<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Zimbabwe</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 11:30:40 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Improved AIDS levy collections fill part of funding gap</title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009300628350156t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe&apos;s innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe's innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income  - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.

The levy was introduced in 1999 to compensate for declining donor support, but low salaries and the poor performance of industry meant not enough money had been collected - until recently. In its 2010 report on Zimbabwe's progress in implementing the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, adopted by the General Assembly in 2001, the government admitted the levy was "essentially non-existent in 2007-2008 due to economic challenges the country was facing". [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries/zimbabwe_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ]

According to the organization’s recently published audited financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2010, a total of US$20.5 million was collected in 2010 against $5.7 million the previous year.

Murombedzi Kuchera, chairman of the National AIDS Council Board, attributed the increase to improved revenue flows owing to improved political and economic stability in the country, which has created more jobs in the formal sector and improved tax remittances. Zimbabwe’s economy has witnessed steady growth following the formation of the coalition government of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and President Robert Mugabe in 2009.

“The 259 percent increase in the collections was mainly through the increased capacity utilization by industry and commerce,” Kuchera said in his statement.

Although the revenue figures for 2011 have not yet been audited, the National AIDS Council estimates it collected about $25 million. However, the exact figure will be confirmed after the audit by the Comptroller and Auditor-General, which audits all the finances of parastatals, at the end of 2012.

“The AIDS Levy is certainly proving to be a good source of funding for the country’s HIV and AIDS response,” National AIDS Council information and communication officer Orirando Manwere told IRIN/PlusNews.

“Our projections are that for 2012, with the growing economic stability in the country, we will collect more than $30 million through the funds and even more in 2013. However, this is all largely dependent on economic growth," he added.

Although 347,000 people are on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in the country, another 600,000 need the medication. The treatment gap widened after Zimbabwe adopted the new World Health Organization guidelines that recommend starting treatment earlier.  

The AIDS levy contributed almost a quarter of the money to purchase ARVs, while 76 percent of the treatment programme was financed by international donors such as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the UK Department for International Development. 

But the country - one of the hardest hit by HIV/AIDS - still needs a lot more funding to cover the "worrying" treatment gap, cautioned HIV/AIDS activist Stanley Takaona.

“Many people are dying because they cannot access treatment. Zimbabweans are playing their part to take care of their own by contributing to the AIDS Levy but this is not enough. Government must allocate funds from the fiscus to fund the HIV/AIDS response; it’s their responsibility,” he said.

Kumbirai Mafunda, spokesperson for the Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, warned against complacency. “Yes, the increase in the AIDS Levy is remarkable but we all know it’s not enough... now government has to increase budget allocations to the health sector."

st/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94786</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009300628350156t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe&apos;s innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Typhoid stalks Harare</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities. 

“Initially, we were focusing on Dzivarasekwa high density suburb as being the source of the disease outbreak but we are now receiving patients from different high density suburbs in Harare such as Kuwadzana and Warren Park,” Harare’s health director, Propser Chonzi, told IRIN. 

There have been no confirmed fatalities from the disease, although senior health officials, who declined to be identified, told IRIN they were investigating the cause of some deaths at hospitals. 

Chonzi said about 20 tuberculosis (TB) patients had been relocated from the 144-bed Beatrice Infectious Diseases Hospital on the outskirts of Harare to another infectious diseases institution, the Wilkins Hospital in central Harare, to make way for typhoid victims. 

According to the UN World Health Organization (WHO), typhoid “usually occurs where water supplies serving large populations are contaminated by faecal matter.” The disease is “characterized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, abdominal pains, loss of appetite, constipation or sometimes diarrhoea. The illness can last for several weeks and even months,” it says. 

Recent heavy rain in Harare is expected to compound the problem: Broken drains and water pipes have forced people to dig shallow wells, which are easily contaminated by human faeces. 

“I can bet my last dollar there is typhoid in Chitungwiza and Epworth [Harare commuter towns]. The hygienic levels there are not good,” said Chonzi in a recent interview with the daily The Herald newspaper. 

Furthermore, Chonzi said street food had been tested and found to be contaminated with Salmonella typhi, the bacteria which causes typhoid. 

“We all need to change our habits if this [typhoid] outbreak is to be contained. We need to work on improving on cleanliness such as washing hands and avoiding dirty open air vending sites,” he said. 

However, fish vendors, threatened with arrest by municipal police, have changed tactics and are selling their wares at night. 

Cholera fears 

Conditions which allow typhoid to flourish also provide favourable conditions for the waterborne disease cholera. Zimbabwe’s year-long cholera epidemic in 2008-09 killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. 

“We can have cholera any time. The environment is conducive for the outbreak. We need to be proactive and play our part,” Chonzi warned in the same newspaper interview. 

The Harare Residents Trust (HRT), an NGO campaigning for better municipal service delivery, said the spread of waterborne disease was due to the authorities’ failure to collect refuse, the erratic provision of water services, and the practice of pumping raw sewage into one of the main reservoirs supplying “drinking” water to Harare. 

“The city must guarantee adequate clean water supplies to avoid the 2008 cholera outbreak,” HRT’s Precious Shumba told IRIN. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94758</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Floods leave Angolan returnees stranded</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. 
 
 “At least 50,000 people - 24,000 of them returnees - in 10 villages in Uige Province [northeastern Angola near border with DRC] have been affected by the flooding, rains and hailstorms in the past four months,” said Antonio Maiandi, head of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola, which has been trying to help those affected. The rainy season here tends to be longer than elsewhere in Angola. 
 
 “It is still pouring hard. At least 1,142 houses have been destroyed by the rains. Each family with shelter is now hosting other families,” said Maiandi, adding that the returnees, who had sought refuge from the civil war in Angola which ended in 2002, were putting enormous pressure on locals, and organizations such as his. 
 
 “The local population who are mostly farmers have been severely affected. Their cassava [staple food in Angola] and groundnut crops have been destroyed, so there is not enough food to go round.” 
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) restarted formal repatriation of Angolans in November 2011 after logistical and other problems forced the process to stop in 2007. DRC is home to some 80,000 Angolans refugees, according to UNHCR. 
 
 The new return initiative comes after a UNHCR survey in 2010 found that 43,000 wanted to return home, and following a tripartite agreement between Angola, DRC and UNHCR (signed in June 2011), around 20,000 people signed up for help to return. The agreement came about after years of tense relations between the two countries: Angolan and Congolese nationals have been expelled from the two countries regularly. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93004 ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90906 ]
 
 “The local population is extremely poor and unable to support the returnees,” and “people are still coming in every day,” said Maiandi. 
 
 UNHCR in Angola told IRIN they took a break in December 2011 and would resume formal repatriation on 17 January, but did not have an update on the number of people who had already arrived. 
 
 According to aid workers, increasing instability in the DRC following the recent disputed elections could be prompting more people to leave. 
 
 Maiandi said the returnees had not received adequate support from the authorities and church organizations had limited resources. 
 
 Meteorologists for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have predicted normal to above normal rains for most of the region from January to March 2012 largely because of the continuing effects of the 2011 La Niña event. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91746 ] Thousands of people in the region were displaced and scores killed in early 2011 as a result of heavy rains and flooding associated with La Niña. 
 
 Zimbabwe 
 
 As the rainy season begins here, aid workers and disaster prevention teams are closely monitoring water levels in the all-important Zambezi river, the continent's fourth largest. 
 
 The authorities have issued a flood alert after being forced to release water from the swollen Kariba Dam on the Zambezi earlier than usual in the rainy season. 
 
 The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) which usually opens the spillway gates of Lake Kariba in the last two weeks of January was forced to open one of the gates on 3 January. It has advised people living downstream to evacuate their homes. 
 
 Zambia 
 
 Zambia is in for a mixed season. Dominicano Mulenga, national coordinator of Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, said a plan had been drawn up to help 368,953 people likely to be affected by rain and dry spells. While northwestern and western parts of the country had seen heavy rain, southern, eastern and parts of central Zambia were likely to receive little or no rain, he said. 
 
 The water level in the Zambezi was higher than at the same time in 2011, he added. “We have had three seasons of heavy rainfall and the ground is saturated with water, making it more prone to flooding.” 
 
 Namibia 
 
 Namibians, currently experiencing a heat wave, are eager for rain, said Guido van Langehove, chief of the Namibia Hydrological Services. Southern African Development Community (SADC) meteorologists have forecast normal to above normal rains for Namibia over the next three months. “It was the same forecast last year and we recorded three times the normal rain,” van Langehove pointed out. 
 
 The Caprivi Region, Namibia’s poorest area, is prone to annual flooding. 
 
 Japhet Itenge, director of Disaster Risk Management in the Office of the Prime Minister, said they were prepositioning essential commodities and relief tools as part of their contingency plans. 
 
 Lesotho 
 
 Lesotho has not received adequate rainfall in the past few months, a spokesman for the country’s meteorological services told IRIN. “SADC has forecast heavy rains for Lesotho in the coming weeks. We are worried it can cause early frost and destroy crops that have already been planted,” he said. 
 
 Lesotho and Namibia have food insecurity levels greater than their five-year averages due to the severe flooding experienced during the last growing season, according to FEWSNET. 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 The Mozambican authorities have begun to release water from the Cahora Bassa Dam on the Zambezi. People living mainly along the lower Zambezi basin and in Buzi, Save, and Pungue basins, including Beira city, are on alert. 
 
 Sofala Province in central Mozambique is currently distributing items such as bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, according to the Mozambique Red Cross; and members of seven local disaster risk management committees established in Beira City are cleaning the drainage system. 
 
 The National Institute of Disaster Management (INGC) is monitoring the rivers Montepuez, Licungo, Mutamba, Pungué, Buzi, Save, and Maputo, said FEWSNET. In the Zambezi and Limpopo river basins, FEWSNET warned of a near-average-to-high probability of flooding. 
 
 João Bobotela, CARE’s emergency response coordinator in Mozambique, said INGC and local authorities had been running flood simulation exercises since November 2011 to prepare communities for sudden evacuations. 
 
 Botswana 
 
 Arid Botswana has not received good rains in the past few months. “We are expecting average rains which might help crops,” said a spokesman for the Botswana Meteorological Services. 
 
 Malawi 
 
 More rains have been forecast for southern Malawi, where land adjacent to the River Shire, one of the most food-insecure parts of the country, is prone to flooding. Parts of the region, which has seen an outbreak of foot and mouth disease and a hike in food prices, are in crisis mode, warned FEWSNET. 
 
 South Africa 
 
 Much-needed rain has fallen in South Africa’s major maize-producing northern Free State area in the past few weeks. The government and USAID’s Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) say the country has adequate supplies, but global maize stocks are low, putting considerable upward price pressure on South African white maize. 
 
 jk-dd/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94598</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Growing risk of waterborne diseases in rural areas</title><pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg" />]]>MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</description><body><![CDATA[MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut. 
 
 Since the rains began several weeks ago, dirty water has been accumulating on the settlement, now home to hundreds of former farmworkers and others displaced during Operation Murambatsvina [ http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_rpt.pdf ] in 2005 which razed illegal structures and left thousands without shelter. 
 
