<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Cote d'Ivoire</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 19:00:31 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Traders resist rice price rules</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205161343310221t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - South of the Sahel, where drought, high food prices and other factors have pushed some 16 million into hunger, 320,000 people in Côte d&apos;Ivoire are also grappling with food insecurity. A combination of forces is causing region-wide high prices for rice, but the government’s efforts to make the staple food cheaper lack teeth and are proving difficult to impose.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - South of the Sahel, where drought, high food prices and other factors have pushed some 16 million into hunger, 320,000 people in Côte d'Ivoire are also grappling with food insecurity. A combination of forces is causing region-wide high prices for rice, but the government’s efforts to make the staple food cheaper lack teeth and are proving difficult to impose. [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2011-000205-ner ]

In March 2012, locally grown rice cost 55 to 77 US cents per kg, 15 percent more than the five-year average. The price of imported rice was 68 to 92 US cents per kg, an increase of 30 to 50 percent, depending on where the market was located, according to the World Food Programme (WFP). The price of manioc - another staple food, also known as cassava - which is heavily consumed in western Côte d'Ivoire, has gone up by 70 percent.

Apart from high prices, Ivoirians also face food insecurity because hundreds of thousands were displaced in the election-related violence that overtook much of the country from 2010 to 2011, so they could not access their fields to plant crops.

Côte d'Ivoire produces roughly half of its rice requirement, making it heavily dependent on imported rice. Government statistics record some 837,000mt imported in 2010, and 819,061mt in 2009. WFP notes that over half the country’s cereal diet consists of rice.

Price-fixing

In early April 2012 the government tried to regulate prices by imposing guidelines: the most widely consumed rice should cost between 207 and 317 cfa (40 to 60 US cents) per kg; semi-luxe rice should be sold at 362 to 543 cfa (70 cents to $1.05); and fragrant rice at 710 to 760 cfa ($1.38 to $1.48) per kg.

But six weeks later these measures have not yet been implemented at most of the main markets in Abidjan, the commercial capital. “Every time the government announces a drop in food prices, when you go to the market two or three days later you see nothing has changed,” said Françoise Etilé, a housewife from the Yopougon area of Abidjan.

In many markets rice prices have gone up even more. “Rice has become gold,” said Etilé. “Already families are only eating one meal a day, and now we’re heading towards one meal every two days.”

Traders say they are not to blame for the high prices, which are experienced globally and dictated by international markets. [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/77872/72/A-global-food-crisis ]

“Each time he [Minister of Commerce Dagobert Banzio] accuses of us of causing the rises, but this is not true,” Salif N’diaye, a big rice vendor in Abidjan’s Marcory neighbourhood, told IRIN. He closes his shop for several days each time a new price category is announced, “Otherwise my stock would disappear.”

Surveillance teams

The government is now taking stronger measures and sending monitoring teams to markets to verify prices. “We have given three months for them [traders] to sort this out, to see prices significantly drop. Some show good willing but others still refuse - it’s deplorable,” Banzio told IRIN.

Ginaluca Ferrera, head of WFP in Cote d’Ivoire, welcomed the government’s proactive approach. “The government does not want to wait for foreign aid - it is good that they are trying to help with macroeconomic measures,” he said, but noted that discussions must be held with importers and traders so that compromise solutions can be found.

At the end of March the government reduced taxes on rice and tried to fight the racketeering associated with high prices. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/78598/COTE-D-IVOIRE-Racketeering-at-roadblocks-raises-food-prices ] However, observers say not enough is being done to clamp down on the widespread criminality and banditry in the north and west, where ex-combatants or criminal gangs set up roadblocks to extract money from transporters or to loot their goods.

Food insecurity is highest in the north and west of Cote d’Ivoire, according to WFP assessments, with 260,000 people in the west moderately or severely food insecure, and 60,000 food insecure in the north. On average these families spend over half of their daily income on food.

Prices in the north also are coming under increased upward pressure because many of the available grains are being exported to neighbouring Burkina Faso and Mali, which are experiencing widespread food and displacement crises. [http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95410/SAHEL-Aid-efforts-under-strain-as-refugees-numbers-mount ]

The latest nutrition survey, carried out in late 2011 - another one will take place in July 2012 - put the global acute malnutrition rate in the west at 4.7 percent, and in the rest of the country at 7.7 percent. However, chronic malnutrition in children younger than five years ranges from 35 percent in the south to 43.6 percent in the north, which WFP described as “quite alarming”.

Because of these factors, WFP is extending its emergency food programmes until the end of October of 2012.

aa/aj/he]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95466</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205161343310221t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - South of the Sahel, where drought, high food prices and other factors have pushed some 16 million into hunger, 320,000 people in Côte d&apos;Ivoire are also grappling with food insecurity. A combination of forces is causing region-wide high prices for rice, but the government’s efforts to make the staple food cheaper lack teeth and are proving difficult to impose.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview [of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

jk/oa/cb 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95459</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Displaced in west feel “forgotten”</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271404540941t.jpg" />]]>DUÉKOUÉ 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - President Alassane Ouattara of Côte d’Ivoire promised paved roads, an end to power cuts and water shortages, better mobile phone coverage, and a new university in the country’s west as part of an “emergency plan” to develop a region that has been steeped in violence and insecurity for a decade. But for some displaced Ivoirians still unable to return to their homes, the promises ring hollow.</description><body><![CDATA[DUÉKOUÉ 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - President Alassane Ouattara of Côte d’Ivoire promised paved roads, an end to power cuts and water shortages, better mobile phone coverage, and a new university in the country’s west as part of an “emergency plan” to develop a region that has been steeped in violence and insecurity for a decade. But for some displaced Ivoirians still unable to return to their homes, the promises ring hollow.

Ernest Téhé, 46, a displaced person living in Nahibly camp near the western town of Duékoué, told IRIN he feels the displaced have been forgotten. Some 30,000 people fled to the Catholic Mission in Duékoué after a massacre in March 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92372/COTE-D-IVOIRE-Who-is-responsible-for-the-Duékoué-killings ]. Earlier this year most of those still at the Catholic Mission were moved to Nahibly, where 4,500 people are currently sheltering.

“We haven’t even been counted as part of the population,” said Téhé. “No authority has come to say, ‘The president is coming. Come, explain yourselves, your concerns - what do you need? What do not need? What’s preventing you from returning home?’”

Most displaced families told IRIN they could not return to their homes because they were destroyed, or because their farms were taken over by other groups and are now being guarded by armed guards or “dozos”. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93378/COTE-D-IVOIRE-Dozo-as-protector-dozo-as-assailant ]

Téhé comes from a village 5km outside of Duékoué but he has not returned home because his fields were taken over during his absence. “It’s because we’re Guéré,” he says, referring to his ethnic group, whose members overwhelmingly supported the former president, Laurent Gbagbo.

Much of the long-term inter-community conflict in the west is rooted in issues of land tenure, as members of different ethnic groups claim ownership to the same land.

President Ouattara recognized that the west is still very unstable, with forests “infested with armed persons”, which is “not acceptable”. Nonetheless, during his visit to the towns of Toulépleu, Bloléquin and Duékoué he repeated calls for the displaced to return home, and called on Ivoirians to leave it to the justice system to punish those who have committed crimes. He stressed that he is the president of all Ivoirians, regardless of ethnicity, religion or region.

Security: “More needs to be done”

Constant Bohé, president of the committee for returnees in the Carrefour neighbourhood of Duékoué, says he thinks security is no longer a problem in his area. “In our neighbourhood there is no problem, it’s in the surrounding villages that there are armed persons,” he told IRIN.

Olivier Mette Aubin, 50, president of a youth forum in the region, says “more needs to be done”, even though security has improved a lot. “We need security reinforced along the border so that people feel at ease." He has not heard of any recent attacks, but there have been threats. "There are still militia groups on the other side [of the border], and people fear they could attack at any time.”

The United Nations has reported continued cross-border attacks near the town of Tai in southwest Cote d’Ivoire. The latest incident occurred south of Tai on 25 April, killing six people. In September 2011 some 20 people were killed in an attack near Tai.

In March the UN missions in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI) and Liberia (UNMIL) announced they were launching border patrols to ensure the safe return of refugees, and prevent the flow of weapons and cross-border attacks. However, a UN military official, who asked to remain unnamed, said after the announcement they were only devoting 34 troops to patrol the porous 450 mile-long border. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93808/COTE-D-IVOIRE-Military-build-up-in-west-following-attacks ]

Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) have been slow to roll out. Thousands of illegal weapons are circulating in the country, even though the UN constantly gathers weapons and ammunition. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93886/COTE-D-IVOIRE-Rebranding-the-army ]

The Commission for Truth, Dialogue and Reconciliation, launched in September 2011, is still in the “preparation phase” and aside from a mourning ceremony in March, Ivoirians have not seen many signs of it in action.

The president brought a message of reconciliation to towns that were hard-hit in post-election violence last year after former President Laurent Gbagbo refused to concede defeat to Ouattara. “I want everywhere in Côte d’Ivoire, every town in every region, to have clean water, electricity, telephone and television, and this should be done before the end of the year,” Ouattara said during his three-day tour of the region - the first since his inauguration in May 2011.

The villages would not be forgotten, he stressed, promising to install electricity production units in all villages with more than 500 inhabitants. “This region has suffered a lot from the different crises we have gone through in the last ten years,” he said. “We have to make sure the divisions of the past do not ever repeat themselves.”

Many of the towns Ouattara visited opposed his election last year but the president, at least outwardly, received a warm welcome in each town he visited.

“We wanted peace. Peace has come,” says Agnes Zran, 56, from Man in the Dix-huit Montagnes region of the west, who lost a child and her father during “the crisis”, as it is called here. “Now we want him [the president] to help rebuild the dilapidated west.”

lb/aj/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95366</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271404540941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUÉKOUÉ 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - President Alassane Ouattara of Côte d’Ivoire promised paved roads, an end to power cuts and water shortages, better mobile phone coverage, and a new university in the country’s west as part of an “emergency plan” to develop a region that has been steeped in violence and insecurity for a decade. But for some displaced Ivoirians still unable to return to their homes, the promises ring hollow.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Farmers and forecasts</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203301412410080t.jpg" />]]>BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.</description><body><![CDATA[BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.
 
Marc Kouamé, a farmer in the north who grows okra, peanuts and cassava, told IRIN that farmers “no longer know where to turn” because of the changing seasons. "I lost half of my peanut production because I didn’t plant it at the right time,” he said. Many farmers feel more and more helpless in the face of such uncertainty.
 
Between 1971 and 2000, rainfall in Côte d’Ivoire dropped by 15 percent, according to Augustin Kouakou Nzue, head of agro-climatic studies in the National Weather Service (Direction Météorologie Nationale), although it has increased slightly since 2000.
 
In southern Côte d’Ivoire, farmers took clearly defined seasons for granted until the 1980s: rains from April to mid-July; a short dry season from mid-July to September; a short rainy season until November; and finally a long dry season from December to March. Now, the rains come later and finish earlier, with longer dry seasons and patchy distribution, says Nzue.
 
Most growers rely on rain-fed production, so the long-term impact of this shift could devastate Ivoirian farmers, who make up 60 percent of the workforce. Cocoa, the country’s main export crop, could also be affected - a September 2011 study by the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, based in Cali, Colombia, predicts that rising temperatures may make it too hot to grow cocoa by 2050. [ http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/Newsroom/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=80 ]
 
Sidiki Cissé, head of the National Agency to Support Rural Development (ANADER) in the commercial capital, Abidjan, is clearly worried. "The desperation of farmers is clear to see," he told IRIN.
 
Poor and erratic rainfall in 2011 and the subsequent poor harvests across the southern Saharan band have thrown 13 million people into a food security crisis in the Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Mali and Senegal. [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2011-000205-net ]
 
Donors and investors are channelling climate adaptation funds into improved weather forecasting and more sophisticated climate science, but few groups are focusing on how climate information can better be used by farmers and communities in disaster-prone areas.
 
