<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Zambia</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 14:30:37 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Floods leave Angolan returnees stranded</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. 
 
 “At least 50,000 people - 24,000 of them returnees - in 10 villages in Uige Province [northeastern Angola near border with DRC] have been affected by the flooding, rains and hailstorms in the past four months,” said Antonio Maiandi, head of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola, which has been trying to help those affected. The rainy season here tends to be longer than elsewhere in Angola. 
 
 “It is still pouring hard. At least 1,142 houses have been destroyed by the rains. Each family with shelter is now hosting other families,” said Maiandi, adding that the returnees, who had sought refuge from the civil war in Angola which ended in 2002, were putting enormous pressure on locals, and organizations such as his. 
 
 “The local population who are mostly farmers have been severely affected. Their cassava [staple food in Angola] and groundnut crops have been destroyed, so there is not enough food to go round.” 
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) restarted formal repatriation of Angolans in November 2011 after logistical and other problems forced the process to stop in 2007. DRC is home to some 80,000 Angolans refugees, according to UNHCR. 
 
 The new return initiative comes after a UNHCR survey in 2010 found that 43,000 wanted to return home, and following a tripartite agreement between Angola, DRC and UNHCR (signed in June 2011), around 20,000 people signed up for help to return. The agreement came about after years of tense relations between the two countries: Angolan and Congolese nationals have been expelled from the two countries regularly. [  http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93004 ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90906 ]
 
 “The local population is extremely poor and unable to support the returnees,” and “people are still coming in every day,” said Maiandi. 
 
 UNHCR in Angola told IRIN they took a break in December 2011 and would resume formal repatriation on 17 January, but did not have an update on the number of people who had already arrived. 
 
 According to aid workers, increasing instability in the DRC following the recent disputed elections could be prompting more people to leave. 
 
 Maiandi said the returnees had not received adequate support from the authorities and church organizations had limited resources. 
 
 Meteorologists for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have predicted normal to above normal rains for most of the region from January to March 2012 largely because of the continuing effects of the 2011 La Niña event. [ http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91746 ] Thousands of people in the region were displaced and scores killed in early 2011 as a result of heavy rains and flooding associated with La Niña. 
 
 Zimbabwe 
 
 As the rainy season begins here, aid workers and disaster prevention teams are closely monitoring water levels in the all-important Zambezi river, the continent's fourth largest. 
 
 The authorities have issued a flood alert after being forced to release water from the swollen Kariba Dam on the Zambezi earlier than usual in the rainy season. 
 
 The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) which usually opens the spillway gates of Lake Kariba in the last two weeks of January was forced to open one of the gates on 3 January. It has advised people living downstream to evacuate their homes. 
 
 Zambia 
 
 Zambia is in for a mixed season. Dominicano Mulenga, national coordinator of Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, said a plan had been drawn up to help 368,953 people likely to be affected by rain and dry spells. While northwestern and western parts of the country had seen heavy rain, southern, eastern and parts of central Zambia were likely to receive little or no rain, he said. 
 
 The water level in the Zambezi was higher than at the same time in 2011, he added. “We have had three seasons of heavy rainfall and the ground is saturated with water, making it more prone to flooding.” 
 
 Namibia 
 
 Namibians, currently experiencing a heat wave, are eager for rain, said Guido van Langehove, chief of the Namibia Hydrological Services. Southern African Development Community (SADC) meteorologists have forecast normal to above normal rains for Namibia over the next three months. “It was the same forecast last year and we recorded three times the normal rain,” van Langehove pointed out. 
 
 The Caprivi Region, Namibia’s poorest area, is prone to annual flooding. 
 
 Japhet Itenge, director of Disaster Risk Management in the Office of the Prime Minister, said they were prepositioning essential commodities and relief tools as part of their contingency plans. 
 
 Lesotho 
 
 Lesotho has not received adequate rainfall in the past few months, a spokesman for the country’s meteorological services told IRIN. “SADC has forecast heavy rains for Lesotho in the coming weeks. We are worried it can cause early frost and destroy crops that have already been planted,” he said. 
 
 Lesotho and Namibia have food insecurity levels greater than their five-year averages due to the severe flooding experienced during the last growing season, according to FEWSNET. 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 The Mozambican authorities have begun to release water from the Cahora Bassa Dam on the Zambezi. People living mainly along the lower Zambezi basin and in Buzi, Save, and Pungue basins, including Beira city, are on alert. 
 
 Sofala Province in central Mozambique is currently distributing items such as bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, according to the Mozambique Red Cross; and members of seven local disaster risk management committees established in Beira City are cleaning the drainage system. 
 
 The National Institute of Disaster Management (INGC) is monitoring the rivers Montepuez, Licungo, Mutamba, Pungué, Buzi, Save, and Maputo, said FEWSNET. In the Zambezi and Limpopo river basins, FEWSNET warned of a near-average-to-high probability of flooding. 
 
 João Bobotela, CARE’s emergency response coordinator in Mozambique, said INGC and local authorities had been running flood simulation exercises since November 2011 to prepare communities for sudden evacuations. 
 
 Botswana 
 
 Arid Botswana has not received good rains in the past few months. “We are expecting average rains which might help crops,” said a spokesman for the Botswana Meteorological Services. 
 
 Malawi 
 
 More rains have been forecast for southern Malawi, where land adjacent to the River Shire, one of the most food-insecure parts of the country, is prone to flooding. Parts of the region, which has seen an outbreak of foot and mouth disease and a hike in food prices, are in crisis mode, warned FEWSNET. 
 
 South Africa 
 
 Much-needed rain has fallen in South Africa’s major maize-producing northern Free State area in the past few weeks. The government and USAID’s Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) say the country has adequate supplies, but global maize stocks are low, putting considerable upward price pressure on South African white maize. 
 
 
 jk-dd/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94598</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Counter-trafficking measures trail commitments</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity. 
 
 Southern Africa has many of the conditions traffickers capitalize on: endemic poverty and unemployment that create a demand for better opportunities, and high rates of regular and irregular migration that mask the movements of traffickers and their victims. 
 
 The region has no shortage of protocols, frameworks and action plans for dealing with human trafficking, but the net result of all these agreements has been no more than a handful of prosecutions. 
 
 "African countries are more than happy to sign documents and attend conferences, but step out of the room and they're happy to have lunch and forget about it," said Ottilia Maunganidze, a researcher on the International Crime in Africa Programme at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria. 
 
 Maunganidze was addressing a roomful of experts and government officials mainly from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, recently to look at ways of turning commitments to counter human trafficking into action. 
 
 The key international framework for combating this crime is the 2000 UN protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, also known as the Palermo Protocol [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocoltraffic.htm ]. Its lengthy definition of human trafficking includes “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception…for the purpose of exploitation.” Twelve of the SADC's 15 member states have ratified the protocol, which committed them to enact legislation to make human trafficking a criminal offence. 
 
 More than a decade later, only six have passed comprehensive laws. Several others have partial laws or, in the case of South Africa, bills waiting to be passed [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=93104 ], while five countries lack any specific legislation. 
 
 "If trafficking is not a crime in your country, everything else is symptomatic," warned Johan Kruger of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 
 
 Maunganidze pointed out that merely passing legislation is not enough. Mozambique has passed legislation, but has never prosecuted a case. "Criminalisation has to happen in practice," she told the meeting. 
 
 This means developing national action plans that involve social workers, medical professionals, public prosecutors and the police; establishing a central anti-trafficking unit; allocating resources to assisting victims; and signing bilateral and multilateral agreements with the countries victims originate from and pass through. 
 
 SADC countries adopted a 10-year strategic plan of action to combat trafficking in persons in 2009 that incorporates many of these measures. There is also a protocol on gender and development with a deadline of 2015 to put in place measures to eradicate trafficking. Maunganidze says this is "probably very idealistic", and cites the difficulty of identifying and addressing some of the root causes of trafficking, as well as the limited resources and political will so far devoted to responses. 
 
 Most trafficking in southern Africa is for the purpose of sexual exploitation, but trafficking for forced labour is growing and is even more hidden, according to Bernardo Mariano-Joaquim, regional representative of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Criminal syndicates are usually engaged in these activities, and many people still lack a clear understanding of what trafficking is, adding to the difficulty of detection and prosecution. "Organized crime can't be prosecuted in the same fashion as other crimes," said Kruger. "You have to connect the dots, you need proactive intelligence and international cooperation." 
 
 "In Africa, we're making some progress in creating an environment to assist victims, but where we need more work is prosecutions," Mariano-Joaquim told IRIN. "Prosecution is lagging behind the identification of victims, and even prevention." 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94445</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Depression &quot;overlooked&quot; in treating HIV patients</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens. 
 
 While HIV programmes focus heavily on reducing externalized stigma and ill-treatment of HIV patients by society, little is done to deal with a patients’ self-perception and how that might deteriorate following an HIV diagnosis, speakers said at a session on stigma at the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa in Addis Ababa. 
 
 Studies show that depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among people living with HIV, and is more prevalent among HIV-positive people than the general population. 
 
 "Operational research carried out in Zambia has found a positive correlation between patients who self-stigmatized and failure to adhere to treatment," said Sikazwe Izukanyi from Zambia’s Ministry of Health. "Self-stigma was often found in patients who did not disclose their status to partners or family members - making it difficult to maintain strict adherence to regimens while trying to hide the drugs." 
 
 Izukanyi noted that while counselling was a standard part of HIV care in Zambia, counsellors needed to be made aware of the prevalence of self-stigma and how to deal with it. 
 
 A 2010 Ugandan study [ http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajpsy/article/viewFile/53429/42000 ] by Makerere University found that HIV-positive patients were more critical of themselves, had significantly greater problems making decisions, poorer sleep, tired more easily, experienced more appetite changes and had more cognitive impairment. 
 
 ARVs and self-stigma 
 
 According to a study by Yordanos Tiruneh, an Ethiopian academic with US-based Northwestern University, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been key to reducing external stigma by minimizing the visibility of physical imperfections and restoring functional daily activities such as the ability to work. The study, which used 105 interviews with Ethiopian men and women on ARVs, also found that the support networks formed by people living with HIV gave them much-needed social capital. 
 
 However, according to Yordanos, while ARVs were linked to a reduction in external stigma, the study found that they tended to increase internalized stigma, sometimes resulting in failure to properly adhere to ARVs. 
 
 "When I think of the two tablets that keep me alive, I hate myself and I feel that I am dead," one of the study’s interviewees is quoted as saying. "Sometimes I get furious to see myself like a walking corpse, and other times I see myself as a doll that functions with a battery. I would say, without these batteries [pills], I am nothing." 
 
 According to a US study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764960 ], adherence to ARVs was higher in patients for whom anti-depressants were prescribed. 
 
 A severe shortage of mental health professionals in Africa means that HIV-associated depression is largely ignored. For instance, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/89/3/BLT-10-082784-table-T3.html ], Burundi has just one psychosocial care provider per 100,000, against a target of at least eight, while Ethiopia has less than one, against a similar target. 
 
 "The problem is largely a human resources one; while strengthening health systems, governments should remember to focus on mental-health issues," said Izukanyi. "As it is, we have no systems for screening, diagnosing and treating patients with mental-health issues." 
 
 Among other things, experts recommend [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948731 ] integrating mental-health services into primary healthcare activities, developing mechanisms to ensure a good supply of psychotropic medication and more research into mental-health issues in Africa. 
 
 kr/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94410</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: A deadly funding crisis</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding. 
 
 That money for HIV/AIDS efforts is not as plentiful as in previous years hardly comes as a surprise. UNAIDS notes that the global economic crisis appears to have put an end to a decade of funding increases by donors - after flattening out in 2009 for the first time, international AIDS assistance fell by 10 percent in 2010. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93521 ] 
 
 Nandini Oomman, director of the HIV/AIDS Monitor, which tracks AIDS spending at the Washington-based Centre for Global Development, admits that “we are in a bad situation” and faced with “less money and more [health] priorities”. Moreover, non-communicable diseases have overtaken HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death worldwide. Global and national leaders are now confronted with a “set of tough choices”, she noted. 
 
 Zimbabwe’s Minister of Health, Dr Henry Madzorera, believes it is still too early to gauge the full impact of the global funding decline. “We do anticipate that [this] will have a negative impact on our universal access goal… that the consequences of this global economic meltdown will be catastrophic to our programmes… [and] will take us back many years,” he told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 The big squeeze 
 
 As the world’s largest donor to HIV/AIDS efforts, the United States contributes 54 percent of international AIDS financing, but the Centre for Global Development warns that in America’s current political and fiscal climate, this level of support for AIDS funding may have reached a “tipping point” and “will be increasingly difficult to maintain in coming years”. 
 
