<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Tanzania</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 09:33:06 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Uneven progress on child stunting in East and Central Africa</title><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) -  Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/nutrition_report_2013.pdf ] by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.

Stunting can lead to irreversible brain and body damage in children, making them more susceptible to illness and more likely to fall behind in school. Based on UNICEF’s report, IRIN has put together a round-up of the nutrition situations in six East and Central African countries that are among 24 countries with the largest burden and highest prevalence of stunting.

Burundi: Under-five mortality in this small central African country dropped from 183 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 139 per 1,000 live births in 2012. This is far short of the 63 deaths per 1,000 live births necessary for the country to achieve UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/ ] 4, which aims to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. An estimated 58 percent of children under age five are stunted, compared with 56 percent in 1987, according to demographic and health surveys from those years.

According to the UNICEF report, Burundi has made “no progress” on MDG 1 [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/hunger/en/ ], which aims to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Central African Republic (CAR): An estimated 28 percent of under-five deaths in CAR occur within the first month of a child’s life; the biggest killers of children under five are malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. The percentage of children under age five who are stunted has changed little since 1995, standing at 41 percent in 2010, as has the percentage of children who are underweight, which has remained at about 24 percent for the last 18 years.

There has, however, been significant progress in the number of mothers exclusively breastfeeding their infants. In 2010, 34 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed, compared to just 3 percent in 1995. According to UNICEF, infants who are not breastfed in the first six months of life are “more than 14 times more likely to die from all causes than an exclusively breastfed infant”.

Democratic Republic of Congo: Africa’s second-largest country bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, with 43 percent of children under age five suffering from stunting and 24 percent being underweight. Stunting is significantly higher (47 percent) in rural areas than it is in urban areas (34 percent).

The percentage of children who are underweight dropped from 34 percent in 2001 to 24 percent in 2010. DRC’s progress towards MDG 1 is described as “insufficient”.

Ethiopia: The Horn of Africa nation, which bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, has seen a steep drop in stunting levels, from an estimated 57 percent in 2000 to 44 percent in 2011. The percentage of underweight under-fives has also dropped significantly, from 42 percent in 2000 to 29 percent in 2011. Between 2000 and 2011, under-five mortality was cut from 139 deaths per 1,000 live births to 77 per 1,000 live births - within striking distance of its MDG 4 target of 66 per 1,000.

A national nutrition programme launched in 2008 has been key to reducing national food insecurity, a major cause of stunting. The country’s health service extension programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/72371/ETHIOPIA-New-programme-boosts-village-health-service-delivery ] has also played a role in bringing nutritional interventions to villages.

Rwanda: Community interventions - such as kitchen gardens and increasing the availability of livestock, as well as measures to boost healthy infant feeding practices like exclusive breastfeeding and the provision of nutritional supplements - saw the percentage of underweight under-fives in Rwanda drop from 20 percent in 2000 to 11 percent in 2010. Enhanced data collection and analysis has also enabled the government to improve its planning and monitoring of child malnutrition.

The report describes the country as “on track” to meet MDG 1.

Tanzania: Bearing 2 percent of the world’s stunting burden, Tanzania has made significant strides in improving child nutrition. An estimated 50 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed in 2010, compared to 23 percent in 1992. The country has also brought under-five stunting levels down from 50 percent in 1992 to 42 percent in 2010, but continues to suffer significantly higher stunting in rural children (45 percent) compared to urban children (39 percent).

Tanzania’s under-five mortality rate dropped from 158 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 68 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2010, putting it close to its MDG 4 target of 53 deaths per 1,000 live births. UNICEF’s report says the country is “on track” to meet its MDG 1 targets.

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97853/Uneven-progress-on-child-stunting-in-East-and-Central-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Africa, corruption dirties the water</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302011339570855t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Collusion among government officials, unscrupulous water vendors and large farm owners results in diverted water supply lines, misappropriated funds, and failure to implement laws on protecting water sources from encroachment and pollution. These are just some of the ways corruption is denying millions of poor people in Africa access to safe and clean drinking water, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Collusion among government officials, unscrupulous water vendors and large farm owners results in diverted water supply lines, misappropriated funds, and failure to implement laws on protecting water sources from encroachment and pollution. These are just some of the ways corruption is denying millions of poor people in Africa access to safe and clean drinking water, experts say.

“The impact of corruption on the water sector is manifested by lack of sustainable delivery, inequitable investment and targeting of resources, and limited participation of affected communities in developmental processes,” Bethlehem Mengistu, regional advocacy manager at the NGO Water Aid, told IRIN.

In a 2010 report, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2012/jmp_report/en/index.html ], estimated that around 780 million people around the world, including 343 million in Africa, did not have access to an “improved drinking water supply”, meaning a running water network, public drinking fountains, protected wells or springs, or rainwater tanks.

Globally, an estimated 3 million deaths result from water-borne diseases annually, according to WHO.

According to the World Bank, 20 to 40 percent of public finances worldwide meant for the water sector are lost due to corruption and dishonest practices.

Denied water

In Africa, climate change and burgeoning populations have caused competition over scarce water resources, at times leading to communal conflicts. Experts say corruption exacerbates Africa’s water problems.

“More specific examples of how corruption denies poor people access to water include situations where wealthy or politically connected people use their position to unduly influence the location of a water source at the cost of the poor,” Maria Jacobson, programme officer at the UN Development Programme’s Water Governance Facility (WGF), at the Stockholm International Water Institute, told IRIN.

According to Jacobson, the poor “don’t have the resources to participate in a corrupt system that relies on bribes”, and therefore “lose out in terms of poor water services”.

“Poor people also have few, if any, means to enter alternative markets when corrupt public systems fail to deliver,” she added.

A 2008 report [ http://www.transparency.org/whatwedo/pub/global_corruption_report_2008_corruption_in_the_water_sector ] by Transparency International (TI), a global corruption watchdog, estimated that corruption denied more than a billion people access to safe drinking water and kept 2.8 billion from accessing sanitation services.

In Tanzania, a 2012 study [ http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=173 ] published in the peer-reviewed journal Water Alternatives revealed that a large-scale agricultural and livestock farming project - on a 14 hectare plot of land in the Iringa area leased out by the government to a private company, allegedly without following the legal process - led to contamination of nearby water sources serving some 45,000 people.

The study, conducted by the Italian NGO ACRA (Cooperazione Rurale in Africa e America Latina), said fertilizers, pesticides and animal waste from the farm washed downstream to the water points.

“While there are mechanisms within Tanzanian law to limit potentially polluting activities, establish protected zones around water sources, and empower water-user organizations to exercise control over activities that damage the quality of water, in practice, in the Iringa region, these were not effective as many procedures were not followed,” the authors said.

In developing countries, corruption is estimated to, according to the TI report, “raise the price for connecting a household to a water network by as much as 30 per cent,” which leads to an inflation of the “overall costs for achieving the Millennium Development Goals for water and sanitation, cornerstones for remedying the global water crisis, by more than US$48 billion.”

In Kenya, for instance, poor people in the capital, Nairobi, pay 10 times more for water than their wealthier counterparts, according to TI.

Incompetence

The incompetence of national and local authorities, too, is to blame.

“Because the revenue that is collected from the water sector is not ring-fenced, it is not ploughed back in to improve services. It is not uncommon to see leaking and broken pipes and water pumps in many parts of urban and rural regions of Africa countries,” Barrack Luseno, a Kenyan water sector analyst, told IRIN.

In Malawi, according to the TI report, water collection points constructed between 1988 and 2002 were mostly placed in areas where such facilities already existed, largely due to “political patronage.”

“The key drivers [of corruption] are limitations of participation, transparency and accountability. It is usually the case that the details of sector resourcing is confined, there is limited participation of right holders in critical issues of development, and the checks and balances to key decision-making roles are weak,” Water Aid’s Mengistu added.

Water Aid recommended in a 2012 report [ http://www.wateraid.org/what%20we%20do/our%20approach/research%20and%20publications/~/media/Publications/WaterAid_Keeping_Promises_Synthesis_Report.ashx ] that governments invest more but also put measures in place to fight the runaway graft in the water sector.

“Governments and donors must ensure that rigorous checks and balances are in place to tackle corruption and minimize waste,” said the report.

It gave the example of the Ugandan government and donors moving quickly to tackle the misappropriation of funds that occurred in the country’s water sector at the end of 2012.

“There is a continuing need to enhance the accountability of governments in delivering services and fulfilling their obligations as duty bearers. Community service organisations have an important role to play as watchdogs to ensure rights holders receive their entitlements,” it added.

Involving communities in decision making and putting more investment into the sector are some of the ways to ensure access for more people.

“We must ensure integrity by ensuring more openness in dealing with issues of land and water. Remember, for rural communities, access to land is commensurate with access to water. This explains the conflict between pastoralist and farming communities,” Luseno added.

Privatization?

Some have advocated for the privatization of water services. In Africa, Senegal and Cote d'Ivoire are cited as privatization success stories. But critics, fearing increased prices, say that putting life-sustaining resource in the hands of for-profit companies would be dangerous.

Karen Bakers says in her 2010 book Privatizing Water: Governance failure and the world’s urban water crisis, “an increasing consensus has developed that private sector participation in water supply will not be able, as some proponents has hoped, to succeed where governments have failed to provide water for all.”

According to the WGF [ http://www.watergovernance.org/ ], the ideological debates over the privatization of water services “do not benefit those lacking sustainable drinking water supply and sanitation.”

The World Bank estimates by 2007, some 160 million people were being served by private water operators globally [ http://www.ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/FINAL-PPPsforUrbanWaterUtilities-PhMarin.pdf ]. About 50 million of these people are served by public-private partnerships that can be considered successful.

But privatization has produced different results for different countries.

In Mozambique, a World Bank study revealed that access to water in the capital, Maputo, had improved since the delegation of water management to private companies.

In Uganda, water sector reforms included more funding from the government and better management of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation - a privately managed but publicly owned water company responsible for the 15 largest cities in the country. According to Water Aid, in just five years after the reforms, it had transformed from being a highly inefficient, underperforming and loss-making body to a healthy and financially sustainable public corporation. Service coverage grew from 48 to 74 percent between 1998 and 2010. The same period witnessed household connections increase from 53,000 to 246,259.

Still, corruption has been a challenge.

“In a study of corruption in Uganda’s water sector, private contractors estimated the average bribe related to a contract award to be 10 percent [of the total cost]. The same study showed that 46 per cent of all urban water consumers had paid extra money for connections,” said WGF’s Jacobson.

Kenya, on the other hand, abandoned plans to open up Nairobi’s water supply to private companies, fearing it would inflate water prices.

In 2008, Mali experienced anti-privatization protests that left one person dead and five others injured in the capital, Bamako.

In Ghana, water tariffs increased by 80 percent after privatization [ http://www.vitensevidesinternational.com/projects/ghana/case-study-book-ghana-5.pdf ], and a third of the country’s population still has no access to safe and clean water.

“Experience suggests that to make private sector engagement work, effective government regulatory powers are required,” says WGF.

Ending corruption in the sector, experts like WGF’s Jacobson say, would require diagnosing the effectiveness of anticorruption interventions, creating legal and financial reforms, and building public sector capacity.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97642/In-Africa-corruption-dirties-the-water</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302011339570855t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Collusion among government officials, unscrupulous water vendors and large farm owners results in diverted water supply lines, misappropriated funds, and failure to implement laws on protecting water sources from encroachment and pollution. These are just some of the ways corruption is denying millions of poor people in Africa access to safe and clean drinking water, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Smartphones used to detect parasitic worms</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303131043280679t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - A smartphone, a strip of double-sided tape and a simple glass lens could have a significant impact on the diagnosis of intestinal parasites that affect millions in remote, rural parts of the world, where even the most basic medical testing is hard to come by.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - A smartphone, a strip of double-sided tape and a simple glass lens could have a significant impact on the diagnosis of intestinal parasites that affect millions in remote, rural parts of the world, where even the most basic medical testing is hard to come by.

