI_mada_TDR_Evaluation_Approche_multisectorielle_projet_Prison_VF_2.pdf ] found that 80 percent of inmates are abandoned by their families, often because poor families cannot afford to assist them financially. More than three-quarters of the country’s population now live on less than $1 a day, according to government figures, up from 68 percent before the coup d’etat. 

The HI report also notes that half of Madagascar’s inmates are suffering from some form of mental distress. 

The US State Department report found that only 47 percent of the inmates in Madagascar’s prisons are convicted and many spend years awaiting trial. Jean Paul, accused of murder, told IRIN he spent two years awaiting trial before being sentenced to a five-year jail term. 

“Some of the inmates claim they have no clue why they have been incarcerated, which, at times, raises the question of whether they have even broken the law… The limited access to legal support makes it even more difficult for them to put their case across,” Kananura told IRIN. 

Relying on NGOs 

Both foreign and national NGOs support Antanimora’s prison population, which includes both juvenile and women inmates. The NGOs supply food, clothing, medicine and rehabilitation programmes. 

HI social workers are trying to establish contact between inmates and their families. “A majority of the inmates are illiterate,” Kananura said. “So we help them to write letters and teach them how to read and write.” 

The Swiss-based NGO Sentinel runs a project providing material and training for inmates to produce local crafts. 

The juvenile section has also recently been renovated; it now has a basketball court, and about 100 teenagers are receiving schooling. 

“We’ve been working here since July 2011. Not only do we do the buildings, but we have also organized the youngsters into groups of 10, according to the scouting system. This way, the stronger in each group can protect the weakest,” the NGO’s educator Toky Natolojanahary told IRIN. 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96835/MADAGASCAR-Sentenced-to-malnutrition</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211210830290454t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Former gang member Robert, 62, shares a cell with 145 other inmates in Antanimora Prison in Madagascar’s capital, Antananarivo. He receives one meal a day of dried cassava.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Domestic violence rises as incomes fall</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211060917160418t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Incomes have slipped to their lowest level in a decade since Madagascar’s 2009 coup d’etat, and, in parallel, domestic violence has sharply risen.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Incomes have slipped to their lowest level in a decade since Madagascar’s 2009 coup d’etat, and, in parallel, domestic violence has sharply risen. 

The World Bank’s October 2012 economic update said the country’s average annual income is US$450, when it might have been $100 more in the absence of the political instability. The report also estimates that since 2008, another 4 million people have fallen below the poverty level. 

The rising poverty has exacerbated women’s vulnerability in this deeply traditional society. Locals report more domestic conflict over family resources, as well as increased alcohol and drug abuse. Impoverished women also have fewer options to escape violence and are less able to advocate for the safety of themselves and their children. 

Can't find work

In 2009, twice-elected president Marc Ravalomanana was deposed by Andry Rajoelina. More than three quarters of the country’s 20 million people now live on less than $1 a day, according to government figures, up from 68 percent before the coup d’etat. In rural areas, poverty rates are estimated at more than 80 percent. 

The neighbourhood of Isotry is one of the poorest suburbs in the capital Antananarivo, with most of its approximately 7,500 residents eking out a living by hawking cheap goods or surviving on odd jobs. 

Tendry Razafindrakoto, vice president of the Isotry neighborhod council, or ‘fokotany’, told IRIN, “Since the crisis, people can’t find work. So the men meet in the bars, start to take drugs and drink, and then they go home and become violent. Alcohol is cheap, so what little money the men earn is spent in the bar.” 

The fokotany tries to intervene. “We try to mediate, but often it doesn’t work, and the husbands don’t listen. The women, on the other hand, think they should tolerate all [the men’s] selfish behaviour. They don’t want to sue the husband, and they don’t want to leave either. They often don’t have a place to go, and it’s a shame to be a divorced woman, so they prefer to stay,” Razafindrakoto said. 

“Most conflicts here are about money. The husband doesn’t give money to the wife, so she doesn’t have food and the children can’t go to school. Then, when the husband comes home drunk, violence breaks out,” she said. 

Disempowered 

Esther Vololona Razazarivola is in charge of the legal aid clinic Centre d’Ecoute et Conseille Juridique Avenir, in Manjakandriana, about 47km outside Antananarivo. She told IRIN women often feel they have neither the ability nor the right to end abuse. Rather, they come looking for financial support. 

“We had a woman who came here black and blue. Her husband was a general in the army, and he beat her daily. But that’s not what she came for. She came because she wanted him to give her part of the salary,” she said. 

