<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - United Arab Emirates</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 07:31:04 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Arab cities aim to build resilience to natural disasters</title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008101236340196t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.

“We react to disasters without any planning; we just go for the response, and you know that without any planning you can’t do the proper things,” Abdulmalek Al-Jolahy, first deputy minister at Yemen’s Ministry of Public Works and Highways, told IRIN.

But disaster prevention experts say the region took a step in the right direction this month, with the official finalization of the Aqaba Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Cities. [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31093_aqabadeclarationenglishfinaldraft.pdf ]

“We want some modest, achievable targets for improving DRR [disaster risk reduction] in Arab cities,” said Zubair Murshed, a DRR regional adviser with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Cairo, speaking at last month’s first ever regional conference [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97685/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-in-the-Arab-world ] on the subject in Aqaba, Jordan.

City mayors and representatives from some 40 cities and towns in the region, including Aqaba, Gaza, Mogadishu and Tunis, drew up a provisional agreement on non-binding commitments over the next five years at March’s Aqaba conference, a document which this month became final following further consultations.

The targets include devoting at least 1 percent of cities’ annual budgets to DRR, preparing a risk assessment report to guide urban development planning, and implementing at least one law to improve safety.

The Arab officials agreed to meet in 2015 to review their performance, though otherwise there is no formal mechanism to monitor progress.

If officials follow through on their agreement it would be an important step in reducing risk - including from flash floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, sandstorms and tropical cyclones - for the region’s inhabitants, over 55 percent of whom live in urban areas.

Rapid urban growth

Population growth in the Arab region is among the highest in the world, with the urban population more than quadrupling since 1970 and expected to double again by 2050, according to UN-Habitat’s State of Arab Cities 2012 report. [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3320 ]

“The region’s environment and wealth are increasingly concentrated in a small number of highly vulnerable cities and many such communities are at risk from multiple hazards,” said Djillali Benouar, director of the Built Environment Research Laboratory at the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in Algeria.

“Many recent disasters in the last decades had their main impact in urban areas where there is a large concentration of people with a heavy dependency on infrastructure and services.”

The problem has been exacerbated by the influx of people displaced by conflict who often settle on sub-prime land - either flood prone lowlands or unstable hills, and with 87 percent of the region classed as desert, urban centres play a vital role in the economy - making any disaster in a major city a national catastrophe.

“Many of these cities are almost equal to the country - Djibouti for example. Take Cairo and Beirut as well. You only have one major civil airport in Lebanon and it’s in Beirut,” said UNDP’s Murshed, adding that many of these Arab cities were sitting on major seismic fault lines.

The past destruction of cities like Damascus, Aleppo, Beirut, Algiers and Alexandria is an indication of the potential threat from earthquakes alone.

Disaster risk experts say the Arab region has been relatively lucky in the last century, but even so, there have been more than 270 disasters, [ http://www.emdat.be/ ] and at least 150,000 deaths in the past three decades.

Natural hazards may be impossible to avoid, but good DRR can make the difference between an event that destroys growth for many years to come, or simply knocks the city back for a few months.

“If cities and local governments decide to tackle these issues then they will really reduce global risk,” said Margareta Wahlstrom, special representative of the UN Secretary-General for DRR.

The motto: Be prepared

Natural hazards become disasters especially when they hit ill-prepared vulnerable communities, but cities can do more to be better prepared - from setting up early warning systems, building the institutions and infrastructure to better handle disasters, to gathering an accurate picture of the risks they face.

The Jordanian port city of Aqaba was recognized last month as the UN’s first “role model city for DRR” and has implemented a number of measures to reduce risk.

In a corner of the Aqaba Secondary School for Boys a shipping container provides a base for the city’s Neighbourhoods Disaster Volunteers. Inside shelves are lined with first aid kits, pick axes, power tools, reflective jackets, among other things, all regularly inspected by the volunteers.

“In this team, we have to be prepared 24 hours a day to help people and reduce the effects of disasters. By being prepared, we can manage any disaster,” said Nouh Al Khattab, one of the volunteers.

They perform regular drills to practice disaster response, says Khaled Abu Aisha, head of the DRR unit at the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA).

“The volunteers are normal people just like you and I - living in the neighbourhood; women, men, young, small, normal employees. We meet twice a month.”

Jordan’s three main cities (Amman, Zarqa and Irbid) - with more than 70 percent of the population - are 30km or less from the Dead Sea Transform fault line which divides the African and Arabian tectonic plates.

Aqaba sits close to the fault line as well, and a 7.3 earthquake in 1995 killed at least eight people and damaged buildings throughout the city. Over the last 2,500 years, the area has seen some 50 serious earthquakes.

In 2006-7 UNDP helped ASEZA carry out a seismic risk assessment of the city to determine vulnerabilities.

While earthquakes may be a natural phenomenon unlinked to human activity, construction norms can make a big difference to the scale of the disaster. As Jalal Al Dabeek, director of the Urban Planning and DRR Centre at An Najah National University, Palestine, says, “Buildings kill people, not earthquakes.”

“Until now the problem is that the minimum requirements are not there yet. We are facing an Arab reality that construction in the Arab world is a long way from the minimum requirements.”

Engineers and officials are drawing up a regional Arab building code, but even when it is agreed, the regulations will need implementing and enforcing in practice.

Meanwhile, risk experts fear most Arab cities continue to be almost completely unprepared.

“We are definitely worried. Many cities like Aqaba are prepared but at the same time there are others which are not really prepared, and this is a worrying thing,” Shahira Wahbi, head of Sustainable Development and International Cooperation at the League of Arab States, told IRIN.

Flash floods

The danger of uncontrolled construction on wadis was highlighted during the 2009 floods in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, when more than 150 people were killed after a sudden downpour (90mm of rainfall in four hours - twice the average yearly rainfall).

Many of those who died in Jeddah were migrant workers living in slums build in the wadis. A highway junction built in one of the wadis was also submerged killing drivers and creating widespread destruction.

The Al-Shallalah community in Aqaba, built near a dry wadi, was hit by flash floods in 2010 causing several deaths. ASEZA decided to move the 5,000 residents from the area: 700 families went to a new development in Al-Karamah, while the rest were given vacant land and compensation.

Flooding prevention can often require major expenditure. In Al Mukalla, the capital of Yemen’s Hadhramaut Governorate, three river valleys converge on the port city creating frequent floods. Residents dug a 600-metre channel through the city centre to allow the waters to flow unhindered into the ocean.

Resilient cities

To encourage cities to better prepare, the UN Office for DRR (UNISDR) [ http://www.unisdr.org/ ] in 2010 launched the Making Cities Resilient campaign, encouraging local municipalities to establish DRR programmes.

Of the 1,419 cities and towns that have joined the scheme, around 270 are in the Arab world, almost all of them in Lebanon where 87 percent of the population lives in urban areas. In February, Nablus became the first Palestinian city to join the resilience campaign.

But overall, DRR experts say most Arab cities continue to prioritize other more palpable issues like water shortages and security, and are almost completely unprepared for major disasters like earthquakes, despite the devastating impact they can have.

“The people are not prepared. Nobody talks about that. It will be panic. People will be killed, not just by the earthquake and things falling down, but from the panic because they don’t know what to do,” Benouar from the university of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in Algeria, told IRIN.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97941/Arab-cities-aim-to-build-resilience-to-natural-disasters</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008101236340196t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Disaster Risk Reduction in the Arab world</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).

In the last three decades more than 164,000 people in the region have been killed by natural hazards, which caused damage estimated at US$19.2 billion, according to new figures for the region from the Belgium-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).

“All the people who are here now - they’ve been waiting for this for a few years. The conference has been scheduled and rescheduled, so there’s a pent up wish to discuss and tackle issues upfront,” Margareta Wahlstrom, special representative of the UN Secretary-General for DRR, told IRIN, blaming the Arab Spring for the delays.

The week of meetings is being held in Jordan’s coastal port, Aqaba, recognized as a leader in disaster preparedness in the region and one of many urban centres built on one of the four main regional fault lines - the Dead Sea Transform Fault, the Taurus-Zagros fault, the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary in Maghreb and the NU-Aegean Sea and NU-Anatolia in Eastern Mediterranean region.

Conference speakers acknowledge that the region has been “lucky” in recent years to escape major natural hazard events, but historic records show cities like Beirut, Damascus and Alexandria have all been destroyed by earthquakes.

While the natural hazards may not be new, the risks have been aggravated in recent years by the nature of human development.

“In a relatively short period a number of crucial factors have magnified the exposure and vulnerability of cities in the Arab region to disaster and its aftermath,” said Princess Sumaya bint El Hassan, president of the Jordanian Royal Scientific Society.

“The explosive increase in urban populations in recent decades, coupled with poor planning in land use, has expanded the potential of hazard to cause havoc in our cities.”

Around 55 percent of the population in the Arab world lives in cities, a figure predicted to reach 68 percent by 2050.

Prevention not cure

Disaster experts at the conference credit the Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster of 2004 with opening eyes internationally to the importance of preparing in advance for natural hazards.

Previously, Wahlstrom told IRIN, such disasters were thought of as things over which you had little control: “you deal with the immediate consequences, you rebuild, you pay for it and you move on.”

But she says governments increasingly realize that natural disasters happen when natural hazard events meet vulnerable and unprepared populations.

“You actually have to plan for it; you can mitigate the impact, and you can mitigate the costs.”

In early 2005, countries around the world signed up to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), which set five priorities over the 10-year period to 2015 for countries to strengthen institutional responses, set-up early warning systems, identify risks and build resilience at all levels.

It was the world’s first attempt to coordinate who should be in charge of what in a disaster.

Sometimes experience has shown itself to be the best teacher; Algeria improved building regulations for schools and hospitals after damage caused by the 2003 earthquake, while Lebanon - a regional leader on DRR - set-out to improve disaster management coordination after a recent plane crash saw four emergency operations rooms set up in the first four hours, but without any coordination between them.

Results

This is the first Arab conference on DRR, and the region is the last to meet ahead of a global DRR conference in Geneva in May, at which countries will plan the post-2015 strategies for resilience when the current Hyogo framework will need replacing.

What changes all this will have on the ground will depend on implementation, and so far Arab countries have been slow to put in place measures to improve preparedness; only nine of the region’s 22 countries have set up, or are setting up, a national loss database, while just 10 have submitted their HFA country reports to the UN Office for DRR (UNISDR).

“To be very honest with you, I share your fear that many of these things are paper products,” said Wahlstrom at the event’s press conference. “But when I look back at the conferences that we’ve had over the years, I see a very high level of coherence between the recommendations and commitments, and what people actually do.”

Funding prevention

Disaster experts at the conference stress that investing in prevention is a way to save money in the country; that a dollar spent on prevention is worth at least four after a crisis.

Natural disasters are often extraordinarily expensive - the floods that hit Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 2008 and 2009, for example, cost about $1.3 billion.

In addition, unprepared countries face far longer recovery times and affected cities and regions can be set back by years.

The Lebanese government’s decision to prioritize preparedness dates back to the destruction caused by the earthquake in Haiti, which was witnessed first-hand by officials from the prime minister’s office.

“The challenge is to convince governments to pay for what is not yet tangible, but which will become tangible in the coming years,” said Wahlstrom.

Just published figures [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ] from CRED show natural hazards have cost the world more than $100 billion a year for the past three years. 

The Arab League has led the adoption of DRR in the region, and in 2012 it produced a strategy adopted by regional heads of state.

But Fatma Al-Mallah, DRR advisor and member of the Global High Level Advisory Group on HFA2, says more engagement is needed.

“This is not enough - there should be a political commitment from each government. We should have more political courage in our countries when we have problems.”

She warned governments that natural hazards such as drought were frequently an underlying cause of political unrest, citing Darfur and the Arab Spring as examples, and said that a lack of good governance on these issues risked bringing instability at the lowest levels of society.

Jordan Ryan, director of the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery at the UN Development Programme, said natural disasters invariably affect the most vulnerable.

“Forest fires in Lebanon and earthquakes in Algeria are all reminders of how vulnerable this region is. As in other parts of the world, we know who suffers the most - the poor.”

He said 95 percent of the 1.3 million disaster fatalities around the globe in the past two decades were the poor.

“Weak systems for disaster preparedness are as much to blame as the natural disasters that cause them,” said Ryan.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97685/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-in-the-Arab-world</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Middle East food security tracking tool launched</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020922510742t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Aid workers and  policy makers looking for easy access to malnutrition data in Yemen or how rainfall tends to vary in Syria can now turn to a handy web-based tool. Launched in February, the Arab Spatial aims to fill the information gap on food security in the region, ultimately leading to better development policies.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Researchers and civil society activists in the Arab world have always complained that a lack of information has contributed to poor policies on development and resource management.

“Arab countries do not have enough data and when they have it they are reluctant to share it among them,” says Hamed Assaf, a water resource management specialist at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates.

Now, aid workers and policymakers working on food security and looking for easy access to malnutrition data in Yemen, or how rainfall tends to vary in Syria, can turn to a handy web-based tool.

“High quality and freely accessible knowledge is power, especially for evidenced-based research for effective and efficient policy design and implementation throughout the Arab world,” said Perrihan Al-Riffai, a senior research analyst with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), which created the tool.

Launched in February, the so-called Arab Spatial [ http://www.arabspatial.org/ ], developed with the support of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), aims to be a one-stop shop for food security data from the region.

Food security has long been a challenge in the Arab world, as many countries depend on food imports for basics such as wheat flour. But uprisings in much of the region have amplified the problem [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97118/Egypt-s-poor-hit-hardest-as-political-tensions-persist ] and driven more families into poverty.

“It has been extremely difficult for the millions of people who were already struggling to feed their families before the unfolding events of the Arab Spring [and] more families now face the challenges of collapsing economies and lost jobs as a result of the instability,” said Abeer Etafa, a spokesperson of the World Food Programme.

But the precise impact has been hard to track. According to IFPRI, only half of the countries in the Middle East publish poverty figures publicly and even so, with varying frequency and accuracy.

The Arab Spatial software is designed to measure food security at national, subnational and local levels. Users can generate maps and metadata using more than 150 food security and development-related indicators related to poverty, malnutrition, disease, production and prices, public finances, exports and imports.

“Economic development is a main driver of food security, and simultaneously, food security is an important driver for economic development,” Al-Riffai told IRIN. “That is why addressing food [in]security at both the macro, as well as, the micro levels [the most vulnerable individual] will lead to a more comprehensive approach in determining and addressing a country's development challenges.”

The tool aims to empower decision-makers, civil society representatives, researchers, journalists and others. IFPRI says several government officials have already showed interest in using it and hopes governments, regional organizations and others will help fill information gaps on the portal.

In recent years, increased recognition of the similar problem of lack of data on water in the region has led to several initiatives aimed at better collection and sharing, including the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Land Data Assimilation System [ http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0181.html ], the “Ask a Scientist” [ http://www.biosaline.org/askScientist.aspx ] initiative at the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, data collected by the World Bank, and a new database on natural water resources in the Arab world by the German government’s Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).

dh/af/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97613/Middle-East-food-security-tracking-tool-launched</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020922510742t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Aid workers and  policy makers looking for easy access to malnutrition data in Yemen or how rainfall tends to vary in Syria can now turn to a handy web-based tool. Launched in February, the Arab Spatial aims to fill the information gap on food security in the region, ultimately leading to better development policies.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Breakdown of Syria aid pledges in Kuwait</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg" />]]>KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:</description><body><![CDATA[KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:

The Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan [ http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-syria-1-january-30-june-2013 ] requires $519 million for distributions of food, medicine and hygiene kits, rehabilitation of shelters, and other activities for displaced and needy people inside Syria.

