<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Thailand</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 07:30:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Southeast Asia’s human trafficking conundrum</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.

A 2012 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report on human trafficking [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf ] recorded more than 10,000 cases of trafficking in persons in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific between 2007-2010, but it is unclear what the situation is today.

“Nobody has been able to convincingly demonstrate the scale of the problem, let alone come up with clear ways of how to address it,” Sverre Molland, a lecturer at the Australian National University in Canberra who specializes in human trafficking, told IRIN.

“After all these years, we are still debating what trafficking actually is,” he said, noting efforts to combat it were suffering from donor fatigue because of a lack of tangible results.

In 2011, 16-year-old Evi* left her remote village in Indonesia’s Banten Province in the hope of making more money to help her family.

“My auntie introduced me to a broker who forged my travel documents so I could work,” she said. “The broker then took me to a recruitment agency in Jakarta. I just wanted to earn more money. I thought God would protect me.”

The agency [ http://xwvw.irinnews.org/Report/88967/INDONESIA-Families-struggle-as-more-women-work-overseas ] arranged for Evi’s travel to Jordan and placement as a domestic worker in Amman, but she soon found she was being exploited by her employer.

“I was allowed to sleep for about two hours a day, sometimes less,” said Evi. “I had to take care of four children and clean the house. The mother and auntie of the children often beat me with sandals or punched me for no reason, and sometimes my nose bled.”

In 2012, having endured physical abuse for over a year, her employer began to withhold her pay, and Evi attempted suicide by drinking a glass of kerosene.

“My employer found me unconscious and allowed me to rest, but the next day, they made me work again,” she said.

Later, Evi ran away from her employer and roamed the streets of Amman looking for work until a local shopkeeper took her to a police station. Jordanian police then took her to the Indonesian Embassy, which arranged for her repatriation to a shelter for trafficked children in Jakarta, where she is recovering.

Regional cooperation

Cooperation between the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to tackle human trafficking has resulted in high-level initiatives and memorandums of understanding (MoUs).

“The MoUs should facilitate the exchanging of information and evidence between governments,” said Sean Looney, operations, monitoring and evaluation manager at SISHA, [ http://www.sisha.org/ ] an anti-trafficking and exploitation NGO in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

“But in practice this does not happen at all. In a lot of human trafficking cases there’s no resolution because there’s no cooperation, despite the fact that agreements are in place.”

According to Looney, cooperation was also hindered by a lack of trust between Cambodia and Thailand, and Cambodia and Vietnam, due in part to past conflicts.

Martin Reeve, a UNODC regional adviser on trafficking in Bangkok, said law enforcement agencies across the region were still developing.

“Securing a human trafficking conviction is at the best of times a difficult process,” he said. “Intelligence-led policing is immature or non-existent, so the offenders arrested are less likely to be those organizing the trafficking, and police-to-police cooperation remains weak.”

All ASEAN governments are part of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, [ http://www.baliprocess.net ] a non-binding, voluntary forum co-chaired by the governments of Indonesia and Australia, which began in 2002.

Febrian Ruddyard, director of international security and disarmament at the Indonesian Foreign Ministry, said the Process had only recently begun to address trafficking in persons because not all countries had strong national legislation in place.

To date, all ASEAN governments have passed anti-trafficking legislation with the exception of Laos and Singapore.

Indonesia and Australia have faced challenges in encouraging members of the Bali Process to take practical action to address human trafficking, Ruddyard said.

“Many member countries are interested in the Process but attracting funding from them [for projects] is difficult, not only because the issue is still a low priority in some countries but also because the Process is non-binding,” he said.

Ruddyard cited last year’s creation of a regional support office in Bangkok to implement practical arrangements to combat trafficking, and a plan to use the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation in Indonesia to train law enforcers across the region to better deal with human trafficking cases, as achievements of the Process.

A local problem

Part of the problem lies at the local level.

Ahmed Sofian, national coordinator of ECPAT Indonesia, [ http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Ecpat_directory.asp?id=78&groupID=3 ] an NGO based in Jakarta working to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children, said there was little effort made by local law enforcement officials in Indonesia to deal with trafficking.

“There are economic benefits for those living close to the brothels that children are trafficked to,” said Sofian. “Locals will gravitate to the area to sell food or provide security, and local police officers - often on low salaries - will ask for protection money from the owners of the brothels.”

“This is why it’s so difficult to eliminate trafficking,” Sofian went on. “There’s a local economy that grows up around it, and if the local government attempts to close these brothels, the police will become angry.”

Jonhar Johan, an official at the Indonesian Women Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry, agreed, saying local implementation was a problem.

Of Indonesia’s 497 districts, only 88 have anti-trafficking task forces.

“We need the commitment of district governments and police, but generally it is lacking,” he said. “The districts need to… develop their own task forces.”

Johan also said that even when trafficking victims were identified and returned home by the authorities, they remained vulnerable to being re-trafficked.

“We offer them financial help so they can start up small businesses when they return home, but when we visit them to formalize this, we find they’ve gone,” he said. “Many victims are poor and they see the economic gain from working abroad, so maybe they leave home again because of the money. Traffickers like these kinds of people.”

According to SISHA’s Looney, while the Cambodian police’s anti-human trafficking and juvenile protection division tackled human trafficking, at the district level police were hamstrung by a lack of funds.

“The police have to use their own money for fuel to go to interview victims, bring victims to court and feed the victims [while they are in police custody],” he said. “They don’t have access to basic operational costs, and it’s unclear whether that’s down to ineptitude, a lack of funds, or whether funds are being siphoned off elsewhere.”

SISHA was financially supporting police investigations into human trafficking and offering guidance on conducting criminal investigations, said Looney.

“Many local police officers are just looking for support so they can do their jobs. The average police officer wants to tackle the problem and help victims, but practical requirements make it difficult for them,” he said.

Increasing complexity

International Organization of Migration (IOM) Indonesia chief of mission Denis Nihill said the changing nature of human trafficking made it more difficult to tackle.

“There’s been a lot of work done on the Greater Mekong Region for many years on trafficking, but it’s become more complex, as it’s now inextricably woven with labour migration, which is a much more difficult nut to crack because it is less easy to detect than trafficking linked to the sex industry.”

Nihill also pointed to the difficulties of tackling internal trafficking, which IOM’s 2011 counter trafficking report [ http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf ] highlighted as particularly problematic in Indonesia.

“For cross border trafficking, people must pass through the hands of several government agencies, but internally trafficked people need not come to the attention of any officials, so in many ways it’s a more alarming situation,” he said.

The US Department of the State’s 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report [ http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/index.htm ] categorizes most ASEAN countries as Tier 2, meaning they do not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but are making significant efforts to do so.

*not her real name

mw/ds/cb


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UN TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL

The 2000 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons [ http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf ] defines human trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of… coercion, abduction, fraud or deception… for the purpose of exploitation”. Child trafficking is defined as the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation”. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97979/Southeast-Asia-s-human-trafficking-conundrum</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Asia braces for spill-over of new bird flu strain</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 21 people in China, killing six [ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_04_07/en/index.html ].

These are the first human infections and deaths to have been recorded from this virus strain worldwide. China’s neighbours have reacted by boosting hospital capabilities and disease surveillance, strengthening border control, issuing reminders to ban illegal poultry imports, and more vigorously testing what is imported. 

Following a mass animal culling on 5 April in Shanghai - one of the Chinese cities affected - pandemic expert and virologist Yi Guan from the University of Hong Kong told IRIN he expects human cases to “drop or stop”. But he added that experts still have much to learn about the disease. 

The virus has proved to be a “low-pathogenic” virus in infected land-based birds, so it is not clear why the virus has been so severe in humans, he noted. The true spread of the disease is also still unknown. 

"We have a knowledge gap and do not know the full picture. There may be people with minor infections or who are asymptomatic among [the] population as a result of H7N9," said Yi. 

Experts have not been able to learn how or why the 21 persons became infected. While some people had contact with animals or their habitats, and infections are suspected to originate in poultry, the virus's host and source have not been lab-confirmed. 

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has noted that knowing what species is responsible for the fatal outbreak is “essential to target response actions accordingly, including trade restrictions”. 

Indonesia 

Since the H5N1 bird flu virus first appeared in 2003, there have been 622 laboratory-confirmed human cases globally, 371 of them fatal, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20130312CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf ]. Indonesia has seen the largest number of deaths from H5N1: 160. 

"We face a similar situation to China because the high risks of the animal-human interface, and inadequate bio-security among many poultry farmers. That's why [holding a] public awareness campaign is important, and we continue to closely monitor genetic mutations of the bird flu virus,” said Emil Agustiono, the head of Indonesia’s National Zoonosis Committee. 

He said no “special measures” have been enacted as the country does not import live poultry from China. 

The WHO has not advised any travel restrictions or any special screenings linked to the flu outbreak. 

Tjandra Yoga Aditama, director general for disease control and environmental health at Indonesia’s Health Ministry, told IRIN the call for “intensive surveillance” has been made to local health departments. They have also been called upon to immediately respond to “any cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection, which may be found in communities, hospitals and other health care providers, seaports and airports." 

Vietnam 

Vietnam, which does import live poultry from China, issued a government directive on 4 April reminding officials working near the border with China to be vigilant about keeping out illegal poultry imports and about inspecting all legal imports before distribution. 

Vietnam’s health ministry has designated laboratories to analyse blood samples of suspected cases. 

The Institute for Tropical Diseases in the capital, Hanoi, has ready 8,000 doses of Tamiflu (reported by Chinese authorities to be effective in treating the infection at early stages), 23 respirators and two dialysis machines. On 5 April, the Health Ministry promulgated an action plan in the case of an H7N9 outbreak 

China 

Local media reported [ http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1208847/hong-kong-standby-new-bird-flu-cases-revealed-shanghai ] that Hong Kong government officials have cautioned against panic-buying and confirmed the availability of 1,400 hospital beds to quarantine any patients infected with H7N9. 

Following his visit to a local poultry market on 8 April, Hong Kong’s secretary for food and health, Ko Wing-man, told reporters [ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201304/08/P201304080345.htm ] that officials in Hong Kong and mainland China are collaborating to boost surveillance of all poultry imports. All poultry are to receive rapid tests for H5N1 virus as well as H7N9 before being released to the markets for sales in Hong Kong. 

pt/ap/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97806/Asia-braces-for-spill-over-of-new-bird-flu-strain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Myanmar’s landmines hinder return of displaced</title><pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110100647380890t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Landmines in Myanmar&apos;s southeastern Kayin and Kayah states and Bago division, and in the northern Shan and Kachin states, threaten the return of more than 450,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Landmines in Myanmar's southeastern Kayin and Kayah states and Bago division, and in the northern Shan and Kachin states, threaten the return of more than 450,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). 

“There will be no active promotion of return until landmines areas are identified, openly marked and cleared,” said Maja Lazic, senior protection officer at the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Myanmar. 

While the exact extent of landmine pollution throughout Myanmar is unknown, the army and at least 17 non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have used antipersonnel mines in conflicts over the past 14 years, according to the Geneva-based International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) [ http://www.the-monitor.org/index.php/cp/display/region_profiles/find_profile/MM/2012 ]. Myanmar’s central government faces a number of longstanding ethnic-based insurgencies by groups demanding greater autonomy. 

“Anti-personnel mines are used as terror weapons by both sides... [Some] are not marked because the combatants want to strike fear into the enemy. This results in both sides terrorizing the [civilian] population with mines,” said Yeshua Moser-Puangsuwan, ICBL’s research coordinator for Myanmar. 

The decline of active conflict in southeastern Myanmar in the past year has led to a slight decrease in reported incidents of mine accidents, according to the ICBL and Geneva Call, a Swiss NGO that specializes in mine-risk education. But no armed group has yet officially committed to ending mine use, said Moser-Puangsuwan. 

Mine clearance cannot take place until there is durable peace, say the UN and NGOs. Meanwhile, unreliable information about the location of mines continues to kill, restrict villagers’ movement and stall preparation for the return of displaced populations. 

Peace process 

The government has signed ceasefire agreements with five NSAGs [ http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/#!conflict-overview/c1p4n ] since January 2012, but trust and collaboration between the various NSAGs and government forces - preconditions for mine removal - are still needed, according to the UNHCR Myanmar. 

“The process requires agreement, cooperation and support from conflict parties,” said Lazic and Patricia Treimer, a field officer with UNHCR Myanmar. 

The ceasefires have not significantly reduced the use of landmines, as NSAGs, government forces and even civilians continue to employ landmines to defend and reclaim territories and protect themselves. 