 Phiri remembers the 2008-2009 outbreak of cholera which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others, but sees it as a thing of the past and is still ignorant of how waterborne diseases are spread. 
 
 Her twins have a skin infection and frequent bouts of diarrhoea but, like most residents, she attributes such ailments to witchcraft, consulting a traditional healer for a cure. 
 
 Phiri told IRIN her first child died two years ago from diarrhoea. “We don’t use dirty water for drinking or cooking. We get clean water from the dam or the wells, so how can our children die from waterborne diseases?” she asked. 
 
 A few metres from Phiri’s hut is an overflowing pit latrine. Many inhabitants have resorted to relieving themselves in the open since most of their pit latrines are overflowing and unusable. 
 
 The 2009 Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey (MIMS) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/Surveys/MIMS2009/tabid/5465/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], compiled by the government and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), listed diarrhoea as one of the major causes of infant mortality resulting in around 4, 000 deaths in Zimbabwe annually. 
 
 The MIMS survey showed a 20 percent increase in under-five mortality since 1990. 
 
 With the advent of the rainy season and poor sanitary and hygienic facilities, people living in rural and peri-urban settlements like Phiri’s are vulnerable to waterborne diseases. 
 
 The survey said: “Recent assessments show a significant decline in rural sanitation sector performance,” adding: “The inability of vulnerable populations to access safe water and basic sanitation… has resulted in frequent diarrhoeal and cholera outbreaks.” 
 
 The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) for Zimbabwe, [ http://reliefweb.int/node/462237 ] launched in early December 2011, said “a third of rural Zimbabweans still drink from unprotected water sources and are thus exposed to waterborne diseases,” and noted reports of cholera cases in rural Chipinge, in the eastern province of Manicaland, and Chiredzi in the southeast of the country. 
 
 More people seek treatment 
 
 A senior nurse at a clinic in rural Seke District, about 50km south of Harare, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN the number of people seeking treatment for diarrhoea and dysentery had increased since the onset of the rains. 
 
 “Typical of this time of the year when the rains fall, we treat a high number of people suffering from waterborne diseases… We have not received any cases of cholera but there is need to be on the alert all the time, because the surrounding villages are characterized by poor hygiene and sanitation. Many villagers tend to relieve themselves in the open because they cannot rehabilitate the Blair pit toilets [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_toilet ] that were built long ago,” she said. 
 
 Blair pit toilets were constructed in large numbers to improve rural sanitation in the 1980s. A fine wire mesh allowed gases produced by decomposition to escape, but prevented flies around the faecal matter from exiting the septic tank and so prevented the spread of diseases. 
 
 According a 2011 report by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the government entitled A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women’s and Children’s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010 [ http://reliefweb.int/node/392557 ] 42 percent of people in rural communities practised open defecation, while cholera, which used to see significant outbreaks every 10 years or so in the 1980s and 1990s, has now become an annual event. 
 
 Poor household income, the senior nurse said, prevented some villagers from seeking treatment, “meaning that the number of people suffering from waterborne diseases could be higher as some of the cases go unreported [as people cannot afford to travel to clinics].” 
 
 David Shoniwa, 65, from Dema village in Seke District, said people in his community tended to relieve themselves along river beds during the dry season. 
 
 “The boreholes that were drilled in the 1980s have broken down and only a few that were sunk in recent years still function while, due to poor rains, it is difficult to sink new wells. When the rains fall, people turn to the rivers for water to drink and use for cooking, thereby exposing themselves to the diseases carried by the human waste,” Shoniwa told IRIN. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94575</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: WFP buy local scheme helps farmers</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly. 
 
 Mamombe, 60, has been growing maize for 30 years in the Karoi District of Mashonaland West Province, about 200km northwest of Harare. In the 2008-9 farming season he produced 10 tons of it from his 15 hectare smallholding and opted to sell to the Grain Marketing Board (GMB). However, the high transport costs involved in delivering his grain to the closest GMB depot, and then the GMB's failure to pay him on time, put Mamombe and his family in a difficult situation. 
 
 “I hardly planted anything in 2009," said Mamombe, who resorted to growing tobacco for the past two seasons but with limited success due to his lack of knowledge about the crop and difficulty finding curing facilities. 
 
 The GMB had a long-standing monopoly on cereal purchases until March 2009 when private traders were allowed into the market to encourage competition and boost production. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85092 ] The move to liberalize the grain market was also a response to GMB's inability to make adequate and timely payments to farmers. 
 
 However, other farmers in Mamombe's area who sold to private buyers complained that their maize was still not fetching enough money to cover their costs, let alone make a profit. "Most farmers from our area used to be conned by grain buyers who either gave them fake notes as payment or failed to pay them," said Mamombe’s neighbour, Johnson Manyere, 54. 
 
 The World Food Programme (WFP) initiative which is prompting Mamombe's return to maize farming involves technical support to smallholder farmers and the identification of local traders who can guarantee them prompt cash payments and low transport costs as a result of a more efficient marketing policy. WFP then buys the grain from the traders to distribute in its food assistance programmes. 
 
 It is part of a global pilot project called the Purchase for Progress Initiative (P4P) which aims to use WFP’s purchasing power and demand for staple food commodities to help smallholder farmers and small traders. By March 2011, P4P had purchased over 160,000 tons of food, mostly maize, from local suppliers in 20 countries, according to a recently published mid-term review of the programme. [ http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp241809.pdf ] 
 
 In Zimbabwe, the local purchasing initiative is currently operating in Mashonaland West and Mashonaland Central provinces and involves hundreds of local smallholder farmers and several international NGOs including Goal International as well as SNV Netherlands Development Organisation and International Relief and Development. Its aim is to boost cereal production at a time when many farmers are opting for cash crops such as tobacco. 
 
 Proximity 
 
 WFP Country Director Felix Bamezon told IRIN that the local traders selected to participate in the scheme operate in grain surplus areas located as close as possible to the food insecure districts to which the grain will be transported for distribution. This minimized transportation costs, provided the farmers with ready markets and "should positively impact on future productivity”, said Bamezon, who hopes that the initiative will also stabilize the price of maize, especially immediately after harvest time when prices are low due to poor demand. 
 
 Bamezon added that paying farmers on time had “a positive bearing on [their] cash flows and ability to prepare for the coming season”. Some of the traders also sell inputs such as seed and fertilizer offering farmers a one-stop-shop. 
 
 In southwestern parts of the country perennially affected by drought, the scheme involves the buying of not only maize but small grains such as sorghum and millet as a way of encouraging communities to consider such grains as cash crops, instead of last-resort production crops in cases where maize fails. 
 
 Denford Chimbwanda, president of the Grain and Cereals Producers Association (GCPA), is upbeat about the WFP initiative and confident it will offset a potential rapid increase in the number of farmers producing maize. 
 
 Renewed confidence in cereals 
 
 “It is not possible to say how many farmers will positively respond to the initiative, but what is clear is that hundreds of them will have renewed confidence in maize and cereal production. The initiative provides farmers with guarantees that their produce will have a ready market and that is very essential in stimulating production,” Chimbwanda told IRIN. 
 
 Since June 2011, WFP has purchased 1,944 tons of grain from local traders for distribution in food insecure areas, adding to the 11,100 tons the agency has bought from traders in Malawi, Zambia and South Africa as part of its regional grain purchasing scheme. 
 
 The initiative has not been without its teething problems. According to Bamezon, small local traders tend to have problems getting assistance from banks, lack experience, and are sometimes unwilling to establish themselves in remote areas with poor infrastructure. 
 
 A worker with a Harare-based grain supplier participating in the scheme who declined to be named said his company planned to increase its buying stations in Mashonaland West and Central provinces, despite such difficulties. 
 
 “From our experience this year, a lot of farmers are willing to sell to us because they feel we can be depended on,” he said. 
 
 fm/ks/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94526</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Where pensions can mean poverty</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221344350112t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root. 
 
 The company offered him a one-off lump sum of Z$35,000 (US$350), which was quickly eroded by Zimbabwe’s inflation which peaked at billions of percent, before the government abolished the local currency in 2009 and replaced it with a basket of foreign currencies - the Botswana pula, the South African rand and the US dollar. Hyperinflation was cured practically overnight. 
 
 While waiting in a pension queue in the capital Harare this month, he told IRIN “I am now solely dependent on my NSSA [National Social Security Authority] monthly pension of US$40 [the minimum for retirees]. This is nothing,” he said, adding that he actually gets less as a $2 “administration fee” is deducted. 
 
 The dollarization hit pensioners the hardest, as years of savings simply evaporated under hyperinflation and what was left was killed off in the currency switch. With unemployment estimated at about 90 percent at the time, pensioners had little or no opportunity to return to any form of work. 
 
 Pensions systems in Zimbabwe include private contributions made to pension funds and the state contributory system (since 1994) administered by NSSA to which all employees are obliged to contribute. 
 
 “Government introduced the NSSA because some workers ended up being destitute after many years of service,” NSSA spokesperson Philemon Chereni told IRIN. “Some workers were given a bicycle or a wheelbarrow in recognition of their long service.” 
 
 Those people who retired before 1994 do not benefit from the state pension fund, but many of those who receive benefits still struggle. 
 
 Costly travel to collect pensions 
 
 Dikani, who lives in Honde Valley in rural eastern Zimbabwe, said that while it should be possible to collect his pension at any post office, he is forced to travel more than 300km to Harare to collect his money, as the local post office does not have sufficient funds to pay pensioners. The round trip costs about US$16. 
 
 However, he also receives an additional $80 rental from a house he owns in Harare. “It costs me a lot to come to Harare so I have decided to come every three months,” he said. 
 
 William Takawira, 71, travels monthly to Harare to pick up his pension. He lives in Mrewa a rural area about 50km from the city and pays $4 for the return journey 
 
 Forced to retire as a filing clerk after 15 years for health reasons, he collects a disability pension of $20 from the NSSA. “After paying for transport and maybe a meal which I need as a diabetic I’ll be lucky to get home with $10.” 
 
 His pension is also boosted by a monthly rent of $60 from a house in a low-income residential area of the capital, which is used for his five school-going grandchildren, of which he is their legal guardian. 
 
 “Both parents died and I have to look after the children with my wife.” There is no luxury of a Christmas for them. ”The children will need school fees next term and I have been forced to sell cows before to enable me to pay that.” 
 
 Although medical treatment at government health institutions is provided free for all Zimbabweans aged 60 and over, most of the time there are no drugs available. “I get a prescription and have to go to a private pharmacy to buy what I need. Most of the time I just don’t bother.” 
 
 The estimated monthly cost of living for a family of four is $540 and the lowest paid public servant earns about $250 per month, with workers in sectors such as agriculture receiving a minimum monthly wage of $44. 
 
 Costina Moyo, a 66 year-old widow who lives in Zimbabwe’s second city Bulawayo, retired in 2008 after teaching for 25 years. She receives a monthly government pension of $150 and is also entitled to an NSSA pension of $25, but “was sent from pillar to post” trying to get the NSSA pension but has still not received it, she said. 
 
