<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Aid Policy</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2013 11:30:43 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Linking early warning to early action in the Sahel</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221212520460t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 18 June 2013 (IRIN) - While aid agencies agree that early warning systems offer the chance to mitigate humanitarian crises, difficulty in funding pre-emptive measures and government sensitivities in admitting a looming disaster continue to hamper early action.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 18 June 2013 (IRIN) - While aid agencies agree that early warning systems offer the chance to mitigate humanitarian crises, difficulty in funding pre-emptive measures and government sensitivities in admitting a looming disaster continue to hamper early action.

"Most [weather-related] disasters or crises can be predicted," said Sarah Lumsdon, Oxfam's interim regional humanitarian coordinator for West Africa. "In this day and age, there are enough indicators and data, and enough coverage by governments and NGOs to know when things are looking bad or likely will be bad. And so we should be able to intervene to stop it."

This is particularly true when it comes to food insecurity in Africa's Sahel [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96632/sahel-what-went-right-in-the-crisis-response ] region, where drought and serious food shortages left some 18 million people facing hunger in 2012.

"Food crises can often be predicted 6-9 months in advance," said Rob Bailey, a senior research fellow at Chatham House and lead author of an April report [ http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/0413r_earlywarnings.pdf ] on the link between early warning and early action.

He said that by monitoring indicators such as grain prices, cereal stocks, crop harvests, weather predictions [ http://acmad.net/new/isacipen/sites/default/files/bulletinpresao16finalfinaljune042013.pdf ] and household food security data, aid agencies and governments can predict a coming food crisis with a fairly high degree of confidence.

Aid group Action Against Hunger (ACF) says it has had success in using satellites to monitor pasture and to map biomass production and vegetation levels as well as the scope of drought in order to predict which areas might need the most assistance.

"We've used this [method] in the last two crises, in 2010 and 2012, and it's proved to be a good indicator of food production across the region," said Alvaro Pascual, ACF's Sahel desk officer.

Funding challenge

However, one of the main challenges of responding to early warnings is funding.

"Sometimes governments find it hard to justify to the public spending aid money on something that hasn't happened yet, on something which you can't show on the news because people aren't starving yet," Bailey said.

The same applies to donors, Oxfam's Lumsdon said. "Their issue is that until it looks really, really bad, they can't release that much money. They can release some money for early action type activities, but when it's a big crisis, it probably is not enough to meet the needs," she said.

"What early warnings allow humanitarian agencies to do," said Denise Brown, World Food Programme's (WFP) West Africa director, "is to start to pre-position food aid, to buy stocks of foods and medicine, and place them in strategic locations in the Sahel region knowing that they might need to draw on them at a later date. So they are more prepared, more ready when things get serious."

This is what happened during the 2012 Sahel crisis. Following criticism that the response to the 2010 food crisis was too little too late, aid agencies began acting as early as October 2011 when Niger's president announced that the country was expecting a poor harvest and that food stocks were already low.

"It was clear that there were serious cereal deficits," said Brown. "And based on that preliminary data we began looking at past data, current market prices, nutritional data and so on, and the picture we came up with was extremely worrying."

Early action [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96638/analysis-sahel-crisis-lessons-to-be-learnt ] plans were put in place and helped reduce the impact of the food crisis across the Sahel. This meant that people didn't have to adopt dangerous coping mechanisms such as selling livestock at low prices to buy food, taking on debt, selling seeds that they should be planting or eating the seeds that they should be planting, Brown explained.

Household economy analysis

Save the Children uses household economy analysis (HEA) to assess the vulnerability of families in the Sahel based on how they use their income to cope with shocks such as poor harvests or rising food prices. Such information is then presented to governments and donors, and can be used to put early action and contingency plans into place.

While data on the impact of early interventions is still scarce, Lumsdon said, a 2012 disaster impact study [ http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/learning-the-lessons-assessing-the-response-to-the-2012-food-crisis-in-the-sahe-281076 ] by Oxfam showed that most families were able to have two meals a day as a result of early interventions and were able to start 2013 in a better state.

Similar success was seen in Chad, Brown said. A study [ http://www.ennonline.net/pool/files/reports/enn-report-cash-bsfp-final-report-share.pdf ] by Emergency Nutrition Network, Oxfam and WFP found that introducing preventive nutrition programmes in areas with growing indications of childhood malnutrition, aid workers were able to prevent increases of wasting, mortality and food insecurity during the lean season.

ACF says early warnings were instrumental in helping to raise the funds that allowed them to treat some 150,000 under five children for moderate and severe acute malnutrition and to assist 38,000 poor and very poor households that were affected by food insecurity across the Sahel.

Cheaper

"So there's lots of evidence to show that these things [early intervention] not only work and prevent humanitarian emergency occurring," Bailey said, "but they also, in the long run, are a lot cheaper than waiting until people start to die and then responding later with much more expensive interventions."

WFP says studies show that for each dollar invested today in disaster risk reduction, at least four dollars are saved on future spending on relief and rehabilitation.

Funding structure is another drawback to early action.

"You have humanitarian money and you have development, long-term money, and things like early warning and early action and preparedness money sits somewhere in the middle of those two things," Lumsdon said. "It's very much dependent on long-term intervention, but also it's actually linked to the emergencies and I think donors are really struggling with this sort of dilemma."

Governments may sometimes be hesitant to admit there is a looming crisis as it reflects poorly on them politically, said Bailey. And despite improvements in the technology and science used to predict crises, he said some aid agencies still act on the side of caution when responding to early warnings.

"We use early warning alerts as a tool to identify places where there could be a problem," said Stéphane Doyon, Médecins Sans Frontières' regional emergency coordinator for West Africa.

"But we do so with the assumption that the warnings may or may not be right," he said. "You don't want to be in a situation where you pooled all your resources into one area based on a crisis warning and neglected other areas, because these systems do make errors."

Lumsdon said there is also a small risk that the crisis may not end up as bad as predicted.

"In that case, if a lot of money went into preparedness and then it doesn't happen, people will say you wasted money because your analysis was wrong.

"But to be honest it's all about managing risk and trying to justify why you need to do certain things in advance, why you have to sometimes take that risk, why it sometimes might not be as bad as you thought it would, but ultimately you have to put that money in," she said.

WFP's Brown stressed that early warning systems aren't just about ringing alarm bells. They are about thoroughly analysing data and coming up with an action plan that takes the long-term perspective into consideration.

"It's not always a perfect system, but it works."

jl/ob/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 18 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98244/Linking-early-warning-to-early-action-in-the-Sahel</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221212520460t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 18 June 2013 (IRIN) - While aid agencies agree that early warning systems offer the chance to mitigate humanitarian crises, difficulty in funding pre-emptive measures and government sensitivities in admitting a looming disaster continue to hamper early action.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Lack of access, rains hinder aid to Jonglei IDPs</title><pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201230959010833t.jpg" />]]>JUBA 17 June 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people have been cut off from water, food and medical care in South Sudan&apos;s Jonglei State, after fleeing violence between rebels and the government in Pibor County. They now face escalated risks as the rainy season starts, but aid agencies say the government has denied humanitarian access to these populations.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA 17 June 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people have been cut off from water, food and medical care in South Sudan's Jonglei State, after fleeing violence between rebels and the government in Pibor County. They now face escalated risks as the rainy season starts, but aid agencies say the government has denied humanitarian access to these populations. 

According to the NGO Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) [ http://www.msf.org/article243/south-sudan-120000-people-pibor-county-cut-aid ], an estimated 120,000 people have fled Pibor to areas that "will shortly be under a meter or more of flood water". 

"The rainy season has already started, and we know from MSF's years of experience in Jonglei that without medical care, mortality rates will rise rapidly, with people dying of pneumonia and other respiratory diseases, malaria and diarrhoea," Bart Janssens, MSF director of operations, said in a statement on 14 June. "Furthermore, starting in June, the communities start to run out of food before the next harvest arrives." 

For more than one year, Jonglei [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96285/south-sudan-disarmament-and-rebellion-in-jonglei ] has been rocked by a series of battles between rebels, led by David Yau Yau, and the government's Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Yau Yau, a former theology student, has been leading the uprising for more than a year, calling for the overthrow of the government. 

In early May, Yau Yau's fighters attacked and took control of the Pibor village of Boma. After heavy fighting, the SPLA retook the village a week later. Yau Yau fighters also attacked the town of Pibor, but were repulsed. 

According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) [ http://www.unhcr.org/51b6f2916.html ], most of Pibor's population - an estimated 148,000 people - have been affected by the violence, with many having been displaced multiple times. 

Hiding 

Vikki Stienen, MSF's head of mission in South Sudan, said people have gone into hiding, most of them from the Murle ethnic group, which Yau Yau belongs to. Along with fears of continued fighting, the displaced were worried about being targeted by government security forces that remain in the area, he said. 

"It's very difficult for the SPLA to differentiate between rebels and civilians," Stienen said. "So they sit out in these areas that are going to be swamped over." 

The SPLA has repeatedly denied that it is targeting civilians. 

Ismail Konyi, a Murle community leader, said the internally displaced persons (IDPs) would only return once the Yau Yau rebellion has ended. "There are some few people who come back, but they need food," he said. 

"We are now talking with [Yau Yau] in the coming few days. We shall be able to meet him face to face." 

Konyi said the delegation of Murle leaders would encourage Yau Yau to accept an amnesty offer from the government, which includes a promise not to prosecute any of the rebels. 

No humanitarian access 

But possible negotiations will take time, something Stienen said the displaced Murle do not have. They are at risk of malnutrition, exposure, diarrhoeal diseases and malaria, with no access to treatment, he said. 

There are no accessible medical facilities. MSF’s hospital in Pibor - the main health care facility for tens of thousands of residents - was systematically looted at the beginning of May. Drug supplies were destroyed and equipment was vandalized. MSF also operates a small health centre in Gumuruk, south of Pibor town, but Stienen said the patients seen there are local. 

The UN's Central Emergency Response Fund recently gave US$5.4 million to aid agencies to improve medical capacity and to operate two helicopters to assist the IDPs. But Stienen said the helicopters "are not very effective", to some degree because no one knows exactly where the displaced Murle are hiding, and humanitarian groups are not allowed access the area anyway. 

Stienen said the SPLA had denied them permission to try to find the IDPs, citing security concerns. 

A week after the SPLA retook Boma, the UN Mission in the Republic of South Sudan made a one-day trip to the town, during which they were also refused permission to look for missing civilians. 

Malaak Ayuen, the SPLA's director of information, said the limited access resulted from security concerns for the humanitarian workers. Ayuen added that the aid groups needed to coordinate with SPLA officers on the ground to ensure their safety while attempting to find the displaced populations. 

According to UNHCR, the crisis has forced thousands into neighbouring countries. 

Adrian Edwards, a UNHCR spokesperson, said in the first five months of 2013, more than 5,000 Jonglei refugees have crossed over into the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya - nearly the same number that arrived throughout 2012. Another than 2,700 refugees have arrived in Uganda since the beginning of 2013, while 2,178 arrived in Ethiopia between 7 May and 7 June. 

ag/kr/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98242/Lack-of-access-rains-hinder-aid-to-Jonglei-IDPs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201230959010833t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA 17 June 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people have been cut off from water, food and medical care in South Sudan&apos;s Jonglei State, after fleeing violence between rebels and the government in Pibor County. They now face escalated risks as the rainy season starts, but aid agencies say the government has denied humanitarian access to these populations.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Call for “no regret” climate adaptation strategies*</title><pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030912560233t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 June 2013 (IRIN) - The absence of accurate climate prediction models should not dissuade countries from choosing the best ways to adapt to a changing climate, says a new report published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 June 2013 (IRIN) - The absence of accurate climate prediction models should not dissuade countries from choosing the best ways to adapt to a changing climate, says a new report [ http://www.pnas.org/content/110/21/8357.full ] published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences.

“Even when our knowledge is incomplete, we often have robust grounds for choosing best-bet adaptation actions and pathways, by building pragmatically on current capacities in agriculture and environmental management, and using projections to add detail and to test promising options against a range of scenarios,” said Sonja Vermeulen, head of research at the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) [ http://ccafs.cgiar.org/node/54 ] and lead author of the report.

The CCAFS study shows how some countries have chosen to work with the information they have to plan adaptation strategies. For instance, Sri Lanka decided to use vulnerability analysis - based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) framework of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity - at the district level which showed, among other things, the level of exposure of a certain community to a climate hazard. This process, along with consultations with communities, helped the government identify feasible and low-cost interventions.

One of the best adaptation strategies that the country came up with was “the restoration of the ancient tank storage system in the country, to provide `insurance’ against climate variability in the most vulnerable districts (primary agricultural),” said the study. These tanks had been installed by ancient Sri Lankan kingdoms to collect and store rainwater for use in drier times.

Farmers also recycled their household wastewater and scaled back groundwater use to sustainable levels. These are referred to as "no regrets" strategies which cause no harm and help to make communities more resilient to climatic shocks.

On the other hand, the CCAFS analysis shows how information from climate models and studies can be useful. Policymakers could sift through the information to consider areas around which there is a general degree of consensus and then move to take action.

For example, while various climate models offer different assessments of changes expected in Central America, they agree that over the long-term, higher temperatures are likely to render Arabica coffee production unsuitable at lower altitudes. Countries can adopt “no regrets” adaptation strategies, such as shifting some production to higher altitudes and, at lower altitudes, switching to a different, but similarly lucrative crop, like cocoa.

The authors are not suggesting a dependence on one approach to plan adaptation strategies, Vermeulen told IRIN. “We are saying you could marry both bottom-up [ such as vulnerability analysis] and top-down approaches [climate science projections].”

Besides, adaptation strategies based on vulnerability analysis probably work in the short-term but long-term adaptation needs good projections of how the climate might behave.

She said what the study found encouraging was that despite the low level of funding for adaptation committed to at the UN climate change talks, developing countries have begun to elaborate their own strategies.

Nevertheless, countries have to realize that adaptation strategies and development goals will need to be revised constantly, said Vermeulen. “Attaining certain development goals does not mean nirvana - adaptation and development need to be continuously updated.”

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's fifth assessment on the best of climate change science, due to be released in 2014, will look how climate science can deliver information with time frames that policymakers can use, she said.

jk/cb

*Amended on 14 June

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 14 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98230/Call-for-no-regret-climate-adaptation-strategies</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030912560233t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 June 2013 (IRIN) - The absence of accurate climate prediction models should not dissuade countries from choosing the best ways to adapt to a changing climate, says a new report published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Intellectual property reprieve for poor countries</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221135570456t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 13 June 2013 (IRIN) - Least developed countries (LDCs) will continue to have access to affordable medical technologies for an additional extra eight years before they are required to implement the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement, following a series of negotiations.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 13 June 2013 (IRIN) - Least developed countries (LDCs) will continue to have access to affordable medical technologies for an additional extra eight years before they are required [ http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news13_e/trip_11jun13_e.htm ] to implement the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement, following a series of negotiations.

The TRIPS Agreement [ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm ] contains minimum standards of protection for pharmaceutical intellectual property, but also accommodates developing countries’ needs. For example, it gives countries the right, under specific situations such as public health emergencies, to issue compulsory licences - an authorization given by a government to a third party to produce a patented invention without the permission of the patent-holder.

The consensus decision allows for negotiation for a further extension once the eight-year period is up; the current extension was due to expire on 1 July 2013. LDCs initially sought an extension at least until each individual country was no longer considered an LDC, a move resisted by developed countries, who own most intellectual property rights.

“This is important and positive, though it is regrettable that the exemption will expire in 2021, instead of being indefinite, that is, until a county no longer is `least-developed’,” said Catherina Timmermans, an intellectual property expert for international health financing mechanism UNITAID [ http://www.unitaid.eu ].

“The benefit of this is that LDCs are not under an obligation to comply with the TRIPs standards - whether it’s patents, trademarks, copyright or design - and therefore have the flexibility to adjust their domestic laws, many of which were inherited from the colonial period, in appropriate ways to allow for the manufacture of cheap drugs for their populations,” Aziz ur Rehman, intellectual property adviser for Médecins Sans Frontières’s (MSF) Access Campaign [ http://www.msfaccess.org/ ].

“LDCs should take advantage of this flexibility to learn from countries like India and other developing countries that have used it to developed manufacturing capacities, especially in the field of pharmaceuticals,” he added.

More than 80 percent of all donor-funded antiretroviral drugs used in developing countries are Indian generics; the availability of cheap ARVs has enabled more than eight million people globally to access essential HIV treatment.

More work ahead

The current decision will not affect a deadline on LDC exemption from intellectual property rules on pharmaceutical products that expires in 2016, and stakeholders are concerned that continued resistance to a further extension by developed nations could jeopardize the treatment of millions.

“Withdrawal of pharmaceutical products from the extension agreement is a significant lost opportunity and LDCs will now be required to ask for a similar extension request in 2015,” an MSF statement said. “Given the crucial importance of pharmaceutical products, LDCs should insist on an unconditional extension, which should last as long as a WTO member is classified as ‘least developed’.”

“Hopefully it will be possible to extend at least this exemption for pharmaceuticals indefinitely. This would facilitate access to medicines for sick people in LDCs - who are among the most vulnerable of all human beings,” said UNITAID’s Timmermans.

MSF’s ur Rehman said it would be important for LDCs to be united and work with middle-income countries to lobby for an extension on pharmaceutical products in 2015. He also urged them to take advantage of the flexibilities available to them to boost access to cheap health products for their populations, and cautioned against entering into agreements with developed countries that effectively circumvented the very TRIPS provisions that protect LDCs from adhering to strict intellectual property rules.

Through Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/90041/analysis-hiv-generics-under-threat-from-tighter-patenting-rules ] and Economic Partnership Agreements, developed countries can make bilateral or regional agreements that limit the circumstances under which compulsory licences may be issued or extend the life of patents beyond 20 years - a practice known as TRIPS-plus.