A spokesperson for the Karen Human Rights Group (KHRG), which authored a May 2012 report on landmines in the east [ http://www.khrg.org/khrg2012/khrg1201.html ], said that in Kayin State “the ongoing presence of [military] troops means that even though there is a ceasefire, communities and armed groups still take defensive measures, including the planting of landmines”. 

Active conflict since June 2011 in Kachin State has displaced upwards of 83,000 people from Kachin and parts of neighbouring Shan. All those displaced are at risk of landmine injuries upon their return, say aid workers. 

“[Landmine] incidents have been reported in many regions of Kachin where there has been active fighting,” said Carine Jaquet, the head of the UNHCR’s Myitkyina field office. 

Fighting has decreased in recent months in Kachin (with ongoing skirmishes in Shan), but “people are in danger once they attempt to return to their villages,” she added. 

“Before the IDPs have a chance to return back, there has to be humanitarian mine action, a security guarantee from both sides and durable peace,” said La Rip, the coordinator of the Laiza-based Relief Action Network for IDPs and Refugees, a network of 12 NGOs providing relief to displaced persons in both government and rebel-controlled areas. 

Fears of casualty spike 

No mine mapping has been conducted in mine-riddled southeastern Myanmar [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93919/MYANMAR-Landmines-take-toll-on-livelihoods-in-east ]. Signs marking mined locations are rare and local knowledge about landmines is unreliable, resulting in the frequent landmine incidents, say experts. But it can be even worse for those who have been away. 

“Refugees have not had to live with mine risk concerns for many years now, so their awareness of the risks is much lower [than those who stayed],” explained Sally Thompson, executive director of The Border Consortium (TBC), an NGO consortium providing aid to Burmese refugees in Thailand. 

Many cross-border routes into southeastern Myanmar are known by locals and NGOs to be contaminated with mines, according to Geneva Call. 

Nine refugee camps along the Thai-Burmese border urgently need more mine-risk education, said TBC. “People will be moving as soon as they feel armed conflict has really ended, and we expect there will be a spike in mine casualties as a result,” Moser-Pangsuwan said. 

Because peace processes and mine clearance may take years, education is the most practical way of decreasing accidents, according to TBC. 

Mine action plans underway 

Humanitarian agencies clearing mines, including the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Danish Church Aid, have been working with the government since November 2012 on mine issues. 

The first Mine Risk Working Group meeting in Myanmar was held in January in the capital, Nay Pyi Taw, with UNICEF, Danish Church Aid, the Department of Social Welfare, and the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. 

“All of the agencies are ready to begin demining activities but are waiting for the government and armed groups to reach an agreement,” said Chris Rush, senior programme officer for Geneva Call in Asia. 

In addition, the Myanmar Peace Centre [ http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/#!myanmar-peace-center/c1lkq ], a government initiative established last October, includes the Myanmar Mine Action Centre, which is currently developing removal standards. 

“There is a real push to clear mines, but it is not sensible without understanding where the problem is,” said Rush. 

The Myanmar government is among the 20 percent of all governments that have not signed the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty [ http://www.un.org/Depts/mine/UNDocs/ban_trty.htm ]. Along with Syria, it is the only country whose official forces continue to plant mines, according to Moser-Puangsuwan. 

“Landmines are one issue, of many issues, affecting return for the displaced. The first measure is an agreement between government and armed groups to stop laying landmines,” said Thompson. 

dm/pt/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97768/Myanmar-s-landmines-hinder-return-of-displaced</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110100647380890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Landmines in Myanmar&apos;s southeastern Kayin and Kayah states and Bago division, and in the northern Shan and Kachin states, threaten the return of more than 450,000 refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Rohingya in Thailand - safe for now</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301291128460157t.jpg" />]]>KHAO LAK 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The future of more than 1,500 recent Rohingya boat arrivals in Thailand is unclear, despite a government reprieve allowing them to stay for another six months.</description><body><![CDATA[KHAO LAK 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The future of more than 1,500 recent Rohingya boat arrivals in Thailand is unclear, despite a government reprieve allowing them to stay for another six months.

"Their long-term fate remains uncertain,” Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, an advocacy group for the Rohingya, told IRIN. “In the short-term, they should not be held in overcrowded IDCs [immigration detention centres] and police cells. Alternatives to detention have to be found such as open facilities under regulated conditions where they could at least move around.”

The mainly Muslim Rohingya have long faced persecution in Myanmar, where they are de jure stateless under Burmese law; in Bangladesh most Rohingya refugees are unwelcome and face discrimination.

On 25 January, Thai Foreign Minister Surapong Tovichakchaikul announced that 1,500 Rohingya men, women and children would be allowed to stay in the country for another six months, during which time the authorities would work to find a more viable solution, including the possibility of third country resettlement.

According to the authorities, 1,486 Rohingyas arrived in January and are now in detention, including 264 women and children.

More Rohingyas (108) were rescued from a sinking boat at the Mu Ko Surin Marine National Park in Phangnaga Province on 28 January, and another 205 were intercepted south of the resort island of Phuket on 29 January, say activists.

Emergency medical staff have been on stand-by aiding the new arrivals in Khao Lak, Phangnaga Province, southern Thailand.

“Many of the survivors are suffering from severe malnutrition after drinking salty sea water which causes anaemia, scabies and stomach parasites,” said Wanida Nacharung of the Phangnaga shelter in Takua Pa District, where 82 children and 24 women are now staying.

In recent years, boatloads of mostly male Rohingyas from Bangladesh and Myanmar have migrated by boat down the Andaman coast in the hope of reaching predominately Muslim Malaysia and finding work.

But this year there has been an increasing number of women and children accompanying the men.

According to the UN, some 115,000 people are displaced in Myanmar’s Rakhine State following inter-communal violence in June and October 2012, in which thousands of homes and buildings were burned or destroyed and dozens of people killed. About 85 percent of the displaced are in and around Sittwe.

Critics say that sending the Rohingya back to Myanmar - as has been Thai policy in the past - would be a mistake, and they call on the authorities to improve conditions inside the detention centres.

“We would like to discuss about non-refoulement and the long-term treatment of the Rohingya in Thailand's detention centres because in the past, we detained them for so long in confined quarters some of them died. We must learn from the past,” said Kessarin Tiawsakul, an investigating officer from National Human Rights Commission of Thailand [ http://www.nhrc.or.th/2012/wb/en/news_detail.php?nid=506&parent_id=1&type=highlight ].

Tiawsakul realizes that some of the arrivals may actually be Bangladeshi labour migrants. He said a proper identification process needs be implemented to provide a more accurate profile of each case.

More to come?

Large numbers of boats have already sailed and are expected to continue to sail from the Bangladesh and Myanmar border area, Sittwe and other locations in Rakhine State, according to Lewa.

Recently arrived Areecha, 40, from Sittwe, said she had no option but to board a boat after the Burmese military shot her two sons and their house was torched in June.

“There was no water on the boat and we were desperate. Some people passed out. Others vomited. I want to die here. I don't want to go back,” she said.

More than 900 Rohingya men are now being detained in 10 police stations and two IDCs in Songkhla Province, southern Thailand.

“The immediate priority is to make sure their humanitarian needs are addressed. The local authorities and community in Songkhla have been very generous with their assistance, but there need to be more sustainable ways to accommodate these groups,” said Vivian Tan, a spokeswoman for the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).

“There are likely to be different profiles within these groups, including people who may need international protection, vulnerable individuals like unaccompanied children, and possibly people seeking economic opportunities elsewhere. Different groups will need different solutions,” she said.

“The Rohingya should have a right to apply for asylum and have the right to go through a full refugee status determination process overseen by the UNHCR with the Thai authorities,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director for Human Rights Watch in Asia. “If they are found to be refugees they should be provided with all entailed in terms of protection, not just temporarily but over the long term if needed.”

ss/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97365/Rohingya-in-Thailand-safe-for-now</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301291128460157t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KHAO LAK 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The future of more than 1,500 recent Rohingya boat arrivals in Thailand is unclear, despite a government reprieve allowing them to stay for another six months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Jakarta flooding highlights prevention gaps</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301241027560824t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Recent widespread flooding in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, highlights the need for more effective flood management.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Recent widespread flooding in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, highlights the need for more effective flood management. 

The government’s efforts to reduce perennial flooding in Jakarta have been focused on building more floodways, but this does not address fundamental problems like environmental degradation, says Marco Kusumawijaya, an urban planning expert at the Jakarta-based Rujak Centre for Urban Studies. 

“Infrastructure drains, but if you don’t reduce the amount of water [in] surface run-off, the capacity of the drains will always be overwhelmed,” he told IRIN. 

“Because when you build drains you only solve the effects of water, but not the cause of the flooding… You have to reforest the upstream area in the south and create open space in the downstream area to absorb more water,” he added. 

Kusumawijaya said, historically, every time a new floodway has been built, flooding occurred in the following years. “When you build more infrastructure, you build more buildings because you [mistakenly] think it’s OK because there are new drains,” he said. 

Days of flooding in Jakarta peaked on 17 January, bringing the megacity of more than 10 million people to a near standstill and killing 20 people. More than 40,000 people were displaced, according to the National Disaster Management Agency. More than 100,000 people’s homes were under water. The national weather service has predicted continued rains until early February. 

Heavy flooding in 2007 killed 57 people and displaced more than 420,000 in Jakarta. The authorities put the total damage that year at nearly US$695 million. 

Jakarta is surrounded by mountains the slopes of which form the upstream catchment areas of 13 major rivers that flow through the city to the Java Sea. An estimated 40 percent of the city lies below sea level - made worse by land subsidence resulting from groundwater extraction, say experts. 

Government action 

Mohammad Hasan, director-general of water resources at the Public Works Ministry, said the completion in 2011 of a new spillway in East Jakarta reduced flooding in some parts of the city, but that it will still take years before flooding can be more effectively controlled city-wide. 

“In Jakarta there were about 78 flood-prone pockets, but they have been reduced thanks to the repairs of the West Flood Canal and the construction of the East Flood Canal. We will start work on normalizing several rivers and repairing sluices and dykes,” he said. 

“The government’s flood management does not only involve building infrastructure, but also campaigning on proper waste disposal and the use of infiltration wells [wells to drain rainwater into the ground] as well as [increasing] the role of communities [in flood control],” he told local TV on 22 January. 

Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has urged Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo to relocate residents living in shanty towns along the banks of the River Ciliwung who are often blamed for clogging waterways with household waste. 

The government has pledged to construct a 1.5km underground water canal connecting the River Ciliwung with the East Flood Canal at the cost of US$73 million. 

World Bank project 

Work on a $189 million World Bank-funded project [ http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P111034/jakarta-urgent-flood-mitigation-project?lang=en ] to dredge and rehabilitate floodways, canals and retention basins is expected to start in March, its team leader, Fook Chuan Eng, told local media [ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/flood-prevention-project-planned-to-begin-in-march/566858 ].

The first two years’ work involves dredging 67.5km of key channel systems and four retention basins, as well as repairing 42km of embankments, the report said. 

Eng said around 57 residential areas in Jakarta - inhabited by 1.8 million people living near project sites - will experience less flooding after the project’s completion. 

Kusumawijaya of the Centre for Urban Studies said Indonesia can be an example for other low-lying megacities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95680/THAILAND-How-to-move-floodwater-through-Bangkok ] if it can better manage its water. “This is not a unique Jakarta problem, but a problem in developing countries [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94319/HOW-TO-Build-a-flood-resilient-city ] that are prioritizing growth,” he said. 

ap/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97326/Jakarta-flooding-highlights-prevention-gaps</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301241027560824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 24 January 2013 (IRIN) - Recent widespread flooding in the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, highlights the need for more effective flood management.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Forced labour in Thai factory</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200753450550t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 700 Burmese migrant workers in a pineapple factory in Thailand’s southern Prachuap Khiri Khan Province are victims of forced labour, according to a recently released report by Helsinki-based corporate watchdog Finnwatch.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 700 Burmese migrant workers in a pineapple factory in Thailand’s southern Prachuap Khiri Khan Province are victims of forced labour, according to a recently released report [ http://www.finnwatch.org/uutiset/80-serious-human-rights-violations-behind-european-food-brands ] by Helsinki-based corporate watchdog Finnwatch [ http://www.finnwatch.org/ ].

“It's a completely unlawful and abusive situation where they are afraid to leave because their documents have been confiscated by the factory owners,” said Andy Hall, a researcher for the Mahidol Migration Centre in Bangkok.

