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Photo: Stephanie March/IRIN

Land claims in Timor-Leste are often disputed given that under the Portuguese 450 year colonization, 25 years of Indonesian occupation and the 2006 conflict, many people have been repeatedly displaced and laid claim to unoccupied houses.

DILI, 31 October 2008 (IRIN) - Timor-Leste is addressing ancient land disputes created by centuries of occupation and confusion over land titles.

For 450 years, East Timor was a Portuguese colony and for 25 years thereafter occupied by Indonesia. At independence in 2002, the country was left with overlapping claims of land ownership and property deeds. Most land in Dili during the Indonesian occupation belonged to the state.

"The history of land ownership in Timor is extremely complicated," Nigel Thompson, of the USAID-funded "Ita nia rai" (our land) project, told IRIN. As part of the US$10 million project, a database will be developed, with citizens registering their land claims.

"Securing land title for farmers in rural areas will help protect them from potential exploitation as global demand for crops such as rice increases and bio fuels become more popular," Breanna Risdel, public information and awareness team leader for the project, told IRIN.

However, resolving conflicting claims will depend heavily on final approval of a land and property law that is due to go before parliament by year-end.

Rural vs urban disputes

Risdel said most disputes in rural areas took place over inheritance of land but claims were often resolved through traditional dispute-resolution methods.

However, disputes in urban areas have been exacerbated by multiple land title claims and repeated displacement of families over the years.

Many residents - both Indonesian and East Timorese - fled the capital during the violence around the Indonesian withdrawal in 1999, and many more were displaced during conflict in 2006.

People returning to the city after the violence subsided occupied intact and destroyed houses, often rebuilding or repairing them with their own money.

Possession a priority

The key objective of the Ita nia rai project is to develop a land law that will prove satisfactory for those occupying land as well as those who claim an official title.

There are many wealthy families who lay claim to large tracts of prime land, mainly in Dili. People without titles, who may have a legitimate claim to such land, currently occupy much of it.

Funding the dispute-resolution process from government coffers and possibly establishing a separate tribunal to deal with land rights, is the only way to ensure all claimants get fair consideration, Ibere Lopez, policy and legislation specialist for the project, told IRIN.

"If you don't do that the only way to enforce land rights is through the courts," he said, adding that poor people would struggle to defend their land claim as the court processes are expensive.  

Very few land disputes are resolved by the courts. "The courts are busy with the criminal cases and they don't know how to deal with these [land] issues," Lopez said.

Women's rights

Women head 19 percent of households in Timor-Leste, and are being encouraged to make land claims.

Both patrilineal and matrilineal systems exist in customary law, but there are social barriers to formally recognising women as property owners.

"In the public information and awareness [part of the project], we stress constitutional issues of equality [and in the] focus groups involve women, because traditionally they tend to miss out on this information," Thompson told IRIN.

Solution not perfect

Considering the confusing title systems of the past, the recognition of possession before title is probably the fairest solution, Lopez told IRIN.

One of the options in the draft law before the Minister of Justice entails the government paying compensation to those who claim to have a title, and awarding a new title to the possessor of the property.

However, even under this system some people will lose out, he said.

"There is no way any process, any criteria [or] any land law would please everyone."

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