<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Water &amp; Sanitation</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 15:30:45 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>SAHEL: Donors learning funding lessons - slowly</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202061151210348t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, say aid groups.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - DAKAR, 3 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=81&reportid=89910 ] However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94082 ] say aid groups. 

As of now, over US$150 million has been pledged to respond to food insecurity, drought and nutrition needs in the Sahel, whereas at the same point in 2010 donors were doing “almost nothing”, said Amadou Sow in the Africa coordination division of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

As early as December 2011 aid agencies and national governments campaigned for aid, while OCHA released its emergency appeal - whereas in the 2010 crisis this was not released until April, far later in the lean season.

The European Commission (EC) has directed $138 million to the region, according to Cyprien Fabre, head of ECHO (EU aid body) in West Africa, who says there is “great commitment at the EU level”, with the development and humanitarian commissioners working closely together on the Sahel crisis. The EU is also expected to release longer-term funding soon.

The US Agency for International Development (USAID) meanwhile, has channeled $25.5 million to the World Food Programme in Niger and Chad and is standing by to target money to other agencies; France and the UK Department for International Development have each directed $10 million towards five Sahelian countries without yet specifying what is going where; the UN Central Emergency Response Fund has released $16 million of start-up funding; while Sweden, Germany, Austria and other donors have allotted smaller sums. 

Most of these figures are not yet reflected in the OCHA financial tracking system [ http://reliefweb.int/sahel-food-insecurity2012 ] which currently states that the Chad and Niger appeals are respectively 7 and 15 percent funded. 

While such pledges are welcomed, the EC Humanitarian Commissioner, Kristalina Georgieva, recently said a conservative estimate of the needs over the next six months would be 500 million euros [US$654 million], “so there is clearly a considerable gap to fill,” noted Stephen Cockburn, West Africa campaigns and policy manager at Oxfam. 

Avoid repeat mistakes

Donors may fear repeating the mistakes of the Horn of Africa, where everyone responded too late, and may also want to show that they have learned the lessons from past Sahel crises, say aid workers. 

“Donors are more interested in the Sahel now,” said Fabre. “They probably want to make sure they don’t miss the opportunity to have a correct, coherent, quality response this time.”

However, some fear donors are waiting too long to specifically allocate their aid by country, positing they are waiting for more detailed figures on needs to be published. An OCHA Sahel strategy paper with specific needs in each country will be launched imminently.

Donors must not fund Chad and Niger to the neglect of other affected countries, including Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, warns OCHA’s Sow.

Longer-term still under-funded

While pledging has been swifter, the long-term aid that Sahel experts have been pushing for for years is still not prioritized, say Sahel experts.  

“The argument [for longer-term resilience-oriented aid] has “not been won yet”, said Fabre. 

A number of aid agencies are involved in longer-term resilience work, such as Oxfam’s project to give people cash transfers or cash-for-work to help vulnerable families cope with high food prices. “Some donors [the European Union and DFID] are beginning to fund this work, but as an approach it remains under-prioritized,” said Oxfam’s Cockburn.

The prevention and treatment of moderate acute malnutrition is one chronically under-funded sector in the Sahel: While over one million children are expected to face severe and life-threatening malnutrition this year, in a “normal” year the figure hovers around 800,000. 

West Africa UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) nutrition specialist Robert Johnston told IRIN: “It is still difficult to ensure funding from government agencies for long-term preventative activities when there are critical life-saving interventions that they can respond to immediately. It’s much easier [for them] to justify life-saving than long-term.” 

Likewise, it can be hard to get national governments on board: “In areas with low levels of education and poor healthcare systems, it is hard to plant the seed of prevention as an idea.”

However, donor attitudes here are slowly changing, he said. UNICEF programmes now come from the point of view that emergency treatment and longer-term prevention of malnutrition are two sides of the same coin. “Everyone is starting to get the message,” he said. 

Aid agencies and donors should see their response to the Sahel drought as an opportunity to change their approach, said Kazimiro Rudolph-Jacondo, head of OCHA’s West Africa office in Dakar. “This is a window of opportunity to build on lessons learned from the past and to resolve these problems over the long term,” he told IRIN. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94799</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202061151210348t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, say aid groups.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: Displaced Malians burden food-insecure hosts</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009200747560203t.jpg" />]]>BAMAKO/DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - Some 12,000 Malians have fled fighting in the towns of Ménaka and Anderamboucane in northern Mali and reached already food-insecure villages around Tillabéri in western Niger, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Niger’s capital, Niamey.</description><body><![CDATA[BAMAKO/DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - Some 12,000 Malians have fled fighting in the towns of Ménaka and Anderamboucane in northern Mali and reached already food-insecure villages around Tillabéri in western Niger, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Niger’s capital, Niamey. 
 
The Malian refugees are spread across the villages of Mangaizé, Chinégodar, Koutoubou, Yassan and Ayorou in Niger, according to the Malian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the bulk of them - an estimated 7,000 - in Chinégodar, which is usually home to 1,500, according to Franck Kuwonu at the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Niamey.
 
Fighting broke out between Touareg rebels and former soldiers from Libya, and the Malian army in mid-January. Rebel groups and former Libya fighters have reportedly acquired fresh weapons as a result of the Libya conflict and have launched a new movement, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), which calls for the creation of an independent state encompassing the regions of Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu in northern Mali.
 
Niger’s Tillabéri region has been hardest hit by the 2011 drought and poor harvest and many inhabitants are already facing severe food insecurity, according to the government and aid agencies. Though assessments are still under way, the government estimated late last year that just under half of Niger’s population would be short of food this year.
 
“Chinégodar doesn’t even have enough grain to feed its own small population,” said Kuwonu, noting there are three tons of millet in the cereal bank. Millet prices in the area are 24,000 CFA francs (US$50) per 100kg bag, up from 19,000 CFA francs ($40) this time last year.
 
The ICRC and NGO Médecins Sans Frontières have been quickest to respond to refugees’ needs, the former having repaired water pumps in stressed host towns and distributed some blankets, shelter materials and food; the latter sending a nurse with basic medical supplies to help those in need. 
 
However, logistics are slow said Kuwonu, and more food and shelter is needed. The ICRC spokesperson in Niamey, Germain Mwehu, told IRIN there is enough aid to meet immediate needs but not over the long-term.
 
An inter-agency UN mission evaluated the area last week and agency representatives are meeting tomorrow to discuss their response. Oxfam has also assessed the situation. All agencies will closely coordinate with the government on their response, said Kowonu. 
 
Heading for Mauritania, Burkina, Guinea
 
According to PANA Press, [ http://www.maghrebemergent.info/actualite/fil-maghreb/8612-mauritanie-afflux-de-refugies-maliens.html ] some 6,000 Malians have also fled fighting in Léré, Niafunké and Goundam in Mali’s northern Timbuktu region, and are sheltering in Fassala Néré in Mauritania, some 1,260km east of the capital Nouakchott. A number of the children among them are allegedly severely malnourished, according to local NGO Association for Research and Development in Mauritania.
 
The local authorities and UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) are currently assessing the situation in more detail, UNHCR spokesperson Elise Villechalane told IRIN from Nouakchott. An unknown number of Malians have also fled east to Burkina Faso and western Guinea, says the ICRC in Mali. 
 
Meanwhile, an unknown number of Malians are fleeing south to Mopti, some 640km north of the capital Bamako, and to Bamako itself. 
 
Amina Coulibaly, a producer with national radio in Gao, eastern Mali, told IRIN from the capital: “Fighting has not yet broken out in Gao [town] but given that it is one of the places the Touaregs want to make part of their republic, I prefer to leave now.”
 
Mali has been struggling for several years to contain rebel groups in the north, the rising power of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) factions, and widespread contraband traffickers in its northern regions. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90703 ]
 
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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94803</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009200747560203t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAMAKO/DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - Some 12,000 Malians have fled fighting in the towns of Ménaka and Anderamboucane in northern Mali and reached already food-insecure villages around Tillabéri in western Niger, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Niger’s capital, Niamey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Mozambique storms’ death toll rises to 40</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January [ http://ochaonline.un.org/rosea/HumanitarianSituations/FloodsCyclonesSituationUpdates/FloodsCyclones20112012/tabid/7784/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 

Tropical Cyclone Funso struck northern Mozambique, “affecting about 64,663 people and causing floods and damage of houses, schools and health centres. In southern Mozambique, high river flows from upstream countries… combined with heavy rainfall due to tropical storm Dando, affected about 51,670 people,” it said on 27 January. 

“There is a possibility that in-country pre-positioned shelter material will not be enough to respond to the emerging needs,” it said, adding that there were indications that 94,919 hectares of cropland had been affected in Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala and Zambézia provinces. 

World Food Programme country representative Lola Castro told IRIN it appeared the affected cropland was “a write-off”. She said floodwater in the south and north was subsiding; issues of health, water, sanitation and shelter were being addressed in partnership with the government. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94759</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Typhoid stalks Harare</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities. 

“Initially, we were focusing on Dzivarasekwa high density suburb as being the source of the disease outbreak but we are now receiving patients from different high density suburbs in Harare such as Kuwadzana and Warren Park,” Harare’s health director, Propser Chonzi, told IRIN. 

There have been no confirmed fatalities from the disease, although senior health officials, who declined to be identified, told IRIN they were investigating the cause of some deaths at hospitals. 

Chonzi said about 20 tuberculosis (TB) patients had been relocated from the 144-bed Beatrice Infectious Diseases Hospital on the outskirts of Harare to another infectious diseases institution, the Wilkins Hospital in central Harare, to make way for typhoid victims. 

According to the UN World Health Organization (WHO), typhoid “usually occurs where water supplies serving large populations are contaminated by faecal matter.” The disease is “characterized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, abdominal pains, loss of appetite, constipation or sometimes diarrhoea. The illness can last for several weeks and even months,” it says. 

Recent heavy rain in Harare is expected to compound the problem: Broken drains and water pipes have forced people to dig shallow wells, which are easily contaminated by human faeces. 

“I can bet my last dollar there is typhoid in Chitungwiza and Epworth [Harare commuter towns]. The hygienic levels there are not good,” said Chonzi in a recent interview with the daily The Herald newspaper. 

Furthermore, Chonzi said street food had been tested and found to be contaminated with Salmonella typhi, the bacteria which causes typhoid. 

“We all need to change our habits if this [typhoid] outbreak is to be contained. We need to work on improving on cleanliness such as washing hands and avoiding dirty open air vending sites,” he said. 

However, fish vendors, threatened with arrest by municipal police, have changed tactics and are selling their wares at night. 

Cholera fears 

Conditions which allow typhoid to flourish also provide favourable conditions for the waterborne disease cholera. Zimbabwe’s year-long cholera epidemic in 2008-09 killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. 

“We can have cholera any time. The environment is conducive for the outbreak. We need to be proactive and play our part,” Chonzi warned in the same newspaper interview. 

The Harare Residents Trust (HRT), an NGO campaigning for better municipal service delivery, said the spread of waterborne disease was due to the authorities’ failure to collect refuse, the erratic provision of water services, and the practice of pumping raw sewage into one of the main reservoirs supplying “drinking” water to Harare. 

“The city must guarantee adequate clean water supplies to avoid the 2008 cholera outbreak,” HRT’s Precious Shumba told IRIN. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94758</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UGANDA: Basua community battles for survival</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261331170493t.jpg" />]]>BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV. 

Uganda has two indigenous forest communities - the Batwa people of the southwest, a larger group originally from Rwanda and Burundi, and the Basua in the west who came from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Already marginalized for their short stature and for being traditional forest dwellers, the Basua have continued to receive less assistance than the Batwa because they are more geographically isolated and have a smaller population, numbering just 100. 

Forced resettlement 

Western Uganda's Semliki Forest - the historical home of the Basua - became a National Park in 1993, and as a result, the community has lost its hunter-gatherer existence; they now have to request permission to fish and collect medicinal herbs and firewood, and are forbidden from hunting. 

The Basua have been moved around ever since, most recently to a village outside the small trading town of Bundimasoli in 2007, after a local NGO won a grant from the European Union to build a village for them, but the project collapsed under corruption allegations before it was completed. The community still has no clear rights to the land where it was resettled, and struggles to access basic services such as clean drinking water and healthcare. 

"Imagine someone is used to maybe going to the office, working, making phone calls, going to the ATM, withdrawing money... then you dump them in the forest instead," said Fred Lulinaki, a programme director at the East and Central Africa Association for Indigenous Rights (ECAAIR). “If they survive, it will be just by luck." 

Some Basua men and women find casual jobs such as hauling wood, but most sit around the village with nothing to do. Some have turned to alcohol. Of the 40 children, Lulinaki said only two attend school, either because they are orphaned or their parents cannot afford the cost of pens and school fees. Fifteen of the community's children are orphans. 