“LDCs have a responsibility to make the best use of the exemptions - Free Trade Agreements and unilateral agreements on intellectual property being made by regional bodies like the African Union to harmonize intellectual property laws are harmful to the flexibilities afforded by the TRIPS exemptions and should be avoided,” said MSF’s ur Rehman. “LDCs should keep the same spirit they have when fighting for exemptions in Geneva even while they are at home dealing with developed countries bilaterally.”

kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98226/Intellectual-property-reprieve-for-poor-countries</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221135570456t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 13 June 2013 (IRIN) - Least developed countries (LDCs) will continue to have access to affordable medical technologies for an additional extra eight years before they are required to implement the World Trade Organization’s Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement, following a series of negotiations.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Uganda running out of ARVs, HIV test kits</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200511303t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda has run out of most antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), HIV testing kits, drugs to treat opportunistic infections and several crucial diagnostic tools for HIV care, according to a recent Ministry of Health stock status report.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda has run out of most antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), HIV testing kits, drugs to treat opportunistic infections and several crucial diagnostic tools for HIV care, according to a recent Ministry of Health stock status report.

The report [ http://health.go.ug/docs/MoH_SSR_MAY_2013.pdf ], posted by the ministry on 27 May, listed the status of medical supplies as of 1 May. It reported that central stocks of a number of first- and second-line ARVs, paediatric ARV formulations and HIV test kits were either out or below the minimum stock levels in country's three government warehouses - National Medical Stores (NMS), Joint Medical Stores (JMS) and Medical Access Uganda Limited (MAUL).

The report noted that the antifungal drug Fluconazole, used to fight opportunistic infections in people living with HIV, was out of stock at all three warehouses, while laboratory commodities for haematology, clinical chemistry and assessing CD4 counts - a measure of immune strength - were also running dangerously low. In addition, stocks of "nearly all first-line TB [tuberculosis] drugs" were low.

The ministry noted that a number for of requests had been sent to partners - including the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, and pharmaceutical giant Pfizer - to boost stocks.

Ruth Aceng, the director general of health services at the Ministry of Health, told IRIN the countrywide ARV shortage was result of government's move to increase the number of ARV-accredited sites, on national, district and county level, to improve access to HIV treatment. The government has recently expanded its prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96308/uganda-government-adopts-new-pmtct-strategy ] programme, and it is also running a voluntary medical male circumcision [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96725/uganda-mixed-progress-in-male-circumcision-campaign ] programme and a provider-initiated HIV testing [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97367/uganda-begins-rollout-of-provider-initiated-hiv-testing ] programme, all of which have contributed to increases in the demand for tests and treatment.

Demand outpacing supply

As of 2012, some 62 percent of those needing HIV treatment in Uganda were on ARVs, up from 50 percent in 2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97184/hiv-aids-uganda-still-behind-on-arv-target ]; that figure is expected to rise again in 2013.

"It's true we have an ARV shortage in the country. We made a deliberate effort to get everybody who was eligible for ARVs to be enrolled. The deliberate, ambitious expansion and the scale-up has brought the current stock-outs we are experiencing," Aceng, told IRIN. "Instead of enrolling 100,000 people annually, we decided to put all 190,000 who were eligible for treatment this year. This was a little ambitious plan for us."

"We are working around the clock with our partners to normalize the situation. We expect the drugs to arrive in the country in the next two weeks or so," she added.

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working to increase access to ARVs, TB drugs and other essential medicines said in an 11 June statement that 24 districts had reported stock-outs of HIV test kits. Health officials now fear the stock-outs will lead to drug resistance, illness and death.

"We call upon the members of the country coordinating mechanism to help expedite the process of procurement of the testing kits and other essential commodities through the Global Fund HIV Grant," the CSOs said. "We also urgently call upon the Ministry of Health, NMS, relevant offices in the local governments and [officials] in charge of the affected health facilities to ensure that clients obtain drugs and testing services."

"A big number of patients in the district have been affected [by] the current ARVs stock-outs. The patients can't refill their monthly stock because the drugs are not there. This is going to cause adherence issue[s] and create drug resistance, which is very dangerous," Janet Oola, health officer for northern Uganda's Nwoya District, told IRIN.

Persistent supply-chain issues

John Anguzu, health officer for the northeastern district of Nakapiripirit, said he had been forced to borrow drugs from neighbouring Moroto District to fill his patients' ARV prescriptions.

"This crisis is particularly concerning given Uganda's rising rates of HIV incidence, unique among East and Southern African countries," said the CSOs’ statement.

Uganda's HIV prevalence rose from 6.4 percent in 2005 to 7.3 percent in 2012, a sign that the country's once-successful HIV prevention programme is faltering.

The current shortage is only the latest in a list of supply-chain problems that have caused similar stock-outs of drugs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/85526/uganda-government-inquiry-launched-as-arv-shortages-blamed-for-deaths ] and condoms [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/89667/uganda-public-irritated-by-yet-another-condom-shortage ] in the past. Activists say continued mismanagement of the distribution chain is harming the country's HIV response.

"The Ministry of Health exactly knows the number of people on ARVs. I wonder what is difficult with them to focus and make the right quantifications of the drugs," Oola said. "The ministry should also have buffer stock for emergencies.”

"We are tired of this preventable crisis. It's time for [the] government to guarantee that stock-outs will be a thing of the past," said Margaret Happy, the advocacy manager for the National Forum of People Living with HIV/AIDS Networks in Uganda (NAFOPHANU).

so/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98217/Uganda-running-out-of-ARVs-HIV-test-kits</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200511303t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda has run out of most antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), HIV testing kits, drugs to treat opportunistic infections and several crucial diagnostic tools for HIV care, according to a recent Ministry of Health stock status report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Calls for AU, UN to take action in Sudan’s Blue Nile State</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204131355270613t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - The UN and the African Union must step forward and take decisive action to stop Sudan from committing war crimes against civilians in Blue Nile State, says a new Amnesty International report, dismissed as “false” by Khartoum.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - The UN and the African Union must step forward and take decisive action to stop Sudan from committing war crimes against civilians in Blue Nile State, says a new Amnesty International report, dismissed as “false” by Khartoum.

“There has been no acknowledgement by the [UN] Security Council of the fact that Sudan is carrying out indiscriminate aerial bombardment. They need to press Sudan to stop,” Jean-Baptiste Gallopin, Amnesty International’s Sudan researcher, told IRIN.

He said the international community had a responsibility to press Sudan to cooperate with the International Criminal Court (ICC) [ http://www.icc-cpi.int/EN_Menus/ICC/Situations%20and%20Cases/Situations/Situation%20ICC%200205/Pages/situation%20icc-0205.aspx ], which has indicted President Omar al Bashir and six others over crimes committed in the western Sudanese region of Darfur.

Impunity

“Much of what we are seeing in Blue Nile and South Kordofan follows a similar pattern to the Darfur conflict and Sudan's decades-long conflict with South Sudan. The people responsible for government policy in those conflicts - President Bashir, Defence Minister Abdel Rahman Hussein and Ahmad Harun, who is now [the] Southern Kordofan governor - are still in charge, and unless the ICC's arrest warrants are implemented, there is little deterrence for present crimes,” he said.

The conflict in Blue Nile State is closely linked to - and started soon after - the 2011 conflict in South Kordofan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/93052/sudan-southern-kordofan-briefing ] between the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) and the Sudanese government. The SPLM-N objects to the marginalization of the region’s people and delays in “popular consultations” to determine the future of the two states; these consultations had been agreed to in 2005 under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement [ http://unmis.unmissions.org/Portals/UNMIS/Documents/General/cpa-en.pdf ] (CPA).

More than 200,000 people from South Kordofan and Blue Nile states have fled [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_4398.pdf ] into South Sudan and Ethiopia, according to the UN. The fighting has displaced or severely affected some 275,000 people in government-controlled areas of South Kordofan and Blue Nile, and another 420,000 in rebel-held areas, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Amnesty’s new report [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR54/011/2013/en/96b0c8a7-55aa-4f04-8ab7-cf85ce3e4c8f/afr540112013en.pdf ] - “We had no time to bury them”: War Crimes in Sudan’s Blue Nile State - contains new satellite imagery and eyewitness testimonies from rebel-held areas of the state that allegedly prove that the Sudanese Armed Forces has used scorched-earth tactics to expel the civilian population.

“Scorched earth tactics”

“The Ingessana Hills, the birthplace of rebel leader Malik Agar, have been particularly hard hit. During the first half of 2012, the Sudanese government carried out a deliberate scorched earth campaign of shelling, bombing and burning down civilian villages in the area, and forcibly displacing many thousands of people. Some civilians who were unable to escape were burned alive in their homes; others were reportedly shot dead,” the report states, adding that “now, the only signs of life in these villages are Sudanese military positions”.

Amnesty urged the Sudanese government to “immediately cease indiscriminate aerial bombings and deliberate ground attacks on civilian areas” and “initiate prompt, effective and impartial investigations into violations of international human rights and humanitarian law”.

In a statement [ http://suna-sd.net/suna/showNews/pNdcArIuhCELYTOGEgjU7BX1AiTPblwD_rmzzQ4e92Q/2 ] to the government-run Sudan News Agency, SAF spokesperson Col Al-Sawarmi Khalid Saad said Amnesty’s allegations were “false and lacking evidence”.

The statement said the “reality of the situation on the ground” contradicted Amnesty’s report, which it said was geographically inaccurate, out of date and lacking in “scene of the crime” evidence.

This was because “there was no scene of the alleged crime” the statement cited Saad as saying, adding that the Sudanese military had in fact provided security to citizens and farmers in Blue Nile to protect their harvests.

Media reports indicated that on 11 June, Sudan's oil ministry ordered oil companies to block the export flow of South Sudanese oil on orders from al-Bashir over South Sudan’s alleged support of the SPLM-N. The government of South Sudan denies any support to the rebels.

Matthew Leriche, a Sudan expert who visited Blue Nile in December 2012 and says he found civilians there “living in constant fear”.

“The most apparent [crime] is the use of what is essentially a terror campaign to freeze the population and render them unable to take care of the basics of daily life. This terror campaign is causing persistent hunger and suffering and has been the direct cause of displacement of populations and prevented people from returning to their homes,” he told IRIN in an email. “This massive displacement appears to be a clear tactic, that is to clear any peoples in any way connected to opposition groups from Sudan.”

He added: “The rudimentary nature of these aerial bombers - basically rolling makeshift explosive devices out the back - means the targeting must be of a general nature. That is to say, they are dropping them on populated areas and any areas with any buildings; this means schools, markets, and such. This kind of indiscriminate attack is a clear violation of international humanitarian law.”

Amnesty’s Gallopin said they had noted some violations by SPLM-N, especially the use of refugee camps to forcibly recruit men into their ranks and to divert food aid, but “the scale of the crimes committed by the Sudanese government can be considered war crimes and might be crimes against humanity”.

In May, Valerie Amos, the UN’s Emergency Relief Coordinator, said she hoped direct talks [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA_Sudan_Weekly_Humanitarian_Bulletin_Issue_21_(20-26_May_2013).pdf ] between the government and the SPLM-N would “resume soon and that they will lead to a resolution of the conflict so that people can return to their homes and start to rebuild their lives”.

Demanding peace, access

Leriche says the AU and UN should demand that Khartoum abide by its existing obligations under the CPA. “There was a clear agreement that has been consistently flouted by the government in Khartoum. As key guarantors of the CPA, the UN and AU need to press Khartoum to stop accosting and terrorizing its own people,” he said.

“A transformation of the state, as the CPA should have brought about, is what is needed for there to be real peace. The various opposition political parties and groups have to be allowed to be a part of the power structure in Khartoum, and people need to be allowed to live without consistent attack and harassment,” he added.  “As a minimum starting point, the government should allow humanitarian access not just to areas it controls but to the entire state.”

As the conflict continues, hundreds of thousands of civilians remain without access to humanitarian support. An August 2012 Memorandum of Understanding among the Khartoum government, the SPLM-N, and a tripartite mediation group of the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States and the UN failed to secure safe passage of relief supplies to areas of South Kordofan and Blue Nile controlled by the rebels.

The Amnesty report noted that in the interim, and as a matter of urgency, UN agencies and international agencies needed to be allowed access to civilian populations in need in all areas of Blue Nile “to facilitate the provision of all necessary assistance to civilians affected by the conflict, including food, shelter and medical care”.

kr/aei/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 12 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98220/Calls-for-AU-UN-to-take-action-in-Sudan-s-Blue-Nile-State</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204131355270613t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 12 June 2013 (IRIN) - The UN and the African Union must step forward and take decisive action to stop Sudan from committing war crimes against civilians in Blue Nile State, says a new Amnesty International report, dismissed as “false” by Khartoum.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Hard choices: When the Syria aid response runs out of money</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201306111332170935t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - Last week, the UN launched its largest ever appeal for $4.4 billion to help Syrians in need inside their country and in refugee settings throughout 2013. But as the needs continue growing, donors are increasingly fatigued. At this cost, is the aid operation sustainable?</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - In a spacious office in Jordan’s general security building, a career diplomat, now the Jordanian government focal point for Syrian refugees, runs off a list of expenses: water tank vehicles, additional classrooms, hospital equipment, even insecticides.

In Anmar Alhmoud’s hands is a large stack of papers from which can be gleaned the exact cost of the Syrian refugee crisis to Jordan. So far, he says, the country has spent nearly half a billion dollars meeting the needs, both in refugee camps and in Jordanian communities, where Syrians access free education and health care, as well as subsidized food, water and electricity.

The subject of funding gives him goose bumps.

On the other side of the city, outside the Amman office of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), access to the front gate is blocked by hundreds of people lining up to register as refugees. So crowded is the place that small shacks have opened along the side of the street selling cold drinks and snacks to those in the queue.

On 7 June, the UN and its partners launched the largest appeal [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-agencies-and-partners-launch-largest-ever-humanitarian-appeal-syrians ] for humanitarian funding in history: US$4.4 billion to help Syrian refugees and [ http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/syria-regional-response-plan-january-december-2013 ] people in need inside of Syria [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/revised-syria-humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-sharp-january ], as well as $830 million to help the Jordanian and Lebanese governments cope with this crisis over the course of 2013. The appeal replaces an earlier appeal for $1.5 billion for aid operations in the first half of the year [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97376/donors-pledge-1-5-billion-in-aid-to-syria-while-demanding-more-access ].

“Every worst case scenario we have had for Syria has been surpassed in the last four months,” said Andrew Harper, head of UNHCR in Jordan, home to more than half a million Syrian refugees, according to government estimates. UNHCR says the number of Syrian refugees across the region - now 1.6 million - could reach 3.5 million by the end of the year.

In the past two years of conflict in Syria, the humanitarian response has already struggled to secure enough funding. If the situation continues to deteriorate and the needs continue to rise, as aid workers expect, is a humanitarian response at $5 billion a year sustainable?

“No, probably not,” says Edouard Rodier, who coordinates the regional response of the European Commission’s humanitarian aid arm, ECHO. “There will not be enough money.”

“The donors are simply not able to meet the needs,” says Dominique Hyde, head of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Jordan. “It’s not a criticism, it’s a reality.”

“Could we do better?”

The Syrian crisis has attracted - in dollar figures - more than almost any other crisis. ECHO, for example, has contributed more than half a billion euros to the Syrian crisis in the last year and a half. “We have never managed to mobilize that much money ever in such a short time frame,” Rodier said.

Yet, as a percentage of the needs, the funding remains lower than many other emergencies.

According to the UN’s Financial Tracking Service (FTS), the UN and partners have just 28 percent of the funds they need for operations throughout 2013 inside Syria and in the neighbouring countries sheltering refugees [ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AusGu5uwbtt-dEp0eHRzcWdVd2hBQmpBVWwxUHRjcUE&single=true&gid=0&output=html ]. One donor estimated the appeals would not be more than 40 percent funded by the end of the year.

“It is costing us a huge amount of money at the moment, but we should be spending more than what we currently are,” Harper said. “How can we do it cheaper when we are not doing enough?”

Already, many services have been cancelled or put on hold. In Jordan, UNICEF cannot afford to build a third school for Syrian children in Za’atari refugee camp; UNHCR can only afford cash assistance to one-third of the “extremely destitute” Syrian families who are renting tiny apartments in Jordanian towns and are unsure how they will pay rent next month; and a planned new camp called Azraq will not proceed past the first phase unless there is additional funding.

“Could we do better? Yes,” Harper said. “Could we have done better with the resources we’ve been provided? Probably not.”

While this latest UN-coordinated appeal is the largest in history, it is based on the lowest possible projections, Harper and others said.

“In the end, you can’t run an operation [in Jordan] involving 500,000 people and say it’s not going to cost an enormous amount of money.”

Yet in Western capitals, traditional donors appear to be fatigued.

“This [crisis] can only be solved politically,” said Beat Von Däniken, regional director of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), based in Amman. “The perception from traditional donors is that a lot has been done already and that humanitarian funds have been stretched to the maximum.”

Similarly, after a recent announcement of 400 million euros in additional funding from the European Commission, ECHO is unlikely to give any more money to the Syria operation this year, Rodier said.

Diversifying funding

These financial constraints have left UN agencies looking for other options, including diversified sources of funding. Earlier this year, Kuwait gave $300 million to UN agencies for the Syria response, and several Gulf states have contributed caravans, tents and other items to camps in Jordan and in Turkey. The United Arab Emirates has also built its own camp in Jordan., and Saudi Arabia had plans to do the same in Turkey.

UNICEF is trying to reach out to Coca Cola, with whom it partners [ http://www.unicef.org/egypt/media_7060.html ] in Egypt to connect households to safe drinking water, and to other private companies, Hyde said. But this approach has its own challenges.

“It’s a very difficult emergency to sell to the private sector because it’s seen as political,” she said.

Another approach has been to try to involve development actors in longer-term projects that will benefit the communities hosting refugees, as well as the refugees themselves.

“The needs are increasing and emergency responders cannot pay the bills all the way along,” said one Western donor. “It’s becoming an extremely expensive operation and we cannot deal with it. None of the other donors - and emergency funders all around - will ever be enough for this.”

With this in mind, the World Bank is preparing a $150 million loan - still “a drop in the bucket” according to Haneen Sayed, the Bank’s human development coordinator for Lebanon, Jordan and Syria - to help the Jordanian government pay for basic services like hospital visits and bread subsidies, on which Syrian refugees have placed an increasing burden.

“This is beyond humanitarian,” Sayed told IRIN. “It is affecting the development of all the countries that have been affected. This is where development and humanitarian merge.”

Doing things differently

Inside Syria, where the aid operation is working under many constraints, finding more effective ways of working is a challenge. But in refugee contexts, “there are a lot of questions on effectiveness,” Von Däniken said, urging agencies to examine the cost-effectiveness of different operations and share the options with donors.

