<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Vietnam</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 07:30:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Southeast Asia’s human trafficking conundrum</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.

A 2012 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report on human trafficking [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf ] recorded more than 10,000 cases of trafficking in persons in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific between 2007-2010, but it is unclear what the situation is today.

“Nobody has been able to convincingly demonstrate the scale of the problem, let alone come up with clear ways of how to address it,” Sverre Molland, a lecturer at the Australian National University in Canberra who specializes in human trafficking, told IRIN.

“After all these years, we are still debating what trafficking actually is,” he said, noting efforts to combat it were suffering from donor fatigue because of a lack of tangible results.

In 2011, 16-year-old Evi* left her remote village in Indonesia’s Banten Province in the hope of making more money to help her family.

“My auntie introduced me to a broker who forged my travel documents so I could work,” she said. “The broker then took me to a recruitment agency in Jakarta. I just wanted to earn more money. I thought God would protect me.”

The agency [ http://xwvw.irinnews.org/Report/88967/INDONESIA-Families-struggle-as-more-women-work-overseas ] arranged for Evi’s travel to Jordan and placement as a domestic worker in Amman, but she soon found she was being exploited by her employer.

“I was allowed to sleep for about two hours a day, sometimes less,” said Evi. “I had to take care of four children and clean the house. The mother and auntie of the children often beat me with sandals or punched me for no reason, and sometimes my nose bled.”

In 2012, having endured physical abuse for over a year, her employer began to withhold her pay, and Evi attempted suicide by drinking a glass of kerosene.

“My employer found me unconscious and allowed me to rest, but the next day, they made me work again,” she said.

Later, Evi ran away from her employer and roamed the streets of Amman looking for work until a local shopkeeper took her to a police station. Jordanian police then took her to the Indonesian Embassy, which arranged for her repatriation to a shelter for trafficked children in Jakarta, where she is recovering.

Regional cooperation

Cooperation between the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to tackle human trafficking has resulted in high-level initiatives and memorandums of understanding (MoUs).

“The MoUs should facilitate the exchanging of information and evidence between governments,” said Sean Looney, operations, monitoring and evaluation manager at SISHA, [ http://www.sisha.org/ ] an anti-trafficking and exploitation NGO in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

“But in practice this does not happen at all. In a lot of human trafficking cases there’s no resolution because there’s no cooperation, despite the fact that agreements are in place.”

According to Looney, cooperation was also hindered by a lack of trust between Cambodia and Thailand, and Cambodia and Vietnam, due in part to past conflicts.

Martin Reeve, a UNODC regional adviser on trafficking in Bangkok, said law enforcement agencies across the region were still developing.

“Securing a human trafficking conviction is at the best of times a difficult process,” he said. “Intelligence-led policing is immature or non-existent, so the offenders arrested are less likely to be those organizing the trafficking, and police-to-police cooperation remains weak.”

All ASEAN governments are part of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, [ http://www.baliprocess.net ] a non-binding, voluntary forum co-chaired by the governments of Indonesia and Australia, which began in 2002.

Febrian Ruddyard, director of international security and disarmament at the Indonesian Foreign Ministry, said the Process had only recently begun to address trafficking in persons because not all countries had strong national legislation in place.

To date, all ASEAN governments have passed anti-trafficking legislation with the exception of Laos and Singapore.

Indonesia and Australia have faced challenges in encouraging members of the Bali Process to take practical action to address human trafficking, Ruddyard said.

“Many member countries are interested in the Process but attracting funding from them [for projects] is difficult, not only because the issue is still a low priority in some countries but also because the Process is non-binding,” he said.

Ruddyard cited last year’s creation of a regional support office in Bangkok to implement practical arrangements to combat trafficking, and a plan to use the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation in Indonesia to train law enforcers across the region to better deal with human trafficking cases, as achievements of the Process.

A local problem

Part of the problem lies at the local level.

Ahmed Sofian, national coordinator of ECPAT Indonesia, [ http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Ecpat_directory.asp?id=78&groupID=3 ] an NGO based in Jakarta working to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children, said there was little effort made by local law enforcement officials in Indonesia to deal with trafficking.

“There are economic benefits for those living close to the brothels that children are trafficked to,” said Sofian. “Locals will gravitate to the area to sell food or provide security, and local police officers - often on low salaries - will ask for protection money from the owners of the brothels.”

“This is why it’s so difficult to eliminate trafficking,” Sofian went on. “There’s a local economy that grows up around it, and if the local government attempts to close these brothels, the police will become angry.”

Jonhar Johan, an official at the Indonesian Women Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry, agreed, saying local implementation was a problem.

Of Indonesia’s 497 districts, only 88 have anti-trafficking task forces.

“We need the commitment of district governments and police, but generally it is lacking,” he said. “The districts need to… develop their own task forces.”

Johan also said that even when trafficking victims were identified and returned home by the authorities, they remained vulnerable to being re-trafficked.

“We offer them financial help so they can start up small businesses when they return home, but when we visit them to formalize this, we find they’ve gone,” he said. “Many victims are poor and they see the economic gain from working abroad, so maybe they leave home again because of the money. Traffickers like these kinds of people.”

According to SISHA’s Looney, while the Cambodian police’s anti-human trafficking and juvenile protection division tackled human trafficking, at the district level police were hamstrung by a lack of funds.

“The police have to use their own money for fuel to go to interview victims, bring victims to court and feed the victims [while they are in police custody],” he said. “They don’t have access to basic operational costs, and it’s unclear whether that’s down to ineptitude, a lack of funds, or whether funds are being siphoned off elsewhere.”

SISHA was financially supporting police investigations into human trafficking and offering guidance on conducting criminal investigations, said Looney.

“Many local police officers are just looking for support so they can do their jobs. The average police officer wants to tackle the problem and help victims, but practical requirements make it difficult for them,” he said.

Increasing complexity

International Organization of Migration (IOM) Indonesia chief of mission Denis Nihill said the changing nature of human trafficking made it more difficult to tackle.

“There’s been a lot of work done on the Greater Mekong Region for many years on trafficking, but it’s become more complex, as it’s now inextricably woven with labour migration, which is a much more difficult nut to crack because it is less easy to detect than trafficking linked to the sex industry.”

Nihill also pointed to the difficulties of tackling internal trafficking, which IOM’s 2011 counter trafficking report [ http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf ] highlighted as particularly problematic in Indonesia.

“For cross border trafficking, people must pass through the hands of several government agencies, but internally trafficked people need not come to the attention of any officials, so in many ways it’s a more alarming situation,” he said.

The US Department of the State’s 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report [ http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/index.htm ] categorizes most ASEAN countries as Tier 2, meaning they do not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but are making significant efforts to do so.

*not her real name

mw/ds/cb


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UN TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL

The 2000 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons [ http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf ] defines human trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of… coercion, abduction, fraud or deception… for the purpose of exploitation”. Child trafficking is defined as the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation”. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97979/Southeast-Asia-s-human-trafficking-conundrum</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Asia braces for spill-over of new bird flu strain</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 21 people in China, killing six [ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_04_07/en/index.html ].

These are the first human infections and deaths to have been recorded from this virus strain worldwide. China’s neighbours have reacted by boosting hospital capabilities and disease surveillance, strengthening border control, issuing reminders to ban illegal poultry imports, and more vigorously testing what is imported. 

Following a mass animal culling on 5 April in Shanghai - one of the Chinese cities affected - pandemic expert and virologist Yi Guan from the University of Hong Kong told IRIN he expects human cases to “drop or stop”. But he added that experts still have much to learn about the disease. 

The virus has proved to be a “low-pathogenic” virus in infected land-based birds, so it is not clear why the virus has been so severe in humans, he noted. The true spread of the disease is also still unknown. 

"We have a knowledge gap and do not know the full picture. There may be people with minor infections or who are asymptomatic among [the] population as a result of H7N9," said Yi. 

Experts have not been able to learn how or why the 21 persons became infected. While some people had contact with animals or their habitats, and infections are suspected to originate in poultry, the virus's host and source have not been lab-confirmed. 

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has noted that knowing what species is responsible for the fatal outbreak is “essential to target response actions accordingly, including trade restrictions”. 

Indonesia 

Since the H5N1 bird flu virus first appeared in 2003, there have been 622 laboratory-confirmed human cases globally, 371 of them fatal, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20130312CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf ]. Indonesia has seen the largest number of deaths from H5N1: 160. 

"We face a similar situation to China because the high risks of the animal-human interface, and inadequate bio-security among many poultry farmers. That's why [holding a] public awareness campaign is important, and we continue to closely monitor genetic mutations of the bird flu virus,” said Emil Agustiono, the head of Indonesia’s National Zoonosis Committee. 

He said no “special measures” have been enacted as the country does not import live poultry from China. 

The WHO has not advised any travel restrictions or any special screenings linked to the flu outbreak. 

Tjandra Yoga Aditama, director general for disease control and environmental health at Indonesia’s Health Ministry, told IRIN the call for “intensive surveillance” has been made to local health departments. They have also been called upon to immediately respond to “any cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection, which may be found in communities, hospitals and other health care providers, seaports and airports." 

Vietnam 

Vietnam, which does import live poultry from China, issued a government directive on 4 April reminding officials working near the border with China to be vigilant about keeping out illegal poultry imports and about inspecting all legal imports before distribution. 

Vietnam’s health ministry has designated laboratories to analyse blood samples of suspected cases. 

The Institute for Tropical Diseases in the capital, Hanoi, has ready 8,000 doses of Tamiflu (reported by Chinese authorities to be effective in treating the infection at early stages), 23 respirators and two dialysis machines. On 5 April, the Health Ministry promulgated an action plan in the case of an H7N9 outbreak 

China 

Local media reported [ http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1208847/hong-kong-standby-new-bird-flu-cases-revealed-shanghai ] that Hong Kong government officials have cautioned against panic-buying and confirmed the availability of 1,400 hospital beds to quarantine any patients infected with H7N9. 

Following his visit to a local poultry market on 8 April, Hong Kong’s secretary for food and health, Ko Wing-man, told reporters [ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201304/08/P201304080345.htm ] that officials in Hong Kong and mainland China are collaborating to boost surveillance of all poultry imports. All poultry are to receive rapid tests for H5N1 virus as well as H7N9 before being released to the markets for sales in Hong Kong. 

pt/ap/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97806/Asia-braces-for-spill-over-of-new-bird-flu-strain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Games, cartoons boost youth disaster preparation</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201005041239380203t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities. 

According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), at least half of those affected by natural disasters are youths under 18. Experiential learning (learning by doing), games and animated films are some ways entertainers and educators are using to teach youths disaster risk reduction (DRR) skills. 

“Feeling and experiencing it [disaster simulation] empowers them. There are gains, especially in flood and cyclone areas of Asia where games have been helpful,” said Jordan Naidoo, a senior education adviser with UNICEF in New York. 

The Asia-Pacific region [ http://www.unisdr.org/archive/29286 ] has been hardest hit by natural disasters, with an estimated two million people killed from 1970-2011, or 75 percent of global deaths from natural disasters in that period. 

Helping children handle stress before a disaster hits is critical, especially as countries confront slow-onset disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] in addition to rapid-onset ones, said Naidoo. 

“While in Asia there tend to be more sudden onset emergencies such as earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons (flood and wind hazards), in the Middle East the types of emergencies are slow and complex, such as conflict, war and drought. In [each of] these situations, we use games differently, to help children deal with their emotional stress.” 

Games 

Games are effective in helping children prepare for calamity, said Unni Krishnan, head of disaster response for international NGO Plan International. 