 Oomman pointed out that the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was protected by legislation until 2013, so cuts in the funding mechanism may not be as deep as feared. “The real questions [about the future of PEPFAR] will open up in two years, when the US is faced with reauthorizing PEPFAR,” she noted. 
 
 In the meantime, the US global AIDS budget has been cut for the second year running - funding for PEPFAR in 2012 will be US$90 million less than the current allocation - and support for the Global Fund has flat-lined. 
 
 The cost implications are huge, particularly for countries such as Uganda that rely heavily on PEPFAR. According to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), less than half of the people needing treatment in Uganda get it, and PEPFAR currently supports 75 percent of all patients receiving ARVs in the country. International donors are increasingly requesting that Uganda look for domestic funds to support its response. 
 
 Although South Africa is better resourced and funds more than 80 percent of its treatment costs, it still receives substantial amounts from foreign donors. PEPFAR’s shift from direct service provision to technical assistance has caused hospices and institutions that were providing ARVs to close down, and patients have been referred to a public health system that is overstretched and poorly equipped to deal with the growing numbers, Nokhwezi Hoboyi, district coordinator for the Treatment Action Campaign, told journalists at a press briefing. 
 
 The UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) is also cutting bilateral aid for HIV/AIDS projects in developing countries by 32 percent, from £59.9 million ($92 million) to £41 million ($64million), between now and 2015. 
 
 Bailing out of the Fund? 
 
 With many donor countries preoccupied with the economic crises on their doorsteps and slowly starting to reduce their HIV/AIDS funding, the Global Fund remains a crucial player despite its latest setback. The amount of money that the multilateral body has made available since it was created in 2001 was “absolutely unprecedented” said Dr Eric Goemaere, head of MSF South Africa’s medical unit. 
 
 On 28 November, MSF warned that many low-income countries with a high HIV/AIDS burden were relying heavily on money from the Global Fund to continue providing treatment as well as to scale up their programmes. Some countries have been unable to implement the most recent World Health Organization guidelines, which call for earlier initiation of treatment and better first-line drugs. 
 
 The Global Fund has also been hit by a crisis in confidence in recent months, after reports of grant mismanagement found by the Fund’s Office of the Inspector General and the findings of a high-level independent review panel that recommended major changes to its accountability structures. 
 
 Oomman told IRIN/PlusNews that rather than “buckling down” to fix the Global Fund model, however, donors were “bailing out” by failing to live up to their commitments. “This doesn’t absolve the Fund of the responsibility to fix itself and reform… but it was created by the donors and should be fixed by the donors,” she commented. 
 
 High-burden nations need to do more 
 
 With its future at stake, the Global Fund has been encouraging emerging markets to pick up the baton, but the reality is that financial backing from traditional donors such as America and the European countries is still vitally important. “If I were an emerging market government, would I put my money in [an organization] which Western donors are pulling out of?” Oomman asked. 
 
 Activists agree that although some countries with high HIV prevalence rates still can’t afford to put a lot of money into their AIDS response, they cannot be completely absolved. 
 
 “Sustainability depends on domestic funding. Even in this hard economic environment, countries can at least lay down the enabling instruments that will grow over time and take over from donor funds when these funds dry up,” Zimbabwe’s Madzorera acknowledged. 
 
 “African governments are not doing enough at this stage,” he said, “and it cannot be allowed to be ‘business as usual’ in the face of this global economic crisis.” 

Read more on the impact of the HIV/AIDS funding crunch: http://www.plusnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?Indepthid=93&amp;reportid=94341
 
 kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94354</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Sub-Saharan sanitation targets “two centuries away”</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector. [ http://www.wateraid.org/ ]
 
 Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are being sidelined as governments concentrate on health and education, says the WaterAid report. Meanwhile, people’s lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation services is holding back social and economic development in the region, costing around 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) every year. 
  
 Loss higher than development aid
 
 Inadequate WASH services cost sub-Saharan Africa more than the whole continent receives in development aid - US$47.6 billion in 2009 - according to WaterAid. 
  
 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the financial impact of inadequate WASH facilities by looking at the health issues linked to poor hygiene, child mortality, waterborne tropical diseases, the time people spend collecting water; and reductions in educational achievement due to illness and girls’ attendance rates at schools. 
  
 “Diarrhoea, 90 percent of which is attributable to inadequate sanitation and dirty water, is the single biggest killer of children in Africa, and yet sanitation targets are off-track,” Tom Slaymaker, one of the report’s authors, told IRIN.
 
 Every day, 2,000 children die from diarrhoea in sub-Saharan Africa. Four out of 10 people do not have access to safe water, while seven out of 10 do not have appropriate sanitation facilities. 
  
 The disparity between rich and poor is stark. Poor people in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to practice open defecation due to inadequate or poorly maintained toilets. 
  
 “Unless this changes, we won't see educational progress and it will hold back progress on child health. If you look at development in industrialized countries, sanitation has been key to enabling economic growth and achieving acceptable living standards,” said Slaymaker.
 
 Ministries not powerful
 
 Progress has been slow partly because WASH is not “sexy”, he commented. “On one level it's just a question of political will. Sanitation is not a sexy topic - politicians much prefer to say they're opening a hospital or school, rather than building some toilets.” 
  
 Most policy-makers in charge of WASH “have access to clean water and good sanitation, so they may not be motivated to address it in a distant rural part of the country,” said WaterAid senior policy analyst John Garret. 
  
 Slaymaker noted that “The water ministry is generally less powerful relative to the education and health ministries - which [tend to] have more civil servants and more leverage with the ministry of finance during and after the budget process - [so] in the scramble for funds, the water ministry and sanitation organizations lose out. This all contributes to the sector being a low priority."
 
 Water and sanitation is not an easy sector to reform, given it is usually spread across different ministries, and there is often “no single unified voice in the national budget process for sanitation”, he added.
 
 “Last chance”
 
 WaterAid calls on donors to double the global aid flow to WASH with an additional $10 billion per year in the run-up to 2015, the deadline for achieving the MDGs.  
  
 African governments need to commit at least 3.5 percent of GDP to sanitation and water to get back on track, Slaymaker told IRIN. Only Lesotho, Kenya, Niger and Tanzania are currently spending more than 0.9 percent of GDP on WASH. In Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and Zambia, the most recent expenditure figures fall well below the original 2009 commitment of 0.5 percent of GDP. 
  
 “Despite all the political commitments, we haven't seen the finances to back it up,” Slaymaker told IRIN. African heads of state met in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, earlier in 2011, and although many of their governments had made a commitment in 2009 to spend 0.5 percent of the annual budget on sanitation, “only one or two countries… realized that,” he said. 
  
 Despite this challenge, Slaymaker still thinks the MDG goal can be met if politicians drastically change course. “This is the last chance to make an effort to get back on track,” he told IRIN. “It's a question of… concerted partnership between donors, governments and the private sector. What's lacking at the moment is that concerted drive.”
 
 jl/aj/he 
  
  
 FACT BOX
 
 Over one billion people will miss the global MDG sanitation target if things continue unchanged 
  
 In Asia, India will not reach its MDG on sanitation before 2047, while Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal will not achieve the target before 2028. 
  
 Lack of access to water and sanitation costs African and Asian countries up to 6 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) each year. 
  
 In India the shortfall in water and sanitation services cost the economy around 6.4 percent of GDP - the equivalent of US$53.8 billion in 2006, according to the World Bank.
 
 In Ethiopia, 193,000 deaths per year are WASH-related, and 71.4 million people have no access to sanitation facilities.
  
 Similar figures apply to Mali, Niger, Benin, Ghana and Congo, where 194,000 deaths a year are WASH-related and 49.5 million people have no access to sanitation facilities. 
  
 According to WaterAid, the Côte d'Ivoire administration targeted 0.06 percent of its GDP to water and sanitation, Ghana spent 0.29 percent, Liberia 0.28 percent, Madagascar 0.28 percent, Nigeria 0.18 percent, Uganda 0.41 percent and Zambia 0.56 percent.
 
 (Sources: World Bank; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2010; national government documents 2008-2010; WaterAid) 
  
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94241</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIGRATION: Rwandan refugees reluctant to repatriate</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907280927540124t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).

 According to the “cessation clause” of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47fdfaf1d.html ] which UNHCR is recommending countries invoke for Rwandans, fundamental and durable changes in a refugee’s country of origin, such that they no longer have a well-founded fear of persecution, should remove the need for international protection. 
 
 “The main thing taken into account is whether the situation that forced people to flee still exists,” explained Fatoumata Lejeune-Kaba, a spokesperson with UNHCR in Geneva. “In this case, for the Rwandans, obviously the genocide and the war is over and many Rwandans have already returned.” 
 
 However, a number of Rwandan refugees living in South Africa whom IRIN interviewed insisted that, while there had been changes in Rwanda, it was not safe for them to return home. 
 
 “I left in 1994 and I haven’t been back,” said Celine*, who like all of the Rwandans interviewed for this article, asked that her real name not be used. “If I go back, my safety will not be guaranteed and even up to now, my family is still getting threatened… people are still getting arrested and put into prison and spend years without trial.” 
 
 “What we fled is still there,” agreed Jean-Pierre*, who left Rwanda after his father, sister and a number of other family members were killed during the genocide. “We follow what is going on in our country; there’s no democracy, no respect for freedom of speech.” 
 
 Jean Pierre has been living in South Africa for 14 years and has already applied for permanent residency, “but what about those who are fleeing the country now and arriving here every day?” he asked. 
 
 Bernard* arrived in South Africa a month ago. A well-known singer in Rwanda, he says he was targeted by the security forces for singing songs critical of the ruling Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF). 
 
 “Soldiers came to my house and I heard my mother outside talking to them. Then I heard shouting and bullets firing and I climbed out the window and ran,” he said, speaking to IRIN through a translator. 
 
 Convinced that his mother had been killed, Bernard crossed the border into Burundi where he stayed for a week before narrowly escaping a second encounter with Rwandan soldiers. After brief stays in Zambia and Mozambique, he finally reached South Africa and did not waste time lodging an asylum claim with the Department of Home Affairs in Pretoria. 
 
 “I heard people talking about the cessation clause, but I couldn’t believe it until they rejected my asylum claim,” he said, adding that his interview had lasted less than 10 minutes and he was handed a decision on the same day. 
 
 Rushed decisions? 
 
 Although South Africa's foreign affairs department has yet to announce whether it will invoke the cessation clause for Rwandan refugees and did not respond to questions from IRIN, Celine said Home Affairs officials had been denying asylum to Rwandans and refusing to extend refugee permits "since the rumours of cessation started". 
 
 Kaajal Ramjathan-Keogh of Lawyers for Human Rights, a local NGO which provides legal assistance to refugees, noted that Rwandans seeking asylum in South Africa are supposed to be considered on a case by case basis, but that recent efforts by Home Affairs to address a large backlog of asylum-seeker claims had resulted in some rushed decisions. 
 
 "The people doing the interviews are given a target that they need to make 10 decisions a day which results in people having 10-minute interviews," she told IRIN. "It seems to us not enough time to adequately consider a person’s asylum application." 
 
 Bernard intends to appeal the decision to reject his asylum claim which, according to a print-out given to him by Home Affairs, was based on a lack of evidence that his fear of arrest was well-founded and information indicating that, "the Constitution of Rwanda protects and advances basic human rights and in practice the government respects these rights." 
 
 In fact, a number of human rights organizations have repeatedly raised the alarm about human rights abuses in Rwanda and called for an independent assessment of the current situation in the country prior to invoking the cessation clause. 
 
 "It can’t be compared with what it was in 1994 and there have been significant changes since that time, but there are ongoing concerns such as the very tight restrictions on freedom of expression, and that applies not only to the lack of political space, lack of freedom of the media, but also more broadly to ordinary Rwandans who may have a view that is different from that of the government," said Carina Tertsakian, a senior researcher with Human Rights Watch. 
 
 Pressure on UNHCR 
 
 Tertsakian pointed out that the Rwandan government had put considerable pressure on UNHCR to invoke the cessation clause. "I think it’s partly a way of trying to control people; they can speak out much more easily when they’re outside the country," she said. 
 
 Long before UNHCR announced its recommendation on 7 October, the Rwandan government had begun informing its remaining 114,000 refugees, the majority of whom are concentrated in the Great Lakes region, that they would no longer qualify for refugee status after 31 December 2011. Over the past year, high-level delegations have been dispatched to host countries such as Mozambique, Zambia, Uganda and Cameroon urging refugees to repatriate and offering government assistance with reintegration. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90981 ] 
 
 "There's been a fair bit of misinformation about the cessation clause," Tertsakian told IRIN. "I think many people don’t realize that they have the option of resubmitting a claim for refugee status." 
 
