<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Thailand</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 07:30:43 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>THAILAND: Mapping urban farming</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million. </description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million. 

“UPA produces around one-fifth of world’s food, with 800 million people involved in it. Our project aims at giving decision-makers more elements to harness this potential,” Yingyong Paisooksantivatana, the associate dean of the agriculture faculty at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, [ http://www.ku.ac.th/english/ ] told IRIN. 

The V-GIS (vegetable-GIS, or “veggies”,) project is a computerized information system that analyses data gathered on the ground and via satellite about crop species, production, land surface and workforce, launched in April 2012 by Kasetsart University and the German University of Freiburg, [ http://www.uni-freiburg.de/ ] with funding from the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ). 

Researchers, urban planners and policymakers can access the information for free, said David Oberhuber, the GIZ country director in Thailand. 

“The cultivation of fruits and vegetables inside Greater Bangkok is necessary for many inhabitants but very little is known about it,” said Narin Senapa, a research and training assistant at the Taiwan-based NGO, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC), [ http://www.avrdc.org/ ] previously known as Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre, which is participating in the project. 

Greater Bangkok - including Bangkok and five adjacent provinces, with a population of 14.5 million recorded in the 2010 census - has gained more than three million inhabitants since 2000. 

UPA is especially important to the less favoured section of the urban population, those without formal employment or a steady income, wrote Daniel Hoornweg, an urban development specialist from the World Bank, in a recent report. [ http://www.scribd.com/doc/67301608/Urban-Agriculture-for-Sustainable-Poverty-Alleviation-and-Food-Security ] 

The UN Population Division [ http://www.un.org/esa/population/ ] notes that more than half of world’s people now live in urban settings, and around one-third - some one billion people - live in slums. By 2020, an estimated 85 percent of the poor in Central and South America, and up to 45 percent of those in Africa and Asia will be concentrated in urban areas [ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbmethods.htm ]. 

GIS has been used to study UPA over the last decade in Chile, China, Portugal and Vietnam, among other countries. [ http://www.a-a-r-s.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2005/Papers/GDS1-1.pdf ] 

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been accompanied by a sharp increase in urban food insecurity. Scientists and policymakers have increasingly turned to fruits and vegetables - a major portion of UPA crops - to get communities through lean times in creative ways. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88150/KENYA-Bag-a-farm ] 

Alma Linda Abubakar, a programme development officer at the Asia office of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Bangkok, said developing urban agriculture is crucial, given demographic trends. 

sb/pt/he ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95461</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Struggling against malaria in conflict areas</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg" />]]>MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</description><body><![CDATA[MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services. 

“If the [malaria control] programme is done efficiently, and people are given access to the basic tools to reduce malaria, then this will help to overcome malaria across the region,” François Nosten, head of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit's clinic on the Thai-Burma border, told IRIN. 

“There has been a huge reduction in malaria, but we need continue to make sure those inside Myanmar are getting the necessary resources to prevent themselves from becoming infected.” Nosten anticipates a boost in funding to fight malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 

Between 2002 and 2009 the Burmese government reported a continuous reduction in the number of reported malaria deaths from 2,634 to 1,088 and admissions for malaria treatment at health facilities dropped from 82,193 to 47,772. 

However, these gains were not evenly distributed. “In the areas with the highest burden, infrastructure is not well developed and transport often has to be on foot. Furthermore, the control of some areas by local ethnic groups constrains the operation of public services,” the World Health Organization (WHO) noted in a national 2011-2015 malaria control strategy document. [ http://www.whomyanmar.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_MARC_framework_April_2011.pdf ] 

USAID announced plans in December 2011 to expand a regional malaria control project into “hard-to-reach border areas”, including Mon and Karen states in Myanmar, “depending on access”. In its 2012 operational plan [ http://pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy12/mekong_mop_fy12.pdf ] the proposed regional budget covering six countries in southeast Asia is US$12 million, with an estimated 40 percent going to Myanmar, 20 percent to Cambodia, 8 percent to border areas in Thailand, and 32 percent for regional support activities. 

Evidence surfaced at least 8 years ago that the malaria parasite was becoming resistant [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83648/ASIA-Fighting-the-spread-of-Artemisinin-resistant-malaria ] to artemisinin [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] in the currently recommended treatment cocktail for malaria, known as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Studies showed treatment time was taking longer and costing more. 

The USAID-funded project applies similar strategies to combat a malaria epidemic on the Thai-Cambodia border, including the mass distribution of bed nets, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94195/CAMBODIA-Millions-to-receive-insecticide-treated-mosquito-nets ] malaria prevention education in communities, and improving access to remote populations. 

Health experts have identified three tiers of "hotspots" in Myanmar. The highest priority is given to the 10 townships in Thanitharyi Division in the south, along the western Thai border, and Shwe Kyin township in Bago Division East. Tier 2 (unclear evidence of suspected resistance) includes all of Kayin (also known as Karen), Kayah and Mon states, and the rest of Bago Division East. Tier 3 is the rest of the country. 

While ethnic groups have fought for more autonomy, health workers have struggled to survey health provision, including combating malaria, in the dense jungles of Karen State, said Saw Eh Kalu, a border health worker with the NGO Karen Department of Health and Welfare (KDHW), which is run mostly by Karen exiles operating from Thailand near the Burmese border. [ http://kdhw.org/#1 ] 

With funding from the US-based NGO, Global Health Access Programme (GHAP), KDHW has trained health workers who have illegally crossed the border to work in some 200 remote villages, housing close to 50,000 people. 

“By setting up this network of village health workers, we have been able to dramatically decrease the level of malaria inside Karen State by treating people faster and more efficiently,” said Saw Eh Kalu. Health volunteers have cut down on the often-fatal treks to get to a health facility for treatment, he added. 

Communities in conflict areas have also organized “malaria control committees” of village leaders, school teachers and others to help with bed net distribution and malaria education. When GHAP launched its programme, it estimated that 12 percent of Karen State’s population had malaria. After six months, prevalence decreased to between 2 and 6 percent, according to the NGO. 

The Karen National Liberation Army and its political wing, the Karen National Union, have engaged in ceasefire talks with the Burmese government in recent months. On 7 April, Myanmar’s President Thein Sein met with Karen leaders and agreed to a ceasefire, which both sides, despite flare-ups, have respected. 

“The conflict makes it very hard and dangerous for us to reach communities most affected by malaria,” said Saw Eh Kalu. “If these ceasefires remain in place, it will make it easier for us to access remote communities and make our programmes more efficient at reducing malaria.” 

Linda Smith, programme director of infectious disease at GHAP, which works closely with KHDW, noted that timing is critical. “As resistance to the artemisinin drug grows, it is an important time to increase funding and coverage,” she said. “And regardless of [drug] resistance, donors need to be sustaining funding to keep malaria down and prevent resurgence.” 

The government launched the Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment Project (MARC) in 2011, surveying households, health facilities and drug outlets. 

Preliminary survey data has started providing a clearer picture, but WHO malaria expert Pascal Ringwald said there is a need to boost funding, to “better map the situation” in Myanmar. 

Smith noted that a benefit of increased funding from USAID and others will be greater collaboration between groups working inside Myanmar and border organizations, which are often affiliated with ethnic rebels and have long been disconnected from the work carried out in Myanmar. 

“The project will help to overcome past antagonisms and prejudices between the two groups, which will be important, since neither approach alone is sufficient to reach all the populations at risk.” 

wg/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95402</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95358</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Asbestos - deadly but not yet banned</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates some 107,000 workers die annually from asbestos-related diseases, out of 125 million people who encounter it in the workplace. [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs343/en/index.html ] 

The European Union, Australia, Japan, South Korea and an increasing number of countries have outlawed it, according to London-based NGO International Ban Asbestos Secretariat (IBAS). [ http://ibasecretariat.org/index.htm ] 

The asbestos industry paid US$70 billion over four decades in damages and litigation costs in the USA, where asbestos is regulated but not banned, [ http://www.publicintegrity.org/investigations/asbestos/ ] according to the Washington, D.C.-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). 

But despite the ban, asbestos is still an important component of the construction and manufacturing industries, said Sugio Furuya, coordinator of the Tokyo-based Asia Ban Asbestos Network (A-BAN). 

"In fact, Asia and the Middle East consume the asbestos that is not used elsewhere any more,” he added. 

“Our main worries are China, India and Russia, that account for 60 percent of world asbestos consumption and have very little regulation over its use,” added Laurie Kazan-Allen, IBAS coordinator. “Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka are also consuming a lot and without a tight legal framework.” 

Asbestos is used to produce wall coverings, roofing plates, water pipes, heat conservation and insulation material. 

In studies from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, at least one case of mesothelioma occurred for every 170 tons of asbestos used. [ http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh/article/view/431 ] 

Based on this internationally accepted formula, Asia and the Middle East’s current asbestos consumption would lead to 8,000 mesothelioma cases annually. 