The workers, including as many as 50 children under the age of 18 and a pregnant woman, are forced to process pineapples for up to 80 hours weekly, in contravention of Thai law.

“The provincial labour welfare office will inspect the factory,” Phongthem Petchsom, a senior labour officer with the Thai Ministry of Labour Protection and Welfare, told IRIN. "Any factory that violates laws will face charges.” Thailand's migrant worker policy needs to be more comprehensive and less ad hoc, says local NGO Mekong Migration Network.

dm/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97302/In-Brief-Forced-labour-in-Thai-factory</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200753450550t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - Up to 700 Burmese migrant workers in a pineapple factory in Thailand’s southern Prachuap Khiri Khan Province are victims of forced labour, according to a recently released report by Helsinki-based corporate watchdog Finnwatch.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: UNHCR concern over reported Rohingya deportations</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008102617t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has expressed concern over reports that more than 70 ethnic Rohingya have been deported to Myanmar from Thailand.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has expressed concern over reports that more than 70 ethnic Rohingya [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96801/Briefing-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-crisis ] have been deported to Myanmar from Thailand.

“We continue to request access to this group if they are still on Thai soil,” Vivian Tan, a spokeswoman for the agency, told IRIN on 4 January. “At this point, we simply don’t know.”

Her comments follow media reports that Thai immigration authorities had deported 73 Rohingya asylum seekers, including at least a dozen children, to Myanmar, after their boat, en route to Malaysia, was intercepted in Thai waters on 1 January.

On 3 January, Human Rights Watch (HRW) called on Thailand to halt its deportation plans and allow UNHCR to handle the case. “The Thai government should scrap its inhumane policy of summarily deporting Rohingya, who have been brutally persecuted in Burma, and honour their right to seek asylum,” said Brad Adams, HRW’s Asia director.

ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97173/In-Brief-UNHCR-concern-over-reported-Rohingya-deportations</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008102617t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has expressed concern over reports that more than 70 ethnic Rohingya have been deported to Myanmar from Thailand.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Urban water woes</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290735590125t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.

Different continents, same problem: City populations continue to grow above ground while water resources shrink underfoot, leaving emptying aquifers to sate growing needs, and compounding existing problems with wastewater collection.

With water use growing at more than twice the rate of overall population increase (according to the Food and Agriculture Organization), how can authorities ensure that every urban dweller gets 20-50 litres of clean water daily for drinking, cooking and cleaning? How can governments create sanitation systems that do not sicken city dwellers?

Background

Some 3.3 billion people (more than half of the world’s population) live in urban areas, a figure which is expected to rise to five billion by 2030. Ninety-five percent of this growth is taking place in countries least able to afford the cost of expansion.

In East Asia alone - in one of the most disaster-stricken areas worldwide [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends ] - the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) estimates the number of people living in urban flood plains may reach 67 million by 2060.

A Megacity Task Force of the Germany-based International Geographic Union has called the world’s 40 or so megacities (concentrations of at least 10 million people) “major global risk areas” prone to natural disaster and supply crises.

"The dimensions of these urban disaster problems are huge,” said Robert Piper, UN resident coordinator in Nepal, whose capital, Kathmandu, is consistently ranked as one of the world’s most earthquake-prone [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96639/NEPAL-Radio-stations-ill-prepared-for-earthquakes ] cities. “And doing something about it on the scale necessary is expensive.”

Cities of less than one million residents, such as Ramallah, are now growing at a faster rate than larger urban areas, noted Graham Alabaster, manager of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), in Geneva. Like megacities, he said, smaller cities share the same pressing problems:  infrastructure too weak to handle ever-more densely packed populations, and understaffing so severe it can put water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH, in aid industry lingo) under the management of less than half as many administrators as is necessary.

Weather extremes

Climate change has not made things any easier. World temperatures will rise by 4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, predict a joint team of researchers from Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact and the NGO, also in Germany, Climate Analytics [ http://www.climateanalytics.org/news/new-report-examines-risks-4-degree-hotter-world-end-century ].

“In developing countries, the already-stressed, existing systems were built without climatic change in mind,” said Robert Bos, the WASH coordinator for the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva.

Water may be delivered in decades-old leaking iron pipes instead of flexible PVC ones that expand and contract in response to temperature fluctuations. Sewage systems may be too small to remove waste, which can ferment and release toxic methane gas created when temperatures reach record highs.

To brace against increasingly volatile weather, cities in arid regions (such as Johannesburg and Dakar) must stockpile water for annual droughts, while those in flood-prone areas (such as Shanghai and Calcutta) must stockpile medicines and recruit additional health staff to prevent and treat water-borne diseases.

The countries at the highest risk of weather-related disasters worldwide, identified in a November 2012 report [ http://germanwatch.org/en/5696 ], are Thailand followed by Cambodia, Pakistan, El Salvador and the Philippines.

As of March 2012, three years ahead of schedule, the world achieved one of its Millennium Development Goals: providing safe drinking water to half of the 2.6 million people who struggled without it in 2000.
Even so, 2.5 billion people in the developing world lack adequate sanitation and 780 million of them lack clean water [ http://www.unicef.org/wash ].

In addition to large-scale efforts organized by national governments, here are five experiments WASH experts are testing to manage water sources in an urbanizing - and increasingly warmer - world.

1) DE-SLUDGING TECHNOLOGY

Latrine pits into which sewage systems drain are the most common way to collect waste in slums in the developing world. But cleaning these pits, which are often uncovered, can pose persistent challenges. Shacks may be so densely packed that vacuum tankers cannot be deployed.

Individual workers may have to clamber into pits and manually clean them, putting themselves - and their families - at risk of disease. Absentee landlords may have little interest in dealing with sewage pits, leaving them neglected to the point where they overflow.

With a US$100,000 grant from the US-based Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, researchers in Belo Horizonte (the third-largest city in Brazil) are creating biodegradable building blocks that replace conventional cement or brick and allow latrine pits to decompose naturally once they are filled. Another Gates grant of $4.8 million to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is funding the design of latrine pits that have an active “bio-filter” of tiger worms and other organisms to break down waste. This technology creates environmentally-friendly sewage that poses few human health risks.

2) UPGRADING SCHOOL SANITATION

Where school toilets and latrines do exist (they are available in only an estimated 37 percent of countries where the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF, is active), long queues snake around school buildings during breaks and after class. “We need to upgrade sanitary facilities for all children, but especially for menstruating girls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97080/AID-POLICY-Integrating-menstrual-hygiene-management-into-aid-programming ] so they can continue to attend school and meet their needs for privacy, dignity and cleanliness,” said Ania Grobicki, executive secretary of the Stockholm-based Global Water Partnership.

In China, UNICEF and its partners built school hand-washing stations. In Malawi and Kenya, they introduced a new design of urinals for girls. And in Bangladesh and India, they have launched “menstrual hygiene projects” so girls can continue their studies without interruption.

3) PRE-IDENTIFIED WASTE DISPOSAL SITES

When natural disasters strike, they can generate millions of tons of solid and liquid waste that threaten public health and hinder reconstruction. The earthquake that hit Haiti’s capital of Port-au-Prince in January 2010 - killing more than 220,000 people, leaving more than 350,000 displaced almost three years later and causing the capital’s already-shaky municipal waste collection system to collapse - highlighted the need to select waste-disposal sites pre-disaster.

Garbage towered along remaining roadsides; construction materials were piled up in ravines, drains and other open spaces. Before aid agencies and the government focused on hazardous waste disposal, surgeons tossed body parts into fetid, decaying piles. After the disaster, the Haitian government assigned one municipal landfill to dispose of medical waste. In 2011, the UN released disaster-waste guidelines [ http://www.unocha.org/about-us/publications/disaster-waste-management-guidelines ] that outlined dangers of different waste types.

4) TURNING WASTE INTO WATER

In some urban areas in the developing world, more water is lost through leakage and other infrastructure problems than is delivered. “But wastewater collection, recycling, and retreatment can multiply supplies,” said Grobicki from Global Water Partnership.

Cities that are already making wastewater potable include Singapore (where 3 percent of drinking water is recycled) and Perth, Australia (where officials hope 10 percent will soon be so). This microfiltration and chemical treatment technology has also been used in Windhoek, Namibia, (population 300,000) which has been recycling wastewater since 1968, and is holding a meeting in 2013 to evaluate its experience [ http://www.iwahq.org/1tk/events/iwa-events/2013/water-reuse-2013.html ].

5) LOW-COST, HIGH-IMPACT SOLUTIONS

WASH systems do not have to be pricey to be effective, as proven by the shallow, gravity-driven sewers that have long served the `favela’ slums of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second largest city of some six million people.

“Increasingly, municipal authorities are establishing `low-income customer service units’ or LICSUs,” said Timeyin Uwejamomere with the London-based NGO WaterAid. “One such programme recently brought sanitation to 150,000 people and clean water to 400,000 in Lilongwe, Malawi.”

At King’s College London, researchers are examining how to deliver water with segmented flexible rubber hoses. In India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Uganda, WaterCredit, a programme of the US-based Water.Org, helps households buy drinking water and toilets through micro-financing.

mmg/pt/cb

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aid in an urbanizing world

A series of articles on challenges and changes humanitarian workers are confronting in urban emergencies
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97161/Urban-water-woes</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290735590125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Slow-onset disasters take toll</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20080904t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA/BANGKOK 07 December 2012 (IRIN) - In southwestern Bangladesh, recent large-scale water-logging - stagnant flood water that fails to recede - threatens agriculture and public health for years to come. It is a crisis in the making, highlighting the risks slow-onset natural disasters pose to poor countries, and how ill-prepared officials are to respond - even with ample early warning.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA/BANGKOK 07 December 2012 (IRIN) - In southwestern Bangladesh, recent large-scale water-logging - stagnant flood water that fails to recede - threatens agriculture and public health for years to come. It is a crisis in the making, highlighting the risks slow-onset natural disasters pose to poor countries, and how ill-prepared officials are to respond - even with ample early warning. 

“At first glance, one would expect that, the slower the onset of a disaster, the better prepared we should be to mitigate its impacts,” UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction Margareta Wahlström told IRIN. “What we often find, instead, is that we [are] far too late to react.” 

Last year, residents in Thailand had months of flood warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94109/GLOBAL-The-risk-of-warning-fatigue-in-disaster-preparedness ], beginning in July 2011, as flooding upcountry triggered by a tropical storm slowly wound its way south. Flooding persisted in some areas until mid-January 2012. But even with ample warning, the disaster killed at least 628 people, affected more than 13 million people and damaged 20,000sqkm of farmland [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3858.pdf ]. 

Warnings not heeded 

Khurshid Alam, former head of livelihoods and disaster reduction at ActionAid’s office in Bangladesh, said slow-onset disasters receive less media attention and are less dramatic than flash floods or cyclones. “The persistent water-logging of the Satkhira region in the country’s southwest is currently the most significant slow-onset disaster plaguing the country.” 

Unlike a flash flood, whose effects can be fatal immediately, it can take years of warnings before slow-onset disasters - such as droughts, riverine erosion, coral bleaching and increasing soil and water salination - turn deadly [ http://www.who.int/hac/about/definitions/en/index.html ].

The problem is that warnings are not always heeded, said Wahlström. “Given the collective experience of responding to drought emergencies over the last 50 years, it is surprising that, once again last year, the world was caught short in its response to a drought-fuelled famine in the Horn of Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/Region/HOA/Horn-of-Africa ] and in the western Sahel [ http://www.irinnews.org/Theme/SAH/Sahel-Crisis ], which was predicted well in advance. The lives and livelihoods of millions were at stake, but the warnings were not acted on.” 

Governments, donors and aid groups, conditioned to responding to rapid-onset disasters, need to become more flexible in responding to early warnings, advised Wahlström. This is especially true in Asia, one of the most natural-disaster prone areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96983/Analysis-Assessing-Southeast-Asia-s-aid-coordination-during-crises ] in the world, with more fatalities attributed to natural hazards between 1975 and 2011 than anywhere else in the world [ http://www.adrc.asia/publications/databook/ORG/databook_2011/pdf/DataBook2011_e.pdf ].

Urban risk 

Urban areas require particular attention. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction estimates the number of people in East Asia living in the flood plains of urban areas may reach 67 million by 2060.

More than two-thirds of the world’s urban population now live in low- and middle-income countries, and nearly one billion of them - mostly in Asia - reside in slums [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96176/How-to-Measure-urban-poverty ]. 

Slum dwellers worldwide - a population growing by 25 million annually, according to UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) - are more likely to encounter chronic disasters than other urban areas. 

