<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Swaziland</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 11:30:47 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Circumcision plans go awry in Swaziland </title><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270744480110t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcising the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world&apos;s highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong? </description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcising the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world's highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong? 

“First they told me that circumcision will not really protect me against HIV. Then they tell me that I cannot have sex for some weeks or months after circumcision. I told them ‘fusaki’ [get out]!” Eric Dlamini, a 22-year-old law student, told IRIN. 

These views are at the heart of the failure of the Accelerated Saturation Initiative (ASI) to achieve more than a fraction of its targeted goal, the circumcision of 80 percent of Swazi males between ages 15 and 49 within a year. 

The programme, a partnership between the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the US-based Futures Group, was launched in 2010, and extended to 30 March 2012 when initial efforts showed a failure to achieve targeted results. But only about 20 percent - or 32,000 - of the targeted demographic were circumcised through the programme. 

US$15.5 million was spent on the programme, or $484 per circumcised male. 

“We do not believe [ASI] was a failure but an additional prevention measure that is contributing to the overall combination efforts to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the country,” US Embassy in Swaziland spokesperson Molly Sanchez Crowe told the local press. 

Imposed from outside?

Male circumcision has been scientifically proven to reduce a man's risk of contracting HIV through vaginal intercourse by as much as 60 percent. Follow-up studies have found that the effectiveness of male circumcision in HIV prevention is maintained for several years. 

Government health officials, like Minister of Health Benedict Xaba and Khanya Mabuza, the acting director of the National Emergency Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA), have noted that ASI taught the country important lessons and left behind several clinics and other health infrastructure. 

But a year after the programme ended, Swazi health officials are still trying to figure out what went wrong. Health workers, who spoke to IRIN on the condition of anonymity, pointed out that the programme was hastily implemented. They wondered why the short implementation time was not extended. Ending the programme, they fear, may suggest to international donors that the country is a hopeless cause. 

“We have been struggling with HIV for 20 years, and we see programmes come and go. Some are fads... and some are not well thought out. The Swaziland programme came from the outside. The health ministry was willing to go along because there was money there. But it was imposed,” said Thandi Mduli, an HIV testing officer in Manzini. 

Officials with health-oriented NGOs admitted to IRIN they are “terrified” of criticizing an initiative funded by the “mighty” US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and involving the global population control NGO Population Services International (PSI). 

The ASI programme was an attempt to duplicate in Swaziland the circumcision successes seen in Kenya and other countries, without apparently doing the pre-campaign ground work. Kenya has carried out an estimated 477,000 circumcisions since its programme started in 2008, according to the government. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96717/KENYA-Push-to-meet-2013-male-circumcision-targets ] 

In 2011, UNAIDS and PEPFAR launched a five-year plan to have more than 20 million men in 14 eastern and southern African countries undergo medical male circumcision by 2015. 

Reasons for failure 

“There were a lot of issues involving male circumcision that were not properly explained to Swazi men, so they rejected it and they talked to their friends, and word of mouth was negative instead of positive. This is the opposite of what a campaign like this needs to work,” said NERCHA's Mabuza. 

Other issues included unfamiliarity of the procedure. “When I heard I would still have to wear a condom, I said, ‘What is the point?’” said Samkelo Mduli, a university student. 

A survey commissioned by the Futures Group in 2011 found that although there was a 91 percent awareness of circumcision, nationally, the largest barrier to circumcision was fear of pain. Other barriers included fear of something going wrong, and a general lack of understanding of the procedure. [ https://www.k4health.org/toolkits/male-circumcision-swaziland ] 

Another reason for the rejection of circumcision was not anticipated by ASI promoters: belief in witchcraft, which is widespread in Swaziland. Criminals are known to seek “strengthening” potions made with human body parts. Killings associated with “ritual murder” routinely correspond with national elections. Victims, usually children or older people, are found with body parts missing. One attack made headlines in the Swazi press recently. 

“That’s also what I wanted to know, and they wouldn’t tell me - what happens to my foreskin once it is cut off?” said Mduli. 

Health Minister Xaba alluded to this when he told the Times of Swaziland, “Some men feared that the foreskin could end up in wrong hands, being used by some unscrupulous people for their ulterior motives.” 

“This is embarrassing and nobody wants to talk about it,” said the programme director of a faith-based HIV/AIDS initiative in Manzini. “The circumcision initiative failed because of this arrogance on the part of its promoters. It would have been easy to be honest and explain to the Swazi men that their foreskins would be incinerated like all surgical refuse. But the promoters said, ‘Oh, no, we can’t talk about witchcraft. What will the donors say?’” 

jh/kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98023/Circumcision-plans-go-awry-in-Swaziland</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270744480110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcising the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world&apos;s highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong? </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Swaziland’s dental dilemma</title><pubDate>Wed, 03 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200804256t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Having a toothache in Swaziland can be a lot more painful than it is in many other places. Most Swazis have never visited a dentist, because in a country where 70 percent of the population lives in absolute poverty, oral hygiene is considered a luxury.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Having a toothache in Swaziland can be a lot more painful than it is in many other places. Most Swazis have never visited a dentist, because in a country where 70 percent of the population lives in absolute poverty, oral hygiene is considered a luxury. 

Swaziland's 1.2 million people are served by only nine private dentists: five are in the capital, Mbabane, four are doing business in the central commercial hub, Manzini, and one is located in the up-scale Mbabane suburb of Ezulwini. 

A further 15 dental practitioners are employed by the Ministry of Health, including nurses and dental hygienists, but none are specialists who can perform such procedures as root canal work or the fitting of false teeth. 