 According to Lejeune-Kaba of UNHCR, Rwandans who can still claim persecution or who have gone through severe trauma because of persecution can apply for an exemption from the cessation clause. However, Tertsakian worried about the capacity of a country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, where an estimated 70,000 Rwandan refugees are living, to process a potential flood of exemption claims. 
 
 "Many countries have a large backlog of asylum-seeker claims... If tens of thousands of Rwandans start re-submitting claims, it's going to be a huge job to go through them," she said. 
 
 Lejeune-Kaba said UNHCR will work with governments to ensure refugees are informed about their right either to apply for exemption or, for those who have established strong ties in their host country, to apply for residency. 
 
 Like Jean-Pierre, Celine has applied for permanent residency in South Africa and hopes to avoid repatriation to Rwanda. "It’s not a matter of having a better life [here] because I love my country," she said. "I’m here because of the protection issue." 
 
 *Not their real names 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94029</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907280927540124t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Soon every African village will know what the weather may bring</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data. 
 
 The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91170 ] an initiative of the World Meteorological Organization is now able to render the data from regional climate models to the scale people live in, and decision makers work at. The information will not only help countries but also communities in their efforts to adapt to changing weather patterns, and to tailor their disaster risk reduction plans. 

The effort is geared to feed into the next assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), due to be released in 2014. 
 
Although CORDEX aims to “downscale” the data for all regions of the world, Africa has been identified as the most vulnerable by the IPCC and a priority for the initiative. Historically the continent has been under-researched, but for the next two years will be a focus for the programme. 
 
Chris Lennard, a scientist at the Climate Systems Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, which has one of the only two climate modelling groups downscaling the projections in Africa, said by mid-2012 climate data for people living within 50 kilometres from each other will be available across Africa. 
 
 The other African group, also in South Africa, is based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. 
 
 "There are climatologists outside the project who are downscaling up to a 22 km resolution as well," said Lennard. “Although this means data at the scale of cities will be available, when assessing vulnerabilities to climate change in a place like Johannesburg there are many other factors that need to be considered external to the city such as water and food security and power provision for example.” 
 
 How it works 
 
 Projecting the impact of climate change is a complicated process that takes into account changes in the long-term averages of daily weather patterns and many other factors. Climate models are used to simulate processes that occur in the atmosphere, such as the movement of moisture and heat as well as the possible impact of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases on these processes. 
 
 During two meetings in 2011, over 20 African climate scientists met to analyse CORDEX produced data. They decided to divide Africa into three regions for analysis - Southern, East and West. They then sub-divided the regions according to the common characteristics of the rainfall patterns in them. For instance, West Africa has been split into a Southern and Northern region because the south has two peaks per rainy season and the north has only one. 
 
 Climatologists often split regions according to common rainfall patterns because the variables that affect rainfall - movement of air, pressure, temperature, radiation, moisture content - also drive climate change. 
 
 Unfortunately, not all African countries can be assessed because of a lack of adequate scientific support and observational data. 
 
 During the first stage of CORDEX, scientists tested the ability of the various regional climate models to generate data based on actual climate statistics for the period 1988-2010. "The selected historical timeframe is too small to look at any long-term trends," said Lennard. "We wanted to see how the regional climate models simulated the past so we can say something about how they might simulate the future." 
 
 The 14 regional climate models also include factors like the level of small-scale convection, and the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. The scientists then work on a consensus position based on the results generated by all the models. 
 
 "We have completed this stage and are busy writing up our results so they can be included in the IPCC 5th assessment report," said Lennard. 
 
 The teams are now awaiting results of global projections of climate change from 12 global climate modelling groups already at work in Europe, the US and elsewhere. 
 
 These groups - including the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy; the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; the Danish Meteorological Institute; and the Iowa State University - are among the world's foremost global climate modelling institutions. They have simulated the earth's climate as far back as 1950 and look as far forward as 2100. 
 
 "Once the global climate model data become available we will start downscaling them, and the downscaled results will be shared with the African teams for analysis. We expect to have the first downscaled model data early in November," Lennard said. 
 
 Making sense of the numbers 
 
 The projections are critical for communities that must adapt to a moodier climate with limited resources. Initial IPCC assessment reports tended to focus on global climate models and predictions that did not factor in underlying socioeconomic conditions or the vulnerability of communities, writes Saleemul Huq, one of the IPCC’s lead authors. [ http://pubs.iied.org/17103IIED.html?c=climate ] "So, for example, model-based physical impacts in the Netherlands look similar to those in Bangladesh - in part because the two countries share a similar topography, both being low-lying deltas - but in reality the impacts on people, and the options for adapting to these, are likely to differ widely,” Huq notes in a briefing paper for the International Institute for Environment and development (IIED). 
 
 “The Netherlands is technologically and financially rich and can adapt to rising sea levels by raising dykes. Bangladesh, on the other hand, cannot afford to build dykes around its entire coast, even if that was the best adaptation solution." More recent IPCC reports have gone for a "more rounded picture of which countries and regions are at highest risk from climate change". 
 
One of the unique characteristics of the CORDEX Africa campaign is that African climatologists will meet with other African scientists who study vulnerability, adaptation and the impact of climate change on people, to translate the model numbers into meaningful, usable information. Experts from countries that include Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe will analyse the data.

"These scientists [who study humanitarian impact of climate change] know for example what thresholds, which, if crossed more frequently would impact detrimentally on communities, so whether the people in a certain area are more vulnerable to five days or eight days of continuous rainfall,” said Lennard. 
 
“We are coming together so that the impacts scientists can ask climatologists their questions, who will then analyse the model output with these questions in mind and provide them with information they can use."
 
 Their answers will also inform the analysis included in the IPCC's fifth assessment, which is devoting four chapters to adaptation. The previous report, in 2007, carried just one chapter on the topic. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94127</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Door-to-door outreach cuts TB prevalence</title><pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009201359000234t.jpg" />]]>LILLE 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Home-based tuberculosis (TB) education and testing reduced community TB prevalence by about 20 percent, according to findings of a large, two-country study released at the International Lung Health Conference in Lille, France.</description><body><![CDATA[LILLE 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Home-based tuberculosis (TB) education and testing reduced community TB prevalence by about 20 percent, according to findings of a large, two-country study released at the International Lung Health Conference in Lille, France. 
 
 Conducted among almost 963,000 people in Zambia and South Africa, the ZAMSTAR study rolled out household education and TB testing to some communities while others received enhanced TB case detection, which included activities such as community dramas to raise TB awareness. 
 
 Some communities received both during the three-year trial that ended in 2009. While enhanced TB case detection had no effect on new cases of TB or TB prevalence, household interventions reduced prevalence and reduced the risk of contracting TB among children in targeted communities by half. 
 
 "In the era of HIV, this is the first community-randomized trial of a public health intervention to be shown to have an impact on the epidemiology of TB at community level,” said Peter Godfrey-Faussett, one of three ZAMSTAR principal investigators and professor of infectious diseases and international health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 The study found that awareness-raising prompted more people to test for TB, which was conducted at clinics that fast-tracked TB screening and sputum collection or at community collection points that were no more than 30 minutes walk from patients’ homes. ZAMSTAR attempted to diagnose these patients in about 48 hours, although this was possible in only about a third of all sputum samples - some of which had to be transported to laboratories up to 800km away despite the implementation of several container labs in Zambia. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91801 ] 
 
 Participants who received household TB education were also offered family or couples HIV counselling and testing. While the trial was not able to offer home-based HIV testing, about two-thirds of those offered voluntary HIV testing did so at the nearest clinic. As a result, 4,000 patients started antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. 
 
 People living with HIV comprise about 10 percent of the world's TB cases. In high-burden countries such as South Africa and Zambia, about 60 percent of TB patients are co-infected with HIV. 
 
 With increasing recognition of the role of diabetes - which suppresses the immune system and increases TB risk - in TB infection, households were also offered blood sugar tests. 
 
 From research to policy 
 
 While the trial cost US$27 million, the interventions it piloted cost about $0.80 per patient; however, the cost-effectiveness of household outreach has not yet been calculated. 
 
 This will be of particular interest not only to national policy-makers but also donors, who continue to tighten purse strings amid a global economic downturn. 
 
 "I think the results show unequivocally that we do need to take TB services out of the clinic," said Yogan Pillay, deputy director-general for HIV/AIDS, TB and maternal, child and women's health for South Africa's Department of Health. "TB lives in communities and in households. We need to find people and diagnose and treat them [there] or we will have... multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB]." 
 
 MDR-TB is resistant to both the most powerful drugs used to treat active TB, rifampicin and isoniazid. It can be transmitted or can develop when patients fail to complete previous courses of TB medication. 
 
 However, Pillay voiced concern that findings from the ZAMSTAR study, which was conducted in South Africa's Western Cape Province, may not be generalizable to the rest of the country. The Western Cape remains a high TB burden province, but with better-than-average healthcare provision, also has higher TB cure rates than many other provinces. 
 
 The study found an extremely high TB prevalence among its South Africa sites, with about 2,320 TB cases for every 100,000 adults. ZAMSTAR also found a high burden in its Zambian sites, with about 540 cases per 100,000 adults. 
 
 At the time of the study, only South Africa had national guidelines to provide TB contacts and high-risk groups such as HIV patients with isoniazid preventative TB therapy (IPT). But uptake remained low at the time of the ZAMSTAR study, according to Helen Ayles, project coordinator for Zambia AIDS-Related TB Project [ZAMBART], a local NGO that took part in the ZAMSTAR study. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91738 ] 
 
 Zambia does not provide IPT to at-risk patients as government policy, but the ZAMSTAR study was allowed to offer this to patients and proved that providing IPT was feasible - a result that may lead to a change in government policy, according to Nathan Kapata, national TB programme manager with Zambia's Ministry of Health. 
 
 "We can learn that implementing IPT is possible," he told IRIN/PlusNews. "It gives me great strength that we can actually implement [it]." 
 
 llg/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94117</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009201359000234t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LILLE 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Home-based tuberculosis (TB) education and testing reduced community TB prevalence by about 20 percent, according to findings of a large, two-country study released at the International Lung Health Conference in Lille, France.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Low STI testing puts HIV-positive pregnant women at risk</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032511t.jpg" />]]>LUSAKA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - While most pregnant women in Zambia are now tested for HIV, other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis are not being diagnosed, placing the lives of thousands of women at risk.</description><body><![CDATA[LUSAKA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - While most pregnant women in Zambia are now tested for HIV, other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis are not being diagnosed, placing the lives of thousands of women at risk. 
 
 By the time Emily Banda*, 31, found out she had syphilis, it was too late – her daughter had died at five months and she had a miscarriage during her second pregnancy. 
 
 Banda was only tested for HIV and syphilis after her divorce, when she had moved from the small town of Kalabo in Western Province to the capital, Lusaka. 
 
 “At the hospital, they counselled me and tested me... There were no signs that I had syphilis and the doctor said I had [had] the problem for a long time,” she told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 A study conducted in Uganda and Zambia by the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) – identified high rates of syphilis and HIV co-infection in pregnant women in both countries. In Uganda, 14.3 percent of syphilis-positive pregnant women also tested positive for HIV, and the rate was 24.2 percent in Zambia. 
 
 High co-infection rates of syphilis and HIV in pregnant women increase the risk of HIV transmission from mother-to-child. Like HIV, syphilis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women and children in developing countries. The HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in Zambia is about 19 percent. 
 
 According to Susan Strasser, EGPAF country director for Zambia, syphilis testing should be part of the routine pre-screening done for pregnant women, but is often missed. 
 
 “In Zambia, if we're going to be successful in eliminating paediatric AIDS, we have to also prevent congenital syphilis,” said Strasser, co-author of the study. “Congenital syphilis can be easily diagnosed and cured thanks to rapid diagnostics and treatment. It is simply unacceptable for this disease to continue to plague women and children.” 
 
 The EGPAF study found that integrating rapid syphilis screening and HIV testing for pregnant women was feasible, cost-effective, and helped to prevent transmission of syphilis and HIV from mother-to-child. Rapid syphilis tests were introduced in antenatal clinics that provide services for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Uganda and Zambia. The new tests make it possible to screen more pregnant women for syphilis in a variety of urban and rural settings without the need for additional laboratory equipment or refrigeration. 
 
 Rapid syphilis testing is now as simple as a malaria test, Strasser noted. “You can simply take blood with a needle from a vein or finger prick and then you take the blood on the slide, much like a rapid malaria test or rapid pregnancy test and then you have the results after 20 minutes,” she said. 
 