An incurable form of cancer, mesothelioma can lay dormant for decades before turning fatal and is stealthy in its transmission. “It [exposure] can also be indirect, like a woman who regularly washed the asbestos-impregnated clothes of her husband,” said Domyung Paek, professor of occupational and environmental medicine at Seoul University. 

Other asbestos-related diseases include cancer of the lungs, larynx and ovaries and asbestosis (when lung tissue becomes fibrous). 

Weighing costs 

Not all asbestos is deadly, according to the Canadian government-backed Chrysotile Institute (CI), [ http://www.chrysotile.org ] an asbestos industry association which says the only kind still used today (white asbestos or chrysotile) is safe. 

“Chrysotile, is a valuable material. It is cheap and long-lasting,” said Clément Godbout, president of CI. “And if you follow safe use procedures, health effects are trivial, if any… The alternatives to asbestos [ http://ibasecretariat.org/bc_subst_asb_cem_constr_prods.php ] are much more expensive.” 

But WHO has noted all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic and potentially fatal depending on exposure. 

“Asbestos is the first cause of work-related diseases and the second most carcinogenic substance in the environment [after tobacco] in industrialized countries. The asbestos lobby has, however, been able to delay any legal measure by several decades. That is why civil society movements in Asia must be watchful,” said Kazan-Allen of IBAS. 

“Productivity requirements in the construction industry in Asia are too high. There is no way to use asbestos safely. The long-term public health costs will offset any economy made today,” said Seoul University’s Paek. 

In 2010, almost half of asbestos production was in Russia (49 percent). Other big producers were China (20 percent), Brazil (13 percent), Kazakhstan (10 percent), and Canada (5 percent). Most of it was used in China (29 percent), India (17 percent), Russia (14 percent), Kazakhstan (7 percent), Brazil (7 percent), Indonesia (5 percent), Uzbekistan (5 percent), Thailand (4 percent), Vietnam (4 percent), Ukraine (3 percent), Sri Lanka (2 percent) and Iran (1 percent). 

Asbestos consumption has been stable since 1998, at around two million tons per year, according to the US Geological Survey. 

Of the 12 top consumers worldwide of white asbestos, only Thailand and Vietnam have taken action to reduce or ban its use. 

sb/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95121</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Parliamentarians mull how to boost health</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section2711.htm ] to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home. 
 
Many health systems in the region - defined as health services, workforce, information, financing, leadership as well as equitable access - are ill-equipped to meet growing challenges of non-communicable diseases, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93756/HEALTH-Call-for-healthier-lifestyles-may-fall-on-deaf-ears ] including diabetes and cancer; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94726/HEALTH-The-true-burden-of-cancer ] long-term care in a region with one of the world’s largest concentrations of ageing persons; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population ] and the economic incentive to prevent diseases rather than face “skyrocketing costs” of treatment, said Samlee Pilanbangchang, WHO regional director in Southeast Asia. 
 
“When you try to promote health as wellness, people have disease ingrained in their heads… Health is associated with illness. It is something negative. When we try to promote health, people don’t understand - still,” he told IRIN.
 
Most countries in the region spend less than the internationally recommended 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 34 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars per person per year [ http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/ ] needed to ensure basic health care. 
 
In the region, only Vietnam and Timor-Leste exceeded the recommended minimum of health spending as a percentage of GDP, 7 and 12 percent respectively, though Timor-Leste is also ranked as one of the worst countries worldwide for its child health care, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] according to the UK-based NGO, Save the Children. 
 
Myanmar’s government investment in health care is among the lowest globally - 2 percent of GDP - and patients bore almost all of what was not covered by the government, which was 9.7 percent in 2009, the most recent year for which WHO compiled data.
 
Only when the out-of-pocket percentage falls to 15-20 percent does the risk of financial catastrophe become negligible, according to WHO.
 
Healthy equity and social justice are still lacking in the region, despite the “hip hip hooray” media accorded universal health coverage programming, said Samlee. 
 
“It [universal health coverage] is not working yet,” he added, citing the region’s status as having the world’s highest rate of out-of-pocket costs for patients. 
 
The governments of Laos and Cambodia have mostly relied on donors to reach the poor, while those in Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are in different stages of expanding care in various ways, including payroll taxes. 
 
These efforts are only becoming more urgent said Porapan Punyaratabandhu, a senator from Thailand and secretary-general of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. “Equity is a matter of life and death.”
 
Parliamentarians meeting from 19-21 March are called on to advocate the boosting of health spending, workforces and access to health care in their home countries in addition to drafting “healthy public policies”, such as conducting health assessments before large infrastructural projects are undertaken or setting up industries. 
 
pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95110</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Rice pests multiply post-floods</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203120949170980t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94021/THAILAND-Livelihoods-at-risk-as-more-flooding-expected ] across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say. 

The pest, known as brown planthopper (BPH), transmits two viruses that hit yields as well as eating away at rice plants. 

"The floods have certainly made things worse," Kong Luen Heong, principal scientist for the Manila-based International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), told IRIN. 

"Moreover, they will impact [on] upcoming harvests as well." 

"BPH is attacking the rice bowl of the country for the eighth time in a row [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90269 ]," said Kukiat Soitong, from the Thai government's Rice Department, based in the Agriculture Ministry, adding that "150,000 hectares have already been seriously damaged in the central plains, in the basin of Chao Phraya river [over the past four years]". 

Affected provinces lost 30 percent of their rice production due to BPH in early 2010, amounting to around 1.3 million tons for the country, or more than 15 percent of the nationwide harvest, which takes place twice a year, reported the Rice Department. 

According to the Thai Rice Exporters' Association, Thailand produces 4-5 percent of the world's rice, and is the largest exporter, with 10.8 million tons in 2011. 

Last year's flooding, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94474/SLIDESHOW-Counting-the-cost-of-Thailand-s-floods ] which affected more than two million people across 28 provinces and damaged more than two million hectares of farmland, worsened the longstanding pest problem by drowning natural enemies of BPH, including insect parasites and spiders. 

"Because of the floods and the killing of BPH's natural enemies, farmers are more dependent on insecticides for several seasons. And the fact is that using insecticides makes BPH even stronger," added Kukiat. 

Most insecticides kill BPH's natural enemies, rather than BPH itself. The brown planthopper has an "unmatched" capacity to become resistant to any molecule used against it, according to Keng Hong Tan, a retired entomology professor based in Malaysia. 

He says the pest has even developed resistance to one of its own hormones when applied as a control measure. 

And while IRRI and Thailand's Rice Department launched a campaign in July 2011 to ban the two insecticides most often used in rice cultivation, cypermethrin and abamectin - known to cause BPH's resurgence - the ban is unlikely to have a significant impact. 

"This campaign will have limited immediate effects because of the floods," said Heong. "It will take some strong will to break the vicious circle that helps BPH." 

Yet banning insecticides is the only way to control BPH outbreaks in the long term, said Ho Van Chien, director of the Vietnamese government's plant protection centre for southern Vietnam. 

According to IRRI, BPH damaged hundreds of thousands of hectares across Asia, leading to hundreds of millions of dollars in lost production. 

Since 2009, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam have been severely affected at least once. 

"BPH puts the whole rice ecosystem in jeopardy," said Erma Budiyanto, director of plant protection in Indonesia's Ministry of Agriculture. 

"There could be a humanitarian situation because of this pest in the future if insecticides remain as widely used as today," said Heong. 

sb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95058</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203120949170980t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding across parts of Thailand in 2011 has fuelled outbreaks of a rice pest that can decimate harvests, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Malaria stunts foetal growth</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203051505560800t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Malaria infection during the earliest months of pregnancy stunts foetal growth even when the mothers do not have any malarial symptoms, according to a large-scale study conducted along the Thai-Burmese border.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Malaria infection during the earliest months of pregnancy stunts foetal growth even when the mothers do not have any malarial symptoms, according to a large-scale study conducted along the Thai-Burmese border. [ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031411 ] 

"Malaria needs to be taken into account from the beginning of the pregnancy and not only in the last months before the birth," François Nosten, director of the Mae Sot-based Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) [ http://www.shoklo-unit.com ], which tracked 3,779 women's pregnancies from 2001-2010, told IRIN. 

SMRU is attached to the Mahidol University-Oxford University Tropical Medicine Research Programme in Bangkok, which is supported by the UK-based health programmes donor, Wellcome Trust. 

Pregnant women are among the most vulnerable to malaria infections as pregnancy reduces a woman's immunity, making her more susceptible to malaria infection and increasing the risk of illness, severe anaemia and death, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 

And while the impact of malaria on later stages of pregnancy and birth weight are well documented (increased risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery and low birth weight), the SMRU study is among the first to show a direct impact of malaria on early foetal growth, even in areas where malaria infections have plummeted. 

Hidden parasite reservoir 

People who have been repeatedly struck by malaria can develop partial immunity and may not have symptoms, despite harbouring the parasite. 