The agency helped design a DRR board game, Riskland, in Viet Nam. Similar to “snakes and ladders” (known as “chutes and ladders” in some countries) the Vietnamese adaptation includes illustrations from schoolchildren that depict local geography to teach about climate change and local environmental threats, such as flooding and winds. Like the original game, the object is to navigate from start to finish, helped or hindered by ladders and snakes/chutes. 

According to a recent Plan International and UN Office for Disaster Reduction (UNIDSR) report [ http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/29304 ] games help children socialize and boost their confidence to discuss disasters with peers and family. 

Cartoons 

Thai and Indian youths have learned about flood preparation from a whale and elephant, respectively. A locally produced Thai animation broadcast [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8zAAEDGQPM ] during late 2011 flooding in Thailand called Roo Su Flood (Know, Fight Flood), attracted over 78,000 “likes” on YouTube the day it was uploaded, a number that has since grown to more than 650,000, according to the channel’s counter. 

Thailand-based Asia editor Jon Russell from the internet technology blog The Next Web [ http://thenextweb.com/ ], said he believed the cartoon’s popularity came from the perception its information was “unbiased and reliable”. Up to that point, Russell said government officials had provided conflicting flood assessments [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94109/GLOBAL-The-risk-of-warning-fatigue-in-disaster-preparedness ], announcing that the floods were under control one day, only to issue threatening warnings soon after. 

Over six months, flooding in Thailand killed at least 628 people, affected more than 13 million, and damaged 20,000sqkm of farmland [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3858.pdf ].

Elsewhere in the region India’s government and the UN Development Programme turned to an elephant figure popular among children to teach the dangers of floodwaters through colouring books. 

Slum art 

In some slum districts of Dhaka - Bangladesh’s capital that is listed among the world’s most natural disaster-prone cities - even a relatively small amount of rain can cause flooding due to poor drainage systems and even poorer construction. 

NGOs there have helped children create murals and community plays in some of those settlements outlining fire hazards and just how dangerous a clogged drain can be. 

UNICEF and the Dutch government worked to strengthen national DRR education following the country’s Cyclone Aila in May 2009, which killed an estimated 190 people. The same area was hit two years earlier by another cyclone that killed 3,500. 

To reach children not in schools, NGOs have used community plays in one of Dhaka’s slums, Jatrabari, to teach children living in overcrowded, fire-prone bamboo-and-tin homes about fire hazards. 

No matter the media, children must be central to DRR learning, said Krishna from Plan International, who credits them with being excellent information and education “sponges”. 

She said a 2010 tropical storm in El Salvador tested schoolchildren from El Zapotal, some 120km from the capital of San Salvador. “Children were in the forefront of evacuation and thus saved 415 people in their village from certain death of being buried alive by landslides.” 

In consultations UNISDR held with more than 200 youths from six Asian countries in 2012, almost all those interviewed said they did not want to be viewed as victims, but rather as people protecting their communities. 

gk/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97558/Games-cartoons-boost-youth-disaster-preparation</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201005041239380203t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Vietnam’s Buddhist response to disaster</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161104270712t.jpg" />]]>HANOI/HUE 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - Buddhist monks, nuns and their followers have long contributed to Vietnam’s disaster relief efforts. Sometimes equipped with canoes filled with instant noodles, woollen hats and psychosocial counsellors, this local cadre may lack standard operating procedures, but it constitutes a largely undocumented and significant disaster relief system running parallel to governmental efforts.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI/HUE 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - Buddhist monks, nuns and their followers have long contributed to Vietnam’s disaster relief efforts. Sometimes equipped with canoes filled with instant noodles, woollen hats and psychosocial counsellors, this local cadre may lack standard operating procedures, but it constitutes a largely undocumented and significant disaster relief system running parallel to governmental efforts.

Buddhist temples’ (or any religious organization’s) contribution to disaster relief is still under-studied by international donors and NGOs working on disaster response, despite their growing role in a number of places, says Ian Wilderspin, a technical specialist on disaster risk management for the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Hanoi.

However, Bui Viet Hien, a UNDP programme analyst, co-authored a 2011 study [ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/WaterfoodCP/PN50_M-POWER_ProjectReport_Apr30_approved.pdf ] in collaboration with the Ministry of Sciences and Technology on the role of informal organizations in boosting community resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96549/AID-POLICY-Resisting-the-mantra-of-resilience ] to flooding in a district of the coastal Binh Dinh Province in south-central Vietnam.

Groups identified in the study included, among others, business leaders in the rice industry; boat owners who lived closest to the pier and provided emergency transportation during flood seasons; and dyke protection brigades nominated by village elders to supervise dykes during rainy seasons. The study broke down each group’s contribution to boosting resilience, concluding that people in the above three groups had the most impact on their villages’ ability to get through disasters.  

There has not been a similar effort to assess informal organizations’ contribution to disaster response, she told IRIN last September. “It is an important question to ask [religious organizations’ contribution to disaster relief and prevention], but we simply do not know.”

Eric Debert, a programme manager with international NGO CARE in Vietnam, said though religious groups are not targeted directly in CARE’s work with communities on disaster risk reduction, they may be represented in other community associations and groups CARE consults.

Nevertheless, it could be a “gap”, he noted. Since 2006 CARE has coordinated the Joint Advocacy Network Initiative (JANI) [ http://www.drrprojects.net/drrp/drrpp/project/506 ] funded by European Union aid body ECHO.

JANI includes 18 international and local NGOs as well as mass organizations (like Vietnam’s Women’s Union, whose stated membership is 13 million) which promote a community-based approach to help residents in disaster-prone areas face increasingly frequent and more intense natural hazards.

Buddhist operating procedures?

“They [Buddhist temples] have good intentions, but little strategy,” said Nguyen Huu Thang, the vice-director of social welfare and disaster for the Vietnam Red Cross (one of two groups nationwide authorized to receive disaster relief donations) which has collaborated with Buddhist temples organizing relief trips. Temples’ lack of formal training in humanitarian response can lead to “confusion or chaos” if relief groups deliver goods haphazardly without coordinating with local officials, said Thang.

But the leader of Quan Dinh temple on the outskirts of Hanoi, who goes by her Buddhist `dharma’ name (given during an initiation ceremony), Sister Peaceful Light, told IRIN the temple always goes through an official structure, whether it is Vietnam Red Cross or provincial authorities.

Pagoda leaders in or close to disaster-stricken areas often meet and guide arriving groups on hikes or by canoe to provincial authorities, who then direct them to villages most in need.

Thang said Buddhist temples were more active in organizing disaster responses than other religious groups.

In a country where more than half the population declares itself Buddhist, the network is wide - some 25,000 temples staffed with monks or nuns nationwide as of five years ago - Vietnam’s Buddhist Association reported to international media.

But the count then, and now, is only approximate. “Not all temples are registered with us. Some villages put joss sticks in an urn with rice and have a nun that visits occasionally. Is that a temple? Perhaps, but not known to us,” said an association staff member.

Tracking informal giving

“Why do you need to know how much we gave? Is it not enough that we did?” asked the nun overseeing one of the most well-known Buddhist pagodas in the central city of Hue, Tay Linh temple, who goes by the name of Sister True Compassion.

Buddhist temples file annual reports with the national Vietnamese Buddhist Association which lists donation amounts and how the money was spent: Surviving families of canoes which sank; children in a leper colony; cancer patient’s home visit. And in late 2011 when storms battered [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2011-000137-vnm ] the southern tip of Vietnam, killing an estimated 85 and forcing another 13,000 families from their homes, Tay Linh temple’s disaster relief activities filled almost an entire page.

In 2011, the temple’s charity board, which Sister True Compassion heads alongside her position as vice-director of the regional charity board representing all Buddhist temples in Hue, calculated it gave some US$24,000 to communities hit by disaster.

When IRIN asked the national Buddhist association for a breakdown of how much money from overseas was sent to Buddhist temples in Vietnam, and how much money was donated to disaster relief efforts, officials said they had not formally analysed giving or disaster relief activities.

Not an uncommon response, noted local NGO Vietnam Asia Pacific Economic Centre, which published a study in 2011 [ http://asiafoundation.org/publications/pdf/944 ], with support from Asia Foundation, on philanthropic giving in Vietnam. The study noted that while in recent decades there has been “substantial individual giving... to alleviate the suffering of others particularly in times of disaster,” there has not been “systematic research or reports on giving patterns”.

Based on interviews with 200 households and 100 businesses nationwide, the NGO learned that “informal channels” - including pagodas, churches and community groups - received most charitable giving, while “official channels”- corporate organizations and funds for the poor - received but a fraction (27 percent in urban areas, 9.4 percent in rural ones).

“We do not work like formal organizations. Please do not call me a leader of anything,” said Sister True Compassion. “We are only trying to alleviate suffering and build compassion. That is all.”

pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97256/Vietnam-s-Buddhist-response-to-disaster</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161104270712t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI/HUE 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - Buddhist monks, nuns and their followers have long contributed to Vietnam’s disaster relief efforts. Sometimes equipped with canoes filled with instant noodles, woollen hats and psychosocial counsellors, this local cadre may lack standard operating procedures, but it constitutes a largely undocumented and significant disaster relief system running parallel to governmental efforts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: Vietnam’s move away from detaining sex workers</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212201344270297t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 20 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sex workers in Vietnam are struggling to figure out their next steps after the government’s decision earlier this year to release them from compulsory detention centres that have been widely condemned for alleged human rights abuses.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 20 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sex workers in Vietnam are struggling to figure out their next steps after the government’s decision earlier this year to release them from compulsory detention centres that have been widely condemned for alleged human rights abuses [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/09/07/vietnam-torture-forced-labor-drug-detention ].

Until recently, women aged 16-55 caught selling sex were sent to these “rehabilitation” centres where they were detained for up to two years without due process, and required to take classes and receive vocational training. But detention has done little to prepare these workers for a life off the streets, they said. 

What was the legal change? 

In a move to what it calls “voluntary rehabilitation”, the National Assembly passed the Law on Administrative Sanctions [ http://www.un.org.vn/en/feature-articles-press-centre-submenu-252/2181-the-united-nations-in-viet-nam-congratulates-the-government-and-national-assembly-for-passing-of-new-laws.html ] in June, which requires authorities to release all women detained on sex work charges by 2 July 2013. 

In lieu of detention, any newly arrested sex workers will be fined US$14 at first, and then $240 for a repeat offence, according to local media [ http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/society/49983/all-sex-workers-in-hcm-city-to-be-released.html ] and sex workers IRIN interviewed, while experts say these figures are speculative. 

The government declared sex work a “social evil” by ordinance in 2003 [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/10/18/new-un-report-takes-a-stark-look-at-links-between-sex-work-hiv-and-the-law-in-asia-and-the-pacific/ ].

What’s the background to compulsory detention? 

In 2011 there were 113 compulsory detention centres, according to the National Committee for AIDS, Drugs and Prostitution Prevention Control. Both sex workers and drug users have been sent to the same centres, Do Thi Ninh Xuan, deputy director of the Department of Social Evil Prevention, under the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA), told IRIN. Female detainees - mostly sex workers - are said to be held in “05” centres after the government resolution that criminalized sex work [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/10/18/new-un-report-takes-a-stark-look-at-links-between-sex-work-hiv-and-the-law-in-asia-and-the-pacific/ ], while drug users are said to be detained in “06” centres, though detention is often within the same compound. 

Nearly 25,000 drug users were detained in 2011, according to a presentation by the above committee at a recent UN-convened regional consultation on voluntary treatment [ http://www.unodc.org/eastasiaandpacific/en/2012/10/ccdus/story.html ], along with some 900 sex workers, according to local media [ http://www.tuoitrenews.vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/society/900-ex-sex-workers-to-be-released-amidst-concerns-1.88487 ].

Deputy director Xuan said the government is moving away from compulsory rehabilitation for drug users, though progress is not as advanced as with sex workers. 