HIV 

Ezekiel Mugisa, local coordinator of the Organisation for the Survival of the Basua (OSIBA), said the first documented case of HIV among them was in 1985, but the virus really established a foothold when the Allied Democratic Forces - a Ugandan rebel group - launched a movement to overthrow the Ugandan government for the DRC in the mid-1990s. The Ugandan troops sent to fight the insurgents set up camp near the Basuas’ home; soldiers and suppliers offered money and goods in exchange for sex with Basua women, or raped them. 

Rumours have long circulated in Uganda that sex with Basua women cured back pain and HIV. Stan Frankland, an anthropologist at Scotland's University of St Andrews, has been working with and advocating for the community since he first visited them as a tourist in 1990. He helped establish OSIBA. 

Frankland said the myths stemmed from a belief that as forest dwellers, the Basua "have some spiritual aspect to them. That they're not fully human... they might transmit this power." 

Even with the troops gone and education campaigns debunking supposed AIDS cures, transactional sex remains common. For many women, it is the only viable way of supporting themselves. HIV is a secondary concern to getting enough to eat. 

There are no official statistics on HIV prevalence among the Basua, but those who do know they are HIV-positive have limited access to, or knowledge about, treatment. Since Save the Children pulled out recently, the nearest source of treatment is a health centre 20km away - few of the Basua can afford the transport costs. Even when they did have access to ARVs, there was no formal process to teach people why the drugs were important or how to take and store them. Instead, many would trade the drugs for food, according to Mugisa. 

"The [Basua] are dying," said Basua King Geoffrey Nzito, who had just concluded a burial ceremony. "I want people to join hands so at least they can come to a solution that is good for us." 

Powerless 

The Basuas’ situation mirrors the problems indigenous groups around the world are facing, says Rebecca Adamson, president and founder of First Peoples Worldwide (FPW), a group that makes small, direct grants to indigenous groups to help carry out livelihood projects that they design and develop. 

Adamson said she had seen many indigenous groups kicked off land they had lived on and cultivated for hundreds of years, so that governments and companies could access it for mining, industry or tourism. Once they are displaced, there is little funding to help the groups integrate into life outside the forests. 

The funding that exists is often driven by NGOs without the input of the indigenous people, so they "remain at the whims of what western society wants for them instead of what they want for themselves", she said. 

Adamson is afraid that "we will be seeing large-scale extinction of certain groups" like the Basua. 

ECAAIR is seeking funding to launch livelihood projects for the Basua community that build on the skills they have from life in the forest – fishing, bee-keeping, growing garlic - and turning them into sustainable businesses. As they wait for funding, association members have already started teaching basic bookkeeping classes to the community. 

"This skills training is aimed at reducing vulnerability and dependence, which will also reduce the HIV and AIDS," Lulinaki said. 

Frankland is also encouraging the community to be more active about protecting their health. In December he led a discussion about the dangers of transactional sex. The lesson seems to have stuck. Since the beginning of the year, Nzito said he and other members of the community have been driving away the men who come at night seeking out Basua women. 

It is a small step, but the community also urgently requires access to HIV treatment and education; other health crises – mainly malnutrition and untreated malaria - are also affecting the community. 

Frankland said the Basua acknowledged their fear that the community would soon die out. "There are only 100 of them. If you can't save 100 people, how are you going to make it work on a larger scale?" 

ag/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94732</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261331170493t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MOZAMBIQUE: Twin storms leave 25 dead</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged. 

Tropical depression Dando, which made landfall on 16 January north of the capital Maputo, was the fiercest tropical storm to strike the area since Storm Domoina in 1984. A few days later Cyclone Funso veered from an expected landfall in the north of the country and headed back into the Mozambique Channel, but the effects of the weather system were still felt. 

Dulce Chilungo, Mozambique’s director of the Technical Council for Disaster Management, told a press briefing in Maputo on 25 January that 16 people had died in Zambézia and nine in Gaza Province. 

Dando has washed away about 60 metres of the main north-south road about 100km north of Maputo, where wind speeds of up to 70km/h and heavy rainfall led to flooding and damage to houses and schools, says a draft report by the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies obtained by IRIN. 

“The situation was exacerbated by the heavy rainfall in [neighbouring] South Africa and Swaziland which caused a steady increase of water levels in the Maputo, Umbeluzi and Incomati Basins, flooding low-lying areas in Magude and Chókwe,” the draft report said. 

Citing Mozambique’s National Disaster Management Institute (INGC), the draft report said that in Gaza Province flooding (caused by Dando) had affected 5,393 families, while in Zambézia about 2,571 families were affected by Funso up until 23 January 2012. 

INGC also forecast in the first quarter of 2012 “normal to above normal rainfall… throughout the country with the exception of Cabo Delgado, Nampula and part of the northern province of Zambézia”. 

Jorge Unamusse of Mozambique’s Red Cross told IRIN the southeastern province of Inhambane was also being monitored for flooding following continued heavy rain. 

Mozambique’s Technical Council of Disaster Management has been holding daily meetings with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Mozambique Red Cross since 16 January, and an Orange Alert has been declared, to ensure preparedness by all relevant agencies. 

Preparedness activities 

Preparedness activities include distribution of bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, and the cleaning out of storm drains. 

Unamusse said a temporary camp in Maputo for about 440 people had been set up for those displaced on the outskirts of the city by flooding caused, among other things, by poor maintenance of storm drains. 

In 2000 Cyclone Eline made landfall near the central Mozambique port city of Beira, accompanied by 260km/h winds, causing widespread flooding and the deaths of at least 700 people and the displacement of about a million others. 

INGC has been conducting flood simulation exercises since November 2011 and daily meetings were evaluating “the impact of the current rainy and cyclone seasons as well as monitoring the hydrological situation and the sequence of cyclones that are being formed in the Indian Ocean season.” 

Funso remains active in the Mozambique Channel and at 10am on 25 January was about 230km off the coast of Inhambane Province, Mozambique’s National Institute of Meteorology's chief forecaster Sergio Buque told IRIN. 

“Its intensity decreased from category four to category three with sustained winds exceeding 155km/h. Rain with thunderstorms and strong winds, above 70km/h, will continue to affect the Inhambane districts of Inharrime, Panda, Jangamo, Homoíne, Inhambane City, Maxixe, Morrumbene, Massinga Vilankulo and Inhassoro,” he added. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94722</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Coping with climate change</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110240730340094t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding. 

In a review of its humanitarian operations (HERR), [ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/HERR.pdf ]
 the UK government was among the first donors to place resilience at the centre of its “approach both to longer-term development and to emergency response” and announced its intention to scale-up work on resilience. 

Aid experts and NGOs provide various reasons for the growing popularity and emergence of resilience as a concept. Some are sceptical. But they all agree it is a positive approach that will bring the worlds of development and humanitarian aid closer. 

What does resilience mean in the aid world? 

Some call it just another addition to the growing aid jargon. But mostly people call it a new approach, a “lens”, which has given new meaning to “sustainable development”. 

Maarten van Aalst, director of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre and co-ordinating lead author of the summary of the special report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change (SREX) produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2011 explains it thus: Under the conventional sustainable development approach, if a road had to be constructed in a rural area, benefits - such as the impact on the lives of the communities living alongside, creation of job opportunities from the maintenance of the road and development of markets for the farming community - would have been taken into consideration. 

This is what Peter Walker, a leading aid expert, calls the “linear” approach. The old development models “made projections into the future from recent trends and assumed that, all other things being equal, life would get better”. 

But with a resilience lens on, the government or aid agency responsible for the road will consider the possibility of external shocks or unexpected developments that might affect the road and people’s lives. “What if the area becomes prone to floods or if there is an earthquake, what if food prices increase because the contractors are better off than the local population? [These] would be some of the factors that the project would now consider,” explains Van Aalst. 

The SREX defines resilience as “the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions”. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94301 ]

A much simpler definition is offered by Simon Levine, a member of the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA), a consortium of NGOs and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), where he is a research fellow: “It is the ability [of people, systems] to maintain their well-being.” 

Paul Cook, Tearfund’s director of policy, says the climate change community in its efforts to integrate “resilience to climate change across all development sectors”, is seeking a definition of resilience or “strengthened development" that is broad and “ensures communities and ecosystems have the capacity to adapt to uncertain change”. 

Tom Mitchell, head of climate change at ODI and also an SREX co-ordinating lead author, agrees, suggesting that “the HERR’s decision to foreground resilience has helped to generate new conversations between those working on risks to development, meaning new connections are being made between conflict, disaster, financial and climate risk management that were not happening to anywhere near the same extent before the HERR came out. This can only be a good thing.” 

Why the focus on resilience now? 

Brian Walker, one of the world’s first resilience scientists, says the increasing realization that people are unable to control factors, such as earthquakes, or influence certain situations, such as long-running conflicts, or halt man-made climate change have forced them to consider this approach. 

“The world leaders and the global institutions we have at present are simply unable to slow down the changes in greenhouse gases, growing antibiotic resistance, ocean acidification, loss of forests, etc,” he wrote in an email to IRIN. 

The development and humanitarian community of the 1970s and 1980s were optimistic, believing that given enough time and money for innovation, all the problems in the world could be fixed, says Peter Walker, who heads the Feinstein International Center at Tufts University. But that optimism has been ebbing in the past few years, fuelled by unresolved conflicts such as in Afghanistan. 

“As we come to understand the complexity of systems more and as we have evidence that we control only a small part of how these systems evolve, planners’ goals shift from ‘forcing’ systems along a path they determine, to seeking ways to nudge systems into states that will withstand shock.” 

But others like Tom Bigg, a development policy expert at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), see the reason for the shift as partly political and to do with basic rights. He thinks the resilience approach is about looking for solutions within (a person, system or a country) that make it more empowering than the previous development approach where “people were passive victims for whom change was determined externally”. 

Richard Klein, a scientist at the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), who is leading the work on adaptation for the IPCC’s next assessment, says the increasing use of the word resilience “has to do with the positive connotation it has. ‘Enhancing resilience' sounds better as a policy objective than 'reducing vulnerability', although by and large they would involve the same activities.” 

Where does the concept fit into an aid system? 

The resilience theory developed in 1973 by Buzz Holling, an ecologist, exists in all disciplines – economists look at how markets reorganize themselves after shocks, political scientists consider how fragile countries recover after war and so on. The study of resilience is a multi-disciplinary science. 

It is difficult to trap resilience in a silo of its own, says ODI’s Levine. Its usefulness lies in the fact that it has built bridges between the worlds of development, relief and disaster risk reduction – as the goal of all these sectors is to produce individuals, communities, countries or any system able to withstand shocks, he said. 

Its application differs. 

Some view it as similar to the participatory, consultative approach - where existing communities’ capacity and expectations to cope and recover are taken into account when planning disaster risk reduction programmes. NGOs such as the Red Cross/Red Crescent have been working with this approach for the last few years. 

The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has developed projects that enhance resilience to disasters. For instance, in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) that covers 7.8 million people in Ethiopia by providing regular and predictable cash and food transfers, DFID has introduced a new risk financing mechanism. This allows the programme to expand in times of shock such as a particularly long dry season, for longer periods or to cover more people. 

In the past five years there have been increased efforts to integrate adaptation and disaster risk reduction as both "aim to reduce the impacts of shocks by anticipating risks and addressing vulnerabilities". IPCC’s SREX was an attempt to do that. Then there have also been efforts to integrate the two into development planning and practice, says Van Aalst. “Resilience is often used as a convenient umbrella concept that captures some of this integration.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85372 ]

Funding issues 

There is no separate funding for resilience. But a specific project within a single sector like the risk financing mechanism in Ethiopia’s PSNP could possibly find openings. DFID has started looking at it from a disaster resilience and conflict perspective. According to Tearfund’s Cook, “It will obviously be challenging to try to channel money for building up resilience across the whole range of sectors in a coherent way but, for us, it would seem counterproductive to establish stand-alone resilience initiatives,” he added. After all it is a concept that looks at things in totality. 

Partners in Resilience is a five-year project run in five countries which integrates risk-reduction, adaptation and environmental protection using resilience as an umbrella, bringing NGOs such as the Netherlands Red Cross, Care, Wetlands International, CORDAID and the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre together. But the project raised the money by aligning its objectives with that of the Netherlands Development Aid – in this case it was poverty alleviation, civil society building and so on. 

The problems 

Van Aalst raises two concerns. The real problem around implementation concerns capacity and scale. “It is easy to run pilot projects and try to influence change but initiatives like these need to be scaled-up to make a difference. And if you want to scale-up you need capacity and you need to keep the objectives simple and not confuse people on the ground with yet another term." He suggested being realistic about the kind of outcomes sought from a project. 

The other problem was the word might hide the underlying causes of vulnerability, particularly inequalities, he said. "The causes of vulnerability are often closely related to development decisions that create vulnerability." For instance, the creation of urban slums in areas exposed to environmental risks such as river banks. 