A recent, proof-of-concept study [ http://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2013/03/07/ajtmh.12-0742.full.pdf+html ] in rural Tanzania compared the effectiveness of a lens attached to an iPhone with the effectiveness of a standard light microscope in searching for roundworm and hookworm eggs in 199 children's stool samples. Although not as sensitive as the light microscope, the mobile phone microscope "revealed a sensitivity of 69.4 percent and a specificity of 61.5 percent for detecting any soil-transmitted helminth [parasitic worm] infection."

"Mobile phone microscopy has been used in the laboratory setting, but we thought it would be a good idea to test it in a real-world setting," Isaac Bogoch, the lead investigator of the study and a doctor at Toronto General Hospital, told IRIN. "We need to improve the image quality and get a better lens and better slides, but it is quite close to the gold standard." 

"The advantage of the mobile phone microscope is that it's cheap: a smartphone - any phone with a decent camera and zoom would probably work as well as the iPhone - a glass lens that costs between US$8 and $10, and a basic flashlight. A lay health worker can do it, and the device is portable, which means it can be used as a point-of-care test," he added. "The standard diagnostic process requires a microscope, a person trained to use one, electricity and a decent light source, which is often not widely available in many places affected by parasitic infection."

According to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/ ], close to one-quarter of the world's population is infected with soil-transmitted worms: "Over 270 million preschool-age children and over 600 million school-age children live in areas where these parasites are intensively transmitted, and are in need of treatment and preventive interventions."

Worms are transmitted by eggs in human faeces that contaminate the soil; transmission is exacerbated by poor sanitation. Children infected by worms can be physically, mentally or nutritionally impaired. A number of medications are available to control infection.

"We plan to test it in the clinical setting - the big picture is to get these diagnostic tests into the field, into the hands of people who need them most," Bogoch said.

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97635/Smartphones-used-to-detect-parasitic-worms</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303131043280679t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - A smartphone, a strip of double-sided tape and a simple glass lens could have a significant impact on the diagnosis of intestinal parasites that affect millions in remote, rural parts of the world, where even the most basic medical testing is hard to come by.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Maize smuggling creates hunger in Malawi</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303011059340131t.jpg" />]]>MZUZU 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Every morning, Bernadette Kilembe, from the northern Malawian town of Karonga, is confronted with two related problems: She has to keep her restaurant running, and she has to feed herself and her three children.</description><body><![CDATA[MZUZU 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Every morning, Bernadette Kilembe, from the northern Malawian town of Karonga, is confronted with two related problems: She has to keep her restaurant running, and she has to feed herself and her three children.

Exacerbating both of these problems is the cost of maize - Malawi's staple food - which has become unaffordable.

Between June and October 2012, a 20-litre bucket of maize cost her between 500 and 750 kwacha (about US$1.50 to $2). Now it costs 3,000 kwacha ($8) a bucket.

“That is only enough to produce two meals for me and my children,” said Kilembe.

In a good year, Kilembe grows enough maize in her garden to supply her restaurant and feed her family, but dry spells during the 2011-2012 growing season [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96205/MALAWI-Need-for-food-aid-outpaces-respon ] wilted her crop. Unreliable rainfall is nothing new in Malawi, but in the past, Kilembe could purchase affordable maize from local vendors. This year things are different.

During and after the 2012 harvest, cross-border traders offered farmers in the area much better prices than those offered by local traders.

“Most of the farmers here thought if they sold their maize and kept the money, they would be able to buy from the market once the maize they stored for their own consumption was depleted,” said Masuzgo Zowani, a community worker and subsistence farmer from Chirambo, in western Rumphi District.

“Unfortunately, they did not know that they were creating a gap in the supply of maize both in their area and the country generally because those who offered the better prices took the maize out of the country. Now they can hardly afford the maize that is found on the market.”

Exports banned

A ban on the export of maize from Malawi was implemented in December 2011, when it became apparent dry weather threatened to cause a maize shortage.

But the ban has not prevented traders from smuggling maize across the border into neighbouring Tanzania and Mozambique, where the weakening of the kwacha against the dollar has made Malawi's maize attractive to buyers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97487/Five-food-issues-to-watch-out-for ].

“When trucks bring bags of maize here [from surrounding areas], it is not meant for our market," said Kilembe. "We don’t know where it goes, as the maize often comes late in the evening when we are about to sleep and it is not [there] by daybreak."

Dan Msowoya, a spokesperson from the opposition party the Alliance for Democracy, blamed the boom in cross-border trade on the state-owned grain marketer, the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). In recent years, ADMARC has not received sufficient budgetary support to buy surplus maize from farmers, store it and then resell it, leaving the task in the hands of a private conglomerate called Mulli Brothers.

But farmers complained that Mulli Brothers did not offer them good prices, and as a result, many sold their maize instead to cross-border traders, not even keeping a portion of the crop for consumption.

Government officials are now urging communities to stop selling maize to cross-border traders, regardless of the prices they offer, but the message seems to have come too late.

Police corruption?

Efforts by local police to stop the smuggling of maize into Tanzania have been largely unsuccessful.

“When we increased manpower on land and impounded trucks carrying maize, the smugglers started transporting the maize on bicycles, and it would appear as if it belonged to an individual who was taking it home,” said Karonga police station officer William Kadzayekha.

“But once we busted that, they started smuggling the maize in boats via Lake Malawi and connecting to Songwe River. We know that they are doing this, but we cannot do anything. We have officers who trained as marine experts, but there are no boats for these officers to use.”

Many local people in Karonga blame the police for letting maize pass through roadblocks, allegedly in return for bribes.

“We have a number of roadblocks from Karonga to the Songwe border post. Police are manning these roadblocks, yet food crops such as maize continue to cross the borders. One wonders how this could happen if it is not [that] the police have pocketed bribes,” said paramount chief Kyungu, the most senior traditional authority in Karonga and Chitipa districts.

Locals have engaged the police in battles over the issue, even chasing them from roadblocks. But while this may have slowed the movement of maize by truck, it has not affected transport by boat. On a recent night, IRIN witnessed maize being loaded onto boats on Lake Malawi just a few hundred metres from the Karonga police station.

Supply and demand

Malawian cross-border businesspersons buying goods in Tanzania for resale in Malawi have also reported seeing huge piles of maize at the Tanzanian border town of Kasumulu. It is believed that the maize is repackaged there for transportation further on in the region.

“The maize piles we see there are usually more than what we see on the Malawian side,” said Grace Kumwenda, who buys wares in Mbeya, Tanzania, and sells them in Mzuzu.

Economist Henry Kachanje says the rising market cost of maize is simple supply and demand: As more maize is smuggled out of the country, supply in the Malawian market dwindles and prices go up.

Currently, most ADMARC markets across the country do not have maize stocks. When limited stocks do come in, they are rationed; the amounts sold are as little as 5kg per person.

The government's 2012 decision last year to replace fuel price subsidies with automatic fuel price adjustments - in which the cost automatically reflects global price fluctuations - has resulted in record high fuel costs, which private traders of maize are also transferring to consumers.

sm/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97571/Maize-smuggling-creates-hunger-in-Malawi</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303011059340131t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MZUZU 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Every morning, Bernadette Kilembe, from the northern Malawian town of Karonga, is confronted with two related problems: She has to keep her restaurant running, and she has to feed herself and her three children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How to: Map sexual networks</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”. 

Networking analysis involves getting intimate details from people who are most at risk of HIV infection to slow the spread of sexually transmitted infections. 

Parker, a 48-year-old former prison inmate in the US with a stocky frame and husky laugh, has no academic degrees or knowledge of “fancy math”. But what he does know is how to approach strangers in public places, hang out with them over weeks, gain their trust, and then, talk sex. 

A researcher in an upcoming study by Georgia State University on the spread of HIV in Tanzania, Parker said whether in the US or Tanzania, the method is the same: “I’ll talk to anyone and everyone, the same way I always do. I’ll build a rapport with people who gather in places where men have sex with men (MSM). Then I’ll tell people I want to talk to men in this group -and their sexual partners, too - about how they’re connected socially so we can home in on their social networks and work to stop the spread of HIV.” 

Parker, who has never done field work overseas before, is part of the small but growing field of sexual network mappers, which explores the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) through socio-geographic factors (such as places, people and practices) instead of looking only at a person’s sexual behaviour independent of community factors. 

Experts say this decades-old but rarely used approach could help address - and eventually slow - the spread of STIs. But first, its advocates must overcome stubborn obstacles, such as the extra time and expertise required, as well as concerns of privacy invasion and confidentiality breaches that have prevented sexual network mapping from being more widely utilized until recently. 

Targeting at-risk groups 

Sexual network mapping identifies and targets groups at high risk of STIs because they frequent a particular place (such as a certain nightclub), belong to a particular at-risk group (such as MSM and sex workers), and/or engage in risky behaviours (injecting drugs and sharing needles with men infected with HIV). 

This data collection method started in the late 1970s, when health workers in Colorado Springs, a small city in the western US, were studying the STIs, gonorrhoea and syphilis. “We noticed that some people who were very sexually active never got infected, while others who were less promiscuous contracted disease more frequently,” said John Potterat, an epidemiologist formerly with the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention who was involved in this early research. 

When Potterat and his colleagues started asking people who had STIs about personal behaviours, they made a surprising discovery: of the 300-odd night spots in Colorado Springs, six were associated with half of total infections. “We learned it was geography or where people hooked up that determined their STI risk,” said Potterat. 

The Colorado Springs team began doing “contact tracing”, which included asking STI-positive people to reveal the names of their partners in order to find others at risk. Name by name, Potterat and his colleagues mapped out the “network” of people who were transmitting STIs in relation to the town’s six hot spots. Then, they offered safe-sex counselling and pamphlets to people connected to this network - anyone who was having sex with someone attending one of the six night clubs. Over the course of 15 years, they helped lower rates of STI infection by 25 to 40 percent in the city. 

This was the same research method that revealed how HIV was spread in the US in the early 1980s through gay men living primarily in San Francisco and New York City [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6608269 ].

Zooming in 

Today, “sexual network mapping” and “network-informed methodology” are used as umbrella terms to describe several different forms of STI research: contract tracing of people who test positive for STIs to show how infection started and who is at risk; tracking sexual interaction within communities; tracing behaviours and locations related to STI transmission (called “affiliation mapping”); and doing mathematical modelling based on assumptions such as how many partners subjects have and how infectious an STI is. 

These approaches typically involve creating “name trees” - with respondents leading researchers to people with whom they have had sexual contact - or other types of “maps” that identify infectious disease “hotspots”. The goal is to create roadmaps that can direct health workers to people at risk of STIs in order to offer them disease prevention and treatment services. 

Supporters of these methods say their biggest advantage is they allow scientists to examine the spread of disease in more detail than commonly used approaches like modelling and projections, which have a higher risk of inaccuracy and offer less detail than network studies. 

“You can look not just at individual-level characteristics, but at where and when someone appears in a network, how many connections they have to other network members, and how rapidly those connections develop,” said Christopher Hurt, an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine who recently published a sexual network mapping study on African-American MSM in North Carolina in the US [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972020 ].

“You can also look at how disease moves through the network,” added Potterat. “Does it start out slow, then spread quickly? Does it do the reverse? Or just inch steadily along?” 

By answering these questions and studying the resulting cartography of disease, researchers can explain why two people may have the same risky behaviour, yet one is much more likely to become infected by a sexually-transmitted disease. 

The method identifies at-risk people who would otherwise go undetected, such as the wife of a man who hides the fact he has sex with men in a Dar es Salaam nightclub. 

Bringing STI prevention strategies to at-risk network members - identified through interviews - not only saves people’s health and lives, but also ensures limited resources (such as condoms and counsellors) are best used, say health researchers. 

“The dream is to capture data in real time and counsel clients based on their predicted risk,” says Hurt. “This could take years to develop, but it’s a very real possibility.” 

