<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Zimbabwe</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 18:30:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Zimbabwe short on climate change funds</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305071409390879t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - Inadequate funding and limited resources are frustrating Zimbabwe’s efforts to develop plans to deal with the impact of climate change, says a government progress report.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - Inadequate funding and limited resources are frustrating Zimbabwe’s efforts to develop plans to deal with the impact of climate change, says a government progress report. 

Zimbabwe has been facing political and financial turmoil for more than a decade, derailing the government’s ability to function and respond to crises. 

Sparse and erratic rains have already caused the water table to drop, affecting the country’s ability to produce food and contributing to the spread of water-borne diseases. In 2008, the country experienced one of the worst cholera outbreaks recorded anywhere in recent years; the outbreak killed at least 4,000 people and infected 100,000 others [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97312/Zimbabwe-s-climate-change-policies-need-an-urban-focus ].

The government report, Strengthening the National Capacity for Climate Change, says Zimbabwe lacks the funds needed to hold a workshop to identify a National Implementing Entity, an accredited body able to receive direct financial transfers from the Adaptation Fund in Zimbabwe [ https://www.adaptation-fund.org/page/implementing-entities ]. The Adaptation Fund, set up under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is the most important source of funds to help developing countries adapt to climate change. 

The government also lacks sufficient funds to devise a national strategy, review the work of its technical team on climate change or conduct advocacy work to raise awareness of climate change, the report says. 

Funds short 

In 2012, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) commissioned a three-year, US$8.3 million project with the government, aiming to incorporate climate change issues into the country’s national development plans and to leverage funds from the global finance mechanisms. 

Veronica Gundu, a principal environment officer in the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Management, told IRIN that when the idea to craft a national climate change response strategy was proposed, UNDP agreed to provide funds, but “as we went on to develop the strategy, the funds were not enough, so we sourced additional funding from COMESA [Common Markets for East and Southern Africa]”. 

COMESA is said to have agreed to complement the UNDP funding with $170,000, which is meant to go towards the projected $400,000 needed for the national response strategy. COMESA has yet to release the funds. 

Additionally, Gundu said the government had, for the first time last year, released funds for climate change; she did not disclose the figures. 

Sara Feresu, director of the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Zimbabwe, the institution leading the climate change strategy-formulation process, told a workshop in early April that still more funds were needed. 

The government has put together a draft national response strategy with the money that was available, conducting consultations in select urban centres. But the draft strategy needs feedback from provinces and districts. Consultations with civil society, most of whom have yet to see the draft, are also needed. 

In spite of the funding gaps, Gundu is optimistic that by the end of the year the first draft, which the government says is in circulation, will be ready for adoption. 

Short on development aid 

Climate change pundits say fundraising for climate change adaptation has proved difficult due to the global economic crisis, which has seen donors minimizing funding to NGOs and governments. Advocates insist on more government involvement in fundraising efforts. 

Leonard Unganayi, who manages a climate change project administered jointly by the government-owned Environmental Management Agency (EMA), the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and UNDP, says there can never be enough funding for such a mammoth task. 

He says that even at the global level there are major outcries for funding and resources [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96893/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Underfunding-leaves-poor-unable-to-adapt ].

The development agency Oxfam said an analysis of new figures of Official Development Assistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97785/Global-aid-drops-as-rich-nations-struggle ] by the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (OECD) Development Assistance Committee shows a staggering 40 percent drop in funding focused on climate change adaptation. 

Shepherd Zvigadza, chairperson of the Climate Change Working Group, a coalition of NGOs, said most NGOs were making efforts to fundraise for adaptation, but that most of the money coming in is just for pilot projects that do not have the desired impact. 

“Zimbabwe has been under sanctions, and so many donors have been shying away from supporting us, both as government and NGOs... Besides sanctions, the country has not been able to tap into the global funding windows because emphasis is on supporting least developed countries, and Zimbabwe is not classified as one,” he said. 

After flawed elections in 2002, European governments placed targeted sanctions on the leadership of ZANU-PF, which was the ruling party at the time, and on development aid to the government. In 2012, the European Union suspended some of the sanctions on assistance to Zimbabwe, but it has yet to [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96289/Analysis-Zimbabwe-crisis-over ] reinstate development aid to the government. 

To overcome the funding issues, Gundu says government is working towards the establishment of a National Climate Change Fund, which will be administered under the Green Climate Fund, also set up under the UNFCCC [ http://gcfund.net/about-the-fund/mandate-and-governance.html ]. But the fund has yet to become operational. 

Unganayi says Zimbabwe should try to identify innovative ways to raise money locally. 

tnm/jk/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97994/Zimbabwe-short-on-climate-change-funds</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305071409390879t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - Inadequate funding and limited resources are frustrating Zimbabwe’s efforts to develop plans to deal with the impact of climate change, says a government progress report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Informal employment sustains Zimbabweans</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111302490329t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Five years after Zimbabwe’s political and economic crisis peaked in 2008, the economy continues to perform poorly, with the manufacturing sector still shedding jobs and unemployment estimated at 75 percent. But the real level of unemployment is almost impossible to gauge as countless Zimbabweans are making a living in the informal sector.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Five years after Zimbabwe’s political and economic crisis peaked in 2008, the economy continues to perform poorly, with the manufacturing sector still shedding jobs and unemployment estimated at 75 percent. But the real level of unemployment is almost impossible to gauge as countless Zimbabweans are making a living in the informal sector.

Kumbirai Katsande, President of the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI), told IRIN Zimbabwe has become a “nation of traders”. The municipal markets in Mbare, a sprawling low-income suburb of Harare, the capital, are overflowing with people selling goods. Trading space and the money to rent it are scarce, so entrepreneurs have set up shop outside markets and in other open spaces.

The police crack down on them every once in a while but Robert Guveya, who sells pirated DVDs, thinks it’s worth the risk. “I cannot get a job and am just trying to earn an honest living,” he said.

Informal trading is not limited to low-income areas. Harare’s city centre has its fair share of sidewalk salespeople and flea markets, one of the largest of which is located behind a shopping centre in middle-class Avondale. Rumbidzai Gava, who quit her job as a dental assistant and now imports second-hand clothing from Mozambique for $250 a bale, rents a stall there for US$10 per day. “I make gross more than $700 per bale and sometimes the clothes go very quickly. I am making much more than the $250 [a month] I got at the dentist’s,” she said.

The Zimbabwe Cross Border Association represents traders who import goods for resale, primarily from South Africa, but also from as far afield as Hong Kong, Taiwan and Britain. Killer Zivhu, the president, estimated that at the peak of the economic crisis - when the informal economy supplied almost everything that could not be found on supermarket shelves - up to three-quarters of adult Zimbabweans were involved in some form of trade.

Low wages mean that many Zimbabweans continue to live off the proceeds of informal trade. They import car parts, electronic goods, clothes and even cars, and often employ other people to sell the goods, thus creating jobs. However, they are not recognized legally and face harassment and arrest by local authorities and the police. Zivhu said their lack of legal status also limits their access to capital.

Shrinking manufacturing sector

Before the Zimbabwe dollar was replaced in 2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82674/ZIMBABWE-Poverty-for-a-few-dollars-more ] by a multi-currency financial system using the US dollar, Botswana pula and the South African rand, many Zimbabweans were forced out of formal-sector jobs because hyperinflation had made their salaries almost worthless. Tapfumaneyi Tirivanhu left his job at a furniture factory in 2007 when he could no longer make ends meet and moved to Botswana for several years. He returned to Zimbabwe in 2011 and started a carpentry shop in a bay at the Harare Home Industries shed in Mbare with some tools and machinery he had bought in Botswana.

“It was slow in the beginning, as I had little money to buy materials with,” he told IRIN, but after his former employer went bust in 2012 and an ex-colleague joined him, they started supplying the old company’s customers. “There are four of us here and three upholsterers, so I am providing employment for seven people including myself,” Tirivanhu said.

In a good month they each take home as much as $300. “It’s much more than I would earn working for a company, and though I do not have benefits such as medical aid and a pension, I am doing alright,” he said.

CZI’s Katsande said the manufacturing sector had been shedding jobs since a slump started around August 2012. “Some of the companies that are still operating are introducing shorter working weeks so they can manage the wage bill. In a lot of instances they would retrench if they could afford to pay the workers off, but they do not have the money to do so.”

He noted the lack of government and infrastructural support. “We need new technology, as in some factories everything is obsolete, which makes production inefficient and expensive. Too many people are employed, it’s very wasteful.”

Replacing the Zimbabwe dollar with a multi-currency system has been a double-edged sword, he said. “We now have stability, but are at the mercy of the fluctuations of the currencies of wherever we are importing materials or machinery from. We cannot devalue the US dollar, which we could do with our own currency. As a result, our products can be uncompetitive on the international market.”

The high cost of manufacturing in Zimbabwe means that some local goods are more expensive than imported ones, which the government could remedy by levying higher duties on imports, Katsande said, warning that without more government support, the manufacturing sector would keep shrinking.

In contrast, the mining sector is growing rapidly and now employs some 43,000 workers, up from less than 3,000 at the height of Zimbabwe’s economic crisis. “There has been substantial growth in the sector and we expect it to keep growing,” said Edward Mubvumba, of the National Employment Council for the Mining Industry. He added that thousands more unregistered artisanal gold and diamond miners are operating illegally.

Informal sector crucial

Agriculture remains the largest sector in the economy. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (Zimstat) figures put the number of people employed in agriculture in 2010 at 815,000 - more than double the pre-crisis figure, which peaked at 355,000 in 1997. Prof Tony Hawkins, the head of the University of Zimbabwe’s business school, said this was partly because up to 2009, the figures only took into account employees in the commercial farming sector, but since then they have included communal farmers in resettlement areas, and those who work for them.

Hawkins said Zimbabwe’s informal sector was playing a crucial role in reducing poverty and unemployment. He argued that current unemployment estimates ignored the role of the informal sector, and put the true unemployment figure at less than 50 percent. “Half of the economy is informal but it’s difficult to measure,” he said. “They don’t pay taxes, so they contribute little to the fiscus but… [the sector] definitely has a positive impact on poverty levels.”

im/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97825/Informal-employment-sustains-Zimbabweans</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111302490329t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Five years after Zimbabwe’s political and economic crisis peaked in 2008, the economy continues to perform poorly, with the manufacturing sector still shedding jobs and unemployment estimated at 75 percent. But the real level of unemployment is almost impossible to gauge as countless Zimbabweans are making a living in the informal sector.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Southern Africa cracks down on TB in mines</title><pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa's gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation. 

In August 2012, heads of state from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) agreed to sign the SADC Declaration on TB in the Mining Sector, following endorsements by their national ministers for health, labour and justice [ http://t.co/Fi6fAChcRe ].

According to Swaziland’s Minister of Health, Benedict Xaba, he and South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi, and Lesotho’s former Minister of Health, Mphu Ramatlapeng, began pushing for the declaration in 2010. Xaba, the son of a miner, admitted that he has lost members of his family to TB. 

South Africa is supporting the declaration and related initiatives, including a 1,000-day campaign to meet TB and HIV targets in the region, but the country has not yet officially signed the declaration, according to Lynette Mabote, regional HIV, TB and human rights advocacy team leader at the AIDS Rights Alliance of Southern Africa (ARASA), a civil society body that has been heavily involved in the declaration and advocacy around TB in mines. 

How big a problem is TB in the mines? 

The South African Department of Health estimates the country's gold mining industry has the highest number of new TB cases annually in the world - up to 7,000 cases per 100,000 people per year - according to its TB Strategic Plan for South Africa 2007-2011 [ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=72544 ].

Data collected from autopsies on formers miners have also shown a prevalence of latent and undiagnosed TB as high as 90 percent, according to a 2009 study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105877 ].

Why is TB a problem on the mines? 

While many people may carry latent TB infection, active TB infection will usually only occur in a small number of them. However, those with compromised immune systems and HIV co-infection are up to 30 times more likely to develop active TB. 

In South Africa, where HIV prevalence is about 18 percent, many miners are no doubt living with HIV but face additional occupational risks, according to Rodney Ehrlich from the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research at University of Cape Town. He describes these risks as: 

- A high burden of silicosis, a respiratory disease that develops due to inhaling silica dust during the mining process and could be viewed as an immune deficiency illness; 

- Silica dust load in the lungs and previous lung damage; 

- Poor living conditions, including overcrowding; 

- Circular migration between neighbouring countries and South Africa, leading to interrupted TB/HIV treatment and poor access to care. 

The mines have also not escaped the growing epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis, which in the absence of wide access to molecular testing has not only been harder to diagnose but also to treat. Research released in 2010 estimated that that almost four percent of the national multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) burden, where TB is found to be resistant to both the commonly used first-line drugs isoniazid and rifampicin, may reside on the country's mines. 