“In Ho Chi Minh City, authorities have moved staff [from some of the rehabilitation centres] to work at commune health stations or moved them into social work. The general direction will be that way,” she said, without giving a time frame or indicating what will happen with the drug users (who greatly outnumber sex workers) currently detained. 

What about treatment for those with HIV/AIDS? 

According to UNAIDS, in 2011 HIV prevalence among men who inject drugs and female sex workers was 13.4 percent and 3 percent nationwide, respectively (with some places like the capital, Hanoi, testing as high as 20 percent) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/october/20121005detentioncenters/ ], while national HIV prevalence was estimated at 0.53 percent [ http://www.unaids.org.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=4&Itemid=26&lang=en ].

While the detention centres test for HIV and tuberculosis, not all provide antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, said one Vietnamese health worker in regular contact with staff working in the centres who declined to be named. ARV is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS which helps minimize the impact of HIV on the immune system. 

“Their loved ones need to bring [ARVs] to them because they [the detainees] are not allowed to go out,” she said. However, the drugs can be confiscated because authorities fear heroin can be smuggled in, she adds. “So some of the patients may stop the [ARV] treatment.” 

“In the centres we need good methadone and ARVs. The staff need to be trained and aware of that issue,” the health worker added. 

Daily doses of methadone, a pain reliever, have been shown to help wean injecting drug users off heroin by blocking drug-induced euphoria and blunting their withdrawal symptoms, but in some cases, users have simply substituted one addiction for another. 

As reported in a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report published this year [ http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/HHR%20Drug%20Detention%20Brochure_LOWRES.pdf ], the government is providing antiretroviral treatment (ART) in compulsory detention centres in 35 of the country’s 58 provinces, and voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) as well as information, education and communication (IEC) services in 31 provinces. 

Recently released World Health Organization HIV prevention and treatment guidelines [ http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/sex_worker/en/index.html ] call for countries to decriminalize sex work and improve sex workers’ access to health services in order to slash HIV infections among sex workers. 

What next for sex workers? 

“We are worried that prostitution will increase after the law [Law on Administrative Sanctions] takes effect because prostitutes may not be worried about being detained,” Le Duc Hien, also a deputy director in the Department of Social Evil Prevention, told IRIN, highlighting government divisions over the law’s passage, and calling into question among activists just how it will be enforced. 

While MOLISA has discussed what services will be provided to women released on sex work charges, no concrete decisions have been taken, according to one unnamed government official. Xuan said released women will continue to receive the medical care they received while in detention, but did not provide details. 

Ha, a sex worker in Hanoi, said released sex workers can apply for an interest-free loan of nearly $1,000 from the quasi-governmental Women’s Union. “There are many standards for women to borrow money. The most important is that they have to give up sex work,” she said. 

The government’s National Programme of Action Against Prostitution 2011-2015 [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/10/18/new-un-report-takes-a-stark-look-at-links-between-sex-work-hiv-and-the-law-in-asia-and-the-pacific/ ] aims to reduce the number of “hotspots” for sex work by 40 percent through community-based efforts to help sex workers build alternative livelihoods. 

One problem, however, said Ha, is that the Women’s Union - at the provincial level where the women apply - only lends to women who are likely to repay, which often means those who are already well off. “But they are not the ones who need it.” 

Provincial Women’s Union officials did not return requests for comment, while an officer at one of the organization’s two national lending programmes [ http://www.mixmarket.org/mfi/tym ], which do not offer no-interest loans, said provincial lending practices vary by site. 

This leaves sex workers with few options, said Huong, another sex worker. “So they continue sex work to save the money,” she said. However, it’s difficult to save. “Usually they live with their boyfriends who are drug users, or they go gambling so he takes all the money.” 

According to a recent survey [ http://www.iom.int.vn/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=263&Itemid=1 ] of 78 male sex workers and 69 female ones on why they continued their work, nearly 48 percent of the men responded "cushy work with high income" as did half the women. Some 19 percent of men and 22 percent of women said they had not found other work; 27 percent of men and 16 percent of women noted it was to "extend social network". Nearly 11 percent of the women said it was due to the "free and comfortable life". Respondents could give more than one reason. 

The average monthly income among the surveyed was $413 dollars, four times the average monthly income in urban areas nationwide. 

According to the UN and HRW, at least 80 percent of sex workers and drug users, upon leaving, continue doing what landed them in the centres in the first place. 

Huong said 180 women are going to be released from a centre in Ba Vi, where she had been detained, on the outskirts of Hanoi, in 2013. Of these, she said about half, based on her conversations with the women, want to return to their homes so they can start a small shop. “But they need money. The government should lend them money and help them find a job,” she said. The other half want to stay in the city and continue sex work, she added. 

“They are afraid of the stigma from neighbours and family,” she said. “There’s a lot of stigma. Some people don’t allow their children to go near you if they know you’re a sex worker.” 

Even with detention ending, payoffs to avoid arrest are still happening, according to interviews IRIN conducted recently with sex workers in Hanoi. They reported that many workers who were unaware of the end of compulsory detention for sex workers were still being forced to pay bribes to avoid arrest - and, presumably, detention as has been the case until recently. 

Getting the word out to sex workers about their rights and the law is hard, said Ha. “They work from 12am to 6am. They don’t have TV or newspapers, so they don’t know about the law.” 

mb/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97087/Briefing-Vietnam-s-move-away-from-detaining-sex-workers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212201344270297t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 20 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sex workers in Vietnam are struggling to figure out their next steps after the government’s decision earlier this year to release them from compulsory detention centres that have been widely condemned for alleged human rights abuses.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Asia’s 2012 figures and trends</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents. 

“Cities are growing. There will be even more people and factories. If you think we have a problem now, we will have even more in the future,” said Jerry Velasquez, head of the Asia-Pacific office for the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). The agency estimates the number of people living in flood-prone urban areas in East Asia may reach 67 million by 2060.

The Belgian-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains a database of natural disasters worldwide [ http://www.emdat.be/ ], called for more regional cooperation on disaster data gathering, more work translating science for policymakers and the public [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96965/Analysis-When-lack-of-early-warning-becomes-manslaughter ], and more grassroots research on the needs of those affected, especially farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96054/SRI-LANKA-Better-weather-warnings-needed ]. 

Below are 10 highlights from the preliminary 2012 data on natural disasters in 28 Asian countries, released by UNISDR and CRED on 11 December. 

1. Countries in the region reported 83 disasters - mostly floods - in 2012. The disasters killed some 3,100 people, affected 64.5 million and left behind US$15 billion in damage.

2. Worldwide, 231 disasters killed some 5,400 people, affected 87 million and caused $44.6 billion in damage.

3. From 1950 to 2011, nine out of 10 people affected by disasters worldwide were in Asia.

4. One of the region’s hardest-hit countries this year (and this past decade) was the Philippines. Since 2002, the country has had 182 recorded disasters, which killed almost 11,000 people. This figure does not include the storm that hit the country’s south [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97010/PHILIPPINES-Still-struggling-to-reach-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors ] on 4 December; more than 600 were killed in that event, and some 800 are still reported missing. 

5. Of the top five disasters that created the most damage this year, three were in China, and the other two were in Pakistan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96194/PAKISTAN-Preparedness-doubts-as-monsoon-claims-first-victims ] and Iran. Cumulatively, these events resulted in an estimated $13.3 billion in damage.

6. China led the list of most disasters in 2012 (18), followed by Philippines (16), Indonesia (10), Afghanistan (9) and India (5).

7. China was the only “multi-hazard”-prone country. In the others, including Pakistan, 85 percent of damage came from one event, calling into question efforts to cultivate “multi-hazard” resiliency, said CRED.

8. Two-hazard countries included Afghanistan (drought and flood); Bangladesh and Vietnam (flood and storm); and India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (flood and earthquake). 

9. In the past decade, Indonesia and the Philippines have had many disasters but relatively few affected people, while Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96706/BANGLADESH-Government-urges-stronger-aid-coordination ] and Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] have had fewer disasters and more affected, while Pakistan and Vietnam fell in between the two categories. These numbers offer a sign of how prepared these respective countries were [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95602/INDONESIA-Report-card-on-disaster-preparedness ] to face emergencies, researchers noted.

10. Pakistan suffered large-scale loss of life from floods for the third successive year; from August to October, 480 people died in floods. June-July floods in China affected over 17 million people and caused the most economic loss in the region - $4.8 billion.

pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How to: Map sexual networks</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”. 

Networking analysis involves getting intimate details from people who are most at risk of HIV infection to slow the spread of sexually transmitted infections. 

Parker, a 48-year-old former prison inmate in the US with a stocky frame and husky laugh, has no academic degrees or knowledge of “fancy math”. But what he does know is how to approach strangers in public places, hang out with them over weeks, gain their trust, and then, talk sex. 

A researcher in an upcoming study by Georgia State University on the spread of HIV in Tanzania, Parker said whether in the US or Tanzania, the method is the same: “I’ll talk to anyone and everyone, the same way I always do. I’ll build a rapport with people who gather in places where men have sex with men (MSM). Then I’ll tell people I want to talk to men in this group -and their sexual partners, too - about how they’re connected socially so we can home in on their social networks and work to stop the spread of HIV.” 

Parker, who has never done field work overseas before, is part of the small but growing field of sexual network mappers, which explores the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) through socio-geographic factors (such as places, people and practices) instead of looking only at a person’s sexual behaviour independent of community factors. 

Experts say this decades-old but rarely used approach could help address - and eventually slow - the spread of STIs. But first, its advocates must overcome stubborn obstacles, such as the extra time and expertise required, as well as concerns of privacy invasion and confidentiality breaches that have prevented sexual network mapping from being more widely utilized until recently. 

Targeting at-risk groups 

Sexual network mapping identifies and targets groups at high risk of STIs because they frequent a particular place (such as a certain nightclub), belong to a particular at-risk group (such as MSM and sex workers), and/or engage in risky behaviours (injecting drugs and sharing needles with men infected with HIV). 

This data collection method started in the late 1970s, when health workers in Colorado Springs, a small city in the western US, were studying the STIs, gonorrhoea and syphilis. “We noticed that some people who were very sexually active never got infected, while others who were less promiscuous contracted disease more frequently,” said John Potterat, an epidemiologist formerly with the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention who was involved in this early research. 

When Potterat and his colleagues started asking people who had STIs about personal behaviours, they made a surprising discovery: of the 300-odd night spots in Colorado Springs, six were associated with half of total infections. “We learned it was geography or where people hooked up that determined their STI risk,” said Potterat. 

The Colorado Springs team began doing “contact tracing”, which included asking STI-positive people to reveal the names of their partners in order to find others at risk. Name by name, Potterat and his colleagues mapped out the “network” of people who were transmitting STIs in relation to the town’s six hot spots. Then, they offered safe-sex counselling and pamphlets to people connected to this network - anyone who was having sex with someone attending one of the six night clubs. Over the course of 15 years, they helped lower rates of STI infection by 25 to 40 percent in the city. 

This was the same research method that revealed how HIV was spread in the US in the early 1980s through gay men living primarily in San Francisco and New York City [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6608269 ].

Zooming in 

Today, “sexual network mapping” and “network-informed methodology” are used as umbrella terms to describe several different forms of STI research: contract tracing of people who test positive for STIs to show how infection started and who is at risk; tracking sexual interaction within communities; tracing behaviours and locations related to STI transmission (called “affiliation mapping”); and doing mathematical modelling based on assumptions such as how many partners subjects have and how infectious an STI is. 

These approaches typically involve creating “name trees” - with respondents leading researchers to people with whom they have had sexual contact - or other types of “maps” that identify infectious disease “hotspots”. The goal is to create roadmaps that can direct health workers to people at risk of STIs in order to offer them disease prevention and treatment services. 