Ultimately, as Klein points out, "I don't believe in the possibility of rationally calculating the optimal level of preparedness/adaptation/resilience of society. There is no such thing as zero risk; the level of risk a society is exposed to is a social and political decision." 

jk/mw 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94714</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110240730340094t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Agriculture in a changing environment</title><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102140732020812t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83763 ] to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.

Some at the talks see a more dominant role for agriculture - an emitter of major greenhouses gases such as nitrous oxide and methane - in reducing global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates agricultural emissions account for 13.5 percent of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions. 

At the same time, poor countries want more money and better technology to help farmers adapt to the impact of climate change such as frequent droughts, flooding and increased salinity. 

“It is really a bad split for agriculture,” said John Beddington, the UK’s chief scientific adviser, and one of the authors of a paper calling for a more integrated approach, combining mitigation and adaptation efforts. 

The paper, published in the current edition of Science [ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6066/289.summary ]with contributions from several scientists, calls for a better understanding of agricultural practices with the aim of delivering multiple benefits - reducing emissions, helping agriculture to adapt, and using limited resources (like water) efficiently. 

One model to emulate could be Denmark, where one of the world’s strictest agriculture control systems is in place - including, for example, the use of environmentally friendly practices such as substituting pig slurry (pig waste and water) for artificial fertilizers. The country has managed not only to reduce emissions from agriculture by 28 percent but also increase productivity. 

This kind of win-win agriculture would attract more funding from a wider range of sources, said Beddington. 

Climate change’s impact is likely to be greatest in low and middle-income tropical regions, where pressure will mount to produce more food because of population and income growth, says agricultural economist Christopher Barrett, who teaches at Cornell University. The global focus, therefore, has to be on helping agriculture in those regions adapt, and not just produce more or reduce emissions. “And that agenda needs to encompass post-harvest storage, distribution and transformation.” 

Despite growing support for an integrated approach to agriculture encompassing adaptation and mitigation efforts, policy actions have been slow to materialize in most countries and at the UN climate change talks, the paper says. 

A first step, say the scientists, is to get commonly agreed definitions of concepts like “climate-smart agriculture” and “sustainable intensification”, which integrate the two approaches. 

The authors of the paper include ecologist Bob Scholes of South Africa’s Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Mohammad Asaduzzaman, research director of the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies; and Judi Wakhungu, executive director of the African Centre for Technology Studies in Kenya. 

“Climate-smart” 

The “climate-smart” concept as developed by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) advocates practices which generate both adaptation and mitigation benefits such as the efficient use of organic fertilizers; the development of efficient seed systems which produce crops naturally resilient to climatic shifts; the harvesting of water for irrigation; the production of biogas from livestock manure; and greater reliance on forage from maize crops to feed animals. 

Such initiatives would not only improve food production but also reduce harmful gas emissions, says FAO. 

About 70 percent of agriculture-related emissions are associated with the manufacture and use of nitrogen-based fertilizers -in large part through the emission of nitrous oxide - according to a 2011 review by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). [ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x/abstract ]

The livestock sector generates 65 percent of human-related nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide. Most of this comes from manure. 

Belching cows, goats and sheep emit 80 million tons of methane into the atmosphere every year. Though methane remains in the atmosphere for a short time (9-15 years), it has 23 times the GWP of carbon dioxide. Irrigated rice farming is another major source of methane emissions. 

Soil carbon sequestration 

But the “climate-smart” concept was given another interpretation at the Durban climate change talks in December: The World Bank announced it had launched a “climate-smart agriculture” pilot project in Kenya. The project (which is still running) aims to get small farmers to adopt agricultural practices such as low-tillage, which trap carbon in the soil in such a way that it is not re-emitted into the atmosphere (soil carbon sequestration). The carbon is then sold as credits in carbon markets. 

Think-tanks like the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), and scientists at BBSRC, point out that sustainable agriculture can increase the sequestration of carbon in the soil but it is difficult and costly to measure. 

IATP’s senior policy analyst, Steve Suppan, said the very high transaction costs of converting Kenyan farmers’ work into carbon credits would be better spent on more rapidly adapting Kenya’s agriculture to climate change. 

“Because the project's transaction costs are nearly half of the project budget, the main project co-benefit is not for the farmers but for the carbon accounting methodology that the Bank wishes to sell globally.” 

Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Africa’s chief negotiator at the climate talks, who had been lobbying for a stronger presence for agriculture in the adaptation track, said they wanted predictable funds for agriculture, and not from shaky carbon markets, which in this case - for credits based on soil carbon sequestration - did not exist. “Our farmers will also be told to grow certain crops which sequester more carbon rather than what the farmers need, compromising their security.” 

NGOs like ActionAid warn of the possibility of “soil grabs” in developing countries by big business to offset their emissions. Mitigation cannot be the predominant objective of any project aimed at benefiting agriculture, said ActionAid’s Harjeet Singh. 

“Mitigation projects in agriculture need to begin in industrialized agriculture and land-clearing for agribusiness. The agro-ecological techniques of climate-smart agriculture should be deployed for adaptation, not in the service of carbon derivatives markets,” said Suppan. 

Beddington said linking “climate smart agricultural practices” with carbon markets was “unfortunate”. The Science paper he co-authored calls for unpacking the term in such a way that addresses concerns that it might be giving more weight to agriculture’s role in reducing emissions, rather than focusing on improving production and ways to adapt. 

Leslie Lipper, a senior environmental economist with FAO, said soil carbon sequestration is one example of an integrated approach but she was not against sourcing finance from carbon markets. “Identifying, crediting and financing mitigation co-benefits that can be generated from improving agricultural systems offers the potential to open a new and additional source of finance to help meet the investment gap” in agriculture. 

“Sustainable intensification” 

In agriculture, the term “sustainable intensification” as defined by FAO, refers to an increase in production either by using more inputs such as labour, land, time, fertilizer, feed or cash; or the maintenance of production at a certain level with the effective use of smaller amounts of fertilizer, or mixed cropping in smaller fields. 

“Sustainable intensification”, said Scholes, focused more on increasing production not by physical expansion but the efficient use of inputs. 

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [ http://unfccc.int/2860.php ] has called for views on agriculture within the climate change context to be submitted to its Subsidiary Body for Science and Technological Advice by 5 March 2012. 

jk/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94711</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102140732020812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>COTE D&apos;IVOIRE: Public health risk as taps run dry</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190944040303t.jpg" />]]>ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.</description><body><![CDATA[ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.
 
"Today… uncontrolled urbanization is one the main causes of water scarcity… The continued decline in the quality of groundwater reserves will increase the risk of it being polluted. For now, we cannot use this water for public use. This means we will experience severe water shortages, especially in the economic capital [Abidjan] if nothing is done to tackle the problem. The difficulties we face now are small compared to what lies ahead,” warned Marius Kouassi Aka, a water science researcher at the University of Abidjan.
 
Rapidly growing demand for water in Abidjan - partly as a result of the influx of people into the city during the civil war - has stretched water supplies: “The district of Abidjan has only a dozen wells. The technical facilities are overwhelmed,” said Hilary Kinimo, SODECI [ http://www.sodeci.com/ ] (state water company) regional director for Abidjan North, adding that three new boreholes were due to be completed in June.
 
SODECI said the problems in the north of the country were due to poor maintenance of water supply systems resulting from years of political strife. 
 
In the northern town of Dabakala taps have been dry for 12 days, obliging residents to seek unsafe alternatives.
 
"We are forced to go into the creeks to supply ourselves,” said Daouda Soro, a teacher in this town of some 20,000 residents.
 
By going into the creeks, said Ibrahim Touré, a doctor at Abobo General Hospital in Abidjan, people risked contracting guinea worm - a debilitating disease caused by a roundworm present in stagnant swamps, lakes, lagoons and rivers. The disease was officially eradicated in 2007 but re-emerged during the civil war.
 
Cholera risk
 
Another risk is cholera, which tended to emerge in January every year, he said. The disease can also be spread by street vendors who sell water of dubious quality.
 
The situation is similar in the western towns of Guiglo and Duékoué. In Abidjan shortages are acute in some areas such as Niangon (in Yopougon District). Here Florence Djedje has not had a drop of tap water for at least three months, forcing her and others like building contractor Bernadin N’Guessan to buy water from street vendors. “This is the first time we have had to live like this,” N’Guessan said.
 
In the southern Abidjan district of Port-Bouet 100,000 people recently took to the streets demanding clean drinking water. 
 
Touré said the sale by street vendors of “drinking” water in plastic sachets should be banned. He urged residents to boil and filter water meant for drinking. 
 
In the nearby town of Adjamé, seven people died and 35 others were hospitalized because of cholera in 2011.
 
"The fear is that we will have another tragedy like that; it may not be cholera, but there are diarrhoeal diseases such as gastro-enteritis one can contract due to drinking poor quality water," said Innocent Kouamé, a nurse at the Abobo Community Health Centre. 
 
aa/oss/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94674</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190944040303t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABIDJAN 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A severe shortage of clean drinking water in parts of Côte d’Ivoire is reaching critical levels and threatening public health, say residents and officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Fledgling environmental authority up against big business</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland&apos;s drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland's drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.  

Communities like this one were at the mercy of polluters until the Swaziland Environmental Authority (SEA) was established five years ago.  

An environmental watchdog group comprising 16 scientists from various fields, SEA is tasked with enforcing Swaziland's 2002 Environmental Management Act as well as various international environmental treaties to which Swaziland is a signatory.  

“Our acting director is on site now seeing what happened and if mitigation efforts are really happening. We do not take anyone’s word on anything until we do our own investigations,” information officer Gcina Dladla told IRIN from SEA headquarters in the capital, Mbabane.  

Although the authority is funded by government and falls under the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs, Dladla explained that the agency is independent and polices government operations in the same way as it does the private sector's.  

With Swaziland’s only environmental NGO largely dormant, SEA's small staff are all that stand in the way of this tiny kingdom's natural resources being exploited or mismanaged. However, concerns have been raised about the agency's ability to stand up to powerful private and government interests intent on putting profit and development before environmental concerns, especially after it gave the go-ahead for an iron ore reprocessing plant to be opened at the Ngwenya Iron Ore Mine, northwest of Mbabane.  

Ngwenya ceased operations in the 1970s but due to its status as one of the oldest mines in the world, was declared a World Heritage Site by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO. Indian-owned mining company Salgaocar now intends to reprocess the low grade iron ore dumped at Ngwenya to extract its mineral content.  

Critics of the venture, mainly consisting of tourism operators and businesses in the Ngwenya area, have pointed to the threat of heavy metals seeping into a dam which supplies drinking water to Mbabane, but according to Dladla, no iron ore processing will take place on site. Instead, the dumped rocks will be loaded onto trucks for transport to Mozambique.  

"There are no chemicals being used," he said. "We will be monitoring the site as part of our inspection duties to make sure this remains the case.”  

Palms greased?  

However, scepticism surrounding Salgaocar's operations at Ngwenya remains, particularly following allegations in the local media that the company gave iPads to cabinet ministers involved in the licensing decision and salvaged the 2011 Swaziland International Trade Fair when government failed to find sponsorship from local firms. 

“No mining license has been issued in 30 years, and all of a sudden there is this big rush to get this operation started. How can you not be suspicious?” asked Almon Simelane, a tour guide from the region.  

Dladla admitted that the authority had been under pressure to grant approval, but insisted that "we did a thorough job".  

"We have to protect ourselves also, because the environmental authority is new and we have our reputation on the line. If something goes wrong tomorrow, the persons who put pressure on you for approvals come back and blame you,” he added.  

The Swaziland Investment Promotion Authority (SIPA) told IRIN that the government’s push to open mining operations at Ngwenya was part of an effort to attract more foreign investment by demonstrating that business needs could be accommodated efficiently.  

A local businessman and environmentalist who declined to be named pointed out that Swaziland's mining and manufacturing sectors were still relatively small, but that if government wanted to encourage more heavy industry in the country, it would need SEA to remain independent. "Swaziland is generally a pristine place still, but that can change, particularly with the population growth we are experiencing," he told IRIN. "It is to government’s benefit to see that SEA is working."  

SEA land challenge  

One of the greatest challenges for SEA is protecting the 70 percent of land in the country controlled by traditional chiefs. Swazi chiefs have the authority to allocate land to their subjects for farming, building homes and raising livestock, but pressure on the land has increased with the tripling of Swaziland’s population since Independence in 1968.  

Some of the land given by chiefs to homesteaders has been degraded to the point of desertification, a problem that has been exacerbated by increasingly dry weather, with the Swaziland Meteorological Department announcing recently that rainfall trends over the past two decades show a persistent drop.  

“One of our jobs is to communicate with the public and the traditional authorities: do not put cattle pens alongside streams which are used by people downstream [and] when a donga [ditch created by erosion] appears, fix it or the whole hillside will erode away,” said Dladla.  