“People don’t see this kind of stuff as a critical research priority,” said Amane Tall, who is affiliated to the US-based Johns Hopkins University and the International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre in The Netherlands. “They invest in improving the science of climate change – which is great – but how do we make links between the science and the decision-making at all levels?”
 
The various communities working on climate change – scientists, environmentalists, humanitarian NGOs, disaster risk reduction experts – have tended to work separately, in their silos, but now dialogue is needed, said Emma Visman, Futures Group Manager at the Humanitarian Futures Programme (HFP), which tries to prepare the humanitarian community for future disaster scenarios. “Dialogue seems to be the key word,” she said, “but we don’t yet have the resources or space to do it.” [ http://www.humanitarianfutures.org ]
 
A few groups are attempting to bridge the information gap, including various national meteorological agencies, the World Meteorological Organization, the HFP, and some humanitarian and development NGOs such as Christian Aid.
 
Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Mali, Guinea and Togo, among others, are part of the West Africa Metragri programme, co-funded by the World Meteorological Organization and the State Agency for Meteorology (AEMET) in Spain. The plan is to train 200 farmers in Côte d’Ivoire to become more aware of rainfall patterns in their areas, and how to use rain gauges to monitor precipitation. [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/agm/roving_seminars/west_africa_fr.html ]
 
Nzue told farmers at a training session in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire the best time to sow certain crops is one or two days after the first 20mm of rain has fallen. In 2011 this would have been on 21 March in Bouaké in central Côte d’Ivoire, and on 11 April in San Pedro in the southwest.
 
Farmers are asked to send the rainfall data they collect to the National Weather Service [Direccion Météorologie Nationale), so that agronomy research centres can draw up new crop calendars to help them adapt planting schedules to their particular micro-climate, said Amin Gbo, chief executive officer of ANADER.
 
Sidiki Cissé, head of ANADER, says corn, rice, sorghum and millet are most affected by changing rainfall patterns. In Burkina Faso local corn varieties suffer most because unlike imported varieties, they have not been designed to grow more quickly with less water, said Judith Bienvenue Fanfo, head of the Burkina Faso National Meteorological Office, which also collaborated on a project that has trained 450 farmers since 2007 to use climate and weather information.
 
HFP has worked on pilot studies in the Mbeere district of eastern Kenya and flood-prone Kaffrine in central Senegal to bring together communities, humanitarian partners (Christian Aid Kenya and the Senegalese Red Cross) and National Met offices to determine how to improve the exchange and use of weather information.
 
In Senegal, weather forecasts are broadcast on national radio, in newspapers, on television and via the internet, but these avenues are not readily accessible by local communities, said Visman.
 
The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) makes available daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal forecasts, but most people are unable to access the channels it uses to distribute this information and find the format difficult to understand, so they resort to using inaccurate information in uncertified channels instead.
 
Catering to the information preferences of individual groups can be resource-intensive. In one Senegalese village, asked to set up a climate road show women traders wanted a face-to-face information exchange; men wanted to use the mosque, while youths thought it best to share information under “talking trees” where they gather in the late afternoons.
 
After just a few months, the information exchange in Senegal started paying off, said Tall. Families said they kept their children home from school when forecasts predicted strong winds and rain. “There is also a psychological element – people are relieved to have the information and it can be very empowering,” she said. In Kenya the project has run less than 12 months and it is too soon to measure the results.
 
The Met Offices in both countries have signed memorandums of understanding with the humanitarian partner involved to ensure better collaboration.
 
Funding
 
Richard Ewbank, Climate Change Coordinator at Christian Aid, says such projects are likely to remain limited, due to a lack of funding for mitigation and resilience-building. Despite a complex web of climate change adaptation funds – including those of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), money from foundations and multilaterals, and promises by developed countries to mobilize US$100 billion to boost adaptation efforts by 2020 – it took HFP two years to find funding for its 12-month pilot project, before it eventually tapped into the UK Department for International Development’s Climate and Development Knowledge Network. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88070/AID-POLICY-Climate-change-and-adaptation-funding-equally-unpredictable ]
 
Christian Aid has its own church-based funding source. “It’s hard to persuade donors to pre-fund season forecast information – they prefer to fund humanitarian situations when they hit,” Ewbank told IRIN.
 
However, as donors start to see the pay-off from more detailed weather information in the right hands, it may generate more interest. “If climate services get more accurate,” he said, “then clearly our scope to use these tools will also improve.”
 
om/aj/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95214</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203301412410080t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Leprosy fight still flagging</title><pubDate>Wed, 08 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202071354370157t.jpg" />]]>DIMBOKRO/TOUMODI 08 February 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d’Ivoire’s leprosy programme was consistently under-funded during the civil war (2002-2007) and last year’s political turmoil, say health practitioners, leading to a loss of expertise in terms of detecting or treating the disease.</description><body><![CDATA[DIMBOKRO/TOUMODI 08 February 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d’Ivoire’s leprosy programme was consistently under-funded during the civil war (2002-2007) and last year’s political turmoil, say health practitioners, leading to a loss of expertise in terms of detecting or treating the disease.
 
Not considered a public health priority, the government and donors de-prioritized the leprosy fight over the past decade, with funding dropping to 30 percent of the original total, according to Alain de Kersabiec, Côte d’Ivoire and Benin representative for French NGO the Follereau Foundation (FRF), [ http://www.who.int/buruli/partners/AFRF/en/ ] which helps treat existing and new leprosy patients around the country.
 
The World Health Organization (WHO) considers a disease to be a public health emergency if the prevalence is greater than one case per 10,000 inhabitants (a 0.01 prevalence rate). In 2009, the leprosy prevalence rate was 0.036 in Côte d’Ivoire.
 
While there is enough medicine available to treat leprosy - WHO provides it all - detecting and monitoring new cases in remote areas is difficult given the lack of qualified nurses and means of transport such as motorcycles to reach villages, said Joachim Akochi, one of 70 state nurses trained to detect and treat leprosy countrywide.
 
FRF has in many cases been stepping in to fill the gaps: It provides nurses with petrol coupons to help reach leprosy patients for instance - but now it is trying to ease off, said Kersabiec, hoping state institutions will step in to take responsibility, he told IRIN. 
 
There is good news: The caseload is going down. But it is decreasing very slowly, said Kersabiec. In 2011 some 770 new cases were detected versus 887 cases in 2009, according to the Côte d’Ivoire Health Ministry.
 
Over the past few years the health system’s understanding of leprosy has gradually been eroded, said Kersabiec. “A nurse at a health centre may never have encountered a case of leprosy - they are not accustomed to treating it,” he said. 
 
Too many cases are left to develop into advanced stages, said Kersabiec, who describes the disease as “insidious and silent”: A painless incubation period can last for years, while the first symptoms can take up to 20 years to appear. “The symptoms appear very late. Thus, when a new case is detected, it is very difficult to know where and when the person was infected,” he told IRIN.
 
Leprosy can be treated in 6-12 months, at which point the patient will no longer be contagious, but once symptoms such as loss of limbs or blindness have set in, they cannot be reversed.
 
Treatment is particularly patchy in the north, which was ruled by the ex-rebel Forces Nouvelles for a decade, during which time much of the state infrastructure was neglected. Many nurses left northern Côte d’Ivoire to work in the south, according to health practitioners.
 
Many leprosy patients are reluctant to come forward as some associate the disease with having been cursed, said Akochi, who works in the southern central department of Tomoudi. "Once they [patients] start to lose their limbs, many patients become ashamed and hide,” he said.
 
Traditional healers often play into this dynamic, having little medical knowledge of leprosy and giving patients inappropriate treatment, said Akochi. 
 
Shame, poverty
 
Part of the shame may also be linked to poverty: Leprosy mainly affects poor and remote parts of the country, partly because unhygienic living conditions help the bacteria carrying leprosy to spread (it is spread via droplets in the mouth or nose). 
 
"Leprosy is a disease of poverty: it is caused by poverty and throws sufferers into even greater poverty once they contract it,” says Kersabiec.
 
A nun, Sister Pauline, runs a health clinic in Dimbokro, south-central Côte d’Ivoire, and looks after people living with leprosy in the village of Chrétienko 5km away, trying to build their confidence and help them lead productive lives. 
 
"They are encouraged to get to work, not to pity themselves or their situation,” Sister Pauline told IRIN. 
 
"We try to help patients but not so much that they become overly-dependent,” said ex-patient Bernadette. "To be mutilated will always be painful, but people must leave the house, do what they can to survive. They must live,” she said.
 
Former leprosy patient Samuel, lives in Chrétienko, where he is undergoing training to become a shoemaker, making special shoes for people living with leprosy. "I am very proud because it allows me to show the world that despite the handicap, we can do things," he told IRIN.
 
Views on leprosy are changing slowly, said Sister Pauline. "Things are moving in a positive direction, and there is less [societal] rejection than before," she said.

After just eight months in power, it is too early to tell if President Alassane Ouattara’s government will reinvigorate the leprosy fight, said Kersabiec. But, having met the health minister on 2 February, he has hope: “I wait to see if the engagement is real, the resources put in place, and promises kept.”
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94814</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202071354370157t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DIMBOKRO/TOUMODI 08 February 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d’Ivoire’s leprosy programme was consistently under-funded during the civil war (2002-2007) and last year’s political turmoil, say health practitioners, leading to a loss of expertise in terms of detecting or treating the disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Meningitis spreads as people scramble for vaccine</title><pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg" />]]>KORHOGO 02 February 2012 (IRIN) - Eleven people have died from meningitis out of 40 reported cases in four departments across Côte d’Ivoire as of 31 January, leaving people scrambling to access the vaccine for their families.</description><body><![CDATA[KORHOGO 02 February 2012 (IRIN) - Eleven people have died from meningitis out of 40 reported cases in four departments across Côte d’Ivoire as of 31 January, leaving people scrambling to access the vaccine for their families. 
 
The Ministry of Health has declared the outbreaks in the departments of Kouto and Tengrela in the north as epidemics, and is providing free vaccinations in both locations through mobile health teams, with the help of the World Health Organization and UNICEF. 
 
Bacterial and viral meningitis are diseases which cause inflammation in layers of the brain and spinal cord, and the former has a high fatality rate. 
 
Residents of also-affected Saminkro in the centre of the country and Kani in the centre-west must pay US$5 each for a vaccination, or $3 if they come forward as a group. Ivoirians in these departments - and in surrounding areas - are lobbying the Health Ministry to bring down prices as many cannot afford to raise enough money to vaccinate their families.
 
“It’s a question of economics,” Jeremie Ipo, director of the district health centre in the village of Poungbè in Korhogo region, told IRIN. “We can only reduce the price of the vaccine as soon as there are enough people demanding it.”
 
The government recently abandoned the provision of free health care for all because of skyrocketing costs. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94729 ] While birth deliveries and some immunizations for children under age six are still covered, meningitis is not included. 
 
Côte d’Ivoire is part of the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa, which stretches from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east. A 2009-2010 meningitis outbreak killed over 900 people and infected over 13,000 in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and Nigeria. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94783</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KORHOGO 02 February 2012 (IRIN) - Eleven people have died from meningitis out of 40 reported cases in four departments across Côte d’Ivoire as of 31 January, leaving people scrambling to access the vaccine for their families.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Separated children yet to return home</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301355140418t.jpg" />]]>MAN 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of children in Côte d’Ivoire were separated from their parents when people fled their villages during post-election violence in 2011, but nine months after the conflict formally ended only a quarter of those children have been reunified with their families, says the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</description><body><![CDATA[MAN 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of children in Côte d’Ivoire were separated from their parents when people fled their villages during post-election violence in 2011, but nine months after the conflict formally ended only a quarter of those children have been reunified with their families, says the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Most are living with strangers who offered to take in the children. “I have difficulty supporting them but God is great,” said Brigitte Lahou, a subsistence farmer.
 