Supporters of these methods say their biggest advantage is they allow scientists to examine the spread of disease in more detail than commonly used approaches like modelling and projections, which have a higher risk of inaccuracy and offer less detail than network studies. 

“You can look not just at individual-level characteristics, but at where and when someone appears in a network, how many connections they have to other network members, and how rapidly those connections develop,” said Christopher Hurt, an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine who recently published a sexual network mapping study on African-American MSM in North Carolina in the US [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972020 ].

“You can also look at how disease moves through the network,” added Potterat. “Does it start out slow, then spread quickly? Does it do the reverse? Or just inch steadily along?” 

By answering these questions and studying the resulting cartography of disease, researchers can explain why two people may have the same risky behaviour, yet one is much more likely to become infected by a sexually-transmitted disease. 

The method identifies at-risk people who would otherwise go undetected, such as the wife of a man who hides the fact he has sex with men in a Dar es Salaam nightclub. 

Bringing STI prevention strategies to at-risk network members - identified through interviews - not only saves people’s health and lives, but also ensures limited resources (such as condoms and counsellors) are best used, say health researchers. 

“The dream is to capture data in real time and counsel clients based on their predicted risk,” says Hurt. “This could take years to develop, but it’s a very real possibility.” 

Confidentiality issue 

The downside of sexual network mapping is that compared to alternative methods of study, it requires more time, teamwork and skills, including knowledge of epidemiology as well as applied mathematics (the “fancy math” that Kelvin Parker’s team members do after he provides them with preliminary data). 

But even more importantly, it requires absolute confidentiality. Contract tracing, one technique involved, is particularly controversial because it potentially exposes people whose identities are revealed by study subjects, unless researchers are careful to keep names anonymous and replace them with “dummy identifiers” that maintain privacy. 

This is one main problem with contact-tracing, said Clifton Cortez, a human-rights trained lawyer who has worked for two decades in HIV response and is now UN Development Programme’s (UNDP) Asia-Pacific practice leader for HIV, Health and Development. 

“Violation of people’s confidentiality, especially by health sector workers, occurs so often in most countries… Even if they [researchers] could maintain confidentiality in the research phase, how could they ensure confidentiality would become the norm were such programmes to be more broadly rolled out?” 

Such breaches can be fatal for persons exposed to HIV through male-to-male sex, Cortez added, citing homophobia and punitive laws against homosexuals. “Individuals and their families continue to be ostracized, discriminated against, and in extreme cases in some parts of the world, still beaten or murdered because they are HIV-positive.” 

Institutional review boards (IRBs, which ensure studies do not harm their subjects) have traditionally frowned on obtaining identities of subjects’ sexual partners without first getting permission from those partners. 

“To do this work, you must have your IRB give you a waiver so you can get subjects to identify their partners and get those partners to identify others, too,” said Richard Rothenberg, a public health professor at Georgia State University who will oversee Kelvin Parker’s work in Tanzania. 

Before launching field research in Dar es Salaam in February 2013, Rothenberg, Parker and their colleagues must gain approval from three separate IRBs: one in their home state of Georgia, one in neighbouring North Carolina (where their research partner, Family Health International, is located) and the IRB in Tanzania. 

In the field, they must find well-established HIV study participant recruiters who can help Parker recruit study subjects. 

“Not just anyone can do this type of work,” said Margaret Hellard, an epidemiologist and the director of Melbourne’s Burnet Institute, which in 2011 did a contract-tracing study on HIV in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. “Recruiters asking these questions have to be people with whom subjects can relate. They need to ensure subjects don’t hear about infidelities that could provoke jealousy or retribution. They need to be respectful and careful, never revealing to one subject what another person has said in private.” 

Because sexual network mapping studies are so intensive, they typically take two to four years, requiring double the time - and often double the expenses [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95507/HEALTH-Cost-of-clinical-trials-worries-donors ] - of other STI field research. 

Only about 100 studies that involve some form of sexual network analysis have been published in peer-reviewed, major journals in the past 30 years. Fewer than a dozen of these have drawn what Rothenberg called “complete socio-metric pictures of a sexual group”. 

New tools 

However, researchers hope new tools will hasten data analysis. “Producing network maps used to be very time-consuming,” said Hurt from UNC. “But new computer software has made graphing much easier.” 

Mobile phones and social networking sites (including Facebook) enable researchers to identify, recruit and track network members. 

As the Georgia State team gears up for Tanzania and Burnet researchers prepare to bring HIV prevention strategies to Laos, advocates of sexual network mapping say this method holds promise. 

“Today, influencing social networks is at the forefront of behaviour change thinking, and better understanding of these [sexual network mapping] tools is increasingly informing the AIDS response,” said Michael Bartos, chief of the Science for Action Division of the Geneva-based Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

One hope is that this type of research can help lower HIV infection rates in the populations at greatest risk. 

“Why is HIV/AIDS striking hard in certain populations in Africa?” asked the epidemiologist Potterat. “Why is it concentrated in the eastern and southern part of the continent? Network mapping can help us find answers to questions like these - then take steps to stop infection.” 

mmg/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96941/How-to-Map-sexual-networks</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Vietnam’s tale of two helmets</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008121611t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Vietnam, where more than nine out of 10 registered vehicles are motorcycles and each household typically owns two, is grappling with how to boost road safety. Each year close to 15,000 people (out of a population of 86 million) die in traffic-related accidents, mostly motorbikes.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Vietnam, where more than nine out of 10 registered vehicles are motorcycles and each household typically owns two, is grappling with how to boost road safety. Each year close to 15,000 people (out of a population of 86 million) die in traffic-related accidents, mostly motorbikes.

Since December 2007 adults have been legally required to wear helmets when riding motorbikes, or otherwise face fines of up to US$10; in April 2010 the government extended the requirement to children aged six and above.

Adult helmet-wearing has increased from some 40 percent of motorbike riders in 2007 to more than 90 percent in February 2011 [ http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457300.2012.706617 ]. Full-face, half-face and open-face helmets are seen alongside “tropical” helmeted riders who choose the lighter-weight headgear with more ventilation.

According to the national traffic police, in the first nine months of 2012, there were nearly 6,600 road traffic deaths - mostly involving motorcycles - and some 25,000 people injured, an almost 18 percent and 28.5 percent drop from the same period in 2011, respectively.

“This is thanks to helmets,” the division’s deputy director Tran Son told IRIN, crediting helmet-wearing legislation for the drop.

A 2008 review of 61 international studies [ http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD004333/helmets-are-shown-to-reduce-motorcyclist-head-injury-and-death ] concluded that helmets reduced the risk of head injury by around 69 percent and death by almost 42 percent.

Yet, excuses abound for why riders forego them. “I don’t want to mess up my hair;” “My mother doesn’t wear one;” “I am going such a short distance;” “Fate determines when we die, not a helmet;” and “Why buy my child a quality motorcycle helmet when she will outgrow it soon?”

Baseball cap “helmets”

Even with a helmet law in place, the percentage of head, face and neck injuries among patients (not only caused by traffic accidents) has increased at Vietnam’s largest surgical centre, the Health Ministry’s Viet Duc University Hospital in the capital, Hanoi. In 2008, the first year after the new helmet law was enacted, 34 percent of injury patients had head, face and neck injuries, which increased to 36 percent the following year, 42 percent the year after and 43.5 percent in 2011.

The hospital’s deputy chief of planning, Nguyen Duc Chinh, blamed substandard helmets for the rising injury rate.

Little of what is worn as protective headgear - most notably the baseball cap “helmet” - offers real protection, according to a recent World Health Organization (WHO) and Hanoi School of Public Health study [ http://www.wpro.who.int/vietnam/topics/injuries/helmet_quality_vietnam.pdf ] in three northern provinces. Less than 20 percent of 581 helmets surveyed withstood laboratory impact tests.

Youths preferred baseball caps-cum-helmets with a chin strap, while some women opted for helmets with openings in the back to keep their ponytails in place.

Even as reported road traffic accidents have fallen in recent years, the “seriousness” of the complications, fatalities and injuries they cause - has increased, according to the Ministry of Transportation [ http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/common/Meetings/TIS/EGM-Roadsafety-2010/PPTs/16.VietNam_ppt.pdf ].

The ministry’s Department of Traffic Safety deputy director-general Le Minh Chau told IRIN head-on collisions between large vehicles coupled with lack of awareness among motorbike drivers about expressway safety are two reasons: two serious accidents happened recently on the elevated ring road in Hanoi when motorcyclists disobeyed a ban to enter and immediately died.

A 2009 WHO preliminary study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20373241 ] of the impact of the 2007 helmet law on head injuries calculated a 16 percent drop in risk of road traffic head injuries (and an 18 percent drop in risk of death) from three months before the passage of the 2007 helmet law to three months afterwards.

One of the study’s co-authors, Jonathon Passmore, technical officer for road safety and injury prevention at WHO in Vietnam, told IRIN that five years after the law’s passage, “limited information” shows the law continues to reduce head injuries, but that the percentage of riders wearing helmets is down, while use of low-quality helmets is increasing.

WHO is finalizing a hospital survey of road injury patients dating back to 2006 to determine the impact the helmet law has had on road deaths and injuries.

Low-quality helmets

For the government’s National Traffic Safety Committee vice-chairman Nguyen Hoang Hiep the large number of low-quality helmets is attributable to “lack of the state clamping down, and [the] psychology of riders.”

As of May 2011, Vietnam’s Ministry of Industry and Trade has certified 444 helmets from some 80 manufacturers. But this has not stopped vendors from selling “helmet-like” gear, said Hiep. “A vendor simply says that an [uncertified] helmet is not intended for motorbike use, but rather is just a hat for going out. The state cannot fine the seller in this case because it is not like the vendor has hung out a sign saying `motorcycle helmets for sale here’. [The vendor] can argue that it is not his responsibility how people use their purchases. The state’s hands are then tied.”

According to recent WHO market research, of 80 helmets purchased new in Hanoi that were marked with the state certification label, 54 percent did not pass safety tests.

For Greig Craft, president of the Asia Injury Prevention Foundation (AIP), a US-based NGO in Hanoi, helmets have become a “hot” commodity and need to be outlawed just as counterfeit medicines have been. “Like anything in the developing world, the counterfeiters have got into the business. The regulatory system is not working. But you would need an army to gather up unsafe helmets,” he said.

“The problem [uncertified helmets] is so widespread and there are just not enough police to enforce it. For a short period, we could do it, but not over the longer-term,” said Hiep. Traffic police are posted mostly in cities and along national highways, leaving rural areas bereft of official reminders of an oft-unheeded helmet law.

Nevertheless, the state must find a way to strengthen helmet safety regulations, Hiep acknowledged. “We must act on principle alone. Once we have uncovered a loophole, we must close it.”

Four government ministries are expected soon to issue a circular laying out tougher regulations in the production, distribution, circulation and use of helmets. “The state will more closely oversee [the above],” said Hiep, without explaining the how.

Motorbike riders choose cheap, vanity helmets as a fashion statement while trying to cut costs, Hiep said. A state-certified helmet costs on average $10, while counterfeits and helmet-like headgear cost only a fraction of that, according to the WHO’s three-province helmet analysis, which noted that the cheaper the helmets, the more likely they were to fail safety tests.

Costly medical treatment

But these savings pale in comparison to hospitalization, said Viet Duc Hospital planning official Chinh, who estimated door-to-door costs for head trauma treatment total about $1,000, roughly a year’s salary.

“I was only going a short distance,” said Dang Van Tuy, 28, repeating a rural motorbike mantra to explain why he was not wearing a helmet when he fell off his motorbike in Hai Duong Province, 45km from Hanoi. IRIN met him and other road injury patients at Viet Duc hospital.