It is a huge task for a tiny agency whose resources have been further limited by Swaziland's current financial crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93821 ]. "We are seeing the effects," said Dladla. "If we have to go out and do monitoring and government says there is no gas for our cars then the trip has to be postponed to another day, but it is still made. If government says no hiring of new personnel... we work with what we have."  

Ishmael Ndwandwe, an SEA environmental analyst, said the authority would continue to enforce environmental protocols in Swaziland "as long as we have our independence… We can stand up to the pressure because we know the environmental issues of this country,” he told IRIN.

jh/ks/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94660</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland&apos;s drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao hospitals on alert for Leptospirosis</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051247430266t.jpg" />]]>CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi.</description><body><![CDATA[CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi. 

"All hospital and clinic staff are on alert," Jose Llacuna Jr, Department of Health (DoH) assistant regional director for Northern Mindanao, confirmed on 5 January, citing 314 cases and eight deaths in flood-affected Cagayan de Oro City and Iligan.  

The two cities were pummelled by Washi, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94524 ] which struck northern parts of the southern Philippine island on 16 to 18 December, affecting some one million people. 

More than 1,250 people died in the storm, while some 100 are still missing, the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) said on 5 January [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/SITREP%2029%20SENDONG%2005%20JAN%202012.pdf ]; close to 38,000 people are still in 54 evacuation centres in the area.  

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Leptospirosis affects both humans and animals. It is brought about by exposure to water or soil infected by the urine and faeces of rodents.  

Common in slum areas, disasters such as typhoons can result in a spike in cases when residents are exposed to contaminated water.  

Leptospirosis can cause fever, internal bleeding, meningitis and in severe cases, organ failure and even death, health experts warn.  

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [ http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/infection/index.html ], the time between exposure to a contaminated source and falling ill is two days to four weeks. 

Mostly males 

About 80 percent of reported cases in Mindanao diagnosed were among males, with a median age of 26, Llacuna said.  

"Men are left to clean up flooded homes and haul heavy objects. They are the ones exposed to infected flood waters," he explained. 

"Most of the cases were among those who live in Macasinding, one of the worst flood-affected communities," Jose Chan, chief of the hospital at the Northern Mindanao Medical Center, added.  

Residents who had not taken shelter in the evacuation centres were particularly vulnerable, he said.  "Those who are not in the evacuation centres cannot be tracked or given medication or treatment. They are also likely to have prolonged exposure to the flood waters," Chan said.  

But despite the outbreak, the levels of Leptospirosis are still nowhere near those reported during Typhoon Ketsana in 2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86779 ], when there were more than 2,000 cases and 167 reported deaths.  

There is, however, still reason to worry.  

"The accumulated mud is still a potential source of infection. It may still contain bacteria from the carcasses of rodents or their faeces and urine which remain in the soil," Brian Enriquez, focal point for Emerging Health Threats for the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), [ http://www.redcross.org.ph/ ] told IRIN.  

Moreover, clearing of certain areas will remain difficult as regular water service is not expected to resume before 22 January. District water supplies to both Cagayan de Oro City and Iligan were severely damaged by the flash floods.  

To date, only pipelines in certain parts of the cities are partially functional, while addressing lack of awareness is also a challenge.  

Rapid diagnostic kits are being deployed by the DoH to test early symptoms of the disease. The region is not known to be prone to typhoons, flash floods and landslides and many people were ill-prepared to cope with Washi's aftermath.  

"We're not used to this [flooding]," Ellen Satua, a local DoH official said. "People are easily worried that having a fever already means they have Leptospirosis. Rapid testing and diagnosis are part of reassuring them." 

as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94590</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051247430266t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Growing risk of waterborne diseases in rural areas</title><pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg" />]]>MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</description><body><![CDATA[MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut. 
 
 Since the rains began several weeks ago, dirty water has been accumulating on the settlement, now home to hundreds of former farmworkers and others displaced during Operation Murambatsvina [ http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_rpt.pdf ] in 2005 which razed illegal structures and left thousands without shelter. 
 
 Phiri remembers the 2008-2009 outbreak of cholera which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others, but sees it as a thing of the past and is still ignorant of how waterborne diseases are spread. 
 
 Her twins have a skin infection and frequent bouts of diarrhoea but, like most residents, she attributes such ailments to witchcraft, consulting a traditional healer for a cure. 
 
 Phiri told IRIN her first child died two years ago from diarrhoea. “We don’t use dirty water for drinking or cooking. We get clean water from the dam or the wells, so how can our children die from waterborne diseases?” she asked. 
 
 A few metres from Phiri’s hut is an overflowing pit latrine. Many inhabitants have resorted to relieving themselves in the open since most of their pit latrines are overflowing and unusable. 
 
 The 2009 Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey (MIMS) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/Surveys/MIMS2009/tabid/5465/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], compiled by the government and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), listed diarrhoea as one of the major causes of infant mortality resulting in around 4, 000 deaths in Zimbabwe annually. 
 
 The MIMS survey showed a 20 percent increase in under-five mortality since 1990. 
 
 With the advent of the rainy season and poor sanitary and hygienic facilities, people living in rural and peri-urban settlements like Phiri’s are vulnerable to waterborne diseases. 
 
 The survey said: “Recent assessments show a significant decline in rural sanitation sector performance,” adding: “The inability of vulnerable populations to access safe water and basic sanitation… has resulted in frequent diarrhoeal and cholera outbreaks.” 
 
 The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) for Zimbabwe, [ http://reliefweb.int/node/462237 ] launched in early December 2011, said “a third of rural Zimbabweans still drink from unprotected water sources and are thus exposed to waterborne diseases,” and noted reports of cholera cases in rural Chipinge, in the eastern province of Manicaland, and Chiredzi in the southeast of the country. 
 
 More people seek treatment 
 
 A senior nurse at a clinic in rural Seke District, about 50km south of Harare, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN the number of people seeking treatment for diarrhoea and dysentery had increased since the onset of the rains. 
 
 “Typical of this time of the year when the rains fall, we treat a high number of people suffering from waterborne diseases… We have not received any cases of cholera but there is need to be on the alert all the time, because the surrounding villages are characterized by poor hygiene and sanitation. Many villagers tend to relieve themselves in the open because they cannot rehabilitate the Blair pit toilets [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_toilet ] that were built long ago,” she said. 
 
 Blair pit toilets were constructed in large numbers to improve rural sanitation in the 1980s. A fine wire mesh allowed gases produced by decomposition to escape, but prevented flies around the faecal matter from exiting the septic tank and so prevented the spread of diseases. 
 
 According a 2011 report by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the government entitled A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women’s and Children’s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010 [ http://reliefweb.int/node/392557 ] 42 percent of people in rural communities practised open defecation, while cholera, which used to see significant outbreaks every 10 years or so in the 1980s and 1990s, has now become an annual event. 
 
 Poor household income, the senior nurse said, prevented some villagers from seeking treatment, “meaning that the number of people suffering from waterborne diseases could be higher as some of the cases go unreported [as people cannot afford to travel to clinics].” 
 
 David Shoniwa, 65, from Dema village in Seke District, said people in his community tended to relieve themselves along river beds during the dry season. 
 
 “The boreholes that were drilled in the 1980s have broken down and only a few that were sunk in recent years still function while, due to poor rains, it is difficult to sink new wells. When the rains fall, people turn to the rivers for water to drink and use for cooking, thereby exposing themselves to the diseases carried by the human waste,” Shoniwa told IRIN. 
 
 fm/go/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94575</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: From rice to shrimps and ginger - adapting to saltwater intrusion</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112280314570891t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion in Vietnam’s fertile Mekong Delta are forcing farmers and development agencies to rethink how livelihoods can be maintained, using methods such as agricultural genetics, changing crop varieties and simple farming fixes.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion in Vietnam’s fertile Mekong Delta are forcing farmers and development agencies to rethink how livelihoods can be maintained, using methods such as agricultural genetics, changing crop varieties and simple farming fixes. 
 
 With support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, [ http://aciar.gov.au/project/SMCN/2009/021 ] the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) [ http://irri.org/ ] in March 2011 launched a four-year project to introduce the flood-tolerant SUB1 gene and Saltol, a salt-tolerant gene, [ http://irri.org/our-science/better-varieties/climate-change-ready-rice ] to Vietnamese rice varieties. 
 
 Transferring the genetic information - a process known as introgression - is expected to take three years. Because the genes are being introduced to rice currently grown in Vietnam, farmers will not need to learn new farming practices. 
 
 “We are on track. It’s three years, and in the fourth year, we’ll try to disseminate this new variety,” said Reiner Wassmann, a climate change specialist with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). 
 
 The Mekong Delta is the country’s rice basket, and Vietnam is the world’s second largest rice exporter. With soil and crops already being damaged by saltwater intrusion, farmers and development agencies are troubleshooting ways to cope. 
 
 Some rice paddies in Thanh Hoa Province have been converted to shrimp ponds, according to Nguyen Viet Nghi, CARE’s [ http://www.care.org/ ] project manager of a community-based mangrove reforestation programme in Thanh Hoa. 
 
 “It was done by farmers themselves, and CARE is planning to support them combine mangroves and shrimp development in their ponds,” said Nghi. 
 
 It is a trend seen across Vietnam: aquaculture has skyrocketed [ http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=469&idmid=3&ItemID=11720 ] from 641,900 hectares in 2000 to more than 1 million hectares in 2010, and shrimp farming accounts for the bulk of the growth, nearly doubling over the past decade to 645,000 hectares. 
 
 While most aquaculture is in the Mekong Delta, even in Thanh Hoa on the central coast, farming in water [ http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=469&idmid=3&ItemID=11717 ] grew from 10,600 hectares in 2000 to 13,900 a decade later. 
 
 Vietnam is one of the countries expected to suffer most from the impact of climate change, [ http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/impact-sea-level-rise-developing-countries-comparative-analysis ] and unpredictable rain, higher temperatures and more saltwater could mean less water for irrigation of crops such as watermelons. 
 
 Oxfam piloted a small project to help 10 farmers with hardier varieties of watermelons, and taught them simple methods to save water: Draping plastic sheets on the ground around the plants prevents evaporation, so farmers need less freshwater for the crops. To prevent saltwater contamination, farmers built raised beds half a metre above the salinated drainage ditches. 
 
 “We found that out of 10 [farms], nine have huge profits because production is very good,” said Mondal. Oxfam is now replicating the watermelon project on other small farms, and experimenting with ginger cultivation. 
 
 The only solution… 
 
 Longer droughts and rising sea levels [ http://www.un.org.vn/en/publications/publications-by-agency/doc_details/111-climate-change-fact-sheet-updated-april-2011.html ] have begun to salinate farmland, and the only solution is to adapt, according to Oxfam. 
 
 “It’s like a slow poisoning, and now it’s increasing, moving up the rivers,” Provash Chandra Mondal, humanitarian programme coordinator for Oxfam in Vietnam, [ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam_in_action/where_we_work/vietnam.html ] told IRIN. “It has a long-term impact, and there’s no solution. Nobody can stop the saline water, but we just have to adapt.” 
 
 During the 2010 drought, saltwater from the South China Sea contaminated communities 60km inland [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88320 ] compared with 30km in years past. 
 
 If sea levels rise by one metre - the low end of climate scientists’ projections of a one- to two-metre rise by 2100 [ http://www.pnas.org/content/106/51/21527.full ] - an estimated 1.7 million hectares  would be inundated, or 5.3 percent of Vietnam’s land area. Most of this threatened land (82 percent) is in the Mekong Delta, where millions [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92763 ] of people would be displaced. 
 
 By 2030, rising sea levels could cause rice productivity to drop by 9 percent, according to the UN Development Programme. [ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Chapter2.pdf ] 
 
 “We expect a lot of changes in the hydrology in all parts of the Mekong Delta,” said Wassmann, adding that the highly productive delta is vulnerable to tiny changes in the weather. 
 
 “If you come to the Mekong Delta, you’ll see every square metre of land is used... It is very intensively used, and it is very much dependent on a relatively stable set of parameters. If we change this system there, all of this success from the fine-tuning becomes useless... If this kind of source of rice for the world market is going down, then it will have major repercussions for the rice market as a whole.” 
 
 at/ds/cb 
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94552</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112280314570891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion in Vietnam’s fertile Mekong Delta are forcing farmers and development agencies to rethink how livelihoods can be maintained, using methods such as agricultural genetics, changing crop varieties and simple farming fixes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Getting early warning right in the Sahel</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008241310220984t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - While severely high food prices and lower-than-average cereal outputs are already forcing some vulnerable Sahelians into distress responses, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) food security website FEWSNET says messaging on the situation needs to be more nuanced.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - While severely high food prices and lower-than-average cereal outputs are already forcing some vulnerable Sahelians into distress responses, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) food security website FEWSNET says messaging on the situation needs to be more nuanced.
  