In Za’atari refugee camp, a sprawling city - now Jordan’s fifth largest - that costs half a million dollars a day to run, according to Harper, there is indeed room for doing things differently.

Camp director Killian Kleinschmidt envisages gradually transferring the management of service delivery - food, water, tents, health care and education for some 120,000 refugees - to Jordanian government line departments.

“It’s not sustainable to continue running Za’atari as a purely humanitarian operation for much longer,” he said. “It is important that we mainstream this… That will open the door to the support of Za'atari, potentially, as part of an overall area development plan should this crisis not end soon.”

Jordanian ministries are already involved in the administration of the schools, hospitals and infrastructure in the camp, with aid agency support. The idea is that they would eventually start including the management of the de-facto city in their budgeting as well.

“We have saved lives. We have provided basic humanitarian standards. Now it is about sustainability of the services, cost-effectiveness, and to a certain extent also achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),” Kleinschmidt said.

In an effort to make the operation more cost effective, UNICEF will begin, as of 1 July, directly dealing with the private companies that truck water into Za’atari, instead of contracting them through an NGO.

It also hopes to replace the trucking system, which costs $12,000 a day, with boreholes and a network of pipes. If implemented camp-wide, this would reduce the cost of water provision by 30 percent, according to UNICEF water and sanitation specialist Kitka Goyol.

In one part of the camp, Oxfam has already started using gravity to pipe water from a tank to the bathroom taps at much lower cost.

Prioritizing

But at the end of the day, these approaches, aid workers and donors said, will not be enough. Aid workers have already begun a process of prioritization.

“Trying to select among these needs - that are all basic needs - which are the ones that will be left aside is immensely painful,” said ECHO’s Rodier. “It’s like doing triage. Its’ a horrible exercise.”

“There are some things that whatever happens, we know will continue,” UNICEF’s Hyde said, referring to life-saving needs: food, water, shelter and health care. Among the “staggering” numbers in the appeal, the latest Regional Response Plan prioritizes protection, new arrivals, emergency preparedness and assistance to urban refugees and their host communities [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Syria%20Regional%20Response%20Plan.pdf ].

But for donors, capacity-building, contingency-planning, some protection activities and even education will fall lower on the list. In Jordan, for example, nearly 150,000 Syrian refugee children are out of school, according to UNICEF.

“A lot of the work we do are not the key priorities,” Hyde said. “What does it mean for the future of those children?”

On a whiteboard in the meeting room at Za’atari camp is a list of “Priority Funding Needs” - to which nappies have just been added. UNICEF had to stop distributing them for lack of funds.

A UNHCR information portal [ http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php ] for Syrian refugees now counts down the days in which services will run out without more funding. On 19 June, the counter says, UNHCR’s stock of tents - currently sufficient for 5,000 new refugees a day across the region - will run out (When it runs out of money, UNHCR is forced to borrow, limiting its ability to be prepared for a mass influx).

The Syrian exodus is now the largest refugee crisis the Middle East has seen in modern history, UNHCR’s Harper said.

“So how do we keep going in that sort of situation?” Harper asks. “We can’t afford to fail.”

ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98210/Analysis-Hard-choices-When-the-Syria-aid-response-runs-out-of-money</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201306111332170935t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - Last week, the UN launched its largest ever appeal for $4.4 billion to help Syrians in need inside their country and in refugee settings throughout 2013. But as the needs continue growing, donors are increasingly fatigued. At this cost, is the aid operation sustainable?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Thousands still missing HIV treatment following CAR coup</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203061228480055t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - More than 15,000 people living with HIV in the Central African Republic (CAR) had their life-prolonging antiretroviral (ARV) treatment interrupted as a result of the instability before, during and after the 24 March coup by the Séléka rebel group. NGOs are now struggling to ensure these people resume their regimens to reduce the risk of illness, drug resistance and death.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - More than 15,000 people living with HIV in the Central African Republic (CAR) had their life-prolonging antiretroviral (ARV) treatment interrupted as a result of the instability before, during and after the 24 March coup [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97721/car-coup-comes-amid-deepening-humanitarian-crisis ] by the Séléka rebel group. NGOs are now struggling to ensure these people resume their regimens to reduce the risk of illness, drug resistance and death.

“The medical care in CAR, including ART [antiretroviral therapy] and cotrimoxazole [an antibiotic used to prevent infection in HIV-positive patients] prophylaxis, have been interrupted and the patients have been without drugs for last three months," Ellen Van Der Velden, head of mission for Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in CAR, told IRIN by telephone. "There are drug stock-outs. The HIV patients are struggling. The whole health system was disrupted. The Séléka takeover was preceded by the period of looting and disorder. The ARV drugs and other medicines in many health facilities have disappeared."

She added, "The HIV treatment was disrupted as the health workers and people fled for safety. After the takeover, many of these stations [health facilities] have not received the drugs. The people who had received their ARVs before the coup... they have run out."

Interrupting HIV treatment can have dangerous consequences, including speeding up progression to AIDS and drug resistance, which requires patients to be placed on more expensive second- and third-line therapies.

A March 2013 paper [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23449225 ], written by researchers at Brown University in the US, stated that "treatment interruptions due to political conflicts, not infrequent in resource-limited settings, result in disruptions in health care, infrastructure, or treatment facilities and patient displacement".

According to a 2010 national survey, the HIV prevalence among those 15 to 49 years old in CAR was at 5.9 percent; the capital, Bangui, has a significantly higher prevalence - 10.6 percent. An estimated 130,000 people are HIV-positive, while up to 13,000 die from HIV-related complications annually, according to 2011 estimates published by UNAIDS [ http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/centralafricanrepublic ].

The coup took an already struggling HIV programme - in 2012 the country had HIV treatment failure rates [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2962156-4/fulltext ] of 30 percent among adults and 50 percent among children - to new lows.

"We know that even before the crisis, CAR had one of the highest mother-to-child [HIV] transmission rates in the region, and only 33 percent of people living with HIV had access to ARVs, but even this limited supply has come to a halt since fighting began in December 2012," Linda Tom, chief of external communication for the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in CAR, told IRIN.

"Many hospitals and health centres, both in Bangui and across the country, were looted of what little supplies they had. Medicines, beds, mattresses and equipment were taken. Most doctors have left, and very few supplies and medicines are getting through. There are now very few fridges and petrol supplies across the country to allow basic health services, such as vaccination services, to continue," Tom said.

Slow recovery

"UNICEF is working with the Global Fund, the CNLS [the national HIV/AIDS control programme] and partners to get ARVs to health centres in Bangui and surrounding areas as access becomes available. UNICEF has provided 11 PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) kits to hospitals and partners in Bangui, Haut Mbomou and other areas that have witnessed the highest levels of sexual violence," said Tom.

"The most urgent priorities are to disseminate HIV-prevention messages among at risk-groups and to re-establish HIV testing services, especially for victims of GBV [gender-based violence],” she added.

On 3 June, MSF began a two-month emergency initiative to provide ARVs to HIV patients who have been without drugs since the crisis. "We hope to have another shipment in the next three months, and we hope by that time, the government supply system would have resumed,” said MSF's Van Der Velden.

"While there has been some improvement since the coup, humanitarian access to those in need remains the biggest challenge to healthcare delivery in CAR due to ongoing insecurity and the heavy presence of armed groups,” Tom said. "When people get sick, they are afraid to go to hospitals or health centres, and when they do go they may find there are no health facilities open or no health staff or medicines available."

Development partners are calling for security guarantees that will enable health workers to return their duty stations.

"The most important thing at the moment is to bring the drugs to the places where they are critically needed. We are calling on NGOs and donors to come to help the population get treatment," Van Der Velden said.

so/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98208/Thousands-still-missing-HIV-treatment-following-CAR-coup</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203061228480055t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 11 June 2013 (IRIN) - More than 15,000 people living with HIV in the Central African Republic (CAR) had their life-prolonging antiretroviral (ARV) treatment interrupted as a result of the instability before, during and after the 24 March coup by the Séléka rebel group. NGOs are now struggling to ensure these people resume their regimens to reduce the risk of illness, drug resistance and death.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Uganda grapples with critical blood shortage</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200802082t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda is struggling to resolve a countrywide shortage of blood caused by interruptions in the supply of blood donor kits and testing reagents.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda is struggling to resolve a countrywide shortage of blood caused by interruptions in the supply of blood donor kits and testing reagents.

The shortage has lasted one month, and at least 15 people are reported to have died in the eastern Ugandan districts of Jinja, Kumi and Soroti, which have been especially hard hit.

"The situation is bad. It has been unbearable for the last two weeks. We have lost a number of patients, especially children, due to the blood scarcity," Ruth Obaikol, the medical superintendent at Kumi Hospital, told IRIN. "There is no single unit of blood for any operation in the hospital. We have been forced to postpone the operations. The Ministry of Health needs to address the situation immediately."

The Heart Institute at Uganda's largest referral facility, Mulago Hospital, has been forced to suspend heart surgery due to scarcity of blood, according to local media.

Uganda needs 300,000 units of safe blood annually, but Uganda Blood Transfusion Services typically collects only 250,000 units. The Ministry of Health's National Blood Transfusion Service requires some US$ 7.2million annually, but it was allocated only one-third of this in the 2012/2013 budget.

The Ministry of Health and a number of NGOs are holding blood donation drives across the country to normalize the situation. "The Ministry of Health, through the National Blood Transfusion Service, has... intensified the blood collection and testing services to increase on the current low stock of blood throughout the country," Sarah Opendi, state minister for primary healthcare, said in a recent statement.

A consignment of test reagents arrived on 24 May, and more were expected in the country within days, Opendi said.

Obaikol stressed the need for the ministry to come up with a more sustainable way to maintain a steady supply of blood. "The tradition of focusing blood donation drives mainly on students must change," she added.

The UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/StrategicPlan2008-2015AccessSafeBloodTransfusion.pdf ] recommends, among other things, conducting public awareness campaigns to ensure a steady supply of blood and strengthening monitoring of blood transfusions to ensure universal access to safe blood transfusion.

so/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98188/Uganda-grapples-with-critical-blood-shortage</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200802082t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - Uganda is struggling to resolve a countrywide shortage of blood caused by interruptions in the supply of blood donor kits and testing reagents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Greasing the wheels of public service delivery</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181651140537t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - There should be many reasons for governments to improve public services like water, healthcare and sanitation; these services make citizens happy and politicians popular. But too often, conflicting systems, confusion about roles, perverse incentives and other constraints block desired improvements. What, if anything, can aid agencies do to help?</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - There should be many reasons for governments to improve public services like water, healthcare and sanitation; these services make citizens happy and politicians popular. But too often, conflicting systems, confusion about roles, perverse incentives and other constraints block desired improvements. What, if anything, can aid agencies do to help?

A team from the London-based Overseas Development Institute (ODI) identified four cases - a Tanzanian water project, a Ugandan governance programme, and, in Sierra Leone, a governance initiative and health worker programme - in which outside assistance was believed to have made a positive difference [ http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/7469-governance-politics-aid-service-delivery ]. The projects were then examined to see what they had done right [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8409.pdf ].

These were not big-picture projects. Although fundamentally about governance, most of them stuck to practical, low-level interventions. The Tanzanian project mapped water-points and their use, and coached councillors and local committee members about their rights and responsibilities. The Ugandan programme similarly sensitized people about their rights. In Sierra Leone, one programme provided advisory teams to a handful of government ministries, and another established a system of rewards and sanctions to improve health worker attendance, supplying - in the words of one ODI report [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8410.pdf ] - “the grease that keeps the system running.”

Heidi Tavakoli, the lead researcher, said, “Aid projects tend to want to start by revising the regulatory framework within which they and governments have to work. But much less attention is given to getting existing systems working a bit more effectively. All these activities largely focused on bridging the gap between what’s on paper and what actually happens in practice.”

Opportunity knocks

All the interventions took advantage of unique windows of opportunity.

In Sierra Leone in 2007, the government had just been voted out of office, in part because voters were frustrated by its lack of progress in improving service delivery. The new president, Ernest Bai Koroma, promised that within six months all young children and all pregnant and lactating women would get free health care.

The British Department for International Development (DFID) was prepared to help fund this programme, but wanted to ensure its money would not go to absentee, or “ghost”, workers. The political urgency of the pledge gave DFID leverage to insist on reforms.

In Tanzania, youth groups were becoming increasingly vocal about the local government’s poor service provision. Media coverage on the issue was proliferating, and rivals to the dominant political party had begun to emerge. Suddenly, officials and politicians had more incentives to make the water supply system work.

At a meeting in London to discuss the ODI research, attendees debated how best to spot and exploit these windows of opportunity.

It is not easy, said Andy Ratcliffe, from the African Governance Initiative. “We have risk registers for projects. In a fit of wonkery, we thought perhaps we ought also to have an opportunity register, but we found that was very, very difficult.”

Marcus Manuel, of ODI, said maintaining a local presence is essential. “If you are not there already, if you are not there for the long-term, you won’t spot the window of opportunity when it occurs. And if you are not there with some money, the window will have closed again by the time you have raised the funds!”

Politics

Because these opportunities often involve politics, some are concerned that aid groups’ interventions - and successes - could hand one side or another a political advantage.

But Rinus van Klinken, the acting country director in Tanzania for SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, which was involved in the water project, told IRIN he was not sure this mattered.

“First of all, services need to be delivered. But also voters - citizens - need to see the connection between those services being delivered and the people in charge. That may lead to change, and it may lead to conservation. But if we assist politicians to deliver, I don’t have any problem with those politicians remaining in power,” he said.

Van Klinken also stressed the importance of being able to work at all levels. There is no point, for instance, in encouraging user groups to lobby a local council on service provision if the council does not see providing that service as part of its job, he said.

He also warned against aid groups becoming too involved in advocacy for citizen groups, which could forfeit the trust of officials they need to work with. Aid groups have to strike a balance between being an insider and outsider, a collaborator as well as a criticizer, he said.

Political savvy is needed not only for spotting windows of opportunity, but for designing interventions. Sue Unsworth, of the Policy Practice [ http://www.thepolicypractice.com/ ], said donors must distinguish between incoherence that is the accidental result of poor institutions and incoherence that is deliberate.

Unsworth told IRIN, “Some of the reasons people don’t fix issues about mandates and roles, and address some of the incoherence in policies and institutions, is that they don’t want to. They may have deliberately created it through populist pre-election initiatives, where the thinking behind it wasn’t a good, coherent long-term policy. But you can at least start with the accidental muddles and things which can be sorted out and rationalized without affecting embedded, vested interests.”

The overall message is that the most effective outside interventions are likely to be low-key and long-term, and to work within the system as it is. Unfortunately, this approach could leave fundamentally bad systems unchanged, and it sits uneasily with donor demands for clearly planned and funded projects with straightforward, measurable results.

And, of course there is the risk that, once outside interventions stop supplying the grease, the systems may once again grind to a halt.

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98193/Greasing-the-wheels-of-public-service-delivery</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181651140537t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 07 June 2013 (IRIN) - There should be many reasons for governments to improve public services like water, healthcare and sanitation; these services make citizens happy and politicians popular. But too often, conflicting systems, confusion about roles, perverse incentives and other constraints block desired improvements. What, if anything, can aid agencies do to help?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Making the right choices in emergencies</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201306061312040303t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians working on health in crisis situations are faced with constant difficult choices. In a famine, which children should they select for supplementary feeding? In an earthquake, should they try to save most crushed limbs or should they amputate them? And - inevitably - what is the best way of spending scarce funds? Should they spend directly on health care, or indirectly on water, sanitation and shelter to prevent disease?</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians working on health in crisis situations are faced with constant difficult choices. In a famine, which children should they select for supplementary feeding? In an earthquake, should they try to save most crushed limbs or should they amputate them? And - inevitably - what is the best way of spending scarce funds? Should they spend directly on health care, or indirectly on water, sanitation and shelter to prevent disease?

They choose as best they can, based on common sense and experience, and on their own agencies' guidelines, but there is often little hard evidence of which interventions work best. Now a new funding programme, Research for Health in Humanitarian Crises [ http://www.elrha.org/work/R2HC ], is putting up a pot of money for research which will strengthen the evidence base for these decisions.

“This field of humanitarian crises is a field where there really is a very limited evidence base,” said Jimmy Whitworth of the Wellcome Trust, which is co-funding the initiative along with Britain's international development ministry, DFID. “This is tough stuff to do. To collect evidence in the face of disaster where there are many imperatives and many reasons to be acting very fast is hard, and people have been struggling to do this.”

But DFID and the Wellcome Trust feel it needs to be done. “What we know from all areas,” said DFID chief scientific adviser Christopher Whitty, “is that if you are doing something without a good evidence base, probably most of what you are doing is pointless, some of it’s harmful, and at best a lot of it won’t be very cost effective.”

Chairing the committee which will be selecting the projects is Paul Spiegel, who has a foot in both academic and humanitarian camps, as an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, and deputy director of programme support at the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). He has just returned from Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq and says there are lots of questions which need an answer.

“Most of the research in the past has been in low-income, camp settings. But now in the last while, in the Balkans, Kosovo and now Syria, we are dealing with middle-income, non-camp situations. In Lebanon now, a quarter of the population are refugees. So there are a lot of questions that came up. How do we work differently?”

Modest funding?

The initial funding is for US$9.5 million spread over three years. The programme envisages two funding rounds, each of which could support 10-15 targeted projects, ideally collaborative research involving both academic and humanitarian communities.

The programme also intends to establish a rapid response facility which would allow pre-approved research projects to be set up, ready to go in the acute phase of future emergencies.

To many of those attending the launch of the scheme, $9.5 million sounded like a fairly modest level of funding, but they acknowledge that it is not always the most lavishly funded research projects which turn up the most influential results. Mark van Ommeren, a scientist at the World Health Organization, told IRIN: “This is a fantastic start, and I think the funding will increase over time.”

The Wellcome Trust's Jimmy Whitworth confirmed that the present level of funding could change. “This is a bit of a toe in the water, or a finger in the air, if you like. We don't know what the appetite will be for this.

Plenty of organizations came to the launch with applications ready in their back pockets.