“The unpredictability of these events - for example, water-logging in flood-prone areas - makes it difficult to set triggers for response,” said Gerson Brandao, humanitarian affairs advisor for the UN Resident Coordinator’s office in Bangladesh. 

Water-logging causes increased salination in croplands, and affects not only rural farms but also the peri-urban and urban areas where agriculture is increasingly practiced. It also increases the risk of waterborne disease. “Water-logging isn’t simply a bad flooding but a continuous hazard,” Brandao continued. 

In Bangladesh shrinking wetlands, which have traditionally helped drain flood water, have worsened water-logging in recent years [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95671/BANGLADESH-Dhaka-s-shrinking-wetlands-raise-disaster-risks ].

A 2011 study commissioned by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) on slow-onset disasters warned, “If livelihoods are not restored or strengthened between events [caused by a chronic hazard]… then smaller and smaller hazards can push households over the edge, resulting in a vicious cycle.” 

Erratic weather 

Bangladesh’s yearly drought, and the resulting food shortage, known locally as ‘monga’, is another slow-onset disaster, said Alam. The country’s annual droughts affect up to 2.3 million [ http://www.bracresearch.org/publications/ja.pdf ] of the country’s 8.4 million cultivable hectares, hitting farmers mostly in the northwest, according to the government, which says increasingly erratic weather is affecting crop cycles. 

In 2010, Bangladesh had 47,447mm of total rainfall. In 2011, rainfall levels increased by 40 percent. In southwestern Bangladesh, 2011 flood water did not recede as usual, compromising shelter, medical care, and access to food and income for more than one million people [ http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/derweb/minutes/2012/Slow_Onset_Disaster_Consultation_Report_07May2012.pdf ].

But even without increased rainfall, this area - where three major river systems meet - is already at high risk of flooding, Shahadat Hossain Mahmud, the government’s rural risk reduction specialist at the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, told IRIN. 

“These [river] systems all bring in a large amount of silt…so the river banks flood even with a little rainfall.” 

The government’s Tidal River Management (TRM) project aims to divert water to shallow lakes [ http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/june2012/Tidal-River-Management-(Trm)-of-Selected-Coastal-Area-of-Bangladesh-For-Mitigation-of-Drainage-Congestion.pdf ], repair a number of flood embankments [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/75735/BANGLADESH-Cyclone-damaged-embankments-urgently-need-repair ] and earth dykes, and dredge river beds, said Abdul Latif Khan, of the disaster management ministry. 

The government is also working with coastal farmers to help them build homes on stilts [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94168/BANGLADESH-Disaster-resilient-settlement-points-way-forward ], test new farming techniques [ http://teca.fao.org/es/read/6846 ], and explore fish and crab farming to recoup income lost as cropland disappears. 

As a natural-disaster prone country that is extremely vulnerable to climate change effects [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WRR_2012_en_online150.pdf ], Bangladesh’s best hope is to cope, said Hossain. 

ao/fm/pt/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20080904t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA/BANGKOK 07 December 2012 (IRIN) - In southwestern Bangladesh, recent large-scale water-logging - stagnant flood water that fails to recede - threatens agriculture and public health for years to come. It is a crisis in the making, highlighting the risks slow-onset natural disasters pose to poor countries, and how ill-prepared officials are to respond - even with ample early warning.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Assessing Southeast Asia’s aid coordination during crises</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091319230720t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies. 

From 1975 to 2011, Asia had the world’s highest number of fatalities from natural disasters - 1.5 million [ http://www.adrc.asia/publications/databook/ORG/databook_2011/pdf/DataBook2011_e.pdf ]. Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines are among the region’s most vulnerable countries.

According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) [ http://www.emdat.be ], a World Health Organization-linked institution based in Belgium, there were nearly 3,000 deaths resulting from 55 natural disasters in these countries in 2011, including earthquakes, floods, tropical storms and volcanoes.

As the Philippines’ largest typhoon of the year so far, Typhoon Bopha, barrelled through the country’s south, IRIN asked emergency workers in all three countries what was working and what was not in their aid coordination during crises. 

Indonesia

Jimmy Nadapdap, who managed World Vision’s disaster response in Indonesia for many years, believes the influx of aid groups after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami - while helpful in some regards - has created new challenges.

“Aid not only came from big international NGOs but also from community and religious groups…” he said. “But these groups didn’t understand the importance of coordinating aid. There are very specific standards on giving assistance, like the Sphere standards. Before distribution, needs should be assessed. Otherwise, you have chaos, with some communities receiving double what others get, which can cause more harm than good.”

The Sphere standards [ http://www.sphereproject.org/resources/download-publications/?search=1&keywords=&language=English&category=22 ], established in 1997, are voluntary guidelines to improve disaster response.

Nadapdap said the 2007 floods in the capital, Jakarta [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/56F1A0AF0071751DC125736200433E9A-Full_Report.pdf ], illustrated the dangers of “dumping aid”. 

“Many local groups were just coming… without knowing that there needed to be a proper registration process to track whether the aid was going to the correct recipients.”

The UN’s cluster system [ http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/120320_OOM-ClusterApproach_eng.pdf ], which, since 2005, has brought UN and non-UN humanitarian organizations together to coordinate emergency response, has strengthened coordination, he says. 

“Since the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, the system has helped us to avoid overlapping aid in the field and to know who is doing what, when and where.”

But Nadapdap said the system needs to embrace local groups more. “Local groups have the greatest knowledge of their areas, but the cluster meetings move fast, are dominated by foreigners, and there’s various competing priorities around the table, so sometimes local voices aren’t heard. This particularly happened in the response to the Padang earthquake in 2009.” 

In terms of readiness, Iwan Gunawan, a senior World Bank disaster specialist based in Jakarta, said the government’s National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) [ http://www.bnpb.go.id/website/asp/index.asp ] has improved greatly in recent years. 

“The BNPB gained vital experience with the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90893/INDONESIA-Volcano-displaced-face-increased-health-risks ],” said Gunawan. “Now it has a set of SOPs [standard operating procedures] where it looks at how it can complement aid from other organizations and fill in the gaps.”

But Gunawan warned that BNPB’s emergency response capacity has yet to be truly tested.

“The country is prepared for medium-sized disasters where provincial governments can still function,” said Gunawan. “But if it’s bigger than that, [the government’s capacity] remains to be seen.”

Dody Ruswandi, deputy head for emergency response at BNPB, told IRIN strengthening local capacity is still a challenge. “We need to encourage provincial offices to develop their aid coordination systems because, right now, it’s unclear what systems they have in place.”

BPBD offices have been set up in all of Indonesia’s 33 provinces, but only 70 percent of the country’s 500 districts, said Ruswandi. 

“We need to make sure that we establish offices in the remaining districts, as they are the ones [that] must coordinate relief when a disaster affects their area,” he added. 

The Philippines

Local aid groups not adhering to international aid standards is also a problem in the Philippines, said Matilde Nida Vilches, emergencies and disaster risk reduction advisor for Save the Children’s office in [ http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.6150549/ ] Makati City, in the metropolitan area of the capital, Manila.

Vilches said the cluster system did not reach local groups in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Washi [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94658/PHILIPPINES-Shelter-key-issue-for-Washi-survivors ], which struck northern Mindanao, 900km south of Manila, in December 2011.

“Clusters have lists of items that should go into aid packs, but local groups weren’t following these lists and their aid was incomplete,” she said. “It caused tensions on the ground between those who were getting aid from local groups and those who were getting it from organizations in the cluster.”

But Vilches said the cluster approach - adopted and led by the Philippine government - worked well at the national level. 

She pointed to annual emergency response simulations led by the government’s National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ], which works with 100 different groups, including UN agencies and NGOs.

Despite difficulties during Washi, Edgardo Ollet, chief of the NDRRMC’s operations centre, said the 2010 enactment of a law [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/045_RA%2010121.pdf ] and guidelines [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/095_IRR.pdf ] to strengthen disaster risk reduction had improved aid coordination. The guidelines authorized the importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine and equipment for relief assistance and gave NDRRMC sole responsibility for monitoring incoming international aid. 

The country’s national disaster management plan is periodically evaluated and updated based on best practices. However, according to Gwen Pang, secretary-general of the Philippine Red Cross, some aid groups are unaware of the national disaster management plan [ http://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/resources/DILG-Resources-2012116-420ac59e31.pdf ], which has been poorly disseminated.

“It’s very important we map out who will do what, with who can do what, and then assign the right agency or organization to the right task in emergencies,” she said.

Another problem is obtaining support from international groups in the absence of a declaration of a national emergency. This was an issue after typhoons Nesat and Nelgae [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93835/PHILIPPINES-Health-concerns-follow-Typhoon-Nesat ] hit northern Luzon Island in September 2011. 

“Some aid organizations can’t release funds if they don’t hear an announcement from the government, so [this] prevented needs being addressed on the ground,” Pang said.

But one year later, aid groups are responding differently to Typhoon Bopha (known locally as Pablo), which made landfall on 4 December, she said. Although no state of emergency has been declared, international aid NGOs, including Save the Children, are already on the ground. 

Advance government warning - four days’ worth - on the intensity and path of Bopha also came more quickly than during previous typhoons, said Pang. 

“This allowed us to move our supplies quicker to the areas most in need, before the typhoon made landfall,” she said. “For Washi, Nesat and Nelgae, information about intensity or path didn’t come quickly enough, but this time around… we could plan the level of aid required.”

As of 6 December [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/03121103.PDF ], the government had recorded 327 deaths, while last year’s death toll from Typhoon Washi was close to 1,400. 

“There’s not been any difficulties with coordination as of yet, and we’re also looking into delivering assistance in other provinces,” Pang added. 

Thailand

Large-scale flooding affected 66 of Thailand’s 77 provinces during the second half of 2011, including large parts of the capital, Bangkok, killing at least 680 and affecting an estimated 13 million, according to a 2012 joint report by the Thai Ministry of Finance and the World Bank [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3858.pdf ].

Residents were unable to calculate risk because of conflicting government information, noted the report. More than 10 ministries carried out risk assessments. 

Adthaporn Singhawichai, director of the Research and International Cooperation Bureau in the government’s Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, acknowledged the confusing risk communication, but attributed it to lack of information management rather than the number of ministries involved.

“Because of this, the government set up a single command primarily to deal with the flood hazards,” he told IRIN.

The Flood Relief Operation Centre (FROC), set up in August 2011 - one month after the disaster struck - improved things, he said. “Only the FROC spokesperson was mandated to inform the public [about the floods] twice a day on TV,” he said. “The difficulty was that we could not manage other sources of information in the media and on the Internet.”

Even so, there were still conflicting public statements, said Nidhirat Srisirirojanakorn, an analyst with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Thailand. 

“There was a lot of information flying around about the locations of the floodwaters and which parts of Bangkok were affected,” he said. 

FROC was only one of several national disaster response committees whose individual roles and responsibilities were blurred, noted the World Bank-Thai Ministry of Finance report. 

At the height of the flooding in Bangkok, divisions emerged between FROC (led by the national government) and Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (led by the Bangkok governor), which were at odds over flood warnings and response. The governor refused a FROC request to raise a sluice gate because he said it would lead to more flooding in Bangkok [ http://www.bangkokpost.com/lite/news/268317/sukhumbhand-denies-froc-request-to-raise-sluice-gate ].

According to OCHA’s Srisirirojanakorn, though the government did not request international assistance during the floods, an informal cluster system was set up, which helped target 20,000 migrants stranded without aid [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94162/MYANMAR-THAILAND-Undocumented-workers-exploited-post-floods ].

The Thai government’s Singhawichai said the government is aware of coordination problems and is considering how to improve. 

“The government and its partners have learned its lessons,” he said. “We believe we can now better handle flooding at the same level as last year.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96983/Analysis-Assessing-Southeast-Asia-s-aid-coordination-during-crises</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091319230720t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Question marks over new approach to drug-users</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211230714010817t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - In September 2011, the government of Thailand moved to try and decrease the number of drug-users by 80 percent by adopting a more “softly, softly” approach, rather than sending people straight to jail. Progress on drug addiction is being made, say experts, but challenges remain.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - In September 2011, the government of Thailand moved to try and decrease the number of drug-users by 80 percent by adopting a more “softly, softly” approach, rather than sending people straight to jail. Progress on drug addiction is being made, say experts, but challenges remain.

Under the new approach, groups of drug-users are offered voluntary treatment, without prosecution, for a specific period of time, typically 15-90 days, with follow-up as needed.

According to the treatment division at the Thai government's Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) [ http://en.oncb.go.th/emain.htm ], nearly half a million drug-users voluntarily registered for rehabilitation in the past year. Some 100,000 overcame their addiction problems.