In March 2011, she took three separated children into her home outside Danané in western Côte d’Ivoire. One of the children - Doriane aged six - now has contact with her father and will be moving back home soon. However, the others - Davila, eight, and Junior, seven - have still not seen their parents since leaving home. 

“[Davila] lost her family along the road and can’t explain where she came from. She was crying when she arrived,” Lahou said from under a tree in front of her dilapidated wooden home.

UNICEF and its partners documented 686 children who were separated or unaccompanied in Côte d’Ivoire as a result of the 2011 conflict, in which one million people were displaced. One hundred and thirty-seven have been reunified and 60 have returned on their own, their records show.

A UN Weekly Situation Report for 9-18 January, compiled by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, also shows that by mid-January, some 1,600 unaccompanied and separated children were still living in refugee camps in Liberia’s Nimba and Grand Gedeh [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93419 ] counties. Some 128,000 refugees remain in Liberia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93417 ].

Barriers to reunification

The reunification of children requires people on the ground to do the tracing, to do the reunification, and others who can go to the most isolated rural zones. “We still have reports of families living in the forested area along the Liberian border. This is all posing a challenge for reunification,” said Christina de Bruin, deputy head of UNICEF Côte d’Ivoire.

UNICEF and partners Save the Children, International Rescue Committee and Caritas Côte d’Ivoire also had limited access to the region for months following the capture of former President Laurent Gbagbo in April 2011. 

“The continuous volatile security situation hampered access and hampered the research,” de Bruin said. 

In addition, the area where children were separated is vast and many of the villages are isolated. Finding the families of very young children poses special challenges. “There are cases where we don’t have any information about the families,” said Irene Capet, an emergency response coordinator with Caritas Côte d’Ivoire.

At Sainte Philomene Orphanage in the western city of Man, Capet stands over a group of children who are too young to explain where their villages are, their parents’ names, or even their own.

“We don’t know her real name, but we call her Juliana,” said Capet, pointing to a toddler sitting alone on a plastic mat playing with a spoon, her head bandaged from a fall at the orphanage.

In April, “Juliana” was found following a group of people fleeing killings in Bloléquin, an Ivoirian town about 40km east of the Liberian border. No one in the group knew from where she had come. When she arrived at the orphanage, she showed signs of acute trauma. Capet said the girl did not talk for three months and had lost most of her hair. Efforts to locate the child’s family members - by posting her photos in camps for the displaced and disseminating messages through other NGOs - have failed. 

“We have no idea where her parents are,” Capet said.

Best interests of the child

In some cases, organizations charged with reunification establish contact between a child and his or her parents, but contact does not result in automatic reunification. 

“A key principle for UNICEF is the best interest of the child so we will not force reunification if it is not in the best interest of the child,” de Bruin said.

Determining what is best for each child requires specialists. Red Cross volunteers, in close coordination with the International Committee of the Red Cross, [ http://www.icrc.org/fre/where-we-work/africa/cote-d-ivoire/index.jsp ] have been very involved in reunification.

"When we manage to trace the parents, we ask them if they want us to repatriate their children; then we ask the children if they agree to return to their parents," Albert Jamah, charged with restoring family links for the ICRC in Liberia, said in a January statement. "Every family must meet the best interests of the child."

With the displaced returning to their villages and continued improvements in security, it may be easier to reunify children now. “The program will be scaled up and accelerated in coming months,” says de Bruin.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94757</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301355140418t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAN 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of children in Côte d’Ivoire were separated from their parents when people fled their villages during post-election violence in 2011, but nine months after the conflict formally ended only a quarter of those children have been reunified with their families, says the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Government scraps free health care for all</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261102520386t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d&apos;Ivoire is abandoning free health care for all after a brief experiment because of skyrocketing costs.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d'Ivoire is abandoning free health care for all after a brief experiment [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93290 ] because of skyrocketing costs. 
 
“In nine months the government had to pay 30 billion CFA francs [about US$60 million] under difficult circumstances," Ivoirian Health Minister Yoman N'dri said in Abidjan on 24 January.
 
As of February, the free service would only be available to mothers and their children. Specifically, this will mean free care for deliveries and free treatment for diseases affecting children under six years old. Consultation fees would drop from 1,000 CFA francs to 650 francs CFA ($2-1.5).
 
Aid organizations say the government move is understandable given the country’s recent political turmoil. "As long as women and children continue to receive care we are satisfied because they are among the most vulnerable," said Louis Vigneault-Dubois, head of communications for the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Côte d'Ivoire.
 
"Women and children are often exposed to diseases and with so many families living in poverty this is already a major problem solved for them,” said Zana Sanogo, executive director of Community Health and Development, a local NGO collaborating with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
 
Theft, poor management and rising costs have made the service - introduced by President Alassane Ouattara’s government at the end of civil conflict to ease a dire public health situation - unaffordable. 
 
Health Minister N’dri said implementation of the service had been poorly planned, and the Public Health Pharmacy, the state’s central body for distribution of medical supplies throughout the country, had just 30 percent of its required stock, much of which had been pilfered.
 
"From the start some nurses and doctors, under the pretext of providing free health care, had been taking drugs home which they would then sell,” said Florantin Yao, staff nurse at the government-run Port-Bouët General Hospital in the south of Abidjan.
 
The Ministry of Health says 20 doctors and nurses have been “severely punished”. One received a two-year prison term. 

Community health analyst and consultant Issouf Ouattara said free health care would have been more viable had health authorities spellt out details of the policy. "We fear that practitioners and patients continue to misunderstand the free health care policy. Medical consultation and drugs should be free,” he added.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94729</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261102520386t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Côte d&apos;Ivoire is abandoning free health care for all after a brief experiment because of skyrocketing costs.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Authorities move to curb illegal gold-mining</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251331390899t.jpg" />]]>TENGRELA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Local authorities across eight out of 81 districts in northern Côte d’Ivoire have announced they are banning artisanal gold-mining in a bid to try to regulate the informal industry, and stop the encroachment of gold-miners on precious farmland.</description><body><![CDATA[TENGRELA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Local authorities across eight out of 81 districts in northern Côte d’Ivoire have announced they are banning artisanal gold-mining in a bid to try to regulate the informal industry, and stop the encroachment of gold-miners on precious farmland.

The departments in question are Korhogo, Ouangolo, dikodougou, Boundiali, Ferkesse Dougou and Sienematiali.

Artisanal mining has grown over recent years and farmers are having more and more difficulty securing their land to plant crops, according to farmers and several high-level officials - including Zakade Antoine, agriculture director of Tengrela in the Savanes region of northern Côte d’Ivoire, and Aly Koné, regional director of the Ministry of Mines, Petrol and Energy.

Artisanal miners dig holes in the ground up to 20 metres deep, and often do not fill them in afterwards, said Koné Namakoro, 63, village chief of Tengrela. 

“Today we are having trouble growing rice and millet as our fields have been taken over by miners who are operating in cahoots with certain chiefs and landowners,” he said.

According to Antoine, millet and rice production in Savanes has declined over the past few years as artisanal miners expanded their operations; in some communes of Tengrela and the sub-prefecture of M’bengué in Korhogo region food security is worsening as a result.

The World Food Programme could not confirm this trend, though Deputy Country Director Ellen Kramer, said the practice can cause food prices to rise.

Alongside industrial-scale mining, artisanal gold-mining has been steadily expanding across Côte d’Ivoire over recent years, local officials told IRIN, mainly because of the sums involved. 

“People can expect up to 20,000 CFA (US$40) for one gram of gold, so that creates a passion for gold exploration,” an expert of the industry in the commercial capital, Abidjan, who preferred anonymity,
told IRIN. 

“It’s quite amazing: a camp can be set up quite fast… it’s like a village rising from the ground,” the expert continued.

Illegal profits

However, the vast majority of artisanal mining is illegal: miners must apply for a license to mine from the local authorities before they start digging, but the industry expert estimates 95 percent of artisanal mining goes ahead without such regulation. 

Ex-Forces Nouvelles rebels dominated the artisanal mining industry for years, an international mining expert who asked to remain unnamed, told IRIN. According to Ouattara Daouda, prefect of Savanes Region, when rebels took control of northern Côte d’Ivoire many of them colluded with village chiefs and landowners to exploit it for gold.

The mining expert backed this up: “In the north, rebels and people with money were ruling everything from the top… There is always a way to “arrange” things…. When the rebels were involved nobody could really say no to them.” 

Despite new leadership structures in the north, with some ex-rebels being absorbed into the national military, Forces Républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI - now known as the Forces Armées Nationales de Côte d'Ivoire or FANCI) and ex- rebel representatives still control the bulk of the sector, said the mining expert.

But former rebel leaders IRIN spoke to in Savanes, said lots of “bandits” claim to be with FRCI in order to gain a claim on the industry - and this lies out of their hands. 

Regulation

On 11 January, eight departmental heads said they would crack down on the sector - banning all unregistered mining enterprises. 

This comes in the middle of an exercise that government authorities are doing to consult local chiefs, miners, farmers and others on how best to regulate the sector at the local level, with a view to improving the impact on local populations and on the environment. 

The national government is also working to reform the national mining code, which addresses both industrial and artisanal mining. 

Regulation, rather than banning artisanal mining altogether is the only sustainable solution, said Abidjan-based mining expert. “To be honest, they won’t be able to prevent people from looking for gold. People are hungry and unemployed…The government can’t stop them,” he told IRIN.

In the 1990s, liberalization of the gold-mining industry meant a downward shift in terms of environmental, human rights and transparency standards in many West African states as each tried to lure foreign investors, said Moussa Ba, West Africa coordinator for the extractive industries programme at NGO Oxfam America. Now governments need to come together to harmonize these standards upwards, he said.

There has been some progress: The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is working on a new mining code to apply to all its members; it hopes it will be passed in 2014. In 2009 heads of state passed a directive on mining, which shows high-level commitment, said Ba. 

In the meantime, civil society networks in Côte d’Ivoire need to work hard to keep tabs on the industry at all levels, said Ba. With artisanal mining growing steadily, and industrial-scale mining set to significantly increase between now and 2020, according to statements by President Alassane Ouattara, there is no time to lose. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94723</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251331390899t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TENGRELA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Local authorities across eight out of 81 districts in northern Côte d’Ivoire have announced they are banning artisanal gold-mining in a bid to try to regulate the informal industry, and stop the encroachment of gold-miners on precious farmland.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Public health risk as taps run dry</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190944040303t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.
 
"Today… uncontrolled urbanization is one the main causes of water scarcity… The continued decline in the quality of groundwater reserves will increase the risk of it being polluted. For now, we cannot use this water for public use. This means we will experience severe water shortages, especially in the economic capital [Abidjan] if nothing is done to tackle the problem. The difficulties we face now are small compared to what lies ahead,” warned Marius Kouassi Aka, a water science researcher at the University of Abidjan.
 
Rapidly growing demand for water in Abidjan - partly as a result of the influx of people into the city during the civil war - has stretched water supplies: “The district of Abidjan has only a dozen wells. The technical facilities are overwhelmed,” said Hilary Kinimo, SODECI [ http://www.sodeci.com/ ] (state water company) regional director for Abidjan North, adding that three new boreholes were due to be completed in June.
 
SODECI said the problems in the north of the country were due to poor maintenance of water supply systems resulting from years of political strife. 
 
In the northern town of Dabakala taps have been dry for 12 days, obliging residents to seek unsafe alternatives.
 
"We are forced to go into the creeks to supply ourselves,” said Daouda Soro, a teacher in this town of some 20,000 residents.
 
By going into the creeks, said Ibrahim Touré, a doctor at Abobo General Hospital in Abidjan, people risked contracting guinea worm - a debilitating disease caused by a roundworm present in stagnant swamps, lakes, lagoons and rivers. The disease was officially eradicated in 2007 but re-emerged during the civil war.
 
Cholera risk
 
Another risk is cholera, which tended to emerge in January every year, he said. The disease can also be spread by street vendors who sell water of dubious quality.
 