Next to him was Nguyen Van Tham, 23, from Bac Giang Province, also some 40km from the capital. A family member spoke for Tham, who was in discomfort and unable to speak. “We found him mangled and purple. We do not know what happened or if he wore a helmet.”

Health workers and activists have for years called for helmet wearing legislation to apply to children under six, who are currently exempt [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91673/VIETNAM-Stricter-child-helmet-law-needed ].

For children six and older, enforcement is patchy. A February 2011 Vietnam National University study estimated some 30 percent of children wear helmets based on observations at schools and traffic intersections.

According to AIP, at least 500 children a month or 6,000 children a year under the age of 10 are killed in road accidents, mostly involving motorcycles.

Deadliest roads

Vietnam is one of 10 countries worldwide where the US-based Bloomberg Family Foundation [ http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/countrywork/rs10_2012.pdf ] has invested, in total, $125 million to boost road safety from 2010-2014. These countries - Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, India, Kenya, Mexico, Russian Federation, Turkey and Vietnam - account for half the world’s annual estimated 1.3 million road traffic fatalities, according to WHO’s first global report on road safety [ http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2009/en/ ] published in 2009. The next update is expected in early 2013. In addition to Vietnam, support to Kenya, India and Cambodia is focused on boosting helmet-wearing and safety.

“Putting helmets on kids - `how quaint’, people say when they learn what I do,” said Craft. “What they do not know is that it is a road war out here.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96848/Analysis-Vietnam-s-tale-of-two-helmets</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008121611t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Vietnam, where more than nine out of 10 registered vehicles are motorcycles and each household typically owns two, is grappling with how to boost road safety. Each year close to 15,000 people (out of a population of 86 million) die in traffic-related accidents, mostly motorbikes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Salt of life dries up in Vietnam</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211090848320659t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Your LCD TV screen was made with it; your brain does not function well without it. Meet iodine, a multifunctional chemical element found in soil and seawater that when mixed with table salt, is the most effective way to thwart preventable brain damage.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Your LCD TV screen was made with it; your brain does not function well without it. Meet iodine, a multifunctional chemical element found in soil and seawater that when mixed with table salt, is the most effective way to thwart preventable brain damage. 

Consumed in too-small quantities by millions of children globally, iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is one of the leading causes of mental retardation, say health experts. 

But with few physical signs - save a swollen thyroid gland, or goitre - to herald its presence, IDD often debilitates quietly. 

“With an infection, you have fever. But for micro-nutrient [deficiencies], the impact is hidden,” said Le Phong, coordinator of IDD activities at the government Hospital of Endocrinology in Vietnam’s capital, Hanoi. 

Where nature has failed to produce adequate iodine, iodine-fortified table salt has been used widely - and successfully - in the past two decades to boost iodine intake in dozens of countries. In 1993, 110 countries were classified as “iodine-deficient”. Salt iodization brought that figure down to 32 in 2012, according to the Canada-headquartered International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICC-IDD) [ http://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2012&issue=10000&article=00010&type=abstract ].

A number of countries, like Vietnam, eliminated IDD by outlawing non-iodized salt, regulating the salt industry, investing in health education to inform people about the link between salt and brain development, equipping laboratories and training technicians to measure iodine content in people and foods - only to see a resurgence in IDD when vigilance slipped. 

Since declaring IDD under control in 2005, the country is once again facing falling iodine levels and rising complications, say health workers. 

“We are losing a generation,” said Le from the Hospital of Endocrinology, referring to studies that link insufficient iodine intake during pregnancy to stillbirths, miscarriage, low birth weight, shortened child survival and mental retardation (irreversible even if the child is later exposed to sufficient quantities of iodine). 

In 1993 two out of 10 schoolchildren surveyed in Vietnam had goitre and the median concentration of iodine in their urine (where iodine levels are measured) was only a fraction of leading health organization criteria for adequate iodine nutrition levels, which start at [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241595827_eng.pdf ] 100 micrograms per litre (mcg/l) daily for the general population, and go up to 250 mcg/l for pregnant and lactating women. 

The surveyed schoolchildren averaged 32 mcg/l. 

The following year the prime minister passed a decree calling for iodized salt in all food preparation; gave US$3.1 million to the Hospital of Endocrinology to manage the country’s battle against IDD; and set 2005 as the deadline to control IDD. 

Goal reached 

By 2005, the goitre rate fell to less than 4 percent, from 22 percent in 1993. Average iodine concentrations in schoolchildren 8-12 years old had almost tripled to 113 mcg/l in that period. Slightly more than nine out of 10 people surveyed nationwide reported getting enough iodized salt in their diet, a milestone known as universal salt iodization (USI). 

Mission accomplished. 

But since then, funding to control IDD shrank to some $300,000 annually; a new decree was passed in 2006 that no longer made salt iodization mandatory; and the number of households using salt with sufficient iodine content has halved, according to a 2011 government survey that tested salt’s iodine content in more than 11,000 households nationwide [ http://www.unicef.org/vietnam/resources_18898.html ].

Levels of iodine concentration among women of reproductive age (15-44) fell from 122 mcg/l in 2006 to 83 mcg/l in 2009. While pregnant women require higher levels of iodine than the general population, only 18 percent of them in Ðong Thap, a southern province in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta region, had the iodine levels needed to give birth to healthy newborns, according to a 2008 government survey. 

“Alarming”, concluded May 2012 research (not yet available on-line) by the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and ICC-IDD, which analysed why a successful effort to control IDD slackened. 

What went wrong? 

The researchers concluded that downgrading IDD control from a national health priority to routine activities in the public health sector, with provincial authorities making decisions, “seriously affected” IDD control. Rather than giving iodized salt subsidies to communities most at risk of IDD living in mountainous areas, provincial officials gave cash (no conditions) to poor families to buy the salt for themselves. But rarely did that happen. 

“With no adequate IEC [information, education and communication], it appears that most people use the money for other things instead of buying iodized salt,” the researchers found. 

Starting in 2006, the central committee in control of IDD was dismantled with all responsibility given to the Hospital of Endocrinology, which Le, the director of the hospital’s IDD control activities, said is too overstretched to do much health promotion or education. 

In a 2008-09 survey by his unit, 43 percent of mothers linked goitre to iodine deficiency, while only 19 percent knew lack of iodine could lead to mental retardation. Le said since 2006 when the national government stopped supporting the country’s 64 provincial labs set up to monitor salt iodine content, most are no longer operational. The only lab to receive government funding is Le’s. 

Meanwhile, the global price of potassium iodate (KIO3), the form of iodine used to fortify salt, increased. A 2010 study of the global iodine market [ http://www.roskill.com/reports/industrial-minerals/iodine/leaflet ] noted how a current global shortage of iodine, exacerbated by the 2010 twin disasters in Japan (a KIO3 producer), will keep prices unstable until up to late 2012. KIO3 prices nearly doubled between 2003 and 2011, reaching $60 per kilogram. 

“We get less money for it and are getting less for our money,” said Le. Based on WHO’s recommendation of six grams of salt daily, Vietnam needs 187,000 tons of iodized salt annually. The Hospital of Endocrinology - currently the country’s sole purchaser of KIO3 - met 16 percent of that demand in 2011. 

Building back 

Boosting iodine levels can “theoretically be fairly fast, within months,” - as soon as iodized salt is sold - said Maria Andersson, a scientist with the Human Nutrition Laboratory at the Swiss Institute of Federal Technology and co-author of analyses about IDD trends over the past decade [ http://journals.lww.com/co-endocrinology/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2012&issue=10000&article=00010&type=abstract ].

But the reality of how long it takes to reach the entire population with iodized salt depends on the effectiveness, knowledge and commitment of salt producers to iodize salt; whether laws require it; monitoring and control measures for iodine content; and the support the food industry has to include iodized salt in its products, she told IRIN. 

For iodine nutrition to improve, the iodized salt needs to make it into households, and into their food - and most importantly - be consumed, said Andersson. It also needs to be well-packed so iodine is not lost during storage and transit. 

It is also a question of how much time it takes to clear the shelves of non-iodized salt, which “won’t happen overnight”, said Roger Mathisen, a nutrition specialist at UNICEF’s office in Vietnam. 

What to fortify? 

In Vietnam, agencies and NGOs have looked to fortifying the widely-consumed fish sauce [ http://www.gainhealth.org/project/vietnam-fish-sauce-fortification-project ] (made by fermenting fish with salt) with nutrients missing in diets. 

Also popular is `bot canh’, a powder that includes salt, pepper and monosodium glutamate. In a 2010 survey [ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/11/11-089763.pdf ] of some 400 pregnant women in rural northern Vietnam (Ha Nam Province, 50km south of the capital), a quarter of the women reported not using iodized salt or cooking powders. Women said they felt iodized salt made food taste bitter and that monosodium glutamate or `bot canh’ made it taste “smoother”. 

Salt iodization and fortification levels need to take account of the population’s iodine needs and how - and how much - people consume salt, Andersson added. 

It is better to target salt, as most condiments already include it, said UNICEF’s Mathisen, who noted regulating the salt industry is easier than setting up parallel monitoring and enforcement systems. 

With funding from the US Agency for International Development, UNICEF is advocating that the government revive salt iodization by making it mandatory once again, re-establishing national oversight, and shifting KIO3 procurement from the government’s budget to the salt industry’s so the consumer bears the cost, which is minimal said Le with the Hospital of Endocrinology. “We are talking about a price difference [between iodized and non-iodized salt] of 250 VND [one US cent] - less than the cost of a cigarette.” 

Parliamentarians have agreed on the need to control IDD, but are reticent to tackle it again, he added. “It can be harder rebuilding something than it was to build it in the first place.” 

But it is not just a question of building back, said Mathisen. “The issue is how to build back better. What existed was obviously not sustainable.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96740/Analysis-Salt-of-life-dries-up-in-Vietnam</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211090848320659t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Your LCD TV screen was made with it; your brain does not function well without it. Meet iodine, a multifunctional chemical element found in soil and seawater that when mixed with table salt, is the most effective way to thwart preventable brain damage.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Malaria summit opens in Sydney</title><pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria. 

“There were 30 million cases and 42,000 deaths reported in Asia [in 2010] so we aim to achieve greater regional collaboration and coordinated efforts from this conference,” Fatoumata Nafo-Traoré, executive director of Roll Back Malaria Partnership [ http://www.rbm.who.int/ ], told IRIN. She said the Asia-Pacific region includes 20 malaria-endemic countries. 

Resistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] to the anti-malaria drug artemisinin emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95596/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gains-fragile ] border around eight years ago and is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping it can be contained. 

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/index.html ] about 3.3 billion people - half the world's population - are at risk of the vector-borne disease. Those living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable. In 2010, 90 percent of all malaria deaths occurred in WHO’s African Region, mostly among children under five. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96668/In-Brief-Malaria-summit-opens-in-Sydney</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southeast Asia wasting too much food</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore. 

Possible solutions include redistributing edible wasted food to people; turning it into energy and agriculture inputs; and developing new technology to separate food waste from other rubbish. Policymakers need to take a “total supply chain approach” or else risk breaking Southeast Asia’s fragile food system, said the experts. 

“It is likely that the region wastes approximately 33 percent of food, but accurate estimates are not available due to a dearth of quantitative information.” 

Increasing urbanization means food will tend to travel farther, something that could exacerbate the food waste problem. Governments need to better fund the tracking of food waste (especially fish, vegetables and rice), they said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96485/In-Brief-Southeast-Asia-wasting-too-much-food</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Tackling the information void</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf ].

“Those parts [that] are worst covered are some of the most disaster prone regions where the most vulnerable live,” said Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch. “There is a big disconnectedness between [scientists] who know and those who need to know. [They are] the farmers, the health workers, the water managers [and] the vulnerable communities.” 