Confidentiality issue 

The downside of sexual network mapping is that compared to alternative methods of study, it requires more time, teamwork and skills, including knowledge of epidemiology as well as applied mathematics (the “fancy math” that Kelvin Parker’s team members do after he provides them with preliminary data). 

But even more importantly, it requires absolute confidentiality. Contract tracing, one technique involved, is particularly controversial because it potentially exposes people whose identities are revealed by study subjects, unless researchers are careful to keep names anonymous and replace them with “dummy identifiers” that maintain privacy. 

This is one main problem with contact-tracing, said Clifton Cortez, a human-rights trained lawyer who has worked for two decades in HIV response and is now UN Development Programme’s (UNDP) Asia-Pacific practice leader for HIV, Health and Development. 

“Violation of people’s confidentiality, especially by health sector workers, occurs so often in most countries… Even if they [researchers] could maintain confidentiality in the research phase, how could they ensure confidentiality would become the norm were such programmes to be more broadly rolled out?” 

Such breaches can be fatal for persons exposed to HIV through male-to-male sex, Cortez added, citing homophobia and punitive laws against homosexuals. “Individuals and their families continue to be ostracized, discriminated against, and in extreme cases in some parts of the world, still beaten or murdered because they are HIV-positive.” 

Institutional review boards (IRBs, which ensure studies do not harm their subjects) have traditionally frowned on obtaining identities of subjects’ sexual partners without first getting permission from those partners. 

“To do this work, you must have your IRB give you a waiver so you can get subjects to identify their partners and get those partners to identify others, too,” said Richard Rothenberg, a public health professor at Georgia State University who will oversee Kelvin Parker’s work in Tanzania. 

Before launching field research in Dar es Salaam in February 2013, Rothenberg, Parker and their colleagues must gain approval from three separate IRBs: one in their home state of Georgia, one in neighbouring North Carolina (where their research partner, Family Health International, is located) and the IRB in Tanzania. 

In the field, they must find well-established HIV study participant recruiters who can help Parker recruit study subjects. 

“Not just anyone can do this type of work,” said Margaret Hellard, an epidemiologist and the director of Melbourne’s Burnet Institute, which in 2011 did a contract-tracing study on HIV in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. “Recruiters asking these questions have to be people with whom subjects can relate. They need to ensure subjects don’t hear about infidelities that could provoke jealousy or retribution. They need to be respectful and careful, never revealing to one subject what another person has said in private.” 

Because sexual network mapping studies are so intensive, they typically take two to four years, requiring double the time - and often double the expenses [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95507/HEALTH-Cost-of-clinical-trials-worries-donors ] - of other STI field research. 

Only about 100 studies that involve some form of sexual network analysis have been published in peer-reviewed, major journals in the past 30 years. Fewer than a dozen of these have drawn what Rothenberg called “complete socio-metric pictures of a sexual group”. 

New tools 

However, researchers hope new tools will hasten data analysis. “Producing network maps used to be very time-consuming,” said Hurt from UNC. “But new computer software has made graphing much easier.” 

Mobile phones and social networking sites (including Facebook) enable researchers to identify, recruit and track network members. 

As the Georgia State team gears up for Tanzania and Burnet researchers prepare to bring HIV prevention strategies to Laos, advocates of sexual network mapping say this method holds promise. 

“Today, influencing social networks is at the forefront of behaviour change thinking, and better understanding of these [sexual network mapping] tools is increasingly informing the AIDS response,” said Michael Bartos, chief of the Science for Action Division of the Geneva-based Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

One hope is that this type of research can help lower HIV infection rates in the populations at greatest risk. 

“Why is HIV/AIDS striking hard in certain populations in Africa?” asked the epidemiologist Potterat. “Why is it concentrated in the eastern and southern part of the continent? Network mapping can help us find answers to questions like these - then take steps to stop infection.” 

mmg/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96941/How-to-Map-sexual-networks</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Islamist riots threaten Zanzibar&apos;s stability</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241233580793t.jpg" />]]>ZANZIBAR CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Tanzanian archipelago of Zanzibar has experienced three anti-government protests so far this year; the latest, in mid-October, saw one police officer killed, roads blocked and shops closed across the capital, Zanzibar City.</description><body><![CDATA[ZANZIBAR CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Tanzanian archipelago of Zanzibar has experienced three anti-government protests so far this year; the latest, in mid-October, saw one police officer killed, roads blocked and shops closed across the capital, Zanzibar City.

The group behind the demonstrations, Uamsho (the Association for Islamic Mobilization and Propagation), has plastered messages across the capital agitating for the archipelago’s independence. One such message, "if the coat doesn't fit, take it off", refers to disbanding the United Republic of Tanzania, which was born out of the 1964 union of Zanzibar and the mainland area of Tanganyika.

The most recent unrest began when Uamsho supporters claimed their leader, Sheik Farid Hadi, had been abducted by government forces - a charge the police denied. Posts on Uamsho's Facebook page [ https://www.facebook.com/UamshoJumuiyaYaMihadharaYaKiislamuZanzibar?ref=ts&fref=ts ] threatened attacks against Christians if Hadi was not released; he resurfaced on 16 October, three days after his disappearance.

Discontent

Established as an Islamic NGO in 2001, Uamsho has since grown radicalized, gaining popularity among disappointed supporters of the largest opposition party, Civic United Front, which formed a government of national unity with Tanzania’s ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM),  in 2010. 

Uamsho was also involved in two other protests earlier in the year.

The Tanzanian government has taken a strong stand against the riots. "The government will not tolerate some few individuals threatening other people or using religion to disrupt the peace and harmony which the country has enjoyed over the past 50 years," said Emmanuel Nchimbi, the Minister for Home Affairs, at a recent news conference.

Analysts say the violence is fuelled by unemployment and lack of education among young people; youth unemployment in Zanzibar stands at about 20 percent [ http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Tanzania%20-%20AR%20ALSD%20II%20Project.pdf ].

"The youth are a time bomb. We have many unemployed, uneducated young people. They are easy to motivate into action, and they don't fully understand what they are doing. This is why at least 70 percent of the rioters were young men, many of them under 20 years old," said social scientist Khamis Said, a researcher of social issues in Zanzibar. "Torching of bars, churches and government property, stealing of crosses - this is all against Islam, but the youth are uneducated." 

He added that a proposed new national constitution would go some way towards clarifying Zanzibar's place within the union.

The chairman of Uamsho's board of trustees, Abdulrahim Salim, says the organization is looking for peaceful ways to gain full independence for Zanzibar. He denied Uamsho wants Zanzibar to be an Islamic state.

Former chairman of the Zanzibar House of Representatives Ali Mzee Ali says the islands must remain peaceful to sustain their economy. "Tourism is a major contributor in our budget, and it is dependent on peace," he said.

"We are part of the East African Community, and if one part is not stable, it will of course affect all the other members," he added.

Emboldening others

Abdullahi B Halakhe, a Horn of Africa analyst with the think tank International Crisis Group, says Tanzania's reputation as one of the region’s more stable countries will be at risk if it fails to deal with ongoing problems both in Zanzibar and on the mainland. Protests also broke out in Dar es Salaam in mid-October following the arrest of influential Muslim cleric Sheikh Issa Ponda; those protests are thought to be unrelated to Uamsho.

"Tanzania is always held up as a golden standard by which the other African nations are judged. Despite having a hundred ethnic groups, the country has enjoyed long and uninterrupted peace. But [with] the impending transitional election, where for the first time the ruling party - CCM - is facing a serious challenge, combined with the discontent from Zanzibar... we are witnessing unease," he told IRIN via email. 

He added that organizations like Uamsho could inspire similar groups in the region: "The threat of Zanzibar leaving the union will have huge implications that will transcend Tanzania. Secessionist movements like the MRC [Mombasa Republican Council] will obviously be emboldened." 

The MRC is a group based in Mombasa that is calling for the secession of the Kenyan coast area.

Halakhe warns that the central government in Tanzania must handle the Uamsho matter carefully to prevent tensions from escalating.

"The centre needs to appreciate issues raised by the predominantly Muslim coastal Swahili population are genuine, and cannot be wished away lightly," he said. "As such, the central government… needs to be seen to be trying to address these issues in good faith. Any attempt to gloss over the issue could be counter-productive."

Said says that unless the government opens communication channels with Uamsho, the unrest will continue: "We need to have more dialogue between the different parties. If this is not done, we can expect more riots," he said.

at/kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96631/TANZANIA-Islamist-riots-threaten-Zanzibar-apos-s-stability</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241233580793t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ZANZIBAR CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Tanzanian archipelago of Zanzibar has experienced three anti-government protests so far this year; the latest, in mid-October, saw one police officer killed, roads blocked and shops closed across the capital, Zanzibar City.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI-TANZANIA: A troubled homecoming</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151402140066t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.

While Burundi has absorbed more than half a million refugees since 2002, never before has it had to contend with such a large number of returnees in such a short space of time.

A particular cause of concern is that 60 percent of this caseload, now living in Tanzania’s Mtabila camp, was born outside of Burundi, whose language, Kirundi, many do not speak. More than a quarter of the households in Mtabila are headed by women, and 3,000 of the camp’s residents have no land to return to in Burundi, where 90 percent of the population lives off subsistence agriculture.

For several years, those in Mtabla have resisted various forms of enticements and pressures to leave the camp, while the Tanzanian government has allowed a series of departure deadlines to lapse [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94945/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-Refugees-face-mounting-pressure-to-go-home ].

But this deadline is different, backed up by the decision made earlier this year, after interviews with all Mtabila residents and fully supported by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), to withdraw the refugee status of almost everyone in the camp [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96215/TANZANIA-Burundians-lose-refugee-status-may-face-deportation ].

This has not dented the reluctance of those in Mtabila to return to Burundi, where land is scarce, security shaky and economic opportunities limited. Between 1 August - when they were told of their loss of status and of the camp’s imminent closure - and 4 October, just 890 have gone back, according to UNHCR data.

No other choice

Until the end of the year, those returning to Burundi will be entitled to receive reintegration assistance from UNHCR and other agencies in the form of a cash grant, six months of food rations as well as health, education and shelter support.

"It's hard for them to accept, but they have no other choice now,” said Catherine Huck, UNHCR's representative in Burundi.

“Reintegration will take time, and special efforts will be needed, especially when it comes to land access, reinsertion of children into schools and extension of basic services,” she said.

“The camp will be closed on 31 December 2012. They are not refugees anymore, and need now to comply with the Tanzanian immigration law," she told IRIN.

This law provides for the deportation of those not entitled to stay in the country. The UNCHR’s Tanzania office has made it clear it would not take part in any “forced returns to Burundi, in light of its humanitarian mandate.”

"We are now working on a scenario of organized return. For now, we have just been doing sensitization campaigns, explaining they have to return. We will continue to do so,” Huck said.

“You cannot remain a refugee all your life,” she added.

“A refusal to return could potentially degenerate into a difficult and chaotic process that UNHCR would like to avoid. It is with this in mind that UNHCR is committed to work with both governments and the Burundian former refugees to achieve a return and reintegration process that is orderly, safe and secure, and respectful of their human rights and dignity,” she said.

Disaster

The alternative, according to an 8 October statement signed by Burundi, Tanzania and the UNHCR after a joint meeting in Geneva, could be a “humanitarian disaster.”

The return process, the statement said, should “preferably be voluntary in nature.”

A mass exodus would be “a very serious problem,” according to Theodore Mbazumutima, project manager with Rema Ministries, a Burundian NGO that has worked on the Mtabila case and on the wider issues of refugee reintegration.

There is a real risk of “families being scattered, children being separated” and of returnees ending up with insufficient food and housing,” he said.

Even if those in Mtabila wanted to return before the deadline, “Burundi is not able to accommodate 35,000 in three months,” Mbazumutima told IRIN in Bujumbura.

“But is very clear they are not coming back yet,” he said.

In his view, the situation has reached a crisis because, though information has been provided to those in Mtabila through mass meetings, insufficient interaction has taken place with opinion-leaders within the camp.