Falling employment figures indicate that the mines now employ considerably fewer miners than in the late 1980s, Ehrlich added. Commodity prices dropped in 2008 and 2009, leading to further lay-offs, which may greatly complicate addressing the needs of affected miners who are no longer employed and will be relying on already stressed health systems in rural areas or home countries for treatment. 

What did countries commit to in the declaration? 

Countries agree to taking tangible actions like establishing independent mining ombudsmen to handle health-related complaints, harmonising treatment protocols related to addressing HIV, TB and silicosis on the mines, and - controversially for some - classifying TB and silicosis acquired in the mines as such. 

At a meeting of SADC health ministers in April 2012, mining companies were reluctant to classify TB and silicosis, a respiratory disease linked to exposure to silica dust produced during gold mining, as occupational diseases. In addition, the responsibility of mining companies to ensure treatment of mine workers with these diseases even after employees have left the company was a sticking point, according to David Mametja, head of South African Department of Health's TB Control and Management Programme. 

The document now calls on employers to take full responsibility for the management of all occupational diseases, including TB associated with silicosis post-employment. 

However, activists have cautioned that national legal frameworks must be changed to ensure TB is treated as an occupational disease. This would have to include provisions for mine workers who have left employment but later developed active TB. 

"The history around the issue of occupational health is littered with companies not taking responsibility," activist Gregg Gonsalves told IRIN at South Africa's 2012 TB conference. "It has to be about regulation - states have to regulate their business practices. Only in jurisdictions where that has happened has that problem been solved. It has to come through statues and regulation." 

The declaration also calls for the development of a minimum package of services to facilitate cross-border care. 

"Our referral systems do not take into consideration the dynamics that are experienced in the region as far as TB in the mines is concerned," said Stephen Sianga, SADC secretariat director for social and human development and special programmes. "There are challenges regarding standard treatment, both between countries and within countries, where you find that the system used in the mines is different to that used in the public health system." 

While TB treatment regimens across the SADC are largely already harmonized, activists have long been calling for the same to be done regarding HIV treatment. This would also facilitate the use of health passports, which would enhance cross-border care, as would the standardization of a minimum package of HIV, TB and silicosis services. 

What happens next? 

In the run-up to the August 2012 signing of the declaration, civil society groups like ARASA called for a five- or 10-year action plan, with concrete steps to be taken to implement the declaration. Now, SADC will be looking to operationalize the declaration at national level through a code of conduct. 

According to Mabote, the draft code was dismissed by ministers of health at a SADC meeting in Angola in July 2012. An SADC technical working group reworked the document in November, but a final version of the document has yet to be released. 

llg/kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97719/Southern-Africa-cracks-down-on-TB-in-mines</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Grim food security outlook for Zimbabwe*</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202141316350671t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Laina Tavengwa, 34, from Wedza District in Zimbabwe’s Mashonaland East Province, no longer sees a point in farming her family’s four-hectare plot.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Laina Tavengwa, 34, from Wedza District in Zimbabwe’s Mashonaland East Province, no longer sees a point in farming her family’s four-hectare plot.

When the first rains of the season fell in mid-November last year, she reluctantly heeded her husband’s advice to start planting, but she put only a hectare under maize and allocated an acre to groundnuts.

The crop suffered under a dry spell in December, and when heavy rains set in, Tavengwa was unable to tend the plot or apply fertilizer - which she did not have anyway.

“When the heavy rains stopped, my maize, just like that of my neighbours, was yellowing and looked too sick, and I vowed to my husband that I would never again think of planting maize in my lifetime.

“There is no reason to be going back to the fields every year when you know that you are never going to get anything out of them,” she told IRIN.

Most of the maize crop in Goto Village, where Tavengwa resides, is of uneven height, looks sickly and bears small cobs.

“There is no hope of a good harvest this year again. For the fourth year, we will have to beg for food from well-wishers. I have travelled across Wedza and it seems the majority of the people will not have much to put in their granaries,” Simon Maveza, a village elder, told IRIN.

Though rains have recently returned, Maveza said it was too late for their crops, mostly maize, to recover.

Critical condition

Denford Chimbwanda, former president of the Grain and Cereal Producers Association of Zimbabwe (GPCA), told IRIN that although crops were doing well in regions such as Mashonaland Central and West and parts of Mashonaland East, many areas of the country would suffer poor harvests this year.

“There are pockets of good harvests in some traditionally arid regions like Masvingo, but the crop situation is bad in Matabeleland and parts of the Midlands and Manicaland. I would say about a third of the land that was planted is going to be severely affected, meaning that there will be a cereal shortage this year again,” Chimbwanda told IRIN.

In February, the Zimbabwe Farmers’ Union (ZFU) indicated in its crop and livestock update that most crops were showing signs of stress due to erratic rains, and that maize crops in many areas were in a critical condition. 

Joseph Made, the agriculture minister, whose department is coordinating its annual crop and livestock assessment in conjunction with humanitarian agencies, revealed recently that the area planted for major food crops had declined from about 1.9 million hectares in 2012 to around 1.5 million hectares this year. 

“The area planted for major food crops, namely maize, sorghum and millet has temporarily declined… due to inadequate financial support and late rains,” he reportedly said during an address at a military training college [ http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67451:2013-crop-hectarage-down-made&catid=41:business&Itemid=133 ].

Food security poor

Looming bad harvests will add to an already poor food security situation characterized by severe shortages. 

Tavengwa said last year’s harvests were the worst she had seen in a long time. Her family managed to salvage only 10kg of maize, which lasted them less than two weeks.

“I struggle every day to feed the family.  My mind is always preoccupied with what I must do to ensure that we don’t die of hunger,” said Tavengwa, a mother of three sets of twins. Her husband has been bedridden since he had a stroke two years ago.

She frequently travels to Harare to sell dried green vegetables that she buys from vendors at the nearby Wedza business centre. The money she earns is enough to ensure that the family gets one main meal a day, but she has not paid school fees for her children since the term began in January.

According to Felix Bamezon, UN World Food Programme (WFP) country director, Zimbabwe’s current food insecurity levels are the worst in four years. “During the peak hunger period of January to March 2013, approximately 19 percent of Zimbabwe’s rural population - the equivalent of one in five people - are estimated to be in need of food assistance,” he told IRIN.

Of the country’s 13 million people, WFP and the government are providing food aid to 1.58 million in 37 districts across the country.

The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee report of 2012 indicated that the worst-affected areas are Masvingo, Matabeleland North and South, and parts of Mashonaland, Midlands and Manicaland provinces.

Bamezon explained that WFP was mainly providing assistance to subsistence farmers and other food insecure people who were badly hit by last year’s drought. “In many parts of the country, particularly in the south, the maize they harvested barely lasted a few months, bringing an early start to the ‘hunger season’, which will end with the next harvest expected in April,” he told IRIN. 

Under the programme, in which the government for the first time provided 350,000 metric tons of maize from the strategic grain reserve, beneficiaries are receiving maize meal, cooking oil and pulses. The 250,000 people in areas that have surpluses are receiving cash to buy food.

fm/ks/rz

*This article was amended on 14/03/13. The original report erroneously described food security levels in Zimbabwe as the worst in four years and said the government provided 350,000 metric tons of maize for food assistance.

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97645/Grim-food-security-outlook-for-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202141316350671t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Laina Tavengwa, 34, from Wedza District in Zimbabwe’s Mashonaland East Province, no longer sees a point in farming her family’s four-hectare plot.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Politicians push for Yes vote in Zimbabwe&apos;s referendum</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803307t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - On 16 March Zimbabweans will vote in a referendum on whether to adopt or reject a draft constitution for which the three major political parties have publicly endorsed a Yes vote.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - On 16 March Zimbabweans will vote in a referendum on whether to adopt or reject a draft constitution for which the three major political parties have publicly endorsed a Yes vote.

The writing of a new constitution was one of the requirements of the Global Political Agreement (GPA), which formed a power-sharing agreement between President Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party and the two factions of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), following the violently contested presidential elections of 2008.

After the referendum, Zimbabweans will vote in general elections slated for July, either under a new constitution or the current one.

“Sweeping powers”

A large cross-section of society - including women, war veterans and the youth - have given the draft constitution a thumbs up, but Lovemore Madhuku, chairperson of the civil society group National Constitutional Assembly (NCA), said the fact that all three political parties support a Yes vote on the referendum should sound alarm bells.

“The three political parties are seduced by some of the constitutional provisions which safeguard the president from answering questions in parliament," said Madhuku, whose organization is encouraging Zimbabweans to vote No on the new constitution. "The current draft does not change the features of the current constitution in terms of presidential powers; the office will still retain sweeping powers.”

The NCA has approached the Supreme Court to have the date of the referendum postponed, arguing that Zimbabweans have not had enough time to study the draft. The NCA opposed the drafting process from the beginning, saying it should not be led by political parties but by an independent constitutional commission. 

Tecla Chisvo, a 55-year-old farmer in Chegutu, Mashonaland West, said she was unhappy with both the process of drafting the new constitution and its final form and would vote against it.
"During outreach and consultation meetings, we were told by political party representatives what to say in terms of what should be contained in the constitution. That obviously meant what we wanted included was not accommodated. Even now, it is political parties that are telling us to vote Yes," said Chisvo.

Jabulani Sibanda, chairperson of the militant National Liberation War Veterans Association, which is closely allied with ZANU-PF, told IRIN that they would vote in favour of the draft.

“There are so many things that we are not happy about in this draft constitution, but like many constitutions or agreements, we have to negotiate with representatives of our former colonizers and the devils amongst ourselves. We will vote Yes in the referendum and allow it to pass because we will win the next elections by a huge majority. We can always make progressive amendments in parliament,” Sibanda said.

Many unaware

The Constitution Select Committee (Copac), a coalition of parlimentary representatives from the three parties, had initially printed only 90,000 copies of the draft constitution for a country with a registered voting population of more than 5 million.

Of that figure, 70,000 were in English and 20,000 in local languages. They also printed 200,000 abridged versions of the draft constitution in the different languages.

Noma Dube, a civil servant in Matabeleland South, told IRIN that rural communities were largely unaware of the impending referendum. "There has not been adequate publicity around it. People have not seen the draft, and because the entire process was politicized, people generally shunned the process and lost interest."

The greatest outcry has come from people living with disabilities. Abraham Mateta, a visually impaired legal expert, told IRIN that Copac had only printed 200 Braille copies of the draft constitution for a population of 40,000 blind people.

""he current draft constitution is a sad reflection of Zimbabwean attitudes towards people with disability," he told IRIN. "To start with, the inputs from people with disabilities during outreach meetings were ignored and welfarist and charity models adopted.”

He said this would relegate people with disabilities to chores such as shoe mending and making baskets.

Said Mateta, “While the draft is clear on what interventions the State should make with groups such as the youth, elderly and war veterans, on disability, it says interventions shall be made subject to availability of funds, which clearly implies that disability is expensive and that disabled people are second class citizens.”

dd/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97639/Politicians-push-for-Yes-vote-in-Zimbabwe-apos-s-referendum</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803307t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - On 16 March Zimbabweans will vote in a referendum on whether to adopt or reject a draft constitution for which the three major political parties have publicly endorsed a Yes vote.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Third-line ARVs could widen treatment gap in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007062614t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - HIV/AIDS activists in Zimbabwe have welcomed the government’s move to address the problem of HIV drug resistance by introducing third-line antiretroviral drug (ARVs). But it remains unclear how the cash-strapped government will finance this, as procuring the drugs will invariably be expensive and could divert resources away from other HIV treatment efforts.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - HIV/AIDS activists in Zimbabwe have welcomed the government’s move to address the problem of HIV drug resistance by introducing third-line antiretroviral drug (ARVs). But it remains unclear how the cash-strapped government will finance this, as procuring the drugs will invariably be expensive and could divert resources away from other HIV treatment efforts.

As ARV access improves, an increasing number of patients will eventually need third-line medicines, which are used when patients stop responding to first- and second-line treatment regimens. Research by PharmAccess, a Dutch foundation providing HIV treatment services to the private sector in sub-Saharan Africa, has shown that in 11 countries, transmitted drug resistance increased by 38 percent for each year the country scaled-up ARV treatment.

Yet third-line drugs are either unaffordable or unavailable in many developing countries.

Zimbabwe, which introduced ARV therapy in 2004, is reaching an estimated 347,000 people with treatment, but 600,000 are estimated to be in need of the drugs. Currently, those who have failed to respond to second-line treatment are being referred to research organizations.

Poorly resourced

Owen Mugurungi, the national coordinator of the HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis unit in Zimbabwe’s health ministry, says the government is considering introducing third-line ARVs to respond to treatment failures on the first- and second-line regimens. Mugurungi attributed treatment failures to lack of drug adherence and drug resistance [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/91866/AFRICA-Need-for-systematic-HIV-drug-resistance-testing ].

HIV drug resistance can be acquired, in which resistance develops following a patient’s poor adherence to treatment, or transmitted, in which a person becomes infected with a drug-resistant strain of the virus [ http://www.who.int/hiv/facts/drug_resistance/en/index.html ].