The situation is similar in the western towns of Guiglo and Duékoué. In Abidjan shortages are acute in some areas such as Niangon (in Yopougon District). Here Florence Djedje has not had a drop of tap water for at least three months, forcing her and others like building contractor Bernadin N’Guessan to buy water from street vendors. “This is the first time we have had to live like this,” N’Guessan said.
 
In the southern Abidjan district of Port-Bouet 100,000 people recently took to the streets demanding clean drinking water. 
 
Touré said the sale by street vendors of “drinking” water in plastic sachets should be banned. He urged residents to boil and filter water meant for drinking. 
 
In the nearby town of Adjamé, seven people died and 35 others were hospitalized because of cholera in 2011.
 
"The fear is that we will have another tragedy like that; it may not be cholera, but there are diarrhoeal diseases such as gastro-enteritis one can contract due to drinking poor quality water," said Innocent Kouamé, a nurse at the Abobo Community Health Centre. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94674</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190944040303t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Loss of relief aid could threaten fragile peace</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191829060747t.jpg" />]]>GUIGLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nine months after fighting ended in Côte d’Ivoire, at least 15,000 displaced people are still in camps, many of the half million returnees require food aid, the groundwork for reconciliation in many parts of the west has not yet been laid - and aid workers are worried funding will dry up, threatening the fragile peace.</description><body><![CDATA[GUIGLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nine months after fighting ended in Côte d’Ivoire, at least 15,000 displaced people are still in camps, many of the half million returnees require food aid, the groundwork for reconciliation in many parts of the west has not yet been laid - and aid workers are worried funding will dry up, threatening the fragile peace.

“I don’t want the world to move on and say everything in Côte d’Ivoire is fine,” Catherine Bragg, assistant secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and deputy emergency relief coordinator for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), said on 17 January in Duékoué, 400km northwest of Abidjan.

She was on a three-day tour of the county, which included a visit the Nahibly camp for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Duékoué which hosts 4,557 people.

“There are still people displaced [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93971 ] without water, electricity, and dependent on food assistance,” she added.

Thousands of returnees who missed the planting season are also dependent on food aid for survival, and their prospects for planting this year are poor. Most were unable to return to their fields because their land was taken over after they were displaced.

Bragg launched a consolidated appeal in Abidjan for Côte d’Ivoire on 16 January. UN agencies are seeking more than US$173 million to cover the needs of over three million people from now until the end of December 2012.

“If they don’t receive humanitarian help, tensions could escalate again,” Max Hadorn, head of OCHA operations in Côte d’Ivoire, told IRIN.

To kick-start what OCHA describes as a “vital humanitarian response”, it said the Central Emergency Relief Fund had just allocated $8 million for life-saving projects in the country.

Farmers typically begin preparing the fields in February and planting in March. “If they don’t plant, they will be dependent on humanitarian aid for the rest of the year,” he added.

Shelter shortages

“We’re here because we don’t have a home to return to,” said Juliette Tehe, who has been displaced at Nahibly IDP camp since last spring. She comes from Niambly, a village 6km east of Duékoué.

Niambly was set on fire in March 2011 during fighting between government and anti-government forces. At least 1,000 homes were partially or completely destroyed in the village, which is still scattered with residents’ charred belongings.

Neil Brighton of the UN Refugee Agency, which is leading on shelter for the displaced, said in the country’s western region at least 18,000 homes had been destroyed, and there was only enough funding to rebuild 4,000, of which 400 had so far been completed.

“The needs are huge and, at the moment, only three or four agencies are actually building,” he said.

Tehe, who remains displaced, said even with shelter, there were Dozos (fearsome looking traditional hunters) [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93378 ] in the village, which may prevent her family from returning. “There are people with guns around. All the fields are blocked,” she said.

“It’s our fields we’re worried about”

In the village of Zeaglo in Moyen-Cavally, northwest of Guiglo, a group of women said that since returning to their village, members of their ethnic group had been threatened by Dozos [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93384 ] when they attempted to enter their farms. One of the village residents, Marceline Dodien, used to farm cassava, cocoa and bananas, but is now idle because her fields were seized during the three months of her displacement during which she lived in the forest.

The women are part of the Guéré ethnic group which overwhelmingly supported ousted President Laurent Gbagbo in 2011. Tensions over land rights with other ethnic groups predate the 2011 crisis. However, politically, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91566 ] Alice Tiemoko, a farmer, said, there was improvement.

“We are unified now. We think well of the [current] president. It’s our fields we’re concerned about,” she said.

Reconciliation obstacles

While many Ivoirians express willingness to reconcile, the women said the groundwork for reconciliation was still missing in Zeaglo.

“If we had our basic needs met - maybe, but our hearts are still filled with anger. We want to get back what was taken from us,” Irene Gueï said.

The women blamed “foreigners” for taking their land, but many of the so-called “foreigners” came to the region decades or generations ago, and also claim rights to the land. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87892 ]

Tiemoko told IRIN the different ethnic groups living in Zeaglo got along in the village. “We laugh together in the village. We get along here, but outside we don’t,” she said.

Bragg applauded the return of over a half a million people in the last nine months, which she said was a testimony to increasing security; the resolution of the crisis; international support; and a tribute to the hard work of the international community. But, she added: “There are still substantial needs that require substantial resources to deal with persisting problems.”

She appealed to donors for continued funding throughout 2012, adding that help for the most vulnerable persons remained “an absolute priority”, especially in the country’s western and southwestern regions.

“Considerable needs remain in several areas such as protection of civilians, restoration of means of livelihood, shelter, access to basic services and voluntary return and reintegration of displaced persons and refugees,” she said on 18 January at the end of her visit. “A premature exit of humanitarian actors could aggravate the situation.”

lb/oss/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94684</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191829060747t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GUIGLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nine months after fighting ended in Côte d’Ivoire, at least 15,000 displaced people are still in camps, many of the half million returnees require food aid, the groundwork for reconciliation in many parts of the west has not yet been laid - and aid workers are worried funding will dry up, threatening the fragile peace.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Call for more coordinated approach to child protection</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201041152580355t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.
 
 Among the recommendations identified were: the need to align social norms, national laws and international standards of protection; the need to improve the development of children within their locale; the promotion of community mechanisms for child protection; the inclusion of children’s views in any protection regime; and joint initiatives to protect children from unlawful cross-border movement.
 
 The 79-page report [ http://www.tdh.ch/en/documents/which-protection-for-children-involved-in-mobility-in-west-africa ] drawn up by representatives of several national and international NGOs, entitled Quelle protection pour les enfants concernés par la mobilité en Afrique de l’Ouest? (What Protection for Child Migrants in West Africa?) looked at the problem in Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Togo in 2008-2010.
 
 “At the governmental level measures are generally limited to passing national laws. Joint action might simply amount to police intercepting and repatriating children,” said Moussa Harouna, programme coordinator for NGO the African Movement of Child and Youth Workers, stressing that greater unity of action was required by governments and international organizations to support village development initiatives and set up child protection measures. 
 
 The report calls on states and development agencies to integrate child migration into their development and child protection strategies. It wants any future ECOWAS action on the movement of people, particularly children, to be an essential part of a “coherent and pragmatic policy” against human trafficking and child labour.
  
 In addition, it calls on individual states to boost their ability to find victims of child trafficking and to differentiate this practice from other forms of mobility. 
  
 Push factors
 
 Children may leave their communities because of conflict within the family, or the desire for education, apprenticeships or job opportunities to help their families. Some parents force their children to leave, but often departure is voluntary and motivated by the quest for a better life.
  
 Zelmet Fatimah and Zeydata Amina from Niger, two girls who beg along the Teteh Quarshie Interchange, a busy highway in the Ghanaian capital Accra, say they left home because of hunger. “There is no food there,” said Zeydata, “I come here every day with my sisters and my parents to beg for money. I beg because we don’t have money and I am hungry.”
  
 However, push factors are many and varied: “The children’s motivations are rooted in the current changing world… It is misleading to believe that a state, civil society and development partners have the capacity and sufficient legitimacy to end, simply, this many-sided practice of child mobility,” said the report. 
  
 Positive outcomes
  
 While no one knows the precise scale of child migration, the report says outflows of children are generally from Mali, Niger and Guinea-Bissau, and their destinations are Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo.
  
 Outflows north are less intense. The report says just 10 percent of the total number of children seeking to reach the Maghreb and Europe are from West Africa. Many are seasonal travellers, leaving for short or medium periods at the end of the farming season. 
  
 The migration of children is not always a negative phenomenon: migrant children send money home. Those from the same community might collectively fund a project. 
  
 Harouna said this had been the case in some villages in the Niger region of Makalondi, near the border with Burkina Faso, where migrant children had jointly paid to build a school for their community. The effect had been to encourage those who were too young to migrate to remain in their communities, at least for much longer, and others to return. 
  
 “The objective is no longer to stop migration at all cost,” Haround said. “It is also to improve conditions in the communities so that children do not have to leave to seek fortunes and a better life. Yet, even if they do, then organized protection must be provided within their host states or new communities in their own countries.” 
  
 oss/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94582</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201041152580355t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Blood shortages causing deaths in west</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051108150984t.jpg" />]]>MAN 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Blood shortages at hospitals and health centres in western Côte d’Ivoire are causing unnecessary deaths, especially among children, say local and international health officials.</description><body><![CDATA[MAN 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Blood shortages at hospitals and health centres in western Côte d’Ivoire are causing unnecessary deaths, especially among children, say local and international health officials.
 
 Eighty-six people in need of blood transfusions died at the main hospital in the western city of Man during the first 11 months of 2011, with three-quarters of the deaths being children, hospital records showed.
 
 “A lot of people are dying in the west due to the lack of blood and lack of access to blood,” said Bisimwa Ruhana-Mirindi, coordinator of the World Health Organization (WHO) health cluster.
 
 Post-election violence in 2011 made access to blood nearly impossible for several months, Ruhana-Mirindi added. Residents feared travelling to hospitals or to the region’s only blood bank in Daloa (180km from Man) because armed groups continued to man illegal checkpoints; routine blood collection campaigns halted. 
 
 Records show that of the 923 people who needed blood transfusions at Man hospital, 19 percent failed to receive the service, and half that number died. 
 
 Most of the patients requiring transfusions were children like Soumaila Djiré, 13, with malaria-induced anaemia. When IRIN visited the hospital, Soumaila was breathing heavily and very thin. Doctors had one packet of blood for him, but the paediatrician said he would need more. The family had no money to visit the blood bank in Daloa.
 
 Soumailia’s relatives could not have donated blood on the spot either: "The hospital [in Man] is not properly equipped to collect and store blood, according to national standards," said Anderson Latt, WHO regional health coordinator.
 
 During the post-election violence, the health system in the west virtually shut down. Health facilities were pillaged, health staff abandoned their posts, and the government stopped paying salaries to health workers. 
 
 Since President Alassane Ouattara took office in May 2011, his government has ordered all medical staff back to work, has started paying them regularly; and is carrying out field visits to monitor clinics, according to Latt.
  
 "The government is helping to restore health systems, and has also been equipping health centres with supplies," Latt said. The first lady, Dominique Ouattara, has also donated several ambulances to hospitals in the west. 
 
 Money woes
 
 However, some ambulances had been stolen, and the difficulty and cost of reaching the region’s only blood bank had caused many deaths, Latt explained. Patients’ relatives have to travel to the blood bank and transfusion centre in Daloa, which takes over four hours in an ambulance, and blood is not always available there. Man hospital charges US$140 to send the ambulance to the blood bank. Few families can afford the cost, so rely on public transport.
 
 “Meanwhile, the child could be dying,” Latt said.
 
 While the blood bank distributes blood to the hospital in Duékoué, south of Man, Man hospital lacks proper blood storage facilities, said hospital director Alassan Coulibaly. Save the Children delivers blood from Daloa about once a week, which the hospital uses “immediately” Coulibaly said, adding: “Each time someone needs blood, they have to go to Daloa.” 
 