The Regional Response Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/syria-regional-response-plan-january-june-2013 ] requires a further $1 billion to help the 700,000-plus refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.

So where did the pledged money come from and where will it go? Here is a breakdown:

Kuwait: The host of the conference, the Kuwaiti emir, pledged $300 million, to be channelled through UN agencies, according to the Kuwaiti information minister. A coalition of Kuwaiti NGOs pledged a further $183 million, but as both donors and implementers, these NGOs (including the International Islamic Charity Organization) are unlikely to channel the funds to the UN response plans.

Saudi Arabia: Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, the Saudi government and people have raised more than $345 million in aid money, Saudi Minister of Finance Ibrahim Abdulazziz Al-Assaf told the pledging conference. Of that, $123 million had already been disbursed “through various channels” in coordination with a number of UN agencies and organizations. That leaves $222 million, to which the Kingdom added $78 million during the conference, for a total of $300 million to be allocated in humanitarian aid. “This sum will be delivered in assistance to countries helping Syrians and to various UN agencies,” the minister said. Members of the Saudi delegation later told IRIN that “all options are on the table,” in terms of how to channel the money - including through the Saudi Relief Committees and Campaigns, a local group which implements projects on the ground, or even through the opposition umbrella group, the Syrian National Coalition which has a humanitarian aid arm. Saudi Arabia has already given the Coalition $100 million in aid.

United Arab Emirates also pledged $300 million, but it was unclear how the money would be channelled.

USA announced $155 million in additional funding (including the $10 million recently announced during the visit of a US delegation to the region), bringing its total contribution in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis to $365 million. The new money will go towards “UN and partners and other NGOs with which we are working” to provide flour to bakeries, fund emergency healthcare supplies in field hospitals, provide winter supplies to those in communal shelters, help Palestinian refugees in Syria, and help refugees and their host communities in neighbouring countries. “We’ve very committed to ensuring that we are pursuing all channels to ensure the assistance reaches directly to the people of Syria,” said Nancy Lindborg, assistant administrator of the US Agency for International Development. “The UN continues to be a critical part of the solution.”

European Commission: Apart from pledges by member countries, the European Commission pledged $136 million in new funding, bringing its total contribution so far to $270 million. According to its Commissioner for international cooperation, humanitarian aid and crisis response, Kristalina Georgieva, most of the new funding will go towards the two UN appeals, but a small amount may also go to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), she said.

UK pledged 50 million pounds ($79.18 million) in new funding towards the UN appeals, bringing its total contribution so far to 139.5 million pounds. Justine Greening, secretary of state for international development, did however say: “We must ensure that coordinated aid reaches people across Syria, including agreed cross-line and cross-border work,” suggesting that the UK would also be open to funding projects outside the UN’s response plans, which do not include aid delivery from the northern Turkish border.

Japan announced a new pledge of $65 million to support Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), to be spent in coordination with UN agencies and NGOs. Toshiro Suzuki, ambassador in charge of Syrian Affairs at the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, emphasized in particular the importance of supporting host communities in Lebanon, Jordan and other neighbouring countries “to avoid any further destabilization in the region”.

Norway pledged an additional $38 million to be channelled through the UN’s Regional Response Plan.

Italy pledged 22 million euro ($30.06 million) for 2013, in addition to 7.5 million euro disbursed in 2012.

Canada pledged $25 million for “food, protection and support to those affected by the conflict”. In 2012, it pledged $23.5 million for food, water and other basic needs both inside and outside Syria.

Sweden pledged $23 million to support the core budgets of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the World Food Programme (WFP), the Relief Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) and the Central Emergency Response Fund. In 2012, it gave $37 million. It is also the largest recipient of Syrian refugees in Europe.

Bahrain: The Crown Prince announced $20 million in pledges, in addition to $5 million given earlier to build four schools and 500 houses for refugees.

Germany announced $13.5 million in new funding for UNHCR activities in Lebanon and Jordan, UNRWA activities helping Palestinian refugees who fled Syria for Lebanon; and projects both in and outside Syria in cooperation with German humanitarian organizations. Last year, it gave $72 million in humanitarian assistance, including $16 million to the Emergency Response Fund for Syria (the latter sum is currently still available); as well as $67 million in “structural and bilateral assistance”.

Switzerland: Switzerland’s pledge of 10 million Swiss francs ($11 million), in addition to 20 million francs spent earlier in the crisis, will go towards the UN response plans, the ICRC and “bilateral efforts”.

France: Despite its very public stance in support of the Syrian opposition, France was not at the top of the list of humanitarian pledges, announcing a total of 7.5 million euros (slightly over $10 million), to be allocated as follows: 3.5 million euros to UNHCR and WFP projects in the response plan; 1.5 million to ICRC and 2.5 million to Syrian organizations in coordination with opposition umbrella group the Syrian National Coalition. Eric Chevallier, French ambassador to Syria, said his country hopes to announce additional funding for UNRWA in the future. In 2012, France provided 13 million euros to the UN, NGOs, host countries and to Syrian organizations like the Union of Syrian Medical Relief Organizations (UOSSM). It has also assisted “solidarity networks”, like the Local Coordination Committees, the network of peaceful activists who started the protests in Syria in 2011, as well as the Assistance Coordination Unit of the Syrian National Coalition.

Iraq: Already hosting 80,000 Syrian refugees, Iraq pledged $10 million, likely to be channelled through UNHCR, its delegation said, to help refugees in Lebanon and Jordan. Two months ago, it gave another $10 million for IDPs inside Syria and refugees in Lebanon and Jordan, coordinated by the Iraqi Red Crescent.

Denmark pledged $10 million in humanitarian support, in addition to $27 million in 2012, $10 million of which was given in December to the UN.

Australia pledged an additional $10 million for UNHCR’s support to refugees in neighbouring countries, WFP’s activities inside Syria and “other international organizations providing emergency health and medical assistance in Syria”. That brings its total contribution to $41.5 million since June 2011.

Belgium pledged 6.5 million euros principally for the Emergency Response Fund (ERF), but also for WFP’s work inside Syria, and UNHCR’s work in Jordan. Peter Moors, head of the directorate for development, cooperation and humanitarian aid at Belgium’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, called on aid to be delivered to Syrians whatever their location, “regardless of the authorization by the Syrian regime”. Belgium’s contribution in 2012 was around $3.3 million.

Ireland announced $6.2 million for UNHCR, WFP, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UNRWA and ICRC, bringing its total contribution to $9.46 million.

Finland pledged 3.5 million euros ($4.7 million), as follows: one million euros for the Regional Response Plan, one million euros for WFP’s work both inside Syria and in neighbouring countries, 1.5 million euros for ICRC, and 250,000 euros to Finnish Church Aid, which is working in Jordan’s Za’atari camp for Syrian refugees.

Morocco announced $4 million, without specifying its destination. It is also establishing a field hospital in Za’atari camp in Jordan and hosting thousands of refugees itself.

Spain: Similarly, Spain announced $4 million to go towards the protection, food security and health sectors of both UN response plans.

Luxembourg pledged three million euros ($4 million), adding to more than two million euros spent in 2012 through UNHCR, ICRC, NGOs and direct in-kind donations of medical equipment to Jordan. Its minister of foreign affairs said it was also ready to deploy several emergency telecommunications systems if needed.

The Republic of Korea pledged an additional $3 million, in addition to $2 million given so far.

Russia did not announce a pledge at the conference, but told IRIN it plans to give WFP $3 million, adding to its contributions in 2012: more than $1 million to ICRC, $4.5 million to WFP, 1.5 million to the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and 200 tons of tents, medicine and other items bilaterally to Syria.

China said it had “recently” made a decision to give $1 million to UNHCR and $200,000 to the International Organization for Migration, though it was unclear whether the money was already given before the conference. In the past, it has given $2 million to ICRC and $5 million in emergency supplies to refugees in Lebanon and Jordan.

Mauritania: Currently dealing with an influx of refugees from Mali, Mauritania pledged $1 million “to mitigate the suffering that hundreds of thousands of refugees are facing, especially under these extreme weather conditions”.

Poland pledged $500,000 in new funding for the first half of 2013, in addition to $1.4 million in humanitarian aid in 2012, channelled through OCHA, UNHCR and Polish NGOs working in Lebanon and Jordan.

Croatia pledged 330,000 euros ($447,000) for 2013, saying it “would like to do more” but was facing financial constraints. Previously, it had given 50,000 euros to UNHCR, $50,000 to the Turkish government, 130,000 euros to help feed IDPs in the rebel-controlled camp in Atma, northern Syria, and 175,000 euros for the construction of a hospital and kindergarten in an undisclosed Syrian city.

Estonia will give 300,000 euros ($410,160) towards the Regional Response Plan, 100,000 of which has already been transferred to UNHCR. Last year, it gave 200,000 euros to UNHCR, OCHA and ICRC.

Hungary will provide $160,000 to UNRWA, UNICEF, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and ICRC. A Hungarian company will give an additional $100,000 as part of its corporate social responsibility programme. In 2012, Syria was the biggest recipient of Hungarian humanitarian aid, mostly channelled through UN agencies, but also through Hungarian organizations working in the field. It also assisted the Turkish government directly at the end of last year.

Brazil will give $250,000 to UNHCR, in addition to $360,000 given to UNHCR in 2012.

Bulgaria pledged 150,000 euros ($205,000) towards the Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan for aid inside Syria, especially that of WFP. Last year, it gave 100,000 euros towards the Regional Response Plan.

Romania pledged $100,000.

Slovakia will give 50,000 euros ($68,341) to UNICEF “to alleviate the plight of Syrian children,” in addition to $200,000 given last year in financial and in-kind assistance.

Greece will give 50,000 euros ($68,341) for the Regional Response Plan, in addition to 150,000 euros given in the past.

Botswana: The only sub-Saharan African country to pledge at the conference, Botswana offered $50,000.

Malta pledged 30,000 euros ($41,007)

Lithuania pledged $27,000.

Cyprus offered $20,000 in pharmaceuticals.

Qatar did not pledge new funds but said its governmental humanitarian donations for the Syrian crisis have exceeded $326 million, channelled through charitable organizations and Red Crescent societies, in addition to several contributions from the Qatar Red Crescent to refugees in neighbouring countries and to IDPs inside Syria, the minister of state for foreign affairs said, bringing Qatar’s total contribution to nearly $421 million.

The Netherlands did not announce new funding, but gave UNHCR five million euros at the beginning of January, in addition to 23.5 million euros in 2012, including 10 million euros in December for UNHCR’s winterization programme.

Austria did not announce new money, but gave the UN 800,000 euros at the end of last year, in addition to 2.9 million euros earlier in the year.

Iran’s speech listed the help it has provided, despite sanctions, including sending more than $200 million of food, medicine, clothes and flour to Syria; and supplying 100 tons of gas-oil; 20,000 tons of liquefied petroleum gas; helping reconstruct power plants; equipping Syrian hospitals and ambulances in cooperation with the government; sending through its Red Crescent Society 30,000 relief packages to refugees in Lebanon and 20,000 packages for Palestinians inside Syria; supplying $1 billion as a financial credit line to support “basic necessities and technical and engineer services”. It said it will contribute to the “special fund” set up by UN secretary-general, but did not specify how much.

Turkey did not donate to the response plans, but said it has spent more than $500 million hosting and taking care of the health, food and education needs of close to 170,000 refugees in 16 camps along the border. It has also delivered $100 million of aid at the border, where Syrians pick it up and distribute it to those in need across the border. The government launched a campaign, raising $10 million in donations from the Turkish public, which will be channelled towards IDPs, said Erdogan Iscan, director-general for multilateral political affairs. Turkey is also shipping $20 million worth of supplies like diesel fuel to Syria.

Other countries, including Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya and Algeria did not pledge funds but are hosting, and in many regards, financially supporting, thousands of refugees on their soil.

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97395/Breakdown-of-Syria-aid-pledges-in-Kuwait</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: In the Arab world, building fridges to live in an oven</title><pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg" />]]>DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters [ http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/12/05/facing-up-to-the-threat-of-climate-change-in-the-arab-world ].

The disasters of the last three decades have cost at least US$12 billion, according to the report. “This number does not really account for other enormous losses which unfold over a period of time,” said Junaid Kamal Ahmad, the World Bank’s sustainable development head.

And even this could be a gross underestimate. “The costs of damages are reported for only 17 percent of disasters and rarely capture the suffering that follows the loss of lives and livelihoods,” Ahmad said. 

Drought and flood victims account for 98 percent of all people affected by climate-related disasters in the region, according to the report. 

Dire predictions

The long-term climate-change trends are foreboding, according to the report. Temperatures are projected to rise by three to four degrees Celsius in the Arab world - which includes countries in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa - by the end of the century. Such an increase would be 1.5 times faster than the global average, meaning people in the region would be regularly living with temperatures around of 54 to 55 degrees Celsius.

2010 was already the warmest year since records began in the late 1800s, with 19 countries setting new highs. Five of these were Arab countries, including Kuwait, which set a new record at 52.6 degrees Celsius that year; it was topped by 2011’s high of 53.5 degrees Celsius. 

The region is home to the world's biggest per capita emitters of greenhouse gas: Qatar and Saudi Arabia.

“Someone mentioned we will have to build fridges to live in the oven,” quipped Rachel Kyte, World Bank Vice president for sustainable development, during the Doha press conference announcing the report’s release. 

Authors of the report - a scientific study with input from academics in the region - hope it informs the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth assessment of climate change science, which is expected to be released in 2013-14. 

Kyte said they hope the report also informs discussions on losses and damages caused by climate change. Such discussions have stalled at the current UN climate change talks taking place in Doha; the issue being left for political leaders, who arrived on 4 December, to resolve [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96867/CLIMATE-CHANGE-When-the-damage-is-done ].

Agriculture and water

Rising temperatures are bad news for agriculture, and the nearly 40 percent of employed people with agriculture-related jobs. 

The region is already extremely water stressed, but with higher temperatures, the amount of water available for irrigation will to drop dramatically. By 2050, water runoff from rains, which feed rivers, is expected to decrease by 10 percent. The gains in agricultural productivity made over the past two decades may slow, or even decline, after about 2050. 

Regional agricultural production comes largely from the 10 percent of the land with a Mediterranean climate. Irrigation is the only option for growing crops in some countries; this irrigated land covers only 2 percent of the region’s land but provides 17 percent of the production. 

Urbanization

Currently, 56 percent of Arab people live in urban centres. But by 2050, this proportion is expected to increase to 75 percent, due in part to droughts, which have been shown to increase rural-to-urban migration in the region.

A recent multi-year drought in Syria is estimated to have led to the migration of about one million people to informal settlements around the major cities.

Flash floods

Not only will the region’s people have to contend with high temperatures, they will also have to brace themselves against the increasing threat of flash floods. Contributing to this risk are more intense rainfall events; ubiquitous concrete surfaces, which that do not absorb water; inadequate and blocked drainage systems; and increased construction in low-lying areas and wadis.

The impact of flash floods is already increasing. In the decade starting from 2000, the number of people in the region affected by flash floods rose to half a million, compared to only 100,000 in the previous decade.

If no measures to build resilience are taken in the next 30 to 40 years, climate change could lead to a cumulative reduction in household incomes of about 7 percent in Syria and Tunisia, the report indicates. Yemen - because of the expected the declines in agriculture - could suffer an income reduction of 24 percent. 

“While not addressed directly in this report, the impact of the ongoing conflict in Syria would likely add greater welfare losses and make the adaptation process even more difficult,” said the report.

Building resilience

World Bank’s Ahmad told IRIN that governments in the region have begun to ask the right questions about identifying vulnerable populations and regions and have begun talking about resilience. He also said that improving people’s adaptive capacity does not always involve money; governments need to educate people about the problems ahead. They also needed to invest in more social protection measures.