 It says the links between cereal production and malnutrition have been exaggerated, the complexities of regional market conditions inadequately conveyed, and the need for long-term structural solutions under-emphasized. 
  
 IRIN discussed with aid agencies and Sahel food security analysts, the subtleties of getting early warning messages right in such situations. 
  
 Food security in the Sahel this year is part of a “persistent and predictable reservoir of chronic acute food insecurity” they say,” in a predictable portion of the region’s population”, and requires long-term structural aid not short-term fixes.  
  
 Malnutrition versus food security
  
 Countries in the Sahelian zone produced a lower-than-average harvest this year , leading UN agencies and analysts to predict 2.5 million ton cereal deficits in the region, some of which should be met by market flows.
  
 But predicted cereal deficits should not be conflated with malnutrition, says FEWSNET. While harvest outputs and malnutrition rates are linked, they are not inextricable: “Even unlimited amounts of food assistance would not be able to eliminate a substantial (probably more than half) part of this [malnutrition] caseload,” they estimate.
  
 This is because much of the malnutrition in the region is caused by other factors: poor water quality, low-quality health care, poor sanitation and poor feeding practices, which were recently stressed in the Sahel Working Group and Oxfam’s report entitled Escaping the Hunger Cycle; Pathways to Resilience in the Sahel. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94082 ]
  
 Food aid is thus a blunt tool to address this problem - as well as the myriad other problems that poor pastoralists, poor urban communities, and others are currently dealing with.
  
 Oxfam’s food security head Al Hassan Cissé agrees: “Given a still-growing population, chronic malnutrition, indebtedness, and loss of remittances, among other factors, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94466 ] I am not sure we [the international community] have the right tools to address these issues at the moment,” he said. 
  
 Any relevant response must take into account the chronic, structural vulnerability of the Sahel, say aid agencies and analysts. For instance, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has estimated over one million children in the Sahel region may face “severe and life-threatening malnutrition” in 2012, over one third of them in Niger. It is important to note that in 2011, with one of the best harvests on-record, just under 900,000 under-fives were in the same scenario. “And these needs will probably be there in 2013,” said the analyst. “This context is important.” 
  
 UN World Food Programme (WFP) food security head Naouar Labidi acknowledged that food security and malnutrition do not have a simple cause and effect relationship. However, they are linked: “Malnutrition is everything - health, access to water, feeding practices, etc, but it is also the result of access to food, and it [malnutrition] gets wborse when this access declines,” she told IRIN.

  Malnutrition is already poor in the Sahel, with rates exceeding 15 percent – the emergency threshold -- in some locations. “In a crisis you want to prevent death –any additional shock could push up these malnutrition rates further - resulting in higher mortality rates. Blanket feeding is one way of preventing deterioration of the nutrition situation. So we cannot afford not to act,” she said.
 It’s all in the prices
  
 FEWSNET also notes that while high food prices across the Sahel “obviously increase stress on poor families and have human impacts”, they could also draw grain stocks from coastal countries into the region, which could serve to increase the availability of food in markets, and stabilize prices. 
  
 One of the reasons the 2005 crisis was so severe was because coastal food prices were even higher than in the Sahel, says FEWSNET. 
  
 Price predictions can also become a self-fulfilling prophecy, they warn, as well as encouraging residents to hoard grain, which can drive prices up further.
  
 Alhousseini Bretaudeau, executive secretary at food security analysts CILLS (a Permanent Inter-State Committee to Prevent Drought in the Sahel) told IRIN from Abuja: “When you give strong declarations, stock-retention could occur and prices could go up further.” 
  
 Likewise, notes WFP, if governments and institutions state they will be purchasing large quantities, prices could stabilize. 
  
 Rather than speculating on future prices, which Labidi notes is a risky business, even the information that is currently available “shows that something is wrong”, says Labidi. Prices in some places have increased by over 80 percent over the five-year average, and have continued to rise rather than fall which is the usual seasonal dynamic. 
  
 Millet prices are 77 percent higher than the five-year average in Malian capital Bamako; 93 percent higher in the northern city of Gao, and up by 85 percent in the central region of Ségou, according to the Food and Agriculture.

 Even if prices were to stabilize, there would still be a problem, said WFP, as they are already unsustainable for lots of people.
  
 Market solutions
  
 FEWSNET analysts note that the lower-than-average cereal crops could be compensated for by food imports, which for instance in Niger in 2010-11 amounted to 900,000 tons - more than double the current estimated production gap. “The current food insecurity is less a food availability problem than an access issue.”
  
 Interviewees agreed: it is high food prices, and poor terms of trade for the most vulnerable that put food out of their reach. “The entry point [for response] is access, not availability,” said WFP market analyst Jean-Martin Bauer, noting high food prices are a greater problem than a deficit of grains, since markets will to some degree always compensate for at least part of gross food deficits.
  
 But opinions differ on the degree to which the markets will be able to resolve the access problem. 
  
 At the December 2011 meeting of the Food Crises Prevention Network (FCPN) on the situation in the Sahel and West Africa, agencies and analysts issued a joint communiqué, stressing the need for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to keep food trade fluid across their borders.  
  
 States must “avoid any action which will by nature impede the proper functioning of the markets and cross-border trade flows,” it stated. [ http://www.reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_doc_13.pdf ]
  
 Protectionist measures worsened the impact of the 2005 food crisis and also posed some barriers to response in 2009-2010, which meant aid agencies had to partly source from outside of the region, upping the cost and delivery period.
  
 CILLS’s Breteaudeau was in Abuja where he was discussing ECOWAS plans, when he spoke to IRIN. “All governments are worried,” he said, “if you give alarming information then governments start to put themselves first: the message we must continuously impart is the need for solidarity.” 
  
 But for WFP’s Bauer, the problem is that - unlike in 2009 when prices were high in one of the region’s three major trading systems (known as the eastern, central and western basins) but not the others - this year all three are exhibiting high prices for staple grains such as maize and millet. 
 Ghana is estimated to have a grain surplus of 240,000 tons of maize for instance, but its price is 75 percent higher now than it was in 2009.  

 The numbers game

 Among other areas that need to be more nuanced, FEWSNET says the number of people in the Sahel who will need food assistance this year is “far smaller” than many are reporting. Oxfam stated in an early December communiqué that six million people could be highly vulnerable to food insecurity in Niger; 2.9 million in Mali; 700,000 - over quarter of the population - in Mauritania; and over two million in Burkina Faso; while in Chad 13 out of 22 of the regions could be affected by food insecurity. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94466 ]
  
 Agencies should be more precise, says FEWSNET. Six million people live in the provinces and districts of Niger that are affected by low outputs, but a much smaller number of people within them are insecure and need assistance. 
  
 Further, “this crisis is not engulfing the region, it is simply distributed across it,” they say. Rather than a blanket response, targeted, localized interventions are needed. 
  
 Each area will need its own specific response, stressed Oxfam. For CILLS the key is to get enough fodder for animals - this came too little too late in 2010 - and improving pastoralists’ access to water points. For Oxfam the response priorities are: cash vouchers and/or cash-for-work; destocking before livestock prices drop; seed distributions; water provision; and rebuilding national and community emergency food stocks. NGO Save the Children, meanwhile, prioritizes supporting people’s livelihoods to stop them falling into crisis, providing free health care, and treatment for malnutrition in Niger - one of the countries predicted to be worst-affected.
  
 Aid agency representatives IRIN spoke to recognized affected regions are scattered, but noted the areas affected are still substantial. Oxfam’s economic justice manager, Eric Hazard, told IRIN: “We never said it was a catastrophe; we just said based on the information that we have, if nothing is done, millions could be vulnerable to food insecurity.”
  
 The tension lies in trying to rally donors to try to step up response to a chronically forgotten region in an early warning scenario which still awaits the results of several malnutrition and food security studies, said an observer. Aid appeals for West Africa are almost always under-funded: 37 percent of the 2011 request has come in thus far, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). [ http://fts.unocha.org/pageloader.aspx?page=emerg-emergencyDetails&appealID=910 ]
  
 And early warning is important, stressed Hazard: agencies rang the alarm in December 2009 during the last crisis; the media responded in February 2010 and aid agencies were only fully mobilized in May and June. 
  
 “Progress”
  
 Rather than stressing division, it is time for consensus, agree agencies and analysts. “Look at the progress,” said Hazard. “In the 1970s countries didn’t even identify crises; in the 1990s they started to respond but with low capacity; in 2005 they at least had a plan in mind; now early warning systems are in place.”
  
 There has been much talk over the past decade of improving aid effectiveness, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94502 ] and supporting country-led development. “Here countries are telling us there is a problem - even if the projections will change and be revised. Let them take that responsibility,” said Hazard. 
  
 aj/cb
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94531</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008241310220984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - While severely high food prices and lower-than-average cereal outputs are already forcing some vulnerable Sahelians into distress responses, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) food security website FEWSNET says messaging on the situation needs to be more nuanced.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Sanitation crisis in storm-hit Mindanao</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221206520385t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Survivors of Tropical Storm Washi in Mindanao are in desperate need of water and sanitation facilities, say aid workers and officials.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Survivors of Tropical Storm Washi in Mindanao are in desperate need of water and sanitation facilities, say aid workers and officials. 
 
 "Water for drinking and hygiene purposes is our number-one concern right now," General Benito Ramos, the Philippines' top civil defence official and head of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), told IRIN. 
 
 Snehal Soneji, country director for Oxfam in Manila agreed: "Unless we act now, there is a real risk of disease outbreak." 
 
 More than 1,000 people were killed and over 640,000 people affected when Washi struck the southern island of Mindanao on 17 and 18 December, dropping the equivalent of one month's rainfall in a day, resulting in massive flooding, flash floods and landslides. 
 
 Some 300,000 people were displaced and close to 30,000 homes damaged or destroyed, the NDRRMC reported on 22 December [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/NDRRMC%20UPDATE%20Sitrep%20No.15%20as%20of%2022%20Dec%202011,%206AM.pdf ], with more than 43,000 people now in 51 shelters, mostly schools, and another quarter of million staying with relatives or living in makeshift shelters. 
 
 "Entire areas were completely flattened; only a few sturdy buildings remain standing, and these had sustained a lot of damage," said acting UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator, Dr Soe Nyunt-U, who returned from a two-day visit the area. 
 
 Anecdotal evidence on the ground suggests about 80 percent of the affected population do not have access to flowing water, says Oxfam, with one shelter reportedly having only one latrine for 4,000 residents. 
 
 "Open defecation is fast becoming an issue which will further exacerbate the risk of disease," Soneji said. "And in a largely urban environment this is particularly problematic." 
 
 Broken water supply 
 
 But addressing the massive water, sanitation and hygiene needs will prove a challenge. 
 
 "The water is there, but with the damage to the booster pumps and wells, the problem now is bringing the water to the beneficiaries in evacuation centres as well as those in the damaged areas," Andres Casal, water and habitat coordinator for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/index.jsp ] in the Philippines, explained. 
 
 According to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) [ http://www.unicef.org/philippines/ ], the water systems of the two main affected areas, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan cities, were totally destroyed, leaving most residents with no safe, reliable source of water. 
 
 "The water supply system is essentially broken," Oxfam's Soneji said, while NDRRM's Ramos said damage to the system could take at least a month to repair. 
 
 International appeal 
 
 On 22 December, the UN and humanitarian partners called for US$28.6 million to help the survivors. 
 
 Under the Emergency Revision of the Philippines (Mindanao) Humanitarian Action Plan 2012, the appeal aims to provide clean water for drinking and bathing, food, emergency shelter, and essential household items to 471,000 worst-affected people in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan for three months. 
 
 According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the humanitarian response plan will be revised within six weeks to reflect evolving needs on the ground. 
 
 The Philippine government [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/363/Proclamation%20No.%20303%20-%20DECLARING%20A%20STATE%20OF%20NATIONAL%20CALAMITY.pdf ] declared a state of national calamity in the hardest-hit areas on 20 December, accepting international humanitarian assistance. 
 
 as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94524</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221206520385t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Survivors of Tropical Storm Washi in Mindanao are in desperate need of water and sanitation facilities, say aid workers and officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Population growth fuels conflict</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg" />]]>GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence and clashes over land, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91559 ] and clashes over land, experts say. 
 
 “Without doubt, rapid population growth is adding to the risk of conflict,” Max Kep, director of the PNG’s national Office of Urbanization, told IRIN, noting that various types of conflict are fuelled by limited resources, including a shortage of land. 
 
 As PNG’s population nears seven million, comprised of nearly 700 ethnic groups speaking some 800 languages, communities are increasingly fighting over smaller plots of land, while city dwellers in swelling urban areas are clashing with nearby owners of traditional land, Kep said. 
 