 Duékoué’s hospital also experiences blood shortages, said a physician with Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) at the facility. MSF provides free care, including surgical procedures, which has attracted a large number of patients. However, demand outstrips supply, said MSF doctor Sarah Pestieau, adding: “This hospital would really benefit from a transfusion centre.”
 
 Man hospital, meanwhile, has just one ambulance, lacks MSF support, and is farther from the blood bank. Because of the cost and inconvenience of accessing blood, families and doctors wait until cases become severe: “We end up waiting until they have severe symptoms like difficulty breathing… or coma,” Horace Akapo, a pediatrician at the hospital, said. 
 
 WHO and the UN Population Fund carried out a blood donation campaign between March and June 2011, the months of heavy fighting, and then distributed almost 5,000 blood packets to barely accessible hospitals in the west, said WHO. However, the funds ran out in June. “We had support for a little while but we no longer have money in our budget [for blood collection and distribution],” Latt said.
 
 lb/oss/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94583</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051108150984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAN 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Blood shortages at hospitals and health centres in western Côte d’Ivoire are causing unnecessary deaths, especially among children, say local and international health officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Former pro-Ouattara rebels still need reining in</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104131312360137t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Eight months after President Allassane Ouattara assumed office at the end of a prolonged civil conflict, peace remains fragile amid abuses and killings by former rebel fighters who once provided him support.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Eight months after President Allassane Ouattara assumed office at the end of a prolonged civil conflict, peace remains fragile amid abuses and killings by former rebel fighters who once provided him support.
 
 Ten civilians were killed and about 15 wounded this month in fighting between the former rebels, which now form part of the national army, and civilians in Vavoua, west-central Cote d’Ivoire, and in Sikensi in the south. 
 
 In a statement on 29 December, the UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) [ http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unoci/ ] called on the government to stop the violence. “UNOCI encourages the Ivorian authorities to implement the tough measures they announced and to strengthen discipline" within the Republican Forces of Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI), UNOCI spokesman Hamadoun Touré said. 
 
 He said UNOCI remained concerned about the “numerous violations of human rights attributed to FRCI in several parts of the country which have led to the reactions by residents of the affected communities.” He cited cases of arbitrary arrest and illegal detention in Abidjan, the commercial capital.
 
 Adding to this, Ivoirian Human Rights League President René Legré said: "We note that despite the promises to ensure security, there has been no progress. People are still armed.”
 
 He said the unrestrained behaviour by FRCI soldiers was beginning to anger the public, which would defend itself. 
 
 "We fear that the day will come when people will no longer respect the army,” he added. 
 
 Following the Vavoua incident, Ouattara ordered the soldiers to return to barracks but they refused. 
 
 In Abidjan, the former fighters have swapped their uniforms for civilian clothes, while keeping their guns and still occupying some police stations. This was true in the Ouattara party stronghold of Abobo, a commune 8.7km northwest of Abidjan. 
 
 Gendarmes and police have been deployed to the country’s interior, but unarmed, and they have had to work under the authority of the warlords who settled in those areas when other pro-Ouattara forces advanced on the south from the north in March. 
 
 “State impotence”
 
 "We do not know whom to trust in these circumstances,” said Kady Kouyaté, a health worker in the western town of Gagnoa. “Those who have been training to provide security do not have the tools. Meanwhile, those who have weapons, rather than reassuring us, have become our tormentors."
 
 She said over a two-month period armed people in military uniform had attacked her and colleagues. 
 
 Describing the government’s response to the insecurity as “state impotence”, Legré said many soldiers in villages and towns which his team had inspected appeared to be taking orders from outside the official military structure. Moreover, he quoted solders as saying that since the government was not paying them salaries, they would pay themselves by abusing the public. 
 
 "When they face an obstacle, they do not hesitate to use their guns," Legré added. He said ex-rebel combatants within the military should be quickly identified and disarmed since they were unfit to bear arms. 
 
 However, Diarrassouba Lamine, president of the Convention of Free Associations and Organizations of Civil Society in Côte d'Ivoire, said more extensive measures were need.
 
 "You have to identify the causes of the clashes and think about the army generals. Because there may still be areas of tension wherever the army goes, the ongoing peace process could take a hit,” Diarrassouba said.
 
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Watch: In Search of Stabiity http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4710 an IRIN film examining the prospects for peace and justice in Côte d'Ivoire

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94571</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104131312360137t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Eight months after President Allassane Ouattara assumed office at the end of a prolonged civil conflict, peace remains fragile amid abuses and killings by former rebel fighters who once provided him support.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FILM: Our most-watched films of 2011</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011. 
 
 1. Slum Survivors (2007) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4142 ]: More than a billion people live in slums worldwide, hundreds of thousands of them in the Nairobi slum of Kibera. The film tells the stories of a few Kibera residents and charts their remarkable courage in the face of extreme poverty. 
 
 2. Soldiers’ Stories (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4786 ] follows two Ugandan soldiers - a female gunner and a male nurse - serving in the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) at a critical stage in the battle for Mogadishu between Al-Shabab insurgents and the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government. From their training in Uganda to deployment in the shattered city in July 2011, Roselyn Namutebi and Otto Moses share their thoughts and fears on the frontline of one of the world's most intractable crises. 
 
 3. Turning the Page? (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4511 ]: In August 2000, a peace accord was signed in Burundi, bringing to an end more than a decade of ethnic conflict. This film analyses the fragile state of the peace process in the wake of elections held in 2010. 
 
 4. In Search of Stability (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4710 ]: In November 2010, a presidential election in Côte d’Ivoire led to a wave of violence between supporters of incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and the internationally recognized winner of the poll, Alassane Ouattara. The film examines the prospects for lasting peace and the need for equitable justice. 
 
 5. The Sex Worker (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4443 ]: This film profiles Sou Southevy, a 70-year-old transgender sex worker who has been plying the streets of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh since he was thrown out of home by his parents at the age of 14. Through the worst ravages of the Khmer Rouge regime and since, Sou has been subjected to terrible discrimination and at times violence, and in the absence of any support groups working with transgender and gay men, he decided to start one himself. 
 
 6. Bolivia’s Changing Climate (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4263 ]: In Bolivia, melting glaciers and erratic rainfall patterns are driving tens of thousands of people to the capital La Paz in search of water. 
 
 7. Leprosy (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4540 ]: Part of a series featuring neglected diseases, this film was shot in a leper colony in Egypt and highlights the stigma attached to the disfiguring disease which affects more than 200,000 people worldwide. 
 
 8. A Question of Trust (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4665 ]: Nepal’s decade-long civil war ended in November 2006 with a comprehensive peace agreement. The Maoist rebels won elections two years later and a Constituent Assembly was also elected to write a new constitution. However, by 2009, the peace process was not complete, with little progress made on key issues like the disarmament and integration of thousands of Maoists ex-fighters. 
 
 9. Bus Schools (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4739 ]: Millions of children living in the slums of Delhi in India do not have access to formal education. Many parents would rather put their children to work than send them to school. So the schools featured in this film - converted buses - travel to the children. 
 
 10. The Colonel (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4596 ]: One of several Heroes of HIV [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4869&SeriesID=2 ] profiled by IRIN Films, Col Felix Ntungumburanye was the first member of the Burundian army to declare himself HIV-positive. Doing so during a time of conflict left him fighting on two fronts: against rebels and stigma. Ten years later, largely thanks to the colonel’s courage, the army’s policies on HIV/AIDS have been transformed. 
 
 em-js/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94553</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Côte d&apos;Ivoire one year on</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111300923360173t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - One year on from the presidential elections that caused conflict across Côte d&apos;Ivoire, ex-President Laurent Gbagbo has been charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court, tensions have eased in most areas, the economy has improved, almost all schools have reopened and hospitals are functioning. But reconciliation has a long way to go. Many feel justice, by pursuing Gbagbo and not others, is one-sided; there are still rifts between communities, much of the west remains lawless, thousands of Ivoirians are too frightened to return home, and people who perpetrated war crimes still walk free. Many residents are not looking forward to parliamentary elections set for December 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - One year on from the presidential elections that caused conflict across Côte d'Ivoire, ex-President Laurent Gbagbo has been charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), tensions have eased in most areas, the economy has improved, and almost all schools have reopened and hospitals are functioning. But reconciliation has a long way to go. 

Many feel that international justice, by pursuing Gbagbo and not others, is one-sided. Rifts remain between communities, much of the west remains lawless, and thousands of Ivoirians are too frightened to return home. Many residents are not looking forward to parliamentary elections set for December 2011. 

Response to the news of the ICC's arrest warrant for ex President Laurent Gbagbo has been deeply divided. Some are relieved, but many people IRIN spoke to said it smacked of victor’s justice. Many analysts say justice has not been even handed, and that only pro-Gbagbo associates - whether civilian or military - have been charged. 

"It's a good thing because it is necessary for the stability of the country, but it is unfair,” said Paul, a financial executive in Abidjan. “Of course Gbagbo has to account for what he did, but he's not the only one - both Gbagbo and Ouattara's camps have had responsibilities in the crisis.” He acknowledged that the solution is not clear-cut:  if the ICC pursued President Alassane Ouattara and Prime Minister Guillaume Soro, former rebel leader, the country “would, for sure, face another crisis”. 

Others say the ICC is ignoring Côte d’Ivoire’s turbulent history. “If the International Criminal Court wants to run a genuine investigation, it has to investigate what happened in the past ten years, not only during the latest crisis", said Aimée, a recent university graduate who lives in Abidjan’s Yopougon neighbourhood. 

Ouattara has pledged on several occasions that Ivorian justice will investigate all sides, and in October the International Criminal Court opened an investigation into alleged war crimes committed by both camps. 

Reconciliation 

The appointment of former warlords, some of whom are alleged to have committed war crimes, to significant positions in the new national army, Forces Républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI), has not always inspired confidence, but such appointments are reportedly a strategy by Ouattara to weaken their influence in the long term, and appears to be having some impact. 

A South-African-style Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission (DTRC), led by former Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny, was inaugurated in September but Ivoirians are sceptical of its ability to heal the country. “Ivoirians don’t really understand how it is going to work,” Patrick N’Gouan, who heads a civil rights umbrella group, Convention for Civil Society, told IRIN, adding that civil society was not adequately consulted on the commission’s membership. 

Albert Gerard Koenders, Special Representative of the UN Secretary General in Côte d'Ivoire, welcomes the commission while recognizing that “it faces lots of challenges. There is a need for a nationally led justice and reconciliation dialogue - the UN needs to support this,” he told IRIN at a UN security meeting in Senegalese capital Dakar. 

Dismantling the mistrust will not be easy. "I don’t really believe in this idea of reconciliation," said Hervé, a mechanic from the neighbourhood of Blokosso, told IRIN. "Gbagbo's supporters are not yet accepting the situation and too many people are too resentful about what happened." 

Security better but violations continue 

In the commercial capital, Abidjan, shops and businesses have reopened, the port is busy again, security has improved significantly, the city is being cleaned up, and road works are in progress since former President Laurent Gbagbo's capture on April 11, putting an end to a five-month political crisis in which at least 3,000 people died, according to the International Criminal Court. 

But in the west of the country - a region with a long history of tension between indigenous and non-native populations - residents and observers say the security situation is still precarious. 

President Alassane Ouattara’s government has not yet been able to bring the west or the north under control - both run by rebel group Forces Nouvelles for 10 years - partly because of the lack of security forces, and weak police and judicial systems, which have allowed a “climate of impunity” to remain, said UNICEF spokesperson Louis Vigneault-Dubois. 

The United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (ONUCI) recorded 26 extrajudicial killings from 11 July to 11 August - the most recent figures available - mostly committed in the west by the Forces Républicaines de Côte d'Ivoire (FRCI), the national army. 