 Ignorance of entitlements 
 
 Some supermarkets on certain days provide pensioners with 10 percent discounts on goods and pensioners are only liable to pay 50 percent of municipal rates and refuse collection fees, but the vast majority of pensioners IRIN spoke with were unaware of this. 
 
 Pensioners get preference at queues and are allowed to go to the front, but as Dikeni said “It’s OK but you do not eat that.” 
 
 Faki Wamambo, 88, receives a UK pension of 12 pounds sterling (US$18), as most of his working life as a nurse was during the time of white-ruled Southern Rhodesia. Zimbabwe gained independence from Britain in 1980. 
 
 Ignorance of the entitlement to state pensions is also depriving people of old-age benefits. 
 
 Gift Muti, spokesperson for the General Agriculture and Plantation Workers’ Union of Zimbabwe (GAPWUZ), said many farm workers become needy on retirement because they did not know about the pension or where to go to claim it. “We are engaged in an education campaign to make them aware of the existence of the pension.” 
 
 NSSA general manager James Matiza told local daily The Herald that monthly pension payments range between $40 and $1,447, depending on the pensioner's insurable earnings at retirement and the pension contribution period. 
 
 The government’s recent announcement that the minimum pension was to increase by 50 percent on 1 January 2012 was described as “derisory” by both Dikani and Takawira. “The government knows what it costs to live in this country so they must pay us enough,” Dikani said. 
 
 im/go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94521</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221344350112t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Migrants’ health care hit by deportations</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710227t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Describing migrants’ lack of access to health services as “one of the biggest challenges facing global health today”, IOM marked International Migrants Day on 18 December by calling for more migrant-inclusive health policies. 
 
 In many countries, health care for undocumented migrants is limited to emergency care. “Such restrictions lead to poor health outcomes for the individual and increase public health risks, particularly if it concerns infectious diseases," noted IOM in a press statement [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/news-releases/newsArticleEU/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=31032 ]. 
 
 Even in countries that do not bar migrants from accessing health services, barriers remain. "Migrants often don’t feel comfortable accessing health services in their new country," said Barbara Rijks from IOM's Migration Health Division in Geneva. Language differences, cost and administrative hurdles can also create problems, as well as negative attitudes towards migrants by healthcare workers. 
 
 For undocumented migrants, the greatest deterrent to seeking health care is often the fear of arrest and deportation. 
 
 South Africa is among the few countries which, according to its constitution, guarantees "everyone" the right to health care. In practice, HIV and human rights activists have battled to get healthcare workers to recognize those rights, particularly in the case of undocumented migrants who are HIV-positive and in need of life-prolonging anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs). [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=77493 ] 
 
 According to Jo Vearey, a researcher with the African Centre for Migration and Society (ACMS) at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, the situation of undocumented Zimbabweans, who make up by far the largest portion of South Africa's migrant population, improved slightly during a two-year moratorium on their arrest and deportation, but with the lifting of the moratorium in early October 2011, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] Vearey said Zimbabwean migrants were again steering clear of public health facilities. 
 
 "Since the middle of this year when the ending of the moratorium was discussed, we’ve been aware of individuals feeling forced to go underground," she told IRIN. 
 
 Public health warning 
 
 In an issue brief released by ACMS in October, [ http://www.migration.org.za/publication/issue-brief/2011/deportation-and-public-health-concerns-around-ending-zimbabwean-documen ] Vearey and her co-author warned of the public health implications of a poorly managed deportation policy, not only for the affected migrants but for the region. 
 
 They urged the departments of health and home affairs along with the South African Police Service to issue clear protocols addressing issues such as how to screen detainees to identify those on chronic treatment or with other medical needs and how to prevent infectious diseases being transmitted in crowded detention centres. They also recommended government and non-governmental monitoring of detention facilities to ensure they were equipped to provide basic health care, including HIV/AIDS and TB treatment.

 Since October, a reported 6,500 migrants have been deported via South Africa's Beitbridge border with Zimbabwe. However, according to Vearey, the government has not responded to requests for information about what health measures have been put in place, particularly at the Lindela Detention Centre near Johannesburg where most of the arrested migrants are held before being deported. A 2009 study conducted at Lindela by ACMS found that 62 percent of respondents who were on chronic medication, including ARVs, reported they could not access them there. 
 
 Patterson Njogu, senior regional health and HIV officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), visited Lindela recently but was not able to talk to detainees. Officials there informed him that their health unit screened new detainees for serious illnesses and that of the roughly 2,000 being held, five were known to be on HIV treatment. In a region that is known to be the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Njogu said he would have expected more. "The other concern was TB," he told IRIN. "It’s only those who reveal themselves [who are treated] and I don’t think they’re very aggressive about screening everybody." 
 
 Undocumented migrants with TB whose treatment is interrupted as a result of being detained, can develop multi-drug resistant strains of the disease that can be spread to those around them. 
 
 Meanwhile, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and several other organizations have raised concerns about the poor access to medical services for migrants detained in the border town of Musina. Until recently, a building known as the old Soutpansberg Military Grounds (SMG) was being used to hold 30-60 detainees in one large room divided down the middle for men and women. According to MSF, the SMG lacked proper sanitation facilities, beds or access to health care. 
 
 "We’ve come across [HIV-positive] patients who were arrested and detained there without their ARVs," said Christine Mwongera, MSF's project coordinator in Musina. "We also found TB cases that hadn’t been detected so we had to find a way to get them out. Some [detainees] had been sexually assaulted while crossing into South Africa and held there without any medical attention." 
 
 Following flooding at the SMG and increasing pressure from groups like MSF, the migrants were transferred to police cells until a new detention centre can be completed. Mwongera described the police cells as an improvement but said a gap in access to health care remained, and infection control measures were still lacking. 
 
 Rijks of IOM commented that Migrant Health Forums, like one IOM helped to set up in Musina in 2008, can help to facilitate dialogue and address mistrust between NGOs like MSF and local government departments, including immigration authorities. "It's really important that immigration authorities understand the health impacts of their policies," she said. "The fear of deportation is a huge factor in [migrants] not accessing health care." 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94511</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Counter-trafficking measures trail commitments</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity. 
 
 Southern Africa has many of the conditions traffickers capitalize on: endemic poverty and unemployment that create a demand for better opportunities, and high rates of regular and irregular migration that mask the movements of traffickers and their victims. 
 
 The region has no shortage of protocols, frameworks and action plans for dealing with human trafficking, but the net result of all these agreements has been no more than a handful of prosecutions. 
 
 "African countries are more than happy to sign documents and attend conferences, but step out of the room and they're happy to have lunch and forget about it," said Ottilia Maunganidze, a researcher on the International Crime in Africa Programme at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria. 
 
 Maunganidze was addressing a roomful of experts and government officials mainly from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, recently to look at ways of turning commitments to counter human trafficking into action. 
 
 The key international framework for combating this crime is the 2000 UN protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, also known as the Palermo Protocol [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocoltraffic.htm ]. Its lengthy definition of human trafficking includes “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception…for the purpose of exploitation.” Twelve of the SADC's 15 member states have ratified the protocol, which committed them to enact legislation to make human trafficking a criminal offence. 
 
 More than a decade later, only six have passed comprehensive laws. Several others have partial laws or, in the case of South Africa, bills waiting to be passed [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=93104 ], while five countries lack any specific legislation. 
 
 "If trafficking is not a crime in your country, everything else is symptomatic," warned Johan Kruger of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 
 
 Maunganidze pointed out that merely passing legislation is not enough. Mozambique has passed legislation, but has never prosecuted a case. "Criminalisation has to happen in practice," she told the meeting. 
 
 This means developing national action plans that involve social workers, medical professionals, public prosecutors and the police; establishing a central anti-trafficking unit; allocating resources to assisting victims; and signing bilateral and multilateral agreements with the countries victims originate from and pass through. 
 
 SADC countries adopted a 10-year strategic plan of action to combat trafficking in persons in 2009 that incorporates many of these measures. There is also a protocol on gender and development with a deadline of 2015 to put in place measures to eradicate trafficking. Maunganidze says this is "probably very idealistic", and cites the difficulty of identifying and addressing some of the root causes of trafficking, as well as the limited resources and political will so far devoted to responses. 
 
 Most trafficking in southern Africa is for the purpose of sexual exploitation, but trafficking for forced labour is growing and is even more hidden, according to Bernardo Mariano-Joaquim, regional representative of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Criminal syndicates are usually engaged in these activities, and many people still lack a clear understanding of what trafficking is, adding to the difficulty of detection and prosecution. "Organized crime can't be prosecuted in the same fashion as other crimes," said Kruger. "You have to connect the dots, you need proactive intelligence and international cooperation." 
 
 "In Africa, we're making some progress in creating an environment to assist victims, but where we need more work is prosecutions," Mariano-Joaquim told IRIN. "Prosecution is lagging behind the identification of victims, and even prevention." 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94445</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Is another cholera epidemic on the way?</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200812191t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. 
 
 The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) [ http://reliefweb.int/node/462237 ] for Zimbabwe, launched on 9 December, is asking for US$268 million for humanitarian assistance in 2012. The CAP highlights a decade of “neglect” of the country’s water sanitation and hygiene sector (WASH), which has left 8 million people, or about two-thirds of the population, “with limited access to WASH and health services”. 
 
 “A third of rural Zimbabweans still drink from unprotected water sources and are thus exposed to waterborne diseases. While cholera incidence is significantly decreased compared to past years, localized outbreaks continued in 2011 due to poor infrastructure for water, sanitation, hygiene and health,” the CAP pointed out. 
 
 Since the year-long cholera epidemic, which spilled across the border into neighbouring South Africa, donors have spent about $80 million on the sector, although the Country Status Overview (CSO2) Report for Zimbabwe, by the World Bank and the government, estimates that to salvage the sector and “bring basic services to reliable and sustainable levels both in rural and urban areas” will require an annual investment of $800 million. 
 
 The CAP has earmarked $23.6 million for WASH in 2012, the third-highest sector appeal. Food is allocated $127 million, and agriculture $32 million. It is projected that about one million people will require food assistance in the first quarter of 2012, as “Rates for chronic and acute child malnutrition still stand at 34 percent and 2.4 percent respectively.” 
 
 In recent months hundreds of typhoid cases have been reported in the capital, Harare, mostly in the densely populated Dzivarasekwa township. Intermittent water supplies in urban areas because of the dilapidated water and sanitation infrastructure, the start of the rainy season, and cut-offs of water to households unable to pay their bills, have forced the urban poor to sink shallow wells, which are easily contaminated. Media reports say shallow wells in Dzivarasekwa have tested positive for typhoid. 
 
 The latest Zimbabwe Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin, for weeks 46 and 47, published jointly by Zimbabwe’s health ministry and World Health Organization, say dysentery and diarrhoea are approaching epidemic levels, although there are no confirmed cases of cholera in the bulletin for these weeks. 
 
 A health sector official, who declined to be identified, told IRIN that cases of watery diarrhoea in Chipinge and other parts of the eastern province of Manicaland were being closely watched after reports of a suspected outbreak of cholera, but this has not been officially confirmed. 
 