 Over the past 30 years, the country’s population has more than tripled, from 2.1 million to 6.7 million, government figures reveal. 
 
 At the same time, the average total fertility rate of 4.4 births per woman remains one of the highest in the Pacific region, says the UN. 
 
 According to a recent government task force report [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/library/R149_DOH_PNGUINEA_2009_Ministerial_Taskforce_report_final_version_3.pdf ] on maternal health, PNG’s population will probably double in the next 25 years. 
 
 Pressure on towns 
 
 Adding to this challenge is PNG’s increasing youth population, with more than half of the country’s population now under the age of 20, according to World Bank figures. [ http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/PAPUANEWGUINEAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20174825~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:333767,00.html<http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/PAPUANEWGUINEAEXTN/0%2c%2ccontentMDK%3a20174825%7EpagePK%3a1497618%7EpiPK%3a217854%7EtheSitePK%3a333767%2c00.html ] 
 
 “It’s like having wild grass lying around waiting to be struck by lightning for a brushfire,” Helen Ware, a professor at the University of New England in Australia who has studied and practised peace-building in PNG, explained, noting the risk of so many idle, underemployed men. 
 
 Migrants - drawn to towns and cities for jobs and services - are fuelling population growth in urban areas, Kep said, adding that urban areas are now growing at an average of 4.5-5 percent a year. 
 
 Some 97 percent of the country’s land is under customary tenure law, meaning it is reserved for traditional land owners and the state has no jurisdiction over it. Land owners often are unwilling to release land for urban growth, so PNG’s cities have nowhere to expand, according to the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 The Eastern Highlands city of Goroka, for example, is facing critical land shortages which have caused rapid and informal urbanization, according to a UN-HABITAT report. [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2965 ] 
 
 Kep, with the Office of Urbanization, said a government initiative to encourage landowners to lease their land to municipalities is aimed at empowering them, with increased income and access to government services. 
 
 Many of those flocking to urban areas today are the young. But with few job opportunities when they arrive, the country has also witnessed an increase in urban youth gangs, known as `raskol’ gangs, who often turn to crime, according to residents. 
 
 Violent clashes have erupted between local landowners and `raskols’, Albert Sams, a 24-year-old health worker from Ifiufa, a village 20km from Goroka, explained. 
 
 Family, community feuds 
 
 Significantly, land disputes between family members and communities are also now more common under the strain of population growth, residents and international agencies say. 
 
 “Villages which once were separated are now bordering one another, and conflicts are definitely arising through competition for resources,” said Chris Turner, from Marie Stopes International, an NGO providing family planning and reproductive services in PNG. [ http://www.mariestopes.org.au/how-we-help/where-we-work/papua-new-guinea ] 
 
 In fact, in and around Goroka, fighting between families is also turning violent. 
 
 “There are a lot of land disputes between families - some verbal abuse, and sometimes they fight with knives, sticks, stones or guns,” Sams said. 
 
 Jeffery Korowa’s story is typical of large families struggling to live off the land. Hailing from a family of five siblings, the 49-year-old says all his brothers and sisters have had several children, leading to more than 15 offspring arguing over smaller and smaller pieces of property. 
 
 “I’m already fighting with my brothers over land,” said Korowa, a nurse who owns land outside Mount Hagen, the provincial capital of West Highlands Province. “I can take my brothers to court. But I’m pretty sure if it comes to push and shove, it will become violent.” 
 
 mk/es/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94512</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence and clashes over land, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Medical diagnostics approaches the final frontier</title><pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - In the popular 1960s science fiction TV series Star Trek, set in the 23rd century, a handheld medical “tricorder” scans a person’s internal body organs for the presence of any infections, providing an instant diagnosis.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - In the popular 1960s science fiction TV series Star Trek, set in the 23rd century, a handheld medical “tricorder” scans a person’s internal body organs for the presence of any infections, providing an instant diagnosis. 
 
 Fast forward to today and imagine a handheld device powered by batteries that can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection. 
 
 That is the kind of device, Peter Singer, professor of medicine at the University of Toronto and executive officer of Canadian government-funded non-profit Grand Challenges, [ http://www.grandchallenges.ca/ ] says his organization, along with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is aiming to help scientists develop. 
 
 The two organizations have invested around US$32 million in the discovery and development of new and improved diagnostic tools to help health workers in developing countries, with the aim of speeding up treatment and saving lives. 
 
 “Diagnosis is the neglected cousin of prevention and treatment,” said Singer, explaining his interest in diagnostic tools. “More rapid diagnosis of malaria alone could prevent 100,000 deaths a year. We believe this and other life-saving opportunities are within our reach. We think we can have a device like the medical `tricorder’ in 6-7 years." 
 
 Grand Challenges is currently on the lookout for innovative diagnostic tools and processes covering the collection and preparation for analysis of biological samples, disease identification, technology to obtain and transmit data and receive results, and robust devices which work in the field where there is often no electricity or refrigeration. 
 
 Funding has been provided for the development of a handheld analyser which can detect not only whether a person has malaria but also the kind of parasite involved, and the proportion of red blood cells infected (indicating the severity of the infection). 
 
 Called a mini-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), the device identifies malaria from its DNA fingerprint. 
 
 The World Health Organization says this technique is more accurate than microscopy in detecting malaria, and Chandrasekhar Nair, director of Bigtec Labs in India which developed the mini-PCR analyser, said it does all the processing that a specialized laboratory would do at a fraction of the cost. 
 
 The machine can be operated by a community health worker, he said. A sample of blood is placed in a port on a microchip, which is inserted into the device. The microchip has a memory of the DNA of all the possible malaria pathogens. It compares the DNA fingerprint of the sample with those in its memory and displays the result on the screen. 
 
 If the diagnosis is “malaria”, the device indicates this on the screen along with a numerical ranking of its severity. Results can also be transmitted via a mobile phone attached to the device. 
 
 The entire process takes little more than an hour, said Nair, adding that tests showed the machine was as accurate as a commercial bench-top PCR system used in laboratories. 
 
 RDT 
 
 Although malaria can be detected in 15 minutes by the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT), it only picks up whether a person is infected with plasmodium falciparum (fatal malaria) or one of the other three species of human malaria. 
 
 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [ http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/rdt.html ] points out that the RDT does not eliminate the need for malaria microscopy. “The RDT may not be able to detect some infections with lower numbers of malaria parasites circulating in the patient’s bloodstream. Also, there is insufficient data available to determine the ability of this test to detect the two less common species of malaria, P. ovale and P. malariae. Therefore, all negative RDTs must be followed by microscopy to confirm the result.” 
 
 Bigtec’s Nair said they were also developing disease-specific microchips for dengue and chikungunya, typhoid, H1N1 and hepatitis B. 
 
 Bigtec is using the grant money to develop a sophisticated filter to concentrate pathogen DNA from samples of blood, sputum, urine, or nasal and throat swabs. Once concentrated, the DNA can be processed and illnesses identified by the mini-PCR. 
 
 A cloth which detects disease 
 
 Other innovative tools have also won grants. One example is a piece of woven fabric which can test blood or urine for disease: Different varieties of silk yarn are coated with antibodies or other chemicals before being woven into a multi-zone fabric in one simple step. The fabric is then cut into thin strips for individual tests, analogous to home pregnancy tests, explained Dhananjaya Dendukuri from Achira Labs in India, who developed the concept with Nandini Dendukuri from McGill University in Montreal. 
 
 As the sample becomes wet it changes colour providing a visual readout. 
 
 Dendukuri said the cost of using the silk cloth or Fabchip will be comparable to that of wooden sticks used to detect diabetes from urine samples. A number of tests can be conducted on a single piece of cloth. 
 
 Scientists working on the Fabchip have yet to conduct field trials. 
 
 "We hope these innovative ideas lead to technologies that allow patients to get the right treatment, quickly speeding recovery, limiting the spread of disease, and helping them to lead healthy, productive lives," said Chris Wilson, director of Global Health Discovery at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, adding: "Safe, effective methods of diagnosing illness at the point of care are vital to improving health in developing countries." 
 
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]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94483</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - In the popular 1960s science fiction TV series Star Trek, set in the 23rd century, a handheld medical “tricorder” scans a person’s internal body organs for the presence of any infections, providing an instant diagnosis.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Progress in Durban, but not enough</title><pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112131213080015t.jpg" />]]>DURBAN 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - The UN talks in Durban, South Africa, got adaptation and the response to climate change “approximately right”, which is better than “being precisely wrong”, a tired Naderev Sano, Philippines’ chief climate change negotiator, said as he emerged from two consecutive emotionally charged all-night sessions.</description><body><![CDATA[DURBAN 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - The UN talks in Durban, South Africa, got adaptation and the response to climate change “approximately right”, which is better than “being precisely wrong”, a tired Naderev Sano, Philippines’ chief climate change negotiator, said as he emerged from two consecutive emotionally charged all-night sessions. 
 
 Poor countries and NGOs, which are dealing with the fallout from more frequent and intense natural hazards like floods and cyclones, made a breakthrough in Cancun, Mexico, in 2010, when adaptation was given the same weight as efforts to mitigate climate change in the UN climate change deal. Riding on Cancun’s success, expectations for adaptation were high in 2011. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91352 ]
 
 Some progress was made in Durban in this regard, such as setting up an advisory body on adaptation, the operationalization of the Green Climate Fund, and initiating a dialogue to address loss and damage as the impact of climate change unfolds. 
 
 But the “devil is in the detail”, as many poor countries found out, and the negotiating tracks dealing with adaptation have been “watered down”. Many voiced their concerns in the open debates in Durban. 
 
 Most of the thorny issues were tied to money and the inability of rich countries to commit in view of the economic crisis in their backyard. “We sensed a lot of resistance on that front, and we understand,” said a leading climate change negotiator from an African country. 
 
 “There seemed to be a lack of urgency,” said Sano. “But multilateral processes always involve baby steps.” 
 
 IRIN takes a closer look at some of the negotiating tracks and issues that matter to poor countries, and the NGOs trying to support and assist them. 
 
 Lack of clarity on cuts 
 
 Two decisions to cut emissions were taken in Durban: the extension of the Kyoto Protocol - the only global deal to cut emissions from 2013 onwards - and the new deal to reduce emissions after the Protocol expires in 2017. (Shortly after the talks Canada, one of the largest emitters, angered environmentalists by announcing its imminent withdrawal from the Kyoto treaty). But neither reflects the urgency needed to make deeper cuts sooner. 
 
 “This makes steps to support adaptation even more urgent for poor countries like us. It seems like the world realizes we are headed towards a catastrophe, but they don’t seem to understand,” pointed out Qazi Ahmad, one of the lead negotiators for Bangladesh. 
 
 If countries do not set higher targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2020, the planet is looking at an increase in temperature of beyond two degrees Celsius within this century, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) warned in a report issued in the run-up to the Durban conference. [ http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_bridging_gap.pdf ]
 
 The decision on how much to cut from 2013 to 2017 will only be taken in 2012, after a review. The good news is that the new global deal to cut emissions after the Kyoto Protocol ends will include major emitters like the US, China and India, but these countries will only make deeper cuts from 2020 forward. That might be too late because it will lock in high temperatures for poor countries, said Sarah Wiggins, a climate change policy expert at Tearfund, a UK-based development NGO. 
 
 The Climate Action Tracker, [ http://www.climateactiontracker.org/ ] an independent website run by scientists, said on 11 December that the current proposals to reduce emissions will push up global temperature by about 3.5 degrees Celsius by 2100. 
 
 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regards global warming of two degrees Celsius as irreversible and catastrophic, bringing water stress in arid and semi-arid countries, more floods in low-lying coastal areas, coastal erosion in small island states, and the elimination of up to 30 percent of animal and plant species. 
 
 The UNEP report found that the gap between the required emissions cuts and pledges to cut them had widened in the past year. Higher temperatures mean countries will have to dig deeper in their pockets for adaptation. “This is a matter of grave concern for us,” said Wiggins. 
 
 Estimates indicate that the highest adaptation costs will be felt in West Africa and South Asia, where residual damage (not be covered by adaptation efforts) amounting to 3.5 percent of the regional gross domestic product (GDP) will result from a rise of two degrees Celsius. Costs of between five and six percent of GDP will result from a three-degree Celsius rise, according to Climate Action Tracker. 
 
 But decisions about how much to cut by and when, has serious economic implications and involves a lot of consultation, and countries need more time, the UK’s secretary for climate change and energy, Chris Huhne, explained to IRIN. 
 
 The countries also want to wait until the next IPCC assessment is released in 2013/14 to guide them on how much to cut. 
 
 Green Climate Fund 
 
 The conference accepted the report by a transitional committee recommending the Green Climate Fund, to provide money to adapt and to mitigate should be established. But where the Fund’s secretariat will be housed remains to be decided, said Omar Elanni, a member of the committee. 
 