 A regular syphilis test, on the other hand, has to be carried out “by someone who is highly trained; it needs electricity and it is usually done in batches”. 
 
 “A woman would have the blood drawn for testing and then she will be told to come back in the afternoon for the results or even the next day and... when they go home to tend to [their] responsibilities, they don’t come back to get the results and subsequently, they don’t get treated.” 
 
 Stigma and lack of support from their male partners also prevents many pregnant women from accessing treatment, Mulemi Kayumbwa, a clinical officer at Kalingalinga Hospice in Lusaka, told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 “We make sure that syphilis-positive pregnant women are encouraged to notify their husbands, so that they are all treated at the same time,” said Kayumbwa. 
 
 During the study, EGPAF collaborated with the Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia to pilot the use of a partner invitation slip to encourage partners of syphilis-positive pregnant women to visit the antenatal clinic for HIV and syphilis testing and treatment services. 
 
 The study’s findings convinced Zambia’s health ministry to include rapid syphilis testing in its standard package of PMCT services and antenatal care, said Ministry of Health spokesperson, Reuben Kamoto Mbewe. “Every woman who goes to the clinic for antenatal is tested for syphilis. It is now mandatory.” 
 
 *not her real name 
 
 cm/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93626</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032511t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUSAKA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - While most pregnant women in Zambia are now tested for HIV, other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis are not being diagnosed, placing the lives of thousands of women at risk.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: A plastic bag for a toilet</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108110949110531t.jpg" />]]>LUSAKA 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Charity Muyumbana, 45, has spent her entire adult life contending with recurrent flooding, poor drainage, and a lack of toilets in Kanyama, the sprawling Lusaka township where she lives.</description><body><![CDATA[LUSAKA 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Charity Muyumbana, 45, has spent her entire adult life contending with recurrent flooding, poor drainage, and a lack of toilets in Kanyama, the sprawling Lusaka township where she lives. 
 
 “Most of the people use plastic bags to relieve themselves during the night. They find it more convenient because some toilets are up to 200m away from the house,” she told IRIN. 
 
 The situation in Kanyama represents a countrywide problem. According to a 2008 study by local NGO the Water and Sanitation Forum, only 58 percent of Zambians have access to adequate sanitation and 13 percent lack any kind of toilet. 
 
 While the government has improved water and sanitation in urban areas, this is not the case in unplanned, high density peri-urban settlements like Kanyama where residents complain that lack of space and poor soil make it difficult to construct latrines, and a haphazard road network has contributed to a serious drainage problem. 
 
 The over-used existing latrines attract vermin, and in the rainy season overflowing sewage pollutes wells causing water-borne diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera. 
 
 The links between poor sanitation and poor health are well known, said Amanda Marlin from the National Water Supply and Sanitation Council which carried out a study of the water supply and sanitation situation in 570 peri-urban and low-income areas of Zambia in 2006 and found that Kanyama is by no means unique. 
 
 “Sanitation at a basic level is making sure we separate human excreta from any contact by people or by animals,” said Marlin. 
 
 Corruption 
 
 Kanyama’s poor drainage has made it prone to cholera during the rainy season, but a partially completed project by the government to construct a proper drainage system in the township was abandoned in October 2010. 
 
 According to research by the Civil Society for Poverty Reduction (CSPR), a local network of civil society organizations which advocates pro-poor development policies, the Treasury allocated 20 billion Zambian kwacha (US$4.05 million) for the construction of the drainage system, but only a fraction of that amount was paid to the contractor who completed about a third of the project. 
 
 The abandoned construction site has created another problem for the residents of Kanyama, said Diana Ngula of CSPR. “During the rainy season, water collects in those holes, creating a breeding ground for mosquitoes.” 
 
 She added that there had been no attempt by the government to investigate the apparent misappropriation of funds. Other observers note that 90 percent of Zambia’s water and sanitation budget comes from development partners including the World Bank and Water Aid. 
 
 “It would be pleasing to see government step up in terms of its own budget line,” said Barbara Kazimbaya-Senkwe, a water and sanitation specialist at the World Bank which has loaned the government $22 million to improve water and sanitation systems in Lusaka Province. 
 
 She added that the government had put in place a number of policies to improve the delivery of water, especially in rural areas, where, according to the World Bank, only 13 percent of the population has access to good sanitation facilities, and 58 percent to clean drinking water. One reform has been the removal of water budgets from local councils to ensure money is ring-fenced for the purpose of extending supply networks. 
 
 “The reform process has yielded some positive developments, but I can say there is still a lot of work that needs to be done,” Kazimbaya-Senkwe told IRIN. 
 
 Evans Chinyemba, a Catholic bishop in the Mongu Diocese in impoverished Western Province, said the water issue was “one that needs to be paid attention to”. 
 
 “We have a lot of rivers in Western Province… I think we have not tapped into those resources so that we can provide proper water to our people,” he told IRIN. 
 
 He added that while government was digging boreholes in some areas, they had not reached the whole province. 
 
 Lack of funding 
 
 Government expenditure on rural water supply remained at a low level between 2005 and 2008, according to the 2010 Public Expenditure Review, conducted by the government of Zambia, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and other cooperating partners [ http://www.ncg.no/novus/upload/file/Project%20Reports/100914e%20Final%20Report%20PER%20and%20PETS%20Rural%20Water%20Supply%20Zambia.pdf ] 
 
 A government source who asked to remain anonymous said some progress had been made in providing clean drinking water and improving sanitation. However, the biggest challenge was lack of funding. 
 
 “There has been little or no progress towards the agreed target set by the government in its Fifth National Development Plan of allocating 3.5 percent of the national budget to water and sanitation. Sanitation has always been the most neglected and off-track of the Millennium Development Goals, with little funding or political will to address the crisis,” the official told IRIN. 
 
 Diseases related to poor drainage and polluted water supplies, such as malaria and diarrhoea, are major health problems in Zambia with diarrhoea accounting for nearly 7 percent of all reported illnesses and malaria claiming 50,000 lives a year (23 percent of all deaths in the country), according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 
 
 cm/ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93479</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108110949110531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUSAKA 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Charity Muyumbana, 45, has spent her entire adult life contending with recurrent flooding, poor drainage, and a lack of toilets in Kanyama, the sprawling Lusaka township where she lives.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Predicting cholera outbreaks</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902049t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 01 June 2011 (IRIN) - A new study into the linkages between rain, temperature and cholera shows scientists may be able to predict epidemics in time to save people from the life-threatening disease.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 01 June 2011 (IRIN) - A new study into the linkages between rain, temperature and cholera shows scientists may be able to predict epidemics in time to save people from the life-threatening disease.
 
After analysing several years of disease and weather data from cholera-endemic areas of Zanzibar, Tanzania, scientists from the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) in Seoul, Korea, found that if a more than one degree Celsius increase in the average monthly minimum temperature and a 200mm increase in monthly rainfall were recorded in a month, a cholera outbreak was imminent in the following month.
 
“A mere one degree Celsius increase in the average monthly minimum temperatures was a warning sign that cholera cases were likely to double within four months,” said Mohammad Ali, a senior scientist at IVI, and one of the authors of the study published in the June 2011 issue of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
 
Rita Reyburn, a research associate at IVI and the study’s lead author, said in a statement: “Our work validates the notion that rainfall and temperature increases are often precursors to cholera outbreaks in vulnerable areas.”
 
Climate experts have predicted that hotter and wetter climate in many cholera-endemic areas could see higher caseloads.
 
“We are getting very close to developing a reliable forecasting system that would monitor temperatures and rainfall patterns to trigger pre-emptive measures - like mobilizing public health teams or emergency vaccination efforts - to prepare for an outbreak before it arrives,” she added.
 
Every year mostly African and Asian countries record 3-5 million cholera cases and 100, 000-130,000 deaths because of the disease, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
 
The IVI study supports a growing number of findings that establish a link between cholera incidence and climatic factors, though research does not discount the significance of factors such as poverty and access to clean drinking, Ali said.
 
Peter J. Hotez, president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, pointed out, however: “Cholera outbreaks are occurring with increasing frequency and severity. We are seeing month-long outbreaks now.”  
 
The Zanzibar study was an “innovative approach that if used in conjunction with other preventive measures could significantly reduce the needless suffering and deaths of thousands of people,” he said.
 
Deadly outbreaks in Cameroon, and in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake, have claimed thousands of lives. “We could have saved these lives if we had vaccinated vulnerable people,” said Hotez.
 
An epidemic in Zimbabwe, which began in August 2008, lasted almost a year and spread throughout the country as well as to neighbouring Zambia and South Africa, said WHO in its position paper on vaccines in 2010. At the end of July 2009, more than 98,000 cases and 4,000 deaths had been reported in the region, it said. [ http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf ] The number of cases reported could drop because of poor surveillance, WHO warns.
 
Vaccines
 
The mounting evidence of links between higher temperatures and cholera incidence should add a sense of urgency to efforts to make cheap cholera vaccines available to poor communities in cholera-endemic countries, he said.
 
Hotez pointed out that there are only two oral vaccines available in the world: Dukoral manufactured in Sweden, which costs US$60-80 (for the required two doses) and the much cheaper and very new alternative Shanchol or mORCVAX, manufactured in India, which costs around $2.
 
An injectable vaccine is manufactured in some countries, but is not recommended by WHO because of its limited efficacy.
 
Shanchol was developed in collaboration with IVI, with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation by modifying a vaccine used in Vietnam, said Ali. After trials in Vietnam and India, the vaccine was approved in India in 2009. “We are awaiting approval from WHO to allow its purchase by UN agencies and internationally.”
 
Hotez said the world needed to enhance production of the vaccines to maintain a global stockpile as cholera cases mount.
 
Cholera is endemic in poor, tropical areas mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia - where poor sanitation and lack of clean water help the spread of the disease, mainly through faecal contamination of food and water.
 
Cholera is particularly feared for its ability to cause such a sudden and intense onset of diarrhoea that a victim can go from seemingly healthy to death in 24 hours. Also, when outbreaks occur, the number of people infected increases dramatically and the case fatality rate can skyrocket; rates of up to 50 percent are being reported in complex emergencies with limited resources, according to the researchers. 
 
Previous studies
 
In its last assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), an authoritative global scientific body, cited research in Bangladesh, led by US scientist Rita Colwell in the late 1990s, that established the link between the cholera bacterium, sea surface temperature and phytoplankton (microscopic plant-like organisms that live in the ocean). [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=86487 ]
 
Warmer surface temperatures increase the abundance of phytoplankton, which support a large population of zooplankton (animal-like micro-organisms), which serves as a reservoir for cholera bacteria, a waterborne disease. 
 
Colwell and her colleagues also traced the source of the cholera bacterium to the plankton in rivers and estuaries. 
 
”Our study also followed Dr Colwell’s work, but we were unable to pick up the phytoplankton off the Zanzibar coast, but we were able to establish the link between higher temperatures and rainfall,” said Ali.
 
Researchers in Africa, led by Miguel Ángel Luque Fernández from the Institute of Health Carlos III, based in Madrid, were the first to show a link between higher temperature and rainfall and the incidence of cholera over a three-year period from 2003 in Zambia, in a study published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, in the UK. 
 
jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92861</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902049t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 01 June 2011 (IRIN) - A new study into the linkages between rain, temperature and cholera shows scientists may be able to predict epidemics in time to save people from the life-threatening disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Prices and perceptions</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181426570170t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 25 May 2011 (IRIN) - Banu Bibi&apos;s shopping basket is becoming emptier. When she goes shopping in Dhaka, Bangladesh, she spends more than a year ago, but that money buys less. In 2010, for 134 taka (US$1.80), she could afford lentils and laundry soap, and the family&apos;s favourite fish. This year she has to spend 185 taka ($2.50) just for the basics: more rice to make up for the lack of other food, and cheaper vegetables.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 25 May 2011 (IRIN) - Banu Bibi's shopping basket is becoming emptier. When she goes shopping in Dhaka, Bangladesh, she spends more than a year ago, but that money buys less. In 2010, for 134 taka (US$1.80), she could afford lentils and laundry soap, and the family's favourite fish. This year she has to spend 185 taka ($2.50) just for the basics: more rice to make up for the lack of other food, and cheaper vegetables. 

Banu Bibi lives in one of eight communities picked by a research team from the Institute of Development Studies in the UK to track the effects of rising food and fuel prices. For three years, with the help of partner organizations in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Zambia and Kenya, they have been talking to people in selected rural and urban communities about how rising prices affect their lives. 

Banu Bibi's experience is fairly typical. Her family is not starving; they still have food, but it is not the food they like and is not as nutritious as it could be. They certainly ate more and ate better before the food price shock and financial crisis of 2008. And across the world, homemakers are having to work harder, spending more time shopping or looking for food, and planning more carefully to stretch their budgets to feed their families. 