 A senior official of a humanitarian NGO, who also did not wish to be named, told IRIN: “We are closely monitoring the situation and will only comment and activate our programmes if the presence of cholera is officially confirmed.” 
 
 Cephas Zinhumwe, head of the National Association of Non Governmental Organizations (NANGO), an umbrella group for NGOs, told IRIN that “The resurgence of waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera [although unconfirmed], the risk of malaria in the presence of collapsing waste management services and excessive heat, are equally disturbing developments.” 
 
 Despite a bleak outlook for WASH, “Major potential disasters have been contained and many utilities, including in Harare, are now strengthened and able to provide more reliable services,” the CAP noted. 
 
 “In rural areas, although situations have improved and the incidence of cholera emergencies has reduced throughout the country, there are still highly vulnerable areas like Chipinge and Chiredzi in the eastern and southeastern parts of Zimbabwe,” the CAP said, “where situations contributing to cholera outbreaks have not yet been fully put under control, and unnecessary loss of life due to cholera and other WASH-related diseases still continues.” 
 
 dd/go/he 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94452</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200812191t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: A deadly funding crisis</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding. 
 
 That money for HIV/AIDS efforts is not as plentiful as in previous years hardly comes as a surprise. UNAIDS notes that the global economic crisis appears to have put an end to a decade of funding increases by donors - after flattening out in 2009 for the first time, international AIDS assistance fell by 10 percent in 2010. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93521 ] 
 
 Nandini Oomman, director of the HIV/AIDS Monitor, which tracks AIDS spending at the Washington-based Centre for Global Development, admits that “we are in a bad situation” and faced with “less money and more [health] priorities”. Moreover, non-communicable diseases have overtaken HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death worldwide. Global and national leaders are now confronted with a “set of tough choices”, she noted. 
 
 Zimbabwe’s Minister of Health, Dr Henry Madzorera, believes it is still too early to gauge the full impact of the global funding decline. “We do anticipate that [this] will have a negative impact on our universal access goal… that the consequences of this global economic meltdown will be catastrophic to our programmes… [and] will take us back many years,” he told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 The big squeeze 
 
 As the world’s largest donor to HIV/AIDS efforts, the United States contributes 54 percent of international AIDS financing, but the Centre for Global Development warns that in America’s current political and fiscal climate, this level of support for AIDS funding may have reached a “tipping point” and “will be increasingly difficult to maintain in coming years”. 
 
 Oomman pointed out that the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was protected by legislation until 2013, so cuts in the funding mechanism may not be as deep as feared. “The real questions [about the future of PEPFAR] will open up in two years, when the US is faced with reauthorizing PEPFAR,” she noted. 
 
 In the meantime, the US global AIDS budget has been cut for the second year running - funding for PEPFAR in 2012 will be US$90 million less than the current allocation - and support for the Global Fund has flat-lined. 
 
 The cost implications are huge, particularly for countries such as Uganda that rely heavily on PEPFAR. According to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), less than half of the people needing treatment in Uganda get it, and PEPFAR currently supports 75 percent of all patients receiving ARVs in the country. International donors are increasingly requesting that Uganda look for domestic funds to support its response. 
 
 Although South Africa is better resourced and funds more than 80 percent of its treatment costs, it still receives substantial amounts from foreign donors. PEPFAR’s shift from direct service provision to technical assistance has caused hospices and institutions that were providing ARVs to close down, and patients have been referred to a public health system that is overstretched and poorly equipped to deal with the growing numbers, Nokhwezi Hoboyi, district coordinator for the Treatment Action Campaign, told journalists at a press briefing. 
 
 The UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) is also cutting bilateral aid for HIV/AIDS projects in developing countries by 32 percent, from £59.9 million ($92 million) to £41 million ($64million), between now and 2015. 
 
 Bailing out of the Fund? 
 
 With many donor countries preoccupied with the economic crises on their doorsteps and slowly starting to reduce their HIV/AIDS funding, the Global Fund remains a crucial player despite its latest setback. The amount of money that the multilateral body has made available since it was created in 2001 was “absolutely unprecedented” said Dr Eric Goemaere, head of MSF South Africa’s medical unit. 
 
 On 28 November, MSF warned that many low-income countries with a high HIV/AIDS burden were relying heavily on money from the Global Fund to continue providing treatment as well as to scale up their programmes. Some countries have been unable to implement the most recent World Health Organization guidelines, which call for earlier initiation of treatment and better first-line drugs. 
 
 The Global Fund has also been hit by a crisis in confidence in recent months, after reports of grant mismanagement found by the Fund’s Office of the Inspector General and the findings of a high-level independent review panel that recommended major changes to its accountability structures. 
 
 Oomman told IRIN/PlusNews that rather than “buckling down” to fix the Global Fund model, however, donors were “bailing out” by failing to live up to their commitments. “This doesn’t absolve the Fund of the responsibility to fix itself and reform… but it was created by the donors and should be fixed by the donors,” she commented. 
 
 High-burden nations need to do more 
 
 With its future at stake, the Global Fund has been encouraging emerging markets to pick up the baton, but the reality is that financial backing from traditional donors such as America and the European countries is still vitally important. “If I were an emerging market government, would I put my money in [an organization] which Western donors are pulling out of?” Oomman asked. 
 
 Activists agree that although some countries with high HIV prevalence rates still can’t afford to put a lot of money into their AIDS response, they cannot be completely absolved. 
 
 “Sustainability depends on domestic funding. Even in this hard economic environment, countries can at least lay down the enabling instruments that will grow over time and take over from donor funds when these funds dry up,” Zimbabwe’s Madzorera acknowledged. 
 
 “African governments are not doing enough at this stage,” he said, “and it cannot be allowed to be ‘business as usual’ in the face of this global economic crisis.” 

Read more on the impact of the HIV/AIDS funding crunch: http://www.plusnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?Indepthid=93&amp;reportid=94341
 
 kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94354</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: &quot;Harsher regime&quot; for asylum seekers</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301429520334t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nearly half a million asylum seekers in South Africa may lose their right to earn a living or study while their refugee status is being determined after indications that the government plans to amend legislation governing those rights.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nearly half a million asylum seekers in South Africa may lose their right to earn a living or study while their refugee status is being determined after indications that the government plans to amend legislation governing those rights. 
 
 An announcement on 23 November that Cabinet is "reviewing" the minimum rights of immigrants, including the right to work and study, was followed by a media briefing two days later at which Mkuseli Apleni, Director General of the Department of Home Affairs, suggested that the asylum seeker system was being abused. 
 
 "The right [of asylum seekers] to work and study has created a problem," he said. "People by default are going through the asylum seeker process in order to be able to work, but the majority are economic migrants using a back door." 
 
 Apleni noted that South Africa has the largest number of asylum seeker applications in the world. The system needed "streamlining", he said, and an amendment to current legislation would likely be passed in the next legislative year. 
 
 Refugee rights groups have reacted to the announcement with alarm. A joint statement by several civil society groups, including the Zimbabwe Exiles Forum, and People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), argues that the review is a precursor to the withdrawal of rights that will "force more asylum seekers underground, thus making them liable to exploitation". 
 
 "It's going to limit people's employment opportunities, deny children living here a right to education, [and] increase tensions with locals," predicted PASSOP director Braam Hanekom. 
 
 South Africa's 1998 Refugees Act is silent on the question of whether someone who has been issued an asylum seeker permit can work or study while awaiting a decision on their refugee status. An attempt by Home Affairs to expressly prohibit work and study was challenged when a case was brought to court in 2003 by the Cape Town-based Legal Resources Centre (LRC) on behalf of a Zimbabwean woman and her disabled son. 
 
 The matter went to the Supreme Court of Appeals, where the judge ruled that freedom to work and study were "an important component of human dignity", and guaranteed by the country's Bill of Rights. 
 
 "The judgement was a resounding endorsement of asylum seekers' right to work, and they're obviously trying to override that," said William Kerfoot, the LRC attorney who handled the case. 
 
 Asylum seekers, who are not eligible for any kind of social support, often wait years for their applications to be processed, and prohibiting them from working "effectively turned them into criminals or beggars", he commented. 
 
 More than half of asylum seeker applications in South Africa are made by Zimbabweans fleeing economic hardship and human rights violations. Very few of them are eventually recognized as refugees, but applying for asylum is often their only legal avenue for remaining in the country. 
 
 The resulting flood of applications has created a backlog in the asylum system that the Department of Home Affairs attempted to address in 2009 by introducing a special dispensation to lift the threat of deportation from undocumented Zimbabwean migrants. 
 
 In the latter half of 2010, Zimbabwean migrants were given the opportunity to apply for work and study permits, and those already in possession of asylum seeker permits were encouraged to trade them in. Only about 275,000 of the up to 1.5 million Zimbabweans that the International Organization for Migration estimates are living in South Africa participated in the documentation process and many are still waiting for their permits to be issued. 
 
 Home Affairs recently resumed the arrest and deportation of undocumented Zimbabweans, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] and according to news reports about 4,000 have been deported via South Africa's Beitbridge border post to Zimbabwe since early October 2011. 
 
 "[The government] has been trying to do something about the asylum system for a long time, but the rhetoric is all about stopping economic migrants from coming in," said Roni Amit, a researcher at the African Centre for Migration and Society at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg. 
 
 "It is true that there are people who are economic migrants who are applying for asylum because they have no other option. If they provide an alternative system that would be an improvement, but they seem to be more concerned about people who are abusing the system than people who are in need of protection and aren't getting it," she said. 
 
 Apleni did not provide details of any planned alternative system, but suggested that the amendments would help deal with the backlog and ensure genuine asylum seeker applications were processed more quickly. 
 
 "South Africans must feel safe," he told journalists at the media briefing. "If we're not able to control our illegal immigration, people won't feel safe." 
 
 Kerfoot interpreted the latest government announcement as further evidence of "an overall harsher regime towards asylum seekers". He pointed to recent amendments to the Immigration Act [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] reducing the time asylum seekers have to report to a refugee reception office after entering the country, as well as the closure of two of seven such offices, one in Johannesburg and another in the city of Port Elizabeth on the south coast. 
 
 "All these things are part of the same pattern and it's the wrong way of going about things - it's unconstitutional and it doesn't comply with our refugees act," he told IRIN. 
 
 The statement from PASSOP and other refugee rights groups expresses similar concerns about "what now appears a campaign against asylum seekers". 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94337</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301429520334t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nearly half a million asylum seekers in South Africa may lose their right to earn a living or study while their refugee status is being determined after indications that the government plans to amend legislation governing those rights.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: One million need food assistance</title><pubDate>Wed, 23 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011121049320316t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 23 November 2011 (IRIN) - After a thin harvest, Rudo Mangwere, 32, a farmer in Chirumhanzu district, some 200km southwest of Harare, Zimbabwe&apos;s capital, has resorted to selling wild honey by the roadside to beat hunger. She is one of just over a million rural Zimbabweans who will struggle to feed themselves for the next four months.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 23 November 2011 (IRIN) - After a thin harvest, Rudo Mangwere, 32, a farmer in Chirumhanzu district, some 200km southwest of Harare, Zimbabwe's capital, has resorted to selling wild honey by the roadside to beat hunger. She is one of just over a million rural Zimbabweans who will struggle to feed themselves for the next four months. 
 