Managing crush injuries

Anthony Redmond of Manchester University is looking for evidence about the best way to manage crush injuries after earthquakes. You can try to save the limb, which is time consuming and expensive, and if unsuccessful can put the patient at risk of death from infection or kidney failure. Or you can amputate and leave the patient disabled in what may be very challenging circumstances. Some emergency medical teams amputate a lot, some very seldom. And emergency teams aren’t usually around to see what happens to their patients later.

“There is a window of opportunity to save limbs,” Redmond told IRIN, “But I don’t know how wide that window of opportunity is. What is the point of no return? How much should you try to salvage one limb in one person as against saving the lives of many people? And that’s what we need to understand.”

Redmond's research proposal would involve surgeons systematically recording data while operating in crisis conditions. Would they do it? “They do that in their home countries. If there is a plane crash here [in the UK], or a train crash, you are required to make notes. The medical note and the surgical note are part of the treatment and it is unethical not to do it. What we need to do is devise a method of collecting that data very easily and very quickly.”

Paul Spiegel's experience in UNHCR suggests this may be still a challenge. “Many of our organizations have not been prepared to do research,” he says. “Still, in my own organization we try not to use the word `research', because there is this attitude that `the money is there to help people’ - even if we don’t have the evidence to know if the money is actually helping them or not… We hope that this research will answer important questions that will guide the people in the field to make these decisions.”

eb/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98171/Making-the-right-choices-in-emergencies</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201306061312040303t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians working on health in crisis situations are faced with constant difficult choices. In a famine, which children should they select for supplementary feeding? In an earthquake, should they try to save most crushed limbs or should they amputate them? And - inevitably - what is the best way of spending scarce funds? Should they spend directly on health care, or indirectly on water, sanitation and shelter to prevent disease?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PEPFAR budget cuts cause anxiety</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007062614t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years ago, a shipping container was converted into Ethiopia’s first HIV treatment centre, in Addis Ababa, the capital. Created in response to a dramatic rise in new HIV infections and AIDS -related deaths, the centre offered the only hope for HIV-positive Ethiopians, who had to pay to access the life-prolonging antiretroviral therapy (ART).</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years ago, a shipping container was converted into Ethiopia’s first HIV treatment centre, in Addis Ababa, the capital. Created in response to a dramatic rise in new HIV infections and AIDS -related deaths, the centre offered the only hope for HIV-positive Ethiopians, who had to pay to access the life-prolonging antiretroviral therapy (ART). 

When US Global AIDS Coordinator Ambassador Eric Goosby joined other US and Ethiopian officials at the centre on a recent trip, they found a state-of-the-art facility, where thousands of clients receive free, comprehensive HIV treatment. The centre, a wing at the Empress Zewditu Memorial Hospital, has just added an outpatient annex. 

“At least 350 clients will be seen daily in this new facility, some of whom have not been able to receive the services they need and deserve elsewhere. I particularly applaud Zewditu for its tremendous effort to build the first site in Ethiopia that offers counselling and testing services for the deaf and blind,” Goosby said at the inauguration ceremony. 

The centre is now one of 900 sites across the country where over 290,000 people are receiving ART. The new centre, like thousands across Africa, was funded by the US government-run President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). 

Established in 2003, PEPFAR was the product of a rare bipartisan deal between former US president George W. Bush and lawmakers spearheaded by the Congressional Black Caucus. It was first a commitment of US$15 billion in funding to fight the global HIV/AIDS pandemic; at the launch of the plan, only 50,000 Africans were accessing ART, according to Eric Goosby who heads PEPFAR. 

In 2012, an estimated 8 million people were receiving treatment in low- and middle-income countries - of which PEPFAR directly supported 5.1 million. This was a 20-fold increase in treatment coverage since PEPFAR was created in 2003 [ http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2013/05/20130529148132.html?CP.rss=true#axzz2Um3mwJFD ]. In 2012 alone, the emergency plan helped carry out 46 million HIV tests, preventing 230,000 babies from being born HIV-positive, Goosby said in an interview with IRIN. 

Funding cuts versus AIDS-free generation 

But experts are concerned that consistent budget cuts in PEPFAR funding could make reaching the goal of an HIV-free generation difficult, if not impossible. 

Chris Collins, a vice president and director of public policy at the Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) [ http://www.amfar.org/ ], argues that despite impressive gains made in the AIDS response now is not the time for funding cuts. 

"Funding for PEPFAR has fallen 12 percent since 2010 in the State Department HIV bilateral budget line. Last week, the White House proposed an additional $50 million cut for 2014. When the mandated sequestration cut is taken into account, the programme is now at its lowest funding level since 2007," Collins noted in an April editorial. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-collins/pepfar-cuts-hiv-aids_b_3101250.html. 

“The honest truth is that the world won't end AIDS without PEPFAR. Some will say: judge PEPFAR on its outcomes, not its funding. But when PEPFAR's own Blueprint calls for rapid scale-up of effective services in order to show tangible gains, it's hard to understand why now is the time to cut back,” Collins argued. 

But Goosby explained the cuts are being made for three reasons. The first is because they are “getting better and smarter” in service delivery, such as procuring and shipping commodities like condoms and test kits at cheaper costs and favouring less expensive generic drugs over pricey brands. 

“We also started a dialogue (this… was an attempt to try to make these services sustainable, not just dependent on one funder) with governments around what their contribution was now to these services and what they could be. And governments all heard this and [began] to pour… their own money into the service pot,” he told IRIN. “So, again, it would be additives, so we can build on what we have already started... with a donor-start but it is a government finish.” 

The US is also looking to more cooperation with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [ http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/ ] to raise funds to pay for the HIV prevention and treatment programmes, according to Goosby, who says the US donates a third of the money that goes to the Global Fund. 

“So we think of it as a shared responsibility... We see our ethical obligation to the patients that are using these services... We will not renege on that. But we also feel that in order to make sure these services continue, we need to diversify the fund portfolio so others are contributing.” 

Chipping in 

But whether poorer countries in the region will be able to take over the ongoing programmes is a concern for many. 

According to the African Union commission, a number of countries have begun to implement innovative AIDS financing measures intended to reduce dependence on external funders such as PEPFAR. 

“Zimbabwe and Kenya now earmark a portion of domestic tax revenues for an AIDS Trust Fund, while countries such as Benin, Congo, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda and Uganda have established special HIV levies on mobile phone usage or airfares,” said the commission in a statement issued on May 26. “Taking a different approach, South Africa reduced its spending on antiretroviral medications by 53 percent by reforming its tender process to increase competition among suppliers.” 

“Our continent is demonstrating strong political commitment and action by embracing transformative reforms to address AIDS, TB [tuberculosis] and malaria,” said the commission’s chairperson, Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma. 

PEPFAR's Goosby agrees it is not yet time to scale back the fight against HIV/AIDS. “If we pull back on what we are doing for HIV, it will come right back, without any doubt. We see that in just about every infectious disease, but HIV is notorious for this. So keeping this going becomes the challenge. That's why we want to emphasize the shared responsibility." 

kta/kn/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98168/PEPFAR-budget-cuts-cause-anxiety</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007062614t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years ago, a shipping container was converted into Ethiopia’s first HIV treatment centre, in Addis Ababa, the capital. Created in response to a dramatic rise in new HIV infections and AIDS -related deaths, the centre offered the only hope for HIV-positive Ethiopians, who had to pay to access the life-prolonging antiretroviral therapy (ART).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Amid Syrian crisis, Iraqi refugees in Jordan forgotten</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200806164t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 10 years after fleeing violence in their country, many Iraqi refugees living in Jordan are poor, failing to integrate, and unable to return home or get resettled in a third country.</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 10 years after fleeing violence in their country, many Iraqi refugees living in Jordan are poor, failing to integrate, and unable to return home or get resettled in a third country.

Their condition - already worsening due to funding cuts in recent years - is now being overshadowed by the Syrian refugee crisis, leaving them increasingly vulnerable, even as more Iraqi refugees flee to Jordan every month.

The 2011 withdrawal of US troops from Iraq was seen by many as the end of a violent decade in Iraq following the 2003 US-led invasion and subsequent sectarian violence which drove as many as 3.8 million Iraqis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97905/Iraq-10-years-on-the-forgotten-displacement-crisis ] from their homes.

But in the last couple of years, 200-250 Iraqis have continued fleeing to Jordan every month, according to CARE International, one of the main NGOs working with Iraqi refugees in Jordan. Last year, new arrivals averaged 400 a month, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). And so far, 1,569 have registered as refugees this year, an average of just over 300 a month. An increase in bombings and other killings in Iraq in the last couple of months could see those figures increase.

A 2007 Jordanian government estimate put the number of Iraqis in Jordan at around 450,000 [ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486566.html ], but many see these figures as exaggerated [ http://www.academia.edu/189411/Iraqis_in_Jordan_elusive_numbers_uncertain_future ].

One indication is that only 29,000 Iraqis are registered with UNHCR, also due to the fact that many Iraqis came to Jordan with more wealth than other refugees. But those who registered with UNHCR are "extremely impoverished", the agency's representative in Jordan, Andrew Harper, told reporters at a recent conference on Iraqi refugees. And while they may have had coping mechanisms when they first arrived, Harper later told IRIN, "that's run out."

"What we're really concerned about now is that it seems the number of Iraqis is increasing," said Dominique Hyde, representative of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Jordan. "Our focus obviously has been on Syrians."

According to CARE, most of the registered Iraqi refugees are dependent on cash assistance from aid agencies, which has been reduced or even interrupted in the past few years.

"As the Syrian crisis grew bigger, the Iraqi case has become invisible," Kevin Fitzcharles, CARE's country director in Jordan, told IRIN. "There are around 30,000 vulnerable Iraqi individuals in Jordan. They are not going to go away any time soon, and they need help. Who is going to provide them with help?"

Unemployment and poverty

A vulnerability assessment, conducted by CARE in March 2013, found that most Iraqis rely on "subsistence-level" assistance; meaning, on average cash payments of 119 Jordanian dinars (US$168) per month, when they have expenses exceeding that income by JD167 ($236).

To fill the income gap, Iraqis borrow from family and friends, take loans, eat less, and share housing, the survey found.

Although Iraqis have free access to health care and education in Jordan, it is "almost impossible" for them to secure work permits, as one aid worker put it. To apply to work in the 10 professional categories open to them, Iraqis must have active residency in Jordan, which requires either a deposit of 25,000 Jordanian dinars (US $35,285); marriage to a Jordanian citizen; or sponsorship by an employer who must prove that no Jordanian could do the job.

"I never realized how difficult it is to look for a job until the day I became a refugee," said Muhannad Damen, who left Iraq two years ago, but is still battling unemployment and poverty in Jordan. 

CARE's assessment found that refugees have to survive with less money, which affects nutrition and diet: more than 40 percent of families interviewed reported skipping one meal a day and being regularly hungry.

Funding shortfall

Fitzcharles said over recent years it has become more difficult to get donors interested in Iraqis in Jordan, even more so following the Syrian crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85144/JORDAN-SYRIA-UNHCR-funding-shortfall-for-Iraqi-refugees ].

CARE's own funding from the US Department of State and from the European Commission's humanitarian aid arm ECHO to help Iraqi refugees in Jordan has been cut in half over the past two years, from $1.5 million to $750,000 and 800,000 euros to 400,000 respectively.

"Their story has moved beyond an emergency [phase]," said Marilena Chatziantoniou, rapid response coordinator at ECHO's regional office in Amman. "We provide immediate humanitarian emergency [assistance], but now we need longer-term donors to work with the Jordanian government to find sustainable solutions for their situation."

After a general decline in funding over the years, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) cut its funding for Iraqi refugees altogether last year, because of a lack of funds, which were redirected to Syrian refugees.

"There are certainly vulnerable groups that have been forgotten," said regional director Beat Von Däniken.

As a result, services and the number of Iraqis receiving assistance have also been reduced.

"The services are being stretched and that could only go on for so long," Harper warned.

For example, CARE was helping 12,000 refugees two years ago, but now is only able to help 9,000 individuals with cash assistance, non-food items such as blankets and heaters, and psycho-social support services, Fitzcharles said.

Muath Asfour, outreach coordinator at the Center for Victims of Torture (CTV), said the waiting list of Iraqis seeking help from his organization has reached 200 people. 
"So many Iraqis suffered traumatic incidents such as kidnapping, witnessing violence, witnessing death, bombings, and rape," Asfour told IRIN.

CTV's centres and mobile units in Amman and Zarqa receive about 200 new cases of Iraqis and Syrians every three months, but cannot keep up: "These people need help, but with limited funding, more people have to be on the waiting list."

Durable solutions?

Iraqis in Jordan are still referred to as "guests" by the government. They live mainly in the impoverished eastern side of Amman and in neighbourhing Zarqa Governorate. 
Many have limited options.

"I feel trapped here: no [chance] of a return or resettlement elsewhere; and this is never like home. I feel isolated from everyone," said Hanan Shaker, who fled Iraq a year and a half ago, following death threats.

Most Iraqis fled violence in their countries in the hope of being resettled to a third country, researchers, aid workers and Iraqis say.

However, "with the current global economic crisis and the dwindling number of countries willing to grant asylum to Iraqi refugees, this option is becoming quite difficult to achieve as well," Isis Nusair, associate professor of international studies at Denison University, wrote in a recent article in Middle East Report [ http://www.merip.org/mer/mer266/permanent-transients#_4 ].

Since 2007, she wrote, the US has admitted nearly 65,000 Iraqi refugees for resettlement.

This year, a total of 1,500 refugees will be resettled in the US, Australia and Canada, UNHCR's Harper told reporters.

"Unfortunately, Iraqis think they will all be resettled, but it is not the case," he said.

In the meantime, aid agencies are left with the challenge of finding the best options for those who will not be resettled, Harper said.

"This very slow pace [of resettlement], together with the lingering global economic crisis and the tighter restrictions on asylum applications, means that many Iraqi refugees will remain in limbo for some time to come," Nusair wrote.

aa/ha/cb 

*This article was amended on 10 June 2013. The original report erroneously stated that ECHO's funding for CARE's work with Iraqi refugees in Jordan dropped from $80,000 to $40,000.

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98180/Amid-Syrian-crisis-Iraqi-refugees-in-Jordan-forgotten</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200806164t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 06 June 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 10 years after fleeing violence in their country, many Iraqi refugees living in Jordan are poor, failing to integrate, and unable to return home or get resettled in a third country.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Developing countries see hidden cost in food price hikes</title><pubDate>Mon, 03 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210191203560379t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 03 June 2013 (IRIN) - When food prices rise, poor people in developing countries not only change or reduce their diets, they are also more likely to engage in riskier but better paid occupations such as mining and prostitution, according to a new report.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 03 June 2013 (IRIN) - When food prices rise, poor people in developing countries not only change or reduce their diets, they are also more likely to engage in riskier but better paid occupations such as mining and prostitution, according to a new report.

Squeezed, jointly published by the Institute for Development Studies (IDS) and Oxfam, also reports that the increased strain on families brought about by price hikes is accompanied by a rise in domestic violence and alcohol and substance abuse [ http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr-squeezed-food-price-volatility-year-one-230513-en.pdf ].

“The failure of wages to keep up with rising food prices is putting a strain on family relationships. For many men, the inability to be the family breadwinner is a real source of stress and can lead to conflict and violence within households. Parents’ inability to invest in the futures of their children is also a major source of stress,” Richard King, policy research advisor at Oxfam and co-author of the report, told IRIN.

The report noted that while there is optimism about rising wages, these have failed to keep up with the pace of food price hikes and inflation.

“People are working harder over longer hours, and their wages are not keeping pace with inflation, so they have to adapt wherever, and however, possible,” said the report. 

Social changes

Women, in particular, have borne the brunt of burgeoning food prices, with many of them having to juggle both domestic chores and work to feed their families. In Zambia for example, female nurses and teachers have had to moonlight as street vendors to supplement their incomes, while in Kenya, some young mothers were forced into prostitution to make ends meet, the report said. 

According to Naomi Hossain, a research fellow at IDS and a co-author of the report, the need to earn cash to buy food is quickly replacing the importance people put on social relationships. 

“As families increasingly struggle to earn enough to eat, we are seeing how money is becoming more important than relationships, to the point that the social implications are potentially alarming. Policymakers need to catch up,” she said.

“Uncertain and relatively high prices mean prioritizing earning the cash needed for food above all else… Global food policymakers need to check their assumptions about adjustments to food prices, and decide whether they want the kinds of societies where cash matters above all else,” Hossain wrote in a recent blog post [ http://participationpower.wordpress.com/2013/05/23/squeezed-how-are-poor-people-adjusting-to-life-in-a-time-of-food-price-volatility/ ].

And Oxfam’s King said, “People are becoming more individualistic, and reciprocal sources of support that people tend to rely on are becoming strained. There is rising stigma and uneasiness attached to turning to neighbours for help, in the knowledge that the same will be expected in return.”

According to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization, poor families were more likely to marry off their daughters so that they there would “one mouth less to feed”. In rural Bangladesh, a Tufts University study [ http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/meeting_abstract/24/1_MeetingAbstracts/104.1 ] found that women in households with lower food security reported experiencing “psychological abuse, and about half of women reported physical abuse from their husbands”.

The Overseas Development Institute reported [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8339.pdf ] that initial mechanisms for coping with higher food costs - including cutting back spending on expensive foods, borrowing to cover costs of living, and finding ways to work and earn more - were  quickly followed by signs of distress, such as “sales of assets, beginning with consumer goods, with land, tools and livestock, sold only after that buffer was exhausted.”

IDS’s Hossain accuses policymakers of being blind to the social changes brought about by food price hikes. Instead, they fixate on “changes they can measure,” she said.

Agriculture suffering

Agriculture as an economic venture has also suffered. While a hike in food prices should ideally inspire more people to engage in agriculture to produce more food, the result, according to the joint IDS-Oxfam study, has been the opposite.

“Instead of flocking to farming as prices rise, the view of agriculture is that it has become much less reliable over the past few years as a result of uncertainties related to input costs, returns and the effects of climate change. People are turning to more lucrative yet dangerous occupations instead - gold mining in Burkina Faso, for example. Education is seen as a ticket off the farm, and agricultural aspirations are rare,” Oxfam’s King said.