Previously only 40,000-60,000 drug-users received free treatment in government-run hospitals per year, with many more filling up the prisons.

“The government’s intention to help the drug-users to quit drugs is good. However, as the success of drug treatment is mainly due to the readiness and willingness of drug-users, the approach of the treatment in large groups within a certain period of time is not appropriate and has little chance of succeeding,” Petsri Siriniran, director of the National AIDS Management Centre in the Public Health Ministry’s Department of Disease Control, told IRIN.

Over the past year the government has set up nearly 1,000 newly modified community health centres and rehabilitation facilities across the kingdom. They provide largely free services.

The Ministry of Public Health estimates there was a three-fold increase in the number of drug addicts from nearly half a million in 2007 to 1.4 million in 2011 [ http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_news.php?id=6105&a=2 ].

The sharp increase is partly due to the ready availability of drugs: neighbouring Myanmar’s opium output has risen for the sixth consecutive year, according to the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

Activists concerned

Civil society groups and health activists, meanwhile, have expressed concern over the quality of treatment on offer, saying that Thailand’s initiative on drug-users could seriously hamper large-scale efforts to reduce drug-related problems.

“The [existing] treatment system is not the answer. Harm reduction should be [the] government’s priority,” said Lavan Sarovat, the coordinator at 12D, a network of 12 civil society groups working on harm reduction in Thailand.

HIV prevalence among injecting drug-users (IDUs) dropped to 22 percent in 2010 from over 40 percent in 2008 and 2009 [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/JC2215_Global_AIDS_Response_Progress_Reporting_en.pdf ]. However, this rate is still among the highest in the region, according to the Global AIDS response progress reports submitted by governments to the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/JC2215_Global_AIDS_Response_Progress_Reporting_en.pdf ].

“IDUs are a driver of HIV infection in Thailand. Any comprehensive health response to drugs must include a comprehensive package to prevent HIV transmission,” said Gary Lewis, the regional representative at UNODC.

The World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/atlas_report/profiles/thailand.pdf ] estimates there are nearly 40,000 IDUs in Thailand.

“We haven’t been able to clean the country. Drugs are still everywhere. The government should realize it’s time and spend budget to develop [its drug treatment programme] with the involvement of drug-users and community networks to design how it should look like,” Sarovat said.

Lewis stressed the importance of voluntary, evidence- and community-based treatment, and care for people with drug dependence.

“We stand ready to support the Royal Government of Thailand to develop a cost-effective, evidence- and rights-based system that addresses the separate issues of drug use and drug dependence,” he said.

According to the 2012 UNODC World Drug Report [ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2012.html ], apart from cannabis, the use of opioids (especially heroin) and amphetamine-type stimulants (mainly methamphetamine), are the primary concerns in Southeast Asia.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96872/THAILAND-Question-marks-over-new-approach-to-drug-users</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211230714010817t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 23 November 2012 (IRIN) - In September 2011, the government of Thailand moved to try and decrease the number of drug-users by 80 percent by adopting a more “softly, softly” approach, rather than sending people straight to jail. Progress on drug addiction is being made, say experts, but challenges remain.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Malaria summit opens in Sydney</title><pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria. 

“There were 30 million cases and 42,000 deaths reported in Asia [in 2010] so we aim to achieve greater regional collaboration and coordinated efforts from this conference,” Fatoumata Nafo-Traoré, executive director of Roll Back Malaria Partnership [ http://www.rbm.who.int/ ], told IRIN. She said the Asia-Pacific region includes 20 malaria-endemic countries. 

Resistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] to the anti-malaria drug artemisinin emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95596/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gains-fragile ] border around eight years ago and is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping it can be contained. 

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/index.html ] about 3.3 billion people - half the world's population - are at risk of the vector-borne disease. Those living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable. In 2010, 90 percent of all malaria deaths occurred in WHO’s African Region, mostly among children under five. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96668/In-Brief-Malaria-summit-opens-in-Sydney</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southeast Asia wasting too much food</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore. 

Possible solutions include redistributing edible wasted food to people; turning it into energy and agriculture inputs; and developing new technology to separate food waste from other rubbish. Policymakers need to take a “total supply chain approach” or else risk breaking Southeast Asia’s fragile food system, said the experts. 

“It is likely that the region wastes approximately 33 percent of food, but accurate estimates are not available due to a dearth of quantitative information.” 

Increasing urbanization means food will tend to travel farther, something that could exacerbate the food waste problem. Governments need to better fund the tracking of food waste (especially fish, vegetables and rice), they said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96485/In-Brief-Southeast-Asia-wasting-too-much-food</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Tackling the information void</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf ].

“Those parts [that] are worst covered are some of the most disaster prone regions where the most vulnerable live,” said Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch. “There is a big disconnectedness between [scientists] who know and those who need to know. [They are] the farmers, the health workers, the water managers [and] the vulnerable communities.” 

In May 2011the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) endorsed the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to increase and improve interactions between climate service providers - those who research, gather, interpret and diffuse information about the climate - and those who make use of the information [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/gfcs/documents/GFCS_IP_EN.pdf ].

The goal is to boost “tailor-made” climate services, especially for the most vulnerable. Initial priority will be given to food security, water management, disaster risk reduction and health sectors. 

If the people most vulnerable to the dangers of climate change are not provided with information to prepare, natural disasters will claim more lives, warned Egeland. 

One way is for governments to boost investments in services that provide information on climate variability such as satellites, high-speed telecommunications, supercomputers and other scientific innovations. 

In India, farmers receive recommendations via text message of what crops to plant in their regions - in their chosen languages. 

Ahead of a recent meeting among users in Africa of satellite-based weather forecasting and climate applications from the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) [ http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/News/CorporateNews/823015?l=en ], the African Union Commission, African regional economic communities, and the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States issued a declaration supporting GCFS [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/documents/addisx.pdf ].

Meanwhile, implementation of GFCS in Africa will be on the agenda of an upcoming African ministerial conference on meteorology to be held on 15-19 October in Zimbabwe, and is expected to adapt a continent-wide strategy on meteorology. 

While efforts continue to expand the reach of climate services, many parts of the world still have no services or woefully inadequate ones. These are the places where a climate information void is most deadly, noted Egeland. 

Information disparity linked to income 

According to WMO, six countries currently have no meteorological and climate services; 65 have very inadequate services; 57 have essential services; 40 have “full” to “pretty good” services; and another 23 nations are very advanced. 

Egeland highlighted how this information disparity is linked to income, where the richest countries have the most scientific services on climate - and ways to diffuse that information - while the poorest countries with anaemic economies that produce fewer greenhouse gases are hardest hit by the effects of climate change. 

Scientists say climate change brought about by greenhouse gas emissions will bring with it more extreme weather leading to more natural disasters. 

Suppakorn Chinvanno, a researcher from the Bangkok-based Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, which develops scientific socioeconomic ways to address the impacts of environmental change in Southeast Asia, said climate services need to be localized. “We have to think about climate [change from the] perspective of different communities.” 

The World Meteorological Congress (WMO’s decision making entity) is meeting on 29-31 October to decide how to implement GFCS as well as its governance. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96493/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Tackling-the-information-void</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Human Rights Watch’s Jan Egeland calls for faster progress</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ] he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). 

Spearheaded by the World Meteorological Organization [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/ ] and based on research from an expert group Egeland chaired in 2009, GFCS aims to increase and improve interactions between experts who interpret, gather and purvey climate-related information (climate service providers) and the people who use it. 

Q: How far has GFCS come in making climate information accessible for the average small farmer? 

A: The main problem of global climate services today is that it doesn’t reach the last mile to those who need it the most. So, typically, the farmer who needs to know when to sow or when to harvest in an unpredictable climate doesn’t really get that… More often he doesn’t get the information if he is in a poor and developing country, nor does the doctor who would need to know when malaria will [be] affected by rainfall, or meningitis [by] the course of the wind. 

It is also mixed how far the countries come in disaster… There is a big difference from even Vietnam to Cambodia to Nepal in that matter. Some countries are making big headway like China, India, Vietnam and Thailand… But it’s too slow. I am frustrated… We are not making faster progress. Science has come so far and there is so much you can predict now. 

Q: What are the chief obstacles to linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction? 

A: Clearly the explosive growth in the number of natural disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Theme/NAT/Natural-Disasters ] is one of the biggest obstacles in poverty reduction. We have seen an increase of natural disasters from around a 100 in [the] 1960s to nearly 500 per year in this decade, so it is [a] four- nearly five-fold increase... It means devastation of some of the poorest countries. It means massive displacement of people. 

Q: In addition to climate services, what else is still needed to prepare people to adapt to climate variability? 

A: We need to curb climate change. Many believe we are in the same boat, [that] we are equally hit by climate change, which is not true… Norway is not going to get hit by climate change for some time. But if you go to Sahel, go to the coast of Southeast Asia and you see… It’s the number of disasters that has increased dramatically... Monsoons and typhoons have grown tremendously. 

In Vietnam, they are talking about one metre of sea rise, which would be a complete disaster for the whole Mekong Delta. So we need to curb climate change, and here it is just horrendous to see that it is not happening… In [climate change] adaptation we could be able to do more… Quite a bit is happening... Science is making big progress but not reaching the final point and that’s a big challenge. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96495/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Human-Rights-Watch-s-Jan-Egeland-calls-for-faster-progress</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Burmese migrant workers risk deportation</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200753450550t.jpg" />]]>CHIANG MAI 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Several hundred thousand Burmese migrant workers in Thailand could face deportation if they fail to register under the government’s National Verification Programme (NVP) before a 14 December deadline.</description><body><![CDATA[CHIANG MAI 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Several hundred thousand Burmese migrant workers in Thailand could face deportation if they fail to register under the government’s National Verification Programme (NVP) before a 14 December deadline.

“We postponed the deadline in order to get unregistered people to come in and register but if the deadline passes without registration, they will not be allowed to work in the kingdom,” Panwadee Ploytabtim, director of the Chiang Mai employment office, under the Thai Ministry of Labour, told IRIN. 

NVP - conceived in 2008 - was intended to give registered and verified migrant workers protection under Thai labour laws.

However, the small number of people registering due to the high costs incurred by migrants resulted in several extensions of the original 2010 deadline.

According to the Labour Ministry, there are over 1.3 million legal workers from neighbouring countries currently working in Thailand - 82 percent from Myanmar, 9.5 percent from Cambodia and 8.4 percent from Laos.

However, activists say more than two million Burmese workers are working in Thailand - mainly in low paying jobs in the construction, fishing and service industries.

“The whole migrant registration process in Thailand has always been overly complicated and very expensive, at least from the perspective of the migrant workers who don't have very much to start with,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia Division.

Employers who pay migrant worker registration fees often deduct the money from salaries and hold onto passports to ensure they get their money back, said Robertson.

As of 30 August, 738,748 migrant workers had been registered under NVP.

While a formal legal contract may improve workers’ rights, the added cost often prompts migrants to seek alternative routes into the country, said Jackie Pollack of Migrant Assistance Programme (MAP), [ http://www.mapfoundationcm.org/eng/ ] a grassroots group working to empower Burmese migrant communities in Thailand.

“For many people it will still be so much easier to cross the border into Thailand without documents rather than going into a major city like Rangoon [Yangon] to do all that,” though without proper papers, workers risk being abused by their employers, Pollack adds.

Bribes?

Migrant worker Aung Moe, 26, who was detained earlier this year, recalls in detail his arrest at a Thai-Burmese border restaurant earlier this year.

The police came into the restaurant and demanded to see my work permit but I didn’t have one, so they threatened to throw me in jail unless I paid them 15,000 baht [US$486].”

“I think it is a good idea if we can obtain a work permit more easily so we can make a better living, but it is not an easy process and everyone wants to get paid off,” Aung Moe complained. 

The latest registration deadline, extended from June this year, comes as Myanmar is proposing to offer ID cards to unregistered and undocumented workers who wish to return home.

“It seems that Burma's Labour Ministry means to be taking up the issue of migrant workers and so hopefully they will be able to start to put a little pressure on Thailand to improve the conditions here. So there may be a bit more advocacy for the rights of workers, and Thailand might have to improve the conditions to keep the workers here,” said MAP’s Pollack.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96346/MYANMAR-THAILAND-Burmese-migrant-workers-risk-deportation</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209200753450550t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CHIANG MAI 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Several hundred thousand Burmese migrant workers in Thailand could face deportation if they fail to register under the government’s National Verification Programme (NVP) before a 14 December deadline.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Activists call for greater refugee protection</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109111303420199t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - Thailand&apos;s treatment of refugees and asylum seekers is inadequate, with those outside designated refugee camps risking deportation, say activists and rights groups.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - Thailand's treatment of refugees and asylum seekers is inadequate, with those outside designated refugee camps risking deportation, say activists and rights groups. 