 A single mother with three school-going children, Mangwere's poor harvest was partly the result of inadequate rainfall in her area during the 2010/11 farming season, but also because she has no access to draught animals - oxen or a horse - to pull a plough. 
 
 ''Almost every family from my area is on the road[side] these days, selling honey, mazhanje (wild loquats) and firewood. We hardly harvested anything, and this is the only way we can keep our children from starving,'' Mangwere told IRIN. 
 
 Like most households from her community in Midlands Province, she can no longer pay her children's school fees and the family is surviving on wild fruits and one main meal in the evening, she said. Although food is readily available in the local shops, most of the villagers do not have the money to buy it. 
 
 A report by the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC), a government-led consortium of UN agencies, official bodies and non-governmental organizations which conducts annual food security assessments, found that 12 percent of the rural population "will not be able to meet their minimum cereal needs during the 2011/12 season" [ http://www.acwg.co.zw/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=171:zimvac-report-2011&id=15:documents ]. 
 
 The figure represents a slight improvement over the 15 percent who needed food assistance in the 2010/11 season. Parts of Zimbabwe have been hit by a number of poor harvests caused by too little rain, a shortage of income to buy farming inputs, and poor planning, which have forced the government to import cereals and the hungry to depend on food donations. 
 
 The report notes that the drought-prone southern and western areas of the country have been most affected, particularly the Masvingo and Matabeleland North and South provinces, where subsistence farming is the sole source of income for most rural households. 
 
 "Agricultural production in these regions was once again poor this season," said Felix Bamezon, country director of the UN World Food Programme (WFP), in a recent statement. ''The situation is made worse by the economic downturn and we're already seeing families resorting to skipping meals and reducing portion sizes." 
 
 WFP is implementing a targeted seasonal programme of food distributions, cash transfers and food vouchers to assist low-income households and families with orphans and vulnerable children. 
 
 Tomson Phiri, a WFP spokesperson, told IRIN that the programme aimed to reach about 200,000 people in the affected regions with cereals, beans and vegetables during the peak hunger period between November and March. 
 
 ''We have targeted 34 districts and are already on the ground in 24 districts where we are registering and assisting those in need,'' he said. 
 
 WFP is appealing for US$42 million to cover a shortfall in funding for its food assistance programmes in Zimbabwe. 
 
 "Longer-term measures such as greater investment in agriculture and the livestock sector are essential,” said Bamezon. “But for now, those who are most vulnerable need urgent assistance." 
 
 fm/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94286</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011121049320316t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 23 November 2011 (IRIN) - After a thin harvest, Rudo Mangwere, 32, a farmer in Chirumhanzu district, some 200km southwest of Harare, Zimbabwe&apos;s capital, has resorted to selling wild honey by the roadside to beat hunger. She is one of just over a million rural Zimbabweans who will struggle to feed themselves for the next four months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Typhoid spreads amid water shortage</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200801092t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of clean water and adequate sanitation in one of the most populous townships in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, have caused an outbreak of typhoid. Experts warn it could herald the resurgence of cholera.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of clean water and adequate sanitation in one of the most populous townships in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, have caused an outbreak of typhoid. Experts warn it could herald the resurgence of cholera. 
 
 The Director of Health Services for Harare Municipality, Prosper Chonzi, told IRIN that 36 people were being treated for typhoid at the Beatrice Infectious Diseases Hospital, just outside the capital, and more than 200 suspected cases have been reported. 
 No deaths have so far been linked to the outbreak and health authorities have indicated that they have adequate medical supplies to treat those infected. 
 
 However, Chonzi said his department was on “red alert” and may be forced to ban public gatherings and close schools in affected areas. 
 
 Typhoid and cholera are both bacterial diseases transmitted by consuming contaminated food or water, but cholera has a much shorter incubation period and is more deadly. 
 
 Zimbabwe suffered a cholera epidemic that claimed over 4,000 lives and infected nearly 100,000 people between 2008 and 2009. 
 
 Most of the typhoid infections have occurred in the highly populated township of Dzivarasekwa, where untreated sewage flows in the streets, creating ideal conditions for the disease to spread. 
 
 While talking to IRIN, Farai Mbizi, a Dzivarasekwa resident, pointed to a group of children skipping across flowing sewage just a few metres from where the adults were selling vegetables. 
 
 “It is not surprising that there should be a typhoid outbreak because we are living in an extremely unhygienic and dirty environment,” Mbizi said. 
 
 The onset of Zimbabwe’s rainy season last week coincided with a national power failure that disrupted water supplies and enhanced the conditions conducive to the spread of typhoid. 
 
 Intermittent water supplies caused by the city’s dilapidated water and sanitation infrastructure, and the inability of many poor families in Harare to pay their water bills, have caused a large number of households to resort to sinking shallow wells that are susceptible to being flooded with contaminated water. According to Chonzi, some of the wells in Dzivarasekwa have tested positive for typhoid. 
 
 The outbreak started just weeks after the city’s engineering director, Christopher Zvobgo, warned that the failure to supply adequate clean water to the capital and its environs could trigger a cholera outbreak similar in scale to that of 2008. 
 
 A local newspaper, the Daily News, reported that Zvobgo had told a Harare City Council meeting at the end of October: “We have to start planning now because the situation is getting out of hand and we risk having another cholera outbreak while we are busy talking here.” 
 
 Harare’s sewerage and water purification systems are outdated and subject to frequent breakdowns, often caused by the power cuts that plague the city. 
 
 Water Resources Management Minister Samuel Sipepa Nkomo told IRIN that the government would be providing Harare with US$50 million, as part of a water crisis budget aimed at preventing the spread of waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera. 
 
 “This is essentially a short-term intervention,” he said. “We expect Harare Municipality to rehabilitate or replace parts of their water purification infrastructure and sewerage systems.” 
 
 dd/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94237</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200801092t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of clean water and adequate sanitation in one of the most populous townships in Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, have caused an outbreak of typhoid. Experts warn it could herald the resurgence of cholera.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Thousands of girls forced out of education</title><pubDate>Mon, 07 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007100812t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 07 November 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty, abuse and cultural practices are preventing a third of Zimbabwean girls from attending primary school and 67 percent from attending secondary school, denying them a basic education, according to a recent study which found alarming dropout rates for girls.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 07 November 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty, abuse and cultural practices are preventing a third of Zimbabwean girls from attending primary school and 67 percent from attending secondary school, denying them a basic education, according to a recent study which found alarming dropout rates for girls. 
 
 ''Sexual harassment and abuse by even school teachers and parents, cultural issues, lack of school fees, early marriage, parental commitments and early pregnancies are some of the contributing factors to the dropout by the girl child,'' said the authors of "Because I am a Girl" by Plan International, a nonprofit organisation that works to alleviate child poverty. 
 
 Maira Gwati's education ended two years ago, at the age of 14, when her family in rural Guruve, some 160km northeast of Harare, the capital, forced her to marry a 60-year-old man. 
 
 ''My grandfather killed a woman who had refused to be married to him many years ago and her family wanted a virgin as compensation to appease her spirit. I was chosen and given to an old man in marriage, but he often beat me up and even though I fell pregnant I could not stand the abuse,'' Gwati told IRIN. 
 
 She fled to Harare where she found refuge at a shelter for pregnant girls until her daughter was born, but the child died after only six months. 
 
 Gwati said she was not a particularly gifted student but was an aspiring athlete who had dreamed of completing her secondary education and becoming the next Marion Jones (a record breaking African-American sprinter). She has no plans to return to school, bur has joined a small athletics club in the capital. 
 
 ''Many girls out there are victims of the kind of abuse that has made me suffer so much. Most of the girls at the shelter end up as prostitutes, and they do all the bad things you can imagine to earn a dollar. Our future does not promise much, but for me the lack of a source of income will not keep me from becoming a popular runner,'' she said. 
 
 Makaitei Tevedza, matron of the home that gave Gwati shelter, told IRIN: ''I have been helping poor and abandoned pregnant girls for more than 10 years, and it seems the number of victims seeking our support is increasing all the time. Most of the girls say they were impregnated by relatives, teachers or lovers, who then chased them away.'' 
 
 According to the Plan International report, the long distances that children in rural areas have to travel to reach school, and the burden that girl children face because they often have to assume the responsibilities of being head of the household after the death of their parents, are other factors contributing to the high dropout rate for girls. 
 
 Forced removals 
 
 A 2005 government programme of forced evictions, known as Operation Murambatsvina (Drive out Trash), which uprooted some 700,000 people from urban areas across the country, compounded the difficulties of accessing education for girls from affected households. 
 
 Amnesty International, in its report ''Left Behind: The Impact of Zimbabwe's Forced Evictions on the Right to Education'' [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR46/019/2011/en/0d50f4e3-9cf6-4122-8cf9-ee6ab533cb3b/afr460192011en.pdf ] released in October 2011, documents the ways in which the evictions disrupted the primary and secondary education of an estimated 222,000 children. 
 
 During Murambatsvina many households were forcibly removed to rural areas and transit camps without educational facilities, and in some areas school buildings were demolished. Thousands of livelihoods were destroyed, making school fees an expense that families could no longer afford. 
 
 Joyce Rusike's single mother, then a vegetable vendor, was struggling to support her family when she was ejected from her rented room. ''We were resettled at Hopley [a squatter settlement] because we didn't have anywhere else to go. My mother got so affected that she immediately fell ill, and my brothers and I had to stop going to school because we could not afford the fees and bus fare to our old school,'' she told IRIN. 
 
 Rusike now sells cigarettes at a nearby long-distance bus terminus during the day and is a commercial sex worker at night, while her siblings spend their days hunting birds or helping passengers with their luggage at the bus terminus. 
 
 The Amnesty International report notes that many girls at Hopley became sex workers, entered relationships with older men, or married at a young age after eviction from their homes, and the government's failure to support them to re-enrol in school. 
 
 ''Operation Murambatsvina inflicted a severe blow to the right to education for the affected population, who were already amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged in Zimbabwe," wrote the authors. 
 
 Zimbabwe's education system, once considered a model for other African countries, has been steadily declining over the last decade due to the economic crisis. Many schools lack text books and other supplies. 
 
 A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women's and Children's Rights in Zimbabwe: 2005-2010, carried out by the government and the UN, found that almost half of the children did not proceed from primary to secondary school. 
 
 The government, in partnership with the international donor community and UN agencies, launched the Education Transition Fund in 2009, with the aim of addressing the shortage of learning materials in schools. 
 
 A second phase of the programme was launched this month. According to a statement by UNICEF Representative Dr Peter Salama, this phase "will focus on equity and access to quality education for all children, in particular responding to the gender disparity of students in secondary schools, and giving children not in school an opportunity for a second chance for education". 
 
 fm/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94157</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007100812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 07 November 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty, abuse and cultural practices are preventing a third of Zimbabwean girls from attending primary school and 67 percent from attending secondary school, denying them a basic education, according to a recent study which found alarming dropout rates for girls.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Soon every African village will know what the weather may bring</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data. 
 