Georgette Ralalaharisoa, 39, has been married for 17 years to a stonemason who is often away for work. She works as a teacher in the mornings and as a farm labourer in the afternoons to help support her five children and her husband’s parents. 

But her husband’s return home after long periods away often leads to violence. “The older children try to make him stop hitting me,” she told IRIN. “I don’t want to sue him, as I’m scared he will hit me even more.” 

The legal clinic’s social workers have asked her husband to come for mediation, but he has refused. 

Still, the clinic’s efforts sometimes work. Negotiations by the clinic between Marie Lucienne Razafindrazaka and her husband Olivier Randrianarivony succeeded in convincing him to hand over part of his salary. 

“After I got married, I didn’t really change my way of life. I was still living like a bachelor, going out with my friends,” Randrianarivony told IRIN. But advice from the clinic has helped him understand his family’s needs. “My colleagues say that I have changed a lot.” 

Programmes by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) are helping the police and the fokotany handle domestic violence cases. 

Jean Victor Tsaramonina, police commissioner of Antananarivo’s eighth arrondissement, told IRIN, “Just a few months ago, we would send women to the fokotany for mediation. We just dealt with theft and robbery around here. But since violence has become such a phenomenon in our society, we now also take on cases of spousal abuse and other kinds of violence.” 

Even so, victims often feel unable to pursue charges. 

“Many women just want to give a statement, and refuse to take the husband to court. Cases of domestic violence are often difficult to prove. It’s the wife’s word against the husband, and often there are no witnesses. If the woman is badly beaten, we arrest the husband. If not, we try to see if there is another way to break the cycle. But as long as women are not equal to men in society, we are going to have these problems,” he said. 

ar/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96710/MADAGASCAR-Domestic-violence-rises-as-incomes-fall</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211060917160418t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Incomes have slipped to their lowest level in a decade since Madagascar’s 2009 coup d’etat, and, in parallel, domestic violence has sharply risen.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SECURITY: Is Africa&apos;s maritime strategy all at sea?</title><pubDate>Mon, 22 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103250926300595t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 22 October 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union’s (AU) deadline for securing the continent’s territorial waters - the world’s last major geographical region without a maritime strategy - has been set at 2050, a target that may prove untenable.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 22 October 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union’s (AU) deadline for securing the continent’s territorial waters - the world’s last major geographical region without a maritime strategy - has been set at 2050, a target that may prove untenable. 

Without a comprehensive strategy to police, patrol and promote the maritime economy and resources along its 42,000km coastline, Africa loses billions of dollars in revenue annually and leaves itself vulnerable to myriad criminal activities. 

“Africa remains the continent that suffers most from illegal and unregulated fishing, maritime terrorism, piracy and armed robbery at sea, poor legal and regulatory maritime regimes, illegal drugs, arms and human trafficking, a lack of effective communication and other technological maritime requirements, and last but not least, unsuitable ships and ports,” Annette Leijenaar, Head of the Conflict Management and Peacebuilding Division at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), a Pretoria-based think tank, said in a recent policy brief titled Africa Should Wake up to the Importance of an Integrated Maritime Strategy [ http://www.issafrica.org/iss_today.php?ID=1552 ]. 

A meeting on the Africa Integrated Maritime (AIM) strategy was held earlier this month in the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa. Leijenaar told IRIN, “It is the right direction, however, action is required through implementable plans that are well coordinated and have the political commitment of African leaders.” The AU will also address management of riverine systems, dams and wetlands. 

“Like the rest of the world, more than 90 percent of Africa’s imports and exports are carried by sea. If one includes the illegal market in military arms and logged forest products, Africa has a maritime economy estimated at US$1 trillion a year, representing 90 percent of its overall commerce,” the policy brief said. 

Of Africa’s 54 states, 38 are either coastal or island nations. Johan Potgieter, a former captain in the South African navy and senior ISS security sector researcher - referring to neglect of maritime opportunities and risks - told IRIN, “Sea blindness is our [Africa’s] biggest threat.” 

No defence 

Some 70 percent of the continent’s rapidly growing population - which currently stands at over one billion people - depend on fish, both inland and coastal, for protein, highlighting the importance of policing and managing the continent’s territorial waters. 

“I said to a politician, don’t look at what it’s going to costs you to run a navy. You need to say, ‘What is it going to cost me to feed this population when there are no more fish? Where I am going to get the food from?’” Potgieter said. 