“The absence of refugee law in Thailand unfairly exposes refugees and asylum seekers to abuses including exploitation, extortion, arrest, and detention,” said Bill Frelick, Human Rights Watch's (HRW) refugee programme director and author of a new report [ http://www.hrw.org/node/110100 ] released on 13 September.

While 85,977 verified refugees and 966 asylum seekers currently reside in the country, according to the latest estimates from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), Thai legislation does not include any protection provisions for refugees.

“Refugees are seen as illegal migrants outside of the camps, and inside the camps they are vulnerable to social problems arising from lack of employment. Neither model is adequate,” said Oliver White, communications and advocacy officer for the Jesuit Refugee Service, [ http://www.jrsap.org/ ] an international Catholic NGO. 

Burmese refugees are legally permitted to stay in the kingdom only if they stay in the nine camps along the 1,800km Thai-Burmese border.

But lack of access to livelihoods often forces breadwinners to leave settlements during the day to find work, putting them at risk of arrest and deportation, activists say.

Urban refugees

The estimated 2,000 urban refugees and asylum seekers in Bangkok can be detained by police and returned to their country of origin at any moment, even if they are UNHCR recognized refugees and scheduled for resettlement.

“All groups are vulnerable to deportation, but particularly those from neighbouring countries,” said Michael Timmins, a lawyer from Asylum Access Thailand. [ http://asylumaccess.org/AsylumAccess/who-we-are/thailand ]

Currently there are 68 refugees and asylum seekers at Bangkok's Immigration Detention Centre, including 22 verified refugees and 15 children under the age of 18, according to HRW and JRS.

“We continue to advocate with the government to end its policy of detaining refugees and asylum seekers, especially children,” Vivian Tan, spokesperson for the UNHCR in Bangkok, told IRIN.

Additionally, it is believed many ethnic groups are denied refugee status for political reasons, including the Lao Hmong, the Rohingya from Myanmar's northern Rakhine state, North Koreans, and the Shan people from southern Myanmar.

“Thailand's policies on refugees are not motivated by legal obligations, but by political motives,” says Phil Robertson, deputy director of HRW's Asia division.

Taking responsibility for refugees has, until now, been considered the responsibility of the international community, according to Veerawit Tianchainan, the executive director of the Thai Committee for Refugees, [ http://www.thaiforrefugees.org/en ] a national NGO supporting refugees.

“Advocacy needs to change the premise that refugee issues are an international issue,” said Tianchainan, who added that national security trumps human rights principles in the case of refugees.

Thailand has not created a framework to protect refugees because “policymakers [never] expected refugee situations to last this long,” Tianchainan explained. 

“We are in no hurry” - Thai government

Meanwhile, despite reform efforts inside Myanmar, the Thai government continues to respect the stay of encamped Burmese refugees inside the country until they are ready for return.

“[We] are in no hurry to rush this matter,” said the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in an open letter to HRW.

Since 2010, the government has also allowed refugee birth registration for encamped Burmese babies - “an important step to prevent statelessness among a new generation of refugees,” said Tan.

Fast-track processing of encamped refugees initiated earlier this year has also allowed several thousand to re-unite with their resettled families in countries such as Canada, the USA, and Australia.

However, this is just “a small slice compared to the more than 50,000 unregistered who remain in the camps,” said Frelick.

It also does little to help refugees and asylum seekers in Bangkok.

“Even if Thailand is not ready to sign the 1951 Refugee Convention, [ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49da0e466.html ] the government should consider steps that will enable it to provide more systematic refugee protection,” said Tan.

dm/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96298/THAILAND-Activists-call-for-greater-refugee-protection</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109111303420199t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - Thailand&apos;s treatment of refugees and asylum seekers is inadequate, with those outside designated refugee camps risking deportation, say activists and rights groups.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: “Gene chip technology” deployed in fight against malaria</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia. 

Researchers from the US University of Notre Dame’s Eck Institute for Global Health [ http://globalhealth.nd.edu/ ] are developing a “gene chip” which could contribute to identifying drug resistance in blood samples. [ http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/30101-notre-dame-researchers-using-novel-method-to-combat-malaria-drug-resistance/ ] 

The goal is to “see resistance as it is emerging, respond in real time and modify strategies to save a drug, such as protecting it with new formulations and combinations tailored to the specific location of emergence,” said the lead researcher, Michael Ferdig. “We now have markers for emerging resistance and new hypotheses that we will use to track down the resistance mechanism.” 

Genetic markers or “signposts” are any alteration in the DNA that helps to identify the presence of a specific disease. 

Artemisinin is a natural plant product that represents the first-line treatment for malaria, after resistance to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] Growing resistance to artemisinin in the greater Mekong sub-region - including Cambodia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92516/MYANMAR-Anti-malarial-drug-resistance-hotspots-identified ] Thailand and Viet Nam - means treatment is taking longer to clear parasites. 

“Southeast Asia, and in particular western Cambodia, is the region where all resistances in [the parasite] plasmodium falciparum have emerged,” said Francois Nosten, director of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit along the Thai-Myanmar border, a region which has reported longer treatment times in the past eight years for patients taking artemisinin-based drugs to cure malaria. 

However, experts warn that gene chip technology is years away from practical application. 

“The gene chip is only at the stage of being developed and not there yet,” said Nosten. “Several groups are competing to find the molecular markers of resistance to artemisinin, but it will take several years before something is usable in the field and we do not have this time to waste.” 

According to the World Health Organization, [ http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section21/Section340_4018.htm ] four out 10 people globally who are at risk of becoming infected with malaria live in Southeast Asia. 

Migration from highly endemic malarial areas, counterfeit anti-malarial drugs, and the misuse of artemisinin have all contributed to worsening drug resistance, says the agency. [ http://whothailand.healthrepository.org/bitstream/123456789/713/1/MAL_2010.pdf ] 

fm/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96197/HEALTH-Gene-chip-technology-deployed-in-fight-against-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Rice pledge scheme one year later</title><pubDate>Thu, 23 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300427070215t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 23 August 2012 (IRIN) - Almost one year after Thailand’s government promised farmers a fixed price for their rice harvests, early concerns the system would boost world rice prices may be unwarranted as experts now forecast, instead, a price drop. </description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 23 August 2012 (IRIN) - Almost one year after Thailand’s government promised farmers a fixed price for their rice harvests, early concerns [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93899/GLOBAL-Thai-rice-policy-sows-worldwide-uncertainty ] the system would boost world rice prices may be unwarranted as experts now forecast a price drop. 

The government recently announced it was selling 753,000 tons of surplus rice, stockpiled under the programme, in an open bid set to end on 28 August, according to international media. [ http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/08/20/thailand-rice-tender-idINL4E8JK2YF20120820 ] 

In an effort to boost farmer incomes, in 2011 the government started paying paddy farmers 15,000 baht (US$420) per ton - a 60 percent increase over 2010. Thailand exported less in 2012 because at the higher price its rice was less competitive. 

Since 2005, Thailand's rice reserves have grown to more than 10 million tons, but the government has committed to paying above-market prices for the 2012 paddy crop to be harvested in October. 

“Now that the government is to release part of these stocks, prices may fall, especially if the 753,000-ton tender is followed by [others],” Concepción Calpe, a senior economist with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), told IRIN. “When there is a supply surplus, normally, prices have to fall so as to stimulate demand and consumption, and bring the market back into balance.” 

A year ago, Samarendu Mohanty, head of the Social Sciences Division at the Philippines-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), forecast increased global rice prices as a result of Thailand’s scheme, on the assumption that stockpiling would decrease the supply of rice on the market, which would then increase demand and prices. But India lifted its four-year-old rice export restrictions in 2011, which stabilized the amount of rice on the market - and prices - Mohanty said. 

In July 2012, FAO reported that international rice prices were “surprisingly stable”. [ http://www.fao.org/economic/est/publications/rice-publications/rice-market-monitor-rmm/en/ ] “A drop in international rice prices would be a great relief for the world, especially as maize and wheat supplies have thinned,” Calpe noted. 

The US, the world's largest producer of maize, is expected to bring in its smallest crop since 2006/07, the US Department of Agriculture said in its August forecast. Prices for yellow maize, used mainly as feed for livestock, are already above US$300 per ton, and are now projected to exceed $350 per ton in the coming months and into 2013. Maize prices climbed by 23 percent in July alone, according to FAO. A drought in Kazakhstan and Russia, two of the world's largest producers and exporters of wheat, threatens to drive up wheat prices. 

The World Bank has noted that although food prices are higher, [ http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/07/30/food-price-volatility-growing-concern-world-bank-stands-ready-respond ] they are nowhere near the record levels of 2007/08. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96121/FOOD-How-bad-is-the-crisis ] 

Where prices will go from August 2012 onward is still uncertain, according to FAO, and depends in part on whether the Indian government reinstates export restrictions. The agency noted that such restrictions [ http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/est/PUBLICATIONS/Comm_Working_Papers/EST-WP32.pdf ] contributed to the 2008 price hike. 

rg/pt/he

*This article was amended on 23 August. The original report erroneously stated in the lead an expert forecast of lower returns rather than a price drop.



]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96158/THAILAND-Rice-pledge-scheme-one-year-later</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300427070215t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 23 August 2012 (IRIN) - Almost one year after Thailand’s government promised farmers a fixed price for their rice harvests, early concerns the system would boost world rice prices may be unwarranted as experts now forecast, instead, a price drop. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Ambivalent about needle exchanges</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207310341000890t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 31 July 2012 (IRIN) - Needle exchanges for injecting drug users and the decriminalization of people who use drugs are the most effective ways of preventing HIV and hepatitis C infections in Thailand, say experts.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 31 July 2012 (IRIN) - Needle exchanges for injecting drug users and the decriminalization of people who use drugs are the most effective ways of preventing HIV and hepatitis C infections in Thailand, say experts. 

“When users do not have access to sterile injecting equipment they will share needles, [and] that will lead to HIV transmission as well as to hepatitis C,” said Pascal Tanguay, programme director in the Thailand office of the international NGO, Population Services International (PSI). 

Providing free clean needles and syringes has proven to be the safest and most effective way to prevent new infections among injecting drug users (IDUs). But the Council of State, Thailand’s central legal advisory body, has interpreted any needle distribution programme as promoting drug use, Petsri Siriniran, Director of the National AIDS Management Centre in the Public Health Ministry’s Department of Disease Control, told IRIN. 

Nevertheless, the ministry is collaborating on a pilot project, run by PSI since 2009, in which Counselling and sterile syringes are provided through drop-in centres and outreach services in 19 of Thailand’s 76 provinces. 

PSI has partnered with various local NGOs and support groups for people living with HIV to distribute clean needles to the country’s estimated 40,000 IDUs, 20 percent of whom share needles, according to 2010 government figures. [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/progressreports/2012countries/ce_TH_Narrative_Report[1].pdf ] 

The Urban Health Research Initiative of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS and the local Thai AIDS Treatment Action Group released a survey [ http://ttag.info/pdf/MSCRP_en.pdf ] of 468 injecting drug users from a community in Bangkok, the capital, in 2012. 

The study found that 30 percent of participants borrowed needles from other drug users, largely because there was nowhere to buy new ones or because pharmacies refused to sell them syringes. 

A 2011 World Bank review [ http://dl.dropbox.com/u/64663568/library/Harm-reduction-policies-in-Thailand.pdf ] of HIV prevention among IDUs in Thailand indicated that needle exchange programmes could be one of the key factors in decreasing HIV infections among them. 

HIV prevalence among Thai IDUs dropped from 49 percent in 2008-2009 to 22 percent the following year. However, this is still among the highest in the Southeast Asia region, according to the Global AIDS Response progress report by the UN Joint HIV/AIDS Programme (UNAIDS). [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/JC2215_Global_AIDS_Response_Progress_Reporting_en.pdf ] 

Anne Bergenstrom, regional adviser on HIV/AIDS at the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), questions the apparent drop. “Some of this reduction may be due to deaths in this population. There is no recent national survey on drugs, so we do not know how many initiate drugs and how many are HIV positive,” she said. 

In Bangkok, Sak Aim Kien, 47, said, “When I am with friends and I have money, I still inject heroin, although I try hard to quit.” He has attended government drug rehabilitation programmes for the past eight years with faltering success. “My family does not know about my addiction and I tell my children I have a lung disease to hide it.” 