The study recommends, among other things, improved social protection policies to address the vulnerability of the poorest people, including cash transfers or subsidies. Improved management of food reserves and regulation of the international grain trade is also needed. Steps to make agriculture a more reliable vocation should also be taken, such as investing in training, technology and sustainability.

ko/rz
]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 03 Jun 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98151/Developing-countries-see-hidden-cost-in-food-price-hikes</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210191203560379t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 03 June 2013 (IRIN) - When food prices rise, poor people in developing countries not only change or reduce their diets, they are also more likely to engage in riskier but better paid occupations such as mining and prostitution, according to a new report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>NGOs concerned about new DRC Intervention Brigade</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305300513560216t.jpg" />]]>GOMA 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - Nineteen international NGOs have sent a joint letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to express concern over the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and future military operations by a new UN Intervention Brigade.</description><body><![CDATA[GOMA 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - Nineteen international NGOs have sent a joint letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to express concern over the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and future military operations by a new UN Intervention Brigade.

The letter, dated 23 May and made public this week, asks the secretary-general to call on the 11 African states that signed the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework (PSCF) in Addis Ababa in February to implement the agreement, and to work with UN Special Envoy for the Great Lakes Mary Robinson.

The letter also recommends that the UN Security Council “should seriously consider suspension of the [UN Intervention] Brigade if it does not perform well or if the Congolese government does not make sufficient progress in implementing its commitments under the PSCF” agreement.

The brigade of 3,069 troops from Tanzania, South Africa and Malawi, which the UN peacekeeping department says should be operational by mid-July, has been given a more offensive mandate [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97999/is-more-force-in-the-drc-more-of-the-same ] than any previous contingent with a UN peacekeeping mission. UN Security Council Resolution 2098 empowers it to carry out “targeted and robust offensives… with a view to neutralizing and disarming armed groups”, whilst “taking into account the necessity to protect civilians and reduce risks”.

The NGOs’ letter asks Ban for his leadership “in ensuring that the operations of the Brigade… are clearly linked to the realization of the PSCF” and that it “is part of a broad, comprehensive approach to achieve long-term peace and stability”.

The NGOs also call on Ban to ensure that “planning and conduct of the Brigade’s operations prioritize mitigation of harm to civilians” and to urge “the Congolese government… to put in place a fully independent national oversight mechanism to oversee the implementation of its commitments outlined in the PSCF”.

Dialogue and DDR

Under this heading, the letter says “this should include local level dialogue to address the local causes of conflict and community grievances, as well as comprehensive Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) options for combatants, irrespective of nationality.”

During his visit to the North Kivu provincial capital Goma on 23 May Ban made it clear that the UN does not see the Brigade as the sole solution to eastern DRC’s conflicts.

"The Intervention Brigade will address all this violence” he told local media, “and will try their best to protect human lives, human rights and human dignity - but you should also know that this is only one element of a much larger process. I think a peace deal must deliver a peace dividend, health, education, jobs and opportunity."

NGOs fear being linked with military action

One of the concerns that prompted NGOs to write the letter was the possible impact on their own work of future operations by the Brigade, said Frances Charles, advocacy manager for NGO World Vision (which sent the letter on behalf of the signatories).

“The issue of how the Brigade is related to the rest of the integrated mission and how independent humanitarian actors such as NGOs relate to MONUSCO is, I think, a very big issue.

“We have to preserve independent humanitarian access. MONUSCO needs to make clear to communities how all the different parts of the (UN) mission work together.

“One thing we are very concerned about, as World Vision, is being linked to any military action. We are independent and we want to make sure that our access to communities is maintained.”

Peacekeeping versus offensive action

Several observers have questioned whether MONUSCO’s existing role of protecting civilians, particularly in displaced peoples’ camps, will be possible in areas where the Brigade attacks armed groups, as this could result in retaliation against all UN military and civilian personnel as well as against other aid workers and civilians.

The interim head of MONUSCO’s office in Goma, Alex Queval, told journalists that all necessary precautions would be taken to ensure that peacekeepers continue all their existing work, but he did not go into details.

For its part the M23 rebel group [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97779/briefing-m23-one-year-on ] has suggested that the Brigade will need to work in different areas to the other peacekeepers.

"It’s a very complicated situation for us,” M23 spokesman Rene Abandi told IRIN this week. “Blue helmets come with an offensive mandate while others are deployed in the same areas with a peacekeepers' mandate. They have really to separate areas so that we can make the distinction."

Speaking to the UN News Centre on 29 May, the commander of the Intervention Brigade, Tanzanian Brig-Gen James Aloizi Mwakibolwa, acknowledged there are fears among some observers that the Brigade will exacerbate tensions.

“Perhaps they expect collateral damage to the extent that several people are not positive about the Brigade,” he said.

“It should be understood that our first concern should be the protection of civilians as we take on the armed groups,” he added. “A UN peacekeeper is a person who must protect UN staff and UN property but, above all, he must protect the civilians.”

The brigadier stressed that while he heads the brigade, he is not the head of the UN force in the country. “We are part of MONUSCO and our instructions come from the force commander of MONUSCO,” he said.

Goma groups support Brigade

Civil society groups in Goma are generally supportive of the Intervention Brigade and its offensive mandate.

“For the first time people feel they can look forward to a better future - because the new force has a mission to put an end to the armed groups,” said Goyon Milemba, team leader of the North Kivu civil society association’s working group on security issues, after the arrival of the Brigade’s headquarters staff in Goma last month.

“If people think you can protect civilians by stopping attacks on armed groups, they are wrong. We need a lasting peace and that peace will have to be imposed by striking hard against negative forces,” the president of the North Kivu civil society association, Thomas d’Aquin Muiti, told IRIN.

He acknowledged there would be collateral damage but said the situation for the people in displaced camps is intolerable.

“This does not mean MONUSCO should stop protecting displaced people,” he said. “Rather it should reinforce protection.”

He added that the government should recognize it will have an additional responsibility for protection as the Brigade starts offensive operations.

nl/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98140/NGOs-concerned-about-new-DRC-Intervention-Brigade</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305300513560216t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOMA 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - Nineteen international NGOs have sent a joint letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to express concern over the peace process in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and future military operations by a new UN Intervention Brigade.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Reshaping the fight against poverty</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305071021100738t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - After nine months of consultations, the UN High Level Panel on determining the world’s post-2015 development agenda has issued a report calling for a path to sustainable development which will transform the lives of the very poorest.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - After nine months of consultations, the UN High Level Panel on determining the world’s post-2015 development agenda has issued a report calling for a path to sustainable development which will transform the lives of the very poorest.

Set up by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and co-chaired by Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and UK Prime Minister David Cameron, the Panel, in its report, elaborates a vision of how the world should develop and grow after the expiry in 2015 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

While praising the achievements of the MDGs, the Panel said they had failed, among other things, to reach out to the very poorest and most excluded people; to highlight the devastating effects of conflict and violence on development; and promote sustainable patterns of consumption and production.

Spurred on by the central idea to eradicate poverty by 2030, the Panel also said development needed to be driven by five transformative shifts: Leave no one behind; put sustainable development at the core; transform economies for jobs and inclusive growth; build peace and effective, open and accountable institutions for all; forge a new global partnership.

The Panel recommends that almost all targets should be set at the national, or even local, level to account for different starting points and contexts. 

Better focused?

Debby Guha-Sapir, director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, told IRIN: “What is particularly encouraging is that it sticks its neck out and chooses priorities, instead of an all-inclusive menu that is virtually impossible to monitor, much less implement. The indicators listed are much more specific and better defined than the first phase of the MDGs and will therefore not only be actionable but also measurable. I was particularly heartened to note that comparable indicators, metrics and data are clearly mentioned which means we can look forward to more rigorous attention being paid for better data.”

On which topic the report’s executive summary calls for “a data revolution for sustainable development, with a new international initiative to improve the quality of statistics and information available to citizens. We should actively take advantage of new technology, crowdsourcing, and improved connectivity to empower people with information on the progress towards the targets."

“Targets will only be considered `achieved’ if they are met for all relevant income and social groups.”

For instance, on setting a universal goal to eradicate poverty, the Panel suggests each country could set its own target to bring the number of people living on less than US$1.25 a day to zero and reduce by x percent the share of people living below that country’s 2015 national poverty line. Each country would also set a target to increase by x percent the share of women and men, communities and businesses with secure rights to land, property and other assets; cover x percent of people who are poor and vulnerable with social protection systems; build resilience and reduce deaths from natural disasters by x percent.

jk/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98136/Reshaping-the-fight-against-poverty</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305071021100738t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2013 (IRIN) - After nine months of consultations, the UN High Level Panel on determining the world’s post-2015 development agenda has issued a report calling for a path to sustainable development which will transform the lives of the very poorest.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Beyond emergency needs in DRC</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210751260211t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian response in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) should broaden beyond emergency needs to encompass underlying dynamics of conflict, according to a report by the international refugee NGO Norwegian Refugee Council.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian response in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) should broaden beyond emergency needs to encompass underlying dynamics of conflict, according to a report [ http://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9676206.pdf ] by the international refugee NGO Norwegian Refugee Council.

“The chronic and extreme violence in the eastern DRC poses a stark challenge to traditional humanitarian ‘urgent response mode’ approaches. The humanitarian service machinery has become a virtually permanent fixture in the region, serving victims of multiple displacements and repeating cycles of violence for two decades… Protection in this conflict cannot be achieved solely by providing services to victims,” says the report.

For instance, it argues that in the Kivus, which have borne the brunt of the conflict, every community is at constant risk of conflict and displacement “until military and armed-group violence against civilians is brought under control.”

“There are no ‘durable solutions’ here without a change in the level of peace and stability, and changes in the destructive behaviour of the armed parties towards civilians,” the report noted.

Many puzzle pieces

In an interview with IRIN, Kyung wa-Kang, the deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), called for a “clear commitment from both political leaders and the international community to improve governance” and help bring “security and help achieve human dignity in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the wider Great Lakes region.”

The Congolese government has been accused of only half-heartedly implementing peace agreements with rebel groups.

“Rather than effectively implementing the 23 March 2009 peace agreement signed by the government and the CNDP (National Council for the Defence of the People), the Congolese authorities have instead only feigned the integration of the CNDP into political institutions, and likewise the group appears to have only pretended to integrate into the Congolese army,” International Crisis Group,  global think-tank, said in an October briefing [ http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/b091-eastern-congo-why-stabilisation-failed.aspx ].

“The peace agreements that have been signed between the government and rebel groups provides for a real opportunity to push forward the agenda for lasting peace, but each party must be serious in ensuring it works and they do their part in making this fruitful,” Kang added.

In February, 11 leaders signed a UN-brokered peace accord aimed at ending the conflict in DRC and bringing peace to the wider Great Lakes region. “The agreement gives the people of eastern DRC their best chance in many years for peace, human rights and economic development,” UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon said during his recent visit to the region [ http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/index.asp?nid=2846 ].

In March, the UN Security Council passed a resolution setting up the first-ever UN peacekeeping brigade, whose mandate would include battling rebel groups in DRC and monitoring an arms embargo along with a panel of UN experts. It will observe and report on the flows of military personnel, weapons and equipment across the border of eastern Congo, including by surveillance aided by unmanned aerial systems.

Kang noted to IRIN, “Bringing lasting peace in the DRC will involve deepening democracy” and engaging all sides “involved the conflict”, saying the recently proposed 3,000-strong UN-backed intervention brigade should be seen only as “a part of a wider puzzle.”

Protection needs

The long-running conflicts in eastern parts of DRC have forced more than two million people to flee their homes. Thousands more have become victims of violence and abuse. In the last six months, the number of those displaced inside DRC  increased by more than 150,000 people, with most of the displacements being in North Kivu Province. The insecurity has further compelled an estimated 90,000 to flee into Burundi, Uganda and Rwanda over the same period, according to OCHA [ http://www.unocha.org/drc/reports-media/situation-reports ].

The international community, the NRC report argues, “has invested significantly in initiatives aimed at documenting protection needs - information gathering and early warning systems,” something OCHA’s Kang says might be threatened by the increasing crises in places like Syria, which continue to “suck donor funding and receive greater humanitarian attention.”

ko/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98131/Beyond-emergency-needs-in-DRC</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210751260211t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian response in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) should broaden beyond emergency needs to encompass underlying dynamics of conflict, according to a report by the international refugee NGO Norwegian Refugee Council.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Which technology to use for disaster management?</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100917100724t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - For decades, governments and NGOs have relied on private sector solutions to gather and interpret emergency data for crisis response, but a growing number of them have warmed in recent years to much cheaper &quot;open-source&quot; (OS) technology. IRIN spoke to experts around the world about their search for the most appropriate mix of technology to manage disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - For decades, governments and NGOs have relied on private sector solutions to gather and interpret emergency data for crisis response, but a growing number of them have warmed in recent years to much cheaper "open-source" (OS) technology. IRIN spoke to experts around the world about their search for the most appropriate mix of technology to manage disasters.

Proprietary software does everything from providing imagery and geographic information system (GIS) data to centralizing government-generated data on a command centre "dashboard" during crises. It has been around decades but is costly.

Among the most prominent private sector companies working in disaster management is the California-based ESRI (formerly known as Environmental Systems Research Institute), which runs the ArcGIS platform [ http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis ] that creates interactive maps based on satellite technology. Founded in 1969 and valued at nearly US$900 million a year, the company controls at least half the market for GIS technology.

But in recent years, especially after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, more cities and NGOs are turning to OS technology, which generally does not charge a license fee to download software, but may have downsides including lack of experts able to troubleshoot, and resistance from governments that favour more established proprietary solutions.

What is FOSS?

Free and open-source software (FOSS) can be downloaded, used, studied, copied and redistributed at little to no cost, with the goal being that users along the way improve the code and pass along a more "robust" piece of software. Stuart Gill, a co-founder of a community of FOSS developers called the Random Hacks of Kindness (RHOK) compared these "explosions of innovation" (from the design to the development of the code) to evolution where the most robust software code survives.

Since its founding in May 2009, the group - backed by the World Bank, the US government's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and US-headquartered companies Yahoo, Microsoft, Google and Hewett Packard - committed first to creating disaster management solutions, then widened its focus to broader humanitarian challenges, through bi-annual "hackathons" where volunteer technologists (hackers as the organization calls them) furiously develop prototypes in an effort to stay ahead of disasters.

Gill estimates that since 2009, of the hundreds of prototypes coded for disaster management at these events, 50 have survived, with 10 of them being "really good".

Cheap and easy is the mantra of one hackathon product, First Responder.

"Cheap means not having to buy servers, hosting facilities. Cheap means using low-cost devices like smartphones and tablets. Cheap means minimizing training, upkeep, support and other costs. And cheap means, if you are a community organization and have your own technical support personnel, you can get a version of the software for free. Easy means fewer options and clutter. Easy means big buttons and simple layouts. Easy means access from any web browser connected to the Internet," reads its mission statement.

Such missions "disrupt" how disaster management has been handled in the corporate sector, said John Crowley, a Washington-DC based researcher at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative who specializes in connecting governments with crowdsourced data during disaster response, and authored a 2011 study on information sharing in emergencies [ http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/disaster-relief-20-future-information-sharing-humanitarian-emergencies ].

Proprietary software companies have thus far operated - and profited from - restricting access to software code, earning an annual income stream by maintaining their clients' software, he explained. "Open-source disrupts that annuity stream and creates an ecosystem of developers."

Québec, Canada

Almost a decade ago, one of Canada's provincial governments took note.

Since 2005, Québec has turned to OS technology to provide geospatial information services, or GIS, (then almost non-existent) in its provincial Ministry of Public Safety. Without a culture of using proprietary disaster management software in terms of GIS, there was little opposition to exploring OS options since GIS services were almost new to the ministry at the time, said Nicolas Gignac, a ministerial GIS specialist.

A team of three GIS experts, including himself, started testing the most "mature" OS applications that offered GIS customer service support in Québec. Over the years, the most helpful and effective OS applications, Gignac said, were Mapserver [ http://mapserver.org/about.html ] (a "map engine" that points users to content), OpenLayers [ http://openlayers.org/ ] (embeds a dynamic map on any webpage), OGR-GDAL, or Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (two libraries that allow software programmes to read and write multiple GIS formats), and PostGIS [ http://postgis.net/ ] (an extension to a database management system).

But the Public Safety Ministry was - and still is - in the minority of provincial government agencies using OS (about 10 percent Gignac estimated). Only Québec's National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Culture & Communication and a provincial agriculture agency are using the same GIS OS code - the remainder of the government and local authority opted for proprietary solutions (but some developed in-house hybrid model with OS coding and proprietary software).

Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)

Meanwhile, on the other side of the world in the natural disaster-prone island of Republic of China (Taiwan), ArcGIS is handling almost all the government's GIS work through the Emergency Information Management System run by the national fire agency.

The Chinese republic has faced epidemics (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome has killed near 40), earthquakes (a 1999 quake killed some 2,400) and annual typhoons.

Its experience with getting ESRI to make changes to the software has been relatively quick, said Wei-sen Li, the deputy executive secretary of the quasi-governmental advisory body, National Science & Technology Centre for Disaster Reduction in the capital, Taipei.

For Taipei, OS solutions did not appear stable or sturdy enough to handle the complexity of the disaster-prone island's data sets (120 to date). "ArcGIS is powerful enough to do the calculations and to integrate [the data] with satellite imagery, which cannot be achieved with Sahana," said Li, referring to an OS disaster management software founded in Sri Lanka, one of the hardest hit countries, in the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Due to the limited number of users (100) with rights to access the Arc-GIS licensed software in Taiwan, local governments use their own commercial disaster management software (disaster risk reduction and response are decentralized island-wide), and a number of NGOs and research groups have been trained to run Sahana.

And while Sahana's capabilities are "impressive" said Li, and include tracking crisis workers and volunteers, managing relief inventories and donations, mapping hotspots, registering disaster victims and reporting missing persons, managing triage cases and tracking aid projects, commercial software solutions have greater corporate support (not as readily available in the OS community), especially during disasters when errors and "unstable data" can be fatal, he said.

ESRI runs a 24-hour toll-free hotline for its clients.

Crowley with the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative said the disaster management technology market is still very proprietary (in the US alone, there are almost 40 types of software used to manage the country's emergency "911" hotline response), with only emergency mapping noting a significant shift to OS platforms like the Humanitarian Team at Openstreetmap [ http://hot.openstreetmap.org/ ], which creates and distributes no-cost geographical data to support relief efforts worldwide.