And in communities where malaria infections have dropped (mainly due to prevention and treatment), the parasite level can also be so low as to not show up in tests, noted David Bell, head of malaria diagnostics at the Geneva-based research organization, Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND). [ http://www.finddiagnostics.org/ ] 

Evidence that this hidden parasite reservoir can harm foetuses boosts the need for prevention even in areas that have already slashed infections, noted Andrea Bosman with the WHO Global Malaria Programme. 

During pregnancy, the parasite hides in the placenta, rendering finger-prick blood tests inaccurate, Bell added. And while DNA analyses are more accurate, the technology is more expensive and less widely available. 

Throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, the WHO recommends giving anti-malarial drugs to pregnant women at intervals in case such a "hidden" malaria infection is present, but preventative treatment does not currently begin until after the first three months of pregnancy. 

New evidence 

On average, at the mid-pregnancy ultrasound scan in the SMRU study, the diameter of the foetus's head - an indication of foetal growth - was 2 percent smaller when the woman was infected by malaria than if not. 

The foetuses of close to 57 percent of the mothers infected with malaria had a smaller head than those who were not. Researchers said disrupted foetal growth can heighten the risk of pregnancy complications. 

"The mother may not have any symptom of malaria and the reduction of the growth of the foetus is relative, not easily detected by ultrasound for individual cases [versus a large-scale study where the trend is more apparent]. The malaria infection nevertheless increases the risk of miscarriage [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2898%2909247-2/fulltext ], affects foetal growth and may hinder the child's development later in his life," said Nosten. 

Detected early enough, it is possible to prevent the worst impacts of malaria, said Heidi Hopkins, a medical officer at FIND in Uganda. 

"We can't necessarily 'reverse' the damage, but the earlier we diagnose and treat, the less time the foetus and mother are exposed to the infection, so the less impact it has." 

With timely detection, "perhaps the growth of the foetus can catch up to compensate", added Nosten. 

The challenge with early detection, noted Hopkins, is many women do not know they are pregnant until several weeks into the pregnancy. 

FIND and the multi-agency Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) are testing new rapid diagnostic tests on pregnant women in Uganda and Burkina Faso, where malaria is more prevalent than in most parts of Southeast Asia, to learn whether earlier and affordable detection is possible during pregnancy. 

"A preventive and safe medication [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596114_eng.pdf ] to women from the beginning of their pregnancy should be evaluated where malaria is endemic," concluded Nosten. 

Due to limited safety data, the WHO does not recommend the anti-malarial medication artemisinin during the first three months of pregnancy unless the "treatment is considered lifesaving for the mother and other treatments are considered unsuitable". 

More than 50 million pregnancies occur in malaria-endemic areas annually, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the WHO. 

An estimated 10,000 of these women and 200,000 of their infants die as a result of malaria infection during pregnancy, and severe malarial anaemia contributes to more than half of these deaths. 

sb/pt/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95009</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203051505560800t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Malaria infection during the earliest months of pregnancy stunts foetal growth even when the mothers do not have any malarial symptoms, according to a large-scale study conducted along the Thai-Burmese border.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94856</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Dying for lack of reproductive healthcare</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201310745080753t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of access to reproductive health services in Myanmar has led to high rates of maternal deaths and unplanned pregnancies among the country&apos;s displaced, migrant and refugee populations, say health experts.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of access to reproductive health services in Myanmar has led to high rates of maternal deaths and unplanned pregnancies among the country's displaced, migrant and refugee populations, say health experts.

"There are huge unmet reproductive health needs for contraceptives, family planning, and access to skilled birth attendants," said Priya Manwell, the UN Population Fund's (UNFPA) humanitarian response coordinator for the Asia Pacific region.

Populations that are on the run or outside their home countries are often unable to gain access to reproductive healthcare, say health workers.

Without skilled birth attendants or contraception, complications from unsafe abortions and post-partum haemorrhage are common along the Thai-Burmese border, where there are more than 150,000 Burmese refugees, according to a new report [ http://www.ibisreproductivehealth.org/news/index.cfm ] by the international NGO, Ibis Reproductive Health.

"In Burma, the sad state of reproductive health... [bars] far too many, especially mobile populations, including migrants, refugees, and IDPs, from accessing appropriate, timely, and basic health services," Vit Suwanvanichkij, a research associate at the US-based Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, told IRIN. [ http://www.jhsph.edu/humanrights ]

Nationwide, only 37 percent of women gave birth with a trained birth attendant in 2007, according to the most recent government data reported to the World Health Organization (WHO). [ http://apps.who.int/ghodata/?vid=14300&theme=country ]

Health displaced

Displaced people in Myanmar's east face "a health disaster", with a maternal mortality rate (MMR) of 721 deaths per 100,000 live births - three times the national average of 240 - [ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar_statistics.html ], according to a 2010 NGO-collaborative report, Diagnosis Critical [ http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/index.php/news-and-reports/reports/title/diagnosis-critical-health-and-human-rights-in-eastern-burma ].

Some 10 percent of Myanmar's national MMR has been traced to unsafe abortions. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88383 ]

"A lack of safe, legal abortion creates conditions where women in both eastern Burma and Thailand are likely to either self-abort or engage untrained providers who may use methods likely to cause harm or even death," said Cari Siestra, co-author of Ibis Reproductive Health's recent report.

The lack of health infrastructure in eastern Myanmar has led to frequent reproductive complications from preventable illnesses, such as malaria, which is "the number-one killer of pregnant women", said Suwanvanichkij.

"Malnutrition, malaria, and repeat pregnancies without adequate birth spacing all impact [on] women's ability to carry pregnancies, even wanted ones, to term," added Sietstra.

Overall health challenges include a shortage of workers, investment and proper infrastructure, San San Myint, a national technical officer and reproductive health specialist at the WHO country office in Myanmar, told IRIN.

"Reproductive health coverage is [available in fewer than] 150 townships out of 325 townships. The main problem is funding and geographical barriers."

Camps

Reproductive health improves for refugees on the Thai side of the border, who have better access to trained providers, according to Sietstra.

But Thailand's estimated two million Burmese migrant workers [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/featureArticleAS/cache/offonce?entryId=16365 ], are often reluctant to seek medical assistance.

"Undocumented Burmese migrants are hesitant to access services because of their immigration status," said Jaime Calderon, the Southeast Asia regional health migration adviser at the International Organization for Migration office in Bangkok.

This is compounded by providers' discriminatory policies, language constraints and inability to pay, say health workers along the border.

"Put this awful constellation of vulnerabilities together and the result is that far too many women again are sickened, disabled, or die from preventable causes, such as complications of pregnancy and abortions," said Suwanvanichkij.

While Myanmar's recent political reforms [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94149 ] have the potential to translate into better care if there is long-term investment in the health system, "we still need to address the immediate needs of people urgently", said Taweesap Sirapapasiri, UNFPA's programme officer for Thailand.

dm/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94839</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201310745080753t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Lack of access to reproductive health services in Myanmar has led to high rates of maternal deaths and unplanned pregnancies among the country&apos;s displaced, migrant and refugee populations, say health experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Indigenous groups - stateless and sick</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys. 

Indigenous peoples [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf ] - defined by the UN as people with ancestral ties to a geographical region who retain "distinct characteristics" from other parts of the population - rank disproportionately high in most indicators of poor health, according to the UN Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP_web.pdf ]. 

"It is very regrettable that governments and their offices are reluctant to, or unable to, reveal the state of health of their indigenous populations," Michael Gracey, co-author of a 2009 medical study on indigenous health [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960914-4/abstract ], told IRIN. 

Approximately two-thirds of the world's estimated 300 million indigenous people live in Asia (207 million), according to 2011 estimates by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 

STIs 

Lack of education, geographic isolation and prejudice marginalize Asia's indigenous populations, boosting their risk for preventable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

More than 40 percent of hill tribe women and girls in Thailand who migrate to cities for work end up in the sex industry, according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [ http://operations.ifad.org/web/guest/topic/statistics/tags/indigenous%20peoples ]. 

In the Greater Mekong region, home to 95 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, health education is often not conducted in native languages, said David Feingold, coordinator for the Bangkok-based Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Project at the UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

"No information guarantees bad choices, so it's not surprising that the Greater Mekong minorities are disproportionately represented amongst HIV-positive populations." 

In part because of poor hygiene conditions in Vietnam's northern Ha Giang Province, gynaecological infections remain a persistent problem for women from the Hmong, Dao, Tay, and Nung groups who live in Hoang Su Phi District, according to the Thailand-based NGO, Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP). 

Only 24 percent of households in the district have potable water and almost no households have latrines or toilets, reported AIPP. "Even if there are health services available, they are of poor quality," said Shimreichon Luithi Erni, the coordinator for women's issues at AIPP. 

Stateless and sick 

Statelessness worsens the chances an indigenous person can afford healthcare, according to UNESCO. Almost four out of 10 hill tribe people in Thailand are not citizens and are, therefore, ineligible for national healthcare and formal employment, said Feingold. 