Another man at the same local drop-in centre who went by the name of Aun, 37, went from injecting heroin to midazolam - a legally available psychotropic drug that alters brain function by affecting the central nervous system - after completing a methadone treatment programme five years ago. 

Daily doses of methadone, a pain reliever, have been shown to help wean injecting drug users off heroin by blocking drug-induced euphoria and blunting their withdrawal symptoms, but in some cases, users have simply substituted one addiction for another. 

Government “ambivalence” 

Since 2009, PSI has distributed more than 300,000 needles and syringes, reaching up to 8,000 drug users, but workers say they operate on the margins of the law. “We currently run the only needle and syringe distribution project in Thailand, but the Thai government refuses to implement needle and syringes distribution, proclaiming falsely that such projects would encourage drug use,” said Tanguay. 

“Sometimes the police are waiting outside our premises, arresting people who come here,” Piyabutr Nakaphiw, the manager of O-Zone, a drop-in centre for drug users in Bangkok, told IRIN. The centre employs drug users as outreach workers to distribute clean needles to other users in their communities. “They stop our outreach community workers, and if they are tested positive for drugs, the police either ask for money or arrest them,” said Nakaphiw. 

UNODC’s Bergenstrom noted that “The government always had an ambivalent attitude towards the needle exchange. If we try to achieve HIV reduction, then coverage to needle exchange, access to rehabilitation programmes and to counselling services should be increased.” 

The 2012-2016 national AIDS strategy calls for a review and amendment of current legislation that prohibits needle exchange and criminalizes drug users. A past effort to change the relevant laws failed. 

Although the Drug Addict Rehabilitation Act [ http://thailaws.com/law/t_laws/tlaw0149_2.pdf ] passed in 2002 promotes the treatment of people who use drugs as patients, under the 1979 Narcotics Act [ http://www.thailawforum.com/database1/Narcotics-Act-part2.html ] drug addicts can still be arrested. 

“It will be virtually impossible to halt HIV transmission as long as the national legal and policy framework around drug issues focuses on punishment and deterrence at the expense of the health and human rights of citizens,” said Tanguay. 

Hepatitis C infection is another concern. A recent study published by the UK medical journal, The Lancet, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61097-0/fulltext ] reported that almost 90 percent of IDUs in Thailand are living with hepatitis C, which is transmitted through needle sharing, and can lead to liver failure and cancer. 

Tanguay said although needle exchange programmes alone will not halt the spread of HIV and hepatitis C, it can be a major part of the solution if combined with the decriminalization of drugs and drug users. 

fm/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95984/THAILAND-Ambivalent-about-needle-exchanges</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207310341000890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 31 July 2012 (IRIN) - Needle exchanges for injecting drug users and the decriminalization of people who use drugs are the most effective ways of preventing HIV and hepatitis C infections in Thailand, say experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How to move floodwater through Bangkok</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - As flood season revisits Thailand, experts and policymakers look to 2011, which brought the worst floods in half a century, to glean lessons about how they might safely move floodwater through Bangkok, the Thai capital, should they need to.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - As flood season revisits Thailand, experts and policymakers look to 2011, which brought the worst floods in half a century, to glean lessons about how they might safely move floodwater through Bangkok, the Thai capital, should they need to. 

“One thing we realized from last year’s flood is that our city’s drainage capacity is not enough,” said Chusit Apirumanekul, a climate information application specialist at the Bangkok-based Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) . “We need to do something from the lessons that we learned.” 

Flooding is an annual occurrence in Thailand, most of which lies in the drainage basin of the Chao Phraya River flowing from the confluence of the Ping and Nan rivers in the north. In 2011 over 500 people died in the flooding that swept down to the centre of the Thai kingdom and the World Bank put the economic losses at US$45 billion. 

In October the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DPPM) reported that more than 2.4 million people in 28 of Thailand's 76 provinces were affected. But it was the duration of the floods that stands out in the memories of most residents. Much of flooding that struck the Southeast Asian nation started in late July 2011 and did not fully subside until January 2012. 

High seasonal rainfall in the hilly north fed a gathering tide that slowly snaked down through the central provinces to the Gulf of Thailand. In Bangkok, a megacity of more than 10 million inhabitants and the nation’s industrial heartland, the water ran into a substantial bottleneck, stopping it from getting to the sea. 

Since then the Thai government has spent millions of dollars on prevention measures to avert a similar disaster, mostly on dredging canals and building dykes and floodwalls around industrial estates. 

IRIN asked experts in Thailand and abroad what the authorities could do to drain floodwater from the city more effectively if these measures failed. 

Drainage capacity 

“We have a big flood every five years in Jakarta [capital of Indonesia],” said Doddy Suparta, a water expert at Mercy Corps, a disaster relief NGO based in Indonesia’s “mega-delta” city, whose more than 10 million inhabitants are familiar with the risk of flooding. 

In the rainy season water comes flowing into Jakarta from hilly regions that lie east and west of the city. “We had a major flood in 1997, then in 2002, and then again in 2007,” Suparta said. 

To tackle this recurring problem, Jakarta’s authorities have undertaken the East Flood Canal Project, building a 23.5km canal to carry the overflow from seven major rivers - the Ciliwung, Cililitan, Cipinang, Sunter, Buaran, Jati Kramat and Cakung - to the sea. 

In addition, the Jakarta Emergency Dredging Initiative to deepen and rehabilitate 11 major floodways and canals in the city will be completed by March 2017. The World Bank is providing $140 million for the project, with the Indonesian government supplying the remaining $50 million required. 

In Bangkok the municipal authorities maintain more than 1,100 canals. “The drainage system was not created to deal with floods like this [in 2011]. The canals that we use to get floodwater out of the city were originally made for irrigation purposes almost 200 years ago,” the ADPC’s Apirumanekul told IRIN. “If you want to drain the water [from the city] fast, you need to increase the drainage capacity from the upstream part of the Chao Phraya River basin to the Gulf of Thailand.” 

Super “floodway” 

At Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok the Unit for Disaster and Land Information Studies, led by Thanawat Jarupongsakul, has proposed a 200km “super floodway” of widened canals to protect parts of the country from future flood disasters, and provide an emergency expressway for excess water, allowing it to pass through the city to the ocean. 

The project, with an estimated cost of $1 billion, would link existing irrigation canals to help drain runoff, as well as raise roads leading to and from Bangkok six metres off the ground to act as dykes, preventing canal spillage. Jarupongsakul estimated that the proposed floodway could hold 1.6 billion cubic metres of water, and drain 500 million cubic meters of water daily. 

This system would not only be cheaper than building a new waterway, but would also be energy-efficient by using the power of gravity to keep the water moving. 

However, Lertchai Srianant, a water management officer in Thailand’s Royal Irrigation Department, noted that “The government has a plan to use a large retention area in the upper part of the Chao Phraya basin to store excess water, so the water level in the river will not be higher than the dykes at any point.” 

Pumps 

Bangkok and Jakarta both use giant pumps to speed up the process of drainage. “North Jakarta is the lowest part of the city, so the water ends up going there. We have several big centrifugal pumps in that area. When the water reaches a certain height, the pumps turn on automatically and push the water out into the sea,” said Suparta from Mercy Corps. 

A similar pump is located in central Bangkok, from where it diverts water that collects in a smaller basin that cannot drain naturally into the Gulf of Thailand, and pushes it into an underground tunnel so it can run into the ocean. 

“When the water enters an area inside the dykes protecting inner Bangkok, the only way to remove it is by pumps. There’s quite some pump capacity, but by the time the water reaches the pumps there’s already been some significant damage,” said Adri Verwey, a veteran flood management consultant from the Netherlands who is assisting in projects for the Vietnamese and Brazilian governments. 

At the height of the 2011 floods some residents on the outskirts of the Thai capital, where the water stayed high for months, called for the dykes protecting central Bangkok to be broken to allow floodwater to drain away through the city into the ocean. 

“Bangkok is lower than mean sea level. This means that once water gets into the centre of the city it will not drain out easily,” Apirumanekul warned. “And since water in the city drains out through the Chao Phraya River, if the level of the river is high at that time, it could take a very long time and cause a lot of damage.” 

ms/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95680/How-to-move-floodwater-through-Bangkok</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - As flood season revisits Thailand, experts and policymakers look to 2011, which brought the worst floods in half a century, to glean lessons about how they might safely move floodwater through Bangkok, the Thai capital, should they need to.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Children trafficked to sell flowers and beg</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206020354380772t.jpg" />]]>PAK KRED 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - In an impoverished town in Thailand, a trafficker offered a desperate woman living near the Burmese border US$160 on the spot, followed by an additional $120 per month for two of her 10 children to sell flowers in the Thai capital, Bangkok. The rent-a-child deal was to last three months, after which the boys would return home to their widowed Burmese mother.</description><body><![CDATA[PAK KRED 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - In an impoverished town in Thailand near the border with Myanmar, a trafficker offered a desperate Burmese widow 5,000 baht (US$160) on the spot, followed by an additional 4,000 baht ($120) per month for two of her 10 children to sell flowers in the Thai capital, Bangkok. The rent-a-child deal was to last three months, after which the boys would return home.  

But the deadline passed and the monthly payments stopped. After another three months the older brother, 10-year-old Ongsi, ran away and managed to make his way home to tell his mother they had to return to the capital to rescue 8-year-old Siyathon from a life of late-night flower selling and beatings. 

Their case is not unusual. Across the city of more than 10 million, little Burmese vendors sell flowers and Cambodian children beg money from motorists, tourists and bar crawlers. 

“Most of these children are not Thai,” said Witanapat Rutanavaleepong, who manages the Stop Child Begging project for the Mirror Foundation, [ http://themirrorfoundation.org/cms/index.php?/The-Mirror-Foundation.html ] a leading Thai NGO that has become a focal point for child trafficking. 

He estimates there are at least 1,000 child beggars and flower sellers working in cities and tourist spots around the country. Since he began working with the Mirror Foundation two years ago, Witanapat has come across only one case involving three Thai children, although he handles up to 30 cases a month. The problem remains intractable in the capital. 

“Thailand has a problem with child begging that is hard to solve because the authorities do not see it as a problem that affects their [the children’s] future or society,” Witanapat said. “They see them as only child beggars, but the girls and some boys often go on to become sex workers, and the boys often become traffickers themselves.” 

Rescue and arrest 

The initial journey from their village to Bangkok was harrowing, said Siyathon, who speaks Thai fluently although he is Burmese. “I spent the night in the forest, walked for a day, and then a truck took me to a gas station where a taxi brought me to the house [where I stayed],” he told IRIN at a boys’ shelter in Pak Kred in Nonthaburi Province, a northern suburb of Bangkok. His brother joined him soon afterwards. “If we sold well, we were not beaten, but even if we sold 2,000 or 3,000 baht ($60 or $95) worth, it still wasn’t enough.” 

One day, Ongsi, his older brother, managed to escape with some friends, and eventually made his way home to Mae Sot Province, several hundred kilometres away. 

Ongsi returned to Bangkok with his mother, but they were unable to find Siyathon on their own and sought help from the Mirror Foundation and the police, who sent plainclothes officers to an area known for trafficking children. In late April they spotted a child who fitted the description. 

“One female officer called out his name, ‘Siyathon!’ and he turned to face her. We found him,” said Lt. Col. Choosak Apaipakdi, of the police anti-human trafficking division. “When the owner of the home followed the boy out, we assumed she was the trafficker. Police confronted and arrested her.” 

Child exploitation 

The United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP), [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ] said the number of children begging and selling flowers remains unclear, but the problem is significant. Lisa Rende Taylor, chief technical advisor for UNIAP for Southeast Asia, said children are being rented or sold by their families or guardians, and then controlled in order to make money for someone, and whether or not permission was granted, these children are victims of trafficking. 

“The definition of child trafficking is essentially the act of recruiting, harbouring, or receiving a child for the purpose of exploitation. The child could go along with it, the parents at home could go along with it - it doesn’t matter - there does not need to be deception or force. If it is a child, if someone receives and controls them, it is trafficking,” Rende Taylor said. “You just have to walk the streets of Bangkok or Pattaya [a resort town] to know that this is still an issue.” 

The typical payment for a rented child is reportedly around $25 a month, she said. However, it is hard to crack down on the trade when there is a “revolving door at the border”, and a focus on the children rather than on the criminal perpetrators. 