The necessity of such measures was already on display. At an earlier press briefing by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Mohammed Mukhier, head of community preparedness and disaster response, said the group would be unable to raise adequate funding to keep up with the number of frequent and intense natural disasters unfolding.

jk/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96974/CLIMATE-CHANGE-In-the-Arab-world-building-fridges-to-live-in-an-oven</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Towards more coordination of aid in the Gulf</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200959020659t.jpg" />]]>KUWAIT CITY 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies and donors in the Gulf region are increasingly recognizing the need for better communication and coordination of their international aid, despite long-standing mistrust of the mainstream humanitarian system. IRIN takes a look at some of the steps in that direction.</description><body><![CDATA[KUWAIT CITY 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - When Khalid Al-Yahya set out to track how much money Gulf countries have given in aid, he knew it would not be easy.

“It is almost impossible for a lot of people to have access to this,” the director of the Arab Public Management Research Initiative at the Dubai School of Government told IRIN.

First, he looked for significant research that had already been published on the subject: “I could not find much.” Then he asked for annual reports from donor countries assessing their own work: “There are almost none… Nobody was asking these questions.”

Al-Yahya spent six months scouring local press and interviewing reticent Gulf aid officials, sometimes having to meet five or six different people in the same ministry to get the full picture.

“One official will say, ‘I know there is another unit in the ministry that also gives money, but I don’t know what they are doing.’… The units don’t report to one another.”

What he came up with is the first real estimate of the depth of the region’s role in humanitarian aid: Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have given US$120 billion since the early 1970s, he says.

International aid officials working within multilateral mechanisms recognize that Gulf countries give significant amounts in aid, but have long complained of a lack of information on where, when and how that money is spent - a result of a lack of professionalization amid their rapidly growing role in the aid industry; and decades of mistrust [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94010/Analysis-Arab-and-Muslim-aid-and-the-West-two-china-elephants ] between the mainstream humanitarian system and aid agencies from the Arab and Muslim worlds.

At a recent conference in Kuwait City, organized by the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the International Islamic Charitable Organization (IICO) of Kuwait to promote partnerships, aid agencies from the region spoke with unprecedented honesty and frankness about that mistrust. But there is now increasing recognition within Gulf aid communities of a need to better communicate and coordinate their international aid.

A new bilingual web portal, [ http://www.arabhum.net/ ] launched by OCHA at the conference on 12-13 September, aims to help fill the gap by bringing news of UN activities to Gulf donors in Arabic, and the actions of Gulf donors to a UN audience in English, including profiles of all the major aid agencies in the region and updates on funding. But buy-in from the region’s players will be key to its success.

“If we want partnership, we have to have basic information,” Majed Abu Kubi, OCHA outreach manager in the Gulf, told the participants. “This is not OCHA’s project. It is yours.”

There are already some efforts to coordinate. The Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Organization gathers all Red Cross and Crescent societies from the region on an annual basis.

Progress and impediments

In the United Arab Emirates, the Office for Coordination of Foreign Aid, operational since 2009, tracks all foreign aid - governmental and otherwise.

“We’re trying to raise awareness among the UAE donors about the importance of coordination and focusing more on development assistance,” said Director-General Hazza Alqahtani. “Humanitarian [crisis] is something that we have to deal with. But… we don’t want to just go and deliver the emergency items, then leave. There is a recovery stage that we… in the Muslim and Arab countries, need to pay attention to.”

Saudi Arabia, the largest Gulf donor and one of the largest in the world, is similarly trying to do a better job of communicating its aid internationally, according to a 2011 study [ http://www.gppi.net/approach/research/truly_universal/saudi_arabia_and_humanitarian_assistance/ ] by the Global Public Policy Institute. It is partly a reaction to criticism of incoherence and regional bias in its aid, and a “heightened sense of confidence and national pride in its growing regional and global economic influence.” In response to the study, which outlined problems of coordination, governance and accountability in Saudi aid structures, the Saudi Red Crescent and other bodies are restructuring, Al-Yahya said.

Every Gulf country now has or is in the process of establishing some kind of a central coordination unit that will supervise and coordinate humanitarian and development activities, he added, though he insisted lack of capacity will continue to pose a problem in implementation.

At the Kuwait conference, some participants called for a regional body that would track and coordinate all Gulf aid.

But past efforts at coordination have been hampered, Gulf and Arab officials say, by a desire of each country or institution to promote itself.

“Each country has its own institutions and there is competition between them - not only at the level of GCC but within the countries themselves,” Al-Yahya told the conference.

One senior Arab diplomat told IRIN the Arab League has failed to create any real humanitarian coordination branch because “countries don’t want it. They do things bilaterally so that they can raise their own flag.”

Emergency response and preparedness

In the areas of emergency response and preparedness, there is perhaps more of a willingness to coordinate.

Qatar’s Foreign Minister is behind a new global initiative to strengthen civil and military coordination in response to natural disasters. The so-called “HopeFor” initiative [ http://hopefor.qatar-conferences.org/index.php ] aims to create centres of excellence around the world that would collect and exchange best practices and lessons learned, link into early warning systems, manage a database of contacts and promote regional and sub-regional agreements. The aim is to ensure that military and civil defence assets are used in a coordinated manner, in line with the UN’s humanitarian emergency response mechanisms.

“There is coordination; there is partnership. But it is limited between some organizations. How can we benefit from these experiences and make them common?” Ahmed Al-Mereikhy, director of the Department of International Development at the Qatari Ministry of Foreign Affairs, asked his peers at the conference.

In the coming months, the GCC secretariat is opening an emergency management centre in Kuwait meant to: coordinate between national disaster management centres in the Gulf; support national responses to challenges like epidemics, oil spills, climate change and water scarcity; and build preparedness across the region.

Changing the culture

“There is not much focus on preparedness here,” Abdul Aziz Yousif Hamza, head of the new centre, told IRIN. “You need to spend a lot of money for preparedness. The norm here is that they spend the money when the crisis happens. We are trying to change the culture of the people… In times of crisis, all countries come together. Why don’t they come together before the crisis?”

As early as 2013, several universities in the Gulf, including King Saud University in Saudi Arabia, are planning to introduce tracks in non-profit management as part of master’s degrees, to better prepare the region’s next generation of aid workers.

But observers question whether all of these initiatives will really move from vision to implementation.

Participants at the Kuwait conference also suggested a few other ideas: exchange programmes in which Gulf aid workers can be seconded to the UN; a meeting specifically focused on addressing the lack of trust; the introduction of institutional incentives for collaboration and cooperation; and a legal framework mandating accountability processes [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95731/97/Are-they-listening-Aid-and-humanitarian-accountability ] in these institutions.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96352/Analysis-Towards-more-coordination-of-aid-in-the-Gulf</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200959020659t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUWAIT CITY 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies and donors in the Gulf region are increasingly recognizing the need for better communication and coordination of their international aid, despite long-standing mistrust of the mainstream humanitarian system. IRIN takes a look at some of the steps in that direction.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Accountability in Islam</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204021143420685t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - The rights-based framework may only have been formally adopted by the international humanitarian and development community in the past decade; but the concept that people in need have a right to assistance has existed in the Muslim world since the birth of Islam.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - The rights-based framework may only have been formally adopted by the international humanitarian and development community in the past decade; but the concept that people in need have a right to assistance has existed in the Muslim world since the birth of Islam.

“When we [in the international community] started thinking differently about relief, and talking about a rights-based approach, it was very easy to equate and put this within the Islamic perspective,” said Khaled Khalifa, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for the Gulf Region. “It was there, but we didn’t know about it.”

Despite an increased focus on accountability in recent years and a growing role for aid agencies from the Muslim world [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94010/Analysis-Arab-and-Muslim-aid-and-the-West-two-china-elephants ] in mainstream humanitarian aid operations, few analysts or academics - neither in humanitarian thought nor in Islamic jurisprudence - have asked the question: What does accountability look like in the Islamic context?

The answer can be contradictory.

On the one hand, the Muslim Holy book, the Koran refers to the “known right” of the petitioner and the deprived to the wealth of observant Muslims: “Give to your relatives, to the poor and to the traveller their right, and do not spend wastefully [on yourself],” it says in verse 26, surah 17.

Islamic scripture requires Muslims to give 2.5 percent of their wealth in `zakat’, or mandatory alms, to specific categories of people in need.

“`Zakat’ is not charity,” says Tariq Cheema, president of the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists (WCMP). “`Zakat’ is an obligation. `Zakat’ is a mandatory discharge of duty. It’s not your money. It belongs to the poor.”

As such, billions of dollars are spent each year in helping those in need.

On the other hand, aid in the Muslim world is understood to have more than one purpose.

Fulfilling a religious obligation

Part of it is fulfilling a religious obligation, which means that Muslims should see themselves as first and foremost accountable to God. This can lead to what Marie Juul Petersen, a researcher in politics and development at the Danish Institute for International Studies, calls “the invisibility of the recipient”.

“The provision of aid is a way to gain religious rewards and a place in Paradise,” she wrote in her PhD thesis, For humanity or for the umma?, [ http://www.diis.dk/graphics/_Staff/mape/Marie%20Juul%20Petersen%20%20For%20humanity%20or%20for%20the%20umma%20.pdf ] a study of four transnational Muslim NGOs’ ideologies of aid. “If the purpose of aid is to ensure rewards for the donor, the recipient easily becomes irrelevant as anything but an instrument to obtain these rewards…

“What the donor gives is not important; what is important is the intention. This is perhaps most clearly expressed in the frequently mentioned saying, ‘If you save one person it is as if you saved all of humankind.’ It is not important whether you save one or 100 people, but that you save - in other words, it is not the result of the action, but the action itself (and the underlying intention) that matters.”

Some Muslim NGOs complain of the challenges of raising funds for certain activities, because some donors give based on what they believe they will be rewarded for in heaven - building mosques or sponsoring orphans - rather than what may be most needed on the ground.

“Even though donors are becoming more aware of the need to donate toward sustainable development projects, a great deal of raising awareness is still required, especially amongst the first generation of immigrants in the EU and America, about the obligations Islam places on its adherence to help community and eradicating poverty,” said Inlia Aziz, of MuslimAid, a UK-based international NGO.

During many humanitarian crises in the Muslim world - from Somalia to Syria - some Muslim donors have simply sent whatever they have to offer, instead of assessing the true needs of people affected.

“If you are doing charity simply to fulfil your own requirement, then accountability is not there,” Cheema told IRIN. “Accountability is going to come when you are thinking from the perspective of the beneficiary.”

But increasingly, civil society within the Muslim world is realizing the potential of `zakat’ [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world ] being spent more effectively and calling for a more needs-based and sustainable approach.

Strengthening the `ummah’

Another perceived purpose of aid in the Muslim world, according to Juul Petersen, is strengthening the `ummah’, or global Muslim community, “as a response to problems of spiritual poverty” - meaning that recipients of Muslim aid are primarily Muslim.

Some see nothing wrong with this approach, pointing to other examples of the same: Australian aid focuses on the Pacific region; Belgium focuses on the Great Lakes; increasingly, other donors are targeting their aid by reducing the number of recipients and the scope of work.

“A number of donors’ aid allocation is based on historical, regional, religious, cultural and language ties - should Arab donors be any different?” asks Kerry Smith, programme officer with Development Initiatives, a research and advocacy organization. “Aren’t they best placed to understand the needs of Muslim countries in their region?”

Some Muslim aid workers believe this solidarity between the “sons of the ummah” makes them more accountable, because of their close ties to the people they are trying to help.

“[Other aid workers] don’t have the same feeling of family as we have, that the orphans are a part of our family, that it’s about humanity, family, about making the orphans feel important. For them, it’s routine, it’s just a job they need to do, it’s about finishing work to get home to your own family,” one employee of the Kuwait-based International Islamic Charitable Organization told Juul Petersen.

But the approach has also garnered criticism from secular, Western NGOs, claiming that they discriminate among recipients, thus violating principles of universalism and neutrality so tied to accountability.

In any case, many of the Muslim aid agencies working in the world’s major emergency zones have long worked in the international system and have adopted mainstream development practices. But that too raises questions of accountability.

According to a study [ http://www.developmentinpractice.org/journals/analysing-cultural-proximity-islamic-relief-worldwide-and-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh ] of Islamic Relief’s work in Bangladesh, religious leaders in a refugee camp complained that the NGO was not meeting their religious needs because it had not built enough religious schools, mosques and graveyards.

“We can live without food but we can’t live without our religion,” the refugees reportedly said.

For more stories on humanitarian accountability, please visit our In-Depth [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95731/97/Are-they-listening-Aid-and-humanitarian-accountability ]

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95742/AID-POLICY-Accountability-in-Islam</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204021143420685t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - The rights-based framework may only have been formally adopted by the international humanitarian and development community in the past decade; but the concept that people in need have a right to assistance has existed in the Muslim world since the birth of Islam.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world?</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2773t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Every year, somewhere between US$200 billion and $1 trillion are spent in “mandatory” alms and voluntary charity across the Muslim world, Islamic financial analysts estimate.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Every year, somewhere between US$200 billion and $1 trillion are spent in “mandatory” alms and voluntary charity across the Muslim world, Islamic financial analysts estimate. 

At the low end of the estimate, this is 15 times more than global humanitarian aid contributions* [ http://fts.unocha.org/reports/daily/ocha_R18_Y2011___1205310203.pdf ] in 2011.

With aid from traditional Western donors decreasing in the wake of a global recession, and with about a quarter of the Muslim world living on less than $1.25 a day**, this represents a huge pool of potential in the world of aid funding. 

But Islamic finance experts, researchers and development workers say much of the money spent in `zakat’ (mandatory alms) and `sadaqa’ (charity) is mismanaged, wasted or ineffective. 

“Wealth is growing in the Muslim world. So is the poverty. Where have we gone wrong?” asks Tariq Cheema, president of the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists (WCMP), an organization which advises Muslim donors - including some of the thousands of millionaires living in the Gulf - on how to increase sustainability and accountability in their donations. 

Islam requires Muslims to give 2.5 percent of their wealth and assets to the poor every year. Much more is given in voluntary `sadaqa’. But that money is usually donated in small amounts at local levels to feed the poor, help orphans, or build mosques. Muslims say many of them give, almost without thinking, to fulfil a religious obligation. “Our rituals are there, but often they lack the spirit,” Cheema told IRIN. “We just give the money and forget.”

Very little of the money goes towards sustainable development.

“Billions of dollars worth of giving in `zakat’ and `sadaqa’ are unfortunately ineffective by and large,” he said. “Our giving shouldn’t be driven by our desire to prove that we are good people… Our giving should be smart and effective.” 

“We are here to bring that shift in the culture: the paradigm shift from conventional and generous giving to strategic giving… There is a lot of money around that needs to be channelled towards development.” 

Huge potential 

In the early years of Islam, `zakat’, `sadaqa’ and `awqaf’( religious endowments) played a large role in society - not only in poverty alleviation, but in the building of infrastructure and provision of social services. In Ottoman times, some Turkish towns were almost entirely based on religious endowments - the real estate donated, with the rent going towards charitable or social ends: educational and health facilities, research institutes, even the lighting of streets. The endowments are credited as one of the reasons for the “Golden Age” of Islamic civilization from the eighth to the 13th centuries.

But due to colonization, the stagnation of Muslim institutions, mismanagement of `awqaf’ and the inability of their laws to adapt to changing times, these charitable traditions lost their central place in the organization of society. 

Cheema said many Muslims today do not know how to calculate the amount of `zakat’ they should pay and do not have the channels through which to pay it. Governments collect a very small percentage of what they could. 