 Developing countries want the secretariat placed within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), where they feel it will be more independent, rather than under the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the preferred choice of some developed countries. 
 
 Another contentious issue also needs to be addressed. The draft governing text of the Fund, approved in Durban, allows the private sector to access money from the Fund to for any programmes they might be involved in to mitigate or adapt in developing countries. 
 
 “This is scary, as it means scarce public money [raised by taxpayers in developed countries] could be used to subsidize private sector entities… to administer projects which may not be a priority for developing country governments,” said Harjeet Singh, the international Climate Justice Coordinator at NGO ActionAid. 
 
 Adaptation committee 
 
 The good news is that this committee, which will function as an advisory body on adaptation to countries, has now been given meat and made operational. But the committee, which poor countries hoped would report directly to countries at the highest level in the climate change talks, will instead do so through other subsidiary bodies. “This step does not enhance the status and importance of adaptation,” said Farrukh Khan, Pakistan’s lead negotiator. 
 
 Reporting directly to the highest level would have helped the committee ensure coherence of adaptation work across the various strands and mechanisms, said ActionAid’s Singh. On a positive note, Sandeep Chamling, an adaptation expert with WWF said 10 of the 16 committee members would be from developing countries, reflecting the importance of adaptation for poorer countries. 
 
 Loss and damage 
 
 Perhaps the most significant outcome of the Cancun talks for developing countries was the call to set up a programme to consider ways of addressing loss and damage associated with climate change in vulnerable countries. 
 
 This has opened the way to the possibility of compensation for poor countries on account of climate change for the first time, and also the opportunity to use tools such as international insurance mechanisms to offset the risk. 
 
 In Durban the programme delivered a six-page text outlining the problems of trying to assess loss and damage, especially gaps in information, and called for more research. It also called for a technical paper on the impact of slow-onset events such as droughts. 
 
 Kashmala Kakakhel, of Climate and Development Knowledge, writes in a blog that the text “has elevated the… debate in the international discussion, as there are a lot of questions around the concept of loss and damage and no clear consensus on what it entails.” [ http://cdkn.org/2011/12/update-on-loss-and-damage-from-cop-17/ ]
 
 National Adaptation Plan 
 
 In Cancun, the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) seen as most vulnerable to climate change were asked to develop their own medium- and long-term National Action Plan to adapt to climate change. But there was no money in the LDC Fund, set up under the UNFCCC, to do that. There is a provision in the Green Climate Fund to finance the NAPs, but no funds as yet. 
 
 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) 
 
 This mechanism provides incentives to developing countries to conserve and plant more forests. Deforestation contributes between 12 percent and 20 percent of the world’s annual greenhouse gas emissions - about the same as the transport sector, according to the IPCC. 
 
 Progress on talks on the mechanism have been stalled by the weak reference to safeguards such as protecting the rights of the indigenous forest communities, and lack of clarity on financing the mechanism. Various options, including the sale of carbon credits, have been proposed, but these issues still remain in the final text issued in Durban. 
 
 Under the finance options, developing countries and communities can trade the carbon credits earned by conserving forests and sell them to industries spewing greenhouse gases in the developed world to offset these emissions. Many environmental groups find this unacceptable. 
 
 Kevin Conrad, Papua New Guinea’s ambassador to the talks and the man credited with developing REDD, said he was against carbon credits being sold to offset emissions. 
 
 Kate Dooley, of FERN, a European NGO, pointed out there were no carbon markets for forests, and carbon markets generally had slumped. 
 
 Conrad underlined the need for strong safeguards and efforts to ensure that emission reductions achieved through forest conservation are measured, reported and verified in a credible manner to revive the value of carbon. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94464</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112131213080015t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DURBAN 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - The UN talks in Durban, South Africa, got adaptation and the response to climate change “approximately right”, which is better than “being precisely wrong”, a tired Naderev Sano, Philippines’ chief climate change negotiator, said as he emerged from two consecutive emotionally charged all-night sessions.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: “Invisible hazard” of groundwater depletion</title><pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112130813240937t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - Experts warn rapid depletion of Bangladesh’s underground water table could jeopardize food and water security for millions throughout the country and also endanger the biodiversity of one of the world’s largest mangrove forests within the next two decades.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - Experts warn rapid depletion of Bangladesh’s underground water table could jeopardize food and water security for millions throughout the country and also endanger the biodiversity of one of the world’s largest mangrove forests within the next two decades. 
 
 “We have been drawing groundwater recklessly. Since 2004 groundwater in Bangladesh has not been recharging,” said Eftekhar Alam of the Bangladesh agricultural development corporation, an autonomous body under the Ministry of Agriculture. 
 
 Groundwater, unlike surface water such as ponds, lakes and rivers, is located in water tables beneath the ground which are recharged by seepage from rainfall; groundwater forms about 20 percent of the earth’s freshwater supply. 
 
 In the past the Bangladeshi government and researchers have promoted use of groundwater for irrigation to combat seasonal food insecurity among farmers who were otherwise dependent on the timing of monsoon rains for their harvest. 
 
 Dry season irrigation provided by groundwater is used for 80 percent of Boro rice cultivation [ http://www.narc.org.np/rice_knowledge_bank/factsheet/boro.pdf ] - also known as winter rice - which made up almost 60 percent of the country’s annual grain production in 2007-2008. [ http://www.foodsecurityatlas.org/bgd/country/availability/agricultural-production ] 
 
 During the peak of the dry season from March to April, 63 percent of the country’s irrigation comes from groundwater extraction by shallow tube wells, said Alam. 
 
 Overreliance 
 
 Overemphasizing groundwater extraction has created its own problems, he added. 
 
 Excessive reliance on groundwater versus surface water has been blamed for a 2010 water shortage in the capital of 46.7 million people (Dhaka) when troops had to guard water pumps [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88856 ] to ration use. 
 
 Alam’s studies show Bangladesh’s groundwater is being extracted at the rate of 53 billion cubic metres a year, while it is only being recharged by 50 billion cubic metres. He and other experts say this will have two worrying long-term consequences. 
 
 First, shallow tube wells which typically go no deeper than 20m into the ground (used throughout the country by farmers and the general population for small-scale irrigation and drinking) will start to go dry as water levels fall below the depth the tube wells are able to reach. 
 
 Second, as the groundwater level drops below sea level there will be saltwater intrusion, with water from the Indian Ocean moving in to fill the underground vacuum. 
 
 According to Alam, the area nationwide where shallow tube-wells go completely dry during the peak of the dry season from March-April has increased by 45 percent from 6,664sqkm in 2004 to 9,638sqkm in 2010. 
 
 But it is the impact of salination that most concerns him. 
 
 “Dhaka’s underground will be fully swamped with saline water. When people break the earth for water, all they will find is saltwater. Fifty million throughout the country will be affected,” he told IRIN, basing his estimate on the numbers of people who live in areas that may be affected, including the population of Dhaka where 97 percent of water demands are met by groundwater. 
 
 “The entire ecosystem and biodiversity of southern Bangladesh will be threatened,” he concluded. 
 
 Southern Bangladesh is home to the Sundarbans [ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798 ] the world’s largest mangrove forest and a UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. 
 
 “If the situation is not controlled this will happen within one or two decades,” Alam added. 
 
 Invisible hazard 
 
 Groundwater is replenished by rainfall, and, to a lesser extent, river seepage. Forecasts are bleak said Umme Kulsum Navera, a lecturer at the Bangladesh university of engineering and technology in Dhaka. 
 
 “Our rivers are drying up too. And our models show [at] that point rainfall will increase. This means that there will be a lot of rainfall within a short time, then no rain for a long time. This does not recharge groundwater, as the rain will mostly flow overland,” she told IRIN. 
 
 “This will eventually lead to a lot of problems for irrigation in the future,” she added. 
 
 “Bangladesh faces natural disasters like floods, cyclones, and storm surges regularly,” noted Alam. “These hazards are visible. But [groundwater depletion] is invisible and happening beneath the surface of the earth.” 
 
 Bangladeshi Minister of Agriculture Matia Chowdhury has suggested growing fewer water-consuming crops and developing saline-tolerant rice varieties in response to the looming emergency. 
 
 Alam proposes maximizing use of surface water by digging canals and dredging rivers. 
 
 Navera said few farmers are aware of how excessive current groundwater withdrawal will present problems in the future. “They know that there will be no water in the winter, they know that much.” 
 
 ms/pt/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94454</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112130813240937t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 13 December 2011 (IRIN) - Experts warn rapid depletion of Bangladesh’s underground water table could jeopardize food and water security for millions throughout the country and also endanger the biodiversity of one of the world’s largest mangrove forests within the next two decades.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Is another cholera epidemic on the way?</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200812191t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. 
 
 The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) [ http://reliefweb.int/node/462237 ] for Zimbabwe, launched on 9 December, is asking for US$268 million for humanitarian assistance in 2012. The CAP highlights a decade of “neglect” of the country’s water sanitation and hygiene sector (WASH), which has left 8 million people, or about two-thirds of the population, “with limited access to WASH and health services”. 
 
 “A third of rural Zimbabweans still drink from unprotected water sources and are thus exposed to waterborne diseases. While cholera incidence is significantly decreased compared to past years, localized outbreaks continued in 2011 due to poor infrastructure for water, sanitation, hygiene and health,” the CAP pointed out. 
 
 Since the year-long cholera epidemic, which spilled across the border into neighbouring South Africa, donors have spent about $80 million on the sector, although the Country Status Overview (CSO2) Report for Zimbabwe, by the World Bank and the government, estimates that to salvage the sector and “bring basic services to reliable and sustainable levels both in rural and urban areas” will require an annual investment of $800 million. 
 
 The CAP has earmarked $23.6 million for WASH in 2012, the third-highest sector appeal. Food is allocated $127 million, and agriculture $32 million. It is projected that about one million people will require food assistance in the first quarter of 2012, as “Rates for chronic and acute child malnutrition still stand at 34 percent and 2.4 percent respectively.” 
 
 In recent months hundreds of typhoid cases have been reported in the capital, Harare, mostly in the densely populated Dzivarasekwa township. Intermittent water supplies in urban areas because of the dilapidated water and sanitation infrastructure, the start of the rainy season, and cut-offs of water to households unable to pay their bills, have forced the urban poor to sink shallow wells, which are easily contaminated. Media reports say shallow wells in Dzivarasekwa have tested positive for typhoid. 
 
 The latest Zimbabwe Weekly Epidemiological Bulletin, for weeks 46 and 47, published jointly by Zimbabwe’s health ministry and World Health Organization, say dysentery and diarrhoea are approaching epidemic levels, although there are no confirmed cases of cholera in the bulletin for these weeks. 
 
 A health sector official, who declined to be identified, told IRIN that cases of watery diarrhoea in Chipinge and other parts of the eastern province of Manicaland were being closely watched after reports of a suspected outbreak of cholera, but this has not been officially confirmed. 
 
 A senior official of a humanitarian NGO, who also did not wish to be named, told IRIN: “We are closely monitoring the situation and will only comment and activate our programmes if the presence of cholera is officially confirmed.” 
 
 Cephas Zinhumwe, head of the National Association of Non Governmental Organizations (NANGO), an umbrella group for NGOs, told IRIN that “The resurgence of waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera [although unconfirmed], the risk of malaria in the presence of collapsing waste management services and excessive heat, are equally disturbing developments.” 
 
 Despite a bleak outlook for WASH, “Major potential disasters have been contained and many utilities, including in Harare, are now strengthened and able to provide more reliable services,” the CAP noted. 
 
 “In rural areas, although situations have improved and the incidence of cholera emergencies has reduced throughout the country, there are still highly vulnerable areas like Chipinge and Chiredzi in the eastern and southeastern parts of Zimbabwe,” the CAP said, “where situations contributing to cholera outbreaks have not yet been fully put under control, and unnecessary loss of life due to cholera and other WASH-related diseases still continues.” 
 
 dd/go/he 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94452</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200812191t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Waterborne diseases, such as typhoid, dysentery and watery diarrhoea - all approaching epidemic levels - are creating concerns that conditions exist for a reprise of the 2008/09 cholera epidemic, which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Evading the cholera epidemic*</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112121256120216t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - With just two cholera cases reported in 2011 Guinea escaped a West and Central Africa-wide cholera epidemic that infected 85,000 people and killed 2,500 in the first ten months of 2011. Luck, as well as targeted prevention efforts on the part of aid agencies and the government, brought this about, specialists told IRIN, but a far deeper overhaul of the water and sanitation system is needed country-wide to diminish the likelihood of such disease outbreaks in the long term.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - With just two cholera cases reported in 2011, Guinea escaped an epidemic in West and Central Africa that infected 85,000 people and killed 2,500 in the first 10 months of 2011. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93949 ] Luck, as well as targeted prevention efforts on the part of aid agencies and the government brought this about, specialists told IRIN, but a far deeper countrywide overhaul of the water and sanitation system is needed to diminish the likelihood of future outbreaks.
 