A report published by UNICEF and Save the Children on 23 November cited over 1,000 violations, including 415 sexual assaults, committed in Abidjan and the west since November 2010, most of them against women and girls. UNICEF representative Hervé Ludovic de Lys says this is just the “tip of the iceberg”, given that the vast majority of assaults are not recorded. 

Violations continue elsewhere in the country too, according to UN spokesperson Touré, who has just returned from Bouaké, in the centre of the country, where he heard “dreadful” reports of sexual abuse from women and girls, including of babies having been assaulted.

UN spokesman Hamadoun Touré said the setting up of eight new UN military camps should help secure the zone. 

Military reform 

To produce more professional security forces, reform is urgently needed. Planned reforms are underway and include demobilizing thousands of inexperienced volunteers who joined the FRCI during the war, and strengthening the role of the police and gendarmes. 

Initial reforms have already diminished the influence of warlords who once operated across the country, and the parallel economy they put in place in the north is no longer working, said an Abidjan-based African diplomat who preferred to remain anonymous. 

Elections 

Parliamentary elections, scheduled for 11 December, will take place on time, according to Yacouba Bamba, a spokesman for the nation's Independent Electoral Commission. 

UN representative Koenders, told IRIN at a regional security meeting in the Senegalese capital, Dakar: “The military, police and gendarmerie have put in place a security plan for the elections... we hope to see open, free and transparent elections in CDI." 

Laurent Akoun, general secretary of the former ruling party - Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI) - said no candidates from the party are running because of the continued detention of ex-President Laurent Gbagbo and several civilian and military members of the opposition. 

He also cited a lack of dialogue with the government as a problem, and said the party has security concerns. A meeting of the FPI on 20 November in Abidjan was broken up by members of the army and civilians wearing pro-Ouattara T-shirts. "What is surprising is that the government is not trying to deny it or blame those who did it," said Akoun. Security forces continue to crack down on active supporters of Gbagbo. 

Upcoming elections are vital to the credibility of President Ouattara and the reconciliation process, but, given the legacy of last year’s elections, many Ivoirians IRIN spoke to are lukewarm. 

"I'm not sure I'm going to vote - I'm not interested in politics anymore," said Laurent, a physical education teacher and former political enthusiast in Abidjan's Cocody neighbourhood. 

Mixed picture for education, health 

Most public schools re-opened at the beginning of the school year, but in the west some remain closed as their teachers have not returned, while some families say they don't have enough money to send their children to school. 

Jennifer Hofmann, the education cluster coordinator at the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) said despite the government trying to lure the teachers back, many remain in Liberia About 1,000 intern teachers across the country are waiting to be appointed, but Hofmann said some villages in the west may be forced to hire voluntary teachers. Public universities will not open until October 2012 because so many were vandalized in the crisis. 

Although all the main hospitals in Abidjan are up and running, staff numbers are slightly lower than before the crisis, and in the west the health situation is “in a state of humanitarian emergency”, with crumbling structures and lack of stocks forcing health staff to work in mobile clinics, said Dr Juma Kariburyo, head of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Abidjan. 

Money for healthcare support is “running out” for most WHO partners, and medicine stocks and the equipment needed to run mobile clinics are dangerously low, he said. In the aftermath of the crisis the government announced free healthcare, but such a policy requires an effective funding strategy, which has not yet been thought through completely, Kariburyo noted. 

Big business 

Overall, the economy is growing - surprising many - and is expected to expand by 8-9 percent in 2012, according to the IMF and World Bank. "We hope that Côte d'Ivoire will once again become the economic motor of the region,” said Koenders. 

Several large infrastructure projects are already underway, including a third bridge over Abidjan's lagoon, expansion of an Abidjan-based power plant, and plans for a highway between Abidjan and the city of Grand Bassam, 100km to the east. 

The Tongon gold mine in northern Côte d'Ivoire was inaugurated in October and should help the country produce 13 tons of gold a year from 2012, said the ministry of Mines and Energy. The cocoa harvest hit a record last season with almost 1.5 million tons of beans exported. 

The IMF and the World Bank have made reform of the cocoa sector one of the conditions for US$3 billion of debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The IMF resumed its programme in Côte d'Ivoire and agreed to loans of $745 million, while the World Bank has made a gift of $200 million. 

Investors are clearly starting to have confidence in Ouattara’s economic vision, said Ranie-didice Bah, an economist at the University of Bouaké.  Since his election the President has travelled widely to promote investment in Côte d’Ivoire and a few Western companies are opening branches in Abidjan, including a French food chain, a high-end bakery, and a furniture outlet. 

However, many small firms are “still waiting for the recovery”, noted Innocent N'Dry, an adviser at the economic mission of the French Embassy.

And many are not experiencing the benefits of these gains, while the cost of living is high. "There is work", said Hervé, who runs a garage in Blokosso. "But people don't have money, so they pay half of the cost [of vehicle service and repairs] and give the rest when they can,” he said. 

om/aj/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94353</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111300923360173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - One year on from the presidential elections that caused conflict across Côte d&apos;Ivoire, ex-President Laurent Gbagbo has been charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court, tensions have eased in most areas, the economy has improved, almost all schools have reopened and hospitals are functioning. But reconciliation has a long way to go. Many feel justice, by pursuing Gbagbo and not others, is one-sided; there are still rifts between communities, much of the west remains lawless, thousands of Ivoirians are too frightened to return home, and people who perpetrated war crimes still walk free. Many residents are not looking forward to parliamentary elections set for December 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Cocoa farmers hope reforms will pay off</title><pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111211239100832t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 21 November 2011 (IRIN) - Income for cocoa farmers in Côte d&apos;Ivoire is expected to rise after reforms announced by President Alassane Ouattara’s government in early November.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 21 November 2011 (IRIN) - Income for cocoa farmers in Côte d'Ivoire is expected to rise after reforms announced by President Alassane Ouattara’s government in early November.

Producers should then receive 50-60 percent of the international cocoa price for their beans, rather than the 35 percent they get today, according to Minister of Agriculture Mamadou Sangafowa Coulibaly.

The international price, also termed the Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) price - where the seller pays the costs, freight and insurance to get the goods to the destination port - refers to the price of cocoa that is ready for export. 
 
The government is making these reforms as a result of conditions set by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which will allow it to gain access to US$3 billion of debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. 
Minister of Economy Charles Koffi Diby said on 8 November that the government plans to put the reforms in place before the end of 2011, and is expecting debt relief to be approved before the end of 2012.

Cocoa brought Côte d’Ivoire $1 billion in foreign exchange receipts in 2006, compared to $1.3 billion from oil and other refined products, according to the IMF [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91950 ]. The country produces around 40 percent of the world’s cocoa and delivered a record harvest of nearly 1.5 million tons of beans in 2010-2011.

Some 900,000 farmers in Côte d’Ivoire grow cocoa, and 3.5 million people live off the income generated by related activities, according to the World Bank. 
 
Changes

The reforms put the onus on the government to regulate the sector more firmly. In a shift in policy seen in many other sectors, the World Bank and IMF now require stricter regulation, having pushed for liberalization of the sector 13 years ago.

The government plans to set a guaranteed price for cocoa before the next season, which begins in October each year and ends the following September. This measure should put Côte d'Ivoire in a better position to influence global cocoa prices, said government spokesperson Bruno Koné.

Under liberalization the government announced an indicative price to be paid to producers at the beginning of each season, but this was often not respected. In reality, cocoa prices tended to fluctuate daily. 
 
The set price for the 2010-2011 season was 1100 CFA francs ($2.26) per kg, but the average price achieved was 805 CFA francs ($1.65) per kg, according to Côte d'Ivoire’s Coffee-Cocoa Management Committee. 
 
The 2011-2012 indicative price was $2.06, but in the week of 24-31 October, farmers received only $1.50 on average for their beans, and many are refusing to sell until prices rise. 
 
“Few trucks leave the farms to the ports. Farmers are waiting to sell, even if [that means] the quality of their cocoa could deteriorate”, said Bilé Bilé, head of a cooperative of 637 producers in Abengourou, near the Ghana border 
 
Other changes include setting up a single regulatory body to oversee the sector, replacing the four institutions currently performing this function. Minister Coulibaly also said 70-80 percent of the harvest will be sold before the start of each season, so that the income of producers and the state is more predictable.
 
Before liberalization, the Caisse de Stabilisation et de soutien des prix des productions agricoles (CSSPPA) - the stabilization fund and support prices of agricultural products, also known as Caistab - managed the sector, but was seen by many to be un-transparent and inefficient in its dealings, said Samir Gadio, West Africa economic analyst at Standard Chartered Bank in London. He also noted that deregulation did not improve transparency. 
 
Minister Coulibaly is stressing transparency. “We saw too many abuses under liberalization; we now want to put good governance at the heart of the reforms,” he told reporters at the launch of the policy changes.

Gadio said analysts will be closely monitoring just how independent the new regulatory body is.

Farmers should gain

Farmers’ associations have largely welcomed the reforms. Mamadou Koné, who leads a producers' cooperative in Duékoué, western Cote d’Ivoire, told IRIN that the reforms should enable growers to stop "being delivered to the fluctuation of the international market… with a minimum price to refer to each season, we can better plan for the future.”

Despite a record crop in 2010-2011, farmers still struggled to get by, with cocoa prices inconsistent and usually too low. Bilé Bilé, head of the Abengourou cooperative, told IRIN the price set by the government had never been respected.

“Producers never received enough, while the cost of living - and of rice.-.has continued to climb,” he told IRIN. Many producers have struggled to make a profit after covering the cost of fertilizers, pesticides and transport, all of which have soared in recent years.

Farmers continued to harvest despite the post-electoral violence that hit the country - much of it in cocoa-growing regions - and a three-month ban on exporting beans imposed in January 2011 by President Alassane Ouattara to cut off the finances of ex-President Laurent Gbagbo during the crisis.

The agricultural facet of the cocoa industry is expected to expand by 1.7 percent in 2011, while the industrial side seems set to shrink by 8.4 percent and the services side by 13.4 percent, according to the finance ministry. 
 
Greater voice

Many producers complain that they have not had enough say in the reform discussions. Gervais Seri, president of the National Association of Coffee and Cocoa Producers, told IRIN: "Farmers are at the heart of the industry, so as producer associations, we are recommending that we sit on the board of the new regulatory structure.”

More detail is needed on exactly what the government is proposing, said a foreign diplomat who requested anonymity. Thus far the government has been generous with information in broad terms, but has not provided any details of exactly how the reforms will work.

"Cocoa is a business matter,” Amoikou Boi, a producer in the eastern town of Abengourou, told IRIN. “The State should not impose [changes] without consulting producers.”

om/aj/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94268</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111211239100832t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 21 November 2011 (IRIN) - Income for cocoa farmers in Côte d&apos;Ivoire is expected to rise after reforms announced by President Alassane Ouattara’s government in early November.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Sub-Saharan sanitation targets “two centuries away”</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector. [ http://www.wateraid.org/ ]
 
 Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are being sidelined as governments concentrate on health and education, says the WaterAid report. Meanwhile, people’s lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation services is holding back social and economic development in the region, costing around 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) every year. 
  
 Loss higher than development aid
 
 Inadequate WASH services cost sub-Saharan Africa more than the whole continent receives in development aid - US$47.6 billion in 2009 - according to WaterAid. 
  
 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the financial impact of inadequate WASH facilities by looking at the health issues linked to poor hygiene, child mortality, waterborne tropical diseases, the time people spend collecting water; and reductions in educational achievement due to illness and girls’ attendance rates at schools. 
  
 “Diarrhoea, 90 percent of which is attributable to inadequate sanitation and dirty water, is the single biggest killer of children in Africa, and yet sanitation targets are off-track,” Tom Slaymaker, one of the report’s authors, told IRIN.
 
 Every day, 2,000 children die from diarrhoea in sub-Saharan Africa. Four out of 10 people do not have access to safe water, while seven out of 10 do not have appropriate sanitation facilities. 
  