In 2004, economist Habib Ahmed calculated [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Role_of_Awqaf_and_`zakat’.pdf ] that if all potential `zakat’ were collected in Muslim countries, between a third and half of them could move their poor out of poverty.*** 

“The potential is tremendous,” Ahmed, now chair in Islamic Law and Finance at the Institute of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies at Durham University, told IRIN. “But in most countries, it is not being used to the potential.”

Among the reasons, he said, are that people do not trust governments, who have a history of mismanagement, and prefer to give their money to people they know are in need. 

Syed Wafa is a former professor who headed a research group that advised the Malaysian government on distributing `zakat’ funds. He said even Malaysia - one of the most advanced countries in `zakat’ collection - is not strategic in its disbursement of funds. 

“The `zakat’ authority does not have a long-term investment plan,” he told IRIN. “They depend on the yearly collection… Their mindset is: We get the funds; we try to disburse them as fast as possible.” 

Wafa’s recommendation to the government that it disburse `zakat’ funds through loans or micro-credit financing was rejected based on the perception that `zakat’ should, according to religious edict, be owned by the poor, and thus given in the form of direct assistance. In the Malaysian state of Johor, however, the `zakat’ authority allows funds to be spent on student loans for tertiary education.

Feeding the poor and helping orphans are encouraged repeatedly in the Koran and have thus become preferred forms of `zakat’. Building mosques has been a popular form of `sadaqa’, largely due to the Prophet Muhammad’s saying that he who helps build a mosque will have a castle built for him in heaven. 

Muslim NGOs have at times struggled to convince donors to support “intangible” activities like capacity-building or empowerment, over these more tangible causes, according to Marie Juul Peterson, a researcher in politics and development at the Danish Institute for International Studies, who wrote her PhD thesis [ http://www.diis.dk/graphics/_Staff/mape/Marie%20Juul%20Petersen%20%20For%20humanity%20or%20for%20the%20umma%20.pdf ] about transnational Muslim NGOs.

“One thing is clear,” said Cheema of WCMP. “Around the Muslim world, there is an increased awareness that if `zakat’ distribution and management is made effective, we can bring revolutions in terms of development - not only for the Muslims, but people around the world.”

Role of government 

Many countries have entire ministries of `zakat’ and `awqaf’, but they are mistrusted, ineffective and badly managed, Ahmed said. But as they wake up to the potential of proper `zakat’ management, some governments are making efforts to centralize the process, either directly through government, through non-profit corporations created by the government; or through hybrid systems, where NGOs also play a role in collecting `zakat’. 

Malaysia has made great strides: in 2010 it collected 1.4 billion Malaysian ringgit (US$443 million) in `zakat’, up from about $95 million 10 years ago, said Wafa, now head of a Shariah-compliant financial institution called KOPSYA, which finances cooperatives through no-interest loans. 

Malaysians who give `zakat’ are given a tax credit. In Pakistan the government deducts `zakat’ on certain categories of assets, with bank account deductions on the first day of Ramadan every year directly deposited in the Central Zakat Fund maintained by the State Bank of Pakistan.

In 2010 the Egyptian government measured, [ http://www.idsc.gov.eg/Upload/Documents/262/charity1.pdf ] for the first time, the amount of money Egyptians donate to charity, estimating it at about 4.5 billion Egyptian pounds ($745 million) in 2009. Others have made estimates two to four times higher. In strictly financial terms, this government estimate would be enough to pull nearly all of Egypt’s poor out of poverty.****

Donor culture built on religion 

Others are also targeting the “charity mentality” at the state level - lobbying governments in the Muslim world, especially the Gulf, to be more strategic with their aid. 

“Our [Muslims’] whole donorship was built on religious charity,” said Ibrahim Osman, director of the Middle East and North Africa region for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). “That has infiltrated even governments and public institutions… Most Muslim countries do handouts, even with international organizations. 

“The Arab world has to change from a charity culture to a humanitarian action business,” he told IRIN. “This is what is missing. It’s always charity.”

But observers say that apart from a few notable exceptions, major reform at the government level is unlikely. 

“We academics talk about the role of `zakat’, but ultimately, if there is no political will at the level of the government, there will not be a structural change which can bring this about,” Habib said. 

“It needs a different mindset,” Wafa added. “The ideas have to come from the public.” 

Increasingly, it is civil society filling the gap. See IRIN’s list of efforts to make Muslim aid more effective. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective ]

The role of NGOs

In Egypt, a start-up social business called Madad [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective ] is trying to shift the billions of pounds spent in Egypt every year in donations and charity by highlighting those NGOs working towards sustainable development. 

“As Muslims, we are raised that you have to pay `zakat’,” said Sameh Awad, head of Madad. “People just go to the poor people and give them money and they feel that they’re fulfilled. 

“We are trying to change the culture of giving among the donors,” he told IRIN, encouraging them to take more interest in how the money they give is spent and whether it creates any lasting change. 

Muslim NGOs, some of whom get up to 80 percent of their funding from `zakat’ and `sadaqa’, are increasingly turning to sustainable development projects like Islamic (interest-free) micro-finance and livelihood support.

Instead of giving money to individual orphans, some NGOs have tried to support them in more strategic ways, introducing human rights, empowerment and “mainstream aid activities”, Juul Peterson, the researcher, said. Other projects have included developing sermons for imams on children’s rights or training them in disaster preparedness.

“You have these new ideas of how good aid should be,” she told IRIN. 

In Egypt, a non-profit organization called Misr al-Kheir, led by the Grand Mufti of Egypt, the highest religious authority in the country, and funded by `zakat’ and `sadaqa’, has been a pioneer in the use of `zakat’ for sustainable ends. Leading by example, the Mufti has made it religiously acceptable to invest `zakat’ in Islamic micro-finance projects and scientific research aimed at improving human development. 

Al-Rajhi Bank and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Co. in Saudi Arabia and Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) are Muslim lending institutions which have attempted to replicate the successes of Grameen bank in Bangladesh.

Several people are also trying to involve the $1 trillion Islamic finance industry in the financing of development, by encouraging Islamic financial institutions to transfer a percentage of their capital towards sustainable livelihoods for the poor, or using Islamic capital market instruments to create `awqaf’. 

Sustainable forms of Muslim aid 

Historically, `awaqf’ have contributed to sustainable development much more than `zakat’; and Muslims are increasing finding innovative and modern versions of the old tradition, including collective and corporate religious endowments.

In 2009, the Organization for Islamic Cooperation’s Fikh Academy, charged with setting religious laws, passed a resolution evolving the rules around `awaqf’ to make them more flexible, allowing temporary `awaqf’, corporate `awaqf’ (through shares of a company) and `awaqf’ in cash - but regulation is still up to the government in most countries. 

NGOs have lobbied Muslim scholars to issue fatwas making it easier for Muslims to give their faith-based charity in non-traditional ways, expanding the forms of acceptable religious charity, reducing waste and increasing sustainability and impact. 

In 2007, Egypt’s Grand Mufti pronounced that contributions to a civil society campaign - including fundraising by text message - to open a new children’s cancer hospital would constitute legitimate `zakat’. The hospital, financed completely through donations, is now the second largest in the world dedicated to paediatric cancer care.

Muslim scholars have also allowed `zakat’ to be given towards relief operations, which has made a big difference in responding to humanitarian disasters. 

Making the most of Eid

One source of waste, historically, has been during the Eid al-Adha holiday, in which Muslims are encouraged to slaughter an animal and donate the meat to the poor - another industry worth millions, if not billions, of dollars. As a result, millions of sheep are estimated to be slaughtered every year in a span of a few days. On such a scale, the meat cannot always be distributed quickly and efficiently enough. 

In 2011, well-known Muslim scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi approved [ http://qaradawi.net/component/content/article/5323.html ] the canning of meat for distribution abroad at a later point. 

Other NGOs, like Muslim Aid and Awqaf New Zealand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective ], are combining the ritual, known as `qurbani’ or `udheya’, with livelihood activities, in which poor farmers rear the animals and sell them to the NGOs during Eid or use other parts of the animal to create revenue. 

“We maximize the donation for the best interest of the poor,” said Husain Benyounis, secretary-general of Awqaf New Zealand. “We turn something out of everything they throw away.”

The Koran says the one of the ways in which you can continue being rewarded for your good deeds after you die is by leaving a form of continuous `sadaqa’, a gift that keeps giving. In a Muslim version of “teaching someone how to fish”, the Prophet Muhammad is said to have helped a beggar find a sustainable income, instead of giving him money. 

“You find very different interpretations of `zakat’ and `sadaqa’,” Peterson said. “[But] people are increasingly using Islamic discourses to argue for sustainability.”

Still, though the Arab Spring may speed up the process, most observers say it will be years before there is any significant shift.

Awad, the young Egyptian social entrepreneur, believes Egypt’s revolution needs to spread to the civil society sector. 

“We need a revolution in all the sectors,” he said. “We need a revolution, not only in leaders, but in the mindset itself.” 

But many continue to have hope in the potential offered through `zakat’, `sadaqa’, `awqaf’ and `qurbani’, especially as social media helps raise awareness and change the feedback loop. Sami Yusuf, a Muslim musician whose involvement in the LiveFeed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective ] campaign helped raise funds for the World Food Programme, says people just need the right channels to give.

“I think we’re going to be really surprised in the years to come in this part of the world.”

ha/cb

*According to the UN’s Financial Tracking System, global humanitarian funding in 2011 totalled just over $13 billion.

**Calculated by IRIN as an average of the percentage of population living under $1.25 a day in the 40 member countries of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) for which there was data in the 2011 Human Development Index. 

***See page 69 of the link. Calculated by Habib Ahmed using the upper limit (4.3 percent of GDP) of a model used to measure the impact of full `zakat’ collection in IDB countries. (The lower end of the model is 1.8 percent) 
 
****Calculated by IRIN based on an Egyptian population of 85 million - about 2 percent of which live below the poverty line, according to the Human Development Index of 2011. At today’s exchange rate, 4.5 billion pounds works out to about $1.19 dollars per day per person living under the poverty line. 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2773t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Every year, somewhere between US$200 billion and $1 trillion are spent in “mandatory” alms and voluntary charity across the Muslim world, Islamic financial analysts estimate.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Making Muslim aid more effective</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206010824150579t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Between the foreign aid of oil-rich Gulf States and the billions of dollars spent by Muslims in “mandatory” alms and charity every year, the Muslim world is by all accounts a huge reservoir of potential in the world of aid funding.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Between the foreign aid of oil-rich Gulf States and the billions of dollars spent by Muslims in “mandatory” alms and charity every year, the Muslim world is by all accounts a huge reservoir of potential in the world of aid funding.

But players in Muslim aid say much of the money spent on aid and charity here is mismanaged, wasted, lacking in strategy or ineffective. (See IRIN’s in-depth article on this) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world ]

Here are a few new attempts to change that: 

Madad: Created by a 30-year-old Egyptian activist who participated in the 2011 uprising against former president Hosni Mubarak, Madad is a private, social start-up business which aims to shift some of the estimated 5-20 billion Egyptian pounds (US$825 million - $3.3 billion; statistics are not consistent) spent by ordinary people on charity every year towards more sustainable development. The idea is to scour Egypt’s governorates and estimated 40,000 NGOs, and identify those which run successful, sustainable projects that support livelihoods and work towards the Millennium Development Goals. Madad would then highlight those projects through online platforms, so that donors can make more educated decisions about how to spend their money and track the funds once spent. It will start small with a few projects it has already identified, and expand its coverage as its networks grow, with the aim that NGOs will eventually come forward themselves, looking for exposure. The word `madad’ in Arabic means supply; its CEO, Samed Awad, sees it as the supply not only of money, but of resources, visibility, awareness and knowledge, to both donors and NGOs. The commercial launch is scheduled for the beginning of 2013. 

The International Waqf and Zakat Organization [ http://www.worldzakatfoundation.org/ ]: A concept first introduced to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) by the Malaysian government in 2005, the International Waqf and Zakat Organization is meant to become a global fund where `zakat’ (mandatory alms) could be pooled and spent more strategically on long-term objectives. Still in the making, the project does not yet have buy-in from many countries which see `zakat’ management as a sovereign responsibility. 

The Hasanah Trust Fund: Created by the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists last month, the Hassanah Trust Fund hopes to become a sustainable mechanism through which money can be collected from governments and the private sector and then linked with UN agencies or NGOs with a strong track record in poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods and food security.

Awqaf New Zealand: Millions of sheep are estimated to be slaughtered every year during the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha. Instead of simply distributing their meat to the poor, Awqaf New Zealand, [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Awqaf_New_Zealand_Short%20_Profile.pdf ] an NGO set up in 2011, aims to create a sustainable cycle out of the process by using all parts of the animal to produce revenue that goes back to the poor. Some of the meat is canned for future distribution by aid agencies. The wool and skin go to refugees (along with training, sewing machines and medical insurance) to make relief blankets (sold back to aid agencies at low cost), or items like moccasins that help refugees in the West preserve their heritage. In the future, Awqaf New Zealand plans to use the bones to make Halal gelatin and, possibly, the blood for fertilizer. 

Care by Air: An initiative of Maximus Air Cargo, based in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Care by Air [ http://www.carebyair.aero/ ] is a not-for-profit collection of airways and transport companies which have agreed to give empty space to humanitarian organizations and charities at cost. According to the International Air Transport Association, there are four million tons of empty space on aeroplanes every week. Filling 0.0003 percent of that space would provide meals for five million people, Care by Air says. 

LiveFeed: Using the popularity of musician Sami Yusuf to raise awareness among a younger generation of Muslims, the LiveFeed [ http://livefeedafrica.org/ ] campaign, launched in December 2011, continues to raise money for the World Food Programme to respond to the drought in the Horn of Africa. The video of his single, “Forgotten Promises”, has been viewed by more than one million people on YouTube and has reached at least another 1.5 million through his Facebook and Twitter feeds. “People in the Middle East really want to do good,” Yusuf told IRIN. “They just need an opportunity and a means.”

Corporate `waqf’: In Malaysia, Johor State’s investment corporation, Johor Corporation, has partnered with the state’s Islamic Religious Council to manage a corporate waqf (religious endowment), to which all of its members can contribute a certain percentage of the shares or equity of their company. The returns fund hundreds of thousands of medical treatments for poor people at Waqaf An-Nur Hospital [ http://www.jcorp.com.my/waqaf-an-nur-hospital-clinic-35.aspx ] and its corresponding clinics. According to one local expert, the fund has more than doubled to over 500 million Malaysian ringgits ($157 million) in the last 10 years. 

Collective `waqf’: Another new innovation in the age-old tradition of religious endowments is collective `waqf’, in which several people’s contributions are pooled together to create a single `waqf’. British NGO Muslim Aid is in the process of launching a legacy-giving scheme which will allow people to give a portion of their wealth in their wills to charitable causes to be managed by Muslim Aid. 

Variations on Islamic microfinance: Muslim NGOs like Islamic Relief, Muslim Aid, Misr al-Kheir and Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia have been using no-interest microfinance for several years now, but others are now experimenting with micro-loans (as little as $20) and group-lending, in which a loan is given to several people who are equally responsible for paying it back, increasing the peer pressure and thus improving the pay-back rate. 

Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid (OCFA), UAE: Operational since 2009, the Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid [ http://ocfa.gov.ae/EN/pages/Home.aspx ] has been tracking the flow of aid out of the United Arab Emirates. The first of its kind in the region, the office is leading the way in aid transparency among Gulf donors and providing information with which to set policy. It is also training other donors in the region to do the same. “Muslim countries should really focus more on sustainable development projects, rather than being reactive to humanitarian crises,” OCFA Director-General Hazza Alqahtani told IRIN, insisting that the Muslim world needs to deliver more “efficient aid”. 