In May 2011the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) endorsed the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to increase and improve interactions between climate service providers - those who research, gather, interpret and diffuse information about the climate - and those who make use of the information [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/gfcs/documents/GFCS_IP_EN.pdf ].

The goal is to boost “tailor-made” climate services, especially for the most vulnerable. Initial priority will be given to food security, water management, disaster risk reduction and health sectors. 

If the people most vulnerable to the dangers of climate change are not provided with information to prepare, natural disasters will claim more lives, warned Egeland. 

One way is for governments to boost investments in services that provide information on climate variability such as satellites, high-speed telecommunications, supercomputers and other scientific innovations. 

In India, farmers receive recommendations via text message of what crops to plant in their regions - in their chosen languages. 

Ahead of a recent meeting among users in Africa of satellite-based weather forecasting and climate applications from the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) [ http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/News/CorporateNews/823015?l=en ], the African Union Commission, African regional economic communities, and the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States issued a declaration supporting GCFS [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/documents/addisx.pdf ].

Meanwhile, implementation of GFCS in Africa will be on the agenda of an upcoming African ministerial conference on meteorology to be held on 15-19 October in Zimbabwe, and is expected to adapt a continent-wide strategy on meteorology. 

While efforts continue to expand the reach of climate services, many parts of the world still have no services or woefully inadequate ones. These are the places where a climate information void is most deadly, noted Egeland. 

Information disparity linked to income 

According to WMO, six countries currently have no meteorological and climate services; 65 have very inadequate services; 57 have essential services; 40 have “full” to “pretty good” services; and another 23 nations are very advanced. 

Egeland highlighted how this information disparity is linked to income, where the richest countries have the most scientific services on climate - and ways to diffuse that information - while the poorest countries with anaemic economies that produce fewer greenhouse gases are hardest hit by the effects of climate change. 

Scientists say climate change brought about by greenhouse gas emissions will bring with it more extreme weather leading to more natural disasters. 

Suppakorn Chinvanno, a researcher from the Bangkok-based Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, which develops scientific socioeconomic ways to address the impacts of environmental change in Southeast Asia, said climate services need to be localized. “We have to think about climate [change from the] perspective of different communities.” 

The World Meteorological Congress (WMO’s decision making entity) is meeting on 29-31 October to decide how to implement GFCS as well as its governance. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96493/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Tackling-the-information-void</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Human Rights Watch’s Jan Egeland calls for faster progress</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ] he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). 

Spearheaded by the World Meteorological Organization [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/ ] and based on research from an expert group Egeland chaired in 2009, GFCS aims to increase and improve interactions between experts who interpret, gather and purvey climate-related information (climate service providers) and the people who use it. 

Q: How far has GFCS come in making climate information accessible for the average small farmer? 

A: The main problem of global climate services today is that it doesn’t reach the last mile to those who need it the most. So, typically, the farmer who needs to know when to sow or when to harvest in an unpredictable climate doesn’t really get that… More often he doesn’t get the information if he is in a poor and developing country, nor does the doctor who would need to know when malaria will [be] affected by rainfall, or meningitis [by] the course of the wind. 

It is also mixed how far the countries come in disaster… There is a big difference from even Vietnam to Cambodia to Nepal in that matter. Some countries are making big headway like China, India, Vietnam and Thailand… But it’s too slow. I am frustrated… We are not making faster progress. Science has come so far and there is so much you can predict now. 

Q: What are the chief obstacles to linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction? 

A: Clearly the explosive growth in the number of natural disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Theme/NAT/Natural-Disasters ] is one of the biggest obstacles in poverty reduction. We have seen an increase of natural disasters from around a 100 in [the] 1960s to nearly 500 per year in this decade, so it is [a] four- nearly five-fold increase... It means devastation of some of the poorest countries. It means massive displacement of people. 

Q: In addition to climate services, what else is still needed to prepare people to adapt to climate variability? 

A: We need to curb climate change. Many believe we are in the same boat, [that] we are equally hit by climate change, which is not true… Norway is not going to get hit by climate change for some time. But if you go to Sahel, go to the coast of Southeast Asia and you see… It’s the number of disasters that has increased dramatically... Monsoons and typhoons have grown tremendously. 

In Vietnam, they are talking about one metre of sea rise, which would be a complete disaster for the whole Mekong Delta. So we need to curb climate change, and here it is just horrendous to see that it is not happening… In [climate change] adaptation we could be able to do more… Quite a bit is happening... Science is making big progress but not reaching the final point and that’s a big challenge. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96495/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Human-Rights-Watch-s-Jan-Egeland-calls-for-faster-progress</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: Migrants and malaria</title><pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209281332260949t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of funding to monitor migrant patterns in Vietnam risks worsening the spread of drug-resistant malaria, health experts said on the sidelines of a World Health Organization (WHO) annual regional meeting in Hanoi, which closed on 28 September.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of funding to monitor migrant patterns in Vietnam risks worsening the spread of drug-resistant malaria, health experts said on the sidelines of a World Health Organization (WHO) annual regional meeting in Hanoi which closed on 28 September. 

Resistance to the anti-malaria drug artemisinin can spread due to widespread migration across borders and internally within Vietnam, said John Ehrenberg, director of Combating Communicable Diseases in WHO’s regional office in Manila. 

Reports of drug resistance - when an artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) takes longer to treat infections - have been recorded along the Thailand-Myanmar border, in Myanmar and in southern Vietnam. Studies showing drug resistance along the Thai- Cambodian border date back to 2005. 

Eva Christophel, team leader in malaria at WHO’s office in Manila, said while Vietnam has promoted ACTs and improved surveillance and detection of suspected infections, its migrant communities must be studied more closely to prevent the spread of drug resistance. 

Between 2000 and 2011 reported deaths by malaria fell from 148 to 14, while confirmed cases fell from over 74,000 to just over 16,500, according to the National Institute of Malaria Parasitology and Entomology in Hanoi. 

Migrant populations have to be monitored to control the resurgence of malaria as well as new cases of drug resistance, said Nguyen Manh Hung, the director-general of the institute. 

“With uncontrolled movement of seasonal workers, especially those for forest exploitation and other forest-based activities, it’s difficult to contact them for malaria control,” he said. 

Much of Vietnam's forest-based activity is in the country’s Central Highlands, where migrants, mostly from the Mekong Delta, make a living from logging and fuel the country's lucrative wood-processing industry [ http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/VietNam/tabid/1025/language/en-US/Default.aspx ].

Migrants make up some 25 percent of the country’s largest cities, based on government figures reported to the International Organization of Migration [ http://www.iom.int.vn/joomla/index.php ]. 

“Special programmes” needed 

“Currently Vietnam does not have enough money available to do what has to be done to address the artemisinin-resistance issue,” said WHO’s Christophel. “You need to have special programmes. A bednet is only given to people who register [with authorities]. If you are not registered then how are you going to get your bednet,” she said, referring to workers in the informal sector. 

Vietnam receives most of its funding to combat malaria from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Since 2004 Vietnam has received more than US$40 million in grants to combat the disease from the fund. 

To fight malaria, farm owners need to distribute insecticide treated bednets to migrant workers they employ, she said. It is also important to equip workers in forested areas with tests, drugs and bednets, as well as train peer health workers on malaria diagnosis and treatment. 

Mosquitoes infected with malaria-infested parasites in Vietnam are mostly found in forest areas. In 2008 forests covered almost 39 percent of the country, or some 13 million hectares [ http://www.un-redd.org/UNREDDProgramme/CountryActions/VietNam/tabid/1025/language/en-US/Default.aspx].

“You need do some surveys, you need to get additional supplies because these people are moving; the more they move the more supplies they need, and you need to train people,” Christophel added. 

Studies published in April 2012 [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] of 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010 indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96417/VIETNAM-Migrants-and-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209281332260949t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of funding to monitor migrant patterns in Vietnam risks worsening the spread of drug-resistant malaria, health experts said on the sidelines of a World Health Organization (WHO) annual regional meeting in Hanoi, which closed on 28 September.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Grafting hardier, more nutritious vegetables</title><pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209191418220406t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.

Vegetable grafting was first recorded in the 1920s in Japan, according to the Helsinki-based International Society of Food, Agriculture and Environment (ISFAE), [ http://www.isfae.org/scientficjournal/2003/issue1/pdf/Agriculture/V1N1A70-74roleofgrafting.pdf ] which estimated more than half of Japan’s vegetables in 2003 were cultivated through grafting, a trend that continues to the present.

Asia’s intensive land use on small farming plots [ http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/4/235.full.pdf ] located in a disaster-prone region, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94563/ASIA-Natural-disasters-becoming-costlier-than-ever ] coupled with high rates of “chronic” malnutrition caused by lack of nutrients, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96328/ASIA-More-work-needed-to-tackle-stunting ] have made vegetable grafting more common here than in other regions, according to the Taiwan-based Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC).

“By applying grafting technology, farmers can produce high value and nutritious vegetables [even during harsh weather],” said Joko Mariyono, a scientist at AVRDC.

In many developing countries, food policies mostly focus on under-nutrition (lack of calories resulting in acute malnutrition) and overlook solutions to fight chronic malnutrition, according to the World Health Organization. [ http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/gsfao_introduction.pdf ] The agency estimates at least 170 million children are affected by “stunting” worldwide, a sign of such malnutrition where children are too short for their age. [ http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/20120215_stc_pr_children_malnutrition/en/index.html ]

Increased yields, incomes

AVRDC said tomato farmers in Vietnam and the Philippines have been able to double their production and income through grafting, based on recent internal surveys.

AVRDC has helped the farmers use spliced rubber tubing [ http://203.64.245.61/web_crops/tomato/Grafting%20tomatoes%20for%20production%20in%20the%20hot-wet%20season_w.pdf ] to graft tomatoes onto aubergine (eggplant) roots, known for their resilience against extreme weather and pests. The vegetable that is being improved, the scion, is removed from its original root and placed onto a new plant’s roots, in this case the eggplant, which is also called the rootstock.

Below are five steps adapted from AVRDC’s guidelines: [ http://203.64.245.61/web_crops/tomato/Grafting%20tomatoes%20for%20production%20in%20the%20hot-wet%20season_w.pdf ]

1) Sow the eggplant approximately three days before the tomato. Tomato and eggplant stems must be the same diameter (1.6-1.8mm).

2) Cut both the tomato and the eggplant above the first true leaves (cotyledons) at a 30-degree angle as high on the stems as possible. The diameter of both plants must match.

3) Slide a 10mm-long tube halfway over the tomato stem and the other half over the eggplant seedling stem, making sure the cut angles of the tube and stems match. Gently push the two plants together.

4) Move the grafted seedlings into a shaded, humid area (kept moist through condensation from water in floor pans) between 25 and 32 degrees Celsius.

5) Four to five days later, drain the water out of the floor pans to reduce humidity for two to three days. Move the newly-grafted plants into another nursery to grow for 7-8 more days.

Farmers in Vietnam and the Philippines have widely adopted vegetable grafting, while growers in Indonesia and a few countries in the Middle East are considering it. For Susanto, a farmer in Indonesia’s East Java Province who goes by one name, grafting has ended plant diseases that used to decimate his tomatoes. “I [now have] additional income from tomato farming, which previously always failed.”

Grafting is performed by hand with only minimal instruction, said Mariyono. “There is no controversial factor. This technology is suitable with local norms, particularly in Asia.”