A woman in Lango Baya, Kenya, spoke for many when she told the researchers: "You go to a shop to buy something with the same amount as you paid the previous day, only to be told that prices have risen." 

Although food and fuel prices did fall after the initial spike in 2008, they never went back to their previous levels, and this year they have jumped again. Only one of the four countries studied has experienced some respite this year - Zambia, where the price of maize, the staple food, has not increased. 

Local locus 

While the two previous studies concentrated on the mechanisms people used to cope with the rising prices, this time the researchers decided to ask some more political questions - why did people think prices were so high? Who was to blame? And what should be done about it? 

"It was an interesting time, with the Arab Spring and unrest around the world, and we wanted to ask how people felt about the food and fuel price rises," the research team leader, Naomi Hossain, told an audience at the University of Sussex, recently. 

Her presentation coincided with the publication of a report [ http://www.christianaid.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/Copy_of_april-2011/commodities-boom-may-be-fuelling-global-hunger-warns-chriatian-aid.aspx ] into the global causes of rising prices by the British charity, Christian Aid. It analyzed recent movements on commodity markets, and concluded that much-vilified hedge funds were not the real culprits, instead singling out pension funds. They have very large pots of money, and have been pulling out of volatile stocks and shares and investing in funds linked to a basket of commodity prices, forcing fund managers to protect their positions by buying commodity futures on such a scale that they move the market. 

But although commodity price rises are now an international phenomenon, extensively reported in the media, the people Hossain and her colleagues spoke to only looked for causes within their own country, citing hoarding and speculation, changing climate and environmental problems in their own area, and - overwhelmingly - their governments' failure to care about the poor. 

One interviewee in Bangladesh told them, "I don't believe in this global market story at all. It is just an excuse for the government not to do anything." 

Hossain describes "a real failure of global civil society to get people to see how their livelihoods are connected to the global economy. I am not surprised people prefer local causes. It gives people a sense of agency; if it's a global problem, then what can they do?" 

Moral focus 

But she has a certain sympathy for governments. There are more social protection schemes in place, for instance, than at the time of the first survey, despite governments having their budgets squeezed, but even so they get little credit. 

Those who believe the government should "do something", suggest banning exports, controlling prices, punishing hoarders and subsidizing basic foodstuffs. The researchers found a sense that it was the moral duty of a government to provide for its people, sometimes linked to notions of democracy. A woman in Kenya told them, "In the new constitution, we have the right to be provided [with] food by the government." 

The moral sense also extended to the business community. A rural doctor in Bangladesh said, "The businessmen should get some moral teaching. If they were afraid of Allah and conducted business honestly, the situation would improve." 

All in all, says Hossain, "There is a popular consensus about what is legitimate, about social norms and obligations. People set moral limits to the freedom of the markets." 

High food prices are not bad news for everyone. Another IDS research fellow, Xavier Cirera, pointed out that the rises followed a long period of low food prices, which had been very hard on farmers. "We always have to ask the question, what is the real price of food? And how can governments ensure better safety nets for the poor while ensuring that traders pass the benefits of price increases back to the producers? The evidence is that farmers are getting some benefit and are responding. But they are not realizing the full benefit of higher prices." 

eb/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92803</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181426570170t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 25 May 2011 (IRIN) - Banu Bibi&apos;s shopping basket is becoming emptier. When she goes shopping in Dhaka, Bangladesh, she spends more than a year ago, but that money buys less. In 2010, for 134 taka (US$1.80), she could afford lentils and laundry soap, and the family&apos;s favourite fish. This year she has to spend 185 taka ($2.50) just for the basics: more rice to make up for the lack of other food, and cheaper vegetables.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: The dangers of unsupervised school accommodation</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105180745120436t.jpg" />]]>MANSA 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - An absence of boarding facilities for high school pupils in Zambia&apos;s northern province of Luapula is forcing children to share lodgings with their peers - unsupervised by adults - leading to teenage pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infections.</description><body><![CDATA[MANSA 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - An absence of boarding facilities for high school pupils in Zambia's northern province of Luapula is forcing children to share lodgings with their peers - unsupervised by adults - leading to teenage pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infections. 
 
 Many children live a long way from school and prefer to rent accommodation nearby. Grade 12 pupil Dorcas, 17, stopped attending the Mabumba High day school, about 20km east of provincial capital Mansa, after becoming pregnant. 
 
 "We were staying the three of us [girls], then we started sharing the house with three guys and that is how we paired ourselves. We just wanted some form of emotional support; life is really tough out there. So, the whole of last year we were living together with the guys and would have [unprotected] sex almost every night but everything was OK," she told IRIN. 
 
 "When I missed [my periods] early this year, I decided to go to Mansa General Hospital for a [pregnancy] test and the results were positive... I left school because everyone was laughing at me. They were saying 'this one is a married woman' after they knew [of my pregnancy]." 
 
 Mabumba High School enrols some of its 690 pupils from as far away as the capital Lusaka and about 500 of the children are responsible for their own accommodation arrangements. 
 
 "We couldn’t find a place in a proper boarding school in Luapula. Everywhere we went, we were told 'the places are full', and that’s how my mother decided to bring me here. She sends money every month for rentals, food and groceries," Margaret Chanda, 16, a Grade 12 pupil from Ndola in the Copperbelt and attending Mabumba High School, told IRIN. 
 
 She shares a two-room grass-thatched hut with her friend and pays US$5 a month. 
 
 Wamunyima Chingumbe, a Health Ministry director in Mansa District, said the absence of boarding facilities at day schools had led to teenage pregnancies and made pupils vulnerable to contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). After malaria, STIs were the most common ailments recorded at makeshift boarding high schools. 
 
 Higher STI rates 
 
 "In terms of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, quazi-boarding schools record higher numbers of pupils with STIs compared to schools with [official] boarding facilities," Chingumbe said. 
 
 "Mabumba High School once recorded 13 HIV-positive female cases and four HIV-positive male cases out of an enrolment population of about 600 pupils," Chingumbe said. 
 
 "On the other hand there are very few cases of HIV-positive/STI cases recorded [at official] boarding schools, and this could be attributed to the fact that pupils are confined in one place and dormitories are out of bounds for the opposite sex," he said. 
 Government investment in universal primary education has not been matched in the high school sector, and the 2008 scrapping of qualifying examinations for Grade 10 has put more pressure on school facilities, with more and more pupils continuing their education. The province has 23 high schools, six of which are day schools. 
 
 Elizabeth Mushili, coordinator of the Mansa District Women’s Development Association, a gender-based advocacy group, wants the government to equip all schools with boarding facilities. 
 
 'Free-range lifestyles' 
 
 "These children adopt confused, free-range lifestyles. We are of the view that government should have been more considerate and constructed dormitories for both girls and boys at these high schools. Or better still, they [government] should have built more day high schools to cut down on the distances [between the schools]. 
 
 "Early pregnancies are very common because of lack of parental care; no one is looking after these children and, hence, they can do anything," Mushili told IRIN. 
 
 "We have pupils, especially girls, who get abused by male adults for sexual exploitation; we have many children around 13, 14 years carrying their own children and dropping out of school in Mabumba and Chembe [another day high school in Mansa where children use makeshift accommodation]," she said. 
 
 Luapula is one of Zambia’s poorest provinces: it has a poverty level of 75 percent, compared with the national average of 64 percent. According to UNAIDS the national HIV prevalence for sexually active adults aged 15-49 is 14.3 percent. 
 
 "Many of us end up sending our children to these weekly-boarding schools like Mabumba because we have no money to send them to boarding schools. We are poor," Joseph Mutale, a small farmer in Mansa, told IRIN. 
 
 "I give my son a tin of maize [for grinding into the staple maize meal] every month and 10,000 kwacha [US$2] to buy relish but he keeps on complaining about other things that I can’t afford to give him," he said. 
 
 Pupils attending boarding high schools pay up to $300 for a three-month term, but day schools like Mabumba only charge $40 a term. 
 
 Defilement 
 
 Zambian law classifies sex with anyone under 16 as defilement, and is punishable by a prison term of up to 25 years. 
 
 "We have many children below 16 years who are very sexually active. It is defilement [of a minor] but she will not see it that way. There are many defilement cases going on here; they are contracting many diseases especially STIs; some are falling pregnant," a teacher at Mabumba High School, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN. 
 
 Luapula's provincial education officer Florence Kanchebele told IRIN the government had begun constructing boarding facilities at two day schools – in Ponde and Lukwesa, and acknowledged the problems associated with learners renting accommodation close to schools. She said some pupils engaged in "what may be termed as 'marriages of convenience' with other pupils and sometimes, community members due to economic reasons". 
 
 The school authorities were still responsible for their children outside school hours and landlords were "instructed to protect the pupils, report to the school any bad behaviour by such pupils, and sensitize the pupils on the dangers of HIV/AIDS, STIs and early pregnancies," she added. 
 
 Ruth Mwewa, a landlord for several pupils from Mabumba High School in the past, told IRIN: "No teacher has ever approached me to talk about these pupils’ behaviour. Two of the girls I have kept here got pregnant and stopped school. The girls are especially a big problem because they are forever found with boys or married men who come with cars." 
 
 nm/go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92746</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105180745120436t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANSA 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - An absence of boarding facilities for high school pupils in Zambia&apos;s northern province of Luapula is forcing children to share lodgings with their peers - unsupervised by adults - leading to teenage pregnancies and HIV/AIDS infections.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Deadly riots “send a bad signal”</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104201255220515t.jpg" />]]>MANSA 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three people were burned to death in vicious riots earlier this week in Mansa, provincial capital of northern Zambia&apos;s Luapula Province.</description><body><![CDATA[MANSA 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three people were burned to death in vicious riots earlier this week in Mansa, provincial capital of northern Zambia's Luapula Province. 
 
 Two Zambians and a Congolese national had car tyres and plastic bags hung around their bodies before being set ablaze by irate Mansa residents after a local radio station, Yangeni, broadcast rumours that local business people had hired ritual killers to abduct children and use their body parts to make charms that would boost their wealth. 
 
 Police refuted the reports but residents started a manhunt targeting local businesses, some of which were broken into, looted and burned. 
 
 "These rich people here have been getting rich because of the blood of our children," said an irate youth wielding a machete. "We don't want them here... We are going to kill all of them and get back all their riches because they are making us poor." 
 
 The Congolese man who was burnt to death had owned a number of businesses in Mansa, including one offering high-interest loans, while the Zambians were accused of capturing people and committing the ritual murders for him. 
 
 Sanaula Ibrahim, the only Indian businessman in Mansa, was also implicated in the ritual murders and targeted, but managed to escape before protesters broke into and looted his chain of five shops, and set his house on fire. 
 
 He later told IRIN: "I am safe now, though with some injuries. I can't say where I am [and] can't comment on those allegations just now." 
 
 Francis Kabonde, Inspector General of the Zambia Police Service, dismissed the rumours of ritual killing as unfounded and warned that rioters would be brought to book. The police have since picked up over 70 suspects in connection with the riots. 
 
 "This rumour is not true because one of the deceased has been identified as a pupil at one of the schools, while the other is a farmer. What is even sadder is that there is no report of any person murdered for rituals," he told local media. 
 
 Real cause unclear
 
 A Mansa-based economic analyst, who declined to be named for fear of being targeted, said the riots had less to do with the rumours of ritual killings and more with the high levels of poverty and unemployment in the region. 
 
 "These rumours of ritual murders are just a scapegoat. The people here have been frustrated by years of poverty, the absence of industries, and the lack of jobs,” he told IRIN. 
 
 "If the reasons for the riots were genuine, these people would have just been burning these properties... but they are always starting by looting,” the economist noted. 
 
 "This thing of saying the richest people are practicing satanism, black magic, killing people and stuff like that is just a façade. People are just desperate for a solution out of their poverty, and this is why they are now targeting the rich." 
 
 Luapula is one of the poorest of Zambia's nine provinces, with some of the gloomiest social indicators: the provincial poverty level is 73 percent compared to the national average of 64 percent, and only three percent of its 800,000 people have access to formal jobs, according to the 2008 Labour Force Survey Report by the Central Statistical Office. 
 
 One of Mansa's few large industries, a battery factory, closed in the 1990s, leaving thousands of people jobless and deepening poverty. 
 
 "The government would do well to come up with deliberate programmes that would empower the people of Luapula Province and create jobs - then we would stop seeing these kinds of economic-based riots," the economist said. 
 
 Other analysts IRIN spoke to disagreed that the riots were motivated by poverty. Oliver Saasa, an economic analyst based in the capital, Lilongwe, pointed out that similar incidents had occurred in Mansa before. 
 