"People trust what is familiar and building trust takes time," even with the unprecedented pace of OS developments in the field of disaster management, said Crowley.

Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC), Bangkok

ADPC chose Sahana to set up a regional portal [ http://drrprojects.net ] in 2010 cataloguing disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region and wanted an affordable software that could pull information from multiple data sources. "Sahana's a great innovation, it's cheap, it's easy to implement," said Bill Ho, the NGO's manager of the information, communications and technology unit.

First developed to share information on regional and multi-country DRR projects, the portal is now being expanded to allow for the sharing of national and sub-national DRR projects, including the Myanmar government's Ministry of Relief and Resettlement information portal.

After a six-month installation period, ADPC now subcontracts to consultants for maintenance. "That has been a challenge," said Ho. "It's hard to find people with the right skills and Sahana's human resource capabilities are low, so we have to rely on consultants. There are none based in Southeast Asia."

Crowley, the researcher with Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, said varied needs, capabilities and starting points in terms of disaster preparedness and response means "there will be a balance between OS and proprietary solutions with each finding their niche".

pt/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98127/Analysis-Which-technology-to-use-for-disaster-management</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100917100724t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - For decades, governments and NGOs have relied on private sector solutions to gather and interpret emergency data for crisis response, but a growing number of them have warmed in recent years to much cheaper &quot;open-source&quot; (OS) technology. IRIN spoke to experts around the world about their search for the most appropriate mix of technology to manage disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Equity takes centre stage</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20059216t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - As aid officials haggle over ways to reduce developing countries’ disasters risks, they are increasingly looking to target the inequalities that make some communities more vulnerable than others. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - As aid officials haggle over ways to reduce developing countries’ disasters risks, they are increasingly looking to target the inequalities that make some communities more vulnerable than others.

These inequalities fell under the spotlight at the recently concluded Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in Geneva, a meeting that considered a successor to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), the global plan to make the world safer from natural hazards, which concludes in 2015. The new action plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2 (HFA2) [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/98058/the-making-of-the-hyogo2-disaster-prevention-framework ], is still under negotiation, and a key part of these talks has explored how to address inequality and discrimination.

There is “growing consensus” among NGO and UN agencies that tackling “common root causes - discrimination (social exclusion) on all sorts of bases (religion, caste, ethnicity, national origin, gender, age, etc.) - and unequal access to many kinds of resources, especially land grabs” has to be the core issue addressed by the post-2015 development agenda, noted disaster expert Ben Wisner told IRIN via email.

But Tom Mitchell, head of the climate change programme at the UK’s Overseas Development Institute (ODI), says addressing inequalities is not new; it was on the agenda when the HFA was being discussed in 2004. He says the fact that the issue is still alive reflects the failure of development strategies, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to eradicate these inequalities.

“Back on the agenda”

NGOs like Oxfam and ActionAid, which have advocated for these issues to take centre stage, have raised the topic again at the Global Platform.

“Countries with higher income inequality have populations that are more vulnerable to climate change, natural hazards and conflict,” Debbie Hillier, Oxfam’s humanitarian aid advisor, told IRIN. The poorest communities often live in fragile environments like river banks, and in housing constructed with cheap building materials. They lack insurance to cover losses.

The Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction (GNDR), in its “Views from the Frontline 2013” monitoring programme, said that 57 percent of all the people it interviewed indicated their disaster losses are increasing. Among the poorest groups, 68 percent of people reported higher losses.

“There is real growing momentum on the inequality issue,” said Hillier. Besides eradicating poverty, she says, aid officials also want to “address the excessive wealth…  [which] entrenches the systems, power dynamics and institutions which keep people poor.” 

The focus on inequality “is starting to drive our thinking in every field - resilience, social protection, climate change,” she added. “This is starting to drip into the HFA2 discussion.” 

Harjeet Singh, ActionAid's international coordinator for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CAA), said,” There is a growing recognition across all UN agencies that merely tweaking the system and policies won’t help anymore. We need to go back to basics and create conditions, particularly for [the] poor and excluded, to demand and enjoy human rights.” 

But the Global Platform “fell short” in promoting DRR as a right. "Unless we tackle the unequal and unjust power that creates inequalities and make people vulnerable, we cannot sustainably deal with the impact of disasters, climate change and conflict,” Singh said.

Kevin Watkins, the former head of the UN Development Programme’s (UNDP) Human Development Report, is making a case for equity-based development targets after the MDGs end in 2015.
He pronounced in a recent lecture, [ http://kapuscinskilectures.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/Kevin_Watkins_lecture.pdf ], “Today, inequality is back on the agenda.”

In a recent statement [ http://www.srfood.org/index.php/en/component/content/article/2833-equality-or-bust-for-post-2015-global-development-goals-un-rights-experts- ], UN human rights experts also called for a cross-cutting development goal on eliminating inequalities.

The High Level Panel (HLP) on the post-2015 development agenda is expected to release its report with its list of recommendations later today.

Focus on risk 

But the experts and activists at the Global Platform also called for bringing DRR to the development agenda. Risk was absent from the MDGs, say Mitchell and Hillier. DRR was included in the first draft of the HLP report, says Mitchell, but was missing in a subsequent draft.

“In particular, the risks from climate change, natural hazards and conflict need to be combined,” said Hillier. 

Wisner wrote: “A future set of DRR guidelines (what has been referred to as HFA2) should be coordinated or even integrated with re-cast MDGs, SDGs [Sustainable Development Goals], CCA initiatives (climate change adaptation) and support for skillful conflict management (PEACE).”

Data management

A statement from the GNDR says: “HFA2 needs a paradigm shift in order to bring community resilience at the heart of the framework.” It would like to see an emphasis on a “bottom-up approach.” 

It also called for the establishment of national databases on damage and losses, community capacities and resources. But accounting of data losses is fragmented at the moment, says ODI's Micthell. The global community lacks a common understanding of what a disaster is and what kind of loss should be accounted for.

This would require establishing a way to distinguish a disaster - an event that “overwhelms local capacity” - from “an accumulation of individual, small-impact events such [as] one basement flooded,” said Debby Guha-Sapir, director of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). For instance, she says, “a series of small road accidents added up is not the equal to a mass transport disaster, or endemic levels of disease is not same as an epidemic”.

ActionAid’s Singh points out that declaring an event a “disaster” continues to be a “political exercise in most countries. The use of data and accounting methods varies from country to country. On one hand, developing countries struggle to account for uninsured and indirect losses, mainly due to extensive risks from 'everyday disasters'. We are now also grappling with how to account and address the issue of non-economic losses (and damages) due to climate change impacts.”

ODI’s Mitchell says there is an urgent need to address this problem. 

jk/rz]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 30 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98130/Equity-takes-centre-stage</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20059216t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 May 2013 (IRIN) - As aid officials haggle over ways to reduce developing countries’ disasters risks, they are increasingly looking to target the inequalities that make some communities more vulnerable than others. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Global land treaty aims for more teeth</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202170700300792t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 May 2013 (IRIN) - Talks have begun on giving a global treaty on land degradation more teeth.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 May 2013 (IRIN) - Talks have begun on giving a global treaty on land degradation more teeth.

Almost all the countries of the world have signed up to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and are now in discussions to create a protocol or legal instrument to make the treaty operational.

Melchiade Bukuru, chief of UNCCD’s liaison office at the UN headquarters in New York, told IRIN talks on a protocol have gained momentum.

The UNCCD secretariat had first tabled the idea for the protocol at the Rio+20 conference in 2012, and the proposed protocol was discussed at recent scientific meetings of the Convention. This is viewed as significant progress, as things often move slowly in multilateral forums.

The protocol is aimed at achieving Zero Net Land Degradation (ZNLD) and the UNCCD hopes it will help make the Convention operational in the manner that the Kyoto Protocol did for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in attempting to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Ian Hannam, chair of the Sustainable Use of Soils and Desertification Specialist Group at the World Commission on Environmental Law, which falls under the International Union for Conservation of Nature [ http://www.iucn.org ], along with the group’s co-chair, Irene Heuser, and its previous chair, Ben Boer, have been campaigning for a protocol since 2012.

“A new legal instrument could take the form of a global policy and monitoring framework,” said Hannam and his co-campaigners in a statement. “It has also been proposed that such a protocol could incorporate the setting of ZNLD targets by individual countries, for example as a percentage of arable land in their jurisdiction, or regions within their jurisdiction.”

The UNFCCC’s Kyoto Protocol got countries to set time-bound targets to reduce harmful warming emissions. But it had the benefit of credible scientific data as its foundation - such as the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the rate at which they were warming it. Data and studies on this information are still evolving, but the basis has been established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The UNCCD is pushing for the creation of similar body - an Intergovernmental Panel on Land and Soil (IPLS) - as a global authority providing credible and policy-relevant scientific information to help countries make informed decisions on dealing with land degradation and desertification (LDD).

At present credible scientific data on the extent of the problem is scarce, said a team of scientists in a report commissioned by the UNCCD in 2012.

Five global assessments in the last four decades have provided degradation estimates ranging from 15 percent to 63 percent of global land, and 4 percent to 74 percent of the Earth’s drylands.

The numbers have varied because different methods and factors were used in the calculations.

Nevertheless, in the two decades between 1981 and 2003, over 20 percent of the Earth's surface - on which 1.5 billion people live - has lost its ability to produce, based on the best interpretations of satellite imagery. But this data lacks country-specific details.

“It is the IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] which built the foundation and the momentum of climate change in all political discourses and policies,” says Bukuru, underscoring the importance of a scientific panel.

“There is still some resistance [from some member countries], but the majority of countries support its establishment.”

In the interim, he said, countries can use the services of the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) created in 2012. The IPBES will assess the state of the planet's biodiversity, its ecosystems, and the essential services they provide to society.

Bukuru said the UNCCD has in the meantime entered the “realm of measurability” in respect of its protocol.

In 2009 all the countries that are party to the UNCCD agreed to a set of indicators, such as the extent of land cover under a nation’s jurisdiction, and the number of people living above the poverty line in the areas affected by LDD. The countries have begun reporting back on the indicators since 2012, as is mandatory.

Explaining the relevance of the data, Bukuru said that the map of poverty usually coincides with that of degraded lands in most developing countries, except in oil-producing ones.

A 2009 review led by Zafar Adeel, director of the UN University's Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU-INWEH), also called for a scientific panel to be set up. "The UNCCD has not had this benefit [of credible science], and many of its founding assumptions are now challenged. It was believed that the Sahara was advancing remorselessly, whereas satellite measurements and careful field studies show that advance and retreat are cyclical.”

Financial backing

The UNCCD has also initiated a process to “put a price tag on action or inaction against land degradation, desertification and drought, and it turns out to prove that action is less expensive than inaction,” says Bukuru.

A report on one such effort informed a recent scientific meeting of the Convention that land degradation is costing the international community some US$490 billion per year, but some of the studies cited in the report used different ways of assessing degradation and there was not enough data available on some aspects, says Wagaki Mwangi, spokesperson for the UNCCD.

”We need the attention of policy-makers, including those who are indirectly in charge of the Convention, such as a minister of finance [who allocates national funds], to understand the relevance of sustainable land management… in the context of national development - food security, energy security, climate change adaptation, or poverty alleviation.”

The idea is to come up with a sound cost-benefit analysis like the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, presented in 2006 by Sir Nicholas Stern, head adviser to the UK government on the economics of climate change and development. The review put a monetary value on the impact of climate change and the global failure to take action now, which drew the attention of heads of state and finance ministers to the issue.

The UNCCD is supporting a global initiative - the Economics of Land Degradation [ http://eld-initiative.org ], involving the European Commission, the Centre for Development Research (Bonn), the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), UNU-INWEH and Germany - to establish a robust scientific basis for the development of sustainable land-use strategies, while a cost-benefit analysis would help create awareness.

Funding for projects to address land degradation and the impact of droughts has been improving, but is still too little. Mohamed Bakarr, of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the main funding mechanism of the UNCCD, said at the moment only US$320 million was available for the 144 countries eligible for funding for projects. The money is not distributed equally between the countries but according to criteria that take various factors into consideration.

jk/he

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 29 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98117/Global-land-treaty-aims-for-more-teeth</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202170700300792t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 May 2013 (IRIN) - Talks have begun on giving a global treaty on land degradation more teeth.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Protecting civilians: A little less conversation, a little more action if you please</title><pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305131351010693t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - As asymmetric warfare becomes the norm and military operations take place in ever more urban and densely populated areas, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of protecting civilians in the midst of conflict. But a large gap remains between the theoretically robust protection provided to civilians by international humanitarian law (IHL) and the realities on the ground. Recommendations from a recent conference aim to address this gap.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - As asymmetric warfare becomes the norm and military operations take place in ever more urban and densely populated areas, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of protecting civilians in the midst of conflict. But a large gap remains between the theoretically robust protection provided to civilians by international humanitarian law (IHL) and the realities on the ground. 

“We should recognize that there is progress out there, and that we see many more measures taken to limit the risk of collateral damage today,” said Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide [ http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/whats-new/Speeches-and-articles/e_speeches/2013/statement_conference.html?id=727433 ] at the start of an international conference on the protection of civilians in the Norwegian capital Oslo last week. But, he said, “the sad truth is that despite clear obligations under IHL to protect civilians in armed conflict, our work together to reclaim this protection is more sorely needed than ever.”

The conference, bringing together 94 states and a wide range of humanitarian and military actors, aimed to raise the protection of civilians on the international agenda, organizers said. It is the product of a set of regional workshops held in Jakarta, Buenos Aires, Kampala and Vienna as part of the Reclaiming the Protection of Civilians Under IHL [ http://www.reclaimingprotection.no ] initiative, begun by the Norwegian government in 2009.

“People are always talking about how they are implementing IHL and on the ground it’s a completely different reality,” said Annette Bjorseth, a senior adviser in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs’s section for humanitarian and criminal law, and one of the conference coordinators. “The task we were given was to find a way to diminish that gap.” 

The conference has resulted in a long list of recommendations [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaime_recommendations.pdf ] adopted by co-chairs Norway, Indonesia, Argentina, Uganda and Austria, which aim to provide a “tool-box” on how to turn IHL from theory into practice. 

They include: incorporating IHL provisions into military doctrine and procedures, reducing bureaucratic burdens on humanitarian actors, improving documentation of civilian casualties, providing compensation to civilians harmed, adopting national legislation on war crimes, increasing transparency of weapons used, and taking more care when using drones.

Recent progress

During the last decade or so, the international community has placed more focus on the protection of civilians. Since 1999, it has been on the agenda of the Security Council and included in the mandate of UN peacekeeping missions. In 2002, the International Criminal Court was created to prosecute war crimes; and in 2005, states adopted the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine at the UN World Summit [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94827/SECURITY-New-report-on-R2P-challenges-humanitarians ].

Today, states have developed less tolerance for civilian casualties in conflict (some states, like the UK and Switzerland, have developed national policies on the protection of civilians) and militaries are increasingly concluding that the protection of civilians is not only a moral imperative, but a strategic objective. 

Compare the NATO military campaign in Kosovo in 1999 to the international military operation in Libya in 2011, Eide said. The latter saw a much more conservative choice of targets. More advanced weapons can also provide better targeting.

Where militaries have introduced policies to protect civilians, casualty figures have dropped dramatically. 

For example, civilian casualties by pro-government forces in Afghanistan dropped by nearly half from 1,088 in 2011 to 587 in 2012, according to the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan’s 2012 report [ http://unama.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=zYmVmJCwBe4%3d&tabid=12254&language=en-US ], after the establishment of a Civilian Casualties Tracking Team in the Afghan President’s Office, information exchange forums between the Afghan forces and the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and updated directives on the use of force by international militaries. The African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) has also succeeded in reducing civilian casualties in its more recent operations. 

In recent years, several UN Security Council resolutions have recognized that sexual violence in conflict is not only a crime, but also a threat to international peace and security, and prescribed action accordingly, reflecting “a fundamental paradigm shift”, according to Tonderai Chikuhwa, who represented the UN Secretary-General’s special representative on sexual violence in conflict at the conference [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaime_chikuhwa.pdf ].

The UN General Assembly in April approved the text of a proposed treaty governing the global arms trade, which has given some observers hope of further steps towards civilian protection. 

“The track record of the past 14 years is encouraging, given the significant normative framework that has been developed,” Redouane Houssaini of the Moroccan delegation told [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaime_journalists.pdf ] IRIN at the Oslo conference. 

“Fine words and good intentions” 

But despite the advances, aid workers and researchers say civilians are increasingly bearing the brunt of today’s complex conflicts.

“Sadly enough, these fine words and good intentions are rarely matched by the reality on the ground,” Peter Maurer, president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), said at a March event [ http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/30097025 ] held at the International Peace Institute (IPI). The fundamental reason for this, he said, was the “huge gap” between those drafting regulatory frameworks and those perpetrating crimes on the ground. “Too often strategies for the protection of civilians developed in multilateral humanitarian fora come with no concrete instruments or clear methods to apply [them].” 

In a 2011 report [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/red-cross-crescent-movement/31st-international-conference/31-int-conference-strengthening-legal-protection-11-5-1-1-en.pdf ], after four years of study, ICRC identified gaps in the current legal framework’s ability to respond to new developments in armed conflict, but found that “in almost all cases, what is required to improve the victims’ situation is stricter compliance with that framework, rather than the adoption of new rules.”  

The same year, a study [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaiming_background.pdf ] by the Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre (NOREF), commissioned by the Norwegian government in the lead-up to the conference, found that one major challenge in applying the laws of war was interpreting them in the first place. 

For example, one of the tenets of IHL is the principle of distinction between combatants and civilians. The Geneva Conventions protect the latter from being targeted “unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities”. This clause is highly debated in legal circles, and was described in one recent doctoral thesis [ http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/6425/ ] as ambiguous and “ultimately undermining its humanitarian objectives…

“Not only is there a lack of consensus among belligerents as to whom they can permissibly target during armed conflict… there is still debate among IHL experts as to whom the law protects,” wrote Betcy Jose-Thota of the University of Pittsburgh.

As such, the conference recommended that armed forces consult legal advisers and that IHL be part of practical, scenario-based training within the military before deployment.

“Strong commitments”

The conference chairs urged [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/cochairs_vienna.pdf ] the UN Security Council to play a larger role in ensuring compliance with IHL as well as international human rights law, by condemning attacks against civilians, imposing sanctions and mandating international commissions of inquiry. 