 The disparity between rich and poor is stark. Poor people in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to practice open defecation due to inadequate or poorly maintained toilets. 
  
 “Unless this changes, we won't see educational progress and it will hold back progress on child health. If you look at development in industrialized countries, sanitation has been key to enabling economic growth and achieving acceptable living standards,” said Slaymaker.
 
 Ministries not powerful
 
 Progress has been slow partly because WASH is not “sexy”, he commented. “On one level it's just a question of political will. Sanitation is not a sexy topic - politicians much prefer to say they're opening a hospital or school, rather than building some toilets.” 
  
 Most policy-makers in charge of WASH “have access to clean water and good sanitation, so they may not be motivated to address it in a distant rural part of the country,” said WaterAid senior policy analyst John Garret. 
  
 Slaymaker noted that “The water ministry is generally less powerful relative to the education and health ministries - which [tend to] have more civil servants and more leverage with the ministry of finance during and after the budget process - [so] in the scramble for funds, the water ministry and sanitation organizations lose out. This all contributes to the sector being a low priority."
 
 Water and sanitation is not an easy sector to reform, given it is usually spread across different ministries, and there is often “no single unified voice in the national budget process for sanitation”, he added.
 
 “Last chance”
 
 WaterAid calls on donors to double the global aid flow to WASH with an additional $10 billion per year in the run-up to 2015, the deadline for achieving the MDGs.  
  
 African governments need to commit at least 3.5 percent of GDP to sanitation and water to get back on track, Slaymaker told IRIN. Only Lesotho, Kenya, Niger and Tanzania are currently spending more than 0.9 percent of GDP on WASH. In Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and Zambia, the most recent expenditure figures fall well below the original 2009 commitment of 0.5 percent of GDP. 
  
 “Despite all the political commitments, we haven't seen the finances to back it up,” Slaymaker told IRIN. African heads of state met in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, earlier in 2011, and although many of their governments had made a commitment in 2009 to spend 0.5 percent of the annual budget on sanitation, “only one or two countries… realized that,” he said. 
  
 Despite this challenge, Slaymaker still thinks the MDG goal can be met if politicians drastically change course. “This is the last chance to make an effort to get back on track,” he told IRIN. “It's a question of… concerted partnership between donors, governments and the private sector. What's lacking at the moment is that concerted drive.”
 
 jl/aj/he 
  
  
 FACT BOX
 
 Over one billion people will miss the global MDG sanitation target if things continue unchanged 
  
 In Asia, India will not reach its MDG on sanitation before 2047, while Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal will not achieve the target before 2028. 
  
 Lack of access to water and sanitation costs African and Asian countries up to 6 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) each year. 
  
 In India the shortfall in water and sanitation services cost the economy around 6.4 percent of GDP - the equivalent of US$53.8 billion in 2006, according to the World Bank.
 
 In Ethiopia, 193,000 deaths per year are WASH-related, and 71.4 million people have no access to sanitation facilities.
  
 Similar figures apply to Mali, Niger, Benin, Ghana and Congo, where 194,000 deaths a year are WASH-related and 49.5 million people have no access to sanitation facilities. 
  
 According to WaterAid, the Côte d'Ivoire administration targeted 0.06 percent of its GDP to water and sanitation, Ghana spent 0.29 percent, Liberia 0.28 percent, Madagascar 0.28 percent, Nigeria 0.18 percent, Uganda 0.41 percent and Zambia 0.56 percent.
 
 (Sources: World Bank; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2010; national government documents 2008-2010; WaterAid) 
  
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94241</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Pupils go back to school, slowly</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021449250235t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - The new school year began at the end of October in Côte d’Ivoire but is getting off to slow start as students struggle to return to study after post-election violence disrupted education in many schools for months.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - The new school year began at the end of October in Côte d’Ivoire but is getting off to slow start as students struggle to return to study after post-election violence disrupted education in many schools for months. 
 
In the west of the country along the Liberian border, schools between the villages Blolequin and Toulepleu are still closed, and many children have still not returned home after fleeing to Liberia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92390 ] or other parts of Côte d’Ivoire with their families, said Paul Yao-Yao, coordinator of Save the Children’s education programme in Abidjan.
 
Even in the commercial capital, Abidjan, attendance was low on 24 October when schools reopened. At the primary school in the northern suburb of Abobo Baole only 60 of the expected 500 pupils arrived; some teachers had only 10 pupils in their class. Of the four primary and secondary schools IRIN visited in Abidjan, none had more than 50 percent of their anticipated pupils in classrooms. 
 
Most students in Abobo Baole come from impoverished families and their parents say they will start sending them to school next month said Raoul Glao, the primary school principal. Public schools in Côte d’Ivoire are free - there are no fees for registration and school stationery - but parents still need to buy compulsory school uniforms and pay for administrative requirements, such as birth certificates, needed for enrolment.
 
Jennifer Hofmann, the education cluster coordinator at the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Abidjan, says a slow start to the school year is not uncommon and can spread over two or three weeks. But this year many students are already behind after post-election violence flared in December 2010.
 
National exam averages plummeted, said Kouadio Méa, director of primary and secondary schools in the ministry of education. In the last school year, the pass rate for the secondary school admission exam was 57 percent, compared with more than 70 percent in recent years. The pass rate for the Baccalauréat dropped to 21 percent from 34 percent.
 
Falling behind
 
UNICEF estimates that about 140,000 primary students at public schools could not finish the last academic year. Many private school students were also affected because their parents could not afford to pay for the last term of the school year, Hofmann added. Around 20,000 pupils, mainly in the west, missed their entrance exams for secondary school.
 
As many as one million of 2.5 million primary school age children were affected by the five-month political crisis, either by school closures or because they fled with their families, said Yao-Yao. 
 
Schools in the north - held by rebels at the time - shut down from January to April after president-elect Alassane Ouattara called on civil servants to stop working with ex-President Laurent Gbagbo. Schools in the south - then controlled by the former government - were closed during April due to the violence.
 
In a report published in June 2011, UNICEF recorded 224 attacks against the education system, 50 percent of which took place in Abidjan. In some cases schools were targeted after being used for political rallies, or if teachers had campaigned for Gbagbo. 
 
“In the west we recorded cases of retaliation against schools which were seen as partisan during the presidential campaign,” said Hofmann. 
 
According to UNICEF, about 97 percent of public primary schools had reopened by June 2011, and 86 percent of students were attending class, but in the western towns of Divo, Man and Odienné, less than 70 percent of pupils were back in school.
 
It can be hard to catch up. “I had to study very hard all summer so as not to repeat a year,” said Mamoudou Sako, 14, who has just begun his fourth year of secondary school in Abidjan. Five of his former classmates did not pass the last school year, and three have not yet returned after fleeing the city.
 
The ministry of education did everything they possibly could to assist students, Méa said. “We extended the school year to the end of July - it was enough for some pupils in some schools, but not for others who missed four months of the year.” 
 
Recovering from trauma
 
Jeanne Acquah, a literature teacher at the Lycée Moderne in Abidjan's Treichville neighbourhood, said it was not easy for the pupils to get back into school life after weeks of war. “My students were very stressed when the school reopened last May,” she noted. 
 
Sako, who studies at the Lycée Moderne, agreed that he and his friends found going back to school difficult. “My friends and I felt very traumatised by the heavy artillery shootings and continuing sounds of Kalashnikovs.” 
 
He said they wanted to talk about the experience but the teachers did not want to discuss it. “We just did a minute's silence then the teachers said, ‘What happened is past, we need to move forward’.” 
 
UNICEF has attempted to address this by training about 5,000 teachers in eight regions to help them identify the signs of trauma in children exposed to violence during the crisis, and promote recreational activities to make it easier for the youngsters to cope. 
 
“Some kids saw their parents being killed or were displaced from their homes,” Yao-Yao said. “Of course it's traumatizing.” 
 
om/wb/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94130</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021449250235t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - The new school year began at the end of October in Côte d’Ivoire but is getting off to slow start as students struggle to return to study after post-election violence disrupted education in many schools for months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Aid agencies urge alternatives to forced IDP returns</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271404540941t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - UN agencies and NGOs are urging the Côte d’Ivoire government to reconsider its planned shutdown of sites for displaced people in the west in a bid to force them to return home.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - UN agencies and NGOs are urging the Côte d’Ivoire government to reconsider its planned shutdown of sites for displaced people in the west in a bid to force them to return home.
 
Some 18,455 internally displaced persons (IDPs) remain in 36 sites in the west, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimates, while a further 169,486 are living in Côte d’Ivoire with host families. Teams are currently out verifying the latest numbers.
 
The government is threatening to close IDP sites in Duékoué [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92872 ] by mid-November, according to Mamadou Traoré, director at the Ministry of Solidarity. But he has not said where people who have lost their houses would return to.
 
“Pressure is starting to be put on the displaced [to move], and we say that is not acceptable,” said Fabrice Bah, an IDP at the Catholic mission in Duékoué. “They promised us that they would at least rebuild our destroyed houses before moving us on.” 
 
Returns can only work if the government speeds up rebuilding, said Bernadette Kouamé, UNHCR communications head.
 
The government has prioritized rebuilding 7,800 of the 13,000 houses that are estimated to have been destroyed in the western regions of Moyen Cavally and 18 Montagnes, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). But progress has been slow, say aid agencies. Meanwhile, NGO plans extend to rebuilding just 2,000 houses, according to OCHA. 
 
Too scared
 
However, it is not only destroyed infrastructure, but also lingering fear that is stopping people from returning, say displaced people and aid agencies. Many are too frightened, fearing reprisal attacks, inter-community violence, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93962 ] as well as the Forces Republicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI).
 
“If they force us to leave, we’ll leave,” said Bah, who noted living conditions in displaced sites were very difficult. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93971 ] “But we would rather seek refuge in Liberia [than return home] because the current situation does not bode well for us building good relationships with armed men,” he said. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93378 ]
 
The government must recognize the legitimacy of these fears, said Oxfam spokesperson Gaelle Bausson.
 
On 26 October, NGOs and UN agency members of a newly formed returns working group met the government’s National Committee for the Coordination of Humanitarian Action (CNCAH) to discuss a more realistic returns strategy and timetable. The group has stressed the need to keep some IDP sites open; to develop a clearer picture of why some IDPs are so reluctant to return; and to find more viable resettlement solutions for some IDPs, according to OCHA.
 
When planning imminent returns the government should start with those who want to go home, said Bausson. Those who are ready and able to return or resettle, should be given a basic help package, including transport fees, food and non-food items, some seeds to plant, and basic water and hygiene equipment, she added. 
 
“The important point is that there should be no evictions and no incentives to return,” she said. 
 
Many thousand Ivoirians fled to Liberia during the post-election conflict, but some are beginning to return: UNHCR has reportedly assisted a first group to return to a transit centre in Toulépleu in Côte d' Ivoire. Most were heading for Bloléquine, Toulépleu, Duékoué and Guiglo (all in the west), and said they had returned because of jobs and schools, or to participate in December elections. 
 
aa/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94086</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271404540941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - UN agencies and NGOs are urging the Côte d’Ivoire government to reconsider its planned shutdown of sites for displaced people in the west in a bid to force them to return home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Mental health gaps as conflict&apos;s horror lingers</title><pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110251426160501t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Amid the still-visible damage from election unrest in Côte d’Ivoire’s main city Abidjan is another less tangible but very real form of destruction - psychological trauma.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Amid the still-visible damage from election unrest in Côte d’Ivoire’s main city Abidjan is another less tangible but very real form of destruction - psychological trauma. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92130 ]
 
It is difficult to say how many people need mental health care after the recent unrest, according to health experts in Côte d’Ivoire; the Health Ministry says it has no such figures. But health workers and residents told IRIN people seeking help with conflict-related trauma have few places to turn.
 
“My youngest cries herself to sleep every night,” said 28-year-old Bakary, who saw his wife dragged into the street and shot dead. “We would like help but what options are available to us?” 
 