 "Anything that's associated with suspected ritual killing, the reaction is instant and almost uncontrollable," he said. While it was common for people in rural areas like Mansa to complain of poverty, he added, they rarely reacted violently. 
 
 Simon Kabamba, president of the Luapula Chamber of Commerce and Industry, told IRIN the riots could have far-reaching consequences for the regional economy. 
 
 "As it is, the town is shut - completely 100 percent shut. The markets are not working, no shops are working, no banks are working; and this is the provincial headquarters,” he said. 
 
 "Our biggest businessman [Ibrahim] has had all his properties damaged... Now, which businessman would like to come and do business in Mansa? Every successful person is being suspected, and this is sending a very bad signal to all potential investors." 
 
 nm/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92540</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104201255220515t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANSA 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three people were burned to death in vicious riots earlier this week in Mansa, provincial capital of northern Zambia&apos;s Luapula Province.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: The economics of sex work</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104120926100699t.jpg" />]]>MPULUNGU 12 April 2011 (IRIN) - Given the choice, people preferred to pay for subsidized condoms in attractive packaging because it gave them greater social status, rather than using free condoms, an official in the northern Zambian town of Mpulungu told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[MPULUNGU 12 April 2011 (IRIN) - Given the choice, people prefer to buy subsidized condoms rather than use free condoms, because the packaging of the paid for brands provides greater status, an official in the northern Zambian town of Mpulungu said. 
 
 A high volume of traffic and a low cost of living has made Mpulungu, on Lake Tanganyika, Zambia's only port, an attractive destination for sex workers. 
 
 Every two weeks, a ferry travels the length of the lake to Burundi and returns via Tanzania to Zambia, bringing traders, backpackers, overlanders and migrants, while the fishing industry draws businessmen and truckers from across the country and neighbouring states. Its broken streets are lined with bars that never seem to close. 
 
 Solomon Kaluba, an AIDS advisor and coordinator at the government’s National Aids Council in Mpulungu, told IRIN the Mpulungu district HIV prevalence rate was officially pegged at about 10.8 percent, slightly higher than the rate in the Northern Province - which the town is situated in - of 8 percent, but still below the national infection rate of 14 percent. However, unofficial estimates say prevalence in Mpulungu is much higher. 
 
 Transport hub 
 
 Being a transit hub, Kaluba said, probably contributed to the level of HIV infection in the ramshackle northern town because many sex workers migrated there, especially from the copper and coal mining towns of Copperbelt Province after the global slowdown and the fall of commodity prices in 2008 impacted negatively on the country's resource-based economy. 
 
 Free condoms are distributed at health clinics, guest houses and bars, but the subsidized condoms in attractive packaging, against the bland presentation of free condoms, are much more popular, even though they cost about 500 kwacha ($0.10) each. 
 
 Kaluba said the socially marketed condoms were preferred, as "sex is prestigious," and the packaging and presentation added to the currency of such condoms. 
 
 "The clients I have are from outside [Mpulungu]. People talk too much and it's a small town [of about 25,000], so I don't really go with local men," Miriam, 23, a sex worker from the capital, Lusaka, told IRIN. 
 
 "People look down on us. It is not our wish to do this, but I don't feel bad. We do what we do and even married women go out and sleep with other men [for extra income]. We are proud, and we need to make money to live," she said. 
 
 Unlike her two friends Christabelle, 27, and Charity 28, also sex workers, Miriam completed school but drifted into sex work after two or three years of unemployment. All three have boyfriends who travel from Ndola, Kabwe and Lusaka about once a month to spend a few days in Mpulungu. One is a truck driver and the other two are fish buyers. 
 
 "When they come here we're good housewives, but when they are gone, we are not," Miriam said. All three said they all used condoms - as "we care about our lives" - including with their boyfriends. 
 
 Most sex workers staked out their workplace. The women frequented a lakeside bar and if they ventured into other bars "we are chased out" by other sex workers, they told IRIN. 
 
 Easy living 
 
 “[There] is money in Mpulungu and it’s cheap to live here, that is why we like it," said Charity, who left school when she was 16 years old. 
 
 A two-room brick house, with electricity and a corrugated iron roof, can be rented for about 250,000 Zambian kwacha (US$53) a month, and Charity charges her clients between 200,000 kwacha (US$42) and 500,000 kwacha ($103). She averaged two or three clients a week and her boyfriend always brought her presents, such as furniture and electronic goods, when he visited. 
 
 Christabelle, originally from Kasama, about 200km south of Mpulungu, never had any schooling. She said girls as young as 12 years old became sex workers, and they encouraged them to use condoms. 
 
 Chalwe Mwaba, a Mpulungu community development officer, told IRIN many children were tempted to abandon schooling at a young age to earn money, the boys by becoming fishermen and the girls by going into sex work. 
 
 go/he/eo

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92451</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104120926100699t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MPULUNGU 12 April 2011 (IRIN) - Given the choice, people preferred to pay for subsidized condoms in attractive packaging because it gave them greater social status, rather than using free condoms, an official in the northern Zambian town of Mpulungu told IRIN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Fishermen get hooked on farming</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104041152510656t.jpg" />]]>KAPOKA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - A village a few hundred metres from Lake Tanganyika, which holds nearly one-sixth of the world&apos;s available fresh water, has turned its back on fishing in favour of farming.</description><body><![CDATA[KAPOKA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - A village a few hundred metres from Lake Tanganyika, which holds nearly one-sixth of the world's available fresh water, has turned its back on fishing in favour of farming. 
 
 In just over two years Kapoka, with around 8,000 people in 1,000 or so households, has forsaken a traditional fishing culture that engaged three-quarters of its economically active inhabitants for generations. They had always cultivated a few crops - cassava, rice, sweet potatoes - now, 90 percent are farming. 
 
 Why the switch? "The fish are finished and there is money in farming," David Ngandu, who used to be a fisherman, told IRIN. 
 
 The Lake Tanganyika Integrated Management Project (IMP) - sponsored by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and the Global Environment Facility, an independent fund - wants to alleviate pressure on Lake Tanganyika by reducing overfishing and erosion, which has led to increased sedimentation and pollution, and instead encourage sustainable farming practices. 
 
 Zambia's local implementing partner for the IMP is the ministry of tourism and environment, with assistance from the ministries of agriculture, forestry and fisheries. 
 
 A UNDP document, Safeguarding Africa's Freshwater Jewel: Lake Tanganyika, notes that the continent's largest body of fresh water is a "closed basin, it takes 7,000 years for water to get flushed through evaporation, making pollution permanent in relation to human life times." 
 
 The lake's waters are shared by Zambia, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Tanzania, with the hub of commercial fishing located in the north Zambian town of Mpulungu. All four countries are part of the IMP, established in 2008 with a US$13 million budget for the pilot phase, which runs until mid-2012. 
 
 Zambia receives $2.4 million, plus an additional $400,000 from UNDP, even though its territorial claim on the lake is 6 percent, Burundi's is 8 percent, the DRC controls 45 percent and Tanzania 41 percent. 
 
 The lake's biodiversity has few peers - more than 1,500 species of fish, invertebrates and plants - "50 of which are endemic, without close relatives outside the basin due to the very long history of isolated evolutionary processes at work," the UNDP document noted. 
 
 The fishing industry brought infrastructural development to Mpulungu, which lies about 10km south of Kapoka. It has an electricity supply - although erratic at times - an established commercial fish-packaging industry and roads that take the produce to large markets, including the Zambian capital, Lusaka, about 1,000km away. 
 
 Increasing yields 
 
 Kapoka’s community members acknowledge the greatest threat to their increasing agricultural bounty is the poor to non-existent road network, which means produce has to be transported to the nearest markets on foot, by canoe, or pack mule. 
 
 They have first hand experience of the effects of poor infrastructure on their produce. Hundred-year-old mango trees provide shade for villagers in the hot and humid lake basin, and in season the fruit carpets the ground more than 30cm deep. Some is eaten, but most is buried to produce compost because the market is too distant through the lack of road systems. 
 
 Near the village, Joseph Kalonga, a former fisherman, produced a first harvest in 2009/10 that was so impressive he became a role model for other maize farmers. He said he delivered 5,000kg of maize from one hectare, filling 100 bags with 50kg of maize each, which were sold for 65,000 Zambian kwacha ($14) per bag, a total of revenue of about $1,400. Zambia's average per capita income is $900 a year. 
 
 Kalonga has planted three hectares of maize for the 2010/11 season and his plants are standing tall and healthy. If this harvest is as successful as the previous one, he could reap $4,200 - more than four times the country's average per capita income. 
 
 "With fishing it is catch today, sell, and then tomorrow there is no plan but fishing. The money from maize gives a plan to plant next year, and plant a bigger area," he said. "Fishing is about catching fish; with farming you can buy fish and still have money for other things." 
 
 Parents are teaching their children about agriculture rather than fishing, and the diversity of crops produced by the villagers was in recognition of "climate change - we understand that if sometimes it just rains all the time, than maize will suffer, so we have to grow different crops," another former fisherman, Justin Mwimanzi, told IRIN. 
 
 Individual households decide which crops to grow, so the fields around Kapoka have been planted with sugar cane, okra, eggplant, sorghum and beans, as well as the traditional cassava, rice and sweet potatoes. Fallow fields have been planted with soil-improving crops such as Tephrosia Vogelii, an indigenous woody herb that improves soil structure. Its leaves can also be used to make insecticides. 
 
 The close proximity of the lake is good for paddy rice, but raised beds are dug against the drainage line for other crops close to the water's edge, so the roots do not become waterlogged, yet run-off into the lake is reduced. 
 
 Another villager, Alan Sinkala, has opted for tomatoes, okra and eggplants, all cash crops. A quarter-hectare produces four tomato harvests per year - about 10,000kg - but the two wet-season crops yield the biggest dividends. 
 
 Simon Chisulo, the agricultural department’s crop husbandry officer, believes "the economy of the country starts with the household economy." He told IRIN that growing tomatoes in the wet season was very demanding because the hot and humid conditions in the lake basin encouraged diseases. 
 
 In the wet season, tomatoes fetch about 2,000 kwacha ($0.42) per kg, compared to $0.17 in the dry season. The annual tomato crop brings Sinkala about $3,000, two-thirds of it from his wet-season crop, despite the costs of fungicides. 
 
 Chisulo said not all farmers had adopted the new techniques, such as greater spacing and digging raised beds to ensure roots were above the water table, but the bigger yields of those who had done so provided the best incentive. 
 
 A 3.5km gravity irrigation channel, starting from the Izi Falls, situated on a nearby stream, is being built to feed "dry lands" higher up the basin. It will allow the Kapoka community to produce two crops of maize a year. 
 
 Pilot plots illustrating various growing techniques include crop rotation and inter-cropping, soil improvement crops and anti-erosion methods like terracing and planting vertiver grass, which has roots up to two metres long that bind the soil, slowing the movement of runoff water along the boundaries of fields. Chisulo said new techniques were being introduced each year, rather than all at once. 
 
 Vyatala farm, about 17km south of Mpulungu, has opted for organic farming techniques. "The idea is to reduce the amount of fertilizer required to add to the soil. The [input] subsidies will not continue forever, as you cannot be sure what the next government will do," Chisulo said. 
 
 Economic benefits of new crops 
 
 Upland rice, a hybrid requiring damp soil rather than a paddy, with turnaround of about 100 days from seed to harvest, is yielding about 60 bags with 50kg each from a one-hectare pilot plot. 
 
 Rice is in demand in Zambia and the other states on Lake Tanganyika, where it is taken by boat to the market and fetches at least 200,000 kwacha ($42) per 50kg bag. "It takes about three hours for a hundred bags of rice to be sold at Mpulungu's market," Chisulo said. 
 
 The 12 family members on Vyatala farm increased maize production on the same area of land from 150 bags of 50kg each in the 2008/09 season, to 200 bags in 2009/10 and are expecting a harvest of 250 bags in the 2010/11 season. They also started growing upland rice in 2011. 
 
 Soil-improving crops such as velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens), hemp and Tephrosia vulgarii are promoted. Simon Simwinga, 30, one of Vyatala's family members, told IRIN that the leaves of Tephrosia vulgarii used to be dried and crushed and then sprinkled into rivers to kill fish, but this had stopped. 
 
 The proximity of Lake Tanganyika, the world's second largest fresh water lake by volume, has influenced the diet of communities, and livestock rearing for meat is not widely practiced. 
 