In their statements at the conference, states showed “strong commitments” not to impose unnecessary bureaucratic burdens on humanitarian agencies and not to criminalize their activities through counter-terrorism regulations, said Hilde Salvesen, another conference coordinator who acknowledged: “It’s a long way from a written document to what will actually happen in a concrete situation.”

Despite fears of giving legitimacy to rebels, states also recognized both the need to engage with non-state armed groups, in order to disseminate and encourage adherence to IHL, and the role journalists must be allowed to play to document violations. The safety of media personnel should increasingly be positioned as part of the wider discourse on the protection of civilians, the Committee to Protect Journalists argued [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaime_journalists.pdf ].

The International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons, and other advocacy groups, recommended more attention be paid to environmental contamination and degradation that have negative consequences for civilians in the long term. 

“Documenting, communicating and managing environmental contamination must be viewed as a key component of protecting the long-term health of civilians, particularly where the capacity of national authorities to provide these services may be constrained,” they told [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Hum/reclaime_journalists.pdf ] the conference. 

Some participants at the conference also recommended that international actors concentrate more on enhancing the capacity of national governments to sustain longer-term efforts to protect civilians. 

UN’s protection of civilians 

“We need to engage with member states in a way that reinforces their own responsibilities to protect civilians,” Michael Keating, former humanitarian coordinator in Afghanistan, said at the IPI event, separate from the Oslo conference. 

Keating, now senior adviser at the executive office of the UN Secretary-General, is leading an ongoing study into how the UN can better protect civilians. 

He said many UN teams in conflict areas lack “a crucial first step”: protection strategies outlining how to engage with authorities and with member states. Another challenge for the UN is a lack of clear crisis management mechanisms, especially in countries where a UN political mission does not exist. The report [ http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/The_Internal_Review_Panel_report_on_Sri_Lanka.pdf ] into the UN’s alleged failure to protect civilians near the end of Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict in 2009 found that UN staff on the ground “were very confused” about who to report to at headquarters, Keating said. Finally, UN staff who display personal courage and leadership in protecting civilians should be nurtured, recognized and rewarded, he said. 

Chikuhwa said the UN is working with several states to strengthen the rule of law in order to prosecute sexual violence crimes nationally, and improving training to its peacekeepers to prevent and respond to rape in war. 

Other initiatives, including the ICRC’s four-year action plan [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/resolution/31-international-conference-resolution-2-2011.htm ] for the implementation of IHL and the Swiss-chaired Group of Friends of the Protection of Civilians, based in New York, are also trying to build international consensus around the protection of civilians. 

ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98113/Protecting-civilians-A-little-less-conversation-a-little-more-action-if-you-please</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305131351010693t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - As asymmetric warfare becomes the norm and military operations take place in ever more urban and densely populated areas, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of protecting civilians in the midst of conflict. But a large gap remains between the theoretically robust protection provided to civilians by international humanitarian law (IHL) and the realities on the ground. Recommendations from a recent conference aim to address this gap.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Media outlets multiply, but aid communication still missing mark</title><pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161005500213t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Whether it is Twitter or Sina Weibo (a Chinese Twitter-like microblog), YouTube or Facebook, neighbours or friends, the multiplicity of information outlets is shifting power from aid agencies to disaster-affected communities, according to a recently launched UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) report Humanitarianism in the Network Age.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Whether it is Twitter or Sina Weibo (a Chinese Twitter-like microblog), YouTube or Facebook, neighbours or friends, the multiplicity of information outlets is shifting power from aid agencies to disaster-affected communities, according to a recently launched UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) report Humanitarianism in the Network Age [ https://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/WEB%20Humanitarianism%20in%20the%20Network%20Age%20vF%20single.pdf ].

“Technology is profoundly changing the nature of disaster response for many reasons, but perhaps most importantly, because it is changing the way that people themselves respond to disasters,” said Imogen Wall, coordinator of communications with affected communities for OCHA.

“A working phone is fast becoming a necessity for communities as they self-organize and source resources - whether they are trying to find family members, reach out to relatives overseas for assistance or organize a local relief effort,” she added.

Cesar Esguerra, 60, a father of five in the Philippines, is never without his mobile phone, which allows him to communicate via text messages with his children, relatives and even local officials, he said.

When a storm triggered week-long flooding in August 2012, Esguerra waited in his home in Pasig near Manila's main water artery that cuts through the country of 100 million for the first alerts via phone. He then quickly led his family and neighbours out of harm's way.

“You know the government will help you, but there is only so much rescuers can do. You have to help yourself," he said. "Otherwise you will die."

According to the Geneva-based International Telecommunication Union (ITU) in 2013, there are almost as many mobile phone subscriptions in the world as there are people [ http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf ] with more than half of those (3.5 billion out of a total of 6.8 billion) in the Asia-Pacific region.

Accountability

Able to organize their own relief efforts through Twitter and Facebook (as has been the case in the Philippines), a growing number of disaster-struck communities are becoming less dependent on aid groups and governments as their only conduits to relief.

“Technology also makes it easier for people to hold international agencies to account: they increasingly have access not only to information on response online, and - crucially - [but also] the ability to communicate their experience of the response directly to their governments, donors and the international public through platforms such as YouTube,” said Paul Knox Clarke, head of research and communications at the London-based umbrella group of aid organizations called the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP).

Microblogs (a shorter, more focused version of the traditional blog) in China helped volunteers coordinate clandestine rescue efforts after a 20 April earthquake in Sichuan Province killed nearly 200 people and injured more than 13,000 [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/eq-2013-000046-chn ]; two days after the disaster, volunteers organized through the Mandarin-language ‘Sina Weibo’, defied government warnings to deliver aid to quake-hit villages, according to international media [ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/12/world/asia/quake-response.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 ].

Technology’s limits

But as many tales as there are of technology boosting a community’s ability to respond to disaster, such technology is still reaching only a fraction of those in need, said Clarke. While almost 80 percent of people in developed countries have Internet access, this rate falls to 32 percent in Asia and the Pacific and 16 percent in sub-Saharan Africa [ http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf ].

“New technologies work best where they are robust, flexible enough to change without massive investment, and accessible. So in some cases, `lower tech’ approaches, such as radio [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97171/BANGLADESH-Community-radio-role-in-disaster-preparedness ] [and] phone-in shows, which do not rely on literate people sending texts and are already well known within communities, may be a better option,” he added.  
But OCHA’s Wall said these distinctions among different media are increasingly “artificial”.

“The principle is to look for what people already use and trust, and work with that. In some places it’s radio, in some it’s friends and family and in some it’s social media. Most commonly, and increasingly, it's a mesh of all three. People tweet information they have heard on the radio, [or] discuss info[rmation] on [Facebook] with friends,” she said.

“Facebook and Twitter are really just digital versions of word-of-mouth, after all,” Wall concluded.

One main difference is that “digital versions” of word-of-mouth news are more easily crippled during post-disaster blackouts. And even if telecommunications come back up, for the less tech-savvy among disaster survivors, mostly the elderly, their lack of familiarity with the Internet can cut them off from lifesaving information, according to media-training NGO Internews [ http://www.internews.org/sites/default/files/resources/InternewsEurope_Report_Japan_Connecting%20the%20last%20mile%20Japan_2013.pdf ].

Additionally, technology does not always translate into more “usable” information, warned Alanna Shaikh, a “strategic information” consultant focused on making sure the right health data is collected (and used) in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.

“The 2010 Pakistani floods is such a case. There were plenty of data available but no one was interpreting or acting on it. Social media in a disaster can easily turn into a muddle of useless data,” she said adding that when Hurricane Sandy hit the US in October 2012, falsified photos that were rapidly re-tweeted [ http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/sorting-the-real-sandy-photos-from-the-fakes/264243/ ] intensified fear among locals in the storm’s path.

OCHA’s Wall said all mediums of information during an emergency carry the risk of inaccuracy - not only digital media. And at least with the latter, a rapid-fire rumour is more quickly extinguished, she said.

“There is evidence that social media actually carries a greater capacity to self-correct and identify misinformation than conventional media, given the number of people involved, the knowledge they collectively possess and the speed at which social media works,” she added.

Not enough outreach

Even as ways to get - and give - information multiply, aid workers are still struggling to communicate with communities hit by disaster.

A report on information technology (IT) use during the 2010 Pakistani floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90142/DISASTERS-Pakistan-floods-one-of-the-world-s-worst ], released by the US based NetHope, a collaboration of 38 NGOs aiming to improve IT connectivity in developing countries, found that overall information-sharing among the humanitarian groups, affected communities and local authorities was insufficient [ http://nethope.org/images/uploads/casestudies/ICTin2010PakistanFloods.pdf ].

Although limited information was conveyed via radio and other media, communities still reported not getting what they needed - as well as no explanation for why certain needs were met while others were not - fuelling speculation of religious and ethnic discrimination [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90422/PAKISTAN-Minorities-test-aid-impartiality ].

Similarly in Myanmar’s Rakhine State, following two outbreaks of inter-communal violence in 2012 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97956/Prospects-for-Rakhine-reconciliation-dim ], a recent independent assessment conducted for the UN [ http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/myanmar-changing-perceptions-rakhine ] reported that ethnic Rakhines (primarily Buddhist) reported feeling that aid workers had historically favoured the Rohingya ethnic community (predominantly Muslim) at Rakhines’ expense.

The 118 Rakhine residents from the state’s capital, Sittwe, who were surveyed requested more information about the humanitarian response and listed radio, newspapers, family, friends and community leaders as their most trusted information sources.

While acknowledging the challenge that “tension between communities is both extremely deep-seated and historically pervasive, and attitudes cannot be changed overnight”, the report’s authors recommended aid groups work more with national journalists to inform them about humanitarian principles, including impartiality. "The media represents a significant means to share information with the wider population in Rakhine, and as such closer links should be actively built with key media groups," noted the authors.

Changes initiated

Among the efforts under way to boost communication during disasters, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is looking to partner with local cell phone providers in disaster-prone zones to run its two-way emergency SMS system [ http://www.ifrc.org/news-and-media/news-stories/international/aid-20-mobile-relief-application-expanding-into-global-market-60736/ ], while the Digital Humanitarian Network [ http://digitalhumanitarians.com/ ] brings together a dozen different technical groups that volunteer during emergencies to do everything from generating maps [ http://hot.openstreetmap.org/ ] to providing translations [ http://translatorswithoutborders.org/ ] and guiding natural disaster survivors to public services [ http://www.humanityroad.org/AboutUs.htm ].

The 2010-2012 UK-government funded Infoasaid [ http://infoasaid.org/what-we-do ] project, implemented by BBC Media Action and Internews, created diagnostic tools [ http://infoasaid.org/diagnostic-tools ] to help groups design their communication strategies; mapped media and telecommunication operators in the most crisis-prone zones; and published communication case studies, including aid groups’ lessons from the 2010 Haiti earthquake [ http://infoasaid.org/research/haiti-case-studies ].

In 2009 media, humanitarian and technology groups formed the Communicating with Disaster Affected Communities network to boost information [ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/humanitarian_response_briefing.pdf ] going to - and coming from - affected communities. Its most recent strategy paper [ http://www.cdacnetwork.org/sites/www.cdacnetwork.org/files/the_cdac_network_strategy_2012-2016_-_final_january_2012.pdf ] noted “there is a sense that the system is `stuck’ and unable to make substantive progress” to make a case that communication with communities is a must in the aid world.

The case is “compelling”, but the incentives to invest - proof that communication is worth the investment - are still few.

fm/pt/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98109/Analysis-Media-outlets-multiply-but-aid-communication-still-missing-mark</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161005500213t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 28 May 2013 (IRIN) - Whether it is Twitter or Sina Weibo (a Chinese Twitter-like microblog), YouTube or Facebook, neighbours or friends, the multiplicity of information outlets is shifting power from aid agencies to disaster-affected communities, according to a recently launched UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) report Humanitarianism in the Network Age.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Slowing Nigerian grain trade threatens Sahel food security</title><pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221201390320t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR/KANO 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Northern Nigeria’s grain trade, which supplies almost half of the Sahel’s cereals, has slowed severely, while abnormally high prices of staple grains across the Sahel are causing serious food security concerns in this chronically vulnerable region.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR/KANO 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Northern Nigeria’s grain trade, which supplies almost half of the Sahel’s cereals, has slowed severely, while abnormally high prices of staple grains across the Sahel are causing serious food security concerns in this chronically vulnerable region.

The areas most at risk are southeastern and central Niger, which are highly dependent on Nigerian grain flows, as well as northern Nigeria and northern Benin. Chad is somewhat protected from the dynamic, as it produced a healthy harvest in 2012, says FEWS NET.

World Food Programme (WFP) market analysts report that grain supply is low in many of the main markets across the region, and that fewer traders from Niger and elsewhere are crossing the border to re-supply in Nigeria. Cross-border trade is significantly down in Nigeria’s Maigatari market (near Zinder in Niger), Illela (near Tahoua), Jibya (near Maradi) and Damassack (near Diffa), according to WFP.

In highly import-dependent Niger, “this situation must raise a red flag,” said WFP market analyst Jean-Martin Bauer, referring to poor trade conditions that spurred Niger’s 2005 and to some extent the 2010 food crises. “If trade slows down from Nigeria to Niger, it’s a huge issue for all countries depending on Nigeria,” he said.

In the worst-affected areas, staple grain prices are higher than in 2012 when the region experienced a widespread food crisis. A 100kg bag of maize in Kano, the region’s largest grains market, cost 7,400 Nigerian naira (US$47) in March 2013, compared to 6,000 naira ($38) the same time last year; while a 100kg bag of millet cost 8,000 naira ($51) in March 2013, versus 7,500 naira ($47) last year.

The poorest families in the Sahel are entirely dependent on markets for foods and may spend 80 percent of their household income on food, according to ECHO. “High prices lock these people out of the market,” said European Union aid body ECHO’s Sahel coordinator Hélène Berton.

Why deficits?

The problem is multi-faceted but in northern Nigeria, local deficits - because of widespread flooding [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96504/NIGERIA-Worst-flooding-in-decades ] last year are being compounded by insecurity, according to FEWS NET markets and trade adviser Sonja Melissa Perakis.

Further, many producers of millet and tubers in Nigeria turned to cash crops last year, causing a deficit in these staple grains, points out a May 2013 FEWS NET report [ http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/West_SR_Nigeria%20Impact_050413.pdf ]. Millet production in northern Nigeria, for instance, declined by 13 percent in 2012, as compared to the five-year average.

The Boko Haram insurgency [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98076/Analysis-Nigerians-on-the-run-as-military-combat-Boko-Haram ] forced many farmers southwards away from their fields this planting season, said Aminu Mohammed, secretary of the Dawanau Grain Traders Association in Kano, an umbrella union comprising the largest cereals market in West Africa. At the same time, ongoing fighting and outright conflict between Boko Haram and Nigerian security forces has kept traders lying low in recent months. Many transporters are too scared to cross borders.

Nigerian’s emergency agency NEMA estimates 65 percent of farmers in northeastern Nigeria’s fertile Lake Chad basin have fled southwards to escape Boko Haram-related violence.

FEWS NET and WFP are currently assessing the drivers of the dynamic and will produce a report soon.

In many Sahelian countries, millet and maize production was up in 2012. However, a 6 percent decline in Nigerian production of these grains (as well as yams and cassava) in 2012 offset three-quarters of the gain seen elsewhere - because of the size of the Nigerian market, according to FEWS NET.

“Economic engine” broken down

Farmers, herders and traders from other countries rely on Nigeria, with its population of 162.5 million and its economic might, as the most important market for their products. Severely depleted demand in Nigeria for cash crops such as sesame, and for livestock, is driving down prices. “Nigeria is the economic engine of West Africa - if it breaks down, there’s trouble,” said Bauer.

Typically a pastoralist from Niger can trade a goat for 100kg of millet with a Nigerian trader, but in April 2013 a goat fetched just 93kg, according to WFP’s market information system in Niger’s Abalak market in Tahoua Region.

Another result of the situation is abnormal trade flows, with maize and millet being exported to Nigeria from Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger rather than the other way round, according to FEWS NET.

“Don’t waste time”

Aid efforts need to be scaled up, said ECHO’s Berton, as the few humanitarian agencies present in northern Nigeria “are overstretched”.
“The food crisis that is presently looming in Nigeria needs more resources… It could have serious repercussions in neighbouring countries,” she said.

ECHO, one of the principal humanitarian donors to the Sahel, gave 9.8 million euros to Nigeria to fund nutrition, cash transfers, livelihoods and other projects, mainly in the north and to flood-affected areas; this is relatively little compared to the 55 million euros given for emergency response to both Chad and Niger.

WFP gives families in Niger 32,500 CFA ($65) per month, up from 25,000 ($50) two years ago. The amount might need to be raised further, given the falling value of the cash due to high prices. “We could at least compensate for that,” he added.

This could work where food is available, said FEWS NET’s market adviser in Mali, Louali Ibrahim. In other areas emergency food aid will be needed. “There is no one-size-fits-all solution to this problem.”

Thanks to the resilience debate [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97594/105/Building-resilience ], the Sahel is still on the map this year following last year’s food crisis, said Bauer, but severe funding shortfalls remain. WFP needs $312 million in food and cash to fund its Sahel response from May to December 2013, he added.

The Sahel funding appeal was only 28 percent funded as of 24 May, despite the lean season being fully under way [ http://wca.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/system/files/documents/files/FundingUpdates%2017MAY%202013.pdf ].

National response

In most countries national governments are constrained by depleted national emergency stocks, having exhausted them in the 2012 Sahel crisis response, according to Ibrahim. Most national stocks are under 50 percent replenished, says FEWS NET.

To get out of the current mess, governments and traders must not restrict regional trade flows, warned Bauer. “Markets in the Sahel support food security. When they do not operate well, we see problems at the household level,” he said. “We saw that in 2005; we saw it in 2010… We need fluidity of trade.”

While no official trade barriers have been put in place, it is impossible to say what happens unofficially, said Ibrahim. Governments must try to reduce customs duty and hassle for transporters to the degree that they can. “Otherwise we’ll just see a bad situation get worse.”