“They should have been isolated and engaged in serious dialogue. Instead, Tanzania tried to put [community leaders] in prison, hoping they would change their minds,” he said, adding that Tanzania could still maintain its stance on the withdrawal of refugee status while softening its position on the deadline, allowing for a more gradual camp closure, and improved two-way communication with the camp residents.

Logistical challenges

“The [Burundian] government needs to be better prepared. Not much is being done for the 3,000 who have no land to return to,” or to accommodate the children who, because of school closures in Mtabila, have had no formal education over the past three years. This will especially be problematic for children who arrive in January, three months into the school year, he said.

“Schools [in Burundi] are already bursting full,” he said. “If nothing is done, it won’t be long before another 5,000 go back [to Tanzania] one way or another.”

Specific challenges involved in returning Mtabila residents to Burundi include the provision of sufficient registration personnel, access to identity documentation and legal support, and the development of the infrastructure necessary to absorb the 20,000 children.

“It is a big problem to welcome all these people,” Pascal Nyabebenda, chairman of the ruling CNDD-FDD party told IRIN.

“Even those returnees who came before have problems. When these come, other problems will be added to the first ones,” he said. “But as soon as they come, we will welcome them.”

am/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96553/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-A-troubled-homecoming</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151402140066t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Religious leaders rally for environmental conservation</title><pubDate>Tue, 25 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209251205440662t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 25 September 2012 (IRIN) - Faced with environmental degradation that threatens the livelihoods of many people in Africa, a group of 50 religious leaders met in Nairobi earlier this month and pledged to take concrete steps to mitigate the effects of climate change.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 25 September 2012 (IRIN) - Faced with environmental degradation that threatens the livelihoods of many people in Africa, a group of 50 religious leaders met in Nairobi earlier this month and pledged to take concrete steps to mitigate the effects of climate change.

In Kenya, the Anglican Church, with an estimated five million followers, committed to increase the country’s forest cover by 10 percent over the next four years, and to promote soil conservation in 100,000 households.

The Hindu Council of Africa, with an estimated 1.7 million followers, pledged an environmental audit ofits buildings. Other pledges included the development of tree nurseries and adoption of green principles to save energy, made by the Qadiriyyah, Nigeria’s largest Islamic sect and the Anglican Province of South Africa, respectively.

The leaders, drawn from Muslim, Christian and Hindu faiths, launched an action plan to be implemented over the next seven years, which includes, among other things, developing workshops on environmental conservation, ending the use of plastic bags, conducting trainings on sustainable land management and rainwater harvesting, and promoting the conservation of forests.

The leaders came from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe.

Together, the three faiths have an estimated 184 million followers living in some of the world’s poorest regions, where people are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

One Earth

The three-day meeting, themed ‘Many Heavens, One Earth, Our Continent’ was organized by the Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group and funded by the World Bank, the US Agency for International Development and the Norwegian government.

Mounkaila Goumandakoye, director and regional representative of the UN Environment Programme, said, “We could be more successful, we could be more relevant to the needs and aspirations of the continent, we could have more impact in all African countries, if we can work with you [the faiths] hand-in-hand. Working with religions will go to the top of United Nations Environment Program agenda in Africa."

Religious groups have often played a role in environmental conservation. In the US, for instance, acoalition of Christian and Jewish groups are promoting an end to the cutting of old-growth forests and to commercial logging in public lands [ http://www.ecostewards.org/rcfc.htm ] while the Oxford Biodiversity Institute has partnered with the Alliance of Religions and Conservation (ARC) and the World Database on Sacred Natural Sites to map religious forest sites globally for conservation [ http://www.biodiversity.ox.ac.uk/customary-conservation/rfs ]. Religious groups own an estimated 5 to 10 percent of forests globally.

The close attachment of some religions to water and forests, experts say, make it easy to engage them in environmental conservation.

“People use forests as shrines, and rivers and lakes and, particularly, trees have been used as symbols of power by many religions around the world. They have a genuine interest in their conservation,” Bethwel Murunga, who teaches African religion at Maseno University, told IRIN.

Martin Palmer, the secretary general of the UK-based ARC, which works with religious groups in environmental conservation based on their core teachings, beliefs and practices, said religious groups are a critical force in conserving the environment.

“We are realistic, but also optimistic… This cannot be done by the faiths themselves, but I can [say they can do] two-thirds of it… We have asked our partners, the World Bank, World Wide Fund for Nature, the Norwegian government and [others], to come here and see where we now need help,” he said.

fn/ko/am/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96387/AFRICA-Religious-leaders-rally-for-environmental-conservation</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209251205440662t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 25 September 2012 (IRIN) - Faced with environmental degradation that threatens the livelihoods of many people in Africa, a group of 50 religious leaders met in Nairobi earlier this month and pledged to take concrete steps to mitigate the effects of climate change.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Farmers too hungry to adapt</title><pubDate>Fri, 14 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006241045260453t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 September 2012 (IRIN) - Small farmers in the developing world who are going hungry for long periods of time - in some cases for up to half the year in Ethiopia&apos;s Borana region - are failing to find ways to adapt to an increasingly erratic climate, a new survey has found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 September 2012 (IRIN) - Small farmers in the developing world who are going hungry for long periods of time - in some cases for up to half the year in Ethiopia's Borana region - are failing to find ways to adapt to an increasingly erratic climate, a new survey has found. 

The survey, which was conducted just ahead of the severe drought in East Africa in 2011, interviewed 700 households in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It was designed to develop simple, comparable, cross-site household-level indicators to assess if small farmers were able to diversify, adapt and adopt new farming practices in the face of climate change. 

The team of researchers involved in the survey found that households that were food secure for longer periods of time were able to experiment with new farming approaches and techniques, such as planting drought- or flood-tolerant varieties of seeds. 

"When you are without food, you cannot really innovate," said Patti Kristjanson, agricultural economist for the CGIAR [ http://www.cgiar.org/ ] Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), which led the study." It stands to reason that households struggling to feed their families throughout the year are not in a good position to invest in new practices that include higher costs and risks.” 

Not being able to adapt is contributing to food insecurity, she added. “So it is critical that we learn more about both the factors that enable and facilitate innovation, and how to lower the often hidden costs and barriers associated with changing agricultural practices.” 

The survey attempted to find out what farmers had been doing for the past 10 years to cope with the changing climate. "We hope to go back for more - this is just a snapshot of what is happening on the ground," said Kristjanson. Not enough research has been done to find out whether small producers, including pastoralists and fishing communities, were able to incorporate messages and programmes on adapting. 

Niger study 

The few studies completed reveal that small farmers could be facing a number of simultaneous challenges, driving them into food insecurity. Researchers from the Senegal-based Cheik Anta Diop University have been conducting surveys in Niger's food insecure Maradi District, where small farmers depend on increasingly erratic rains for their crops. [ http://www.africa-adapt.net/media/resources/784/ICID%20Paper_MOUSSA%20NA%20ABOU%20Mamouda.pdf ] 

In 2007, the researchers found that 50 percent of farmers said they were forced to consume their entire produce within three months. In previous years as a back-up they had grown vegetables with the help of water drawn from the Goulbi river. But as rain became scarce and with the construction of an upstream dam in Nigeria, the river, which used to flow for at least six months after the rainy season, was now dry for most of the year. 

CCAFS study - mixed results 

The CCAFS study of average small farmers in the Horn and East Africa showed relatively poor results in terms of the take up of a more sustainable form of agriculture better able to cope with erratic weather patterns: 

- Only 25 percent of households have begun using local manure or compost (good for the soil) rather than expensive chemical fertilizers which can have negative environmental impacts; 23 percent are now mulching; 
- Only 16 percent of the surveyed households introduced improved soil management techniques such as terracing which reduce water and soil losses; 
- Only 10 percent have begun trying to store or manage agricultural water;
- Only 34 percent have reduced livestock herd sizes but 48 percent are managing their resources better, for example by growing crops for animal feed. 

More positively, the study indicated that: 

- 55 percent of households have taken up at least one shorter-cycle crop variety, and 56 percent adopted at least one drought-tolerant variety; 
- 50 percent of households are planting trees on their farms, a practice known as agroforestry. These trees help stabilize eroding landscapes, increase water and soil quality, and provide yields of fruit, tea, coffee, oil, fodder, medicinal and energy products;
-50 percent introduced intercropping - alternating different plants on the same plot; - 25 percent started rotating their crops in the last decade. 

"These changes can help farmers adjust to changing weather patterns; and better diets can also lower methane emissions [from animals] per kilogram of meat and milk produced," said CCAFS in a statement. 

CCAFS researchers acknowledge that climate change is only one of several key driving forces behind the changes seen and "it is very difficult to disentangle the relative importance of different driving forces." 

They noted that the changes made by households in the past 10 years "tend to be marginal, rather than transformational, and the lack of uptake of well-tested and widely-disseminated soil, water and land management practices is cause for concern." 

In a statement accompanying the findings, Bruce Campbell, the CCAFS programme director, said: "Farmers need more than words. They need innovative strategies that will help them adapt to the increased demand brought on by climate change and other factors. We need to redouble efforts to ensure not just their current and future food security but the rest of the world’s as well.” 

Campbell highlighted Rio+20 as a prime example of this trend. "The final text for Rio+20 recognized the connections between sustainable agriculture, smallholder farmers and food security, but lacked concrete commitments or a plan of action. We urge national leaders to embrace these challenges and safeguard global food security by helping farmers face a changing climate." 

Strength in numbers 

A publication released earlier this year by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) entitled Good Practices in Building Innovative Rural Institutions to Increase Food Security, [ http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2258e/i2258e00.pdf ] used 35 case studies to show how institutions such as farmer cooperatives had innovated in groups to benefit poor farmers who lack the services and support to innovate. 

"For instance, input shops in Niger have enabled small producers to develop effective local input markets by grouping input demand and supplying them in quantities and types that are adapted specifically to their needs and limited financial capacities," said the publication. 

Kenya’s African leafy vegetable farmers have in some cases organized themselves into groups to be able to enter into contractual arrangements with supermarkets and ensure food quantity, quality and timely delivery arrangements. 

jk/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96314/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Farmers-too-hungry-to-adapt</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006241045260453t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 September 2012 (IRIN) - Small farmers in the developing world who are going hungry for long periods of time - in some cases for up to half the year in Ethiopia&apos;s Borana region - are failing to find ways to adapt to an increasingly erratic climate, a new survey has found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Burundians lose refugee status, may face deportation</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg" />]]>KASULU 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - After years of resisting voluntary repatriation efforts, tens of thousands of Burundians in Tanzania now face a deadline to leave by the end of 2012, following a decision to put a formal end to their refugee status.</description><body><![CDATA[KASULU 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - After years of resisting voluntary repatriation efforts, tens of thousands of Burundians in Tanzania now face a deadline to leave by the end of 2012, following a decision to put a formal end to their refugee status.

Some 38,000 Burundians live in the Mtabila refugee camp in the Kigoma Region. It is the last remaining of a half-dozen such sites for Burundians who have fled civil conflicts since the early 1970s. At the height of the latest such conflict, in 2002, there were over half a million Burundian refugees in Tanzania. 

In recent interviews, Mtabila residents described the atmosphere in the camp as tense and uncertain. Members of the Tanzanian National Service, which plans to take over the camp, have already moved in to parts of the facility, adding to the already fraught environment.

“I don’t know what will happen or where I will go because we do not want to go back to Burundi,” said Charles Ndacayisaba, 23. “Every weekend now some people are sneaking out and boarding buses to go other countries, usually Mozambique.”

Mtabila’s residents have seen several departure deadlines come and go. But the new order that they leave by 31 December follows a 1 August announcement that, on the basis of screening interviews conducted with the participation of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), only 2,715 of them were still entitled to refugee status. An appeals process is ongoing for some of the refugees.

This announcement formalized a ruling earlier this year that most of the refugees were no longer in need of international protection. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94945/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-Refugees-face-mounting-pressure-to-go-home ]

A few weeks before the refugee status was officially revoked, commerce in Mtabila was prohibited, and markets and shops there destroyed. Recent months have also seen an increased presence of police and military personnel, further restricting movement in and out of the camp.