 The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91170 ] an initiative of the World Meteorological Organization is now able to render the data from regional climate models to the scale people live in, and decision makers work at. The information will not only help countries but also communities in their efforts to adapt to changing weather patterns, and to tailor their disaster risk reduction plans. 

The effort is geared to feed into the next assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), due to be released in 2014. 
 
Although CORDEX aims to “downscale” the data for all regions of the world, Africa has been identified as the most vulnerable by the IPCC and a priority for the initiative. Historically the continent has been under-researched, but for the next two years will be a focus for the programme. 
 
Chris Lennard, a scientist at the Climate Systems Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, which has one of the only two climate modelling groups downscaling the projections in Africa, said by mid-2012 climate data for people living within 50 kilometres from each other will be available across Africa. 
 
 The other African group, also in South Africa, is based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. 
 
 "There are climatologists outside the project who are downscaling up to a 22 km resolution as well," said Lennard. “Although this means data at the scale of cities will be available, when assessing vulnerabilities to climate change in a place like Johannesburg there are many other factors that need to be considered external to the city such as water and food security and power provision for example.” 
 
 How it works 
 
 Projecting the impact of climate change is a complicated process that takes into account changes in the long-term averages of daily weather patterns and many other factors. Climate models are used to simulate processes that occur in the atmosphere, such as the movement of moisture and heat as well as the possible impact of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases on these processes. 
 
 During two meetings in 2011, over 20 African climate scientists met to analyse CORDEX produced data. They decided to divide Africa into three regions for analysis - Southern, East and West. They then sub-divided the regions according to the common characteristics of the rainfall patterns in them. For instance, West Africa has been split into a Southern and Northern region because the south has two peaks per rainy season and the north has only one. 
 
 Climatologists often split regions according to common rainfall patterns because the variables that affect rainfall - movement of air, pressure, temperature, radiation, moisture content - also drive climate change. 
 
 Unfortunately, not all African countries can be assessed because of a lack of adequate scientific support and observational data. 
 
 During the first stage of CORDEX, scientists tested the ability of the various regional climate models to generate data based on actual climate statistics for the period 1988-2010. "The selected historical timeframe is too small to look at any long-term trends," said Lennard. "We wanted to see how the regional climate models simulated the past so we can say something about how they might simulate the future." 
 
 The 14 regional climate models also include factors like the level of small-scale convection, and the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. The scientists then work on a consensus position based on the results generated by all the models. 
 
 "We have completed this stage and are busy writing up our results so they can be included in the IPCC 5th assessment report," said Lennard. 
 
 The teams are now awaiting results of global projections of climate change from 12 global climate modelling groups already at work in Europe, the US and elsewhere. 
 
 These groups - including the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy; the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; the Danish Meteorological Institute; and the Iowa State University - are among the world's foremost global climate modelling institutions. They have simulated the earth's climate as far back as 1950 and look as far forward as 2100. 
 
 "Once the global climate model data become available we will start downscaling them, and the downscaled results will be shared with the African teams for analysis. We expect to have the first downscaled model data early in November," Lennard said. 
 
 Making sense of the numbers 
 
 The projections are critical for communities that must adapt to a moodier climate with limited resources. Initial IPCC assessment reports tended to focus on global climate models and predictions that did not factor in underlying socioeconomic conditions or the vulnerability of communities, writes Saleemul Huq, one of the IPCC’s lead authors. [ http://pubs.iied.org/17103IIED.html?c=climate ] "So, for example, model-based physical impacts in the Netherlands look similar to those in Bangladesh - in part because the two countries share a similar topography, both being low-lying deltas - but in reality the impacts on people, and the options for adapting to these, are likely to differ widely,” Huq notes in a briefing paper for the International Institute for Environment and development (IIED). 
 
 “The Netherlands is technologically and financially rich and can adapt to rising sea levels by raising dykes. Bangladesh, on the other hand, cannot afford to build dykes around its entire coast, even if that was the best adaptation solution." More recent IPCC reports have gone for a "more rounded picture of which countries and regions are at highest risk from climate change". 
 
One of the unique characteristics of the CORDEX Africa campaign is that African climatologists will meet with other African scientists who study vulnerability, adaptation and the impact of climate change on people, to translate the model numbers into meaningful, usable information. Experts from countries that include Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe will analyse the data.

"These scientists [who study humanitarian impact of climate change] know for example what thresholds, which, if crossed more frequently would impact detrimentally on communities, so whether the people in a certain area are more vulnerable to five days or eight days of continuous rainfall,” said Lennard. 
 
“We are coming together so that the impacts scientists can ask climatologists their questions, who will then analyse the model output with these questions in mind and provide them with information they can use."
 
 Their answers will also inform the analysis included in the IPCC's fifth assessment, which is devoting four chapters to adaptation. The previous report, in 2007, carried just one chapter on the topic. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94127</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Small-scale farmers choose tobacco over maize</title><pubDate>Wed, 26 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101260655010318t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 26 October 2011 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe’s small-scale farmers are favouring tobacco over maize because they are paid immediately on delivery, while the Grain Marketing Board (GMB), the state-run cereal distribution monopoly, often takes months to pay for the staple, say some small-scale farmers.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 26 October 2011 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe’s small-scale farmers are favouring tobacco over maize because they are paid immediately on delivery, while the Grain Marketing Board (GMB), the state-run cereal distribution monopoly, often takes months to pay for the staple, say some small-scale farmers. 
 
 The country has suffered consistent bouts of food insecurity since 2000 after President Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF implemented its fast track land reform which saw thousands of white farmers displaced, often violently, to make way for landless black Zimbabweans. 
 
 Tobacco production - a major foreign currency earner - plummeted from 237 million kg in 2000 to 49 million kilograms in 2008. Production has since recovered and the Zimbabwe Tobacco Association (ZTA) said 132 million kg was auctioned in 2011. 
 
 The profile of tobacco farmers has changed in the last decade. Prior to 2000, 1,500 of the then about 4,500 commercial farmers produced 97 percent of the tobacco delivered to sales floors, while other commercial farmers generally shunned maize production because of price controls - which remain - and opted for cash crops such as paprika, cut flowers and cotton, while growing yellow maize for stock feed. 
 
 Cereal production for food security before 2000 was largely the domain of small farmers who benefited from the sophisticated agricultural input system which supported commercial farmers and were able to easily source cheap fertiliser and seeds. The disruption of commercial farming activities also saw the collapse of Zimbabwe’s agricultural input industries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=78222 ] 
 
 ZTA's chief executive officer, Rodney Ambrose, told IRIN 67,000 tobacco growers - resettled on former white farmland - registered in 2011, of which only about 17,000 were considered large growers, including 300 white farmers still active in the sector, and that by and large the quality of tobacco delivered to the auction floors was “very good”. 
 
 Samuel Chizemo, a new tobacco farmer in Karoi about 150km north of Harare, told IRIN more farmers were opting to grow tobacco in place of maize, because of GMB delays in payment, although some was grown for personal consumption. 
 
 “Tobacco is a cash crop and unlike other crops which are delivered to the GMB we get paid cash on delivery,” he said and estimated he earned about US$8,000 from his tobacco crop this year and was paid promptly. 
 
 Some farmers, he said, were forced to sell the maize to third parties at a lower price than the controlled price of US$285 a ton, so it was the middlemen that profited from the grain, who could afford to wait for payment from the marketing board. 
 
 The USAID-funded Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) said in its September 2011 factsheet [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/09.29.11%20-%20USAID-DCHA%20Zimbabwe%20Complex%20Emergency%20Fact%20Sheet%20%232.pdf ] that about 1.68 million people would require emergency food assistance during the lean season, from January to April 2012. This was a 12 percent decline from the previous year for the same period. 
 
 Chizemo is one of 36 small-scale farmers working six hectare divisions of formerly white-owned farmland which was redistributed in 2001. They are all cultivating tobacco as contract farmers. 
 
 This year the average price of tobacco per kg was $2.73, slightly lower than the previous year of US$2.89. 
 
 Hard beginnings 
 
 Initially, Zimbabwe’s hyperinflationary environment - which was effectively ended through the scrapping of the local currency and its replacement in 2009 with the US dollar, Botswana pula and South African rand - financial difficulties, and the farmers’ inexperience of growing and curing tobacco hamstrung their first attempts in 2003. 
 
 “Besides us not having the know-how, it is a very expensive crop to grow,” Chizemo said. 
 
 Irrigation systems were also removed by the evicted farmer, which limited the area under cultivation, as the new farmers had to carry drums of water from a nearby river to ensure the crops did not wither in the early stages. 
 
 The refusal of banks to grant loans to the new farmers because of concerns over the security of land ownership saw the Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board (TIMB) petition President Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF government in 2004 to permit tobacco companies to offer farmers contracts whereby the necessary inputs, such as fertilizer and chemicals, were provided ahead of the planting season. 
 
 Under the contract agreement the farmers must sell to an agreed auctioneer until they have paid the loan for the inputs and are then free to sell the surplus to whoever they choose. 
 
 New farmers were also offered advice, assisted in the paying of wage bills and in some cases supplied with food. 
 
 However, it was the scrapping of the local currency, which saw tobacco’s renaissance. 
 
 “Tobacco growing is making a big difference to our lives,” Thomas Gwata, 28, from the Nyazura area east of Harare, who started tobacco farming in 2006 on a formerly white-owned farm that was subdivided among 65 small farmers, who made thousands of dollars from this year’s crop. 
 
 The farmers also lack access to a curing facility. 
 
 “The farmer who took over the farm infrastructure does not allow us to use the [curing] barn as he says it’s on his land,” he told IRIN. “He is a cellphone farmer,” a term describing new farmers who received land, but are employed elsewhere and conduct their farming activities by calling their workers on cellphones. 
 
 Gwata and his fellow small-scale farmers built their own curing barn, but it was not as efficient as the barn constructed by the former white farmer. 
 
 Tree-felling 
 
 Without a coal supplier the tobacco farmers have resorted to tree-felling to get fuel for tobacco curing. “This is causing serious deforestation but we really do not have a choice,” he said. 
 
 “We have the land but we are not benefiting enough; agriculture is the driver of our economy so government should seriously look into putting money into the sector,” said Gwata. That may not happen any time soon though as the government remains cash-strapped. 
 
 TIMB chief executive officer Andrew Matibiri said the new farmers had also yet to come to grips with the tobacco industry systems, including notification of how much of the product they intended to grow. 
 
 “Some farmers are not aware of this and just bring their crop to the already overcrowded three auction floors in Harare which were designed for 4,000 growers,” he said. 
 
 However, Matibiri said the sector was being rejuvenated. “Besides earning the country much needed foreign currency, tobacco is now benefiting thousands of families rather than the small minority who grew it before.” 
 