Mugurungi told IRIN/PlusNews that the government was working with the University of Zimbabwe to determine the number of people who had developed resistance to treatment. Levels of drugs resistance in sub-Saharan Africa are under 5 percent, but a few surveillance studies in East and Southern Africa have reported increasing levels of transmitted drug resistance [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537300/ ].

HIV/AIDS activists fear that drug resistance and treatment failure could be linked to the government’s poor management of the national HIV/AIDS treatment programme.

Tinashe Mundawarara, the Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights project manager for HIV, human rights and law, said cases of resistance should not be surprising given the country’s poorly resourced health care system. Frequent drug stock-outs may have contributed to treatment interruptions, for example. 

“Drug resistance must be addressed quickly because delay may result in the resistance spreading to other related drugs, thus limiting future treatment options. It is good that the government has noticed the problem and seeks to address it,” said Mundawarara.  “We applaud that.”

Widening treatment gap

But Itai Rusike, director of the Community Working Group on Health, has raised concerns that introducing a third-line drug regimen could further widen the treatment gap.

“In a way, it is a welcome move. But the reality on the ground is that there are people on the ground that have not even enjoyed the first-line treatment,” said Rusike. “Only 40 percent of people in need of ARVs are on treatment. And then for us to move to the next stage, which is even more expensive, is condemning those in need of treatment to death because they may never access treatment after this.”

Rusike, whose organization works to ensure the equitable distribution of health resources in the country, said the majority of people in need of treatment still lack access to it.

“With this development, many of them may never graduate to the first-line treatment. So what we are saying is let us attend to the basics first. We have people who have been on the waiting list for years,” said Rusike. 

For HIV/AIDS activist Stanley Takaona, third-line treatment options will require greater management of the national ARV programme to prevent drug stock-outs. He said this is critical because after third-line treatment, there are no other options [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/95991/ZIMBABWE-Activists-slam-poor-management-of-ARV-supply ].

“Once the drugs have been introduced, the government needs to invest a lot in the care and management of patients on third-line to promote rigorous drug adherence, regular C4D count and full blood count tests to monitor how patients are responding to treatment.”

He added, “But meanwhile, there are still many people whose lives still depend on accessing the first-line.”

Zimbabwe has about 1.2 million people living with HIV. The number of people needing treatment increased when Zimbabwe adopted the World Health Organization treatment guidelines recommending patients begin treatment at a CD4 count of 350, compared to the 200 count in earlier treatment guidelines. Pregnant women and infants living with HIV are being initiated on treatment regardless of their CD4 count [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/87263/GLOBAL-WHO-sets-new-HIV-treatment-guidelines ].

st/kn/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97627/Third-line-ARVs-could-widen-treatment-gap-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007062614t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - HIV/AIDS activists in Zimbabwe have welcomed the government’s move to address the problem of HIV drug resistance by introducing third-line antiretroviral drug (ARVs). But it remains unclear how the cash-strapped government will finance this, as procuring the drugs will invariably be expensive and could divert resources away from other HIV treatment efforts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Zimbabwe&apos;s urban housing crisis</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303080930170792t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - With rural-to-urban migration increasing in Zimbabwe and urban squatter camps growing, the shortage of affordable public housing has become a contentious issue.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - With rural-to-urban migration increasing in Zimbabwe and urban squatter camps growing, the shortage of affordable public housing has become a contentious issue.

According to the Ministry of National Housing and Special Amenities, there are approximately 1.2 million people on the government's national housing waiting list, although the exact figure is not known because most local authorities do not collect the necessary data.

"With thousands of young people in the countryside completing their secondary education each year, the country has seen an upsurge in the number of people migrating from rural to urban areas, hoping to secure better employment opportunities. This has been a trend dating back to the days before the country gained its independence [in 1980]," said an official from the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, which has estimated the waiting list number at closer to 1.25 million.

The government has had multiple plans to roll out public housing schemes around the country, including a national housing policy launched in 1999, but it has lacked the resources to keep up with rising demand.

Special Sibanda, director in the housing ministry, said the ministry invested over US$25 million in housing development in 2012 through joint ventures with land developers and local authorities. However, another senior official in the ministry, speaking on condition of anonymity, said $176.5 million was required annually to address Zimbabwe’s public housing backlog by 2015.

The government’s 2005 slum clearance programme, Operation Murambatsvina, made over 700,000 people homeless and worsened the country’s housing crisis. Promises to re-house those whose shacks had been bulldozed have gone unfulfilled. Thousands are still living in squatter camps [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89360/ZIMBABWE-No-hope-yet-for-the-homeless ].

Unscrupulous cooperatives

Precious Shumba, director of the Harare Residents Trust, a local NGO that advocates for Harare residents to be represented in local governance issues, blamed the government’s reliance on unscrupulous housing cooperatives. According to the Zimbabwe National Association of Housing Cooperatives (ZINAHCO), these cooperatives are typically formed by a group of workers from a single company or industry, or by people from the same geographic location. Members pool their resources to ensure that they all benefit in improving their living conditions.

But according to Shumba, housing cooperatives acquire housing stands from corrupt city council officials at very low prices. They then build houses and sell them at inflated prices, which buyers pay off monthly over at least 14 years before being given title deeds.

"Local authorities and the government of Zimbabwe have not really invested in the provision of housing and accommodation to the citizenry, except to relinquish this responsibility to housing cooperatives, the majority of whom are siphoning off the little financial resources of low-paid workers," Shumba told IRIN.

He added that rapidly growing communities in Harare meant to accommodate low-income earners - such as Hopely Farm, Caledonia, Hatcliff and Whitecliff, all built by housing cooperatives - are lacking social infrastructure such as schools, health and recreational facilities, and shopping centres.

"The miserable condition of the emerging communities is attributed to poor planning and corruption by officials in the Housing and Community Services Department, as well as among councillors and officials in the urban planning and environmental management committees, where reports abound that corrupt housing cooperative leaders have been allocated land in some reserved open spaces where clinics, schools and shops were meant to be put," he said.

Meanwhile, in some of the squatter camps north of Harare, where many of the people made homeless by Operation Murambatsvina now live, politically connected housing cooperatives are reportedly duping individuals into paying thousands of dollars for housing stands the cooperatives do not have title deeds to. 

Marilyn Mutarara, a 44-year-old widow with six children, from Harare's Caledonia Farm squatter camp, said she bought her housing stand for $2,375 from a local housing cooperative four years ago, but has not yet received a title deed for it and, as a result, cannot get approval to build on the land. Local police have failed to take action because of the cooperatives’ political connections, she said.

Still waiting

Maurine Sambiri, a 48-year-old single mother from Mbare, Harare’s oldest low-income suburb, told IRIN she has lived as a tenant for 23 years. She pays $140 a month for the two rooms she occupies.

"I still don't have a place to call my own home. The government has not come to my rescue as a single mother, although I always hear there are government houses for the poor," she said, adding that she was placed on a government housing list several years ago.

According to the National Housing Policy, after registering with the government's public housing department, homes are allocated on a rent-to-buy basis determined by the individual's income. Twenty percent of government houses are reserved for civil servants who are required to pay a deposit of $3,600 for a house while non-government employees are required to pay a deposit of $10,000.

But with unemployment in Zimbabwe estimated at 60 percent, the Harare Residents Trust say very few can afford the deposits to buy government houses.

"It does not need a person from Mars to know that most Zimbabweans are self-employed and have no fixed monthly income. And personally, I doubt if some of us on the housing list will ever get the houses because, honestly, where will we get the $10,000 deposit?" said Terence Mugwadi, a tenant from Harare's Highfield low-income suburb.

Many residents who IRIN spoke to also alleged that the allocation of government housing was done by corrupt officials. They said they had failed to make it onto housing lists despite providing proof of their monthly income. 

"Often [they] demand bribes from us merely to place us on a housing list," said Richard Chiriga from Glenorah, a low-income suburb near Harare.

Glenorah is where Harare’s most recent batch of government houses was completed, following years of construction. But according to residents in the area, distribution of the houses has not been transparent.

In 2012, Harare City Council signed an agreement with the Central African Building Society (CABS) to build 3,102 more houses worth $15 million, a cost local authorities indicated they could afford annually for similar projects to meet the housing demand in the capital.

According to the agreement, the houses meant for low-income earners are to be built over a two-year period, with four-roomed houses costing approximately $12,000 each. 

But lifelong tenants like Eunice Chambati, a single mother from the city's Mabvuku-Tafara low-income suburb, say they have lost all hope of ever acquiring a government house.

"This is my life now,” said Chambati. “Living as a tenant for me is now very normal, and I have come to accept this." 

jm/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97615/Zimbabwe-apos-s-urban-housing-crisis</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303080930170792t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - With rural-to-urban migration increasing in Zimbabwe and urban squatter camps growing, the shortage of affordable public housing has become a contentious issue.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Maize shortage renews debate over GM in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205151222210806t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - A major shortage of maize has sent the price of maize meal, used for porridge and poultry feed, spiralling in Zimbabwe, prompting traders to lobby the government to consider importing genetically modified (GM) maize.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - A major shortage of maize has sent the price of maize meal, used for porridge and poultry feed, spiralling in Zimbabwe, prompting traders to lobby the government to consider importing genetically modified (GM) maize.

Zimbabwe, along with Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia, has long resisted importing GM maize. Most of the maize grown in neighbouring South Africa - which is the largest maize producer in the region, and which usually has a surplus to export - is GM. Though South Africa can provide certified GM-free maize, it is more expensive than the maize produced in Malawi or Zambia, all of which is GM-free.

A dry spell and lack of fertilizers in 2012 led to a poor harvest in Zimbabwe, and aid agencies expect the number of food insecure people to rise to almost 1.67 million by March. Zimbabwean traders usually import from Zambia to meet demand during shortages, but Zambia has imposed restrictions on maize exports.

The grain milling industry in Zimbabwe, which includes maize-meal and livestock-feed manufacturers, says their current stocks will not last until the new harvest season in May-June. The country's Agricultural Marketing Association has warned the government of an impending crisis.

The grain milling industry says it requires about 150,000 metric tons of maize between now and until the new harvest to meet consumers’ needs. Market sources say the Grain Marketing Board has only 92,000 metric tons of maize in its reserves, and it has stopped maize sales to save for a grain-loan scheme [ http://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2013/02/gmb-we-are-fast-running-out-of-maize.html ].

Zambia's restrictions

The price of maize was around US$260 a ton in 2012, but has escalated to $380 per ton, said Fungai Mungate, chairman of the Stock Feed Manufacturers Association (SMA) in Zimbabwe. "There is a major shortage of maize on the market. For the past few years now, the industry has depended on local maize supplies and imports from Zambia. But due to problems in Zambia, between November and December 2012, that country imposed some kind of restriction or an unofficial ban on maize exports to Zimbabwe. As we speak, there has been no maize coming from Zambia officially."

Zambia is facing its own maize shortages despite consecutive bumper harvests in the past three seasons. Researchers Auckland Kuteya and T.S. Jayne of Zambia’s Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute attribute the country’s maize meal shortages to the government’s own marketing and subsidy policies [ http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/zambia/High_Mealie_Meal_Prices_Zambia.pdf ]. 

For the last two years, the Zambian government's Food Reserve Agency (FRA) has been buying huge quantities of maize at high prices from farmers, then selling the maize to millers at deeply subsidized rates. Meanwhile, the FRA’s storage losses have been extremely high, with an estimated 25 percent of its maize purchases spoiled or of poor quality.

The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) says the government’s efforts were meant to counteract a potential price hike, expecting the huge surplus would attract foreign traders. The government also felt the need to maintain stable supplies [ http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=ZMB ].

But the removal of huge quantities of maize from the market (the FRA bought 1.75 million tons in the 2011-2012 marketing year; and then one million tons for the 2012-2013 marketing year) created shortages. Both traders and millers have hiked their prices, despite the government's threats to cancel millers’ licences.

And very little of the government subsidy given to millers has been passed on to consumers. As a result, the government has spent two percent of its GDP subsidizing maize despite experiencing the shortages and high prices.

State of GM

Zimbabwe allows a maximum of 0.01 percent trace of GM material in its maize imports. Both the Grain Millers Association and SMA have appealed to the government to temporarily revise this threshold to 2 percent.

SMA's Mungate said recent surveys by his organization of maize availability in South Africa at the 0.01 percent GM threshold found only 14,000 metric tons available at prices between $400 and $450 per metric ton.

The government has yet to respond to the request.

During a particularly severe drought in 2002, Zimbabwe said they would allow imports of GM food aid only in milled form, as this eliminated the risk of grain germination and limited possible contamination of local varieties [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/93991/FOOD-Rumpus-over-GM-food-aid ].

Ordinary Zimbabweans are struggling to access cheap grain. In Chitungwiza, an urban centre outside the capital, Harare, Gogo Keresencia Dziruni’s six-member household relies on her disabled husband's $100-a-month pension.