According to the US State Department, [ http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/ ] Thailand remains a source, destination, and transit country for trafficking men, women and children. Most of the trafficked victims identified in Thailand are from neighbouring countries like Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos, and have been forced, coerced, or defrauded into labour or commercial sexual exploitation. 

at/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95566/THAILAND-Children-trafficked-to-sell-flowers-and-beg</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206020354380772t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PAK KRED 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - In an impoverished town in Thailand, a trafficker offered a desperate woman living near the Burmese border US$160 on the spot, followed by an additional $120 per month for two of her 10 children to sell flowers in the Thai capital, Bangkok. The rent-a-child deal was to last three months, after which the boys would return home to their widowed Burmese mother.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: “The Lady” brings hope to Burmese refugees</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206040855140164t.jpg" />]]>MAE LA 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - Spirits were high among the select group of Burmese refugees waiting in the stifling midday heat to catch a brief glimpse of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, affectionately known simply as “The Lady”, during her historic visit to Thailand&apos;s largest refugee camp on the Thai-Burmese border.</description><body><![CDATA[MAE LA 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - Spirits were high among the select group of Burmese refugees waiting in the stifling midday heat to catch a brief glimpse of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, affectionately known simply as “The Lady”, during her historic visit to Thailand's largest refugee camp on the Thai-Burmese border.

Security was tight at the Mae La camp as more than a thousand refugees were allowed into a barricaded area on 2 June, where they lined up along a dirt road leading to the camp clinic to welcome the column of vehicles surrounded by armed militia escorting Aung San Suu Kyi, who took her seat in the Burmese parliament in May after being kept under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years.

“I have never seen her before so that is why I am here to see her,” said Ma Tway Yee, 47, who fled her home last year when fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91724/THAILAND-MYANMAR-Thousands-still-displaced-along-border ] broke out between government forces and the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army.

“I think if there is peace in Burma I would really like to go back to my village, but not now, because there are military base camps in my village,” the mother of 10 told IRIN.

Fellow camp inhabitant Ah Zeet agreed. “It's about more than just security. There are also the political issues - as long as they have not been resolved, we cannot safely go back. There has to be guarantees of our safety if we are to return.”

Myanmar’s first nominally civilian government in decades has instituted reforms including the release of hundreds of political prisoners, allowing the formation of labour unions, lifting media restrictions, and the entrance of the pro-democracy National League for Democracy (NLD) into Myanmar's government.

NLD leader Aung San Suu Kyi was not allowed to use a loud-speaker to address the refugees. But, standing on a chair to make herself visible, she was allowed to speak briefly to the crowd of well-wishers and supporters at the clinic.

"Someday you will be able to go home - I will try for that. People in the front row have to tell the other people that,” she shouted to make herself heard above the crowd. “I will do what I can to help to fill in the health and necessary needs in the refugee camp.” Much of her speech was lost in the shouting and cheers from the people gathered around her inside the fenced hospital yard. 

Many of the ethnic leaders were disappointed that meetings with Aung San Suu Kyi, who was surrounded by Thai security personnel, did not take place, and several key stops in the Thai border town of Mae Sot were skipped, including the Mae Tao Clinic, which serves the Burmese refugee population, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Karen.

Visitors from neighbouring camps hoped they would all benefit from the Nobel Peace Prize laureate’s visit. “I hope that Aung San Suu Kyi will be able to see the difficult conditions that the people in the refugee camps face here. Even the children that were born in here have no right to travel, so I hope that will give… [her] something to think about,” said Saw Mort, who was recording the visit for the Karen Student Network.

According to the Thai Burma Border Consortium (TBBC) [ http://www.tbbc.org/ ], an umbrella group of NGOs working along the border, there are more than 140,000 Burmese refugees, mostly ethnic Karen, living in 10 camps along the 1,800km Thai-Burmese border, including more than 53,000 unregistered people.

In eastern Myanmar, particularly in Karen state, healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90820/MYANMAR-Health-crisis-amid-conflict-new-report ] and education standards are rated among the worst in Asia.

The sprawling camp of Mae La houses close to 50,000 people. Naw Bee, 47, was preparing dinner for her family of five children. “If I go back it would be good to have a job, and my children need an education. Right now, if I go back to the village I have no farm to work on.”

Like Naw Bee, most of the refugees in the camp were forced from their homes during attacks by Myanmar’s former ruling military junta.

The government has long had a contentious relationship with its ethnic minority groups, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95195/Briefing-Myanmar-s-ethnic-problems ] which account for about a third of the country’s more than 54 million inhabitants. Fighting broke out more than 60 years ago, after the country gained independence from Britain.

Despite ongoing peace talks between the government and most ethnic groups, fighting in northern Kachin State [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94544/MYANMAR-Displaced-Kachin-face-grim-Christmas ] between Burmese government forces and the Kachin Independence Army continues, and tens of thousands remain displaced nearly a year after a 17-year-old ceasefire was broken.

ss/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95579/MYANMAR-THAILAND-The-Lady-brings-hope-to-Burmese-refugees</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206040855140164t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAE LA 04 June 2012 (IRIN) - Spirits were high among the select group of Burmese refugees waiting in the stifling midday heat to catch a brief glimpse of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, affectionately known simply as “The Lady”, during her historic visit to Thailand&apos;s largest refugee camp on the Thai-Burmese border.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Mapping urban farming</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million. 

“UPA produces around one-fifth of world’s food, with 800 million people involved in it. Our project aims at giving decision-makers more elements to harness this potential,” Yingyong Paisooksantivatana, the associate dean of the agriculture faculty at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, [ http://www.ku.ac.th/english/ ] told IRIN. 

The V-GIS (vegetable-GIS, or “veggies”,) project is a computerized information system that analyses data gathered on the ground and via satellite about crop species, production, land surface and workforce, launched in April 2012 by Kasetsart University and the German University of Freiburg, [ http://www.uni-freiburg.de/ ] with funding from the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ). 

Researchers, urban planners and policymakers can access the information for free, said David Oberhuber, the GIZ country director in Thailand. 

“The cultivation of fruits and vegetables inside Greater Bangkok is necessary for many inhabitants but very little is known about it,” said Narin Senapa, a research and training assistant at the Taiwan-based NGO, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC), [ http://www.avrdc.org/ ] previously known as Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre, which is participating in the project. 

Greater Bangkok - including Bangkok and five adjacent provinces, with a population of 14.5 million recorded in the 2010 census - has gained more than three million inhabitants since 2000. 

UPA is especially important to the less favoured section of the urban population, those without formal employment or a steady income, wrote Daniel Hoornweg, an urban development specialist from the World Bank, in a recent report. [ http://www.scribd.com/doc/67301608/Urban-Agriculture-for-Sustainable-Poverty-Alleviation-and-Food-Security ] 

The UN Population Division [ http://www.un.org/esa/population/ ] notes that more than half of world’s people now live in urban settings, and around one-third - some one billion people - live in slums. By 2020, an estimated 85 percent of the poor in Central and South America, and up to 45 percent of those in Africa and Asia will be concentrated in urban areas [ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbmethods.htm ]. 

GIS has been used to study UPA over the last decade in Chile, China, Portugal and Vietnam, among other countries. [ http://www.a-a-r-s.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2005/Papers/GDS1-1.pdf ] 

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been accompanied by a sharp increase in urban food insecurity. Scientists and policymakers have increasingly turned to fruits and vegetables - a major portion of UPA crops - to get communities through lean times in creative ways. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88150/KENYA-Bag-a-farm ] 

Alma Linda Abubakar, a programme development officer at the Asia office of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Bangkok, said developing urban agriculture is crucial, given demographic trends. 

sb/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95461/THAILAND-Mapping-urban-farming</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Struggling against malaria in conflict areas</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg" />]]>MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</description><body><![CDATA[MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services. 

“If the [malaria control] programme is done efficiently, and people are given access to the basic tools to reduce malaria, then this will help to overcome malaria across the region,” François Nosten, head of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit's clinic on the Thai-Burma border, told IRIN. 

“There has been a huge reduction in malaria, but we need continue to make sure those inside Myanmar are getting the necessary resources to prevent themselves from becoming infected.” Nosten anticipates a boost in funding to fight malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 

Between 2002 and 2009 the Burmese government reported a continuous reduction in the number of reported malaria deaths from 2,634 to 1,088 and admissions for malaria treatment at health facilities dropped from 82,193 to 47,772. 

However, these gains were not evenly distributed. “In the areas with the highest burden, infrastructure is not well developed and transport often has to be on foot. Furthermore, the control of some areas by local ethnic groups constrains the operation of public services,” the World Health Organization (WHO) noted in a national 2011-2015 malaria control strategy document. [ http://www.whomyanmar.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_MARC_framework_April_2011.pdf ] 

USAID announced plans in December 2011 to expand a regional malaria control project into “hard-to-reach border areas”, including Mon and Karen states in Myanmar, “depending on access”. In its 2012 operational plan [ http://pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy12/mekong_mop_fy12.pdf ] the proposed regional budget covering six countries in southeast Asia is US$12 million, with an estimated 40 percent going to Myanmar, 20 percent to Cambodia, 8 percent to border areas in Thailand, and 32 percent for regional support activities. 

Evidence surfaced at least 8 years ago that the malaria parasite was becoming resistant [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83648/ASIA-Fighting-the-spread-of-Artemisinin-resistant-malaria ] to artemisinin [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] in the currently recommended treatment cocktail for malaria, known as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Studies showed treatment time was taking longer and costing more. 

The USAID-funded project applies similar strategies to combat a malaria epidemic on the Thai-Cambodia border, including the mass distribution of bed nets, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94195/CAMBODIA-Millions-to-receive-insecticide-treated-mosquito-nets ] malaria prevention education in communities, and improving access to remote populations. 

Health experts have identified three tiers of "hotspots" in Myanmar. The highest priority is given to the 10 townships in Thanitharyi Division in the south, along the western Thai border, and Shwe Kyin township in Bago Division East. Tier 2 (unclear evidence of suspected resistance) includes all of Kayin (also known as Karen), Kayah and Mon states, and the rest of Bago Division East. Tier 3 is the rest of the country. 

While ethnic groups have fought for more autonomy, health workers have struggled to survey health provision, including combating malaria, in the dense jungles of Karen State, said Saw Eh Kalu, a border health worker with the NGO Karen Department of Health and Welfare (KDHW), which is run mostly by Karen exiles operating from Thailand near the Burmese border. [ http://kdhw.org/#1 ] 

With funding from the US-based NGO, Global Health Access Programme (GHAP), KDHW has trained health workers who have illegally crossed the border to work in some 200 remote villages, housing close to 50,000 people. 

“By setting up this network of village health workers, we have been able to dramatically decrease the level of malaria inside Karen State by treating people faster and more efficiently,” said Saw Eh Kalu. Health volunteers have cut down on the often-fatal treks to get to a health facility for treatment, he added. 

Communities in conflict areas have also organized “malaria control committees” of village leaders, school teachers and others to help with bed net distribution and malaria education. When GHAP launched its programme, it estimated that 12 percent of Karen State’s population had malaria. After six months, prevalence decreased to between 2 and 6 percent, according to the NGO. 

The Karen National Liberation Army and its political wing, the Karen National Union, have engaged in ceasefire talks with the Burmese government in recent months. On 7 April, Myanmar’s President Thein Sein met with Karen leaders and agreed to a ceasefire, which both sides, despite flare-ups, have respected. 

“The conflict makes it very hard and dangerous for us to reach communities most affected by malaria,” said Saw Eh Kalu. “If these ceasefires remain in place, it will make it easier for us to access remote communities and make our programmes more efficient at reducing malaria.” 

Linda Smith, programme director of infectious disease at GHAP, which works closely with KHDW, noted that timing is critical. “As resistance to the artemisinin drug grows, it is an important time to increase funding and coverage,” she said. “And regardless of [drug] resistance, donors need to be sustaining funding to keep malaria down and prevent resurgence.” 

The government launched the Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment Project (MARC) in 2011, surveying households, health facilities and drug outlets. 

Preliminary survey data has started providing a clearer picture, but WHO malaria expert Pascal Ringwald said there is a need to boost funding, to “better map the situation” in Myanmar. 

Smith noted that a benefit of increased funding from USAID and others will be greater collaboration between groups working inside Myanmar and border organizations, which are often affiliated with ethnic rebels and have long been disconnected from the work carried out in Myanmar. 

“The project will help to overcome past antagonisms and prejudices between the two groups, which will be important, since neither approach alone is sufficient to reach all the populations at risk.” 

wg/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95402/MYANMAR-THAILAND-Struggling-against-malaria-in-conflict-areas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>