In addition, resettlement increases health vulnerabilities, according to the UK-based indigenous rights NGO, Survival International. 

"To tribal peoples, the connection to their land is so fundamental and central to their wellbeing that removal from it is almost inevitably devastating, nutritionally, psychologically and physiologically," said Sophie Grig, Survival's senior campaigner. 

But without more health data, it is hard to know which problems to tackle. "There is insufficient disaggregation of data on indigenous people's health that could be used to advocate for specific interventions targeting their needs," said Anne Harmer, UNFPA's socio-cultural technical adviser for Asia. 

dm/or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94816</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Breaking down legal barriers to HIV information access</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials. 

"No matter how good our laws are, the effectiveness of them is in the will of those implementing them," said Fiji's President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau at a recent UN-convened meeting in Bangkok on addressing legal barriers to HIV care and prevention. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/ ] 

Almost all countries in the region still have at least one "punitive law" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] - a policy or practice that impedes access to HIV services - according to a recent report from UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20110826_APGettingToZero_en.pdf ]. 

Laws that criminalize same-sex relations and sex work or restrict travel for HIV-positive people make it difficult to provide information and care for people most at risk of HIV infection, officials say. 

Progress to scrap such laws has been mixed in the region - even within one country. 

Fiji, for example, eliminated laws restricting travel of people infected with HIV in 2011 [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/august/20110826cfiji/ ] and became the first country in the Pacific region to decriminalize sex between men in 2010. [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2010/march/20100304fiji/ ] 

But at the same time, in February 2010, prostitution was criminalized, giving police the right to arrest and charge people who operate as sex workers. 

The government is now reviewing HIV legislation and punitive laws. 

Elsewhere in the region, the national AIDS programme manager of Myanmar's Health Ministry, Khin Ohnmar San, told IRIN Burmese police forces had been informed of a 2007 order that "condoms must not be used as material witness to arrest sex workers". 

But that has done little to assuage sex workers' fears in Myanmar, said Kay Thi Win, programme manager with a Yangon-based NGO that informs sex workers about HIV prevention and their legal rights. 

Many sex workers "are still afraid to carry condoms because of the police", she added. 

Andrew Hunter, president of the Bangkok-based Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW) [ http://sexwork.asia/ ] said regionally, women are still arrested on the suspicion of working in the sex industry, which is outlawed, if they are carrying condoms. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] 

"Everyone pleads guilty because experience shows that fighting cases in court leads to longer jail sentences." 

APNSW provides support to sex workers in 22 countries in the region. 

Hunter added: "There is a scale of what sex worker advocates can do across the Asia Pacific, from Myanmar, where advocacy must be done quietly and behind the scenes, to India where sex workers are able to take to the streets to protest." 

In India, which accounts for almost half of those infected with HIV in the region, there are efforts to update police officers about HIV prevention and all policies regarding treatment, said Tejdeep Kaur Menon, a director-general of police forces in the city of Hyderabad in the country's southeast. 

Home to 60 percent of the world's population, the regional death toll from AIDS in 2010 (some 310,000 people) is second only to that of sub-Saharan Africa. [ http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/progress_report2011/regional_facts/en/index1.html ] 

or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94817</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Authorities boost flood-control measures</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say. 

The US$9.6 billion measure was announced on 20 January as a first step, ahead of the annual May-October rainy season, at a flood forum organized by the National Economic and Social Development Board and the Asian Development Bank. 

"If the same amount of water comes to Bangkok this year [as in 2011], the situation will be improved," Chusit Apiramanekal, a water resource management specialist in the Climate Risk Management Department of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/ ] in Bangkok, told IRIN. 

While no specific timeline is yet in place, the government will soon produce a master plan for flood risk reduction activities, including canal drenching, cleaning drainage systems and excavation to prevent the recurrence of last year's damage, when "most of the waterways and drainages were not functioning properly", said Ti Le Huu, former chief of water security for the Environment and Development Division at the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) [ http://www.unescap.org/ ]. 

The severity of the 2011 floods, brought on by unusually high rainfall after several storms and typhoons, has underscored the need for stronger prevention efforts. 

More than 675 people died and millions were affected in what has since been described as the worst flooding to strike the Thai kingdom in 50 years. 

The government's 2012 Action Plan includes a budget of $3.9 billion for the construction of flood ways and flood diversion channels, which will allow 1,500 million cubic metres to flow out per second, according to ADPC. Immediate work this year would include the improvement of dykes, sluice gates and canals. 

In addition, almost $2 billion will go towards converting 324,000 hectares of Chao Phraya farmland north of Bangkok into land that can retain up to 10 billion cubic metres of water to prevent the flooding of areas downstream. 

Preparedness key 

The damage last year was exacerbated by the "lack of preparedness of people living in the affected areas, partly due to a lack of an effective communication system to share information, especially of flood forecasts", said Le Huu. 

But Le Huu downplayed the risk of similar flooding in 2012. Similarly, ADPC says there is little chance that there will be a repeat of 2011's "extraordinary" precipitation, which was 40 percent above national averages at 70,000 million cubic metres of water, according to Chusit. 

"When the dams tried to release the water, the provinces downstream were already flooded. When operators tried to control it, a tropical storm hit Thailand, forcing them to release it fully," he said. 

The total volume of floodwater has been confirmed at 14,000 million cubic metres by the government's Strategic Committee for Flood Reconstruction and Development, according to Le Huu. 

Dam fears 

While fears about the dams bursting are rampant in local media [ http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/276343/water-levels-in-dams-cary ], Deltares [ http://www.deltares.nl/en ], a Dutch think-tank assisting the Thai government in an advisory role to the Flood Relief Operation Center (FROC), says dams are now operating at a lower level to mitigate flood risks. 

"During 2011 the dams were full, up to the operational limit, and dam operators had to release water at the wrong time. Latest news is that they decided to operate at a lower level, give less priority to agricultural and energy use, in favour of downstream flood protection. Hence a lower risk for dam breaks," Tjitte Nauta, Deltares' integrated water management specialist for Southeast Asia, said. 

According to local media reports, dam waters have dropped from 91 percent of capacity to about 84 percent in two weeks. 

Of the more than two dozen dams in the Chao Phraya River basin constructed since the 1950s, the two largest - Bhumipol and Sirikit - are located on Ping and Nang river in the northern Tak and Uttaradit provinces, and control 22 percent of all water runoff from the Chao Phraya river basin. 

But policymakers need to coordinate better to improve planning and flood response, said Nauta. 

"The recent floods made very clear that the governance structure for water management is too complicated and during such a national crisis one single command authority would be strongly recommended," he said. 

"The challenge is to maintain the momentum of work, interest, and commitment in flood management at the top level of government," added Le Huu. 

dm/ds/mw 


Read more on Thai Floods:

SLIDESHOW: Counting the cost of Thailand's floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94474 ]
 
THAILAND: Two days in the life of an urban flood expert [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94367 ] 

THAILAND: Throwing mud at flood water [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ]

THAILAND: Hospitals fear floods will hit drug supplies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94110 ] 

MYANMAR-THAILAND: Undocumented workers exploited post-floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94162 ] 
 
ASIA: Natural disasters becoming costlier than ever [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94563 ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94770</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Natural disasters becoming costlier than ever</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. &quot;Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific,&quot; Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. 
 
 "Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific," Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok. 
 
 Of the global US$270 billion of economic losses to natural disasters in 2011, 90 percent was in Asia, he said. 
 
 From earthquakes in New Zealand and Japan, to heavy flooding in Australia and Asia, economic losses in the first nine months of 2011 came to $259 billion, of which only about $52 billion was insured, according to Munich Re, [ http://www.munichre.com/en/homepage/default.aspx ] a global insurance company which covers natural disasters. 
 
 The $220 billion of damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami in Japan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92161 ] accounted for the bulk of the losses, according to Srivastana. 
 
 In addition, "the unprecedented flooding in South-East Asian countries this year is estimated to have caused a cumulative production loss of about $6.3 billion or 0.9 percent of the combined gross domestic product [GDP] of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam,” said a 9 December statement [ http://www.unescap.org/unis/press/2011/dec/g64.asp?print=true ] by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the UN’s regional development arm for the Asia-Pacific region. 
 
 "The costliest natural catastrophe [in Southeast Asia] may be the Thailand floods with overall economic losses in the billions," said Michael Able, a spokesman for Munich Re. See Thai Slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94021 ] 
 
 Yet less than 9 percent of costs in the Asia Pacific region were insured, his organization says. 
 
 While economic and human risks are high due to increasing urban populations, insurance coverage in many countries in the region remains too low to effectively protect against hazards. 
 
 "Most of the burden will fall on the state which will have to cover recovery and rehabilitation, including the pressure to address the challenge of reducing future risks," said Sanny Jegillos, the UN Development Programme's regional coordinator for disaster risk reduction. 
 