“I remember that not so long ago, we used to buy a 10kg bag of roller meal [unrefined maize meal] for $4.50, and now you cannot get it for below $6. As a basic necessity, maize meal should not be allowed to move that much because it is staple food for many people,” she said.

Dziruni says she would support the importation of GM maize if that would bring the price of maize meal down. 

Another resident, Masiiwa Ganyau, remarked that salaries have remained unchanged in the face of these price increases.

The price hikes have also affected poultry farming in Zimbabwe. Mungate said the poultry industry has become a major source of livelihood for the poor and for communal farmers. But sixty percent of the feed for poultry is derived from maize, and the increasing maize cost has caused feed prices to climb between two and five percent. The livestock feed industry said it needs 40,000 tons of maize between February and the next harvest to meet demand.

tn/jk/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97588/Maize-shortage-renews-debate-over-GM-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205151222210806t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - A major shortage of maize has sent the price of maize meal, used for porridge and poultry feed, spiralling in Zimbabwe, prompting traders to lobby the government to consider importing genetically modified (GM) maize.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Zimbabwe police ban radios, crack down on NGOs</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302261436090405t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Police in Zimbabwe have announced a ban on the possession of shortwave radio receivers, saying they are being used to communicate hate speech ahead of next month&apos;s constitutional referendum and elections set to be held in July.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Police in Zimbabwe have announced a ban on the possession of shortwave radio receivers, saying they are being used to communicate hate speech ahead of next month's constitutional referendum and elections set to be held in July.

Wind-up, solar-powered radios sets have been distributed by some NGOs to rural communities, where villagers have established listening clubs to tune in to popular independent radio stations like Radio Voice of The People, Studio 7 and SW Radio Africa. The broadcasts are produced by exiled Zimbabwean journalists based in Europe and the US. 

Zimbabwe has four state-controlled radio stations with a history of supporting President Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF party. Two recently established independent radio stations are also perceived to be pro-ZANU-PF. There is demand among listeners, especially those supportive of the rival Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), for other viewpoints.

Ban criticized

In the last elections, in 2008, many rural constituencies with access to independent radio broadcasts voted for the MDC formations led by Professor Welshman Ncube and Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai. 

The Media Alliance of Zimbabwe (MAZ) - a group comprising the Zimbabwe Union of Journalists, the Zimbabwe National Editors Forum, the Federation of African Media Women of Zimbabwe and other groups advocating for freedom of expression - has condemned the ban on radio receivers.

In a statement, MAZ noted that "owning and distributing radio receivers is not illegal and that confiscating them is a gross violation of citizens’ rights to receive and impart ideas and information without interference, as enshrined in Section 20 of the Constitution."

Urging the police to reverse the ban, MAZ pointed out that it would deprive people of an important source of information ahead of two critical national events.

Crackdown on NGOs

In recent weeks, police have also been conducting a crackdown on NGOs and human rights groups, raiding offices, confiscating files and arresting employees. 

Targeted organizations include Zimbabwe Human Rights, whose executive director was arrested, along with two other employees, on charges of "forging and manufacturing" counterfeit certificates of voter registration. They were later released on bail. Police also raided the offices of the Zimbabwe Peace Project, where they confiscated cell phones and hard drives. 

Following the last elections, head of the Zimbabwe Peace Project, Jestina Mukoko, was kidnapped and tortured after it emerged that her organization had damning evidence on the use of rape and torture by security forces to intimidate Tsvangirai supporters.

The offices of the Zimbabwe Election Support Network, an NGO that campaigns for democratic elections, were also searched by police.

The Ministry of Home Affairs, responsible for the police, is headed by two co-ministers, one from ZANU-PF and the other from the MDC.

In a statement, Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights criticized the three-party inclusive government, for failing to prevent "a sustained and escalating assault on NGOs involved in civic education, human rights monitoring, public outreach and service provision - all of which are lawful endeavours.”

Violence continues

Although President Robert Mugabe has called for peaceful conduct during and after the referendum and national elections, violence continues to be reported across the country.

Over the weekend, a 12-year-old boy died after the shelter he was sleeping in was set on fire during skirmishes between ZANU-PF and MDC supporters in Manicaland, 200km east of the capital.

The house was petrol-bombed by people believing that the boy’s father, a candidate for Tsvangirai’s party in the up-coming elections, was sleeping inside.

dd/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97549/Zimbabwe-police-ban-radios-crack-down-on-NGOs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302261436090405t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Police in Zimbabwe have announced a ban on the possession of shortwave radio receivers, saying they are being used to communicate hate speech ahead of next month&apos;s constitutional referendum and elections set to be held in July.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Suffering amid Zimbabwe&apos;s diamond fields of plenty</title><pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302221321510559t.jpg" />]]>MARANGE 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - A chain-link fence topped with coils of razor wire separates Zimbabwean subsistence farmers, who endure perennial crop failures and scarce rainfall, from what may be one of the world’s richest diamond deposits.</description><body><![CDATA[MARANGE 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - A chain-link fence topped with coils of razor wire separates Zimbabwean subsistence farmers, who endure perennial crop failures and scarce rainfall, from what may be one of the world’s richest diamond deposits. 

Marange’s diamond fields, about 90km southeast of Mutare in Manicaland Province, drew tens of thousands of artisanal miners in 2006 as word spread that diamonds had been found. Two years later, they were flushed out in a heavy-handed security operation called ‘Hakudzokwi’ - meaning “you will not return” - to allow commercial mining companies to exploit the roughly 60,000-hectare site. 

Rodrick Nyauyanga, 50, briefly gave up his life as a Marange farmer to become an artisanal miner in 2006. With the earnings, he built himself a five-room brick-and-mortar home with a zinc roof. He also purchased six head of cattle and several farming implements, as well as a motorbike [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/64487/ZIMBABWE-Desperate-miners-dig-to-escape-poverty ].

Following the security clampdown, his 20-year-old son trespassed on the diamond fields and was killed by guard dogs set on him by soldiers. After that, Nyauyanga returned to his life as a farmer and slowly lapsed back into poverty. 

First, he sold the motorbike to pay for food and for his youngest child’s school fees. Then, most of his cattle died from tick-borne diseases. 

“The only dip tank we had in the area was destroyed to make way for one of the mines, [so] we no longer dip our cattle. Villagers here believe that the mines are polluting the river from which our cattle and goats drink,” Nyauyanga told IRIN. 

Now the diamond companies are beginning to encroach on Nyauyanga’s land. He lost about half of his five-hectare plot when the Chinese mining company Anjin Diamond extended its boundary into his fields. 

A 2012 report by the UK-based NGO Global Witness [ http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/library/A%20GOOD%20DEAL%20FOR%20ZIMBABWE_0.pdf ] said Anjin Diamond was a joint venture with the “obscure” local company Matt Bronze and Anjin Zimbabwe’s board members, which “include senior serving and retired military and police officers.” 

Impoverishment 

“Officials from Anjin recently visited us and notified us that they were considering moving us because more diamonds have been discovered where we live. Many of us have already lost farming and grazing land to the mines, forcing us to depend on food from donors,” Nyauyanga said. 

“These diamonds are supposed to make us happy, but they have brought misery to people in Marange. We can’t even grow vegetables. At one time I tried to sink a well on my homestead to water my garden but was arrested by the police who accused me of illegally mining for diamonds,” he said. 

Melanie Chiponda, project manager for the Chiadzwa Community Development Trust (CCDT), an NGO monitoring human rights abuses in the area, told IRIN the consequence of mining have been “catastrophic” for the Marange community. 

“The people of Marange believe that the discovery of diamonds is a curse. Of course, they at one time enjoyed the fruits of the diamonds, but they were happier before the minerals were discovered. People are suffering in the midst of plenty,” she said [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79674/ZIMBABWE-Diamonds-are-Mutare-s-best-friends ].

Mine authorities and security services were preventing the community from engaging in livelihood opportunities, such as hawking, she said. “The mine owners, soldiers and the police destroyed vending sites because they felt they were being used to illegally sell diamonds. 

“Besides, villagers who used to harvest and sell wild fruits along the roads can no longer do so since the mines have cut down the trees, while small wild animals that locals hunted for sale have disappeared,” she said. 

The area has no medical facilities, and the nearest clinic is 50km away. “The villagers who used to depend on herbs as an alternative to modern medicines no longer have access to trees and shrubs that the mines have also razed,” Chiponda continued. 

Small-scale farmer Theresa Samuriwo, 46, from Mavhiza Village in Marange, told IRIN, “Most of the farming here is done by women, the majority of whom are single mothers. We can no longer sufficiently look after our children, whom the mines have failed to give employment. We used to grow and sell crops at irrigation projects, but the dams have been polluted and silted-up by the mines.” 

The few boreholes that were sunk several years ago are overwhelmed by villagers and their livestock, said Chiponda, and the water table has been affected by heavy mine use. 

Relocations 

Between 2010 and 2011, the mines relocated nearly 700 families from Marange to Arda Transau, a sprawling settlement about 40km north of the diamond fields. Each family was provided a four-room house. 

But Chiponda said the houses were overcrowded. “Some of the children from the relocated families have since married. They don’t have anywhere to go, which means the households are now severely overcrowded.” 

She says that, on average, six people are living in each house, and that there are 33 relocated families who had yet to be allocated houses; they are living in the houses of relocated relatives. 

“They are vulnerable to manipulation by mining authorities and government officials as they do not have social leaders, and they have no leases to the land on which they now live,” she said. 

Shuwa Mudiwa, the member of parliament for Mutare West, which includes Marange, told IRIN, “The people [from Marange] are very disgruntled as there are no benefits that have accrued to them. Most of those that were relocated are yet to be compensated, and the mines are not doing anything meaningful to improve people’s livelihoods.” 

But Munyaradzi Machacha, a director at Anjin, insists the companies are doing their best to cushion people from nearby villages against the shocks of displacement. 

“We have done quite a lot for the communities. We have provided potable water, a school and a [satellite] clinic [servicing residents at Arda Transau], and sometimes [we] give food hand-outs to households. We have also invited doctors from China to restore eyesight to a number of people, and we are planning to start irrigation schemes for the locals.” 

In 2012, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) [ http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/ ], an initiative to prevent conflict diamonds from entering the multibillion-dollar international market, permitted Zimbabwe to sell Marange diamonds with KPCS certification after barring it for years over claims of widespread human rights abuses at Marange’s diamond operations. 

The European Union (EU) recently decided to keep the government-controlled Zimbabwean Diamond Mining Company (ZDMC) [ http://www.chamberofminesofzimbabwe.com/ ] on its sanctions list, even though Belgium, an EU member, had proposed lifting the sanctions. 

Global Witness welcomed the retention of EU sanctions against the ZMDC in an 18 February statement, although it noted that Anjin Diamonds was not covered by the “restrictive measures.” [ http://www.globalwitness.org/library/global-witness-welcomes-eu-decision-maintain-sanctions-against-zimbabwean-diamond-sector ]

fm/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97525/Suffering-amid-Zimbabwe-apos-s-diamond-fields-of-plenty</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302221321510559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MARANGE 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - A chain-link fence topped with coils of razor wire separates Zimbabwean subsistence farmers, who endure perennial crop failures and scarce rainfall, from what may be one of the world’s richest diamond deposits.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Thousands of cattle die after a dry spell in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200902046t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 9,000 cattle have died in the last few months following poor rains in Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland South Province; more than half the death toll occurred in just one district.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 9,000 cattle have died in the last few months following poor rains in Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland South Province; more than half the death toll occurred in just one district. 

“The most affected district in Matabeleland South Province is Mangwe, which has lost a total of 5,476 head of cattle since late 2012, with Matobo and Beitbridge districts having lost 1,232 and 1,015 respectively,” the province’s chief livestock specialist, Simangaliphi Ngwabi, told IRIN. 

According to a 2011 parliamentary profile of the Mangwe district [ http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/134/Mangwe.pdf ] the cattle population was estimated at 37,090. 

Officially, Ngwabi said, since December 2012 up until 5 February 2013, 9,395 cattle deaths were recorded in the province, but the actual death toll was likely to be much higher. 

“The challenges that we encounter when coming up with true statistics is that some people do not report cattle deaths, and that means they do not reflect on our statistics. 

“In some instances, after going on an assessment visit, we discovered that some of the data capturing was faulty. In one instance, where we believed the whole district had lost a total of 172 cattle, one area of the same district had actually lost 278 heads of cattle,” Ngwabi said. 

Changes needed 

Ngwabi said the government should intervene through the provision of low-cost cattle feed. She also said farmers must “change their mind set and approach cattle ranching as a business” rather than viewing cattle as symbols of prestige. “It makes more sense to plant grass which can be fed to their livestock than to plant a crop of maize which will not mature.” 

Alfred George Bango, a small-scale farmer in Matabeleland South’s Matobo District, told IRIN that harvesting grass was alien to the communities, but that it was an option they were prepared to explore if it prevented cattle deaths. 