 Four fish ponds have been built on the 43ha Vyatala farm, using a 10 million kwacha ($2,100) loan from the IMP, which has a US$300,000 revolving fund to provide loans for sustainable farming projects. It took 19 months to build the ponds by hand, which have been stocked with the Lake Tanganyika spotted bream, which is sourced from a fish laboratory in Kasama, about 200km south of Mpulungu. 
 
 The nutrient-rich water from the fish ponds is also used to irrigate fields. 
 
 The fish are harvested every three months and sell for between 15,000 kwacha ($3) and 20,000 kwacha ($4) per kilogram. There is a ready market for them in the local community, which is used to relying on fish from the lake. 
 
 go/he 
 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92380</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104041152510656t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAPOKA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - A village a few hundred metres from Lake Tanganyika, which holds nearly one-sixth of the world&apos;s available fresh water, has turned its back on fishing in favour of farming.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Lake Tanganyika fishing industry adrift</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103291304210892t.jpg" />]]>MPULUNGU 30 March 2011 (IRIN) - Fishing for a living on Lake Tanganyika has become a gamble, with the rising costs of fuel and the ever greater distances navigated to catch fewer fish stacking the odds against those working in the industry.</description><body><![CDATA[MPULUNGU 30 March 2011 (IRIN) - Fishing for a living on Lake Tanganyika has become a gamble, with the rising costs of fuel and the ever greater distances navigated to catch fewer fish stacking the odds against those working in the industry. 
 
 At dusk small fishing groups, comprising four one-man lamp boats carried to the fishing grounds aboard a mother boat, leave the port of Mpulungu in northern Zambia and return at dawn. 
 
 As darkness sets in, the lamp boats are deployed about 50 metres from the mother boat, where they float paraffin-powered lights on the surface, attracting zooplankton that in turn lure schools of pelagic fish, such as buka-buka and kapenta, into ring nets, and the catch is then hauled into the mother boat. 
 
 The storm that night was anticipated by the fishing crew as it rolled in from the west, but its ferocity was not. 
 
 The initial squall almost capsized the mother boat, while a hard rain churned the dark water into a white froth. In a few seconds, rain reduced visibility to a couple of metres and the swamped lamp boats disappeared from sight, while the crew on the mother boat clung to whatever was fixed on the open deck and lightning struck the water. 
 
 The helmsmen struggled for 30 minutes or more to start the outboard motor and turn the bow into the rising swell, but the spluttering engine signalled an end to a fishing trip that had managed to catch only enough fish for a single meal for the crew. The next day about 40 fishermen were missing, but it was thought the storm wind had blown the boats and their crews to the shores in a neighbouring country. 
 
 Four countries border Lake Tanganyika - Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia, Burundi and Tanzania - and share territorial jurisdiction of the world's second largest fresh water lake by volume. 
 
 Diminishing returns 
 
 Davidson Syapila told IRIN that he started fishing a couple of years ago, when he bought a mother boat, four auxiliary boats with lamps, a reconditioned outboard engine and ring nets, and had repaid the US$2,000 price from catches of kapenta (Stolothrissa tanganicae) and buka-buka, a species of Nile perch, in a few months. 
 
 Syapila takes 50 percent of the catch to pay for the boats, diesel, paraffin fuel, ring nets, fishing licences and other costs, and the proceeds from the remaining half are split among the crew. "If we catch nothing, then we are paid nothing," he said. 
 
 The general consensus among local fishermen, the Zambian fisheries department and commercial fish packaging firms is that there are "good and bad years", and fish stocks are declining, but there is no agreement on why. 
 
 Unlike other Zambian lakes, where fishing is restricted from December to February, there are no limitations on fishing in Lake Tanganyika, and the season is determined by other factors. 
 
 Using lamp boats prevents fishing when the moon is active, so crews only go out on about 17 days each month, weather permitting. 
 
 Large-scale commercial fishing began in the 1960s in Zambia, a decade after similar operations started in the northern reaches of the lake off Bujumbura, capital of Burundi. Zambian commercial fisheries caught a couple of thousand tons of pelagic fish annually, three-quarters of which were kapenta and the balance Nile perch (Lates niloticus). 
 
 Commercial fishing operations exported 46.6 metric tons of dried fish from Mpulungu in 2010 and about 74 metric tons of fresh buka-buka, Mpulungu fisheries department told IRIN. Information for industrial exports of fresh kapenta for the year was not available. 
 
 Stocks of the three large species of Nile perch - the apex predators - soon dwindled, allowing the smallest of the Nile perches, buka-buka, to flourish and become commercially viable, along with two species of kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon and Stolothrissa tanganicae). 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of people in the four countries with access to Lake Tanganyika rely on it, and it is estimated about 30,000 to 40,000 catch its fish. A baseline survey in the four countries will determine how many earn a living from the lake and the types of fishing equipment they use, so as to establish uniform regulations and practices. 
 
 Daniel Sinyinza, a biologist at the department of fisheries, told IRIN that buka-buka used to be caught throughout the year, "but this started changing in the mid-1990s and now between April and October you don't get buka-buka any more." 
 
 Environmental changes 
 
 Lake Tanganyika is regarded as one of the world's most biologically diverse lakes and reaches depths of about 1,470 metres, making it the second deepest after Lake Baikal in Siberia. Its waters are stratified with cold bands, a feature of tropical lakes, but below about 250 metres the water is anoxic - devoid of oxygen. 
 
 In May, June and July, the southeasterly "kapata" wind blows across the lake, causing "upwelling". This mixes some of the water layers and forces algae into the oxygenated water, which zooplankton then feed off and are in turn are consumed by pelagic fish. 
 
 During those months the waters turn green, and some have argued that because "buka-buka are a visual predator" they were not active, and that was why the catches tailed off, but this explanation did not address why they used to be caught during this period in the past, Sinyinza said. 
 
 He said the surface water had warmed by as much as two degrees centigrade since the 1960s, and there were some suggestions that the strength of the kapata wind had also decreased, making it more difficult for the lake's colder and warmer layers to mix. 
 
 The change in fishing patterns led to a different approach - fishing company trawlers were mothballed and local fishing operators became virtually the sole suppliers of commercial freezing and packaging plants in Mpulungu, which export to markets in Zambia’s Copperbelt Province, the capital, Lusaka, and other urban areas. 
 
 Buka-buka have sold for between $1.60 and $1.80 a kilogramme in 2011, while "in other years it used to sell for about 2,000 [Zambian] kwacha [about $0.42] a kilogramme," Sinyinza said, "Less fish, a higher price." 
 
 Better prices do not mean greater rewards. Many expeditions end without any profit to pay the fuel costs to fund the next trip, so commercial packaging operations are providing loans to pay for fuel, with a first option on any catches. 
 
 While large-scale fishing operations using trawler-type vessels all but disappeared as catches diminished and profits declined, companies had invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in infrastructure, cold rooms, and generator systems to compensate for erratic electricity supplies. Some fishing jobs have been swapped for factory jobs. 
 
 There are plans to build a canning factory in Mpulungu and ship the fish to markets in DRC and Tanzania. 
 
 Zambia and Burundi hold the smallest territorial claim to the lake, which measures 673km along its north-south axis and has an average width of 50km. DRC controls 45 percent and Tanzania 41 percent, but the focus of commercial activity on the lake is Mpulungu, land-locked Zambia's only port. 
 
 "The Congo [DRC] is in complete chaos and doesn't have any chance of organizing anything on water," said a commercial fishing operator. "There is no electricity on the Tanzanian side of the lake and Burundi's fishing industry closed down because of over-fishing." 
 
 One fisheries expert said three-quarters of the fish passing through Mpulungu came from waters outside of Zambia's territorial control. Commercial fish buyers told IRIN they did not ask where the fish came from, and were not compelled to do so. 
 
 Martin Pearce, a fisheries officer at the Zambia’s department from 1979 to 1991 who still lives in Mpulungu, told IRIN it was important to determine origin to assess fish population levels. 
 
 "It is very difficult to control fishing when you have human suffering around the lake. You cannot tell a fisherman not to fish... It's important to control fishing, but even the developed world has had poor results [controlling fishing] one way or another." 
 
 The district fisheries officer Lloyd Hambiya told IRIN research, rather than speculation, would determine fishing stocks, including possible hydro-acoustic surveys, following completion of the baseline survey. 
 
 "The stocks are dwindling but we need to establish the actual factors leading to that. We need more research," he said. 
 
 Destroying the future 
 
 A commercial fishing operator told IRIN that "2008 through to 2010 were good years, but 2007 wasn't, and neither is 2011. If fish stocks dried up tomorrow, the whole of Mpulungu would have to be moved." 
 
 There are fishing regulations, like a minimum net mesh of 8mm, and a ban on using mosquito nets for fishing, using beach seines, or ring nets from the shore, and “kuntumpuloa”, the practice of chasing fish into nets by banging the surface of the water. 
 
 The widespread use of mosquito nets destroys future fish stocks, as the small mesh allows nothing to escape. 
 
 "A man came the other day with crates of undersized fish and tried to sell them to me," a manager at a commercial packaging plant told IRIN, "but what I am going to do with it? All I see in the crate is less fish for next year." 
 
 Commercial operators supply markets that demand adult buka-buka and full grown kapenta - about the size of sardines - but size is not a consideration at Mpulungu's Ngwenya market and undersize fish are routinely sold. 
 
 Measures against illegal fishing 
 
 Lousebo Anamunda, a fisheries officer in Mpulungu, told IRIN that in 2010 more than 20 people were prosecuted for fishing without licences or using illegal fishing techniques. 
 
 The cost of fishing licences varies from 20,000 kwacha ($4.20) to one million kwacha ($212) per year and commercial packaging operations are charged a levy of 330 kwacha ($0.07) per kilogramme. 
 
 Anamunda told IRIN that only six of the 10 positions in the department at Mpulungu were filled, and their only boat to carry out enforcement of fishing regulations did not have a "very reliable" engine. 
 
 The boat checks on regulation compliance about one day a month, and officers visit communities about two weeks of the month to inform villagers of legal fishing techniques and conservation methods. 
 
 A backlog in license payments meant the boat "may go out for four days of a month" to ensure that licenses had been paid, she said. 
 
 The department had established a conservation committee staffed by volunteers to do spot checks to ensure that undersize fish were not being sold at Ngwenya market, but it was suspended in late 2010. 
 
 Anamunda said the unpaid volunteers "were issuing spot fines to offenders rather than confiscating the illegal [undersize] fish so offenders could be prosecuted... and the fines were not given to fisheries either." 
 
 "I don't have any statistics for this year yet," she said. "But by the look of things it is bad." 
 
 go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92318</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103291304210892t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MPULUNGU 30 March 2011 (IRIN) - Fishing for a living on Lake Tanganyika has become a gamble, with the rising costs of fuel and the ever greater distances navigated to catch fewer fish stacking the odds against those working in the industry.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Corruption scandal rocks ARV programme</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103111333490106t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - When the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria suspended funding to Zambia in late 2010 it made international headlines and rocked donor confidence, but the stock-outs and drug rationing in the wake of the scandal have received little attention.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - When the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria suspended funding to Zambia in late 2010 it made international headlines and rocked donor confidence, but the stock-outs and drug rationing in the wake of the scandal have received little attention. 
 
 In March 2009 a whistle blower's allegations of corruption in the Zambian Ministry of Health (MoH) triggered an investigation by the auditor general, and a web of corruption in the health sector began to unravel. The audit found that the largely donor-funded ministry could not account for more than US$7.2 million, about five percent of which was estimated to have come from Global Fund coffers. 
 
 It was just the tip of the iceberg. A separate Global Fund audit painted a disturbing picture of poor financial management across the four principal recipient organizations: the ministries of health and finance, the Christian Health Association of Zambia (CHAZ) and the Zambian National AIDS Network. 
 
 Principal recipients receive Global Fund financing directly for programme implementation or to pass on to other organizations called sub-recipients. 
 
 The Global Fund subsequently suspended grants to all these organizations except CHAZ, and stripped the MoH of its principal recipient status, giving this responsibility to the Zambia country office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 
 
 Resolving the problem brought delays in funding distributions and stock-outs of antiretroviral (ARV) and tuberculosis (TB) drugs for treating this common co-infection. The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and internationally funded initiatives like the USAID DELIVER PROJECT scrambled to bring in emergency supplies. 
 
 Missing money, missing drugs 
 
 Activists said that by November 2010, ARV and TB drug stock-outs were being widely experienced. Lynn Tamba, TB programme officer at CHAZ, which provides treatment for both infections, described the stock-outs as a crisis, and said the organization had run out of alternative sources for these drugs two months into the shortages. 
 