But it is not for everyone, noted AVRDC. Grafted vegetables have higher production costs than non-grafted ones and should only be grown in places prone to flooding or soil-borne diseases, according to the agency. The set up - building a special nursery - requires farmers to collaborate, and rootstock seed multiplication is still insufficient to meet grafting’s demand, according to the American Society for Horticultural Science. [ http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/4/235.full.pdf ]

rg/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96344/FOOD-Grafting-hardier-more-nutritious-vegetables</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209191418220406t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: More work needed to tackle stunting</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103021645360958t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) published by NGO Save the Children.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) [ http://www.savethechildren.nl/Publicaties/child_development_2012/ ] published by NGO Save the Children. 

The World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/publications/Stunting1990_2011.pdf ] says there are 100 million stunted children in Asia. 

The CDI measures three indicators of children’s well-being and development - health, education and nutrition - in 141 countries globally and ranks them according to their scores in terms of a child’s chances of dying before five, of not enrolling in school, and of being underweight. 

“Significant progress has been made but data shows that undernutrition [in Asia] has consistently lagged behind,” Michel Anglade, Asia campaigns and advocacy director at Save the Children, told IRIN. “More than one child in five in East Asia is suffering from stunting.” 

The 2012 State of the World’s Children report [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc/files/SOWC_2012-Main_Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf ] said more than one third of children under five in Asia are stunted - too short for their age- while 27 percent weigh too little for their age, and 13 percent are wasted, meaning the child’s weight is too low for its height as a result of acute malnutrition. 

In India and Nepal, stunting affects almost half of all children under five, while in Indonesia and Cambodia the rates are 37 and 40 percent respectively, the report said. In Bangladesh, 43 percent of children under five are stunted, with a quarter of them coming from middle-income households. 

Some 59 percent of all Afghan children under five had moderate to severe stunting, while the figure for Timor Leste [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92039/TIMOR-LESTE-Chronic-malnutrition-among-world-s-highest ] was 58 percent, the report said. 

Dorothy Foote, nutrition and security programme specialist at the UN Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) Asia office, said there has been modest progress but regional disparities persist. 

The number of stunted children in South Asia - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan - decreased by only 10 percent between 1990 and 2010. “This is still a very high proportion of children stunted,” Foote said. 

Children who are stunted are at greater risk of illness and death, impaired cognitive development and poor school performance, say health experts. 

“Critical period” 

Stunting generally occurs before the age of two and the effects are largely irreversible. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94933/MADAGASCAR-Stunted-children-means-stunted-lives ] 

“In many Asian countries, children are not getting adequate nutrition during their first 1,000 days which is the most critical period to prevent malnutrition,” said Save the Children’ s Anglade. “Good nutrition between the start of a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday is critical to the future health, well-being and success of the child and can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn and rise out of poverty.” 

An analysis of stunting rates and gross domestic product (GDP) in 127 developed and developing countries in the 2012 State of the World's Mothers report by Save the Children [ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/STATE-OF-THE-WORLDS-MOTHERS-REPORT-2012-FINAL.PDF ] indicated that economic growth alone was not enough to prevent stunting. 

For example, India has a per capita GDP of U$1,500 and 48 percent of its children are stunted, while in Vietnam per capita GDP is $1,200 and the child stunting rate is 23 percent. 

“It is not only a story of resources,” said Anglade. 

Action being taken 

Political commitment, supportive policies and effective strategies are the key to success in improving children’s health; some countries are taking action. 

Nepal intensified campaigns to raise awareness of good feeding practices among the rural poor and prevent stunting by distributing ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), but public perceptions of feeding undermine the efforts. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93283/NEPAL-Struggle-to-spread-malnutrition-awareness ] 

Indonesia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96206/INDONESIA-Mixed-progress-on-reducing-child-malnutrition ] more than one third of whose children are stunted, has taken steps to improve breastfeeding rates and promote timely complementary feeding in young children. 

Other countries, such as Vietnam, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95739/VIETNAM-Seeking-a-regional-alternative-to-Plumpy-Nut ] have begun local production of RUTF to reduce stunting, while the Philippines [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96089/PHILIPPINES-Banking-breast-milk-to-save-lives ] has intensified efforts to boost breastfeeding among poor women. 

“The causes of malnutrition are complex - some are deeply underlying, such as poverty and social norms - others are more proximate such as food intake and frequency of disease,” says UNICEF’s Foote. “We have seen some improved practices as a result of intensive education and awareness campaigns.” 

However, aid workers warn that there has been very little improvement in the nutritional status of the poorest children. 

“There is much more work to be done in reaching the most disadvantaged and closing the gap for the most vulnerable kids,” said Foote. 

fm/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96328/ASIA-More-work-needed-to-tackle-stunting</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103021645360958t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) published by NGO Save the Children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: Farmers brace for bird flu</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004220750300701t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Farmers in north and central Vietnam are bracing for a new wave of bird flu outbreaks as local authorities are urged to take precautions against the disease.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Farmers in north and central Vietnam are bracing for a new wave of bird flu outbreaks as local authorities are urged to take precautions against the disease. 

In the past two weeks, local news reported around 67,000 poultry infected with the H5N1 virus in the northern city of Hai Phong, and 17,000 in Ha Tinh Province in the centre of the country. This follows six outbreaks in late July in the north that led to almost 30,000 birds being culled, according to figures reported to the Organization for Animal Health (OIE). [ http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/update-on-avian-influenza/2012/ ]

Farmers are afraid of financial loss. “I am very worried about bird flu outbreaks because my chickens and ducks weigh two kilograms each now. It is nearly time to sell them, so if bird flu appears, I will lose them,” Vu Van Chuc, 42, told IRIN. She has 100 ducks and chickens on her farm in Hai Duong Province in the north. 

Chuc said she used to have 2,000 chickens but stopped investing in large numbers of birds after suffering a big loss in 2008 because of bird flu. 

“How can I make that money in the countryside? It’s not easy now. I want to raise more [chickens] but I am afraid of bird flu. If there is a bird flu outbreak, I will go bankrupt.” 

Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung has urged local authorities to tighten the inspection of poultry imports to stop infected birds entering the country. Local news reports blamed a lack of awareness among poultry farmers, and poor preparedness in disease prevention and control, but the cause is still unknown, according to OIE. 

Chuc said she does her best to protect her poultry by sterilizing her farm and vaccinating the birds, but the government is not doing enough to support farmers. “They don’t do much. They just broadcast information on the radio, advising us to protect our chickens, but they do not give us medicines to protect our chickens. I have to buy the medicines myself.” 

The government has handed out over three million doses of vaccine against the virus since it was discovered in Vietnam in 2003, and has destroyed nearly 100,000 poultry. Last year, the virus killed 151,300 birds, but this was 50 percent fewer than in 2010. 

The risks are too great for some. Nguyen Thi Hang, a farmer in Soc Son District on the outskirts of the capital, Hanoi, said her family raised chickens for more than six years. “In 2009 we had 500 chickens but we suffered big losses because of bird flu. We tried raising them again, but the more we raised, the more we lost, so in the end we decided to stop raising them.” 

Four people are reported to have died from the disease this year - the first cases in 21 months. According to the World Health Organization, there have been 121 confirmed human H5N1 infections and 61 deaths in Vietnam since the virus first appeared in the country in 2003. 

mb/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96111/VIETNAM-Farmers-brace-for-bird-flu</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004220750300701t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Farmers in north and central Vietnam are bracing for a new wave of bird flu outbreaks as local authorities are urged to take precautions against the disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: Seeking a regional alternative to Plumpy’Nut</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206270217320608t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90242/NIGER-Local-Plumpy-nut-production-soars-with-demand ] that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa. 

Until recently there was no formally marketed, nationally distributed “therapeutic” foodstuff to treat malnutrition in Vietnam, and a 2009 study in neighbouring Cambodia revealed that Plumpy’Nut did not appeal to local tastes. 

“It’s [Plumpy’Nut] a paste eaten straight from a package, which is not normally something… eaten in Vietnam or Cambodia,” said Frank Wieringa a senior researcher at the Research Institute for Development (IRD), based at the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) [ http://viendinhduong.vn/news/en/158/110/a/national-institute-of-nutrition.aspx ] in Vietnam. 

“Health workers didn’t like it, mothers didn’t like it - it was not just the taste but the whole form of the paste and cultural acceptance.” 

NIN, with support from UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), has developed a treatment for malnutrition in Vietnam made from mung beans rather than peanuts, and looks and tastes like traditional bean cakes. 

Malnutrition affects 780,000 children in Vietnam annually, 210,000 of whom are severely malnourished, according to UNICEF. An additional 2.1 million children younger than five years are “stunted”, or shorter than the average height for their age, either because they did not get enough food, or the food was not nutritious enough, during their early years. 

As part of a broader programme to fight malnutrition, the mung bean product was introduced in 2011 in the central Vietnamese province of Kon Tum, where the rate of stunting was 9.2 percent in 2010, the highest level recorded nationwide. 

“I fed it to my three-year-old son for five days and he put on nearly one kilogramme,” said Y Khi, 34, from the Ro Ngao ethnic minority group in the mountainous Central Highlands. Y Khi grows rice and cassava to make a living, and says she struggles to feed her seven children. 

Known locally as “hebi”, the mung bean cakes are popular with some children, she said, but not others. 

“They first gave me 10 packages for my youngest daughter, who is 13 months old, but she couldn’t eat it because she didn’t like the taste,” Y Khi said, speaking via telephone from a health centre in the Dak La commune in the highlands. 

“I am trying to give my daughter milk to prevent her from becoming more malnourished, but it’s difficult to buy milk. It’s difficult to give babies hebi, but for children who can eat it, it’s very good.” 

The NIN is developing another product with fewer micronutrients and calories to treat moderate malnutrition at a lower cost, and plans to supply both products to other countries in the region on a non-profit basis. 

“The Philippines [is] very interested in this product, Cambodia as well,” Wieringa said, noting that countries eventually need to produce their own therapeutic foods. “I think that countries would like to change the taste and texture a bit, depending on local preference.” 

Whether to manufacture or import would be determined by need. Importing therapeutic foods can be expensive due to customs paperwork, fees and storage, said Huynh Nam Phuong from the NIN. 

“It depends on how big the problem of malnutrition is, the capacity of health, nutrition and food production [systems], and the culture.” 

mb/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95739/VIETNAM-Seeking-a-regional-alternative-to-Plumpy-Nut</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206270217320608t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: Mild disease turns deadly for children</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20081001t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 05 April 2012 (IRIN) - A dangerous strain of the typically non-lethal hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) has affected more than 21,000 persons - mostly children younger than five - killing 16 thus far in Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Health.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 05 April 2012 (IRIN) - A dangerous strain of the typically non-lethal hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) has affected more than 21,000 persons - mostly children younger than five - killing 16 thus far in Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Health. 

“Despite being a benign viral infection in developed countries, the strain EV71 of HFMD is causing multiple deaths of children under five here in Asia. We are especially worried about South Vietnam, where lots of children are in informal [hygienically unregulated] crèches while their parents work,” Bhupinder Tomar, representative of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Vietnam, told IRIN. 

HFMD’s symptoms are fever, sores in the mouth and blisters on the hands and feet. The disease spreads by direct contact with fluids from infected persons and there is no specific treatment. Most of the viruses that cause HFMD are benign, but EV71 can be fatal. 

The new strain appeared in Vietnam over the past year and since then it has become a serious public health issue for children, according to the World Health Organization [ http://www2.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/8203EF90-220F-4179-A07D-FDAAD668D38E/0/WHOHFMDinformationnsheet_E.pdf ]. 

The risk of catching HFMD is greatly reduced by improving hygiene, [ http://www.ifrc.org/docs/Appeals/12/MDRVN010ea.pdf ] which IFRC is trying to promote through an existing public education campaign. 