He said, however, that the government had to provide boreholes for all communities in the province as “the rivers dry up early in this province, and the existing dams are not adequate to cater to all livestock.” 

Provincial agronomist Innocent Nyathi told local media that in Beitbridge, Gwanda, Matobo and Mangwe districts, crops planted at the onset of the first rains had wilted due to a prolonged dry spell. 

The Matabeleland South provincial veterinary officer Mbuso Moyo told IRIN that government interventions could include vaccinations against foot-and-mouth and anthrax diseases. Individual or groups of farmers could also take actions to mitigate cattle losses in the drought-prone province. 

“They could do this by ensuring that they produce or harvest feed for the summer season and ensur[ing] their livestock is vaccinated. We always urge them to sell or de-stock when the cattle are in good condition to attract good prices, and not sell when they are thin and dying as this does not attract good prices.” 

Food security outlooks 

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in the 11 February issue of its Global Food Price Monitor [ http://www.fao.org/giews/english/gfpm/GFPM_02_2013.pdf ], said stable maize prices had been seen in the capital, Harare. “However, in areas that experienced production shortfalls in 2012, price spikes have been observed, notably in southwestern parts.” 

In its January-to-June 2013 food security outlook for Zimbabwe [ http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/Zimbabwe_OL_2013_01_final.pdf ], the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) said that crop production in Matabeleland North Province and the western part of Matabeleland South “is likely to be marginally average to below average even if seasonal rainfall is above normal.” 

FEWS NET said an area of concern was the Greater Mudzi Communal livelihood zone in Zimbabwe’s northeast, which relies on rain-fed agriculture for the production of small grains, maize, groundnuts, sunflowers and small-scale cotton production. 

“The zone had poor production in the 2011-2012 agricultural season due to poor rain quantity and distribution, unavailability of inputs and lack of draught power. Typically, very poor households in this zone are largely dependent on food aid, market purchases, casual labour, some remittances and safety-net cash assistance programming for their food needs,” the food security outlook said. 

dd/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97485/Thousands-of-cattle-die-after-a-dry-spell-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200902046t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 9,000 cattle have died in the last few months following poor rains in Zimbabwe’s Matabeleland South Province; more than half the death toll occurred in just one district.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Cervical cancer a major threat to HIV-positive women</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010061008180671t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - HIV-positive women are living longer, but are now dying of cervical cancer. In Zimbabwe, cervical cancer is now the most common cancer among women, particularly those living with HIV. Activists are urging the government to step up efforts to prevent deaths related to the disease, accusing it of paying lip service to the problem.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - HIV-positive women are living longer, but are now dying of cervical cancer. In Zimbabwe, cervical cancer is now the most common cancer among women, particularly those living with HIV. Activists are urging the government to step up efforts to prevent deaths related to the disease, accusing it of paying lip service to the problem. 

According to the Zimbabwe National Cancer Registry, cervical cancer affects about 30 percent of women in the country. Cervical cancer is caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus (HPV). Although condoms are said to lower the risk of getting HPV [ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13461194/ ], they do not prevent the risk of acquiring this virus completely. About 1,900 women are diagnosed with the disease every year in Zimbabwe and 1,300 die, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/non-communicable-diseases-managementndm/programme-components/cancer/cervical-cancer/2810-cervical-cancer.html ].

Efforts poorly resourced 

In October last year, the government registered a cervical cancer vaccine for the prevention of HPV and reported that by early this year the new vaccine would be available for women in the country. However, those plans have been scuppered by financial constraints. 

A number of public health institutions in Zimbabwe, including Parirenyatwa Hospital, the country's largest referral hospital, were supported by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) to run free cervical cancer tests known as visual inspection with ascetic acid and cervicography. While this method is faster and cheaper than the traditional pap smears, the machines at Parirenyatwa Hospital are not enough to service the large number of women coming from around the country for the service. Women have been forced to wait for up to a month to get screened. 

In addition, some women who had been screened and found to have cervical cancer have been waiting for up to three months for treatment. One woman at the hospital, who asked not to be identified, told IRIN/PlusNews that after waiting for three months to begin her treatment, she was told the radio therapy machines had broken down and had to wait again until the machines were repaired. 

AIDS activist Promise Mthembu noted that research indicated that more women in sub-Saharan Africa are dying of cervical cancer than of maternal mortality-related deaths. She urged the Zimbabwean government to do more to address this growing crisis. 

“Before HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer was a disease of older women, affecting women beyond reproductive age, and it was marginalized because of this. But now it is affecting younger women,” said Mthembu. 

“It is important that we have a comprehensive package for women that addresses cervical cancer. What we have seen in HIV/AIDS policy is that policy has been promoting pap smears or screening for cervical cancer. While a pap smear is a means to an end, why should the government screen cervical cancer if it doesn’t have means to treat cervical cancer?” 

Awareness needed 

Oncologist and cancer-prevention activist Anna Nyakabau says it is unacceptable that a large number of women continue to die as a result of cervical cancer given the slow progression of cervical cancer in a person’s body. 

According to Nyakabau, many women are dying in Zimbabwe because they present themselves to health facilities when it is too late to save their lives. She says the disease is evasive because symptoms only show when the disease is already at an advanced stage. She says it is important for the government and its partners to increase knowledge among the population about the dangers of cervical cancer and the importance of regular screening for the disease. 

Minister of Health and Child Welfare Henry Madzorera admitted that lack of funds had stymied the roll-out a cervical cancer vaccine early this year, but said the government would be mobilizing funds from donors to launch the vaccine in 2014. Meanwhile, he said, the government would focus on other strategies to reduce cervical cancer deaths in the country, such as screening and testing and treatment for those infected. 

st/kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97429/Cervical-cancer-a-major-threat-to-HIV-positive-women</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010061008180671t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - HIV-positive women are living longer, but are now dying of cervical cancer. In Zimbabwe, cervical cancer is now the most common cancer among women, particularly those living with HIV. Activists are urging the government to step up efforts to prevent deaths related to the disease, accusing it of paying lip service to the problem.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Housing crisis threatens health in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302080756150278t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - The thick stench of human waste pervades the block of the eight unfinished flats in the Zimbabwean capital, Harare. The complex is dotted with human faeces - some of it parcelled in plastic bags, some not.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - The thick stench of human waste pervades the block of the eight unfinished flats in the Zimbabwean capital, Harare. The complex is dotted with human faeces - some of it parcelled in plastic bags, some not. 

Hordes of people, mainly youths, squatted in the yet-to-be- completed national housing ministry flats in Dzivaresekwa Extension Phase 1, more than four years ago, before the installation of water and sanitation systems. 

The stench is compounded by mounds of uncollected and decaying rubbish. Small boys and girls squat behind the flats answering the call of nature, as the elderly seek relief and privacy from behind the cover of dwarf bushes. 

"We have no choice here, and our situation has been like this for years now. We use bush toilets to relieve ourselves during the day as we have no toilets," said Bothwell Jari, one of the residents. 

"At night, we can't move into the bush, and most of us opt to use plastic bags to relieve ourselves, which we just throw out through the windows," said Marian Mangirazi, a single mother at the flats. 

A cholera epidemic in August 2008, which lasted for a year before it was officially declared over, killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. Dzivaresekwa was also affected by the epidemic. 

In the last few months, thousands of cases of the waterborne disease typhoid were reported in Zimbabwe. Typhoid is often a precursor to cholera. The UN World Health Organization (WHO) says typhoid usually occurs where water supplies are contaminated by faecal matter. 

With no access to potable water, the residents either collect water from shallow unprotected wells after the rains or ask for it from residents of the neighbouring Dzivaresekwa township. 

Miriam Vurayai, in her mid-70s, told IRIN, "We have to more often beg for water from residents in DZ Extension main, who are now apparently tired with us, with most of them demanding that we should now share payment of water bills." 

"I'm old, as you can see, and I have orphaned grandchildren to look after in these dirty conditions you have witnessed," she said. 

Housing crisis 

Maxwell Chitete, the community's leader, told IRIN, "We are here because some of us became tired of empty promises from politicians who always came to us every election time, promising us decent housing during the time we lived in shacks. 

"These flats were not complete when we occupied them. We said, look guys, we have stayed for too long banking on promises from our local political leaders, enduring filthy living conditions in shacks, we have to move into the government flats before they are given to undeserving people," he said. 

David Munyoro, permanent secretary for the National Housing and Social Amenities Ministry, said government housing programmes stopped in 2002 because of the collapsing economy. "There has been little construction by government since 2002. The adoption of the multiple currency regime system [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97219/Ringing-the-changes-to-end-bartering-in-Zimbabwe ] saw things improving a bit, and in 2012 we managed to build the Willowvale Flats," he said. 

In 2005, the crisis was exacerbated after Operation Murambatsvina, when "illegal" structures were demolished by soldiers and police on the orders of the then-ruling ZANU-PF government, leaving hundreds of thousands of people homeless [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89218/ZIMBABWE-Murambatsvina-victims-still-homeless ].

Housing minister Giles Mutsekwa said government was planning to construct modern flats in the country's main cities to alleviate the housing shortages. 

"We are rolling out a scheme to build flats in the country's biggest cities to alleviate accommodations challenges. We are targeting Harare, Mutare, Bulawayo and Gweru," he said, adding that the scheme was set to begin later this year. 

Eviction fears 

Water Resources and Development Minister Samuel Sipepa Nkomo pledged that his ministry would drill more boreholes in areas experiencing any water crisis. 

But Wisdom Mbele, spokesperson of the illegally occupied flats, said they were tired of promises from politicians. 

"Every election time, we are promised tap water and water system toilets, just to name a few, but none of the promises materialized. We are tired of void promises," he said. Parliamentary and presidential elections are scheduled for 2013, although not dates have been scheduled [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96421/ZIMBABWE-Security-sector-reform-key-to-peaceful-elections ].

Residents fear that if the government becomes involved now, they could be evicted. 

"We came here before the unity government [in 2009], and if any of us will make the mistake of letting the current government know that we are here, we are doomed," said resident Dickson Jembere. 

Mbele said Harare's municipal authorities still regarded them as squatters. 

Harare City Council's spokesperson Lesley Gwindi said, "We don't know if there are such people in Dzivaresekwa Extension. If they are truly residing there and have erected shacks at the place, we regard them as illegal settlers in the area.” 

Recently, the Zimbabwe affiliate of Slum Dwellers International [ http://www.sdinet.org/ ] hosted a workshop, drawing participants from Zambia, Malawi, Namibia and South Africa. The issue of using alternative water and sanitation facilities, in the form of eco-san toilets and boreholes, before the installation of reticulated infrastructure featured prominently. 

jm/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97430/Housing-crisis-threatens-health-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302080756150278t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - The thick stench of human waste pervades the block of the eight unfinished flats in the Zimbabwean capital, Harare. The complex is dotted with human faeces - some of it parcelled in plastic bags, some not.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>A new take on land reform in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg" />]]>LONDON/HARARE 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 10 years after the chaotic and often violent farm invasions that accompanied Zimbabwe’s fast-track land reform programme, a new book argues that the redistribution programme has dramatically improved the lives of thousands of smallholder farmers and their families.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON/HARARE 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 10 years after the chaotic and often violent farm invasions that accompanied Zimbabwe’s fast-track land reform programme, a new book argues that the redistribution programme has dramatically improved the lives of thousands of smallholder farmers and their families. 

Starting in 2000, the government implemented an initiative to acquire 11 million hectares of white-owned farmland and redistribute it on a massive scale; the programme was often carried out in the form of farm invasions led by frustrated war veterans and supporters of President Robert Mugabe. By its conclusion, only 0.4 percent of farmland remained in the hands of white commercial farmers, and smallholder farmers dominated the agricultural sector. 

The land reform programme was followed by years of drought, hyperinflation and an economic meltdown.

Thirteen years later and more than 8,000km away, it still raises strong emotions. At a recent event hosted by London’s Chatham House at which authors of the new book, Zimbabwe Takes Back Its Land [ http://www.styluspub.com/clients/kum/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=295374 ], defended their work, the hall was packed, and a polite but persistent group of anti-Mugabe protesters occupied the pavement outside.

The book avoids passing judgement on the often violent manner in which the programme was executed. “This is not a book about what might have been, could have been, or should have been,” write authors Joseph Hanlon, Jeanette Manjengwa and Teresa Smart. Instead, it focuses on the results of a study they carried out in Mashonaland, a region of northern Zimbabwe covering three provinces, which found that many of the ‘fast-track’ farmers are faring much better than has been widely assumed. 

Despite receiving very little government assistance, “we saw that these farmers had a real passion for farming. We found that farmers are making investments, building houses and barns… and buying farm implements,” said Manjengwa. “They are making the land their own, and they are becoming serious commercial farmers.” 