 Paul Kasonkomona, the focal point for Oxfam's Civil Society Health Forum, which works closely with the Treatment Action Literacy Campaign (TALC), said other HIV organizations were also receiving reports of stock-outs in the capital, Lusaka, as well as Copperbelt Province on the northern border with the Democratic Republic of Congo, and other areas. 
 
 The stock-outs eased in early 2011, but Kasonkomona said TALC had documented at least 14 deaths directly linked to the unavailability of TB drugs. 
 
 Walter Proper, country director of the USAID DELIVER PROJECT and the US-funded Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS) project, said the stock-outs in early November were driven by a variety causes, including administrative delays in signing the contracts that would allow Global Fund money to be channelled through UNDP instead of the MoH. 
 
 "When the Global Fund shut down the ministry [of health as a recipient], which by far had the most money [from the Fund]... that caused a strain," he told IRIN/PlusNews. "It took so long for the Global Fund to sign with UNDP... we expected that products... procured by UNDP would arrive in 2010, [but] we're only seeing the first of those products now." 
 
 In Zambia, TB and HIV medication is procured by a consortium of partners. With the MoH no longer part of this consortium, and UNDP slow to come on board, other members were forced to fill the gaps in the drug supply. 
 
 "In many cases, SCMS did very expensive emergency procurements, sometimes even bringing in products by plane to fill the gap," said Proper. He noted that stock-outs at clinics and hospitals were usually short-term, but the larger central medical depots often ran out of stocks for up to six weeks while waiting for emergency shipments to arrive. 
 
 Kasonkomona said emergency shipments had been keeping the national ARV programme afloat, and patients were sometimes sent home from clinics with as little as a two-week supply of ARVs. He and other activists alleged that drugs are still being rationed. 
 
 This means that patients, who often struggle to pay transport costs to the clinic, have to return more frequently, raising the risk of a break in medication and developing resistance to their medicine. 
 
 At the time of publication the MoH had not yet responded to a request for comment from IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 The causes of drug shortages are complex. Proper said changes in Global Fund distributions, unexpected increases in the consumption of certain drugs, human error and limited storage capacity at clinics were all contributory factors. Nevertheless, Zambia has one of the continent's lowest stock-out rates, and is one of the few countries to boast long-term projections of ARV needs. 
 
 Local demand for ARVs also drives a growing number of dispensing facilities that might not have been formally accredited. These outlets draw on the drug supplies of nearby accredited sites, putting additional pressure on drug stocks. 
 
 Paying the piper 
 
 Activists do not understand why the corruption took so long to be exposed, and why those responsible are still not being held accountable. 
 
 "We knew about this [corruption] more than four years ago [and] wrote to the GF [Global Fund] in Geneva. We were asked to provide evidence, [but] without resources it was impossible for us to do," Kasonkomona said. 
 
 TALC and Oxfam's Civil Society Health Forum have called for the resignation of those in charge of the three principal recipient organizations at the time, including Elizabeth Mataka, executive director of the Zambian National AIDS Network (ZNAN) and a former UN Special Envoy for AIDS in Africa. 
 
 Global Fund spokesperson Marcela Rojo said their audit found that ZNAN and the ministries of health and finance had misused $10.7 million of Global Fund money. To date, none of it has been repaid and the bodies responsible had told the Fund they could not repay any money until 2012. 
 
 The Global Fund audit of ZNAN alleged financial mismanagement that included the purchase of cars for personal use by ZNAN management, exorbitant salaries - sometimes more than double the local sector standard - and funds disbursed to sub-recipients who could not provide auditors with financial records, like the Maureen Mwanawasa Community Initiative, headed by Zambia's former first lady. 
 
 "We feel that ZNAN staff are adequately compensated for the work they do and I don't think you can do a salary comparison [with other organizations]," Mataka told IRIN/PlusNews. "I think they're reasonable, and those salaries are approved by the Global Fund." 
 
 Mataka, whose role as UN Special Envoy for AIDS in Africa ended in December 2010, denied the allegations of fraud, and said that ZNAN and its sub-recipients have since provided the Global Fund with documentation regarding the grants awarded and their use. 
 
 Neither the Global Fund nor Zambia's auditor general have the power to prosecute any principal recipient for alleged misuse or misappropriation of funds, so this will be up to the local courts. 
 
 Kasonkomona said TALC and other civil society organizations planned to push for the prosecution of those who were at the helm of the principal recipient organizations. 
 
 "Our demands are very clear. The four principal recipients - the top officials in charge of the Global Fund [money] - we are asking them to step down to pave the way for a forensic audit," Kasonkomona said. 
 
 "We are not witch-hunting - there are people out there who don't even know the Global Fund money was stolen, but who depend on it. They go to the facility, are told there is no treatment, and have no idea why. But they are Zambians, and they have the right to treatment." 
 
 llg/kn/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92191</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103111333490106t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - When the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria suspended funding to Zambia in late 2010 it made international headlines and rocked donor confidence, but the stock-outs and drug rationing in the wake of the scandal have received little attention.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Taking the risk out of subsistence farming</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months. 
 
 Thousands of small-scale farmers are faced with this scenario after heavy rains fell across much of the region between mid-December 2010 and February 2011. Government and NGO assistance could take months to reach them, if at all, and many will struggle even to afford seed for the next planting season. 
 
 Farmers in the developed world insure their crops against multiple hazards, including extreme weather, but in Africa insurance premiums are beyond the means of most small-scale farmers. Insurers are also reluctant to take on the cost and complexity of designing suitable policies and assessing claims in often remote areas. 
 
 But what if the premiums were affordable, and insurers did not have to investigate each individual claim but could rely on meteorological data to trigger payouts? 
 
 Weather index-based insurance, a form of micro-insurance, has been generating a buzz in development circles because it has the potential to provide a level of social protection to farmers and their families in flood- and drought-prone developing countries. 
 
 Unlike traditional insurance, which requires evidence that a crop has been damaged or destroyed, index-based insurance automatically pays out according to a pre-determined meteorological measure, such as a certain number of days without rain. 
 
 "We thought, ‘How can we take away the risk of drought so banks lend to farmers so that they can increase inputs and yield?’" said Richard Leftley, CEO of MicroEnsure, a UK-based company that started offering weather-index insurance in partnership with the World Bank, to groundnut farmers in Malawi in 2004. 
 
 The results were impressive. Having insurance allowed the groundnut farmers to secure small loans, making it possible for them to buy better seeds and fertilizer, and eventually increase their yields by as much as 300 percent. 
 
 Initially the insurance payouts were triggered by rainfall levels, but as drought is not primarily determined by how much rain has fallen, but by how many days crops have received no rain, farmers started being compensated after a certain number of "dry days". 
 
 More weather stations needed 
 
 Index-based insurance relies on weather data to process claims, so farmers have to live within 20 km of a weather station to be insured. 
 
 MicroEnsure now runs index-based micro-insurance schemes in Tanzania, Rwanda, India and the Philippines, but a scarcity of functioning weather stations in Malawi has prevented it from reaching more than about 850 farmers, or from expanding to other countries in the region. 
 
 The only country in the region with a large number of weather stations and a well developed insurance sector is South Africa, but Shadreck Mapfumo, MicroEnsure's vice-president for agricultural insurance, said most farming there was done by commercial farmers and there was little demand for micro-insurance. 
 
 "There's phenomenal demand in other countries in the region, but… [they do not have] the infrastructure," said Mapfumo. 
 
 Governments were often willing to build more weather stations but lacked funding. Even when donor funding was secured and more weather stations had been built, three to four years of data were required before an index-based insurance product could be designed and sold. 
 
 "Part of the solution... would be a combination of weather stations plus some form of satellite data," said Mapfumo. Index-based insurance schemes in other countries, such as the Philippines and Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91176 ], used information from satellites. 
 
 Affordability 
 
 Persuading small-scale farmers to pay even very low premiums for insurance they might never use was another challenge, said Leftley. 
 Policies typically cost about 10 percent of the value of the insured crop, but after finding that most subsistence farmers were only willing to pay 3 percent to 5 percent, MicroEnsure redesigned its products to cover farmers only during the crucial planting and harvesting seasons. 
 
 The low cost of policies means that MicroEnsure has to keep overheads to a minimum by partnering with banks, micro-finance organizations and NGOs to act as its sales arm. The company also has funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has eased the pressure on its weather-index insurance to generate an immediate profit. 
 
 In developed countries agricultural insurance is usually subsidized by government. Doubell Chamberlain, of the Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion, a non-profit think-tank based in Cape Town, said most micro-insurance schemes for farmers in Africa were subsidized by NGOs, credit providers, or the distributors of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer. 
 
 Leftley is hopeful that micro-insurance for farmers in disaster-prone developing countries could be recognized as a way of adapting to the effects of climate change, allowing access to funding set aside for mitigation to build more weather stations and subsidise premiums. 
 
 In the meantime, a programme led by the World Bank's International Finance Corporation (IFC) has helped expand access to index-based insurance for farmers in Kenya and Rwanda, and is currently conducting a feasibility study in Zambia. 
 
 Mapfumo cautioned that the insurance did not protect small-scale farmers from other risks, such as low prices for their maize crops, which could prevent them from repaying loans. 
 
 "For weather-index schemes to really work well, you have to make sure farmers are getting other assistance," he told IRIN. "In years where you don't have drought, farmers might still not do well because they don't know how to properly look after their crop." 
 
 ks/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92136</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZAMBIA: Third-line ARVs available soon</title><pubDate>Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200708208t.jpg" />]]>LUSAKA 07 March 2011 (IRIN) - After months of lobbying and campaigning by Zambian activists, the government has announced that it will provide free third-line antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to people living with HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[LUSAKA 07 March 2011 (IRIN) - After months of lobbying and campaigning by Zambian activists, the government has announced that it will provide free third-line antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to people living with HIV. 
 
 This week the government invited bids for supplying the drugs, which they at first had said were too expensive, and the number of people needing them still too small. 
 
 It is expected that the drugs will be available by mid-2011. More than 300,000 people receive ARV treatment at over 1,400 counselling and testing sites across Zambia. 
 
 Treatment advocacy and literacy campaign (TALC) coordinator Felix Mwanza said "many people" needed to switch to a third-line drug regimen. TALC’s records showed that at present over 200 people needed the drugs, but there could be many more. 
 
 TALC and other HIV/AIDS organizations launched an aggressive campaign to have a portion of the US$5 million set aside for the procurement of 
 AIDS drugs in this year's national budget allocated to third-line drugs. 
 
 As ARV access improves in Zambia, an increasing number of patients will eventually need third-line medicines, which are used when patients develop resistance and stop responding to first- and second-line regimens. Third-line drugs are either unaffordable or unavailable in many developing countries. 
 
 Research by PharmAccess, a Dutch foundation providing HIV treatment services to the private sector in sub-Saharan Africa, has shown that transmitted drug resistance in eleven countries increased by 38 percent for each year that a country had been scaling up ARV treatment. 
 
 Reports from the Eighteenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), held in Boston in the US last week, said a World Health Organization (WHO) survey of “early warning indicators” had shown that nine African countries had experienced substantial problems with drug stock-outs, loss to follow-up, and patients picking up drugs on time. 
 
 Zambia is no stranger to stock-outs. Earlier this year, clinics in the towns of Kitwe and Lusaka, both in Copperbelt Province, ran out of Nevirapine, Lavudine and Abacavir - three key ARV medicines used in the national treatment programme. In the private sector these drugs cost $70 for a month's supply, a sum far beyond the reach of many people. 
 
 Poor access to treatment also made it difficult for many HIV-positive Zambians to maintain their regimens. Mwanza warned that if people with drug resistance were not properly medicated, it could lead to the development of strains of HIV that were resistant to multiple classes of ARVs. 
 
 Dr Peter Mwaba, Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Health, said government had acknowledged the potential danger of having drug-resistant strains of the virus in the population, and that was why it was procuring the drugs even though they were expensive. 
 
 Analysts have attributed the stock-outs to a controversial halt to funding by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. In 
 June 2020, the Fund confirmed that it had not disbursed any money to Zambia's Ministry of Health since August 2009, after it found evidence of expenditures that could not be accounted for. 
 
 Disbursements were frozen after the Zambian authorities uncovered fraud in the Ministry of Health, and further investigations by the Fund showed that the ministry could not safely manage grants. The Fund demanded that the ministry return $8 million of unspent money, and that action be taken against the individuals involved in the unexplained expenditures. 
 
 Although funding has now resumed, organizations like TALC have called on civil society to closely monitor government spending to ensure that the supply of these vital medicines was not interrupted. 
 
 zg/kn/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92124</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200708208t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUSAKA 07 March 2011 (IRIN) - After months of lobbying and campaigning by Zambian activists, the government has announced that it will provide free third-line antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to people living with HIV.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
