In what should be a dry river bed at this time of year, grey water flows, revealing the extent to which the River Hebron, which runs from the West Bank into Israel, is polluted. The stench underlines the problem.
"Most transboundary streams in the region are contaminated and characterised by widespread pollution from Palestinian sources [typically raw sewage], as well as a variety of… sources from within Israel," said a working paper, entitled Monitoring Transboundary Palestinian-Israeli Streams, released in December by the Arava Institute and other Israeli and Palestinian organisations.
In some cases, downstream Palestinian towns receive Israeli waste. There are at least 10 transboundary streams in the region, with flows that go both ways. Untreated waste water from the West Bank can even end up flowing via Israel into the Gaza Strip and then the sea.
The pollution not only destroys the rivers and the connected eco-systems, but also seeps into the groundwater, harming drinking water sources. Furthermore, it leads to mosquito infestations, allowing diseases like West Nile Fever to spread.
"When people see a polluted river, they dump their garbage there, causing even more pollution and contamination," Ofer Shaulker, from the Besor Drainage Authority, which is responsible for the area, told IRIN, while standing on a pile of industrial waste on the riverbank.
After spending three years studying the contents of the Hebron and Alexander (Al-Khalil and Zomar, in Arabic) rivers, the researchers concluded that "the results confirm the necessity of cooperation in watershed management."
Cooperation hampered
 Photo: Shabtai Gold/IRIN  |
| Hebron River polluted at green line |
Experts on the issue, including people such as Gershon Baskin of the Israel/Palestinian Centre for Research and Information, and Nader al-Khatib of the Palestinian Water and Environmental Development Organisation, say the problem lies in the Israeli government's insistence that waste water treatment plants set up in the West Bank also serve the Israeli settlements there.
The Palestinians have refused to allow the treatment plants to be linked to the israeli settlements, as this would be seen as legitimising the existence of these settlements deemed illegal under international law.
The two experts also share another viewpoint: why - in the nearly 30 years between the Israeli occupation in 1967 and the Oslo Accords, which gave birth to the Palestinian Authority (PA) "didn't Israel build treatment centres" in the West Bank, they asked rhetorically.
"It's win-win or lose-lose for both sides," Khatib said, suggesting that instead of politically contingent bodies, Israel and the Palestinians set up independent environmental working groups to solve problems.
Barriers damage environment?
Jamil Matour, deputy director of the Palestinian Environmental Quality Authority, a PA agency, said Israel, in addition to refusing to grant the Palestinians permits to build several waste treatment centres for themselves, has also damaged the environment through its system of barriers and checkpoints.
"My staff can't travel freely. They can't visit Area C," the part of the West Bank under full Israeli control, "to investigate and report on problems there", he said, adding that Israel's Barrier was a "strategic threat against the ecological balance in the region, interrupting natural life cycles".
While most waste water emanates from homes, a fair percentage comes from West Bank industry, like the stone quarries. A new Italian-funded project is supposed to help reduce the runoff from the quarries.
"I hope it will be implemented soon," Matour said. "The pollution of the River Hebron is very dangerous for all of us, the Israelis and the Palestinians."
Israel's Civil Administration in the West Bank did not respond to repeated queries regarding the permits.
Groundwater damaged
Waste water that flows from the West Bank into Israel is treated by Israeli plants, though by that time it has already damaged the groundwater. Israel charges the PA for the service, but the treated water remains in Israel, depriving the Palestinians of the ability to reuse the water for their agriculture.
Lior Assaf, an Israeli hydrologist and one of the report's researchers, said it would be best for the Palestinians to handle their own waste and thereby catch the pollution at source. They would also then be able to reuse the treated water.
 Photo: Shabtai Gold/IRIN |
| Announcing river park project - old Ottoman bridge in the background |
A German-funded project to build treatment centres will take several more years to complete, still leaving a void.
In the meantime, Israel plans to build what it says will be the largest river park - a public amenity as well as a pollution-free zone - in the Middle East, along where the River Hebron meets the River Beersheba, in an attempt to curb damage to those two water courses.
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This article was produced by IRIN News while it was part of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Please send queries on copyright or liability to the UN. For more information: https://shop.un.org/rights-permissions