Finding success

When Samson Pfumo, a 52-year-old teacher from Harare, applied for and received a 60-hectare plot in Marondera District through the land redistribution programme, his expectations were low.

“My brother, a war veteran, encouraged me to apply to the government for a piece of land, but I was pessimistic because of the controversy that surrounded the land reform programme,” Pfumo told IRIN. “When I got an offer letter for the plot [in 2005], I only set up a small mud-and-dagga [hut] and hardly visited the farm.” 

When the economy started improving in 2009, after the formation of a coalition government, Pfumo developed a keener interest in farming and started raising pigs. A year later, he had 60 pigs, some of which he sold to buy farming implements and to start growing maize for feed. 

Today, he has five large pig pens housing more than 300 pigs, which he periodically slaughters for sale, with each pig fetching an average of US$150. He is also rearing about 500 chicks for sale and is considering venturing into tobacco farming after noting that many resettled farmers have been making good profits from the crop [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94074/ZIMBABWE-Small-scale-farmers-choose-tobacco-over-maize ].

“I managed to buy a truck to ferry meat to my clients and a luxury car. My two sons are now studying at reputable universities in South Africa because I can afford it, thanks to the piggery project,” said Pfumo, who has left teaching and now lives on the farm with his wife and mother. 

Controversial progress

Manjengwa and her colleagues found that even the less ambitious among the new farmers surveyed had greatly improved their standard of living. After being mostly poor, landless and unemployed prior to resettlement, virtually all of them were able to grow enough food for their families, and to sell the surplus to pay for their children’s school fees. But many were doing much better than that, producing significant quantities of maize, tobacco and other crops for sale, and building up capital in the form of livestock, farm buildings and equipment. They were also starting to employ labour.

The issue of labour is contentious because so many farm workers lost their jobs and their homes when the old white-owned farms were broken up; some are still homeless and unemployed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96442/ZIMBABWE-Life-without-a-destination ]. However, Hanlon, Manjengwa and Smart estimate that around 550,000 family members and 350,000 paid labourers now work full-time on land that previously employed 170,000 workers. 

Charles Taffs, president of Zimbabwe’s Commercial Farmers’ Union, reminded those at the meeting at Chatham House that the workers now being hired are not the same ones who were driven off the commercial farms. He also asserted that the figures presented in the study did not add up.

Zimbabwe’s agricultural production experienced a dramatic drop following the upheavals of 2000, but according to the authors, it is now returning to the levels of the 1990s. This is despite the fact that many rely on a much more labour-intensive form of farming than that used by the earlier white commercial farmers. 

The authors also point out that, although many of the white-owned commercial farms were efficient and productive, many others were struggling and had far more land than they could use; some of the most fertile land in the country had gone uncultivated. The new smallholders have brought much of that unused land into cultivation.

Dilemma

Manjengwa and her colleagues are not the first to suggest that Zimbabwe’s controversial land reform programme has achieved a number of positive results. A 10-year study of land reform in Masvingo Province, led by Ian Scoones from the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex and published in 2010, challenged a number of the “myths” surrounding fast-track land reform, finding that many of the 400 households sampled were employing labour and expanding their farming operations. 

“The suggestion that the fast-track land reform programme was not an unmitigated disaster presents dilemmas about whether to accept this growing body of evidence and risk endorsing the methods used to achieve the asset transfer,” commented Admos Chimhowu of Manchester University’s Institute for Development Policy and Management, who pointed out that neighbouring South Africa has yet to find a solution to its land reform challenges.

eb/fm/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97407/A-new-take-on-land-reform-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON/HARARE 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than 10 years after the chaotic and often violent farm invasions that accompanied Zimbabwe’s fast-track land reform programme, a new book argues that the redistribution programme has dramatically improved the lives of thousands of smallholder farmers and their families.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Corruption feeds on Zimbabwe&apos;s poor</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>ZVIMBA 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Suffering severe chest pains, Rosina Chataika, 57, was recently ferried 70km from her rural home in Zvimba Distict to Parirenyatwa Hospital in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare.</description><body><![CDATA[ZVIMBA 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Suffering severe chest pains, Rosina Chataika, 57, was recently ferried 70km from her rural home in Zvimba Distict to Parirenyatwa Hospital in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare. 

The consulting doctor said a blood test was required for a diagnosis, but for three days no test was performed, and her condition worsened. Chataika complained to the ward’s male nurse, who asked her for a US$50 payment to “jump the queue”. 

Her son, a bricklayer in the small town of Chegutu, about 120km from the capital, had to beg relatives for the bribe money. Chataika’s blood sample was taken only after the nurse was paid. 

Three months after being discharged, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer. She also sits on a $600 medical bill for her two-week hospital stay, which she cannot afford to settle. 

“If we had not managed to raise that $50, I would have probably died. For the days I was in hospital, I learned that the nurse demanded money from many other desperate and poor patients who could not immediately get the services they wanted. [He] could probably be getting rich at the expense of the sick and poor,” she told IRIN. 

Several nurses told Chataika that the male nurse worked in tandem with doctors to provide preferential treatment at a cost. “The nurses, messengers and some doctors are demanding money to ensure that admitted patients get such things as medication. I am sure there are many people who are dying because they cannot pay the bribes,” she said. 

Chataika’s experience is far from unique. The 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, by Transparency International, ranks Zimbabwe at 163 out of 174 countries surveyed - with number 174, Somalia, perceived as the most corrupt. Zimbabwe’s position on the index has fallen from 154 in 2011 [ http://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results ].

Transparency International Zimbabwe (TIZ) said in December 2012, “Corruption amounts to a dirty tax, and the poor and most vulnerable are its primary victims, especially [those in] the rural and marginalized communities.” 

TIZ said corruption was particularly rampant within the education, health, mining, sports, judicial and agriculture sectors and was becoming ingrained within the society. 

Sexual favours 

Not all bribes are paid with cash. 

Sekai Chinouriri, 35, a divorced mother of two from Seke District, was denied a plot on communal land because she refused to provide the headman with sexual favours. 

“The headman wanted me to have sex with him before he would give me the plot, which I need to grow vegetables for sale and to raise money to fend for my children and pay their fees. When my husband went away, I had to go and live with my elderly parents, but we are already a burden to them. 

“Just because I won’t give the village head the sexual favours he demanded, my family will have to beg for food and money, and that is not fair. I desperately need money, yet I cannot entertain the idea of getting into commercial sex,” she told IRIN. 

Chinouriri says the headman also demands villagers give him a cut of donor food aid in order to remain on the beneficiaries’ list. “We are afraid to report him because we will be victimized,” she said. 

Powerless 

James Karima, 25, from Harare, is struggling to be admitted to a teacher training college – even though he has the qualifications - because he cannot afford the $500 bribe for admittance. 

“I had better grades at A-level than many people who have been admitted by the colleges. They managed to raise the money to give lecturers and college staff, but I have no brother or relative to help me,” Karima told IRIN. “Corruption in Zimbabwe is making some poor people get rich, and the rich, richer, while the majority of the poor are getting poorer.” 

Willus Madzimure, a member of parliament and chairperson of the Zimbabwe chapter of the African Parliamentarians Network Against Corruption, told IRIN poverty also meant powerlessness. 

“They are the last in the queue and thus always miss out on life-changing opportunities. In rural areas, traditional leaders are demanding about $300 or cattle for one to be given land, but where do these vulnerable people get the money or livestock from when they can’t even build a shelter?” he said. 

Madzimure said the government’s anti-corruption “body has failed because it is influenced by politicians and does not have the money”. 

fm/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97391/Corruption-feeds-on-Zimbabwe-apos-s-poor</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ZVIMBA 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Suffering severe chest pains, Rosina Chataika, 57, was recently ferried 70km from her rural home in Zvimba Distict to Parirenyatwa Hospital in Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Solving statelessness in Southern Africa</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.

Not considered a national by South Africa or by Kenya or Uganda - the two countries where he grew up - Ngubane is stateless, a predicament he shares with an estimated 12 million people worldwide, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), which is mandated with trying to reduce that figure. 

Nationality confers a host of rights that stateless individuals cannot access, from education and healthcare to the ability to register a marriage or a birth. As a result, statelessness is often passed from one generation to the next. 

As early as 1954, the international community, under the auspices of the UN, adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb25729.html ], which defined who is a stateless person and established a framework for their international protection. A second international convention adopted in 1961 focused on reducing cases of statelessness [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb286d8.html ], primarily by requiring participating states to grant citizenship to children born on their territory who would otherwise be stateless. However, the majority of countries in Africa have not ratified either convention [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Africa_ConvStateless54_61_detail_A3PC_01-10-2012.pdf ], leaving them under no obligation to pass national legislation that would address the issue. 

Regional issue

An individual can end up stateless for a variety of reasons. Orphans whose births were not registered before their parents died and unaccompanied child migrants who arrive in a foreign country without documents are particularly vulnerable. Laws still in place in several African countries, including Malawi and Madagascar, that prevent married women from passing nationality to their children also contribute to the problem.

According to Sergio Calle-Norena, deputy regional representative for UNHCR, laws allowing for only one nationality and the denial of citizenship to certain groups are the main causes of statelessness in the Southern Africa region.

In Zimbabwe, for example, following an amendment to the citizenship act passed in 2001, individuals with dual nationality were given six months to renounce their foreign citizenship or lose their Zimbabwean nationality. The new law affected countless Zimbabweans whose parents had migrated to the country from Zambia, Mozambique or Malawi at a time when white-owned farms and mines offered plentiful employment. Most did not, in fact, hold citizenship in their parents’ countries, making it impossible for them to renounce it, while many were simply unaware of the new law, which was widely viewed as a means for the ruling ZANU-PF party to disenfranchise opposition supporters.

“I think they didn’t want people like me to vote,” said Promise*, who was born and raised in Harare, the capital, to a Malawian father and a mother with Mozambican parentage. “Most people in high-density areas of Harare are in the same situation, and most are anti-Zanu-PF.”

The new law stripped both Promise and her mother of their citizenship. They now live in South Africa, where the asylum-seeker system offers them a temporary and precarious form of documentation. 

“I just kept renewing my asylum-seeker permit every six months, but I decided to take action last year,” said Promise, who is in her early twenties. “I was tired of having no nationality. It was limiting my opportunities. Most universities need a study permit, and I want to study law.”

Waiting

Promise approached Lawyers for Human Rights (LHR), a South African NGO that, with funding from UNHCR, has been running a project to provide legal services to stateless individuals since 2011. UNHCR is also funding the international faith-based NGO Caritas to run a similar project in Mozambique, another country with a large burden of statelessness following years of civil war that displaced hundreds of thousands of its citizens.

South Africa has pledged to sign and ratify the two UN conventions on statelessness by the end of 2013, and both LHR and UNHCR are advocating for this pledge to be honoured and for relevant legislation to be established. In the meantime, LHR is assisting stateless clients on a case-by-case basis. 

Of the 736 stateless clients that LHR helped in 2012, over a third were born in Zimbabwe; many of them lost their nationality like Promise.

Another 150 were born in South Africa but are struggling to access nationality in any country. Jessica George, a legal counsellor with LHR, explained that this group of stateless individuals does not qualify for asylum, and they have no way to access legal immigration status other than through an exemption for permanent residence, a process that allows the Home Affairs Minister to grant permanent residency to foreigners with special circumstances. 

However, exemption applicants can wait up to three years for a decision. “In the meantime, they’re given no temporary permit, so they’re subject to detention, which tends to be prolonged because they can’t be deported,” said George. 

Ngubane spent three months at Lindela Repatriation Centre, South Africa’s largest holding facility for undocumented migrants awaiting deportation, after being arrested at a Home Affairs Department office while trying to replace a lost birth certificate. The document was his only proof of South African nationality; he had lost both his parents and all contact with his South African relatives during his time in Kenya and Uganda.

With help from LHR, Ngubane has applied for a permanent residency exemption, but so far he has received no response. In fact, according to George, only one of LHR’s stateless clients has received a decision on permanent residency exemption in the past two years, and it was negative.

Reforms, training needed

“I think some training is required in addition to law reform, because it’s clear there’s a misunderstanding about who is a stateless person,” said George. “Currently there are no guidelines in the law on how to identify a stateless person and what rights they’re entitled to.” 

In cases where a client has a claim to foreign nationality, LHR approaches the country’s embassy for assistance securing citizenship. However, few embassies or consulates provide such services, and for most stateless people, travelling to the country where they have a nationality claim is unaffordable and unfeasible given their lack of travel documents.

“One of the easiest ways to prevent statelessness would be if consulates provided certain services, so people wouldn’t have to leave South Africa in order to access their citizenship,” said George.

Calle-Norena of UNHCR says that, besides ratifying the two conventions on statelessness, addressing the problem requires political will. He noted, for example, that South Africa’s Citizenship Act grants nationality to any child born in the country who would otherwise be stateless, but that non-nationals without documents struggled to register their children’s births. “There should be a mechanism that allows [the law] to be applied, but in practice this is not yet operational,” he told IRIN.