 Population increases 
 
 "With growth in population, continued urbanization in exposed areas and increasing wealth, we also expect economic losses to rise further," said Gerd Henghuber, a climate change and renewable energy specialist with Munich Re. 
 
 Forty-three percent of Asian populations are urban dwellers and the region is home to half of the world's largest cities. "The stark reality is that disaster impacts in urban settings are felt much more intensely than in the past," said the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center in its 2020 strategy report. [ http://www.adpc.net/udrm/strategy-asia-2020.htm ] 
 
 Moreover, economic losses in the region are likely to hit the poor hardest, said Srivastava. 
 
 "To date, the region has borne the brunt of natural catastrophe losses. There is an urgent need for wider natural catastrophe insurance coverage," said Henghuber. 
 
 At the same time, unless governments incorporate disaster risk reduction into development plans, economic losses will rise in the future, according to Jegillos, who added: "Investments in disaster risk reduction are investments in development." 
 
 dm/ds/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94563</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. &quot;Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific,&quot; Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, which killed more than 1,000 in December.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91599 ] and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94474 ] and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] which killed more than 1,000 in December. 
 
 In between, IRIN’s editors pushed the boundaries of disaster preparedness vocabulary to describe the constant vigilance and resilience required of people who have lived through one of the region’s most costly years for disaster relief. 
 
 “Gearing up”, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93957 ] “bracing for” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92161 ] and “preparing”[ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94109 ] - some agencies and residents had time to stock medicines, evacuate danger zones and seek safer ground. 
 
 But there were also the ones who did not make it, whose families posted announcements searching for them [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92203 ] in vain - and are still waiting. 
 
 The 11 March earthquake and tsunami which hit the Tohoku region along the Pacific coast of Japan was the fourth largest earthquake recorded globally and the largest in Japan’s history. 
 
 The subsequent tsunami resulted in 15,839 dead and another 3,642 missing or unaccounted for as of 17 November - and set off a chorus of “are we prepared?” in countries in and along the Pacific’s so called Ring of Fire. 
 
 In the increasingly rare moments when we were not covering a natural disaster, we tracked the quest for clean water from mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] to magic tree seeds [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91879 ]; considered the price of goodwill unchecked; [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94067 ] analyzed the role of blame in charitable giving; [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92756 ] and consulted scientists tracking hotspots of anti-malarial drug resistance. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92516 ] 
 
 Meanwhile, in Myanmar, donors and the political opposition cautiously celebrated the government’s pledges of reform, as analysts highlighted challenges, including sporadic violence in Kachin State, where only recently aid groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94544 ] have gained access, albeit limited. 
 
 In the Philippines, peace inched forward between spasms of violence and disaster for Mindanao, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] while in Sri Lanka a decades-long civil war - declared over in May 2009 - has left questions about reparations, accountability [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92586 ] and reconciliation. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94501 ] 
 
 pt/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, which killed more than 1,000 in December.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Counting the cost of Thailand&apos;s floods</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161223210734t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five months after heavy monsoon rains began inundating large parts of Thailand, an estimated two million people are still affected, with many communities isolated and dependent on aid.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five months after heavy monsoon rains began inundating large parts of Thailand, an estimated two million people are still affected, with many communities isolated and dependent on aid.
 
 According to the Thai Department of Provincial Administration, more than 85,000 people are still living in shelters in 20 of the country's 76 provinces. While most residents have returned to their homes, the economic fallout of what has been described as the worst flooding in 50 years is still being calculated. 
 
 IRIN takes a look at the country's capital, Bangkok, as murky waters continue to recede and normality slowly returns to the flood-wary city of more than nine million inhabitants.

View the slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Default.aspx?id=37 ] ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94474</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161223210734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five months after heavy monsoon rains began inundating large parts of Thailand, an estimated two million people are still affected, with many communities isolated and dependent on aid.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Malaria treatment in pregnancy - reassuring research</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106151205040401t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - New drugs, based on artemisinin combination therapies, have recently revolutionized malaria treatment, but so far they have not normally been available to women in the early stages of pregnancy because of fears they could damage the embryo. Now a large-scale study, carried out in northern Thailand and published in the London-based medical journal, the Lancet, has provided some reassurance that any risk of harm is outweighed by the benefits they provide.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - New drugs, based on artemisinin combination therapies, have recently revolutionized malaria treatment, but so far they have not normally been available to women in the early stages of pregnancy because of fears they could damage the embryo. Now a large-scale study, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2811%2970339-5/fulltext ] carried out in northern Thailand and published in the London-based medical journal, the Lancet, has provided some reassurance that any risk of harm is outweighed by the benefits they provide.
 
 Malaria is a major hazard for all pregnant women exposed to the parasite. Being pregnant makes them more vulnerable to infection, and far more likely to develop full malaria symptoms even if they would normally have a good level of resistance to the disease. It is estimated that malaria causes at least 10,000 maternal deaths a year in sub-Saharan Africa. It also causes miscarriages, and leads to maternal anaemia and low birthweight babies. 
 
 Prompt and effective treatment is clearly important, but has been tricky, especially for women in the first three months of pregnancy. Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), normally the World Health Organization (WHO) drug of choice, has been found to cause miscarriage, abnormalities or foetal resorbtion in some animal studies, and so is not recommended in early pregnancy. Doctors have to fall back on older drugs - chloroquine, to which there is now widespread resistance, or quinine, which is unpleasant to take and has side-effects.
 
 Daniel Chandramohan, a specialist in malaria in pregnancy at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, says a newly pregnant patient presenting with malaria is something which all physicians dread. “At the moment,” he told IRIN, “we are treating with quinine, but adherence to that for seven days is not good. And the complications of malaria can be serious, for the woman herself, not just for the foetus. 
 
 “Pregnant women are usually excluded from new drug trials, and all the drug company pamphlets say ‘not recommended during pregnancy’. But at the same time you have a patient, and what do you do? The responsibility falls on the physician because the drug companies don’t want to incur liability.”
 
 Clearly there is a pressing need to know if ACT is safe in early pregnancy, but it’s not an easy thing to establish. You cannot do a drug trial for fear of causing harm to the subjects, and trying to find a large enough sample of women who have already taken it is difficult, largely because women in the areas most at risk - the rural tropics - rarely come to ante-natal clinics until later in their pregnancies, if indeed they come at all.
 
 Rare opportunity
 
 But the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, on the Thai-Burma border, provided a rare opportunity. It ran clinics for refugees and migrants in the border area and encouraged pregnant women to come for early treatment. And because this was one of the first areas to show resistance to other drugs, it was also one of the first to use ATC on a large scale, making it inevitable that some pregnant women would inadvertently be exposed to the drug before they were known to be pregnant. ATC was also given to some women in early pregnancy if their malaria was very severe or did not respond to other treatments.
 
 A trawl through the medical records of over 48,000 women treated over a period of more than 20 years came up with 908 who had had malaria in the first three months of pregnancy; 770 had been treated with either chloroquine, quinine or atresunate. It is not a huge sample, but much the largest studied up until now.
 
 First of all, the study - carried out by a team at the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit - showed how much of a threat malaria is to a pregnancy; 34 percent of them miscarried, around three times as many as among uninfected women. They were more likely to miscarry even if the malaria was asymptomatic, but the worse the symptoms, the higher the risk.
 
 But crucially this risk did not appear to be increased by the drugs used to treat them. Miscarriage rates were 26 percent for those treated with chloroquine, 27 percent for quinine, and 31 percent for artesunate, despite the fact that the latter included high risk groups, and those for whom other treatments had failed. Women who had inadvertently received ACT had only a 24 percent miscarriage rate. There was no sign that any of the groups had a higher than usual rate of birth defects. 
 
 The team at the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit do not pretend that their findings conclusively prove that ACT is safe, but they say: “Overall these results suggest that the adverse effects of malaria in the first trimester substantially outweigh any adverse effects of its treatment.” Calling for a proper randomized trial, they say “the time has come to re-assess the treatment of malaria in early pregnancy.” 
 
 Reactions to the findings
 
 The findings of the group were welcomed by Meghna Desai of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [ http://www.cdc.gov/ ] who works at Kenya’s Medical Research Institute in Kisumu, as filling in some important current gaps in medical knowledge. “Although the number of well-documented early exposures to artemisinins was relatively small,” she said, “the study was adequately powered to rule out a doubling of the risk of late miscarriage associated with artemisinin exposure during the embryo-sensitive period.” She added that “the study provides a level of reassurance regarding the potential risk associated with artemisinin exposure in early pregnancy, compared with the established risk of malaria.”
 