But tensions are mounting in the marketplace, according to Mohammed of the Dawanau Grain Traders Association. The combination of low supply and high demand from Niger is putting a serious strain on the local market in the north, where grain stockpiles are severely depleted, he said. “Nigerien traders are mopping up whatever grains they can lay their hands on,” he said. Many traders pay cash in advance, he said, giving them an edge over local consumers.

“We sometimes go to villages to glean [buy] whatever we find at local markets to avoid completely running out of stock.”

He anticipates things will get worse during Ramadan in July, when demand for millet is predicted to soar. The price of millet has risen month-on-month since February, he said.

aj/aa/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98105/Analysis-Slowing-Nigerian-grain-trade-threatens-Sahel-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203221201390320t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR/KANO 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Northern Nigeria’s grain trade, which supplies almost half of the Sahel’s cereals, has slowed severely, while abnormally high prices of staple grains across the Sahel are causing serious food security concerns in this chronically vulnerable region.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Potential, pitfalls of &quot;big data&quot; for humanitarians</title><pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305271005270991t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians and crisis-affected communities are increasingly exploiting new technologies to gather near real-time information to prepare for, prevent and handle disasters, even as analysts caution against overreliance on “big data”.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians and crisis-affected communities are increasingly exploiting new technologies to gather near real-time information to prepare for, prevent and handle disasters, even as analysts caution against overreliance on “big data”.

“Our opportunity today is to responsibly use the data to improve the aid systems to help [vulnerable communities] at every stage: from response and recovery through mitigation and preparedness for future disasters,” said Anoush Tatevossian, spokesperson for UN Global Pulse [ http://www.unglobalpulse.org/ ], a digital-tracking initiative founded in 2012 to research how aid workers can best exploit an ever expanding mass of data.

Big data - or the “traces of human action picked up by digital devices” according to the International Peace Institute (IPI) [ http://www.ipinst.org/ ], a non-profit peace and security think tank based in New York, crowdsourcing (soliciting contributions from the online community), crowdseeding (providing communities with mobile phones and credit to gather on-the-ground information from them) and social media (interacting in virtual communities such as Facebook and Twitter), have all emerged as increasingly key elements of the 21st century humanitarian response.

Modern information and communications technology (ICT) made it possible to find survivors buried under rubble in Haiti’s 2010 earthquake; more rapidly translate the UN Refugee Agency's English portal to Arabic to allow refugees and local responders easier access to information; and evaluate public sentiment during the Philippine’s 2012 Typhoon Pablo by categorizing over 20,000 social media messages in a database within 24 hours of the typhoon hitting.

Real-time information

Big data is currently being studied retroactively by the UN in what it calls “Global Pulse Labs” in Jakarta (Indonesia) and Kampala (Uganda).

The Indonesia lab created in 2012 found that tweets sent from 2010-2011 in Indonesia - a country where residents send and receive more tweets than any other worldwide - reflected the impact of rising food prices and inflation on the population, and served as a warning of the 2012 global food crisis, said Tatevossian, citing early research that showed a correlation between social media conversations on food-related topics and official inflation data.

This type of real-time social media monitoring could strengthen early warning systems, according to Global Pulse.
“We can approximate consumer price indexes for basic foodstuffs through keywords and the foods people discuss online,” Tatevossian explained.

With the labs’ research focus on past data, initial findings demonstrate the importance of using free digital information to inform policy decisions. “Decisions are often based on two-to-three-year-old statistics, while this ocean of data is produced for free all around us,” said Tatevossian.

There are more than six billion mobile phone subscribers globally, one billion Internet users in Asia alone, and one-third of the world’s estimated seven billion people has access to the Internet, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://www.unocha.org/hina ].

With more than one billion new cell phone subscriptions worldwide in the past three years, according to Patrick Meier of the Qatar Computing Research Institute (QCRI) [ http://irevolution.net/2013/04/09/humanitarianism-network-age/ ], and some 1.7 million billion bytes of data created every minute of every day, the so-called “digital divide” continues to narrow.

But governments, the UN, and humanitarian NGOs still need to learn how to use these new sources to make better decisions, according to Paul Currion, an IT and humanitarian coordination specialist and consultant for the International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) [ https://icvanetwork.org/ ] - a Geneva-based NGO network on humanitarian developments.

"The price of improved information coming at us from multiple angles [such as] communicating with disaster-affected communities, joint needs assessments, crisis mapping, and so on, is that we have less and less excuse for poor decision-making," Currion stated.
Manmade disaster

“For the prevention of violent crime [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97188/Urban-violence-new-territory-for-aid-workers ] the example of Latin America showed how horizontal citizen-to-citizen ICT initiatives are the most dynamic and promising,” said Francesco Mancini, the senior director of research at IPI.

In Brazil, Rio de Janeiro slum residents provide feedback on violence-prevention interventions through blogs; while in Mexico, the peace advocacy network Nuestra Aparente Rendición [ http://nuestraaparenterendicion.com/ ] uses its website to facilitate communication between peace activists and raise awareness of new developments.

Unequal access to technology continues to bar social media from some populations, but Latin America has one of the fastest growing rates of Internet penetration and blogging, with online access growing 13-fold and cell phone subscriptions expanding 10-fold since 2003, according to IPI.

Countries throughout Central America, where the national media often self-censor due to fear of retaliation by organized armed groups, citizen journalists have taken to social media and blogs to report violence [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/ipi-e-pub-nw-technology-conflict-prevention-advance.pdf ].

With the highest under-24 homicide rate of any region in the world at 35 per 100,000 persons, according to IPI, and two-thirds of all Internet users under the age of 35, ICT can be used as a tool to contribute to boosting citizen safety in Latin America, say analysts.

In other parts of the world, social media has been used to incite violence through hate speech, such as in Myanmar’s Rakhine State in 2012 and 2013 [ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13205&LangID=E"LangID=E ], but monitoring can also predict and mitigate the consequences of such violence, according to IPI and Global Pulse Lab.

“The rapid feedback and impact evaluation [with] real-time information about the behaviour of communities… allows for rapid, adaptive course correction… and achievement of results sooner,” said Tatevossian.

Natural disaster

The Pulse labs are still deciding just how useful big data is before trying out real-time monitoring. In 2013, Global Pulse is working on a project to determine how mobile phone data can provide early warning about the impact of drought on communities.

While the first responders to a crisis are almost always members of affected communities such as neighbours and local authorities, social media may motivate provincial and federal governments to mobilize resources and act on impending crises.

“New technologies spread information at almost real time among those affected by crisis, and to their local leaders who have a direct incentive to act… This is what I call the bottom-bottom [horizontal] approach,” said Mancini, contrasting it with a "vertical" flow to national and international decision-makers who are less accountable to local voters.

In the Asia Pacific, governments, NGOs, and communities have tapped into social media to create early warning systems for disasters.

The Filipino government used Facebook to warn people of imminent floods in December 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91627/PHILIPPINES-Facebooking-in-a-storm ] and the Digital Humanitarian Network (DHN) [ http://digitalhumanitarians.com/ ] - a consortium of technical experts and digital volunteers convened by OCHA in December 2012 after the onset of Typhoon Pablo in the southern Philippines - has since been activated five times (Sudan, Philippines, Syria, Samoa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo), facilitating the creation of crisis maps, improving the speed and accuracy of information to responders and reducing data collection costs, according to Cat Graham, a coordinator for the DHN.

"The humanitarian community needs to engage more... with the professional communities already working on that technology," said Currion.

DHN assists humanitarian groups to interpret data to map crises where tweets and Facebook posts are tagged to videos and photos and then located on a live map. It uses satellite technology to aid in search and rescue efforts, and identifies people who need help through Facebook posts.

In South Sudan, the team collected more than 15,000 pieces of data on displacement, returnees, security and other issues. In the DRC, it created maps and population statistics for more than 250 regions, and in the Philippines looked through more than 20,000 social media messages.

“The domain of the NGO is facing competition from peer-to-peer type grassroots relief efforts where these types of technologies are enabling smaller community-driven organizations to operate on the same level as the less agile bigger players,” said Michael Howden, a director of the Sahana Software Foundation [ http://sahanafoundation.org ], an “open-source” software company that allows users to download disaster-management software for no license fee.

Since launching in 2004 to aid Sri Lanka's recovery from an earthquake and tsunami that same year, Sahana's software has been deployed more than 12 times, such as by the Chilean Red Cross in 2012 to assist with detecting wildfires; helping community-based organizations organize Hurricane Sandy responses in New York City and New Jersey; registering charities responding to the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan; and tracking more than 700 NGOs after Haiti's 2010 earthquake [ http://sahanafoundation.org/about-us/deployments/ ].

Data’s downside

However, digital data and new technology, including satellite technology and open-source software, is far from a panacea for humanitarian and development problems and can actually put people in harm’s way, others warn.

Aid organizations should not look to technology to solve their problems, but only for additional research and insight into populations in need, advised Global Pulse.

“Big data can be a buzz term and it cannot solve everything,” Howden said. “We shouldn't get caught up in the hype around buzz words and ensure that we apply appropriate technologies for the best solutions,” he added.

The “data deluge”, as termed by Global Pulse [ http://www.unglobalpulse.org/sites/default/files/BigDataforDevelopment-UNGlobalPulseJune2012.pdf ], can make it difficult to filter out relevant, life-saving facts.

For example, medical experts analysing flu trends through Google web searches [ http://www.google.org/flutrends/ ] from 2003 to 2008 found such searches (Google Flu Trends) predicted respiratory infections accurately, but not the influenza virus. People's perceptions of their flu-like symptoms did not always match medical diagnoses.

But such a deluge also contains valuable "data exhaust", noted Global Pulse about the trail of data that matters little to the holder of the data, but can be useful to others (mobile phone tower usage records to track displacement in Pakistan, for example).

Big data, mostly sourced from self-reporting, cannot be the only source of information to inform policy, caution analysts, who have pointed out the difficulty of verifying public perceptions reported en masse. While "digital straws" - comparing social media data with national media reports and triangulating with other tweets and posts - can help sift truth from falsehood, there is still a need to identify which situations will benefit from which kind of data and invest accordingly.

"There are barriers, blindspots, and biases in the data itself that will limit its utility in some situations," said Currion.

In addition, “there is a very real risk of overload of [staff and database management] systems that are not yet ripe to manage such a quantity of information,” said Jérémie Labbé, IPI’s senior policy analyst for humanitarian affairs. While the DHN’s free digital volunteers can contribute to data analysis and flow, the vast amount of available information may overwhelm NGO workers on the ground.

“The absorptive capacity of responders is pretty low. It’s not because they do not have an affinity to technology. It’s because they are really busy 98 percent of the time, and they are sleeping the other 2 percent,” said the UN Global Pulse's director Robert Kirkpatrick [ http://www.unfoundation.org/assets/pdf/disaster2ch1thru3.pdf ].

When virtual replaces human

Interacting virtually may also alienate humanitarian workers from communities they are trying to reach, warned Labbé.

“Just like an abusive use of social media can affect actual physical face-to-face contacts between people… new technologies might drive us further away from the human-to-human relationship that is so critical to the humanitarian endeavour.”

“It’s important not to lose the human connection in the cloud of data,” added Howden.

If service providers rely too much on new technology to communicate with disaster-affected communities, populations without access to, or understanding of  that technology, risk being overlooked.

“Unequal access [to technology] may mirror conflict cleavages, [and] problems with the representativeness of the data take on a whole new dimension,” reported IPI, which emphasized the need for all segments of the population to be included in any assessment to avoid information bias.

Not forgetting the human faces behind the current hype about big data, mapping, and tweeting is the only way to meet the humanitarian needs of populations, said Currion.

"Big data can help us to build the big picture, but we must never forget that behind every dataset, behind every map, behind every tweet, are people striving to live their lives with dignity in the face of great adversity. The fundamental question we must ask of any technology initiative is always: will this help those people?" he said.

Modern technologies in humanitarianism “are still in their infancy with much room for growth”, concluded Labbé. Or, as Global Pulse’s Tatevossian sees it: “Big data is the new research and development sandbox.”

dm/pt/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 27 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98104/Analysis-Potential-pitfalls-of-quot-big-data-quot-for-humanitarians</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305271005270991t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 May 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarians and crisis-affected communities are increasingly exploiting new technologies to gather near real-time information to prepare for, prevent and handle disasters, even as analysts caution against overreliance on “big data”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How To: Get medical aid kits to Aleppo, Syria</title><pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305201430490338t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.

But aid workers can make it happen. In one of the latest examples, 54 tons of much-needed medical supplies arrived in Syria last month, destined for people living close to the frontlines of the conflict in the biggest city Aleppo.

“More than 60 percent of the hospitals [in Aleppo] are out of service. Many are at the frontline and used by armed personnel,” said Fares Kady, medical coordinator for the Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) and the focal point for the World Health Organization (WHO) in Aleppo.

IRIN tracked the shipment, from the first phone call from a WHO official in Switzerland, all the way to the doctors in battle-scarred Syria on 13 April.

Switzerland

Olexander Babanin is a supply officer with the WHO Crises Support team in Geneva. In October last year he made a call to a medical supplies company in The Netherlands to order medical kits to restock the standby supplies at the UN Humanitarian Response Depot in Dubai.

“When the logistic supply chain starts, it is often not known where the medical assistance will in the end exactly go,” Babanin told IRIN.

“[It] all depends on requirement and availability. My job is to make sure that warehouses are full, but of course never too full.” 

The international humanitarian logistical network means emergency stocks can be pre-positioned in key parts of the world for rapid mobilization.

Medical kits like the ones that ended up in Aleppo are standardized packages of drugs and medical equipment, designed to be useful in a variety of regions and situations.

The Interagency Emergency Health Kit (IEHK) is composed of some 90 different types of drugs and 90 medical consumables and equipment packed in 44 boxes.

A single medical kit weighs just over a ton and its content meets the needs of 10,000 persons for three months.

WHO is the coordinating authority for international health within the UN system, and every five years an inter-agency committee consisting of pharmacists and technical staff from different relief organizations decides what essential drugs and medical supplies will be included in the medical kit.

The aim is to meet priority health care needs of a displaced population without medical facilities or a population with disrupted medical facilities.

The Netherlands

At the end of 2012 in the town of Gorinchem in the western Netherlands employees of the Medical Export Group (MEG), a commercial firm, pack the medications, spinal needles, surgical equipment, and other items into labelled boxes.

Like Babanin from WHO, the MEG packers are not aware of the final destination for the aid. The company specializes in providing medical packs internationally for humanitarian organizations.

The IEH Kits are loaded onto a ship at the port of Rotterdam, 40km away, and shipped to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

United Arab Emirates

By January the latest emergency shipment is in Dubai, home to the Middle East UN Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD) run by the World Food Programme (WFP), which as well as delivering food aid, provides logistical support to much of the UN.

Nevien Attalla is the pharmacist with UNHRD in Dubai, and helped the WHO medical aid along the next part of the journey.

“The request comes in through the UNHRD customer service mailbox. To support any emergency response we manage assets so they are readily available for deployment within a 24/48 hour time frame,” Attalla told IRIN.

For this outbound shipment, she has to seek approvals from the UAE’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health and the Narcotic & Precursor Chemical Unit in the capital Abu Dhabi. 

She also arranges WFP supporting letters for each border crossing. As soon as the shipment is cleared the aid items are packed up for transportation by truck to Syria.

The medical aid is stocked at UNHRD’s 22,500 square metre covered storage space in a desert area far from Dubai’s skyscrapers.

The warehouses, part of Dubai’s International Humanitarian City [ http://www.ihc.ae ] are close to Jebel Ali port, the world’s largest man-made harbour, and also Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum airport.

The heat in this place is often unbearable. However, inside the warehouses it is mostly fresh and cool.

“We have 5,000 square metres which are temperature-controlled between 18 and 25 degrees Celsius. There is also a cold room to guarantee the storage for cold chain pharmaceutical goods,” Doris Mauron Klopfenstein, who works in logistics for UNHRD, told IRIN.

Syria

The hardest and final section of the journey begins on half a dozen trucks - driven by Syrian truck drivers, a requirement set by the Syrian government.

The two-year conflict in Syria has caused widespread disruption of the health care system; the 54 tons (52 kits) provide enough lifesaving medicines and supplies to cover emergency health needs for three months for an estimated population of half a million, potentially a tempting target for armed groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97011/SYRIA-Healthcare-system-crumbling ].

Since the beginning of the conflict WFP has reported more than 20 attacks on warehouses, trucks and cars in Syria.

The truck drivers hired by a WFP subcontractor set off from Dubai and take a route through Saudi Arabia, Jordan and then into Syria.

“The convoy remained several days at the Jordanian-Syrian border because of heavy fighting between Damascus and Dera’a Governorate,” said Elizabeth Hoff, head of the WHO office in Damascus.

Heading to the capital they cross through ever-changing government and rebel zones, and are frequently held up at checkpoints. But regular closures at the airport in Damascus and the length of the sea route mean trucks are the best option.

On 27 March the trucks finally arrive at the WFP warehouse in Alkisweh, rural Damascus. WHO and SARC carry out an assessment of the supplies, and then the aid is dispatched to Aleppo, 360km to the north.

WHO distributes 70 percent of such supplies through the Syrian Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Higher Education, and 30 percent through NGOs.

“Needs in Aleppo are increasing constantly. The health system is reeling due to the lack of medicine and medical instruments, especially for chronic diseases, and poor accessibility [geographical, social, economic and security], raising more challenges to the Syrian dilemma,” said Kady.

About six million people live in Aleppo Governorate, but since the conflict started an additional 1.5 million internally displaced persons have sought refuge in the city.

“This journey [Damascus-Aleppo] usually takes about four hours. Nowadays this road is very important for all parties of the war. The shipment passed almost 60 checkpoints and it took 11 hours,” said Kady.

On 13 April the goods are then distributed to their final destinations - two main hospitals in Aleppo and 10 health centres.

Syrian doctor Kady hopes for more supplies: “Opening new offices for humanitarian assistance and installing a safe road like a humanitarian corridor to Aleppo would be so important to decrease the suffering of people.”

But the possibility of further deliveries from Dubai is slight at the moment given the growing insecurity.

While UN officials continuously urge all parties to respect humanitarian principles and ensure safe access for relief supplies, “for the moment no further shipment of medications is planned from Dubai due to the continuing bad security situation in the entire southern part of Syria,” said Hoff.

af/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98087/How-To-Get-medical-aid-kits-to-Aleppo-Syria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305201430490338t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>