After widespread cholera infection in 2009, the government and aid agencies boosted prevention efforts in Guinea, making chlorine to sterilize water more readily available, spreading hand washing and clean water storage messages, and improving access to drinking water in schools and villages. These efforts have paid off: the absence of “cholera is one of the few highlights” this year, said Julien Harneis, head of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Guinea. 
 
Fish faeces and hand washing
 
Prevention is working better than in the past partly because aid agencies have developed a more sophisticated understanding of what drives the disease. In coastal areas of Guinea, including the capital, Conakry, fish proved to be an effective cholera host, passing it on through their faeces at markets across the city. 
 
Cases dropped significantly once fish storage and transportation were cleaned up. “Approaches to cholera treatment and prevention are more sophisticated now, and are based on a more in-depth scientific understanding,” said Harneis, who recently returned from a regional workshop in the Senegalese capital, Dakar, on how the disease is spread in the region. 
 
A cholera emergency contingency team - made up of representatives from the Ministry of Health, the International Committee of the Red Cross, administrators from the principal hospital, Donka, NGOs such as Action Contre la Faim (ACF) and UN agencies, including UNICEF - now meets regularly to discuss early warning and response. 
 
Hygiene practices and access to clean water are the main problems in Guinea. One marker of poor hygiene practices is that diarrhoea prevalence is similar in areas with high or low access to clean water, and in Conakry it is double that in rural regions. “The vast majority of people use unsanitary shared latrines… and the seaside is used for defecation in large parts of the city,” said Lalit Patra, head of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at UNICEF in Guinea. 
 
ACF tackles cholera by using street theatre to educate residents in at-risk neighbourhoods in cholera prevention, backed up by house-to-house visits where they distribute hygiene kits and give further advice. 
 
In Matoto, northeast Conakry, an actor representing cholera infects all who approach him. In the question and answer session after the show, another actor asks the audience of mainly women and children, “How can someone be infected by cholera?” A woman grabs the microphone to answer: “With dirty hands, and when you don’t store your water well.”
 
Hand washing and other hygiene practices have improved. “People are doing better - they wash their hands, there are more toilets in schools, but there remains too much to do,” Hawa Touré, Joint Director of Community Health at the Ministry of Health, told IRIN. 
 
No water surveillance
 
Emergency prevention and response in Guinea are working well, but a more holistic water and sanitation strategy is needed to prevent future outbreaks, Patra told IRIN.
 
Cholera is unlikely to disappear anytime soon - the nature of the disease in the region has changed to become “hyper-endemic”, meaning it is ever-present, with regular peaks, say aid agencies.
 
There has been no systematic water quality surveillance in Guinea to date, but it is highly likely to be polluted, as sources are not protected and sewage can enter pipes. 
 
The work of aid agencies such as ACF and UNICEF has had an impact. UNICEF has helped build water points and latrines in schools, and has worked with communities in 120 villages to discourage open defecation [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83127 ] but Patra said more resources are needed to scale up such work throughout the country, and access to clean water should be made cheaper.
 
The government, private sector and large agencies have traditionally turned to drilling boreholes as the answer to a lack of water, but at $10,000-$12,000 per borehole this approach is very expensive. Cheaper solutions include using local equipment to manual drilling - successfully tried in Chad and Democratic Republic of Congo - installing hand-pumps, or building water pipe systems in mountainous regions. “I was shocked that nothing else had yet been tried here,” Patra told IRIN. 
 
Trying alternatives will not be easy. Trainers will have to be imported from abroad and a monopoly of French and Germany manufacturers will need to be dismantled, said Patra, who suggests India as a cheaper alternative, based on his experience in promoting governance and community management of locally appropriate WASH technologies in Bangladesh, Indonesia and India.
 
Bold steps are needed to keep Guinea cholera-free in the long term. As Harneis put it: “We have been lucky… but whether or not we get cholera next year - that will be the real lesson.”
 
*This story was amended on 12 December

aj/ic/he
 
]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94449</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112121256120216t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - With just two cholera cases reported in 2011 Guinea escaped a West and Central Africa-wide cholera epidemic that infected 85,000 people and killed 2,500 in the first ten months of 2011. Luck, as well as targeted prevention efforts on the part of aid agencies and the government, brought this about, specialists told IRIN, but a far deeper overhaul of the water and sanitation system is needed country-wide to diminish the likelihood of such disease outbreaks in the long term.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>YEMEN: Taiz facing a humanitarian crisis</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071416520593t.jpg" />]]>TAIZ 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Yemen&apos;s southern city of Taiz – scene of mass protests demanding the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh - is facing an increasingly serious humanitarian situation, with dozens killed and injured, and limited access to water, health and education after several days of fierce fighting.</description><body><![CDATA[TAIZ 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Yemen's southern city of Taiz – scene of mass protests demanding the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh - is facing an increasingly serious humanitarian situation, with dozens killed and injured, and limited access to water, health and education after several days of fierce fighting. 

Unsafe roads have interrupted the movement of water trucks in the city since clashes erupted on 29 November between government forces and an armed opposition that supports the civilian protesters. Taiz, a water-scarce city, relied on trucked-in water before the conflict. 

"At the moment, we don't have even a drop of water at home,” Abdulqadus al-Maqtari, who has been waiting for water for more than a week , told IRIN. “The toilet is blocked... It is becoming extremely difficult for us to relieve ourselves. We have to wait until it gets dark to relieve ourselves outdoors." 

Several hundred families in the neighbourhoods of Beer Basha, al-Hasab, Zaid al-Moshiqi and 60-meter Street have been living this way for the past few days. 

The UN says 22 people have been killed and 83 injured in intense fighting since 1 December. Sultan al-Samai, a member of parliament from Taiz, said indiscriminate shelling of neighbourhoods was the cause.

Fighting between government and opposition gunmen has continued, despite a deal signed last month in which Saleh agreed to hand over power to Vice-President Abdrabuh Mansur Hadi within 30 days. The deal also stipulated that elections would be held within 90 days, with a new interim government to run the country until then. 

Some government forces have been pulled back since 6 December, but both sides still have troops spreading into some neighbourhoods. 

Medical facilities inaccessible 

Families are resorting to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as consuming water stored in contaminated tanks, and poor sanitation practices. If the water supply remains interrupted much longer, cholera and other water-borne diseases are likely to spread, said Abdullah Mursid, head of the Epidemiology Surveillance Department in Taiz governorate. 

Public hospitals in Taiz have been running short of medicine and medical supplies due to insecurity and lack of funding amid the ongoing political crisis, said Baligh al-Thwari, head of the government’s Medical Performance Monitoring and Follow-up Department in Taiz. 

"Hospitals are incapable of treating the injured, nor are they prepared to cope with any potential spread of water-borne diseases," he said.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) said there were also “worrying reports” of injured people being unable to reach medical facilities, and of facilities being attacked and damaged. [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2011/yemen-news-2011-12-06.htm ]

"The violence has had a serious impact on basic services in recent weeks, with life-saving medical services especially hard hit,” said Eric Marclay, the ICRC's head of delegation in Yemen. “The ICRC reminds all those concerned that all possible measures must be taken to search for, collect and evacuate the wounded and sick.” 

In some cases, Yemen Red Crescent volunteers and others transporting the injured have been prevented from saving lives or have been injured themselves. "Trying to save a life can cost you your own these days," Marclay said. "Anyone who is injured must be able to receive life-saving medical care without delay.”

On 5 December, the Human Rights Information & Training Center (HRITC), a rights group based in Taiz, [ http://hritc.net/index.php?action=showDetails&id=1348 ] appealed to aid agencies to intervene and "rescue the Taiz population from a potential humanitarian catastrophe". 

The humanitarian situation has been deteriorating since the first day of December due to the unprecedented shelling, insecurity and lawlessness in the city, the statement said. 

"Hundreds of thousands of people will be affected if no humanitarian interventions are made to save civilian lives," HRITC warned. 

According to Nabil al-Basha, a municipality officer in the city, bakeries and groceries have closed in many neighbourhoods, most notability in Beer Basha and al-Hasab. "Dozens of critically injured cases remain without access to necessary medication [due to insecurity]," Al-Basha told IRIN. 

The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) said three children had been killed and seven injured in the latest round of violence in Taiz. [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_60841.html ]

Access to basic social services is increasingly limited and schools and hospitals have been occupied or come under attack, depriving more than 100,000 children of access to schooling or healthcare, UNICEF said.

Rights violations

The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navi Pillay, has voiced concern about the deteriorating situation, despite the peace deal. [ http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/Media.aspx ]

“Unarmed civilians, including very young children, have been shot and left dead or with serious injuries,” Pillay said. “It is appalling and extremely disappointing that despite the successive deals and ceasefires, government security forces continue to use live ammunition against unarmed protesters.

“The government must immediately ensure that lethal force and heavy weapons are not used against peaceful demonstrators. Human rights violations in Taiz must be independently investigated, the results of the investigation must be made public, and those responsible must be brought to justice without delay.”

Mass pro-democracy protests and fighting between government forces and opposition tribesmen in other cities, including the capital Sana’a, have killed hundreds of people. In addition, some 400,000 people have been displaced by separate conflicts in the north and south of the country and widespread malnutrition, which affected more than one-third of the Yemeni population before the political crisis, is feared to be rising.  

Humanitarian partners will expand their programmes next year to target 3.8 million people needing assistance, requesting total funding of US$452 million for 2012.

ay/ha/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94419</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071416520593t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TAIZ 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Yemen&apos;s southern city of Taiz – scene of mass protests demanding the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh - is facing an increasingly serious humanitarian situation, with dozens killed and injured, and limited access to water, health and education after several days of fierce fighting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Floods, rains wreak havoc</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200611211t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in Kenya have washed away bridges and rendered many roads impassable, complicating efforts to reach thousands of people made homeless by the flooding, an official of the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in Kenya have washed away bridges and rendered many roads impassable, complicating efforts to reach thousands of people made homeless by the flooding, an official of the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) told IRIN. 
 
 "We are currently undertaking an assessment through our branches countrywide to establish the magnitude of the problem [and identify] the most vulnerable of those affected and areas which we have not reached because of logistical challenges," Nelly Muluka, the KRCS public relations and communications officer, said on 5 December. 
 
 So far, Muluka said, at least a dozen people have died and more than 40,000 others have been affected since the start of short rains in October. 
 
 "Three people died in a mudslide in Keiyo [North Rift] three days ago, bringing the number of those who have died in the [Rift Valley] province to five since October; seven have died in Nyanza [western Kenya] and two at the Coast," Muluka said. "We are concerned about the livelihoods of those displaced by floods or heavy rain in various parts of the country and we have started distributing non-food items to those we have been able to reach. 
 
 "In Garbatula [Isiolo district] for instance, hundreds of farmers have lost crops... we now have to look ahead and see how they will be assisted in terms of livelihood support," Muluka said. "In other areas, there is the danger of waterborne diseases breaking out after latrines and boreholes were submerged and in other areas, water pipelines have burst." 
 
 According to the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), whose monitors are on the ground in northern Kenya, floods have affected all of Isiolo County, with Ewaso Nyiro River bursting its banks. Garfarsa, Kombola, Sericho, Merti and Garbatula are some of the worst-affected areas, KNCHR said. 
 
 The displaced and those affected by the floods urgently require relief aid such as food, mosquito nets, tents, blankets, cooking utensils and medicine. KNCHR said the situation had been especially dire for 21 people who had been marooned in the past six days on higher ground between two streams in Merti. The group was taken to Merti town by helicopter on 5 December. 
 
 River Nzoia burst its banks on 3 December, displacing thousands of people in Budalang'i, Bunyala and Funyula areas of western Kenya. Thousands are also displaced in Nyando and Nyatike areas in Nyanza, as well in Coast Province. 
 
 Teams comprising government, KRCS and UN officials are involved in rapid assessments of the flooding situation, a humanitarian official, who requested anonymity, told IRIN. 
 
 In October, flash floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93984 ] in Coast Province claimed several lives, damaged schools and destroyed sewage systems. Some of the affected areas included Changamwe, Kisauni, Kongowea and Likoni estates in Mombasa, where flood waters submerged large areas, making it difficult for residents to access clean water. 
 
 In November, the Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System [ http://www.gdacs.org/reports.asp?eventType=FL&ID=2011_3874&country=Kenya&location=0&system=asgard&alertlevel=Green&glide_no=0 ] issued a flood alert for Kenya, after more than 300 families were displaced and livestock swept away by flash floods in Wajir, northern Kenya; and 5,000 families relocated to higher ground in Kerio Valley in Rift Valley Province. 
 
 js/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94402</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200611211t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in Kenya have washed away bridges and rendered many roads impassable, complicating efforts to reach thousands of people made homeless by the flooding, an official of the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) told IRIN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