Muslim aid structures: Several groups have emerged in the last few years helping to represent Muslim organizations working in aid. Founder of Islamic Relief Hany El Banna created both the Humanitarian Forum, which encourages dialogue and coordination between aid agencies from the Muslim world and the wider humanitarian system; and the Muslim Charities Forum, which has played a large role in lobbying Muslim scholars to expand definitions of Islam-acceptable charity. The OIC in 2008 created a Humanitarian Affairs department which is increasingly playing a role in coordinating aid among member countries, especially in disaster zones where Muslim aid workers may have better access. 

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206010824150579t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 01 June 2012 (IRIN) - Between the foreign aid of oil-rich Gulf States and the billions of dollars spent by Muslims in “mandatory” alms and charity every year, the Muslim world is by all accounts a huge reservoir of potential in the world of aid funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Over 50 million affected in Muslim world in 2011</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.  

In 2011, 38 of the 57 OIC member countries and 55 million people were affected by “disasters and chronic emergencies”, Atta Elmanan Bakhit, OIC assistant secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, said at the Dubai International Humanitarian Aid & Development Conference & Exhibition. [ http://www.dihad.org/ ] Disasters brought a total financial loss of US$68 billion in those Muslim countries, he said, quoting figures that will be published in OIC’s annual report, to be released later this month.  

These numbers do not include political crises, namely the Arab Spring, and are tabulated based on information from member states. They are up from 2010 when 36 countries and 48 million people were affected, with $53 billion in losses, according to an OIC survey.  

“In the Muslim world now, we have regularly a lot of disasters,” Bakhit said, adding that the OIC has had no choice but to start playing a larger role in humanitarian affairs. The OIC is active in coordinating humanitarian assistance in Somalia, where it has access [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=94010 ] in many areas Western aid workers do not; and along with the UN, the OIC accompanied the government in the first humanitarian assessment [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95102/SYRIA-Aid-workers-give-cautious-welcome-to-start-of-humanitarian-assessment ] of areas affected by the unrest in Syria.

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95226/DISASTERS-Over-50-million-affected-in-Muslim-world-in-2011</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Call for educational reform to create &quot;knowledge society&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 
 
"[Arab countries] will have no alternative but to tackle this issue," said Amat Al Alim Alsoswa, assistant secretary-general and director of the Regional Bureau for Arab States at the UN Development Programme (UNDP). "If you talk about any kind of reform - political, judicial - education is an integral part of it. Otherwise, it will be an artificial reform," she told IRIN at the sidelines of the event in Dubai. 
 
The Arab Knowledge Report (AKR), published by UNDP and the UAE-based Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, called for action to better enable the region's youth to participate in the so-called "knowledge society" and move beyond the poverty and unemployment that led to mass demonstrations and the toppling of several governments last year.
 
According to some estimates, more than 60 percent of the population of Arab countries is under the age of 25. 
 
But the potential of Arab youth has so far been limited by weak corporate governance, high rates of corruption, weak indicators of freedom, absence of democracy, increasing rates of poverty and unemployment, restrictions on women's freedom and the failure of economic reforms to achieve social justice and provide youth employment opportunities, the report said.
 
The report found that the Arab world continues to lag behind, with a "sharp drop" in cognitive skills among youth, including problem-solving, written communication, use of technology, and the ability to search for information. The average student scored 33 out of 100 in these areas. 
 
Other statistics are equally scathing: In 2007, 29 percent of Arabs above the age of 15 were illiterate, compared to 16 percent globally; in 2010, 19 percent of Arab children under 6 had access to public childcare centres, compared to 41 percent globally; and Arab students continued to rank poorly in international exams. The region has seen an exponential growth in internet use, but remains below the global average in terms of its exploitation. 
 
The Arab Spring changed some of that - youth clearly used technology to communicate their message, and in many countries their protests have led to a freer and more democratic environment. (Broadening freedom of thought was one of the main recommendations of the 2009 Arab Knowledge Report. [ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/october/the-arab-knowledge-report-2009-towards-productive-intercommunication-for-knowledge.en ]) But this year's report warns that Arab countries need to do more to take advantage of the openings provided by the Arab Spring. 
 
The Arab world must develop the infrastructure for information technology; encourage innovation; create an investment-friendly environment; focus on social, political and economic reforms; and improve education. 
 
Education neglected intentionally?
 
For a long time, observers say, many Arab governments intentionally neglected education because they thought that an uneducated public would be less likely to rebel. 
 
Shortcomings in the education system were also due to a "culture of silence", Hassan El Bilawi, professor of the sociology of education at Helwan Unviersity in Cairo, told the audience at the launch. "We have before us a cultural challenge - we are suffering from cultural backwardness. Many changes took place in the Arab world but they have not been related to the methodology of teaching or the culture of schools. We have to make sweeping reforms," he said. 
 
Past reforms have been seen as a "technical task" entrusted to bureaucrats in Arab ministries of education, without the support of state policies or civil society, said Moudi Al Homud, former minister of education of Kuwait. "Consequently, we have failed." She urged governments to move beyond the "cosmetics" of educational reform. 
 
But Ghaith Fariz, director of the report, said the knowledge gap is due to more than just poor education. 
 
"It's an issue that involves all sectors of the society. It's much beyond education. Civil society has a role. Family has a role," he told IRIN. Intellectual property rights is another area, for instance, in which "we, as Arabs, are basically absent." 
 
Participants at the report's launch also highlighted the importance of youth being involved in finding solutions. 
 
"If we take the lead, we will destroy what the youth have done," said one participant from Jordan. "The youth have to define the next steps." 
 
ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95075/MIDDLE-EAST-Call-for-educational-reform-to-create-quot-knowledge-society-quot</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: The year that was</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.
 
 “Despite the fact that the Arab Spring may have brought hopes for freedom, democracy and better living conditions, it has not been without cost,” said Abdul Haq Amiri, head of the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Middle East.
 
 Here are the top 10 humanitarian consequences of a momentous year in the region, focusing on Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen. 
 
 Lives lost 
 
 2011 began with an 18-day uprising against former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak which left more than 800 people dead and over 6,000 injured. By year end, sporadic clashes between protesters, security forces and “thugs” had killed at least another 81 people and injured hundreds more. 
 
 In Syria, a crackdown against demonstrators demanding President Bashar el-Assad step down led to more than 5,000 dead - though the number is constantly changing. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93772 ] 
 
 In Yemen, at least 2,700 protesters, tribal supporters, defected soldiers and government-aligned army members and policemen have been killed in what began as peaceful protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh but increasingly involved an armed opposition. Some 24,000 others were injured since the protest movement broke out in the first week of February, according to the NGO Dar al-Salam.
 
 Former rebels in Libya estimate the war there killed 50,000 people. 
 
 Displacement 
 
 Thousands fled Syria for Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93129 ] due to fighting between government forces and protesters, supported by army defectors. The economic situation of many host families in Lebanon was strained, and Syrians were attacked along and across the border, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94230 ] leaving them vulnerable not only in their home country but also when seeking refuge. 
 
 So-called sectarian clashes in Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93937 ] as well as a series of attacks on Coptic Christian churches, led as many as 100,000 Christians to flee the country in the months that followed the revolution, according to a local NGO. 
 
 In Libya, many people were unable to return to their homes because of the heavy damage and sensitive politics. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94332 ] 
 
 Iraq prepared for an influx of returnees from places affected by instability. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92748 ]
 
 Migration 
 
 The Arab Spring both affected the millions of migrants already in the Middle East and North Africa when uprisings erupted across the region; and also created new migration flows. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92186 ] 
 
 In Libya, sub-Saharan African migrants were accused of fighting alongside former leader Muammar Gaddafi and targeted by rebel forces. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93763 ] Hundreds of thousands of migrants left Libya during the war, in many cases returning to communities that did not have the capacity to support them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93769 ] 
 
 In Egypt, migrants returning from Libya came home to a difficult reality [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94128 ] and heightened nationalism led to violence and discrimination against foreigners, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94294 ] including migrants and refugees. 
 
 Despite a host of problems in Yemen, Somali and Ethiopian refugees and migrants continued streaming into the country in unprecedented numbers, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ] often accused of being a party to the conflict between Saleh and the protesters trying to oust him.
 
 Meanwhile, tens of thousands of Yemenis illegally entered neighbouring Saudi Arabia in search of work. Saudi authorities say they detained 239,000 illegal immigrants in 2011, up 37 percent on the year before. 
 
 Access to health care 
 
 The often-violent crackdown on protests in Egypt’s Tahrir Square led to a shortage of vital medicines in pharmacies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93450 ] and a sharp drop in blood donors. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93264 ] Amid the security vacuum that followed Mubarak’s departure, hospitals became dangerous places. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94299 ]
 
 In certain parts of Yemen, vaccination rates decreased by 20-40 percent as a result of the country's political and economic challenges. Hospitals struggled to cope [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93794 ] with increased demand among protesters. Health care facilities were barely functioning and access remained limited due to a lack of security, leading some health workers to flee their hospitals and clinics. Military presence in and around hospitals in Yemen led some wounded to seek treatment in private clinics. 
 
 Similarly in Syria, activists said they were afraid to take wounded protesters to hospitals, for fear they would be arrested by security forces there. 
 
 In Libya, the severely wounded had a hard time reaching hospitals [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93627 ] and the government struggled to secure medical treatment for the war-wounded abroad. 
 
 Access to education
 
 The unrest in the region set back the likelihood that many countries would achieve the Millennium Development Goals for education [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92091 ] by 2015. 
 
 In Egypt, nationwide demonstrations and repeated confrontations between demonstrators and military policemen forced several schools and educational institutions to close, while parents complained that their children were attacked by thugs on their way to school. Some rights groups said criminals used arms to take money from schoolchildren.
 
 In Yemen, hundreds of thousands of children stayed at home because their schools were either housing displaced people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93688 ] or being used as army barracks. 
 
 In the Syrian city of Homs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94529 ] a school came under attack. 
 
 On the positive side, the children of displaced Syrians in Lebanon were able to enrol in public schools in northern Lebanon.
 
 Access to basic services 
 
 Yemen faced acute water and power outages. By year end, the price of water-trucking had risen to US$8 per cubic metre in some places, 2-3 times more than in March 2011. The power went out for more than 20 hours a day in most of the country's main cities, including the capital Sana'a, due to repeated attacks on the national grid. 
 
 Some areas of Libya went without water and electricity for months due to severe damage to infrastructure; and activists in Syria said water and electricity were cut from certain cities for days at a time before and during military operations.
 
 Economy 
 
 Across the region, the Arab Spring led to higher food and fuel prices, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] less availability of certain products on the market, people losing their jobs, enterprises going out of business, and investors being wary. The economies of Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94414 ] Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94077 ] and Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94482 ] were particularly hard hit. Libya’s oil production dropped significantly and it had trouble accessing funds frozen under sanctions against Gaddafi. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94394 ]
 
 Food security 
 
 The devastated economies forced families to make difficult choices. In Yemen, where one third of people did not have enough to eat before the crisis, aid workers warned of shocking malnutrition figures. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94533 ]
 
 The price of basic food commodities in Yemen increased by 43 percent on average over the course of 2011, in a country where families spend 30-35 percent of their daily income on bread. 
 
 The Studies and Economic Media Center, a local think tank, warned that the number of food-insecure people increased from seven million to nine million in 2011 because of the unrest. 
 
 In Syria, the government made cash payments [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91999 ] to thousands of vulnerable families to stem food insecurity.
 
 The Egyptian government was incapable of maintaining the bread subsidy that many poor Egyptians rely on, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] and there were signs of increasing malnutrition in Upper Egypt.
 
 Proliferation of weapons
 
 Weapons proliferation increased in the region, especially in Libya, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94559 ] where an estimated 120,000 fighters needed to be demobilized; and surprisingly, in places like Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94308 ] where citizens purchased small arms to defend their families. An increasing number of army defectors led to a more violent Arab Spring in Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94000 ] and in Syria, where the UN resident coordinator in September warned of the risk of civil war. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93816 ]
 
 In Yemen, less government control has led tribesmen to break into military camps, looting small, medium and heavy arms. 
 
 Aid delivery 
 
 Insecurity and the spread of conflict in several areas of Yemen hindered access of humanitarian actors and made aid delivery even more complex. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93883 ] 
 
 Syria has been virtually off-limits for aid workers and certain areas of Libya remained inaccessible for months due to fighting during the war. 
 
 According to one UN official, the unrest in the region caused some Gulf countries to cut some of their foreign spending and refocus funds internally, to appease the local population and avoid uprisings in their own countries. The Palestinian Authority, for example, complained of decreased donor funding: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93550 ]
 
 ae/ay/jg/ha/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94581/MIDDLE-EAST-The-year-that-was</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Arab and Muslim aid and the West - “two china elephants”*</title><pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109050602160616t.jpg" />]]>KUWAIT CITY/DUBAI 19 October 2011 (IRIN) - Among the aid agencies that poured into Somalia after famine was declared in July were organizations such as the Arab Federation of Doctors, the Mohammed Bin Rashid Establishment of the United Arab Emirates, and the Deniz Feneri Association of Turkey.</description><body><![CDATA[KUWAIT CITY/DUBAI 19 October 2011 (IRIN) - Among the aid agencies that poured into Somalia after famine was declared in July were organizations such as the Arab Federation of Doctors, the Mohammed Bin Rashid Establishment of the United Arab Emirates, and the Deniz Feneri Association of Turkey.
 
 They came with their own style. 
 
 The Saudi National Campaign for the Relief of the Somali People, [ http://www.saudiembassy.net/press-releases/press08221101.aspx ] a project of King Abdullah, sent planeloads of food, including jam and cheese. The International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO) sent 600 tons of dates. Turkey’s IHH (Foundation for Human Rights, Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief) even ventured outside Mogadishu into territory considered a no-go zone for most international aid organizations because it is not under government control. 
 
 They also came with a lot of money. 
 
 In an emergency meeting in August, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), pledged US$350 million for Somalia - “numbers we dream of”, one UN aid worker in Mogadishu said - though it is still unclear how much of this is new funding.
 
 Turkey says [ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/10/the_tears_of_somalia ] it has collected more than $280 million for the Somali effort,  while Saudi Arabia’s contribution to UN agencies alone was $60 million, and Kuwait, a country of 3.5 million, contributed $10 million. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) Office for Coordination of Foreign Aid, too, received confirmation of $62 million in contributions to the Horn of Africa emergency.
 
 Gulf countries were able to raise funds with remarkable speed and ease. In the span of three hours, a TV telethon in Qatar raised nearly 25 million riyals ($6.8 million). In a couple of weeks, Kuwait’s International Islamic Charitable Organization (IICO), raised 80,000 dinars ($290,000) in cash by asking for donations in malls, while aid telethons in the UAE reportedly raised an additional $50 million for the Horn of Africa.

 With many Western donors cutting budgets amid fears of another recession, this region has gained influence in aid, especially in countries with large Muslim populations. Both in terms of funds and action on the ground, the effort in Somalia has put Muslim and Arab donors and organizations onto centre stage. 

 But their relationship with the broader humanitarian system has been limited at the best of times, and rocky at the worst. For example, most OIC funds for Somalia are not being channelled through multilateral mechanisms, like the UN-administered Consolidated Appeals Process. [ http://ochaonline.un.org/cap2006/webpage.asp?Page=1243 ]
 
 Players from the region say they are accustomed to working on their own - due to a history of mutual mistrust, a lack of awareness on both sides, and a perception by some Muslims and Arabs that they are better placed to help under certain circumstances.
 
 The UN is now actively trying to improve that relationship, but the road to cooperation and coordination faces many challenges.
 
 How did we get here? 
 