Possible deportation

Pressure on the refugees has also come from unrelated developments. A shortfall in donations forced the World Food Programme to halve its rations in June and July. (Full rations were restored in mid-August).

Around 160,000 of the refugees who poured in from Burundi in 1973 have been naturalized. Many thousands were voluntarily repatriated in the wake of a 2006 peace agreement in Burundi. 

More recently, however, despite a reintegration assistance packages offered by UNHCR - a cash grant, 6 months of food rations, as well as health, education and shelter support - only a few hundred Burundians returned from Tanzania in 2011, and the number of returnees dwindled even further in 2012.

Those remaining in Mtabila after a grace period expires at the end of the year will be subject to Tanzania’s immigration laws and procedures, which could entail deportation.

This has prompted alarm among advocacy groups such as the International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) and Rema Ministries.

“Although the Government of Tanzania can lawfully withdraw refugee status, it is absolutely critical that the process of withdrawal and return, which is already underway, is conducted according to the basic requirements of Tanzanian administrative law and human rights,” the two organizations said in a detailed “urgent briefing” released on 10 August. [ http://www.refugee-rights.org/Assets/PDFs/2012/Mtabila%20FINAL.pdf ]

“It is also critical that Burundi is supported and appropriately prepared to safely receive returning citizens in dignity. Premature or forced return will not only create significant additional suffering for this group of Burundians and their host communities (whether in Tanzania or in Burundi) but will also deepen the security challenges with which the states and international actors involved in the operation will have to grapple,” the briefing added.

Misinformation and rumour

The briefing noted that the screening exercise was conceived to ensure due legal process. But the interviews and subsequent announcement of results - on lists posted on public notice boards – led to misunderstandings and grievances among some refugees.  

For example, refugees were told they would receive a letter explaining their status. Months after the lists were posted, none have received such letters.

According to the briefing, some refugees found the appeals process confusing, while many mistakenly believed that UNHCR was not involved either in drawing up the lists or in the appeals. 

Further misinformation and rumour have been rife. Preachers at several churches have been arrested after they were accused of encouraging refugees to stay.

According to IRRI and Rema Ministries, “The regime now being imposed on Mtabila is intended to create conditions in which life becomes unbearable and refugees are forced out.”

Some, like Devotte Bizimana, decided the time had come to return. When she arrived in Tanzania in 1996, she was placed in Mtabila with her family, which today includes her parents, seven siblings, and a one-year-old daughter of her own. Bizimana returned to Burundi in mid-August through the voluntary repatriation program.

“I’m going back ahead of my family so I may get a foothold, and they may follow,” said the 23-year-old as she prepared to depart. Her daughter went with her.

Fears and doubts

Refugees’ reluctance to return to Burundi is driven both by fears of persistent insecurity [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93777/BURUNDI-An-escalation-not-an-anomaly ] there and by doubts over their country’s capacity to absorb them, despite the massive investments by the government and donors to do just that.

Samuél Nshimirimana, 22, fled Burundi in 1996 with his parents. His family, which has grown to 10 members, has nothing to return to.

“My uncle repatriated. When he visited our village, he found that our plot had been sold to someone else. The neighbours sold it because they thought we weren’t coming back,” he told IRIN.

In a separate May report, Rema Ministries noted that while Burundi’s reintegration programme was widely regarded as one of the most successful in Africa, “this narrative may have blinded some actors to the difficulties still faced by many returnees”. [ http://www.drc.dk/fileadmin/uploads/pdf/IA_PDF/Great_Lakes_PDF/20120508%20Rethinking%20Reintegration%20in%20Burundi_Eng_01.pdf ]

Aside from access to land (which 70 percent of survey respondents said was a serious problem), the report said these hurdles included: difficulty finding work; food insecurity; poor access to healthcare; and children struggling to learn in Burundi’s French and Kirundi after growing up in an English-speaking country. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92023/BURUNDI-Helping-returnee-students-overcome-language-barrier ] 

“Many of the returnees state[d] flatly that the government ‘lied’ about the living conditions they could expect on return,” the report added.

Mindful that many in Mtabila might ignore the latest deadline, IRRI and Rema Ministries cautioned that any “deportation procedures must be orderly and respect procedural guarantees”, and noted that the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights prohibited the mass expulsion of non-nationals.

jl/am/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96215/TANZANIA-Burundians-lose-refugee-status-may-face-deportation</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KASULU 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - After years of resisting voluntary repatriation efforts, tens of thousands of Burundians in Tanzania now face a deadline to leave by the end of 2012, following a decision to put a formal end to their refugee status.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Popular herbal cure-all &quot;ineffective&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A widely used concoction administered by Tanzanian herbalist Ambilikile Mwasapile is ineffective, the country&apos;s health minister, Hussein Mwinyi, has said.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A widely used concoction administered by Tanzanian herbalist Ambilikile Mwasapile is ineffective, the country's health minister, Hussein Mwinyi, has said. 

Mwasapile, a former Lutheran pastor who claims God revealed the treatment [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/92360/TANZANIA-Authorities-urge-caution-on-popular-cure-all-herb ] to him in a dream, has drawn hundreds of thousands to his home in Samunge village, Loliondo, in northern Tanzania's Ngorongoro district, over the past 18 months. 

Believers claim it can cure a variety of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV. At the peak of his popularity, he was seeing up to 2,000 patients per day, each paying 500 Tanzanian shillings (about US$0.32) for one cup of the liquid. 

Mwinyi told parliament in Dodoma, the administrative capital, on 31 July that studies conducted over the past year found no discernible difference between people who used it and those who did not. 

"This led us to the conclusion that the herb is not potent and effective at all. There was no change in CD4 count [a measure of immune strength], weight and general health after the herb was administered to the patients," he said. 

In March 2011, a team of experts drawn from the offices of the Chief Government Chemist, the Tanzania Drugs and Food Authority, the National Institute for Medical Research and the Muhimbili National Hospital, endorsed the herb as safe for human consumption. However, the health ministry cautioned people visiting Mwasapile to continue with all other treatments prescribed for them by doctors. 

Despite the warnings, many HIV-positive people abandoned their life-prolonging antiretroviral treatment after taking Mwasapile's herbs. 

Residents in Arusha region, where Samunge is located, say Mwasapile's popularity has waned, with few people seeking his treatment in recent weeks. 

Too late 

HIV activists welcomed the minister's comments, but say they came too late. Joseph Kato, executive Director of the Service, Health and Development Organization for People Living Positively with HIV (SHDEPHA-Plus), said in the past six months members of his organization had travelled around in five Tanzanian regions where "hundreds of deaths" had occurred because people stopped taking their ARVs after visiting the herbalist. 

"Many people have lost their lives after taking the cup at Samunge. It was useless," said Kato. "There are people who were on first-line ARVs, but after taking the cup and briefly abandoning ARVs, ended up moving to second-line [medication]," he told IRIN/PlusNews. 

Failure to adhere to ARVs can lead to resistance, forcing health workers to switch patients to more expensive second- and third-line drugs. 

Rodgers Nzota, a founder member of Tanzania's Network of Youth Living with HIV/AIDS, says the Mwasapile saga should be a warning to the government of the need for more public awareness about HIV/AIDS. 

"People sold their property and others borrowed heavily to obtain fare or hired vehicles and travelled to Samunge village braving bad weather including rain. They are now poor or heavily indebted, but still sick. Some are now dead," Nzota said. 

"The government should have stated that there is no proof yet on the potency on the herb against diseases claimed, and advised the public accordingly. It is now too late. People have died and we still don't know the side-effects, if any, on those who took the cup." 

jk/kr/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96013/TANZANIA-Popular-herbal-cure-all-quot-ineffective-quot</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A widely used concoction administered by Tanzanian herbalist Ambilikile Mwasapile is ineffective, the country&apos;s health minister, Hussein Mwinyi, has said.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UGANDA: Scientists still in the dark about nodding syndrome</title><pubDate>Thu, 02 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200908060810430092t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A four-day international scientific meeting in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, highlighted the many unknowns of so-called &quot;nodding disease&quot; or &quot;nodding syndrome&quot;, which has affected more than 3,000 people in the north of the country, with patients suffering from involuntary nodding, neurological deterioration and, in many cases, death.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A four-day international scientific meeting in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, highlighted the many unknowns of so-called "nodding disease" or "nodding syndrome", which has affected more than 3,000 people in the north of the country, with patients suffering from involuntary nodding, neurological deterioration and, in many cases, death. 

Nodding syndrome was detected in the 1960s in parts of Tanzania. It also appeared in what is now South Sudan in the 1990s, but the syndrome began attracting international attention in 2011 as hundreds of cases were reported in northern Uganda, a region emerging from a decades-long conflict with the Lord’s Resistance Army. 

Uganda's Ministry of Health introduced a national plan at the beginning of 2012 to treat the symptoms of the syndrome in three affected districts - Kitgum, Lamwo and Pader - including distributing anti-epileptic medication and nutritional supplements. Nodding syndrome patients generally suffer from malnutrition because food - along with cold weather - are frequent triggers of the nodding. Since the plan was announced, the syndrome has been detected in three additional northern districts - Gulu, Amuru and Oyam. 

The international meeting, which ended on 1 August, was the first to bring together various actors, including the UN World Health Organization, the US Centres for Disease Control, the UK's Department for International Development and health officials from Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. 

While much remains unknown, the participants did settle on an official name - nodding syndrome - and a case definition that will help field workers in all three countries determine the extent of its spread. People with nodding syndrome (almost exclusively children under 18) exhibit at least two incidents of involuntary nodding every 5-20 minutes. They also exhibit neurological abnormalities, nodding triggered by food or cold weather, physical wasting, delayed sexual or physical development and psychiatric symptoms. 

Cause unknown 

That is where the definite answers stopped, though. Jane Ruth Aceng, director-general of health services at Uganda's Ministry of Health acknowledged: "We do not know the cause." 

Participants were not certain if the syndrome was neurological or psychiatric, since many of the patients are living in post-conflict settings. There is also little historical information or even confirmation of all of the places where it is present. Some participants suggested the syndrome could also be in Kenya, Liberia and Cameroon. 

Participants were able to settle on areas of potential research to identify the cause. 

In Uganda, attention has focused on the relationship between the syndrome and onchocerciasis (river blindness), a parasitic disease transmitted by black flies. All of the reported cases so far have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa's onchocerciasis belt. But researchers also called for investigations to determine if there was a possible relationship between the syndrome and two parasitic roundworms - mansonella streptocerca and mansonella perstans. 

Initial research also indicates that Vitamin B6 deficiency, early malnutrition, fungal contamination of food and other environmental toxins could also be possible causes. 

They ruled out two possible theories - exposure to munitions and the food from internally displaced camps - that have gained popular attention in Uganda. Because the disease is almost exclusively appearing in areas that were ravaged by the LRA, the affected populations have been quick to make a link between the conflict and the syndrome. 

Through laboratory and epidemiological tests "we find that there is really no difference between the children who have been exposed and have gone on to develop nodding syndrome and those who have not," said James Sevjar, a neuroepidemiologist with CDC. 

With a renewed, unified agenda, the international community is now looking for funding to set up studies and a systematic surveillance system across all of the affected countries. In the absence of more knowledge, they also called for more funding to determine the best way to treat the syndrome's symptoms so that patients could attempt to resume normal activities. 

ag/kr/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96015/UGANDA-Scientists-still-in-the-dark-about-nodding-syndrome</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200908060810430092t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 August 2012 (IRIN) - A four-day international scientific meeting in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, highlighted the many unknowns of so-called &quot;nodding disease&quot; or &quot;nodding syndrome&quot;, which has affected more than 3,000 people in the north of the country, with patients suffering from involuntary nodding, neurological deterioration and, in many cases, death.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIGRATION: Human smugglers profit as tragedies multiply</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141156270234t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 11 July 2012 (IRIN) - When Abdo Giro*, a 55-year-old evangelist minister and political dissident from southern Ethiopia, paid smugglers 55,000 birr (US$3,095) to take him from the Kenyan border town of Moyale to Johannesburg in South Africa, he was completely unprepared for the ordeal that lay ahead.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 11 July 2012 (IRIN) - When Abdo Giro*, a 55-year-old evangelist minister and political dissident from southern Ethiopia, paid smugglers 55,000 birr (US$3,095) to take him from the Kenyan border town of Moyale to Johannesburg in South Africa, he was completely unprepared for the ordeal that lay ahead.