The government-funded National Programme for Mental Health (PNSM) estimates that thousands of people who need mental health services have no access to such care. “There are not enough qualified people for the population’s psychiatric needs,” PNSM coordinator Roger Delafosse told IRIN. PNSM was set up in 2007 to train people in psychological care. But this was five years after the 2002-2003 crisis; Delafosse said even after the earlier conflict mental health care was not considered a priority.
 
Researchers say that worldwide while awareness of mental health issues has improved somewhat in recent years, a continued low awareness and a lack of political commitment still stand in the way of proper care. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93996 ]
 
The Ivoirian Health Ministry did not give a figure for the ratio of mental health professionals among the population, but for 21 million people there are three mental healthcare facilities: a psychiatric hospital in Bingerville just outside Abidjan, an outpatient unit in the political capital Yamoussoukro, and a facility in the north-central city of Bouaké. The only clinical psychological services currently available in the west are run by the medical humanitarian orgranization Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), according to the NGO; hospitals in the western towns of Daloa and Guiglo are supposed to provide psychological services but such posts are vacant.
 
After fighting triggered by Côte d’Ivoire’s 2002 rebellion the government set up a unit known as the Cellule de Solidarité, which offered psychological support to victims of fighting. But it was closed in 2005. Noel Faiteh, a psychiatrist at Bingerville Hospital, said something similar needs to be set up again.
 
Many of the people coming to the Bingerville facility these days are acting on sheer desperation, Faiteh told IRIN. “Even as I speak there are new patients arriving.”
 
Witness to violence
 
“The most vulnerable people are the ones who directly witnessed violence - be it participants or victims,” he added. “If it's not treated, this kind of trauma can develop so that over time, instead of just psychological support the patient then needs psychiatric help as well." 
 
Assessing mental health needs is complicated by the fact that a given event will trigger varying reactions, MSF clinical psychologist Nathalie Lion told IRIN. “There are no rules. Two people in the same family can experience the same situation differently. We can’t make up a list saying this or that group will need help - so many factors are involved.”
 
She added that one important factor in how children cope is whether they felt safe in their environment. “Very simple things like if a child was held in his mother’s arms during [an incident] or if a child was told it’s OK to cry and another was not - all these things can have an impact on how a situation is processed.”
 
Many people, still burdened by what they lived through, have a tough time just trying to make a living, Ivoirians told IRIN. François Massoné, 46, said he is tormented daily as he walks into his bakery where he saw two employees - one his brother-in-law - shot dead. “We can say we’re fine but we’re not really,” he said. “It’s hard coming to work now, but I’ve got a family to feed.”
 
Massoné said he would like to see the government provide people with more help for mental distress. “[This kind of care] is more important than bags of rice and sugar to bereaved families,” he said, referring to recent government donations of food and equipment to people affected by the conflict.
 
mm/np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94066</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110251426160501t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Amid the still-visible damage from election unrest in Côte d’Ivoire’s main city Abidjan is another less tangible but very real form of destruction - psychological trauma.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Conditions for displaced worsening</title><pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241448490920t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Almost half a million Ivoirians remain displaced five months after the country’s post-electoral civil conflict ended, afraid of returning to their homes for fear of reprisals, while a sluggish response to funding appeals means living conditions for many are getting worse.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Almost half a million Ivoirians remain displaced five months after the country’s post-electoral civil conflict ended, afraid of returning to their homes for fear of reprisals, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93962 ] while a sluggish response to funding appeals means living conditions for many are getting worse. 
  
 A 12 October report [ http://www.oxfam.org/en/policy/towards-durable-solutions-displaced-ivoirians ]by NGOs Oxfam, CARE and the Danish Refugee Council warned of a two-thirds shortfall in the UN appeal for emergency funding to deal with around 450,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) throughout the country, as living conditions for many deteriorated.
 
 The International Organization for Migration (IOM) has received just 10 percent of the US$41.6 million it has called for to help return displaced people to their homes, or to build shelters in new sites, according to IOM spokesperson Gabriel Mathieu.
  
 “Among those interviewed, food is the overwhelming priority, with 77 percent of returnees and 83 percent of displaced people saying they do not have enough to eat. Shelter is another major challenge hindering sustainable returns,” said Oxfam’s regional humanitarian coordinator for West Africa, Philippe Conraud.
 
 Funding shortfalls meant relief distributions to IDP sites in the west had been scaled down to focus only on the most vulnerable, according to Mathieu.
  
 “Precarious conditions” for returnees
 
 While there has been an improvement in overall security since the conflict ended in April, conditions for many of the 500,000 who have returned to their communities remain fragile. Many who were driven to return home to seek an income live in sites without water and sanitation facilities. They are often living in “very precarious conditions, without the support required to ensure that return is a durable solution and - like those who remain displaced in camps or host families -they are highly dependent on aid to restore their livelihoods”, the report said. 
  
 In some cases, displaced people have been forced to move on, as IDP sites - some in schools, some in churches - are closing down. At least 800 families evicted from 14 sites in the west are now living in makeshift shelters with no protection from the elements, according to IOM. 
 
 "Transitional shelter is urgently needed for the displaced, particularly for those who want to return to their home villages but can't because their homes were destroyed," David Coomber, IOM chief of mission in Côte d'Ivoire, said in a recent communiqué. [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/press-briefing-notes/pbnAF/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=30728 ]
 
 Security has remained a problem since former president Laurent Gbagbo was ousted on 11 April following months of fighting which left 3,000 dead. Residents from the commercial capital Abidjan, said that despite overall peace, tensions remain high in neighbourhoods such as Abobo and Yopougon. 
 
 “Vengeance in the air”
 
 Jean Parfait Atse, a 26-year-old student, said he was moved on from two different shelters before ending up with a family friend in the capital, Yamoussoukro. “I have never killed anyone; I was part of a group of friends who were from all political sides. But because my elder brother was a [pro-Gbagbo] policeman, now my family can’t go back to Abobo - we are afraid of the [pro-Ouattara] FRCI soldiers everywhere,” he told IRIN. 
 
 “There are certain neighbourhoods in Abobo which are still abandoned by anyone who supported Gbagbo; you can feel the spirit of vengeance in the air.”
 
 NGOs are calling for “sustained support” in the west, which has seen ethnic disputes between indigenous tribes and settlers for years. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93962 ] But in post-conflict response situations, donor finances often fall off, stressed IOM’s Mathieu.
 
 Xavier Gnana, a cocoa grower, fled the western town of Guiglo in late March after his cocoa warehouse was burnt down. “Until the legislative elections [scheduled for 11 December] pass off peacefully, I am too scared to go back… there is still lawlessness. Any person who had a petty argument with you can act outside the law with no consequences,” he said.
 
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 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93971</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241448490920t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Almost half a million Ivoirians remain displaced five months after the country’s post-electoral civil conflict ended, afraid of returning to their homes for fear of reprisals, while a sluggish response to funding appeals means living conditions for many are getting worse.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Wounds raw in west</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110121314410328t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 13 October 2011 (IRIN) - Ivoirian government officials recently visiting displaced families in the west were met with hostile youth and wailing women - a reminder six months after election violence ended that wounds are still raw and reconciliation distant.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 13 October 2011 (IRIN) - Ivoirian government officials recently visiting displaced families in the west were met with hostile youth and wailing women - a reminder six months after election violence ended that wounds are still raw and reconciliation distant. 
 
Four government ministers were in the west to prepare a visit by President Alassane Ouattara - his first there since taking power in April after months of violence. The region’s Guéré population largely backed his opponent, incumbent Laurent Gbagbo.  
 
During the ministers’ 4 October stop at the Catholic mission site in Duékoué, Guéré women who lost their husbands in the fighting threw themselves to the ground bawling, and youths hollered “Free Gbagbo” and “We want Gbagbo” when ministers tried to speak, people who were present told IRIN.
 
Local leaders said they've received word that Ouattara’s visit to the west, originally set for mid-October, has been postponed. This was not confirmed with government sources.
 
Since the recent incident traditional leaders in Duékoué have held meetings appealing to local people to seize the opportunity of government officials' visiting, to discuss grievances and possible solutions. 
 
Thousands of Guéré are still living in tents at temporary sites, many having lost their homes and belongings during the conflict. Local Guéré say that to this day armed men affiliated with the fighters who helped bring Ouattara to power are still blocking access to local people’s homes and especially plantations. 
 
Yro Alain Roger, who is among the displaced in Duékoué, said it makes no sense to talk about reconciliation in such conditions. “Everyone’s talking about reconciliation but not about disarmament. We are living in misery. People are full of anxiety… All we owned is now in the hands of foreigners - how can we reconcile?” 
 
“Everyone’s president” 
 
Most Guéré IRIN spoke with are ready to accept Ouattara. “He’s everyone’s president,” many said - and move on. Still, said traditional Guéré chief François Batahi, while it is important to engage with the new authorities, much remains to be done to create conditions for reconciliation, particularly an improvement in security.
  
“The one and only remedy to bring about reconciliation is disarmament,” said Batahi, echoing the words of other Guéré IRIN interviewed. They say `dozos’ [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93378 ] - traditional hunters long present in Côte d’Ivoire who have been accused of atrocities in the post-election violence - are committing extortion and intimidating people trying to return to their land. 
 
For decades people from other parts of Côte d’Ivoire and from neighbouring countries have farmed Guéré-owned coffee and cocoa plantations. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93536 ] 
 
In an 11 October briefing paper Oxfam, Danish Refugee Council and CARE say: “The climate of fear and insecurity [in the west] is not conducive to sustainable returns.” Many displaced people they interviewed pointed to continued reprisals, harassment and a lack of judicial recourse. Many displaced people sense “that their security is not necessarily guaranteed”. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/451979 ]
 
'Daniel' is a Burkinabé farmer whose family has lived and worked in the region for decades. He insists no one is blocking local Guéré from returning to their villages. "I'm telling you, they are free to return; no one is threatening or bothering them. What you have here are people who stay just to continue receiving aid from NGOs."
 
Whatever the impact of security concerns, many people living in tents in Duékoué have no home or crops to return to. The NGOs in the briefing paper say: "What is clear is that people do not remain displaced because of a desire to take advantage of assistance available in camps"; families face "major gaps" in food, shelter and basic services in their villages of origin.
  
Haunting audio 
  
Displaced Guéré men told IRIN `dozos’ and fighters with the then Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire have mobile phone recordings of attacks against Guéré - including March killings in Duékoué’s neighbourhood known as Carréfour - and they play them to intimidate people. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92648 ]
 
A Guéré who requested anonymity said he was recently chased off his cocoa plantation by men dressed as `dozos’. “There they are, armed. And they play this recording in front of you - you can hear someone shouting in Guéré: `Have mercy, please don’t kill me’. Then gunfire. What can you possibly do?” 
 
An official with the human rights division of the UN Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) said UNOCI had heard of such recordings and was looking into the matter. 
 
Keï Dembélé Sidiki, also displaced, told IRIN: “If Ouattara comes I’ll be glad. He’s everyone’s president.” He added: “But he must disarm the dozos.”
 
Keï, in his 30s, bears the name of a Malian who worked on the family plantation; while land disputes and intercommunal unrest have long been common in the region, there are cases of Guéré landowners and those who farm their land getting along very well for generations. Guéré people said they wonder whether there could ever again be such amicable relations.
 
The NGOs in their briefing paper express concern that part of the election violence’s fallout will be more land-related tensions. “Ongoing land disputes in these areas have been exacerbated by the armed conflict, the resulting displacement, and now the return of displaced people. It is feared that the land disputes will multiply as more people return to their place of origin.” 
 
About a quarter of a million people remain displaced throughout Côte d’Ivoire as of the end September, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
  
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93962</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110121314410328t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 13 October 2011 (IRIN) - Ivoirian government officials recently visiting displaced families in the west were met with hostile youth and wailing women - a reminder six months after election violence ended that wounds are still raw and reconciliation distant.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