 The history of mutual mistrust between the predominantly Western aid system and its counterpart in the Muslim and Arab world is long, say analysts. 
 
 “These are two china elephants looking at each other,” said Abdel-Rahman Ghandour, development and humanitarian worker, and author of Humanitarian Jihad: Investigation into Islamic NGOs. “They see each other; they know that they’re there; but they can’t move towards each other,” he told IRIN.
 
 Some Muslim aid workers see in the UN system a certain arrogance. “They don’t want to understand us,” one Muslim aid worker said. Others speak of undertones of neo-colonialism in the way aid is delivered and in the relationship between the Muslim aid community and its Western-dominated counterpart.

 “They only involve us when it suits them,” the aid worker told IRIN. Often, he added, they are invited to meetings and conferences as “an afterthought”. 
 
 “You feel you’re being used like window dressing,” he said. “Things are hatched and cooked in the West and then brought to people to eat.” 
 
 Some NGOs from the Arab and Muslim world are afraid of being “swallowed up” by the UN system and don’t feel confident they can engage with the UN on an equal footing. 
 
 “It’s not about experience,” one Arab aid worker said. “The UN has the experience and the upper hand when it comes to everything - information, communication, movement on the ground. There’s no question. But to give them money and let them implement activities, we have to rest assured that we’ll like what comes out in our name.” 
 
 He called for a kind of code of ethics or framework of understanding that would outline what both sides mean by certain fundamental principles and outline boundaries of action.
 
 For example, terms like women’s empowerment need to be defined, he said. “How we understand it is not how the UN understands it,” he added. Organizations from this part of the world would fear partnering with the UN if women’s empowerment is understood to mean “removing the hijab [covering a woman’s hair], destroying the family institution and throwing religion out the window.” 
 
 Some aid workers and donors from the Muslim and Arab world are also sceptical of the real motivations behind the Western system’s desire to partner with them.
 
 “Everyone knows they’re [engaging with us] for the money, not for unity,” another Muslim aid worker said. “Islamic NGOs were a black box that nobody wanted to touch,” he said. “Then they [the UN] realized they were missing out.”
 
 Others do not easily differentiate between the UN Security Council, which has authorized Western interventions into Muslim countries and is seen to be unwilling to tackle the Palestinian question, and humanitarian aid agencies like the World Food Programme (WFP) or the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).
 
 For these reasons, many Red Crescent societies in the region, according to one senior aid worker, sometimes try to avoid working with the UN system. “We try to coordinate with - and not be coordinated by - the UN because of neutrality issues,” he told IRIN. “The UN is not considered to be a neutral organization, especially in a conflict set-up.”
 
 Technical standards
 
 Some Muslim organizations have been doing emergency relief work for decades. But many others had until recently focused more on developmental work - building schools and mosques or helping orphans. 
 
 And they have ramped up activities. The Qatar Red Crescent, for example, has seen its annual international budget jump from less than $250,000 to more than $45 million in the last decade, according to Khaled Diab, its international cooperation adviser. Turkish NGO IHH, which used to operate projects of $600-700,000 dollars a year for the Horn of Africa has increased its budget to more than $20 million – one of its biggest campaigns ever, according to its vice-president, Hüseyin Oruç.
 
 But the UN and the broader humanitarian system have their reservations too. And with the influx of programming have come some clashes of ideology. 
 
 “Their awareness and subscription to commonly-understood best practice isn’t necessarily there,” one senior Western aid worker said of NGOs from the region, citing neglect of environmental impact or nutritional balance as examples. Distributing powdered milk, for example, is no good in an area where there is no clean water, while dates are not ideal in cases of malnutrition because they are high in sugar, low in nutrition, and hard to digest.
 
 Other humanitarians say aid workers from the region do not follow normal security procedures. The aid worker in Mogadishu told IRIN that many of them have a “naïve view” that “nobody would hurt a fellow Muslim”.
 
 “I worry we’ll see a Muslim aid worker being shot,” the Mogadishu aid worker said. “It’s a huge concern for all of us.”
 
 Lack of coordination?
 
 There are also complaints about lack of coordination. The Red Crescent societies, said one aid worker, send in piles of goods without coordinating with the humanitarian community or checking the needs outlined in the Consolidated Appeals Process. 
 
 Planeloads of food arrive from the Gulf - much of the assistance from the region comes in the form of food aid - and “we have no idea where it goes,” the Mogadishu aid worker said. Much of it is sold by its recipients on the open market because the value of some of the food, like jam and cheese, is so high, he added.
 
 The 9/11 attacks also affected the relationship. 
 
 “A lot of Western charities are still afraid of being associated with Islamic charities because of the stigma that hangs over their heads since September 11th,” the author, Ghandour, said.
  
 US laws about the financing of “terror” have further complicated [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93887 ] the relationship between Muslim charities and the West because NGOs working in designated “terrorist” countries, like Iran and Burma, or areas controlled by organizations like militant group al-Shabab - deemed a “terrorist” organization by the US - fear being accused of complicity and so keep quiet about their activities. 
 
 Financial transactions to fund work in these areas through the conventional banking system are not possible and the movement of large sums of cash could create problems with some governments.
 
 “They can’t afford to be transparent,” said Haroun Atallah, finance and service director at UK-based Islamic Relief Worldwide. “How do you expect them to be transparent if it could come back and bite them?”
 
 Some Muslim and Arab NGOs see close dealings with the UN as possibly jeopardizing their access in al-Shabab areas, and so they keep their distance. 
 
 Understanding each other
 
 But observers say mutual mistrust stems from a lack of insight on both sides. 
 
 “There is still a lack of in-depth knowledge and understanding about the culture of emerging donors towards giving,” according to the Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi), which is currently researching the universality of humanitarian donorship. [ http://www.gppi.net/approach/research/truly_universal/ ]
 
 Part of the reluctance on the part of Muslim organizations to broadcast their actions comes from a culture that sees charity as something private and humble - that should not be paraded in front of everyone for recognition. 
 
 “We do things without saying that we’re doing it. It is part of Islamic culture,” said Naeema Hassan al-Gasseer, a native of Bahrain and assistant regional director of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Eastern Mediterranean.
 
 Similarly, many NGOs from the Muslim world do not understand the UN. Acronyms like UNHCR and WFP can be unfamiliar terms. One Muslim aid worker described the UN as having a “branding problem”. Many aid workers from the region have never heard of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) - charged with coordination of all aid in emergencies - and have no idea what its cluster system is.
 
 “We have become, as a system, so jargonized, so inward looking in terms of how our system works, that hardly anyone else understands it,” Ghandour said. 
 
 “The discussions about humanitarian assistance are still taking place in rather exclusive clubs,” GPPi research associate Claudia Meier told IRIN. 
 
 And “if you want to be a member of that, you need to play by the same rules and speak the same language,” Ghandour said. “Not everyone has the will or capacity to do it.” 
 
 UN officials acknowledge, for example, that few senior UN staff speak Arabic. 
 
 Coordination has also been a challenge logistically. In Saudi Arabia, for example, “it’s difficult to identify who is responsible for which decisions, because decisions are usually taken at very high levels, usually at the Office of the King, known as the Royal Court,” Meier said, based on the Institute’s case study on Saudi Arabia. [ http://www.gppi.net/approach/research/truly_universal/saudi_arabia_and_humanitarian_assistance/ ]
 
 At the field level, many Muslim aid workers are willing to coordinate, but simply don’t know how to do so. 
 
 The Mogadishu example
 
 Mogadishu is an example of the complexity of the relationship. There, the OIC has opened a coordination office and created an alliance of 27 organizations that operate across the country, including areas in the south controlled by al-Shabab.
 
 The OIC conducts agency meetings and has set up a mini-cluster system - with the Arab Medical Union (also known as the Arab Federation of Doctors) leading work in the health sector and the Qatar Red Crescent leading the food distribution effort.
 
 While OCHA has expressed its satisfaction with the move, some UN officials told IRIN of a concern - especially at headquarters - that the OIC is trying to create a parallel coordination structure. 
 
 But the OIC said it was not in competition with the UN. 
 
 “No one will say that we’ll do better than the UN in humanitarian [work],” Atta Elmanan Bakhit, OIC assistant secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, told IRIN. “You have the know-how. You have more means. You have more access. You have a long history in humanitarian [work]. The main [player] in humanitarian [work] will be always the UN.” 
 
 Ahmed Adam, head of the OIC’s Mogadishu office, said one of the aims of the OIC was to fill the gaps left by the UN with regard to inaccessibility of aid to certain areas of Somalia that are off-limits to international UN staff.
 
 “UN coordination is facing difficulties in covering most of the affected areas due to security challenges,” he told IRIN. “That is why we are trying to play a complementary role in order to improve the humanitarian activities. We are sharing information and challenges with OCHA in our regular meetings. The cooperation between the OIC and UN agencies is addressing the problems that the humanitarian actors are facing, particularly in this emergency period.” 
 
 Rapid growth 
 
 Addressing this coordination problem has become an increasing priority, given the recent explosion of involvement in aid by the region.
 
 “We are seeing a gradual but steadily increasing engagement by Middle Eastern countries in international humanitarian action, both as donors and as policy supporters,” said Robert Smith, chief of the Consolidated Appeals section at OCHA.
 
 In a shifting aid landscape [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=94004&indepthid=91 ] that increasingly features non-Western states like Brazil and India, a collection of Arab donors (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait and Oman) account for nearly three-quarters of the contributions by countries not included in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee, giving more than $3.2 billion in aid in the last decade, according to a report [ http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/report/arab-donors ] by Development Initiatives, a research and advocacy organization. 
 
 “Gulf countries are leading an important new phase in humanitarian affairs,” Emergency Relief Coordinator and Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Valerie Amos told an information sharing meeting in Kuwait in September, [ http://direct-aid.org/english/?p=1777 ] noting the humanitarian community was facing “unprecedented challenges - many in the Islamic world.”
 
 Many of the crises of recent years have affected Muslim people, including the Bam earthquake in Iran in 2003, the Southeast Asian tsunami of 2004, the Pakistan earthquake of 2005, the attack on Gaza in late 2008, and the flooding in Pakistan in 2010. In all of these crises, Muslim and Arab donors contributed significantly. 
 
 “These states want to position themselves regionally and in the international arena as contributors to the humanitarian effort, seeking recognition as rising - if not equal - powers on the world stage,” Meier said. 
 
 In 2008, the OIC created a humanitarian affairs department. The same year, the UAE created an Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid. Qatar has appointed a state minister for international cooperation. 
 
 In recent years, the UN’s efforts to engage this part of the world seemed to be paying off. 
 
 According to Smith, member states of the OIC have contributed $594 million to appeals for humanitarian aid to Muslim countries in the last decade.
 
 In a sign of increased willingness to channel funds into multilateral agencies, Saudi Arabia gave WFP half a billion dollars in 2008 during the global food crisis. In 2010, it was the largest single contributor - globally - to the Haiti emergency response fund, with $50 million. In 2011, Kuwait gave a record $675,000 to the Central Emergency Response Fund, whose advisory group it and Qatar are now members of. 
 
 Somalia changes aid dynamic?
 
 But the famine in parts of Somalia seemed to have changed the dynamic. If aid is counted as a percentage of GDP, several Middle Eastern countries have been more generous than so-called traditional donors, but contributions to the multilateral system have been limited. 
 
 The $60 million contributed by Saudi Arabia to WFP and WHO for the Somali crisis was “a start” according to WHO’s al-Gasseer, but was not the multilateral engagement UN agencies were hoping for.
 
 Of the $62 million UAE donors have reported to the government Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid as contributions to the Horn of Africa emergency, only $10,000 are recorded as having been channelled multilaterally, through the International Federation of the Red Cross. 
 
 Instead, observers say, competing powers like Qatar and Turkey have seen humanitarian involvement as an opportunity to pursue foreign policy interests and flex their muscles. In a recent article [ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/10/the_tears_of_somalia ] in ForeignPolicy.com, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan boasted of the more than $280 million worth of donations for Somalia that were collected in Turkey in the last month. 
 
 And in the midst of their efforts on the ground, coordination has not always been a priority. 
 “All the people on the ground are very busy,” Oruç of Turkey’s IHH told IRIN. “They couldn’t find time for cluster meetings.” 
 
 Others acknowledged that a culture of working with others simply did not exist: “It’s a new thinking, at least in the Gulf,” WHO’s al-Gasseer said. 
 
 She pointed to another problem as well: Charitable giving is a requirement in Islam, but people often want to give their zakat, or charity, to something tangible. 
 
 “Everybody we talk to [wants] to build hospitals, because hospitals are a physical, visible thing. And distributing medicine is something everybody likes,” she told IRIN. But in their rush, many of the NGOs and charities do not consider whether there are staff to man the hospitals, enough storage space, electricity, how materials will be distributed and to whom, she said. 
 
 In Somalia and Libya, she said, this has resulted in hospitals being built next to one another, medication expiring, and an excess of services in one area while others are neglected altogether. 
 
 “If we don’t take a serious step, the result will be very, very dangerous,” she told fellow Arab participants of the conference in Kuwait.
 
 Moving forward 
 
 Despite the challenges, there are renewed efforts now to reopen dialogue between both sides. NGOs from the region have acknowledged that they have lacked professionalism in the past. They believe their cultural and religious background gives them a unique ability to help, and have appealed to the UN to build their capacity. 
 
 “Arab and Muslim organizations have got the access which others do not have and the culture which others do not have. What we need is to equip them to become permanent international players,” Hany El-Banna told conference participants. He is head of the Humanitarian Forum, an organization that aims to improve dialogue between organizations from Muslim countries and their counterparts in the multilateral system. 
 
 “We need to learn from UN experience,” the OIC’s Bakhit added. “We need the help of UN. We cannot deny that.”
 
 “Greater inclusiveness would make the humanitarian system more legitimate,” GPPi wrote in its research. “It would also provide the humanitarian system with a broader range of cultural knowledge and thus support dignified and effective interaction with affected populations and governments.” 
 
 In the aftermath of the pro-democracy protests of the Arab Spring, such engagement is all the more important. 
 
 “The uprising in the Arab world requires new ways of thinking and working, greater collaboration with NGOs and civil society from the region and support from regional organizations such as the OIC and [League of Arab States],” Abdul Haq Amiri, head of OCHA’s regional Middle East and North Africa office, wrote in the July issue [ http://www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=3222 ] of the Humanitarian Exchange magazine. 
 
 “We should make an effort to meet these organizations on their own terms, listen attentively to their interpretation of humanitarian affairs and, importantly, speak their language.” 

Please see IRIN's new in-depth: The rise of the "new" donors [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=94004 ]
 
 ha/eo/cb
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94010/Analysis-Arab-and-Muslim-aid-and-the-West-two-china-elephants</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109050602160616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUWAIT CITY/DUBAI 19 October 2011 (IRIN) - Among the aid agencies that poured into Somalia after famine was declared in July were organizations such as the Arab Federation of Doctors, the Mohammed Bin Rashid Establishment of the United Arab Emirates, and the Deniz Feneri Association of Turkey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Humanitarian aid best practice guidelines updated</title><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271315410763t.jpg" />]]>ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</description><body><![CDATA[ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
 
“The Sphere Handbook has informed our response to various disaster situations, most recently those in Yemen, Pakistan and Libya,” Mohammed Khalifa Alqamzi, secretary-general of the UAE Red Crescent Authority, said during the launch in Abu Dhabi on 23 June.
 
The new Sphere Handbook [ http://www.sphereproject.org/content/view/738/32/lang,english/ ] is also available in Russian, Spanish, French and German.
 