“It was totally different from what they promised me,” he told IRIN, speaking through a translator. 

Instead of the promised “nice car”, he was lucky to end up in a packed mini-bus for the first leg of the journey through Kenya and Tanzania. The other half of his group of 76 fellow Ethiopians were hidden in a load of wood in the back of a pick-up truck. The two vehicles took rough back roads and travelled mainly at night to avoid detection. When they encountered police, a bribe was paid and they were allowed to continue.

Before they reached the border with Malawi, Giro’s smugglers unloaded the migrants in an area of bush and left them there for five days without food or water while they checked the route ahead. 

“We shared the little water we had and ate leaves,” recalled Giro. “Many of us got sick from the heat and malaria; four people died while we were there.”

While Giro was hiding in the bush, another group of Ethiopian migrants using a different smuggler were attempting to cross Lake Malawi. When their overloaded boat capsized, 47 of the migrants drowned. 

A week later, while Giro was struggling to breathe in the back of a packed truck travelling through Mozambique, 42 Ethiopian migrants suffocated to death in another truck travelling through central Tanzania. The driver dumped the dead bodies on the side of the road along with 85 survivors and drove on.

There were no deaths in the vehicle that Giro was travelling in, but 16 of his group who were travelling in the vehicle loaded with wood died during the journey.

“I sometimes don’t sleep thinking about [them],” he said. “There should be more laws to punish such inhumane individuals.”

Hidden trade

The scale of the two tragedies in Malawi and Tanzania has thrown a spotlight on the thriving and largely hidden human smuggling trade between the Horn of Africa and South Africa, but they are unlikely to act as a deterrent for Ethiopians and Somalis wanting to escape conflict, political oppression, drought and endemic poverty, who view South Africa as a land of relative prosperity and freedom. 

“For most Africans, South Africa is like the closest thing to Europe or America and it’s easier to get to,” explained a member of the Ethiopian Diaspora Development Association in Johannesburg who declined to be named. “Many of them already have relatives here.”

Smugglers are capitalizing on the demand for their services and the relative impunity with which they operate by making increasing financial demands on desperate migrants while showing little regard for their safety. 

During the last leg of the journey, Giro’s smugglers demanded an additional US$2,400, citing the costs of bribes and food, despite having fed their charges nothing but stale bread and water. The migrants were instructed to call their friends and relatives in South Africa and tell them to have the money ready. After arriving in Johannesburg Giro was kept at a house in the suburb of Mayfair for another two days while his four cousins, who work as informal traders, scraped together the cash to secure his release.

“It will be very tough to pay them pack,” sighed Giro who owes his relatives another R2,000 ($244) for the bribe they paid a Home Affairs Department official to secure him a one-month asylum seekers permit that is now about to expire.

Border officials get tough

South Africa has taken steps in the past year to reduce the numbers of asylum seekers flocking to the country. Border officials now routinely turn away would-be asylum seekers who have transited through other countries based on the principle that they should have sought asylum in the first safe country they reached. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93403/AFRICA-Horn-migrants-heading-south-pushed-backwards ] 

Christopher Horwood, coordinator of the Nairobi-based Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat, argues that such measures do little to curb the activities of smugglers, but increase the risks for their clients.

“When borders and policies become more restrictive the unpleasant truth is that migration doesn’t stop, it merely adapts. [It] makes smugglers more desperate to evade police and thereby take further risks with the men and women in their boats, in their containers and misnamed `safe-houses’," he said.

Last year, police in northern Mozambique responded to the large numbers of Ethiopian and Somali migrants arriving on smugglers' boats from Mombasa by intercepting the migrants and dumping them on the border with Tanzania [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93759/MOZAMBIQUE-TANZANIA-Horn-migrants-beaten-deported-imprisoned ] where they spent several months in jail before being repatriated.

Smuggler networks appear to have responded by simply changing their routes. Following the drownings in Lake Malawi in mid-June, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) released a statement noting that the numbers of migrants and asylum seekers arriving in Mozambique has decreased since last year while UNHCR's country representative in Malawi, Caroline van Buren, told IRIN that there has been a notable increase in Horn migrants transiting through Malawi in the last three months. Groups of migrants are usually intercepted near the border with Tanzania in Karonga District and detained by police until UNHCR can send a team to determine those eligible for asylum who can be transferred to Dzaleka refugee camp. [ http://newsite.irinnews.org/Report/95597/AFRICA-Donor-fatigue-forces-WFP-to-cut-refugee-rations ] 

"Our budget has been depleted in the first few months of the year because there are so many of these groups that have to be screened," said van Buren. "If these are genuine asylum seekers they’d be allowed in [at the border], but because there are smugglers involved they take a route across the lake or through the bush."

A “low risk” business

Three Malawians are facing charges of manslaughter in connection with the migrants who drowned in Lake Malawi, but convictions for smuggling are rare, according to Horwood. Countries like Tanzania still lack specific laws criminalizing human smuggling, while local law enforcement authorities are often complicit in accepting bribes from smugglers in return for turning a blind eye or even facilitating their activities.

"The business of smuggling and trafficking is one of high rewards and very low risks," Horwood told IRIN. "The prosecution and conviction rates related to aggravated smuggling and trafficking are dismal in Africa."

More often than not, he added, it is the migrants themselves who face rough treatment and imprisonment when intercepted by authorities. According to the International Organization for Migration, about 1,300 irregular migrants, most of them from Ethiopia and Somalia, were being detained in Tanzania as of March this year while a Kenyan newspaper recently reported that 190 Ethiopian nationals were doing jail time in Isiolo, a town in Kenya's Eastern Province that is a stop off on the smuggling route from Moyale. 

Faced with the debt he owes to his cousins and unsure how he will afford the necessary bribes to renew his asylum seeker permit, let alone secure refugee status, Giro said he now regrets taking so many risks to come to South Africa.

“I’m trying to warn others in Ethiopia not to come, not to believe the smugglers,” he said.

*Not his real name

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95845/MIGRATION-Human-smugglers-profit-as-tragedies-multiply</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141156270234t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 11 July 2012 (IRIN) - When Abdo Giro*, a 55-year-old evangelist minister and political dissident from southern Ethiopia, paid smugglers 55,000 birr (US$3,095) to take him from the Kenyan border town of Moyale to Johannesburg in South Africa, he was completely unprepared for the ordeal that lay ahead.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Cassava key to food security, say scientists</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206201204150605t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 20 June 2012 (IRIN) - An alliance of scientists has been formed to help promote cassava, which has emerged as a &quot;survivor&quot; crop able to thrive in the expected higher temperatures engendered by climate change, a scientific conference in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, heard.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 20 June 2012 (IRIN) - An alliance of scientists has been formed to help promote cassava, which has emerged as a "survivor" crop able to thrive in the expected higher temperatures engendered by climate change, a scientific conference in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, heard.

Some 300 scientists attending the second International Scientific Conference of the Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century (GCP-21-II) announced the alliance, named the Global Cassava Modelling Consortium, which will offer a platform to world cassava researchers to share research information, better understand the physiology of the plant, and explore avenues for protecting it from attacks now that it has even greater importance for the food security of many regions in the world.

The new consortium will initially establish a loose network of scientists sharing and analysing current cassava research and historical research data. As it grows, the network will include the sharing of experiences with cassava farmers across the Tropics, with farms being treated as experimental stations in their own right.

Andy Jarvis, a climate change scientist at the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and CGIAR’s [ http://www.cgiar.org/who-we-are/ ] Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Research Programme, told the conference that a study [ http://www.springerlink.com/content/n36675226277455j ] published in February in the journal Tropical Plant Biology revealed that temperatures in East and West Africa - two major cassava growing regions - are expected to rise by around 1.8 degrees Celsius by 2030, but that the cassava plant will thrive.

"While this [rising temperature] poses problems for the suitability of food staples like bean, banana and sorghum, cassava suitability is likely to be the exception to the rule... Research shows that it will brush off the higher temperatures," he said. "Its potential is tremendously exciting. But now we have to act promptly on the research, as more pests and diseases are manifesting themselves because of climate change."

Cassava is the second most important source of carbohydrates in sub-Saharan African, after maize, and is eaten by around 500 million people every day, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Globally, 280 million tons are produced every year, with half the supply coming from Africa; Uganda produces 5.4 million tons of cassava every year. It is also grown by millions of smallholder farmers in Southeast Asia and Latin America.

Achilles heel

Despite its robust survival in the face of climate change, it has an Achilles heel; it is susceptible to diseases related to global warming like mealy bug, cassava brown-streak disease and cassava mosaic disease.

The cassava study described cassava as "the Rambo root" for its resilience, with authors reporting that the tuber becomes even more productive in hotter temperatures and outperformed potatoes, maize, beans, bananas, millet and sorghum - some of Africa's main food crops - in tests using a combination of 24 climate prediction and crop suitability models.

The study found that in East Africa cassava could see a 10 percent increase in production if temperatures rise as predicted. In West Africa cassava will hold its own, doing better than potatoes, beans and bananas. Cassava, along with banana and maize, will see a 5 percent increase in suitability in Southern Africa, with only Central Africa registering a I percent decrease in cassava suitability - significantly better than the substantial declines expected in potato and bean, according to Jarvis.  

Vitamin-rich varieties

Scientists at the Kampala meeting are also focusing on aspects of cassava breeding - conventional, genetic engineering, the biology of the cassava crop, pests and disease, and nutrition enhancement by moving away from the usual white cassava which is Vitamin A-deficient, a problem in many developing countries. In Uganda for example, Vitamin A and iron deficiencies are major health problems with 32 percent of children under 60 months, and 31 percent of child-bearing mothers, deficient in the vitamin.

"We are planning to introduce nutritious yellow cassava varieties that are rich in Vitamin A and protein," Robert Kawuki, a cassava breeder at a government agro-laboratory facility told IRIN.

Uganda's Minister of State for Agriculture Zerubabel Mijumbi Nyiira told IRIN at the conference venue that the findings would prove useful to farmers in sub-Sahara Africa. "The crop can work as social and economic transformer," he said.

"Cassava used to be a poor person's crop, but now it has the potential of becoming the main food of millions of people while its commercial potential is unimaginable. It is not only for food but it can also be used for industrial starch and used in more than 300 industrial products.

"The world is moving away from using fossil fuel, and therefore fermented cassava starch can produce ethanol used in bio-fuel. But more importantly, its survival in circumstances of this nature makes it one of the most important crops that can make Africa food secure."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95694/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Cassava-key-to-food-security-say-scientists</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206201204150605t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 20 June 2012 (IRIN) - An alliance of scientists has been formed to help promote cassava, which has emerged as a &quot;survivor&quot; crop able to thrive in the expected higher temperatures engendered by climate change, a scientific conference in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, heard.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Donor fatigue forces WFP to cut refugee rations</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.

The cuts have already affected 16,000 refugees in Malawi’s Dzaleka camp who have been on half rations since March, while a further 120,000 refugees in Uganda began receiving half rations of cereals in May. 

According to WFP, another 100,000 refugees in Tanzania saw their maize rations cut by 50 percent starting from last week, and rations for some 54,000 refugees living in Rwanda are expected to be cut in August unless donors come forward with more funding.

“Even the full ration wasn’t enough,” said Sanky Kabeya, a 24-year-old resident of Dzaleka who spoke to IRIN at the end of March. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95259/EDUCATION-Online-learning-inspires-refugees ] “I haven’t taken breakfast this morning and many are in the same situation.”