 Chandramohan said the study also highlighted the dangers of even asymptomatic malaria during pregnancy. He told IRIN: “For the first time this shows very clearly that asymptomatic malaria is associated with a high risk of foetal loss, and puts pressure on public health authorities in developing countries to encourage women to come to clinics much earlier in their pregnancies.” He adds his voice to those calling for full clinical trials. Even though the numbers in the study were small, he said, its findings will probably tilt the balance towards getting such a trial approved in the near future.
 
 eb/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94471</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106151205040401t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - New drugs, based on artemisinin combination therapies, have recently revolutionized malaria treatment, but so far they have not normally been available to women in the early stages of pregnancy because of fears they could damage the embryo. Now a large-scale study, carried out in northern Thailand and published in the London-based medical journal, the Lancet, has provided some reassurance that any risk of harm is outweighed by the benefits they provide.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Slow pace of registering migrants</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112050832120858t.jpg" />]]>MAE SOT 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - For decades, children of Burmese refugees and migrants in Thailand could not obtain an official birth certificate, vital to access healthcare and education. Even though legislation entitling them to a formal identity has been in place since 2008, registering and coaxing forth the undocumented has been &quot;painstaking&quot;, according to community groups.</description><body><![CDATA[MAE SOT 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - For decades, children of Burmese refugees and migrants in Thailand could not obtain an official birth certificate, vital to access healthcare and education. Even though legislation entitling them to a formal identity has been in place since 2008, registering and coaxing forth the undocumented has been "painstaking", according to community groups.

"Birth registration is the basic fundamental right of any human being. If you don't have birth registration, you lose all your rights," said Naing Min, project director for the community-based organization, Committee for Protection and Promotion of Child Rights (CPPCR) [ http://cppcr.wordpress.com/ ], at Thailand's border with Myanmar in Mae Sot.

With no proof of identity or age, those without birth certificates are vulnerable to abuse, exploitation and trafficking. When they grew older, their troubles are compounded: unable to get any form of identification, they cannot open a bank account or apply for a formal job.

Following the amendment in 2008 to Thailand’s Civil Registration Act of 1991, [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/category,LEGAL,,,THA,4a5464942,0.html ] all children born in the country are entitled to birth registration and  government-issued birth certificates, regardless of their parents’ legal status. 

In Burmese refugee camps, more systematic birth registration - coordinated by camp and government authorities with assistance from NGOs and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) - began in September 2010, but only a fraction has been documented.

The law has taken time to be implemented, in part because of the slow pace of assigning and training government staff. It has also been a challenge to register Burmese who cannot provide any proof of identity whatsoever - not registered at birth, they have been unable to get any identity papers later in life.

Backlog

“The law in the Civil Registration Act, as amended in 2008, is retroactive. It went back for all children born in Thailand, so with Myanmar refugees in the camps, you could be dealing with 25 years of birth registrations,”," said James Lynch, Thailand's representative for UNHCR.

About 1,600 people - mostly newborns - have been registered in nine refugee camps along the border housing an estimated 150,000 people, including some 60,000 unregistered refugees, according to the Thailand Burma Border Consortium [ http://www.tbbc.org/camps/populations.htm ], an umbrella group of organizations providing services for migrants and refugees.

The next group to register is children born to Burmese refugees between 2008 and September 2010, and then further back to 1984 when the first major waves of refugees, fleeing violence in Myanmar, poured into Thailand.

"I'm not sure of exact numbers [left to be registered], but if you go back 25 years, it's a painstaking task, but an important one," Lynch said.

Each year, about 5 percent of children born in Thailand [ http://www.unicef.org/thailand/protection_14929.html ] - about 40,000 babies primarily from poor families, ethnic minorities or migrants - are not registered at birth, according to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF).

Catch-22

“The issue with the unregistered camp population is that they could report to the district office, but they fear if they’re not registered and they go to report, they might be deported, so they may be reluctant,” Lynch said.

Unregistered Burmese refugees cannot get birth certificates for their children through camp authorities and face the same problem as migrants.

"They have to go to the district office, but practically, this is difficult because they have no permission to leave the camp, and if they do leave the camp, then they can be arrested and deported, so it is a Catch-22 classic ," said Joel Harding, senior protection officer for the NGO International Rescue Committee [ http://www.rescue.org/ ].

It is a problem UNHCR and other agencies are working with the government to fix, but providing birth registration for even registered Burmese refugees - there are about 100,000 - is taking time.

A better future

When Ma Lay, 27, gave birth in August 2011 to her third son at Mae Tao Clinic, a health centre for Burmese refugees and migrants in Thailand, she immediately registered him. Her two older sons, six and four, were born in Myanmar, and like her and her husband, have no papers.

"For the two boys, there have been no problems yet, but for me and especially my husband, sometimes on our way to work, we run into the police and get arrested," said Ma Lay. "It makes me feel better if my baby is delivered and registered here, for my baby's future."

Some 200 babies born each month at Mae Tao Clinic are registered on site.

CPPCR now encourages people to get Thai civil birth registration, yet still continues unofficial registrations for those who do not in the hopes such documentation will help them access education and health services as well as claim land and inheritance if they return to Myanmar.

"Some are afraid to go to the office or to ask for a recommendation letter from the village chief, because they are here illegally. They don't know their rights," Naing Min said.

Over the past eight years, CPPCR has unofficially registered 180,000 children.

"When there was no system to recognize the children born in Thailand, we collected the information, so that when there is true democracy [in Myanmar], we can make claims for their [Burmese] citizenship," Naing Min said.

at/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94382</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112050832120858t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAE SOT 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - For decades, children of Burmese refugees and migrants in Thailand could not obtain an official birth certificate, vital to access healthcare and education. Even though legislation entitling them to a formal identity has been in place since 2008, registering and coaxing forth the undocumented has been &quot;painstaking&quot;, according to community groups.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Two days in the life of an urban flood expert</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111300853020266t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - As 16 billion cubic metres of flood water bore down on Bangkok in early October, international experts flew in to help the government deal with an unprecedented potential calamity. </description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - As 16 billion cubic metres of flood water bore down on Bangkok in early October, international experts flew in to help the government deal with an unprecedented potential calamity. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94085 ]. 
 
 One was Adri Verwey, an urban flood specialist from the Netherlands, another low-lying "delta" country that has honed its international reputation for water management through investments that protect the country's highest-density areas from even unlikely catastrophes that would only occur once in 10,000 years. 
 
 Verwey has worked for the past 40 years on flood forecasting systems, mostly in Asia, and is now the senior specialist on modelling systems at the Netherlands-based water resources management think tank, Deltares [ http://www.deltares.nl/en ]. 
 
 IRIN followed Verwey and his team in the Thai government's flood command centre from 10-11 November, when three out of Bangkok's 50 districts were ordered to evacuate while rising waters threatened to overwhelm the city's hastily constructed sandbag dykes and water pumping system. 
 
 "We do not have experience in dealing with such a serious flood; many local experts have never expected a flood would happen in Bangkok," said Barames Vardhanabhuti, a lecturer in the engineering department at Kasesart University. 
 
 One of the first steps was to gather data and satellite images [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93933 ] from multiple government agencies, and then enter the information on topography, water levels and the city's drainage system (number of water pumps, canals, drainage capacity and speed) into a multi-dimensional modelling software, which generated worst-case flood scenarios. 
 
 The result was cartoon-like images of water spreading through the city, frame by frame. 
 
 Brainstorming 
 
 With northern Bangkok already under 1.6m of water and the capacity of existing dykes far too low to handle such a massive flood, Verwey proposed using soldiers to speed up sandbagging. 
 
 The city's main 170km King's Dyke needed to be sandbagged up to 1-2m higher to save the city's business and tourist hub from flooding, said Verwey. 
 
 According to the Ministry of Interior's department of disaster prevention and mitigation, 350,000 sandbags had been produced as of 2 November. The department planned to distribute an additional 250,000 sandbags to save the country's administrative and economic heart from the deluge. 
 
 In case water pumps and sandbagging failed to hold back the deluge from inner Bangkok, Verwey and army officials brainstormed possible next steps: cargo containers placed in openings under the railway tracks to block water from flowing into central Bangkok? Blowing up the sea dykes near the Gulf of Thailand to quicken drainage if floodwater made it to the southern coast? 
 
 But the focus was still on gathering data and working with the army on sandbagging plans. 
 
 Verwey met the army's chief of staff and presented the plan to the prime minister, who agreed to mobilize about 1,000 soldiers to inspect 80km of The King's Dyke twice a day and to help local residents place additional sandbags. 
 
 If the dykes were not reinforced by sandbags in time, said Verwey, water sneaking under the dykes could lead to a breach up to 100m wide - causing widespread flooding across almost all areas in Bangkok; at the time only 30 percent of the city was flooded. 
 
 Water pump inspection 
 
 Besides sandbagging to hold back floodwaters, the excessive amount of water that had already inundated the northern and eastern parts of the city needed to be drained. 
 
 Verwey's team inspected three of the city's 14 water pumping stations and declared two sites functional. At the third station, the team found eight out of 45 pumps non-functioning and the remaining ones working at less than capacity. 
 
 It was almost 9pm on 11 November when Verwey waded through floodwaters to inspect the Bang Sue canal, the last barrier between the water and Bangkok's inner city. He declared all of them functional. 
 