Through a combination of luck and persistence, Promise has succeeded in convincing the Malawian authorities to grant her citizenship. She has never been to Malawi but plans to move there as soon as she receives her passport. 

Ngubane says he has tried applying for Kenyan citizenship, “but the embassy said there’s no way they can help me.” 

Numerous visits to home affairs offices in several provinces have not yielded any results, other than several attempts by corrupt officials to solicit bribes in return for a birth certificate or refugee status.

“If you don’t have money, you suffer,” he said. 

*not her real name

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97372/Solving-statelessness-in-Southern-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Flash flooding strikes Zimbabwe’s dry areas</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301291414160500t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Flash flooding across Zimbabwe’s Masvingo and Matabeleland provinces, normally dry areas, has caused substantial damage to infrastructure. While more than 4,000 people across the country are in need of humanitarian assistance following heavy rains.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Short: Flash floods strike Zimbabwe’s dry areas 

Flash flooding across Zimbabwe’s Masvingo and Matabeleland provinces, normally dry areas, has caused substantial damage to infrastructure. While more than 4,000 people across the country are in need of humanitarian assistance following heavy rains. 

“Our area is normally dry, and we were caught unawares by the floods, which destroyed almost all the bridges and badly damaged the roads. As a result, communication is difficult,” Alois Baloyi, member of parliament (MP) representing the Chiredzi North rural constituency in Masvingo, told IRIN. 

“I have… been informed that more than 10 adults and at least four children have drowned. The number of victims could be bigger, though, as a proper assessment is yet to be done,” he said. 

Moses Mare, an MP from a nearby constituency in Chiredzi, said recent flash floods saw water rise above ground floor window level, and affected more than 200 families in the sugar-producing town of Triangle. 

“The 240 families lost their food stocks, property and blankets. Most of them lost their means of communication as their cell phones were swept away and [they] could not immediately communicate the disaster,” he said. 

Simon Machaya, teacher based in the Masvingo’s Mwenezi District, told IRIN that 30 satellite schools in rural communities were destroyed by storms. 

“Hundreds of school children are currently not attending school because their classrooms were blown away. These satellite schools were made up of fragile material such as home-made bricks and thatched roofs. The little stationery and books they had were lost and there is urgent need for assistance,” Machaya said. 

Flooding across the region

A 29 January situation report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20ROSA%20Situation%20Report%201_Floods_29%20Jan%202013.pdf ] said, “Heavy rainfall across the country during mid-January 2013 affected an estimated 8,490 people, of which 4,615 people require humanitarian assistance in the form of emergency shelter and non-food items.” 

Across the region, floods have occurred in Botswana and Malawi - where 30,785 people were affected - and Mozambique [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97350/Mozambique-flooding-creates-displacement-crisis ]. In Mozambique, about 250,000 people have been affected, with 146,000 living in temporary shelters, the OCHA situation report said. 

Tropical Cyclone Felleng is expected to shave past Madagascar in the next few days, and could bring “significant rainfall” despite not making landfall. There were also reports of increasing river levels in the capital, Antananarivo, which could “reach alert levels with additional rainfall,” the OCHA flood update said. 

go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97366/Flash-flooding-strikes-Zimbabwe-s-dry-areas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301291414160500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Flash flooding across Zimbabwe’s Masvingo and Matabeleland provinces, normally dry areas, has caused substantial damage to infrastructure. While more than 4,000 people across the country are in need of humanitarian assistance following heavy rains.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Is Zimbabwe&apos;s education sector on the road to recovery?</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901149t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe&apos;s education system, once regarded as the finest on the continent, was a casualty of the country&apos;s economic meltdown in the 2000s, when it nearly collapsed - but lately there have been signs of recovery.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe's education system, once regarded as the finest on the continent, was a casualty of the country's economic meltdown in the 2000s, when it nearly collapsed - but lately there have been signs of recovery. 

The education malaise was widely blamed on hyperinflation, which made teachers’ salaries worthless and funding for school materials and maintenance impossible. 

But with economic reforms of 2009 and the establishment of a donor funding mechanism, the school system is seeing modest, gradual improvement. Still, vast challenges - from poor infrastructure to teacher shortages - remain. 

A turnaround 

David Coltart, the education minister, told IRIN that the country's education crisis actually predates hyperinflation. 

“Contrary to what many people think, the downward spiral began long before hyperinflation occurred. It started with the sector not getting as much as it got during the first 10 years of independence,” he said. Zimbabwe gained independence from Britain in 1980. 

The education system’s deterioration accelerated under the effects of hyperinflation. Then, in early 2009 the country ditched its local currency and adopted a multi-currency financial system using the US dollar, the Botswana pula and the South African rand, ending hyperinflation overnight. 

By the time Coltart assumed his post in February 2009 - after the opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change, entered a government of national unity with President Robert Mugabe's ruling ZANU-PF party - the economy was beginning to turn around. 

Coltart found the education system “chaotic”, with schools closed, teachers on strike and infrastructure in a state of disrepair. One of the first steps towards overhauling it was the establishment of the Education Transition Fund (ETF), a mechanism to allow donors control over their funds. 

“The way the fund works is the donor community provides funding, I chair the education transition fund meetings, and UNICEF [the UN Children's Fund] is the ultimate manager of the fund. So we reach consensus regarding how the money is to be spent, and the ministry decides what its priorities are,” Coltart explained. 

Funding for the ETF varies from year to year. A variety of donors - including the European Commission and the governments of Australia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the UK and the US - contribute to the fund, which UNICEF then administers. 

In 2012, the ETF was funded to the tune of about US$12 million, and in 2013, $25 million is earmarked for it, UNICEF said in a statement. 

Green shoots of recovery 

Hyperinflation had prevented the publication of school textbooks. “In some schools, as many as 15 pupils shared a textbook, while in some rural schools only the teacher had a bedraggled textbook,” Coltart said. 

Julia Mapondera, principal of Gwinyai Public Primary School in Mbare, a poor neighbourhood in the capital, Harare, told IRIN that erratic attendance by students and teachers, combined with the unavailability of text books, proved a toxic mix. 

Prior to the crisis, students learned to read and write in their first year of school; student Kelvin Bimha, now 11, didn’t gain those skills until his fourth year, and then only with the assistance of remedial classes during the holidays. 

Donor funding has since helped address the textbook shortage; the pupil-to-book ratio is now one-to-one, Coltart said. Next are plans for the distribution of non-academic books to encourage a culture of reading; $9 million is budgeted for this in 2013, with donor support through the ETF. 

At the height of the crisis, in 2008 - during which food insecurity and waterborne disease were widespread, and schooling was disrupted by political violence and teacher strikes - the pass rate for the final year of primary school dropped to 52 percent. The previous year, it had been 70 percent. 

In 2009, only 39 percent of those who sat for the final-year exams passed. It has since improved, with 2010 seeing a pass rate of 42 percent and 2011 a rate of 45 percent. 

Still, Coltart expects the pass rate to remain low for several years and then gradually improve. 

Long way to go 

Principal Mapondera says lack of infrastructure continues to undermine the education system. In 2012, the number of students at Gwinyai was close to 2,000 - nearly double its intended capacity. The overcrowding has led to a practice known as “hot seating”, in which some children attend morning classes and others attend afternoon classes. 

Coltart says the situation is not unique to Gwinyai. “We've got 8,000 schools. If you go to most of these schools, you'll see the infrastructure is crumbling - schools not being maintained, toilets in a terrible state of disrepair. Many schools don't have desks, don't have blackboards.” 

He said the $500,000 from the 2012 national budget for school maintenance was “less than drop in the ocean”, and his ministry would be seeking donor assistance. “We could spend a billion dollars on the education sector, and we wouldn't address all these structural problems.” 

The education budget for 2012-2013 is $750 million. More than half of this, Coltart says, goes to primary and high school teachers’ salaries, which average about $300 a month. 

During the hyperinflation years, many teachers just walked off the job, as their salaries fell to the equivalent of $1 or less a month. The ministry has declared an amnesty for these teachers, and many have returned. But many others moved to other countries in search of employment and better salaries, and it has proved difficult to lure them back. It is estimated that 20,000 teachers left the country between 2007 and 2009. 

There are currently about 106,000 teachers; about 30,000 more are required. However, even if the teacher target is achieved, Coltart says, there will not be enough classrooms available for them to teach in. 

He says the government’s relationship with the teachers’ unions - such as the Zimbabwe Teachers Association and the Progressive Teachers Union of Zimbabwe - is improving. But threats of strikes are never far from the surface. 

The education sector had been stabilized, but remains fragile. “Until we see literacy rates starting to improve, until we see grade 7 [the final year of primary school] examination results getting back to the levels they were perhaps 10 years ago, I will remain concerned about the education sector,” he said. 

im/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97324/Is-Zimbabwe-apos-s-education-sector-on-the-road-to-recovery</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe&apos;s education system, once regarded as the finest on the continent, was a casualty of the country&apos;s economic meltdown in the 2000s, when it nearly collapsed - but lately there have been signs of recovery.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Widespread flooding hits Southern Africa</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301221052470924t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Several Southern African countries are dealing with the effects of flooding following heavy rains over much of the region in the past week.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Several Southern African countries are dealing with the effects of flooding following heavy rains over much of the region in the past week.

In South Africa’s northern Limpopo Province, floodwaters claimed 10 lives and left hundreds stranded after the Limpopo River burst its banks. By 22 January, the rain had subsided, but rescue operations were still underway in Musina, near South Africa’s border with Zimbabwe, said Tseng Diale, spokesperson for the province’s Disaster Management Centre.

Across the border, in Zimbabwe’s Beitbridge District, the rains damaged roads and left some areas impassable, according to state-owned newspaper The Herald, which reported that since the onset of the rainy season, floods and lightning strikes had claimed 124 lives.

In Mozambique, a UN situation report estimated that by 20 January, nearly 20,000 people throughout the country had been affected by the heavy rains. Nearly 6,000 had been displaced, the majority of them in the capital, Maputo, where the drainage system was overwhelmed by 157mm of rain falling in less than 24 hours. Nine temporary shelters have been set up in the city, and authorities have declared an “orange alert”, with the aim of scaling-up monitoring measures and strengthening preparedness in case the situation worsens. 

Northern Botswana also experienced heavy downpours that resulted in severe flooding of the Dukwi Refugee Camp, about 130km outside the city of Francistown. According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR),  about 120 refugee homes were inundated by floodwaters, and pumps have stopped working, leading to a shortage of clean water in the camp. Skillshare International, an NGO that provides vocational training programmes in the camp, is sheltering 400 of the displaced in its classrooms, and UNHCR is providing food and trying to establish temporary ablution facilities.

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97305/Widespread-flooding-hits-Southern-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301221052470924t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Several Southern African countries are dealing with the effects of flooding following heavy rains over much of the region in the past week.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Zimbabwe&apos;s climate change policies need an urban focus</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801091t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - In spite of the political and financial turmoil that Zimbabwe faces, the country seems to be on the right track in adopting strategies to address the effects of climate change. But these strategies tend to have a strong rural bias, overlooking the fact that almost half of the country now lives in urban areas, according to a joint review of the country&apos;s climate change response by a think tank and leading NGO.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - In spite of the political and financial turmoil that Zimbabwe faces, the country seems to be on the right track in adopting strategies to address the effects of climate change. But these strategies tend to have a strong rural bias, overlooking the fact that almost half of the country now lives in urban areas, according to a joint review of the country's climate change response by a think tank and leading NGO [ http://www.iied.org/zimbabwe-needs-more-urban-more-public-climate-change-strategy ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-depth/78246/73/Gathering-Storm-the-humanitarian-impact-of-climate-change ].

Zimbabwe, like many other African countries, has begun to develop a national framework to respond to climate change, including efforts to identify authorities to process donor funds for mitigating and adapting to climate change, said one of the authors of the review, Shepard Zvigadza of ZERO Regional Environment Organization [ http://www.climatenetwork.org/profile/member/zero-regional-environment-organization ].

However, as in most other African countries, policymakers and researchers "ignore longstanding urbanization trends and continue to overstate the proportion of Zimbabwe's population living in rural areas." 

The ruling ZANU-PF party, which has dominated politics in Zimbabwe for decades, has been accused of appeasing their voters, who are largely rural, by developing policies that cater to them while disregarding urban residents [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85261/ZIMBABWE-Operation-Murambatsvina-haunts-another-proposed-clean-up-operation ]. 

Taking into account UN statistics, the authors suggested that almost 38 percent of Zimbabwe's population lives in urban areas, but the number could be as high as 50 percent if national assessments are considered. 

Climate change adds to woes 

Zimbabwe's urban transition is a lot more advanced than most countries in Southern Africa, and urban problems such as water scarcity - prompted by sparse rains and a dropping water table - are not getting the attention they deserve, Zvigadza told IRIN in an email. 