During the launch of the revised English edition of the handbook in New York in April 2011, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92478 ] Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general and emergency relief coordinator, said: “The Sphere standards are the benchmark for ensuring humane and fair humanitarian assistance to people in need around the world… "I hope that all organizations that provide humanitarian aid will become familiar with the standards and use them," she added.
 
Speaking at the Arabic launch, Sultan Al Shamsi, executive director of the UAE Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid, said it was important for Arab donor organizations to apply agreed minimum standards in their relief operations. “[Arab] aid workers need to be aware of the mechanisms to deliver aid and to be accountable according to these internationally accepted standards,” he added. 
 
According to Khaled Khalifa, head of IRIN Dubai office and Sphere trainer, the “lack of specialized humanitarian studies in Arabic represents a major challenge for Arab aid workers who strive to embrace new theories and practices in the field. The Arabic edition of the Sphere handbook is a good tool which contributes to bridging this gap.”  
 
The Humanitarian Charter, which describes core principles that should govern humanitarian action, is the foundation of the handbook. The core principles include avoiding exposing vulnerable people to further harm as a result of response, ensuring their access to impartial aid, protecting them from physical and psychological harm due to violence or coercion and assisting them to claim their rights and recover from abuse.
 
az/hh/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93083/MIDDLE-EAST-Humanitarian-aid-best-practice-guidelines-updated</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271315410763t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Focus on domestic workers’ rights</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291405430732t.jpg" />]]>DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.</description><body><![CDATA[DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.
 
 Arab trade unions agreed on a statement of principles, including the right to decent wages and union representation for FDWs, after a workshop in Beirut, Lebanon, earlier in November 2010. 
 
 “This was an important landmark,” Simel Esim, a gender expert at the ILO in Beirut, told IRIN. “There are some bylaws, decrees and standard unified contracts out there, but specific labour legislation for domestic workers that extends legal protection in a systematic and comprehensive manner is needed.”
 
 Esim said the growing number of FDWs, and the recent high-profile cases of abuse that had led some governments to ban their citizens from seeking domestic work in the Middle East, had focused attention on the issue.
 
 “The phenomenon [FDW] has taken off in recent years as family networks are taking on workers to help with social care, such as caring for elderly parents, people with disabilities and children,” said Esim. “But because domestic labour is in the home it has been largely unseen, or viewed as a private matter.”
 
 In 2009 Lebanon's Ministry of Labour dew up a standard unified contract for domestic workers, stipulating a maximum 10-hour workday and the right to six days of annual leave, among other conditions. In March 2010 Syria introduced a law specifying that only employment agencies registered with the government could operate. Only Jordan has comprehensive labour legislation covering FDWs.
 
 Apart from regional responses, a proposed ILO Convention to cover domestic workers worldwide is due to be debated in June 2011.
 
 Domestic labour is used worldwide but is especially widespread in the Middle East, where the ILO estimates there are 22 million FDWs, a third of whom are women. FDWs originate mainly from Asian and African countries, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Ethiopia.
 
 A range of abuse
 
 A Human Rights Watch report [ http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/04/28/slow-reform-0 ] in April 2010 said FDWs in the region faced a wide range of abuses. Many experienced poor working conditions, such as needing permission to leave the house, a lack of leave days, having their passports taken away and, in some cases, physical and emotional abuse. The report also noted that access to justice was limited.
 
 Experts said the recruitment system – known as kafala – in which an employing family sponsors the domestic worker, was the first issue that should be tackled.
 
 “The current system makes the worker entirely dependent on the employer, increasing the vulnerability of the worker to labour abuses,” said Esim. “The live-in arrangement for domestic workers is a challenge to monitoring what is going on in the workplace, i.e. the employer's home.”
 
 Advocacy for the rights of domestic workers has been weak, and the fact that many came from abroad posed a further challenge because they often did not have a national representative body and were not proficient in the language of the receiving country.
 
 “Today, temporary and precarious work is becoming more common, and this especially hurts women and migrant workers,” said Özen Eren, a labour expert at Texas Tech University in the US. “In a globalized world, political will to address the problems is often missing.”
 
 The ILO is also working with governments on other initiatives, including awareness literature, hotlines for FDWs, communal housing that would offer domestic workers an alternative to living in the employer’s home, and government bodies rather than private agencies to manage recruitment.
 
 “Governments, trade unions, and other civil society organizations in both the countries of origin and destination need to be more engaged,” said Esim. 
 
 “Private employment agencies are making a profit out of workers who are coming to the region to take care of the social care needs of households here. These … needs should be a part of social policies and programmes of the countries’ governments, rather than being left to private households.”
 
 sb/he
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91236/MIDDLE-EAST-Focus-on-domestic-workers-rights</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291405430732t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Investing in early education</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200910291056130296t.jpg" />]]>DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.</description><body><![CDATA[DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.

“The centre aims to strengthen national and regional capacity in a region where enrolment in pre-primary education, averaging 19 percent, remains well below the 41 percent world average,” said Therese Cregan, education programme coordinator at the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in Beirut, Lebanon.

Early Childhood Development (ECD) is aimed at giving children the best possible start, focusing on the early years while the brain is rapidly developing. It involves pre-school education, but also skills such as language and social interaction. Healthy food and medical care are additional components.

The UN Children's Fund, UNICEF, says the number, quality and cost of pre-school facilities are the main obstacles to enrolment in Syria. "Most of the pre-school educational facilities are run by the private sector, are fairly expensive and do not contribute much in terms of educational development,” said Sherazade Boualia, representative of UNICEF in Syria.

The lack of educational development also stems from parents and educationalists who are often poorly informed about the importance of early stimulation that can be done at home, according to experts.

“What we've learnt about early development in the last 25 years is unknown in the region,” said Pablo Stansbery, head of global early childhood programmes at Save the Children, a UK-based charity. “These include simple things such as suggesting parents to talk to their children from a young age, or give their child a mobile to look at when they are lying down, rather than staring at a blank ceiling.”

ECD is vital to a child's future. Attending pre-school education is a strong indicator of success in later life, according to UNICEF. With a rising population and graduates ill-equipped to compete in the global labour market, the intervention is designed to better equip the region's next generation.

“There is plenty of statistical evidence that those who go through kindergarten education stay in school longer, achieve more, develop better and experience better cognitive development,” said Boualia.

ECD also aids gender parity and development. “We know that enrolment of girls in ECD programmes makes it more likely they continue in school,” said Stansbery. “This gives them better earning potential and is important for the development of the country.”

Save the Children and UNICEF run localized projects in various Middle Eastern countries including Syria, Jordan and Egypt, but the new Early Childhood Centre, set up in collaboration with the Syrian government and under the auspices of UNESCO, is the first regional effort.

UNICEF said the centre aimed to boost pre-school education immediately by encouraging parents to bring their children to the kindergarten and library. It will also offer seminars to train child workers in psychosocial care, and provide access to the latest research to encourage more quality kindergartens to be established.

Agencies and governments will also meet to improve childhood development: following a UNESCO conference in October, a paper with guidance for governments in the Middle East and North Africa is being prepared. Experts suggest more public low-cost or free kindergartens be set up to ensure access for all.

“We find that explaining to parents and workers why certain practices are better is very effective in overcoming outdated practices,” said Stansbery. “The centre will be very effective if it involves all actors, as it plans to do.”

sb/he/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91092/MIDDLE-EAST-Investing-in-early-education</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200910291056130296t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Gulf aid to Pakistan - update</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 26 August 2010 (IRIN) - Here is an update to IRIN’s Arab aid to Pakistan in numbers report of 20 August: </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 26 August 2010 (IRIN) - Here is an update to IRIN’s Arab aid to Pakistan in numbers [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90233] report of 20 August: 
 
 Saudi Arabia 
 
 One hundred and thirty Saudi rescue workers have been sent to Pakistan with relief equipment including motorboats, vehicles and generators. 
 
 King Abdullah ordered dispatch of two 200-bed field hospitals. Each hospital has an operation room, laboratory, pharmacy, intensive care unit and X-ray room, according to the Saudi ambassador to Pakistan, Abdulaziz Bin Ibrahim Al-Ghadeer. 
 
 Twenty-three Saudi relief flights have arrived in a number of cities in Pakistan since the start of the crisis. 
 
 United Arab Emirates 
 
 UAE has pledged to donate US$5 million to the Initial Floods Emergency Response Plan. 
 
 UAE Red Crescent Authority launched a three-day telethon to receive donations for flood victims. On the first day (25 August), the telethon raised the equivalent of $6.8 million, a quarter of the $27.2 million target. 
 
 UAE Red Crescent is sending medics to Pakistan and launching a $100,000 vaccination programme to protect young women and children from disease. 
 
 Qatar 
 
 Qatar Charity, in collaboration with the UN World Food Programme, has distributed US$1.92 million worth of food parcels to affected families since mid-August. The charity has set up an "air bridge" to fly in relief to Pakistan in cooperation with Qatar Airways. It also said it would airlift 80 tons of emergency relief items worth US$604,229. 
 
 Qatar Red Crescent Society (QRCS) distributed aid to 3,200 families in the first stage of its relief operations. 
 
 Kuwait 
 
 Ambassador Mansour Ayyad Al-Otaibi, permanent representative of Kuwait to the UN, said the country had decided to double aid to Pakistan to $10 million. 
 
 Bahrain 
 
 Bahrain is to send urgent humanitarian aid worth $2.6 million, according to Bahrain News Agency. 
 
 (Sources: local media, unless otherwise indicated) 
 
 dh/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90297/MIDDLE-EAST-Gulf-aid-to-Pakistan-update</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 26 August 2010 (IRIN) - Here is an update to IRIN’s Arab aid to Pakistan in numbers report of 20 August: </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Arab aid to Pakistan in numbers</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. 
 
 The UN General Assembly convened on 19 August to mobilize international support. At that date the Pakistan Initial Floods Emergency Response Plan 2010 http://fts.unocha.org/pageloader.aspx?page=emerg-emergencyDetails&emergID=15913, which has sought US$459 million, had received half of the requested amount only, including pledges of $40 million. 
 
 Arab and Muslim donations so far: 
 Saudi Arabia 
 King Abdullah said on 17 August the kingdom would give SR300 million (about $80 million) to Pakistan. 
 A nationwide fundraising campaign launched on 16 August by the Saudi monarch raised more than SR100 million ($26.6 million). 
 
 UAE 
 A fleet of Chinook helicopters was deployed to help in evacuation, according to the commander of the UAE Armed Force's Relief Team in Pakistan. The UAE Force in Afghanistan distributed 30MT of relief materials and food to flooded areas of the country. 
 
 Oman 
 The Oman Charitable Organisation (OCO) is sending 2,336MT of aid to Pakistan, comprising foodstuffs, water, dates, tents, relief supplies and tools. 
 
 Jordan 
 A plane carrying 3.5MT of food and medical supplies left for Pakistan on 15 August. It is carrying a 25-member medical team, including nine doctors, as well as 21,000 typhoid and cholera vaccines. 
 
 Syria 
 Syria said it was sending an airplane loaded with 35MT of foodstuffs, medical supplies to help the victims. 
 
 Qatar 
 Qatar Red Crescent has appealed for QR6.5 million (about $1.19 million) and as part of its Ramadan campaign allocated QR1.5 million (about $413,000) to its humanitarian mission, according to Projects head, Khaled Dhiab. 
 
 Kuwait 
 Kuwait has announced aid of $5 million for the flood-affected areas. A team from the Kuwait Joint Relief Committee (KJRC) distributed aid in the northern Pakistani province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhawa. 
 
 Sources: local media 
 
 dvh/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90233/MIDDLE-EAST-Arab-aid-to-Pakistan-in-numbers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Fish nets join mosquito nets against malaria </title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. 
 
 "Healing powers for one of the world's deadliest diseases may lie within sponges, sea worms and other underwater creatures," said an internal publication by the University of Central Florida (UCF) after a study of samples collected off the Florida coast in the United States with the help of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Fort Pierce, Florida. 
 
 "So far we have a hit rate of over 10 percent," said Debopam Chakrabarti, Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at UCF, who is leading the research. He was "quite enthused by the promise of the project", but warned that "early promise does not always materialize" into a usable drug. 
 
 Chakrabarti has spent over 20 years researching treatments for the mosquito-borne illness, and turned to the largely unexplored biological potential of the ocean because "[current] drugs are becoming increasingly less effective and [malaria] is still killing," he told IRIN. 
 
 The UN World Health Organization has noted that about 3.3 billion people - half of the world's population - are at risk of malaria, and around 1 million people worldwide are killed by it every year. 
 
 tdm/he
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89701/In-Brief-Fish-nets-join-mosquito-nets-against-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: New HIV report turns up some surprises </title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200802242t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers. 
 
 “In all previous reports we thought there was no HIV data from this region. But there turned out to be lots of data here,” said Laith Abu Raddad, director of the Biostatistics and Biomathematic Research Core at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and the principal author of the study (not yet available online). 
 
 “This report is basically more like a scientific epidemiological study: Getting pieces of data, thousands of data that we managed to collect from every country in the region, putting them together and analysing them to see what they tell us in terms of HIV epidemiology,” he said. 
 
 The report, characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa, is a joint effort of the World Bank, the UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It covers 23 countries that the three organizations include in their MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. 
 
 According to UNAIDS, about 412,000 people were living with HIV in MENA by the end of 2008, up from 270,000 in 2001. The report said most new infections were from within commercial sex and drug-taking populations. 
 
 The report divides the MENA region into two categories according to HIV prevalence: the “subregion with considerable prevalence” (Djibouti, Somalia, Southern Sudan); and the Core MENA region, where HIV prevalence is described as “very limited” (the rest of MENA countries). 
 
 Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti 
 
 “In north Sudan, we used to think in the past that we have a much more serious problem of HIV but now the data set is more complete, it’s clear that north Sudan really is quite similar to the rest of the MENA countries. But in south Sudan we may have a generalized epidemic,” Abu Raddad said. A generalized epidemic is one that has spread beyond high-risk minority populations to the general population. 
 
 A 2003 UNAIDS and WHO report referred to in the study said Sudan had a 2.6 percent HIV prevalence rate. 
 
 Abu Raddad said Djibouti “was the Disneyland of risk behaviour” and had a large number of Ethiopian sex workers serving truck drivers and foreign army bases. “We have this corridor which is certainly full of HIV, but the rest of the country is fine,” he noted. 
 
 A 2008 UNAIDS report said Djibouti had a 3.4 percent HIV prevalence rate in its capital and a 1.1 percent rate outside it. 
 
 “Technically speaking, the HIV epidemics in Djibouti and Somalia are already generalized, but the context of HIV infection and risk groups in these countries suggests that HIV dynamics are mainly focused around concentrated epidemics in the commercial sex networks,” said the new report. 
 
 Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran 
 
 The report said Pakistan and Iran, where HIV prevalence is low among the general population, faced concentrated HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDUs), while this was also a significant mode of transmission for HIV in Afghanistan. 
 
 “We know we have a concentrated epidemic among IDUs in Pakistan, and the increase was very rapid over the past few years. In Karachi, for example, we had near zero percent among this group in 2003 or 2004 and then within six months it jumped to 24 percent.” 
 
 He said this increase could be attributed to needle sharing, poverty and a lack of awareness. 
 
 Egypt and Tunisia 
 
 Egypt has a different pattern in terms of the spread of HIV. Surveys of risk groups showed that HIV prevalence was very low among IDUs and female sex workers (FSWs). “This is not a surprise for FSWs. In those kind of conservative countries in the region - and Egypt is one them - we see very little prevalence of HIV among FSWs. But having very low prevalence among IDUs is quite a surprise,” Abu Raddad said. 
 
 He said that Egypt appeared to be having an HIV epidemic among men having sex with men (MSM), at a prevalence rate of 6 percent. 
 