In 2011 there were 110,000 reported infections and 169 deaths linked to EV71, mostly in the south of the country. The disease is active year-round and peaks between April-May and then again in September-October. In March 2012 there were twice as many deaths and seven times as many infections as in the same period last year. 

sb/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95244/VIETNAM-Mild-disease-turns-deadly-for-children</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20081001t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 05 April 2012 (IRIN) - A dangerous strain of the typically non-lethal hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) has affected more than 21,000 persons - mostly children younger than five - killing 16 thus far in Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Health.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Asbestos - deadly but not yet banned</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates some 107,000 workers die annually from asbestos-related diseases, out of 125 million people who encounter it in the workplace. [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs343/en/index.html ] 

The European Union, Australia, Japan, South Korea and an increasing number of countries have outlawed it, according to London-based NGO International Ban Asbestos Secretariat (IBAS). [ http://ibasecretariat.org/index.htm ] 

The asbestos industry paid US$70 billion over four decades in damages and litigation costs in the USA, where asbestos is regulated but not banned, [ http://www.publicintegrity.org/investigations/asbestos/ ] according to the Washington, D.C.-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). 

But despite the ban, asbestos is still an important component of the construction and manufacturing industries, said Sugio Furuya, coordinator of the Tokyo-based Asia Ban Asbestos Network (A-BAN). 

"In fact, Asia and the Middle East consume the asbestos that is not used elsewhere any more,” he added. 

“Our main worries are China, India and Russia, that account for 60 percent of world asbestos consumption and have very little regulation over its use,” added Laurie Kazan-Allen, IBAS coordinator. “Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka are also consuming a lot and without a tight legal framework.” 

Asbestos is used to produce wall coverings, roofing plates, water pipes, heat conservation and insulation material. 

In studies from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, at least one case of mesothelioma occurred for every 170 tons of asbestos used. [ http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh/article/view/431 ] 

Based on this internationally accepted formula, Asia and the Middle East’s current asbestos consumption would lead to 8,000 mesothelioma cases annually. 

An incurable form of cancer, mesothelioma can lay dormant for decades before turning fatal and is stealthy in its transmission. “It [exposure] can also be indirect, like a woman who regularly washed the asbestos-impregnated clothes of her husband,” said Domyung Paek, professor of occupational and environmental medicine at Seoul University. 

Other asbestos-related diseases include cancer of the lungs, larynx and ovaries and asbestosis (when lung tissue becomes fibrous). 

Weighing costs 

Not all asbestos is deadly, according to the Canadian government-backed Chrysotile Institute (CI), [ http://www.chrysotile.org ] an asbestos industry association which says the only kind still used today (white asbestos or chrysotile) is safe. 

“Chrysotile, is a valuable material. It is cheap and long-lasting,” said Clément Godbout, president of CI. “And if you follow safe use procedures, health effects are trivial, if any… The alternatives to asbestos [ http://ibasecretariat.org/bc_subst_asb_cem_constr_prods.php ] are much more expensive.” 

But WHO has noted all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic and potentially fatal depending on exposure. 

“Asbestos is the first cause of work-related diseases and the second most carcinogenic substance in the environment [after tobacco] in industrialized countries. The asbestos lobby has, however, been able to delay any legal measure by several decades. That is why civil society movements in Asia must be watchful,” said Kazan-Allen of IBAS. 

“Productivity requirements in the construction industry in Asia are too high. There is no way to use asbestos safely. The long-term public health costs will offset any economy made today,” said Seoul University’s Paek. 

In 2010, almost half of asbestos production was in Russia (49 percent). Other big producers were China (20 percent), Brazil (13 percent), Kazakhstan (10 percent), and Canada (5 percent). Most of it was used in China (29 percent), India (17 percent), Russia (14 percent), Kazakhstan (7 percent), Brazil (7 percent), Indonesia (5 percent), Uzbekistan (5 percent), Thailand (4 percent), Vietnam (4 percent), Ukraine (3 percent), Sri Lanka (2 percent) and Iran (1 percent). 

Asbestos consumption has been stable since 1998, at around two million tons per year, according to the US Geological Survey. 

Of the 12 top consumers worldwide of white asbestos, only Thailand and Vietnam have taken action to reduce or ban its use. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95121/ASIA-Asbestos-deadly-but-not-yet-banned</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Parliamentarians mull how to boost health</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section2711.htm ] to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home. 
 
Many health systems in the region - defined as health services, workforce, information, financing, leadership as well as equitable access - are ill-equipped to meet growing challenges of non-communicable diseases, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93756/HEALTH-Call-for-healthier-lifestyles-may-fall-on-deaf-ears ] including diabetes and cancer; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94726/HEALTH-The-true-burden-of-cancer ] long-term care in a region with one of the world’s largest concentrations of ageing persons; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population ] and the economic incentive to prevent diseases rather than face “skyrocketing costs” of treatment, said Samlee Pilanbangchang, WHO regional director in Southeast Asia. 
 
“When you try to promote health as wellness, people have disease ingrained in their heads… Health is associated with illness. It is something negative. When we try to promote health, people don’t understand - still,” he told IRIN.
 
Most countries in the region spend less than the internationally recommended 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 34 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars per person per year [ http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/ ] needed to ensure basic health care. 
 
In the region, only Vietnam and Timor-Leste exceeded the recommended minimum of health spending as a percentage of GDP, 7 and 12 percent respectively, though Timor-Leste is also ranked as one of the worst countries worldwide for its child health care, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] according to the UK-based NGO, Save the Children. 
 
Myanmar’s government investment in health care is among the lowest globally - 2 percent of GDP - and patients bore almost all of what was not covered by the government, which was 9.7 percent in 2009, the most recent year for which WHO compiled data.
 
Only when the out-of-pocket percentage falls to 15-20 percent does the risk of financial catastrophe become negligible, according to WHO.
 
Healthy equity and social justice are still lacking in the region, despite the “hip hip hooray” media accorded universal health coverage programming, said Samlee. 
 
“It [universal health coverage] is not working yet,” he added, citing the region’s status as having the world’s highest rate of out-of-pocket costs for patients. 
 
The governments of Laos and Cambodia have mostly relied on donors to reach the poor, while those in Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are in different stages of expanding care in various ways, including payroll taxes. 
 
These efforts are only becoming more urgent said Porapan Punyaratabandhu, a senator from Thailand and secretary-general of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. “Equity is a matter of life and death.”
 
Parliamentarians meeting from 19-21 March are called on to advocate the boosting of health spending, workforces and access to health care in their home countries in addition to drafting “healthy public policies”, such as conducting health assessments before large infrastructural projects are undertaken or setting up industries. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95110/ASIA-Parliamentarians-mull-how-to-boost-health</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Rice pests multiply post-floods</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203120949170980t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94021/THAILAND-Livelihoods-at-risk-as-more-flooding-expected ] across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say. 

The pest, known as brown planthopper (BPH), transmits two viruses that hit yields as well as eating away at rice plants. 

"The floods have certainly made things worse," Kong Luen Heong, principal scientist for the Manila-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), told IRIN. 

"Moreover, they will impact [on] upcoming harvests as well." 

"BPH is attacking the rice bowl of the country for the eighth time in a row [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90269 ]," said Kukiat Soitong, from the Thai government's Rice Department, based in the Agriculture Ministry, adding that "150,000 hectares have already been seriously damaged in the central plains, in the basin of Chao Phraya river [over the past four years]". 

Affected provinces lost 30 percent of their rice production due to BPH in early 2010, amounting to around 1.3 million tons for the country, or more than 15 percent of the nationwide harvest, which takes place twice a year, reported the Rice Department. 

According to the Thai Rice Exporters' Association, Thailand produces 4-5 percent of the world's rice, and is the largest exporter, with 10.8 million tons in 2011. 

Last year's flooding, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94474/SLIDESHOW-Counting-the-cost-of-Thailand-s-floods ] which affected more than two million people across 28 provinces and damaged more than two million hectares of farmland, worsened the longstanding pest problem by drowning natural enemies of BPH, including insect parasites and spiders. 

"Because of the floods and the killing of BPH's natural enemies, farmers are more dependent on insecticides for several seasons. And the fact is that using insecticides makes BPH even stronger," added Kukiat. 

Most insecticides kill BPH's natural enemies, rather than BPH itself. The brown planthopper has an "unmatched" capacity to become resistant to any molecule used against it, according to Keng Hong Tan, a retired entomology professor based in Malaysia. 

He says the pest has even developed resistance to one of its own hormones when applied as a control measure. 

And while IRRI and Thailand's Rice Department launched a campaign in July 2011 to ban the two insecticides most often used in rice cultivation, cypermethrin and abamectin - known to cause BPH's resurgence - the ban is unlikely to have a significant impact. 

"This campaign will have limited immediate effects because of the floods," said Heong. "It will take some strong will to break the vicious circle that helps BPH." 

Yet banning insecticides is the only way to control BPH outbreaks in the long term, said Ho Van Chien, director of the Vietnamese government's plant protection centre for southern Vietnam. 

According to IRRI, BPH damaged hundreds of thousands of hectares across Asia, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in lost production. 

Since 2009, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam have been severely affected at least once. 

"BPH puts the whole rice ecosystem in jeopardy," said Erma Budiyanto, director of plant protection in Indonesia's Ministry of Agriculture. 

"There could be a humanitarian situation because of this pest in the future if insecticides remain as widely used as today," said Heong. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95058/THAILAND-Rice-pests-multiply-post-floods</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203120949170980t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Indigenous groups - stateless and sick</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys. 

Indigenous peoples [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf ] - defined by the UN as people with ancestral ties to a geographical region who retain "distinct characteristics" from other parts of the population - rank disproportionately high in most indicators of poor health, according to the UN Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP_web.pdf ]. 

"It is very regrettable that governments and their offices are reluctant to, or unable to, reveal the state of health of their indigenous populations," Michael Gracey, co-author of a 2009 medical study on indigenous health [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960914-4/abstract ], told IRIN. 

Approximately two-thirds of the world's estimated 300 million indigenous people live in Asia (207 million), according to 2011 estimates by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 

STIs 

Lack of education, geographic isolation and prejudice marginalize Asia's indigenous populations, boosting their risk for preventable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

More than 40 percent of hill tribe women and girls in Thailand who migrate to cities for work end up in the sex industry, according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [ http://operations.ifad.org/web/guest/topic/statistics/tags/indigenous%20peoples ]. 

In the Greater Mekong region, home to 95 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, health education is often not conducted in native languages, said David Feingold, coordinator for the Bangkok-based Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Project at the UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

"No information guarantees bad choices, so it's not surprising that the Greater Mekong minorities are disproportionately represented amongst HIV-positive populations." 

In part because of poor hygiene conditions in Vietnam's northern Ha Giang Province, gynaecological infections remain a persistent problem for women from the Hmong, Dao, Tay, and Nung groups who live in Hoang Su Phi District, according to the Thailand-based NGO, Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP). 

Only 24 percent of households in the district have potable water and almost no households have latrines or toilets, reported AIPP. "Even if there are health services available, they are of poor quality," said Shimreichon Luithi Erni, the coordinator for women's issues at AIPP. 

Stateless and sick 

Statelessness worsens the chances an indigenous person can afford healthcare, according to UNESCO. Almost four out of 10 hill tribe people in Thailand are not citizens and are, therefore, ineligible for national healthcare and formal employment, said Feingold. 

In addition, resettlement increases health vulnerabilities, according to the UK-based indigenous rights NGO, Survival International. 

"To tribal peoples, the connection to their land is so fundamental and central to their wellbeing that removal from it is almost inevitably devastating, nutritionally, psychologically and physiologically," said Sophie Grig, Survival's senior campaigner. 

But without more health data, it is hard to know which problems to tackle. "There is insufficient disaggregation of data on indigenous people's health that could be used to advocate for specific interventions targeting their needs," said Anne Harmer, UNFPA's socio-cultural technical adviser for Asia. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94816/ASIA-Indigenous-groups-stateless-and-sick</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>