 He forecast that tobacco production could grow to 350 million kg annually in three to four years - provided there was adequate financial support - thanks to demand from the European Union and China, which each purchase about 40 percent of the country’s tobacco crop. 
 
 im/go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94074</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101260655010318t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 26 October 2011 (IRIN) - Zimbabwe’s small-scale farmers are favouring tobacco over maize because they are paid immediately on delivery, while the Grain Marketing Board (GMB), the state-run cereal distribution monopoly, often takes months to pay for the staple, say some small-scale farmers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Deportation of Zimbabweans tearing families apart</title><pubDate>Tue, 25 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261559370586t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Doreen Sibanda, 27, was among the first undocumented Zimbabwean nationals to be deported in early October 2011 after South Africa apparently lifted its more than two year moratorium on expulsions imposed following widespread xenophobic violence in 2008.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Doreen Sibanda, 27, was among the first undocumented Zimbabwean nationals to be deported in early October 2011 after South Africa apparently lifted its more than two year moratorium on expulsions imposed following widespread xenophobic violence in 2008. 
 
 “I was on my way to the shops to buy porridge for my four-year-old son when I was stopped by the police [in the inner city Johannesburg suburb of Berea] who asked for my passport and residence permit. I lied to them that I had forgotten them at home but they never gave me a chance,” Sibanda told IRIN. 
 
 “They took me to a police station where they locked me up. I begged to be accompanied to go and collect my son but none of the police officers took me seriously. The only thing they told me was that they were deporting me because I was living in South Africa illegally,” she said. 
 
 Sibanda, who earns a living as a hair braider, failed to take advantage of a window of opportunity presented by the South African government to regularize her status in the country, because she feared it was a ploy to identify undocumented foreign nationals and expel them. 
 
 The South African Home Affairs department introduced the moratorium, through the Zimbabwe Documentation Process (ZDP) in April 2009, to allow undocumented Zimbabweans living in the country a chance to formalize their stay by applying for, and being issued with, residence and work permits. 
 
 The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that 1-1.5 million Zimbabwean migrants are living in South Africa, but only 275,000 had applied to be regularized through ZDP by the 31 December 2010 deadline, and the department has so far only issued permits to just over half of them. 
 
 South Africa’s director-general of home affairs, Mkuseli Apleni, had told parliament that deportations would not resume until the ZDP was completed. 
 
 Police appear to be acting on an internal directive sent by Apleni on 27 September 2011 (IRIN has a copy), instructing the police service, as well as the defence force and home affairs offices to start deporting undocumented Zimbabwean nationals. 
 
 Braam Hanekom of People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), a Cape Town-based refugee rights NGO, told IRIN his organization had lodged a complaint with the parliamentary portfolio committee for Home Affairs, because of the “underhand method” used for the resumption of Zimbabwean deportations. 
 
 In a statement PASSOP said: “We cannot believe that the same week that the director-general briefed the [portfolio] committee on the Zimbabwean Documentation Project, he failed to mention that he was about to sign a directive that ordered the resumption of deportations of Zimbabweans. This directive essentially ended a moratorium on deportations of Zimbabweans and authorized the first sizable deportations of Zimbabweans in over two years.” 
 
 Apleni said at a Cape Town press conference on 12 October that about 55,000 undocumented foreign nationals were deported in 2010 and “the top five groups of nationalities were from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria.” 
 
 Hannekom said with Zimbabweans now eligible for deportations, this number was “likely to increase three-fold.” 
 
 After Sibanda spent two days at a Johannesburg police station, where she said visitors were forbidden, she was transferred to the Lindela Detention Centre in Krugersdorp and joined hundreds of other Zimbabwean nationals awaiting deportation. 
 
 Since arriving back in Zimbabwe she has been in regular contact with her roommate in Johannesburg who is looking after her son, but since her deportation the toddler has fallen sick. 
 
 “I am worried about my son’s health and have no choice but to go back. Besides, I don’t see how I can earn a living here,” said Sibanda, who is raising the money selling second-hand shoes with her sister at a market in Chitungwiza, about 30km south of the capital Harare. 
 
 In recent years South Africa has redeployed troops along the Zimbabwe border to try and stem the flow of undocumented migrants, but Sibanda said she would return the same way she did two years ago - by bribing immigration officials. 
 
 Zimbabwe’s decade long economic malaise and political violence has acted as a spur for migrants to seek employment in neighbouring states, as well as Europe and the USA, but South Africa remains the destination of choice for most, because of its large economy and easy access. 
 
 IOM assistance 
 
 Vincent Houver, the IOM chief of mission in Zimbabwe, told the media recently at an event marking UN Day that IOM was providing deportees with transport, psychosocial and medical support assistance. 
 
 “From October 7 to yesterday (19 October 2011), the IOM has assisted 530 Zimbabwean deportees but the figure of people who have been deported is obviously much higher than that,” Houver said. 
 
 Dickson Mukamba, 30, from Chitungwiza, who worked as a car washer in the Johannesburg inner city suburb of Hillbrow, told IRIN he was deported despite applying for a residence permit through the ZDP. 
 
 “The police did not give me a chance to prove that I was waiting for my permit. I was busy washing cars when they raided us and they would not allow me to go and get my passport and the papers showing that I had applied for the permit, even though we were just a few metres away from where I lived,” Mukamba told IRIN. 
 
 He alleged one of the police officers assaulted him after he had insisted on fetching his documents and was also denied a chance to appeal against his deportation after arriving at Lindela. 
 
 “I left my passport, clothes and money behind and it will be difficult for me to go back, unless one of my friends manages to send me my travel document,” Mukamba said, adding that during his return to Zimbabwe, other deportees had told of how they had left behind medication, or had been unable to inform their families of their predicament. 
 
 However, he said some of the deportees “have themselves to blame because they did not bother to apply for the permits, probably because they are criminals or just did not trust the Home Affairs department.” 
 
 fm/go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94057</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261559370586t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 25 October 2011 (IRIN) - Doreen Sibanda, 27, was among the first undocumented Zimbabwean nationals to be deported in early October 2011 after South Africa apparently lifted its more than two year moratorium on expulsions imposed following widespread xenophobic violence in 2008.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Food voucher scheme benefits HIV-positive people</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032911t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 20 October 2011 (IRIN) - Vulnerable people living with HIV in Zimbabwe are benefiting from an electronic voucher scheme being used to fight malnutrition among people on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and their families by providing them with nutritious food.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 20 October 2011 (IRIN) - Vulnerable people living with HIV in Zimbabwe are benefiting from an electronic voucher scheme being used to fight malnutrition among people on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and their families by providing them with nutritious food. 
 
 The system, introduced by the UN World Food Programme (WFP) and implemented by the health ministry and NGOs, involves identifying malnourished patients who are then given electronic vouchers to buy food at specific shops. 
 
 The country's economic collapse in the past decade has significantly strained the ability of poor HIV-positive Zimbabweans to feed themselves and their families when on ARVs. An estimated 570,000 Zimbabweans are receiving the medication; HIV prevalence - one of the world's highest - is 13 percent. 
 
 Prices remain comparatively high for families with low incomes and little or no access to US dollars, despite the improved availability of food. The Zimbabwean dollar was discontinued in 2009 as a solution to hyperinflation, and replaced by currencies such as the US dollar, South African rand and Botswana pula, but unemployment levels are extremely high and many people do not have access to these currencies. 
 
 Two months ago, 42-year-old John Mugove of Rugare, a low-income suburb about 8km to the southwest of the capital Harare, collapsed while seeking medical attention at an opportunistic infections (OI) centre and had to be hospitalized for two weeks, leaving his four children to fend for themselves. 
 
 Mugove had long abandoned his small furniture-making business due to recurring illness, and could barely raise money to cover basic family essentials such as food and school fees. He has been looking after his children alone after his wife ran away when he became critically ill and tested HIV positive three years ago. 
 
 "Bringing food home is such a big headache. Debt collectors are also demanding the money that I owe the hospital,” Mugove told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 "My worry has not been to get nutritious food, but just any food that can fill our stomachs. My last-born son, like me, has been diagnosed HIV positive. He is malnourished and easily falls ill, partly because the food I give him is of poor quality," he added. 
 
 Mugove recently visited a clinic and was advised by the nurse to register for the e-voucher food assistance programme at Harare Hospital near low-income suburbs southwest of the capital. 
 
 The programme supports about 5,000 patients and their families with essential food items and is operating at seven health facilities in the capital and has been extended to the second-largest city, Bulawayo. 
 
 Catholic Relief Services (CRS) and Help from Germany (HfG) are the implementing NGO partners working with the health ministry. 
 
 Patients on ARVs or TB treatment who are malnourished are referred to register with the scheme. 
 
 During registration, adults’ weight and height are measured to determine body mass while children have their upper arm circumference measured to determine if they are malnourished. Beneficiaries then have to answer questions that help establish if their households are food insecure. 
 
 Patients are given vouchers, in the form of scratch cards similar to mobile phone airtime cards, which they take to designated retail outlets for specific rations that are “good for one month and for a maximum family size of five people”, in addition to 10kg of corn soya blend they receive at registration. 
 
 The rations comprise maize-meal, beans and vegetable oil and beneficiaries receive the food aid for six months but that period is extended if they are still malnourished. 
 
 "A big number of patients on ARVs come from poor and vulnerable households that cannot afford nutritious food and this makes the e-voucher system very essential," AIDS activist Martha Tholanah told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 "But there is a need to go beyond addressing current problems such as malnourishment and ensure that patients receive help that enables them to sustain themselves and their families through income-generating projects," she cautioned. 
 
 fm/kn/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94024</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032911t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 20 October 2011 (IRIN) - Vulnerable people living with HIV in Zimbabwe are benefiting from an electronic voucher scheme being used to fight malnutrition among people on antiretroviral (ARV) therapy and their families by providing them with nutritious food.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Some are more indigenous than others</title><pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2006580t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Stallholders at the Mupedzanhamo market on the outskirts of Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, thought they were immune to the 2008 Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act, which requires large businesses such as banks and mining companies to relinquish at least 51 percent of their shares or interests to indigenous Zimbabweans.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Stallholders at the Mupedzanhamo market on the outskirts of Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, thought they were immune to the 2008 Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act, which requires large businesses such as banks and mining companies to relinquish at least 51 percent of their shares or interests to indigenous Zimbabweans. 
 
 They were wrong. Bustling Mupedzanhamo, where shoppers can buy anything from hairpins to refrigerators, has for many years provided traders with a small income and an escape from the country’s economic woes, but recently groups of youths have descended on the market, brandishing letters they claim authorise them to eject any trader that they believe is opposed to the black empowerment programme. 
 
 Miriam Raradza, 38, a stallholder and widow living in the populous nearby suburb of Mbare, was forced out of the market last month after they accused her of belonging to the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) led by Morgan Tsvangirai, the prime minister in a coalition government formed in early 2009. 
 
 ‘‘They accused me and other stall owners of belonging to the MDC, which they said is opposed to indigenisation, and said we should stop doing business at Mupedzanhamo. Hundreds of people who are known MDC supporters have been booted out since the beginning of this year,’’ Raradza told IRIN. 
 
 She said members of the Chipanganos - a gang with a reputation for violence, based in Mbare and thought to have links with President Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF party - had hijacked the stalls and, in some cases, also the goods that their victims were selling, she said. 
 
 ‘‘I have been robbed of the only source of income that I had for about eight years. The money that I realised from the sale of used clothes was enough to send my three children to boarding school and buy all basic items,’’ Raradza said. 
 