 “The country also has an interesting pattern. Usually HIV epidemics start with IDUs and then move to MSM, which we see in Iran and Pakistan. But this is not the case in some countries, like Egypt and Tunisia, where the epidemic is starting with MSM,” Abu Raddad said. 
 
 Dearth of data 
 
 Experts said that despite all the information from different sources that the new report brings together, the region still does not have enough data to form a coherent strategy to tackle HIV/AIDS. The report conceded that the MENA region “continues to be viewed as the anomaly in the HIV/AIDS world map”. 
 
 “This is because we have not invested enough in building the right surveillance systems, so we don’t have systems that actually detect and follow up on this issue,” Hind Khatib, regional director of UNAIDS, told IRIN. 
 
 “Political commitment should be matched with domestic resources and investment in human resources, which is limited in the region. You have to spend on your programmes and systems and you have to have strategic directions that are focused on the drivers of the epidemic,” Khatib said. 
 
 She said she hoped to see the governments of the many low-income countries in the region allocate more funds to HIV programmes, particularly in light of the fact that the financial crisis had made it harder for countries to be eligible for assistance from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. 
 
 Experts agreed that the main challenge for the region was the stigma of HIV/AIDS and discrimination against people living with it. 
 
 “We have to bring in the people living with HIV and the civil society. We have to open up in our thinking and policies,” Khatib said. 
 
 dvh/ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89677/HIV-AIDS-New-HIV-report-turns-up-some-surprises</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200802242t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Experts urge governments to revise water policies</title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030907270561t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan.</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan. 
 
 The 1-4 February Amman conference is entitled Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas. 
 
 Scientists said the region can no longer afford to waste water, with global warming expected to exacerbate an already existing problem. 
 
 “We are still practicing water management in the same way when the water was not scarce and that is the point. Now it is time to revise all water management concepts in the region, because water scarcity [has] reached the point of being chronic,” said Theib Y. Oweis, director of the water and land management programme at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). 
 
 “We cannot afford to use water as we use it now. Unless we start revising everything, we will come to a point where we will not have water to use for agriculture,” Oweis told IRIN on the sidelines of the conference. 
 
 Dozens of experts from around 30 countries are taking part in the conference organized by Jordan’s Ministry of Agriculture, the National Centre for Agricultural Research and Extension, ICARDA and other partners. 
 
 Oweis said water policies in the region do not give water the value it deserves, thus putting at risk strategic reserves for future generations. 
 
 “Even now water is more valuable than oil; water is life but oil is not. With water getting scarcer people will feel the value. One of the problems is that policies of regional countries do not value water,” he said. 
 
 Water pricing 
 
 Eddie Bethel, head of ICARDA’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS) unit, said: “The predictions for the near future are dire for the entire Mediterranean region. There is a significant increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. For the medium future we can expect serious difficulty in the availability of water in improving agriculture in the region”. 
 
 According to a report entitled The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), water shortages, already a problem in many countries of Arid Western Asia (including the Middle East), are unlikely to be reduced, and may be exacerbated, by climate change. Changes in cropping practices and improved irrigation could significantly boost the efficiency of water use in some countries. 
 
 Bethel called on regional countries to introduce some new tools to tackle the problem. “They will have to learn to save water. There is a lot of waste in this region,” he said. 
 
 “For example to put a price on water is one of the policy options that are difficult to discuss but most likely to become necessary. Pricing for water will encourage farmers to grow less water-demanding crops and put [in] irrigation systems that are more efficient,” Bethel said. 
 
 ICARDA’s Oweis called on individual countries to manage the little water they have in a more efficient way. 
 
 mbh/at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87991/MIDDLE-EAST-Experts-urge-governments-to-revise-water-policies</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030907270561t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Arab aid making its way </title><pubDate>Sun, 17 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001171249450682t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports. 
 
 The UN has launched an appeal for US$562 million to help the victims of the 12 January 7.0-magnitude quake. The funds are intended to support the three million people living in the quake-affected area for six months. 
 
 In the meantime, money and relief items are being dispatched to the desperate Caribbean Island from around the Middle East. 
 
 The UAE Red Crescent Authority (RCA) will begin aid flights to Haiti with two planes loaded with tents, Abdul Rahman al-Taniji, manager of RCA’s media and public relations department, told IRIN. 
 
 On 19 January an RCA team will fly to the Dominican Republic, neighbouring Haiti, to buy food supplies worth US$500,000 for Haitians, he said. 
 
 The Khalifa Bin Zayed Charity Foundation will dispatch by air 50 tonnes of emergency supplies for survivors, which is expected to arrive on 19 January, according to Khalil Mohamed, media representative at Khalifa Foundation. 
 
 “This is the initial response and we are currently in communication with seven international relief organizations to further extend our assistance,” Mohamed told IRIN. 
 
 UAE-based Mohammed Bin Rashid al-Maktoum Charity (MBRMC) and Life for Relief and Development (Life) announced that it will be sending $1.25 million-worth of food, water, medicine, medical supplies, clothing and other emergency supplies. 
 
 Kuwait, Qatar 
 
 Kuwait’s ruler Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah has donated $1 million to Haiti’s quake survivors. “It will be coordinated through the Kuwaiti Red Crescent Society [KRCS]. We prepared 100 tonnes of relief items - which include food, medical supplies, tents, blankets and food items - and are waiting to assign a plane that will carry them,” Yousef Al Me’raj, head of KRCS’ disasters department, told IRIN. 
 
 A Qatari C-17 aircraft, loaded with 50 tonnes of aid, left for the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince, on 14 January. Qatar also sent a 26-member rescue team comprising soldiers, police and medics to set up a field hospital and provide assistance wherever they can. 
 
 Qatar Charity (QC) will send an assessment team in the coming days to assess the needs for the rehabilitation phase of the disaster. The team will be followed by a consignment of non-food items for survivors, Issam Adwai, QC director of programmes, told IRIN. 
 
 The Qatari Red Crescent (QRC) has issued an appeal to its citizens for monetary contributions and will send $100,000 to Haiti very soon, said Khaled Diab, head of the international programs department at QRC. 
 
 Jordan, Lebanon, Iran 
 
 A Jordan Royal Air Force plane carrying the components for a military field hospital and six tonnes of food, relief items, medicine and clothing from the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organisation went to Haiti on 14 January. The field hospital includes five physicians specialised in orthopaedics, general surgery and anaesthesia, according to local media. 
 
 A second military plane carrying Jordanian medics and medical equipment headed to Haiti on 15 January. 
 
 Lebanon will send a plane loaded with 25 tonnes of tents and three tonnes of medicines, vaccines and other medical supplies on 19 January. 
 
 Iran's Red Crescent society dispatched by plane about 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid - including food, tents and medicine - on 16 January. The relief items include tents, sugar, tuna fish and detergents, according to media reports. 
 
 dvh/ed]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87760/HAITI-Arab-aid-making-its-way</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001171249450682t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST/ASIA: Crunching the swine flu numbers </title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911180725220031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.
 
 With 33 deaths to date, Iran made up about 17 percent of the 188 total deaths in the region since May 2009. Saudi Arabia has had 28 deaths, Oman 25 and Syria 22. 
 
 Syria had by far the highest rate of deaths to cases with 9.5 percent of all cases being fatalities. This was followed by Yemen with a 2.5 percent rate, Afghanistan 1.7 percent and Iran 1.5 percent. 
 
 Kuwait had the highest number of cases with 6,640 (23 percent of all 28,751 cases in the region), followed by Saudi Arabia with 4,119; Oman 3,829; and Egypt 2,494. 
 
 Kuwait also had the highest number of cases per capita (populations taken from CIA Factbook) with 2.46 cases per 1,000 in the population, followed by Oman with 1.12 cases per 1,000 and Bahrain with 1.10 cases per 1,000. 
 
 Since WHO’s last regional H1N1 update on 7 November, Egypt has had the highest number of new cases, with 850, followed by Iraq with 561, Iran with 515 and Oman with 500. 
 
 Somalia reported its first two cases at the start of November. 
 
 As of 8 November, WHO reported that there were over 503,536 global cases of H1N1 with at least 6,260 deaths. However, it noted that because countries are “no longer required to test and report individual cases, the number of cases reported actually understates the real number of cases”. 
 
 WHO segments the world into six regions: Africa, the least affected region, had 2.9 percent of the global total of H1N1 cases; the Eastern Mediterranean Region 5.1 percent; Southeast Asia 8.8 percent; Europe 15.5 percent; the Western Pacific 29.8 percent and the Americas 37.9 percent. 
 
 BOX 
 Country Total laboratory-confirmed cases reported by the state parties Total deaths reported by the state parties 
 Afghanistan 779 14 
 Bahrain 793 6 
 Djibouti 9 0 
 Egypt 2,494 7 
 Iraq 1,835 9 
 Iran 2,153 33 
 Jordan 2,380 4 
 Kuwait 6,640 17 
 Lebanon 761 2 
 Libya 21 0 
 Morocco 824 0 
 Oman 3,829 25 
 Pakistan 6 1 
 Palestine 901 1 
 Qatar 23 1 
 Saudi Arabia 4,119 28 
 Somalia 2 0 
 Sudan 21 0 
 Syrian Arab Republic 230 22 
 Tunisia 141 0 
 United Arab Emirates 79 0 
 Yemen 711 18 
 Total 28,751 188 
 
 ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87092/MIDDLE-EAST-ASIA-Crunching-the-swine-flu-numbers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911180725220031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Climate change - burden or opportunity?</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807047t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community - already overburdened with health challenges - has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist.  </description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community – already overburdened with health challenges – has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist. 

“The health community has been late in coming to the issue because we have enough on our plates,” said Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum with WHO’s public health and environment department, speaking about health workers, policymakers and donors. 

“Climate change was seen as low-down on the list of priorities given that we have an agenda that has not been completely addressed – death of under-five children, for example. We have not fixed that problem. When presented with the climate change concern…that [was seen] as just another competing agenda.” 

WHO Director-General Margaret Chan has said climate change “may turn out to be the most ominous struggle” for the health field in the coming years. 

Though relatively scarce and mostly regional in scope, medical studies have linked warming temperatures to a possible increase in diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition and malaria and a degradation of food safety. 

But environmental health threats have largely been ineffective in mobilizing health workers and donors to address climate change, said Campbell-Lendrum. “The way to get engagement is not to go and say 1,000 deaths are caused by malaria and that climate change will add 20 percent in 20 years time. You would get a shrug of the shoulder.” 

Rather, a message that has encouraged more from the health arena to address climate change has been: “If we act to improve our health systems now, then we are in a better position to deal with climate change,” he said. 

Mutual benefits 

Health advocates have begun to realize the importance of addressing the medical impacts of climate change, said Campbell-Lendrum. 

“The alternative is...to say either that adaptation [to climate change] is impossible or assume that public health services will absorb the challenge without us [health workers, policymakers, donors] having to make a specific effort – neither of which is true. I think the health community has realized that climate change is not a distraction from the public health agenda, but rather another reason for what we do,” Campbell-Lendrum told IRIN. 

A May 2008 UN resolution urged member states to “develop health measures and integrate them into plans for adaptation to climate change”. While the UN has estimated it can cost up to US$12 billion a year as of 2030 to face the health consequences of climate change, it has also acknowledged in a recent work plan “important gaps in our knowledge” on climate-related health risks. 

A 2009 WHO study judged research still “weak”, which means that well-intentioned adaptation projects could actually become “health-damaging maladaptations” if not evaluated from a health angle. 

WHO’s ‘Protecting Health from Climate Change’ report recommended developing software to quantify climate-sensitive diseases; honing heat-health warning systems – already under development in Europe following a deadly 2003 heat wave; deciding who pays to treat and prevent climate-sensitive diseases – meteorological versus health services; and studying how climate change might affect health interventions. 

Donors supporting WHO’s programme on climate change and health include the Spanish and UK governments. Germany has supported Central Asian governments adapt their health systems to climate change. Campbell-Lendrum said WHO is awaiting confirmation on a $5-million grant from Global Environmental Facility to fund health reforms in seven countries. 

While climate change increases the urgency of such reforms, Campbell-Lendrum said, improving health is a good idea with or without climate change. “It should just be a reminder of an unfinished agenda.” 

pt/np 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86062/HEALTH-Climate-change-burden-or-opportunity</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807047t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community - already overburdened with health challenges - has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist.  </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Swine flu keeps Muslim pilgrims at home </title><pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200908101411430295t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 26 August 2009 (IRIN) - Far fewer Muslims than normal are undertaking the lesser pilgrimage known as ‘Umrah’ because of coordinated efforts by health ministers in the Gulf and beyond to counter the spread of H1N1 2009.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 26 August 2009 (IRIN) - Far fewer Muslims than normal are undertaking the lesser pilgrimage known as ‘Umrah’ because of coordinated efforts by health ministers in the Gulf and beyond to counter the spread of swine flu. 
 
 The numbers are some 30 percent down on normal levels and a variety of precautions are in place. 
 
 According to a 23 August World Health Organization update, there were 3,128 laboratory-confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 (swine flu) reported in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. 
 
 Saudi Arabia had the highest number of cases with 595 and four deaths, followed by Kuwait with 560 cases and no deaths, and Egypt with 509 cases and one death. 
 
 However, WHO figures are far more conservative than those of local governments. Earlier this week, the Saudi Health Ministry reported that its H1N1 cases had reached 2,000, with 14 deaths, and the Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) reported 1,072 cases and two fatalities in Kuwait. 
 
 WHO has expressed concern that there may be a second wave of the virus because of the approaching cooler season. 
 
 Precautions 
 
 The authorities in the Middle East have urged Muslims to avoid the `Hajj’ in late November and `Umrah’, if possible, and have banned travel there for those below 12 or over 65, as well as for pregnant women and those suffering from chronic diseases such as uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, bronchial diseases and obesity. 
 
 Iran has banned all its citizens from making the `Umrah’ pilgrimage this year and has cancelled all flights to Saudi Arabia during Ramadan, which ends around 19 September. 
 
 Airports and border crossings in the region have installed flu surveillance equipment and quarantine procedures, and pandemic H1N1 awareness campaigns are widespread. Health ministries have advised people to avoid large gatherings, whether religious or not, and to avoid the social custom of kissing and shaking hands at gatherings. 
 
 The United Arab Emirates, which recorded its first H1N1 death on 21 August, is considering reducing the duration of Friday sermons in mosques and the daily ‘Tarawih’ prayers that occur only in Ramadan. 
 
 Mecca and Medina 
 
 `Hajj’ and `Umrah’ tour operators are worried about the impact on their businesses. Some have said governments have over-reacted to what is, so far, not a particularly lethal virus. Tour operators across the region have complained of mass cancellations of `Hajj’ and `Umrah’ trips and have said they stand to lose millions of dollars because of commitments already made to Mecca hotels. 
 
 In Mecca, business could fall by 40 percent during Ramadan, according to the Mecca Chamber of Commerce, and in neighbouring Medina, officials said they expected business to be down by 70 percent. 
 
 A panel of experts is being set up in Mecca specifically to deal with the H1N1 virus for `Hajj’ and `Umrah’ pilgrims. Saad Al-Qurashi, chairman of the National Hajj & Umrah Committee, told Arab News that the panel would be distributing surgical masks to `Umrah’ pilgrims and would hold workshops to spread awareness of the necessary precautions to be taken. 
 
 ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85855/MIDDLE-EAST-Swine-flu-keeps-Muslim-pilgrims-at-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200908101411430295t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 26 August 2009 (IRIN) - Far fewer Muslims than normal are undertaking the lesser pilgrimage known as ‘Umrah’ because of coordinated efforts by health ministers in the Gulf and beyond to counter the spread of H1N1 2009.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>