An October report by the Environmental Justice Foundation, Pirate Fishing Exposed: The Fight Against Illegal Fishing in West Africa and the EU [European Union] [ http://ejfoundation.org/sites/default/files/public/Pirate%20Fishing%20Exposed.pdf ], observed, “Global losses due to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) or ‘pirate fishing’ are estimated to be between $10 billion and $23.5 billion per year. West African waters are estimated to have the highest levels of IUU fishing in the world, representing up to 37 percent of the region’s catch.” 

Foreign trawlers have been known to illegally haul up hundreds of tons of fish per day for export to Europe, while local fishermen’s catch is typically limited to what they can bring up with 8m-long pirogues. 

Anti-piracy operations off the Horn of Africa in 2011 cost an estimated $6.9 billion, or about two-thirds the annual GDP of Madagascar, an island country that has no naval capacity to speak of. 

Potgieter said the relative success of anti-piracy operations off East Africa is having a “balloon effect of pushing the pirates further and further away [to], we suspect, the east coast of Madagascar, [which] is fairly unpopulated, and the pirates will find a safe haven there to set up bases.” 

Building and maintaining a navy is both a costly and politically fraught exercise. Navies operate out of the sight of the electorate and are easily used by opposition parties in “guns versus butter” debates. Additionally, the procurement of defence systems in Africa has been mired in corruption issues. The price of a naval vessel can start in the hundreds of millions of dollars, and keeping ships on operational duties often requires a compliment of three. The annual running cost for three 80m British Royal Navy patrol vessels is $32 million. 

Helmut Heitman, a defence analyst and correspondent for Jane's Defence Weekly, told IRIN that Mozambique does not have a naval capacity. The “Comoros has nothing. On the west coast [of Africa], there is very little.” 

Expanding navies 

But increasing piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has prompted several countries to acquire patrol vessels in a piecemeal fashion to bolster maritime capacity. Nigeria’s navy has requested the procurement of 49 ships and 42 helicopters over the next decade. Earlier this year, the country commissioned its first locally built 31m patrol craft, the NNS Andoni. 

Neighbouring Ghana acquired two former German Navy fast attack crafts in July, after commissioning four new Chinese patrol boats earlier in the year. Namibia brought in a 100m refurbished Chinese patrol vessel earlier this year, adding to a naval compliment that includes harbour and inshore patrol boats. 

There is also a growing trend towards aerial reconnaissance over the ocean, especially in West Africa, with Ghana and Nigeria acquiring aircraft for monitoring and addressing piracy. 

Heitman said, “It’s not just about buying ships. It takes three generations of officers to build up a competent navy. So 30 years [the 2050 AIM goal] is a reasonable timeframe. [However,] a ship without an aircraft is pointless. An aircraft without a ship is also pointless.” 

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, is also finding greater currency as an option for policing territorial waters. Potgieter said, “You don’t need a warship to fight a pirate... If you use a drone, you can have 18 to 24 hours of flight time. But it is not necessarily cheap.” The price tags for drones range from hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of dollars. 

“But you still have to send a boat out to make the arrest, and this is where the problem starts. If we detect something on the other side of Madagascar - collaboration becomes important - and maybe the French are better suited to help… But we have to start talking to one another,” he said. 

Aligning legislation 

Developing coastal security is one step toward protecting continental waters. Creating the required legislation for individual AU members states to cooperate on a continental level presents another set of time-consuming complications. 

“Maritime security and policing management is an inter-departmental/agency function that is extremely difficult to coordinate and achieve. Among other [issues], it requires good governance, an industrial infrastructure, technological competence, effective information-sharing mechanisms and political commitment. Few African countries, if any, meet these requirements,” the ISS policy brief said. 

Leijenaar said developing a domestic maritime strategy involves numerous government departments, from environmental affairs to tourism and defence, and these ministry’s first have to be aligned at a country level, then at a regional level and finally at the continental level. 

Each country has to sift through memoranda of understanding and protocols signed by each department and then change conflicting legislation, “a small task that can take five to ten years,” Potgieter said. “Then [to] get it through [each country’s] parliament - some of these things will take you ten years.” 

And that’s before countries can begin to address the issue of “hot pursuit” through neighbouring territorial waters. “Most countries will still not allow your ships to go through their waters unless you have permission in advance,” Potgieter said. 

“The importance of assuming collective responsibility for Africa's maritime domain (ADM) is essential - within national governments, regions and Africa,” he said. 

go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96608/SECURITY-Is-Africa-apos-s-maritime-strategy-all-at-sea</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103250926300595t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 22 October 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union’s (AU) deadline for securing the continent’s territorial waters - the world’s last major geographical region without a maritime strategy - has been set at 2050, a target that may prove untenable.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>