Gustave Lwaba, another resident of the camp, said the usual monthly ration of 13kg of maize had gone down to 7kg, while rations of cooking oil, pigeon peas, sugar and salt had also been cut by half. "There are people in the camp who rely on relatives who've been resettled," he said. "The rest really starve because the rations can't last a month."

Michelle Carter, country director for the Jesuit Refugee Service in Malawi, which runs a number of educational and other programmes in the camp, said the cuts were “clearly leading to a fair amount of hunger… I know children are coming to school hungry,” she told IRIN. 

“The food is only lasting two weeks and if they’re on their own it’s much worse because they can’t combine rations.”

Noting that only a very small percentage of the refugees had any source of income, she said single mothers, unaccompanied minors and the elderly and disabled had been particularly hard hit by the reduced rations.

A protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Malawi, Gavin Lim, said his agency planned to carry out an assessment in the coming months to determine the full impact of the ration cuts but that reports of more women in the camp turning to survival sex were already coming in.

Difficult to become self-reliant

Most countries in southern and eastern Africa have an encampment policy for refugees which restricts their freedom of movement and reduces their chances of becoming self-reliant. Some earn a small income running informal businesses outside the camps but competition with often equally impoverished locals is fierce and has led to outbreaks of violence. 

In May, a number of refugees who were selling goods at a small trading centre outside Dzaleka were assaulted by local traders who accused them of undermining their businesses. According to Carter, the Malawian government plans to withdraw trading licenses for refugees from July.

Many of Dzaleka's residents have lived in the camp for over a decade. Indeed, an increasing proportion of refugees today live in what UNHCR describes as "protracted" exile (in 2011, more than seven million refugees had lived outside their country for more than five years). Donors are increasingly reluctant to shoulder the burden of feeding these long-term refugees.

Commenting on the funding shortfall, WFP spokesperson for east and southern Africa David Orr said: "There is inevitably some donor fatigue regarding longstanding or protracted refugee loads; these funding issues affect more than just food."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95597/AFRICA-Donor-fatigue-forces-WFP-to-cut-refugee-rations</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>REFUGEES: Moving out of the shadows</title><pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists. 

“There are robbers who take advantage of the dark to rob people of their phones,” said Ifo Camp resident and freelance journalist Moulid Hujale. “Even when there’s a full moon, there’s less crime.”

For many households who cannot afford candles or kerosene lamps, let alone a generator, the only source of light is that produced by cooking fires. But firewood is an increasingly scarce and contentious commodity in an arid region where an ever growing refugee population has been competing with locals for dwindling natural resources since the first camp was established there in 1991.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) trucks in firewood at a cost of US$600,000 a month, but only enough to meet about 30 percent of each household’s monthly needs, forcing refugee women to walk up to 10km outside the camps to gather wood for cooking. These excursions expose them to the risk of violent attacks from resentful locals and even other refugees. 

“The incidents of gender-based violence against them are quite common,” said Njuki Venanzio, an associate environment officer with UNHCR based at Dadaab. “Our protection colleagues document about three cases per week.”

Even inside the camps, levels of sexual and gender-based violence have increased significantly in the past 18 months as the camp’s population has swelled and poor lighting has made new arrivals living on the outskirts of the camp particularly vulnerable. [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/93682/KENYA-SOMALIA-Refugees-at-risk-of-sexual-violence ] 

Although the scale of Dadaab’s camps have magnified its security and environmental problems, refugee camps all over Africa face similar challenges. Seventy-two percent have no electricity (while only 30 percent of sub-Saharan Africa's general population has electricity) and many are located in fragile environments where wood is in short supply or completely unavailable. 

The area around Dzaleka Camp in Malawi is so heavily deforested that refugees often resort to selling a portion of their monthly food rations to buy firewood or charcoal, while women living in Touloum Camp in Chad say they spend four days a week searching for firewood. 

Eco-friendly technologies

A UNHCR initiative to bring solar-powered lights and fuel-efficient stoves to 920,000 refugees in Africa over the next three years could address many of the security, environmental and education challenges faced by refugees if donors can be persuaded to come up with the necessary $15 million in funding. 

The Light Years Ahead Initiative [ http://www.unhcr.org/4c99fa9e6.pdf ] has already been piloted in seven African countries with good results, according to Amare Egziabher, a senior environmental coordinator with UNHCR in Geneva. 

“We’ve had very positive feedback from the field,” he told IRIN. “Many believe it lowers the incidence of crime, and also gender-based violence for women and girls.” 

The initiative also has the potential to lower drop-out rates at camp schools. Children who lack light to do their homework in the evenings tend to fall behind with their studies, while girls often miss classes while helping their mothers collect firewood.

At Dadaab, the pilot phase of the project has already brought solar-powered lanterns to 140 schoolchildren preparing for exams and street lights to several areas of Hagadera Camp identified by residents as particularly unsafe at night. 

“It has had a major impact on security in those few areas,” said Venanzio. “But we’re talking about a camp with over 120,000 refugees so the coverage has been small.”

Each solar lantern costs $39 while a solar street light that can make a neighbourhood safer for up to 300 refugees costs $1,200. 

“So far we’ve had some promises of funding but nothing concrete yet,” said Venanzio.

Saving fuel, saving the environment

The fuel-efficient stove favoured by UNHCR is called Save80 because it uses up to 80 percent less wood than cooking over a traditional stove, but several NGOs and agencies working at Dadaab are distributing different types of energy-saving stoves. They have so far managed to reach about 48 percent of the refugee population, but as kerosene has been deemed too expensive and ethanol in too short supply, all of the stoves distributed still use firewood.

“We need something more sustainable,” conceded Venanzio. “There is a lot of environmental degradation within a 10km radius of the camps and the Kenyan government is insisting that we look for a viable alternative [to wood] soon.”

Increasing local production of ethanol from sugarcane is one option. Another is finding entrepreneurs willing to produce sufficient quantities of fuel briquettes from agricultural by-products like coffee or risk husks. 

In the meantime, UNHCR’s environmental management programme is distributing free saplings to refugee and host communities in an effort to reforest the area. “But the environment here is very dry so the survival of the trees is a bit challenging,” said Venanzio. 

Awareness-raising campaigns aimed at teaching refugees how to use firewood more economically, recycle garbage and grow vegetables using waste water are also aimed at mitigating the camps’ impact on the local environment but Venanzio said the programme struggled with insufficient funding. “Environmental programmes get a very small budget compared to other sectors that are considered life-saving like water, food, health,” he explained.

Private donors including churches and corporations gave $1.4 million towards the Light Years Ahead Initiative in 2011, but “we still have a long way to go,” admitted Egziabher. “The demand is so high.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95558/REFUGEES-Moving-out-of-the-shadows</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

jk/oa/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95459/FOOD-Power-to-the-people</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EAST AFRICA: Regional HIV Bill passed without criminalization clause</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070910t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa&apos;s Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa's Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV. 

Activists have welcomed the passing of the Bill, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88635/EAST-AFRICA-One-region-one-HIV-law ] which, unlike some of the laws in the region's individual member states, does not criminalize the deliberate transmission of HIV. 

"Criminalization impedes rather than promotes the fight against HIV, because it violates the rights of people living with HIV on many fronts," Nelson Otuoma, the coordinator of the Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya (NEPHAK), told IRIN/PlusNews. 

Member countries whose HIV legislation has criminalization clauses will be pressed to amend the laws to reflect the spirit of the regional Bill. Three of the East Africa Community's five member states - Burundi, Kenya and Tanzania - have passed HIV laws with clauses that criminalize wilful transmission, while Rwanda and Uganda have not yet passed legislation. 

"This [regional] Bill has a human rights approach to HIV as a major component, and criminalization was never its intention. We expect countries to use this Bill as a template for their legislation and we will lobby towards that end,” said Joyce Abalo, a programme officer at the East Africa National Networks of AIDS Service Organizations (EANNASO). 

"This Bill is an important first step towards strengthening HIV response in the region, because HIV issues must also be at the core of regional cooperation, which countries are quickly embracing," Abalo said. The proposed legislation also outlaws discrimination, guarantees rights to privacy and ensures the provision of health care, regardless of HIV status. 

NEPHAK's Otuoma said the Bill would improve access to HIV services in the regional bloc. "You can't move freely to another country if you are not sure you will get your [HIV] treatment there. Now, should this bill become law, one knows that even he is Kenyan, he can get his treatment in Uganda." 

The East Africa Community HIV and AIDS Prevention and Management Bill (2012) was passed by the East Africa Legislative Assembly on 23 April at its fifth session, held in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi. The heads of state of the member countries are expected to assent to it before it becomes law. 

ko/kr/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95371/EAST-AFRICA-Regional-HIV-Bill-passed-without-criminalization-clause</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070910t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa&apos;s Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: New pharmaceutical plant to produce ARVs</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200412109t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Commercial production of Tanzania&apos;s first locally manufactured antiretroviral drugs will start in the next few months; it is hoped the country will eventually provide medicines for half of all HIV-positive Tanzanians.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Commercial production of Tanzania's first locally manufactured anti-retroviral drugs will start in the next few months; it is hoped the country will eventually provide medicines for half of all HIV-positive Tanzanians.

A pharmaceutical plant has been built near the northern city of Arusha using a grant from the European Union of about US$6.6 million. In addition, Tanzania Pharmaceuticals Industry - in which the government has a 40 percent stake - has contributed $963,000 to the project, while German medical aid Action Medeor added $660,000.

"Anti-retroviral treatment is one of the pillars for successfully fighting the HIV pandemic. This factory will help to continuously supply the disadvantaged in Tanzania and is an important step towards improving access to therapy," said Bernd Pastors, executive director of Action Medeor.

Tanzania has a national HIV prevalence of about 5 percent, but HIV levels are as high as 15 percent in southern areas of Iringa and Mbeya. According to the government's 2010 country progress report for the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS, just 21.5 percent of HIV-positive Tanzanians had access to treatment.

Before the new factory was built, Tanzanian producers formulated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into ARVs; this means they imported the ingredients - mainly from China - and then formulated the combination and packaged the tablets. Now the whole process can be done on-site.

"This project is a departure for us, looking instead at building the capacity within Tanzania to produce its own [HIV/]AIDS pharmaceutical products at highly competitive prices, using cutting-edge technologies," said the EU's head of delegation to Tanzania, Ambassador Tim Clarke.

Clarke said much of this technology had been imported from similar production units in India.

The factory produced its first batches of drugs for opportunistic infections at the beginning of March; its first ARV, Efavirenz - a first-line ARV - will be produced for registration within one month following a slight delay in starting production after equipment at the plant, including copper wires and blower fans, was stolen.

Co-operation with a generic licence-holder on a fixed-dose combination ARV is also being considered as this would shorten the registration period significantly, said Christoph Bonnsman, spokesman for Action Medeor.

Under the World Trade Organization's trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, poor countries like Tanzania are permitted to produce essential drugs without introducing pharmaceutical product patents until 2016.

The plant's current capacity is designed to serve a minimum of 100,000 patients with a reserve to triple the output if required - its minimum output is 100 million tablets a year.

"We cut down profit expectations to a necessary minimum to maintain the factory and thus our products will be among the cheapest ARVs available worldwide," said Ramadhan Madabida, chief executive of the Tanzania Pharmaceuticals Industry.

ah/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95023/TANZANIA-New-pharmaceutical-plant-to-produce-ARVs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200412109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 06 March 2012 (IRIN) - Commercial production of Tanzania&apos;s first locally manufactured antiretroviral drugs will start in the next few months; it is hoped the country will eventually provide medicines for half of all HIV-positive Tanzanians.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Land policy could help control sleeping sickness</title><pubDate>Mon, 27 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202271300350042t.jpg" />]]>ARUSHA 27 February 2012 (IRIN) - Tackling land-use conflicts around game parks must form part of the national strategy to stop the spread of sleeping sickness, warn doctors fighting the disease in Tanzania.</description><body><![CDATA[ARUSHA 27 February 2012 (IRIN) - Tackling land-use conflicts around game parks must form part of the national strategy to stop the spread of sleeping sickness, warn doctors fighting the disease in Tanzania.  