 Stanley Ziwakaya, 42, a teacher from the low-income Harare suburb of Highfields, whose wife runs a small informal convenience store, or tuckshop, described the gangs preying on the traders as ‘‘vultures feeding on the flesh of the poor who are at the edge of death’’. 
 
 Empowerment brigades 
 
 ‘‘The militia in this area call themselves the Empowerment Brigade and are notorious for visiting vending sites, where they demand bribes from the poor vendors. They claim to be representing the youths who need economic empowerment,’’ Ziwakaya told IRIN. 
 
 A member of the ‘‘brigade’’, who identified himself only as Peter, defended their actions. ‘‘Empowerment does not mean just taking over the mines, banks and big factories. We cannot do that because we don’t have the money, so we will start with the sell-outs who are opposed to indigenisation.’’ 
 
 The MDC opposed the indigenisation act, passed on the eve of the violent 2008 elections, when ZANU-PF lost its parliamentary majority for the for the first time since independence from Britain in 1980, and Mugabe lost the first round of the presidential elections to Tsvangirai, who subsequently withdrew from the second round in protest over the political violence. 
 
 After pressure from the Southern African Development Community, a regional body, and the international community, a unity government was set up in 2009. 
 
 Tsvangirai has called the indigenisation programme a ZANU-PF political campaign strategy meant to win votes, and during a recent visit to the US described it as a ‘‘warped indigenisation policy [that] has eroded investor confidence’’. 
 
 According to John Robertson, a Harare-based economic consultant, ‘‘This policy is the direct opposite of empowerment. The number of Zimbabweans who are poor, and those who will become poorer, will increase. The net effect is far much more poverty and far less self-sufficiency.’’ 
 
 He said ZANU-PF militias were using the flag of indigenisation to take over the businesses of “already struggling people, and what is worrying is that the police seem to be blessing their actions because they are not being arrested”. 
 
 More job losses 
 
 Robertson told IRIN it was likely that the indigenisation policy would force many foreign-owned companies to close down, leading to further job losses, while people struggling to find jobs would fail to do so because investors would keep away. 
 
 He compared the indigenisation policy to the fast-track land reform programme launched in 2000, which led to the forced eviction of more than 4,000 white commercial farmers, often leaving the farm workers homeless and without a livelihood. 
 
 ‘‘The land reform programme seriously injured the economy, thrived on clear violations of human and property rights and led to widespread misery. This is what will happen with the indigenisation programme,” he said. 
 
 Welshman Ncube, president of the smaller MDC faction and minister of industry and commerce in the coalition government, said there were problems with the implementation of the empowerment programme and also a lack of transparency. 
 
 ‘‘There would always be cases of greed, abuse and personal gain in the implementation of a programme like the indigenisation drive, but what is important is that everything that is done by the government is made transparent to avoid the problems. That way, we can also be able to bring the culprits to book,’’ Ncube told IRIN. 
 
 There have been signs of economic recovery since the formation of the unity government in 2009, but economic activities are often subject to political decisions. 
 
 fm/go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93965</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2006580t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 14 October 2011 (IRIN) - Stallholders at the Mupedzanhamo market on the outskirts of Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare, thought they were immune to the 2008 Indigenisation and Economic Empowerment Act, which requires large businesses such as banks and mining companies to relinquish at least 51 percent of their shares or interests to indigenous Zimbabweans.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Deportations of Zimbabwean migrants set to resume</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261546310635t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 07 October 2011 (IRIN) - After months of rumour and speculation, South Africa’s Department of Home Affairs appears to have quietly lifted a moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans who did not apply for legal status through the Zimbabwe Documentation Process (ZDP).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 07 October 2011 (IRIN) - After months of rumour and speculation, South Africa’s Department of Home Affairs appears to have quietly lifted a moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans who did not apply for legal status through the Zimbabwe Documentation Process (ZDP). 
 
 The move contradicts recent assurances from the director-general of home affairs, Mkuseli Apleni, to parliament that deportations would not resume until the ZDP [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93398 ] was completed and Home Affairs Minister Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma had pronounced the end of the special dispensation allowing Zimbabweans to enter and remain in the country without documents. 
 
 The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that 1-1.5 million Zimbabwean migrants are living in South Africa, but only 275,000 Zimbabweans had applied to be regularized through the ZDP by the 31 December 2010 deadline and the department has so far only issued permits to just over half of them. 
 
 Earlier this week, media outlets in Zimbabwe quoted a senior immigration official based at Beitbridge, Zimbabwe’s border with South Africa, saying that South Africa’s Home Affairs Department had notified them of plans to resume deportations “with immediate effect”. 
 
 Vincent Houver, chief of mission for IOM in Zimbabwe, which mans a reception support centre for returning migrants at Beitbridge, told IRIN his organization had received a similar notice. “All we know for now is that immigration authorities from both countries (South Africa and Zimbabwe) have met to discuss the modalities under which forced removals may resume,” he told IRIN in an email. 
 
 Internal directive 
 
 Meanwhile, police appear to be acting on an internal directive sent by director-general of home affairs Apleni on 27 September (IRIN has a copy), instructing the police service, as well as the defence force and home affairs offices to start deporting undocumented Zimbabwean nationals. 
 
 "This is not honest, the way they’ve done it," said Braam Hanekom of People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), a Cape Town-based refugee rights NGO. "We've had a lot of text messages from people who've been arrested, mainly in Johannesburg, since last week." 
 
 Several other NGOs reported that Zimbabweans had been picked up by police, mainly in Johannesburg, and were being detained at police stations. 
 
 "People are being arrested and police are accepting bribes and being bullies in our view," said Selvan Chetty of the Solidarity Peace Trust. "Often relatives don't know where they are because their cell phones are taken away." 
 
 "We’ve worked very hard to get Zimbabweans to trust the NGOs and work with Home Affairs," he added. "If they’re not being open and transparent with us then how do they expect us to engage in an open and transparent way?" 
 
 The directive from Apleni notes that deportations should only be done after verifying that the suspect has not applied for asylum or any other permits. However, Richard Rams, a Zimbabwean migrant living in an abandoned building in Johannesburg's inner city, told IRIN that five fellow residents of the building who were picked up by police last week and taken to the city's Central Police Station, are facing deportation despite three of them being documented. 
 
 "Two of them had asylum papers and one had a passport with a permit in it, but not on them," he told IRIN. "We tried to take [their papers] to them, but they wouldn't let us give them." 
 
 According to Rams, after two days at the police station, the five men were transported 40km outside Johannesburg to Lindela Repatriation Centre, the main departure point for undocumented foreign nationals awaiting deportation. 
 
 No deportations yet
 
 Responding to questions about the lifting of the moratorium on deportations of Zimbabweans at a media briefing on 6 October, Home Affairs Minister Dlamini Zuma said: "The moratorium applied to specific people who entered South Africa at a specific time. There is no moratorium for Zimbabweans who come into South Africa today and break our immigration law... If you break our laws, we will arrest you." 
 
 Kaajal Ramjathan-Koogh, who heads the Refugee and Migrant Rights Programme at Lawyers for Human Rights, said that arrests and detentions of Zimbabweans had been taking place for several months already, but that although some were facing criminal charges for being in the country illegally, so far none had been deported. 
 
 Mohamed Hassan, who works for IOM in the border town of Musina, confirmed that "nobody has been deported as of yet". 
 
 "We’d advocate that should deportations happen, they happen in a humane way and respecting the human rights of those affected, and we’ve been given assurances that they will adhere to minimum human rights standards," he said. 
 
 Before the moratorium came into effect in April 2009, South Africa was deporting Zimbabweans who had entered the country illegally at a rate of about 200,000 a year and refugee rights organizations regularly complained about migrants suffering human rights abuses at the hands of police and during detention at Lindela [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=52979 ]. 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93912</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261546310635t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 07 October 2011 (IRIN) - After months of rumour and speculation, South Africa’s Department of Home Affairs appears to have quietly lifted a moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans who did not apply for legal status through the Zimbabwe Documentation Process (ZDP).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Poverty alleviation scheme targets kids</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006040927280948t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 30 September 2011 (IRIN) - Orphans and vulnerable children from more than 80,000 households in Zimbabwe are set to benefit from a three-year government and donor-funded programme to cushion them from the worst effects of poverty.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 30 September 2011 (IRIN) - Orphans and vulnerable children from more than 80,000 households in Zimbabwe are set to benefit from a three-year government and donor-funded programme to cushion them from the worst effects of poverty. 
 
 Led by Zimbabwe's Ministry of Labour and Social Services with support from the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the governments of the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, and the European Commission (EC), the National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Phase II, will take a three-pronged approach to reaching children most at risk - with cash transfers, educational assistance through the Basic Education Assistance Module (BEAM) and child protection services. 
 
 Sarah Mutodi, 19, from Harare is grateful for the educational support she received under the first phase of the National Action Plan (NAP), which was launched in 2005 and drew on a multi-donor funded pool of US$85 million to reach half a million children, according to UNICEF. 
 
 “I lost both my parents in an accident the year I was supposed to sit for my A-levels and could not have completed my high school studies if I had not received assistance under BEAM,” said Mutodi, who is now studying for an engineering diploma. 
 
 However, the social protection mechanism has not been able to reach all of the country's more than one million orphans. The National AIDS Council (NAC) estimates that 165,000 Zimbabwean children are living with HIV, while a joint government-UNICEF survey covering 2005-2010 found more than 48,000 child-headed households in the country. Zimbabwe's economic meltdown of the past decade has considerably strained the ability of families and communities to support orphans and children affected by HIV. 
 
 “Critical component” 
 
 Josphat Phiri, 72, and his 60-year-old wife, from the low income suburb of Kuwadzana, about 15km west of Harare, have been caring for their four grandchildren since both of their daughters died from HIV-related illnesses. 
 
 Phiri lost his job on a commercial farm in 2001 after it changed ownership as part of the country's controversial land reform programme, and with no steady source of income the elderly couple rely on handouts from neighbours and fellow church members to get by. 
 
 “All my grandchildren are supposed to be in school, but only one is currently receiving help under BEAM. With the other three, it has proved to be hard,” Phiri told IRIN. 
 
 The inclusion of cash transfers in the second phase of NAP could provide some relief to families like Phiri's. According to UNICEF, households headed by elderly people or children, or with large numbers of dependants or chronically ill people, will be eligible for monthly cash transfers of US$25. 
 
 In a country where a substantial part of the population lives on less than a dollar a day, the subsidy is aimed at helping families to meet some of their immediate food and health care needs. 
 
 “Protecting children from poverty, harm and abuse begins with reducing their vulnerabilities; cash transfers are one of the critical components that will contribute to the realization of children’s rights,” Peter Salama, the UNICEF country representative, said at the launch of NAP II. 
 
 The cash transfer programme will begin at the end of November 2011 with initial coverage in 10 of the country's poorest districts. 
 
 fm/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93858</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006040927280948t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 30 September 2011 (IRIN) - Orphans and vulnerable children from more than 80,000 households in Zimbabwe are set to benefit from a three-year government and donor-funded programme to cushion them from the worst effects of poverty.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