 "We are monitoring the pumps around the clock," said the water pump station master, who had used his own money to buy a fan to cool down overheated control units. 
 
 Nearby, residents filled the waterways with lotus-shaped boats made from curled banana leaves and marigold flowers as the country celebrated Loy Krathong - an annual full-moon festival to pay tribute to the water goddess. 
 
 Verwey left Bangkok on 20 November - one day after the prime minister declared central Bangkok safe, with floodwaters receding from most parts of the city, much in line with his simulations. 
 
 But for Verwey, the job is far from complete. 
 
 "We can expect the flood to continue to recede, but it will still take quite some time before outer Bangkok is completely dry," he said. "What is needed next is a thorough analysis of what has happened and how such a flood can be prevented in the future." 
 
 In December he and his colleagues will help the government draft a new plan for water resources management [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94319 ] for the Chao Phraya Basin - which covers 30 percent of the country and houses 40 percent of the population. 
 
 sh/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94367</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111300853020266t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - As 16 billion cubic metres of flood water bore down on Bangkok in early October, international experts flew in to help the government deal with an unprecedented potential calamity. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HOW TO: Build a flood-resilient city</title><pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111281347020729t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a &quot;role model city&quot; by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN&apos;s 2010-2015 &quot;Making Cities Resilient&quot; campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a "role model city" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90748 ] by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN's 2010-2015 "Making Cities Resilient" campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test. 
 
 IRIN asked experts what the 3,000 low-lying cities such as Bangkok - which includes its delta neighbours - can do to improve their flood resilience. 
 
 Prioritize 
 
 A master plan capturing the city's development visions, priorities and vulnerability is the first step, said Adri Verwey, an urban flood expert at Deltares [ http://www.deltares.nl/en ] a Netherlands-based water management think-tank. 
 
 "Cities need to decide the levels of security that they want and which areas need more protection," he said. 
 
 In the Netherlands, where 26 percent of land is below sea level, cities with a high density of human and economic capital are designed to withstand a one-in-10,000-years flood, while inland, rural and sparsely populated areas are designed to withstand a-one-in-1,250 years flood. 
 
Find higher ground 

Unbalanced development is the weakest point of urban planning in many Asian countries, but Thailand's case is more extreme in that it has focused all its energy on the country's business and political capital, said Anisur Rahman, land use planning specialist at the Bangkok-based Asian Disaster Prevention Center (ADPC). 

"Better planning would be developing the country with more attention given to other [surrounding] cities, so they can help share the pressure, especially in a catastrophic situation like this."

Instead of allowing new businesses to set up in and around Bangkok, future investments should be diverted to less-developed areas on higher land, said Rahman. 

Lawmakers from Thailand's ruling party have submitted a parliamentary motion to move the capital to Nakhon Nayok Province - a sloping terrain with higher elevation. 

 Water resources management 
 
 "Store and divert" sums up all flood control strategies, said Takeya Kimio, a visiting senior adviser at the Bangkok office of Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 
 
 "Store" means building more reservoirs and retention ponds to retain water upstream and "divert" means develop sufficient canals and channels mid- and downstream to carry the overflow to sea. 
 
 For cities that are slowly sinking and have rising sea levels, governments need to regulate water resources, said Nat Marjang, a lecturer on water resources engineering at the Bangkok-based Kasetsart University. 
 
 "Before the law, which regulates groundwater extraction [in Thailand], was enforced, many factories built their own wells to extract water for industrial use. This is an important factor contributing to land subsidence." 
 
 Bangkok is sinking by 30mm annually, according to the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration [ http://www.unep.org/DEWA/pdf/BKK_assessment_report2009.pdf ]. 
 Combined with a rising sea level of 25mm every year, the city could be under 50-100cm of water by 2025. 
 
 Private sector role 
 
 The private sector should be directly involved in flood management, said Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator for UNISDR Asia Pacific. 
 
 "What we need from them is not only corporate social responsibility and money, but their active involvement. It can be as simple as building a dyke around their factories, choosing the right locations to build factories and coming up with disaster contingency plans." 
 
 The Federation of Thai Industries estimated losses from the seven hardest-hit industrial estates could reach US$13 billion, covering 891 factories and 460,000 workers, according to local media. 
 
 Re-evaluate flood control system 
 
 Despite the extensive network of flood-control infrastructure already in place in Bangkok, experts said it largely failed to keep pace with the city's dramatic urbanization and development. 
 
 From 1985 to 2010, the percentage of the total population living in urban areas in Thailand increased from 26.8 to 34 percent, adding 10.5 million people to cities, according to the most recent UN world urbanization prospects [ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm]. 
 
 While many officials believe the barrier known as His Majesty King's dyke, which runs north to south in eastern Bangkok, can save the city from flooding, Vewey said it was designed to handle only the typical annual rainfall and not a one-in-50-years flood like this year's. 
 
 As a result, pumping stations failed under the pressure. 
 
 Vewey said flood-prone countries needed to be more prepared. 
 
 "I'm impressed by the speed of sandbagging and the distribution of food and water [in Thailand], but you can't always solve problems with sandbags... It's shocking how people are unprepared for the flood. It's as if the phenomenon of flooding has been completely forgotten in Thailand," Verwey said. 
 
 Flooding in 1995 killed more than 400 people and affected close to four million, according to the government. 
 
 Investing in flood prevention is a "calculated choice", said Kimio at JICA. "There are only two options, either reduce the speed of development or invest more in flood control," he said. 
 
 Since the 1980s, the risk of economic loss due to floods in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries has increased by more than 160 percent, outstripping the growth of GDP per capita, according to UNISDR. [ http://www.unisdr.org/files/23344_unisdrdiscussionpaperrio20.pdf ]. 
 
 Nine of the top 10 coastal flood-prone cities by 2070, including Bangkok, are in Asia, according to a recent World Bank report [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/226300-1287600424406/coastal_megacities_fullreport.pdf ]. 
 
 Asia accounts for more than half of the developing world's cities most vulnerable to flooding, according to UN-HABITAT. 
 [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2562 ] 
 
 sh/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94319</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111281347020729t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a &quot;role model city&quot; by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN&apos;s 2010-2015 &quot;Making Cities Resilient&quot; campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Throwing mud at flood water</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111170958000000t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of Thais - with noses pinched and fingers crossed - are tossing mud balls into fetid flood water, in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of Thais - with noses pinched and fingers crossed - are tossing mud balls into fetid flood water, in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding. 
 
 According to the EM Research Organization (EMRO) [ http://emrojapan.com/ ], the Japanese company that invented the balls, they purify water, reducing odour and improving sanitation levels [ http://www.emrojapan.com/emnews/content/440.html ]. 
 
 The tennis ball-sized treatment has stirred debate in Thailand and prompted calls for controlled studies to see whether it really works on flood water - and whether it could help in future disasters. 
 
 "Given the fascination, how it has gained traction here in Thailand, it's really worth it to study it, to understand what its efficacy could be," Maureen Birmingham, the UN's World Health Organization (WHO) representative to Thailand and acting resident coordinator for the UN system, told IRIN. 
 
 The Thai government, private companies and relief groups have been distributing for free what is known as EM, or effective micro-organisms, either in liquid or mud-ball form to survivors of flooding that has crippled much of Thailand, with 567 dead and more than 5 million people still affected as of 17 November. 
 
 "I am surprised how many people come here," said Hisanori Asami, a Bangkok-based representative with EMRO Thailand, working with the Royal Thai Army to distribute the liquid to the public. "Every day, 20,000 litres disappear. People bring 2-litre or 10-litre bottles." 
 
 The mud balls [ http://www.emrojapan.com/about-em/em-products/activated-materials/howtomakeballs.html ] are composed of a culture of microbes that includes lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and phototrophic bacteria, as well as molasses, dried dirt and an organic matter such as rice. They work by re-establishing high populations of beneficial micro-organisms and preventing the increase of bad microbes, restoring natural ecosystems, Asami said. 
 
 The treatment has been tested in rivers and ponds, but not flood water, according to Asami. In the absence of data, WHO does not have a position on whether people should use mud balls, Birmingham said. 
 
 Does it work? 
 
 The question being asked in Thailand - where for years EM has been used for agricultural and waste-management purposes - is whether the mud balls are effective in improving the smell and clarity of flood water in particular, said Pathom Sawanpanyalert, deputy director-general of the Department of Medical Sciences at Thailand's Ministry of Public Health. 
 
 "Some people believe that EM might be most effective used on small, enclosed quantities of water, not in a huge volume of water - and probably not in running water," Pathom said. "If it's in a very well-controlled environment, it might be efficacious, but used in a real-life situation, whether it's effective or not, that's a bigger question." 
 
 Thai health officials are in talks with WHO and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) about a possible independent study on mud balls in the Thai floods, said Claire Quillet, a water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialist with UNICEF. 
 