Tanzania’s booming tourism industry has been driven largely by its wildlife parks, which contribute almost US$1.8 billion a year to the economy. But the expansion of these areas, which now cover more than a third of the country, has major consequences for the rural population.  

A growing number of communities find their villages "squeezed" between wildlife areas, putting them at risk from tsetse flies that spread Trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness, a debilitating and often fatal disease.  

The impala, wildebeest, buffalo, giraffe, zebra and rhino in the parks are seen as excellent reservoirs for the disease, which is most prevalent from Kigoma at Lake Tanganyika to Arusha in the northern part of the country.  

Imna Malele, researcher at the Tsetse & Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (TTRI) in Tanga, wants planning to form part of the national strategy to tackle the disease. “Proper plans on land use could help in sleeping sickness control. I would suggest that parks be surrounded by buffer zones, and wildlife management areas, and in these areas tsetse control should be stepped up [to stop the flies reaching the villages].”  

Sleeping sickness is endemic in Tanzania. In advanced stages, the disease attacks the central nervous system and people experience changes in personality, alteration of the biological clock - hence its name - and difficulty walking and talking. These problems can develop over many years and if not treated, result in death.  

Furaha Mramba, director of TTRI, said efforts to stamp out the disease faced numerous challenges in Tanzania - from scarce resources to the laborious process needed to develop traps and targets and poaching, which disturbs animal populations and transfers the fly larvae outside the parks.  

In addition, one of the biggest challenges is the increasing population, expected to grow by 2 percent in 2012, according to the World Bank, with more than 75 percent of the total 37 million living in rural areas.  

Mramba said: “All the huts are concentrated right along the borders of the parks, which is aggravating the problem. There are ‘hedge effects’ of people living head-to-toe with the border of national parks. Land use is a real problem.”  

Ignas Lejora, ecology manager at the Tanzania National Park Authority (TANAPA), said: “There’s no clear-cut solution – maybe the way forward is to plan [land use] in these infested areas.”  

Misdiagnosis  

Experts fear the scale of the problem in Tanzania may be far greater than previously thought, due to widespread misdiagnosis and its prevalence in the most rural parts of the country. Malaria and hepatitis are often diagnosed as the cause of severe illness, particularly in children, when in fact the cause may well be sleeping sickness.  

While the World Health Organization (WHO) says reported cases of sleeping sickness in Tanzania have dropped to fewer than 100 a year, Mramba said it was very difficult to say whether mortality rates had gone down or not. 

“It’s very deceptive. It’s a disease of ‘remote people’ who will often go to local healers for treatment; we don’t have hospitals in these areas. The symptoms look the same as HIV and malaria. We cannot say how many are dying in the endemic areas because we don’t have the data. We need to make sure that we are training numbers of medical people to go to these remote areas from the hospitals and give them microscopes [crucial for analyzing blood samples]. 

There is still a long way to go to address the problem.”  

Challenges  

One of the biggest challenges Tanzanian health authorities face is the sheer scale of the areas they need to cover. The Serengeti, for example, covers more than 15,000 sqkm. So, in addition to using Nze traps, which use blue targets treated with insecticide that attract flies, in principle it would be possible to cover large areas of land by spraying insecticides from aircraft.  

However, use of strong chemicals and the impact this might have on the local eco-system are major concerns. This method was used fairly effectively in both Namibia and Botswana. It was tested in some parts of Tanzania in areas of Babati near Lake Manyara in the northwest and Magugu, nearer to the central capital Dodoma.  

Malele said while aerial spray was possible in Tanzania it would depend on the authorities’ view and funding. 

She said: "Tsetse control, even by traps, is still an issue with TANAPA and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, as they believe tsetse are an important part of the ecology.”  

Another controversial control method is SIT, an insect birth control. The tsetse are mass bred in a specially designed fly factory. Male flies are then sterilized with low doses of gamma radiation and released over infested areas. When sterile males mate with wild females, no offspring are produced and the pest is steadily eliminated. SIT's potential was successfully demonstrated on Zanzibar where sleeping sickness has been totally eradicated.  

Any method designed to address the problem on a national scale needs considerable funding, but there is increasing optimism worldwide that the disease can be wiped out in the next eight years. At a meeting in London in January [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94788 ], Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General, announced a “road map” for dealing with 17 neglected diseases in a co-coordinated effort with 13 drug companies, the Gates Foundation, and others. Sleeping sickness is one of the 10 it believes can be eliminated or controlled by 2020.  

ah/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94967/TANZANIA-Land-policy-could-help-control-sleeping-sickness</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202271300350042t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARUSHA 27 February 2012 (IRIN) - Tackling land-use conflicts around game parks must form part of the national strategy to stop the spread of sleeping sickness, warn doctors fighting the disease in Tanzania.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI-TANZANIA: Refugees face mounting pressure to go home</title><pubDate>Fri, 24 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave. Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave.  

Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94346 ]  

After several postponed deadlines since 2009, Mtabila camp, in western Tanzania and home to almost 38,000 Burundians, is set to close at end-2012, with repatriations scheduled to take place between April and November, according to an agreement reached by both countries and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).  

Following a detailed questionnaire conducted by UNHCR and Tanzanian officials in December 2011, 33,708 refugees in Mtabila were found to be “not in need of international protection”.  

In the absence of a successful appeal against this unprecedented determination, those who “are unwilling, without justifiable grounds, to return to Burundi, will find themselves liable to be dealt with under relevant Tanzanian laws, including those for immigration control and management”, according to the communiqué released on 22 February after the tripartite meeting.  

Tanzania has hosted tens of thousands of refugees from Burundi over the past four decades, but is now “resolute” that the camp will close at the end of this year.  UNHCR Burundi representative Clementine Nkweta–Salami said after the meeting in Bujumbura that the reasons most Mtabila residents gave for not wanting to return to Burundi “were not based on the international [refugee] convention”.  

“That is why we are going to focus our efforts on persuading them to return in security and dignity. We do not want a situation where they are forced out but they must understand that refugee status is not indefinite and if they do not have well-founded reasons they must reflect and return home,” she said.  Burundi’s Minister of National Solidarity, Human Rights and Gender, Clotilde Niragira, said: “A person who fled in 1993 cannot refuse to return because of security. Even if there are still problems, the country is safe.”  

Information campaign  

Despite UNHCR’s offer of assistance and cash incentives, just a few hundred Burundian refugees returned from Tanzania in 2011.  In an effort to accelerate the process, government ministers are set to visit the camp in March as part of a “mass information campaign”.  

If they lose the right to stay as refugees in Tanzania, those in Mtabila will have little option but to return to Burundi. Tanzania has indicated it will not extend to them a naturalization process benefiting some 160,000 Burundians in the country as a result of the 1973 influx.  

Opportunities for resettlement elsewhere are limited to any places offered by third countries via UNHCR.  For many in Mtabila, fear of insecurity and the prospect of having no land [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91590 ] seem to be the main reasons for the reluctance to return.  

“If I repatriate I will be killed because the authorities that rule the country today think that whoever did not repatriate before is on the side of those who are in opposition, those who fight the government,” one female Mtabila resident told International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) during an investigation into conditions in the camp [ http://www.refugee-rights.org/Assets/PDFs/2011/ResistingRepatriation-FINAL2.pdf ].  

IRRI’s report said income-generating opportunities, education facilities, sanitation, water and freedom of movement had been significantly restricted in Mtabila.  

Theo Mbazumutima of Rema Ministries, a Christian NGO working with refugees, said of those in the camp: “They are still hoping this latest wasn’t the final [decision,] because in the past the authorities have not kept to their deadlines.  “Last time they didn’t take them back by force and they’re hoping these are just threats. I don’t think so. This is genuine,” he said.  

ah-jb-am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94945/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-Refugees-face-mounting-pressure-to-go-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave. Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good results in programme to boost TB detection</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg" />]]>ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</description><body><![CDATA[ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems. 

Tanzania has been battling TB for years, a struggle intensified by the parallel HIV epidemic; approximately 47 percent of new adult cases in the country are HIV-positive. Without proper treatment, about nine in 10 people living with HIV who become ill with active TB will die within two to three months, according to UNAIDS [ http://data.unaids.org/pub/PressRelease/2010/20100722_pr_tb_en.pdf ]. 

The programme, which ran from April to September 2011, systemized the way suspected TB cases were reported and handled. It encouraged healthcare professionals to work closely with community leaders to raise awareness of symptoms at every opportunity, such as at village meetings. It also used posters and slogans to make sure high-risk groups were aware of symptoms. This produced more patient referrals to health centres for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. 

Another crucial part of the TB pilot project was the creation of a "cough register" in each area, recording who was referred to a healthcare professional for further testing, by whom and the results of that referral. 

Management Science for Health collaborated with the NGO, PATH, and the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, with financial support from the US Agency for International Development, at 12 health facilities in northern Tanzania's Arusha and Meru district councils. A crucial tenet of the programme was emphasising that TB and HIV treatment must be done "hand in hand". 

Results 

"In both districts the standard operating procedure intervention has improved TB case notification in children and women," said Zahra Mkome, director, TB/HIV projects at PATH in Tanzania. "[It] improved team work, commitment, motivation of healthcare workers, awareness and involvement of communities in TB control activities." 

An evaluation comparing six months of TB case notification before and after the project showed a 54 percent increase in detection of TB in all forms in Meru, while in Arusha it increased by 117 percent. 

The standard operating procedure “rules” were used to provide clear and simple instructions to the health workers on how to improve TB case detection at different units and sections within health facilities, both outpatient and inpatient departments. Each area was provided with a plan and goals to implement their strategy, plus additional equipment to aid diagnosis such as paediatric score charts. Each area appointed a task force for TB treatment and these groups were encouraged to hold regular feedback meetings. 

Little data exists on the scale of the TB epidemic in Tanzania, and experts believe the records created by this system could prove a crucial tool in combating its spread and establishing where it is already most prevalent. 

One doctor based in a rural practice was particularly encouraged by the increased reporting of paediatric cases. He said some children suffering severe respiratory distress had been saved, "who in normal circumstances would have died". A number of the clinicians involved attributed an increase in notification of cases in the under-16 age group specifically to the wider use of paediatric diagnostic score charts. 

However, several challenges were flagged during the pilot: healthcare workers at Arusha's Selian Hospital said there was an urgent need to strengthen laboratory services to help confirm diagnoses; a lack of microscopes in labs and delays in issuing results were also highlighted. 

Challenges to scale-up 

Rolling out the rules on a national scale could also prove challenging as the majority of Tanzanians live in very rural areas and a poor road network means access to healthcare is limited. 

Mobile diagnosis and training centres that offer new methods of testing - for example, with the use of fluorescence microscopes [ http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001057 ] - could make diagnosis much faster and more accurate. 

"Patients in Tanzania often have to travel very long distances as most live in rural areas, which costs them money to travel every day and some are essentially too week to go on their own as a very large number are already suffering from the weakness that comes with HIV," said Alex Schulzer of the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, which runs patient-centred TB programmes with the government. 

A shortage of medical professionals could also hinder the expansion of the programme; Schulzer recommended the use of lower cadre health workers and the community itself to fill gaps. The Novartis programme gives patients the choice to either take the daily treatment at a health facility under the supervision of a medical professional, or at home, supported by a family or community member. In the case of home-based treatment, the patient and treatment supporter are required to visit the health facility once a week during the two-month intensive phase to refill prescriptions and see a medical professional. 

Schulzer said the programme had created a system that gave patients "the freedom not to have to walk miles to the clinic every day. 

"We also needed to relieve some of the healthcare providers who cannot cope with such large patient numbers on a daily basis," he added. 

ah/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94771/TANZANIA-Good-results-in-programme-to-boost-TB-detection</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>