"Research shows that the water table for boreholes used to be around 30m in the 1990s, but now water can be found around 60m or more below ground. This is true for cities like Bulawayo, whose water sources are various rivers. Such a situation has created long-term water and sanitation challenges, leading to health problems in cities like Chitungwiza and Kadoma," he added. 

Following severe water shortages in Chitungwiza and Kadoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95965/ZIMBABWE-Typhoid-and-cholera-return ] in 2012, outbreaks of typhoid and cholera were recorded. In 2008, the country experienced one of the worst cholera outbreaks recorded anywhere in recent times; the outbreak killed at least 4,000 people and infected 100,000 others. 

The country's socioeconomic problems, combined with the effects of climate change, are likely to aggravate the situation in the coming years. 

Zvigadza explained that, "obviously, there are some other socioeconomic factors like poor waste management and service delivery that are most likely to be at play, but climate change is going to worsen this situation. For example, in [the] water and sanitation situation, nearby flowing sewer water is more likely to contaminate fresh piped water if there is a broken pipe. Water reticulation infrastructure has now aged and cannot cope with the rising population. This means they can break at any time where there is too much water in the system as a result of flooding." 

Evidence from climate change impact studies shows that Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, is going to experience heavy, frequent and prolonged rainfall leading to flash floods, said Zvigadza. 

A broken health infrastructure that cannot cope with the rising urban population is yet another driver of a potential crisis. "The health facilities may fail to cope with this demand, and climate change as an added stressor is most likely to increase this urban population’s vulnerability," he added. 

Adapting to climate change 

The government should invest in the health, water and energy sectors to develop infrastructure that can adapt to climate variability, said Zvigadza. 

Zimbabwe's development policies should be related to adaptation, such as promoting water harvesting techniques at the household level. Education on climate change should be initiated at primary schools to create awareness at an early age and help people prepare. 

Zvigadza noted that the country "is obviously struggling financially", but there are "donors who are interested" in supporting the country, which "has advanced in its readiness to receive and use climate funds." 

A number of NGOs and research organizations have begun to emphasize adaptation to climate change in their development projects, particularly in drought-prone rural areas, noted the review. A community-based adaptation project was piloted by the UN Development Programme in Zimbabwe, for example [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93099/ZIMBABWE-Trophy-hunting-crocodile-farming-help-rural-poor-adapt ]. A growing number of NGOs has also becoming involved in Zimbabwe's Climate Change Working Group, a leading civil society network. 

While civil society has increasingly come under attack in the country for political reasons, Zvigadza said, "it has become obvious that climate change has not been politicized, thus civil society has been working and continues to work with communities without intimidation... Overall, what is only required is the sense of national belonging that is speaking with one non-partisan voice, and this has begun to happen.” 

jk/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97312/Zimbabwe-apos-s-climate-change-policies-need-an-urban-focus</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801091t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - In spite of the political and financial turmoil that Zimbabwe faces, the country seems to be on the right track in adopting strategies to address the effects of climate change. But these strategies tend to have a strong rural bias, overlooking the fact that almost half of the country now lives in urban areas, according to a joint review of the country&apos;s climate change response by a think tank and leading NGO.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Army worm outbreak threatens Zimbabwe’s food security</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301140937400722t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 14 January 2013 (IRIN) - An army worm outbreak threatens to worsen food security in Zimbabwe, where close to 1.6 million people already face food shortages ahead of the March harvest.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 14 January 2013 (IRIN) - An army worm outbreak threatens to worsen food security in Zimbabwe, where close to 1.6 million people already face food shortages ahead of the March harvest. 

According to the Plant Protection Research Institute, the crop-eating caterpillar could spread further as "moist winds blowing into Zimbabwe from the north may bring more moths that will develop into army worm and trigger fresh outbreaks of the pest". 

Godfrey Chikwenhere, who heads the institute and is the government’s chief entomologist, said the rapid spread of army worm moths has made it difficult to contain the outbreak. “They originate in countries such as Zambia, Uganda and even Tanzania and are blown into the country when strong, moist winds bring rain. More rainfall brings more moths and, ultimately, fresh outbreaks.”

The outbreak has so far hit five of the country’s eight farming provinces. It is reported to have destroyed hundreds of hectares of the staple maize crop in Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland West and Manicaland, the country’s top food-producing provinces. Midlands and Matabeleland North provinces have also been affected.

Chikwenhere says the government has enough carbaryl, the chemical used to contain the pest. But a senior official in the agricultural ministry, who wishes to remain anonymous, says there is a shortage of the pesticide.

This year’s yield was already expected to be significantly reduced due to the late onset of rains.

Widespread army worm outbreaks were reported in December in Zambia, where they affected nearly 60,000 farmers before being brought under control by spraying, according to the International Red Locust Control Organization for Central and Southern Africa (IRLCO-CSA). Smaller outbreaks have also been reported in Botswana and Malawi.

dd/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97240/Army-worm-outbreak-threatens-Zimbabwe-s-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301140937400722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 14 January 2013 (IRIN) - An army worm outbreak threatens to worsen food security in Zimbabwe, where close to 1.6 million people already face food shortages ahead of the March harvest.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Still struggling with drug shortages</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202171251210691t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Chronic shortages of generic and antiretroviral drugs, stock-outs, high medication costs, and long distances to clinics are some of the hurdles people face in their quest to access essential medicines in Zimbabwe.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Chronic shortages of generic and antiretroviral drugs, stock-outs, high medication costs, and long distances to clinics are some of the hurdles people face in their quest to access essential medicines in Zimbabwe. 

At any given time, public health facilities in much of Zimbabwe have in stock only half of a core set of critical medicines, according to findings from civil society groups working to improve access to medicines in Southern Africa. 

Zimbabwe is still recuperating from a drastic decline in health services caused by sub-optimal investments in healthcare and an unprecedented economic crisis in 2008, during which the local currency crashed. 

To make matters worse, over 80 percent of the country's drugs are externally funded.

“Unsustainable” 

A poorly resourced local pharmaceutical industry can barely provide the country with its essential medicine requirements, and government-backed institutions, such as the National Pharmaceutical Company of Zimbabwe (NatPharm), which is mandated with securing drugs and healthcare products on behalf of state institutions, are struggling to survive. 

“NatPharm is government funded, and we are supposed to procure medicines for onward supply to health institutions, but this is not happening because our shareholder, the government, has not been able to fund us lately," NatPharm director Charles Mwaramba told IRIN/PlusNews. “We just woke up one day in 2009, and we did not have any money for operations.” 

Since then, government has not been able to pay NatPharm. In the 2013 national budget, NatPharm did not even get an allocation, and has been forced to make ends meet by storing medicines for NGOs and other clients for a fee. 

Itai Rusike, the executive director of the Community Working Group on Health, a network of civil society organizations, warns that depending on donors to supply the country with medication is "unsustainable.” 

“The health sector is severely crippled by all sorts of problems, not least of them poor government funding and skewed priorities. Where is our voice as civil society when NatPharm is not being funded? We need a strong voice in the health sector because health is a fundamental human right. We must not be cowed into silence, fearing authority will come down us,” Rusike said. 

A regional problem 

But Zimbabwe's ailing pharmaceutical sector is not alone. 

Recent surveys conducted by the Southern Africa Regional Programme on Access to Medicines and Diagnostics (SARPAM) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region have found evidence of market failures resulting in uncompetitive drug pricing and unstable availability of medicines, which compromise the health and well-being of people living in the region. 

Civil society groups are hoping the roll-out of the Tendai - an acronym for Tracking Essential National Medicines and Diagnostics Access Initiative -project will monitor the availability of medications at healthcare facilities and gradually bring about some improvement. Under the initiative, community health workers from a network of civil society partners use mobile phones to collect data on the availability of medicines at points of access in participating countries, which include South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe. 

SARPAM coordinates the data collection using customized open-source survey software. The software allows monitors to capture many types of instantly accessible data, including digital surveys, voice recordings and photos that provide insight into real issues at the community level. The data can be shared immediately with social networks and mailing lists. 

“SADC is an epicentre of illnesses, yet policymakers and governments are still not prioritizing medicines,” said Daniel Molekele, the SARPAM civil society coordinator. 

Although Tendai is still in its infancy, data generated in the pilot stages have been helpful in identifying problems, monitoring interventions, building awareness and adding to the dialogue around access to medicine, Molekele added. 

tm/kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97224/Still-struggling-with-drug-shortages</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202171251210691t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Chronic shortages of generic and antiretroviral drugs, stock-outs, high medication costs, and long distances to clinics are some of the hurdles people face in their quest to access essential medicines in Zimbabwe.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Ringing the changes to end bartering in Zimbabwe</title><pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010061033130343t.jpg" />]]>MUTOKO 10 January 2013 (IRIN) - At the end of every month, Tariro Bhachi, 28, in Mutata Village in Mashonaland East Province, walks about 2km from her homestead to the top of a hill in search of cellular signal, joining a throng of others.</description><body><![CDATA[MUTOKO 10 January 2013 (IRIN) - At the end of every month, Tariro Bhachi, 28, in Mutata Village in Mashonaland East Province, walks about 2km from her homestead to the top of a hill in search of cellular signal, joining a throng of others.

While most people do this to make phone calls, Bhachi’s monthly trips have another purpose - to receive notification that a remittance has arrived from her husband, who has been working in South Africa for the last four years.

Her husband first sends the money - ranging from US$40 to $70 monthly - with bus drivers plying the Harare-Johannesburg route to his brother, who works as a hawker in Harare, the capital. His brother then transfers the money using Ecocash, a local mobile telephone platform for cash transfers.

Once notified, Bhachi travels about 40km to the Mutoko business centre to receive the money from an Ecocash dealer.

The telephonic cash transfer initiative, now in its second year, has come as a blessing for rural people like Bhachi, who, in the absence of banking facilities, were isolated from the cash economy.

John Robertson, an economist, told IRIN: “Telephonic cash transfers have made a great difference for thousands of people in communities where money was not circulating well after the government dollarized the economy”.

Cashless society

In 2009, Zimbabwe adopted a multi-currency financial system using the US dollar, Botswana pula and the South African rand, which ended the country’s hyperinflation overnight.

Econet Wireless, the mobile services provider running the Ecocash platform, said in a November 2012 statement that it “moves millions of dollars every day from urban areas to rural areas”, describing the initiative as “a lifeline, particularly for rural people”, the majority of whom live on less than a dollar a day.

For Bhachi, a mother of two, the cash transfer facility has seen an end to her days of bartering.

“Before I started receiving money from Ecocash, I would go for several months without setting my sights on a mere coin. Even though my husband still had the option to send money through his younger brother, bringing it here was difficult for him because he had no time to travel and buses still shun our route; we mostly use private cars or walk long distances,” she told IRIN.

Bhachi used to barter for essential services, such as having her maize milled into flour to exchange for basic commodities and pay for her daughter’s school fees and uniforms.

“At one time, I was forced to surrender three goats to the clinic when my second child fell ill and there was no money to pay the medical bill. I also gave a wheelbarrow, plough and our radio set to a shop owner in exchange for maize meal, cooking oil and sugar,” she said.

Short-changed

Her neighbour, Silas Magorimbo, 50, who has four school-going children, told IRIN he exchanged most of his cattle and goats to pay school fees and to get food for his family.

“Our failure to access cash made us desperate, and we ended up using our livestock and other important items to get the basic things we wanted. Most of us were left with no animals to use to till the land, meaning that we could not produce as much as we could have done.

“Now, quite a number of us are able to receive money from the cities … through our cell phones, ¬and barter trade has gone down significantly,” Magorimbo said. Now that he is able to access cash, he is rebuilding his herd and covers his basic needs from money sent by his son from Zimbabwe’s second city Bulawayo.

Piniel Denga, Mashonaland East chairman for the opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change, says the cash transfers are improving livelihoods.

“Even though many families still have no means to access cash through the money transfer mechanism because there is no one to send the money, a notable part of the population no longer has to resort to barter trade,” Denga told IRIN.

He said barter trade tended to short-change villagers as the value of their goods was often higher than what they received in return. “People, for example, [would] exchange a beast worth $600 for something whose price is below $100”.

“Barter trade is mostly a desperate measure adopted to meet immediate needs of communities, such as food availability in the face of hunger, but it creates long-term vulnerabilities when it, for instance, removes the capacity of people to produce food adequately,” Innocent Makwiramiti, an economist and former chief executive officer of the Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce, told IRIN.

“It should be noted, however, that the improvement in money circulation, especially in rural areas, is not entirely because of the telephonic cash transfer method. It is also because, after dollarization, the economy slightly improved and more people can now send money to their families.”

fm/go/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97219/Ringing-the-changes-to-end-bartering-in-Zimbabwe</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010061033130343t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MUTOKO 10 January 2013 (IRIN) - At the end of every month, Tariro Bhachi, 28, in Mutata Village in Mashonaland East Province, walks about 2km from her homestead to the top of a hill in search of cellular signal, joining a throng of others.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>