 "Thailand is the best place to study this now," Quillet said. "It doesn't mean we will have a solution right now, but at one stage, it could help countries in other parts of the world." 
 
 EM technology, developed in the 1980s by a Japanese professor named Teruo Higa, has multiple uses in the 120 countries where it is distributed. It works as a fertilizer enhancement, a composting additive, and even as an alternative to household cleaning products, according to EMRO. 
 
 It has been used in some natural disasters as well, including the 2010 Haiti earthquake and flooding in Poland. In those cases, it mainly served to reduce foul smells, according to case studies on the company's website. 
 
 In a crisis such as a flood, the psycho-social benefits of making and using mud balls are worth better understanding as well, Quillet said. Volunteers in Thailand have gathered en masse to combine the liquid with dried dirt to make mud balls, a do-it-yourself process outlined on YouTube [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KO_Rv9eJry4 ]. 
 
 "The communities that are making them are happy to make them," Quillet said, "and happy to solve the problem that Thailand is facing now." 
 
 es/ds/mw 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94224</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111170958000000t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of Thais - with noses pinched and fingers crossed - are tossing mud balls into fetid flood water, in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Undocumented workers exploited post-floods</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081050370485t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - While the Burmese government has re-opened a key border checkpoint between Thailand and Myanmar to accommodate thousands of migrants fleeing Thailand&apos;s flooded factories, undocumented - and now unemployed - migrants face extortion and abuse as they try to return home, according to migrants and activists.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - While the Burmese government has re-opened a key border checkpoint between Thailand and Myanmar to accommodate thousands of migrants fleeing Thailand's flooded factories, undocumented - and now unemployed - migrants face extortion and abuse as they try to return home, according to migrants and activists. 
 
 Aye Than, a 35-year-old Burmese employee, was working in one of Thailand's hardest-hit provinces, Ayutthaya, in a furniture factory until it flooded. 
 
 "I've lost everything in the flood, but I cannot leave because I have no money to feed my family in Myanmar," said Aye Than. 
 
 Thousands of Burmese migrants have been fleeing flooded industrial parks in the provinces of Ayutthaya, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Pathom and Pathum Thani, according to migrant workers' groups. 
 
 As quoted in local media, the Federation of Thai Industries estimates losses from the seven hardest-hit industrial estates could reach US$13 billion, covering 891 factories and 460,000 workers. 
 
 "Many people want to stay and get their unpaid wages back, but some simply gave up because they were traumatized and have lost all contacts with their employers," said a representative from the Thailand-based Migrant Working Group NGO coalition. 
 
 Aye Than said since his work permit expired in October, police have arrested him several times, with immigration officers on both sides of the border demanding up to $80 each time as a condition of his release. He is now earning $4 per day doing odd jobs. "It is impossible for me to pay the fees," he said. 
 
 Risking arrest 
 
 Without cash, identity documents or social connections, migrant workers are among the most vulnerable groups in the ongoing floods, said Claudia Natali, labour migration programme coordinator at the International Organization for Migration (IOM) office in Bangkok. 
 
 "Irregular [undocumented] migrants who have no passport or work permit risk being arrested, but also those with a work permit or ID risk arrest and deportation when they leave the provinces where they are registered." 
 
 Under Thai law, migrant workers - except domestic, fisheries and water transport workers - are forbidden to travel outside their registered provinces. 
 
 But as an emergency relief measure during one of the country's worst natural disasters in recent history, the government has ordered the police not to arrest migrants fleeing floods, said Jackie Pollock, director of the MAP Foundation, [ http://www.mapfoundationcm.org/ ] a Chiang Mai-based NGO working with Burmese migrants in Thailand. 
 
 However, immigration services are still pursuing undocumented migrants, said Pollock. 
 
 Meanwhile, illicit brokers are charging migrants unreasonable transport fees to take them to the Myanmar border, said Andy Hall, a consultant with the Thailand-based Human Rights and Development Foundation [ http://www.prachatai.com/english/category/human-rights-and-development-foundation ]. 
 
 Many of these trips are at night, said Hall. "This is very dangerous and makes them even more vulnerable to the extortion by immigration officers [in Thailand and Myanmar] and militia groups [in Myanmar]." 
 
 More than one million legally registered Burmese migrants work in Thailand, making up to 80 percent of the country's total migrant population and 5 percent of Thailand's labour force, according to IOM. 
 
 While the number of undocumented migrants in Thailand is unknown, IOM estimated there were 1.4 million unregistered workers and family members in an October 2011 report. [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/activities/countries/docs/thailand/TMR-2011.pdf ]. 
 
 Nationwide, more than 500 people have died in this year's monsoon, with more than seven million households in affected areas, according to the government as of 7 November. 
 
 sh/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94162</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081050370485t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - While the Burmese government has re-opened a key border checkpoint between Thailand and Myanmar to accommodate thousands of migrants fleeing Thailand&apos;s flooded factories, undocumented - and now unemployed - migrants face extortion and abuse as they try to return home, according to migrants and activists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Hospitals fear floods will hit drug supplies</title><pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111010823130376t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Hospitals warn of possible drug shortages as prolonged flooding in Thailand has disrupted local production and delivery of medical supplies</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Hospitals warn of possible drug shortages as prolonged flooding in Thailand has disrupted local production and delivery of medical supplies. 
 
 "Hospitals are panicking now, though they are not necessarily running out of supplies," Pongpan Wongmanee, deputy secretary-general of the government's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) told IRIN, adding that most hospital stocks could last for at least a month. 
 
 Official predictions for how long it will take to drain waterlogged areas vary from 10 days to weeks. 
 
 Though flooding has disrupted the production of 393 registered medicines in more than 10 factories in Bangkok and neighbouring provinces, there is no report of drug shortages yet, according to the Health Ministry on 31 October. [ http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255410310015 ] 
 
 But some hospital officials are concerned their supplies will dwindle quickly as operations at these pharmaceutical plants are suspended, and demand for scarce medicines is expected to increase. 
 
 "At this point, the biggest limitation is medication. There are lots of volunteers and nurses, but very little medication," said Pranya Sakiyalak, assistant dean of public relations at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok. The hospital is sending a mobile medical team daily to one of the most hard-hit provinces 70km north of the capital, Ayutthaya. 
 
 Most urgently needed are aspirin, antibiotics and saline solution as patients in flood-affected areas report common minor illness and injuries, he added. 
 
 Delivery of medicines is difficult as some main roads are inaccessible, forcing operators to use indirect routes for transportation, said Pongpan from the FDA. 
 
 As of 31 October, 73 highways in 15 provinces were unusable and 223 roads in 30 provinces impassable, says the government. 
 
 The Ministry of Public Health is proposing three options for stockpiling medicines to the government on 1 November, which includes recruiting new local drug manufacturers, importing drugs and speeding up the distribution of undelivered medicines still sitting in flooded factories. 
 
 Drug manufacturers hit by flooding were providing less than 10 percent of the country's drugs, according to the FDA. 
 
 As of 26 October, the Health Ministry has begun coordinating drug imports from Malaysia and Japan. 
 
 Authorities are also looking for new ways to deliver drugs through the deluge, said Pongpan. 
 
 sh/pt/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94110</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111010823130376t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - Hospitals warn of possible drug shortages as prolonged flooding in Thailand has disrupted local production and delivery of medical supplies</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Disaster &quot;is imminent and inevitable&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand's capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government's flood relief operation centre on 26 October.

"Floods will hit every area of Bangkok, but each area will see different levels of water," said the director of the centre, Pracha Promnok, as quoted in local media.

Run-off from flooding in the north and a seasonal high tide are expected to push water levels in Bangkok's largest river above the city's 2.5m-high embankment.

The size of the population - more than eight million residents - coupled with the run-off, has made for an unprecedented and atypical emergency, said Kirsten Mildren, information officer for Southeast Asia at the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), who has worked in disasters for almost a decade.

"I cannot think of another emergency where I have seen it like this, where you have got the authorities and emergency services really battling to get the water to move around a city of this size. It is really incredible."

The government's irrigation department has been trying to spare the city by pumping the deluge around the city's perimeter through canals and selectively opening flood gates.

While the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) in a 23 October flood update requested residents not to panic, it did little to assuage fears: "Upon assessing the situation with all indicators, BMA would like to inform that a rather serious upcoming [disaster] is very imminent and inevitable."

These types of warnings have only amplified public uncertainty, said Bhichit Rattakul, a former governor of Bangkok and now executive director of the Bangkok-based NGO Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC).

Nationwide, 28 of 76 provinces have been flooded in this year's monsoon that started in late July; six of the country's major dams are at 99 percent capacity or higher, according to the national relief centre.

The airport where the centre operates has been closed, with two terminals under 80cm of water and all flights grounded.

As of 26 October, there have been 821 flood-related deaths in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines, where more than eight million people continue to be affected by severe flooding, according to the governments.

pt/es/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94085</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