Even getting a filling for a tooth is almost impossible at either of the two government hospitals in Mbabane, or at the facility in Siteki, the eastern provincial capital. The public hospital in Manzini does not currently have any dental practitioners assigned to it. 

"In the morning you find a queue of thirty to forty people, and it is the same in the afternoon. For that number a dentist can extract thirty for forty teeth, but he has no time for fillings or anything else more sophisticated than tooth pulling," a private dentist told IRIN. 

"People think you go to the dentist to get a nice smile, and nobody ever dies of a toothache," said Pauline Dube, a mother of three who says she cannot afford to give her children regular dental checkups. While she works in Manzini, her children stay in a rural part of the southern Shiselweni Province, a region with no dental practitioners at all. Rural areas are not provided with any sort of dental service. 

As diets change and Swazis consume more processed foods, the need for dental care has become even more pressing. 

"Our teeth have not adapted yet to soft sugary foods. What we now find are Swazi teeth with cavities like in the developed world. For Swazi young people, no tooth fillings are available except from expensive dentists, who are less than ten in the whole country and they work far from most people,” the dentist told IRIN. “So, the tooth is extracted. Most Swazis go to traditional doctors, but these healers can only offer pain suppressants for tooth pain." 

Having a toothache can be a lot more serious in Swaziland. The commonly held belief that dental problems may be painful but are not fatal has changed due to HIV/AIDS. Gum disease can lead to infections that can lead to the death of a person whose immune system has been decimated by HIV, the dentist noted. However, knowledge about gum infections is virtually nonexistent amongst Swazis, who have the world's highest rate of HIV infection. 

"I tell all my patients to test for HIV. The danger at government hospitals where they extract teeth is when a person with AIDS cannot produce the white blood cells to cause the blood to coagulate, and the bleeding cannot be stopped. If a patient with AIDS develops oral shingles, this can be a precursor to a more serious life-threatening disease. But the doctors don't know enough about what goes on inside the mouth to detect this," the dentist said. 

Despite the need, no public awareness campaigns promoting dental knowledge and oral hygiene have so far been run. Yet tooth decay and gum disease can be prevented with a simple daily regimen of tooth brushing and flossing. 

Swaziland is not the only country on the continent with tooth troubles. "The state of dental research in Africa is lamentable when compared to the other continents,” the African Journal of Oral Health (AJOH) noted in an editorial. “While this situation is unacceptable, it is not surprising because oral health personnel on the continent are not yet strategically placed to be able to influence health policy and decisions on funding." 

jh/kn/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97774/Swaziland-s-dental-dilemma</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200804256t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 03 April 2013 (IRIN) - Having a toothache in Swaziland can be a lot more painful than it is in many other places. Most Swazis have never visited a dentist, because in a country where 70 percent of the population lives in absolute poverty, oral hygiene is considered a luxury.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Southern Africa cracks down on TB in mines</title><pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa's gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation. 

In August 2012, heads of state from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) agreed to sign the SADC Declaration on TB in the Mining Sector, following endorsements by their national ministers for health, labour and justice [ http://t.co/Fi6fAChcRe ].

According to Swaziland’s Minister of Health, Benedict Xaba, he and South African Health Minister Aaron Motsoaledi, and Lesotho’s former Minister of Health, Mphu Ramatlapeng, began pushing for the declaration in 2010. Xaba, the son of a miner, admitted that he has lost members of his family to TB. 

South Africa is supporting the declaration and related initiatives, including a 1,000-day campaign to meet TB and HIV targets in the region, but the country has not yet officially signed the declaration, according to Lynette Mabote, regional HIV, TB and human rights advocacy team leader at the AIDS Rights Alliance of Southern Africa (ARASA), a civil society body that has been heavily involved in the declaration and advocacy around TB in mines. 

How big a problem is TB in the mines? 

The South African Department of Health estimates the country's gold mining industry has the highest number of new TB cases annually in the world - up to 7,000 cases per 100,000 people per year - according to its TB Strategic Plan for South Africa 2007-2011 [ http://www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=72544 ].

Data collected from autopsies on formers miners have also shown a prevalence of latent and undiagnosed TB as high as 90 percent, according to a 2009 study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105877 ].

Why is TB a problem on the mines? 

While many people may carry latent TB infection, active TB infection will usually only occur in a small number of them. However, those with compromised immune systems and HIV co-infection are up to 30 times more likely to develop active TB. 

In South Africa, where HIV prevalence is about 18 percent, many miners are no doubt living with HIV but face additional occupational risks, according to Rodney Ehrlich from the Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health Research at University of Cape Town. He describes these risks as: 

- A high burden of silicosis, a respiratory disease that develops due to inhaling silica dust during the mining process and could be viewed as an immune deficiency illness; 

- Silica dust load in the lungs and previous lung damage; 

- Poor living conditions, including overcrowding; 

- Circular migration between neighbouring countries and South Africa, leading to interrupted TB/HIV treatment and poor access to care. 

The mines have also not escaped the growing epidemic of drug-resistant tuberculosis, which in the absence of wide access to molecular testing has not only been harder to diagnose but also to treat. Research released in 2010 estimated that that almost four percent of the national multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) burden, where TB is found to be resistant to both the commonly used first-line drugs isoniazid and rifampicin, may reside on the country's mines. 

Falling employment figures indicate that the mines now employ considerably fewer miners than in the late 1980s, Ehrlich added. Commodity prices dropped in 2008 and 2009, leading to further lay-offs, which may greatly complicate addressing the needs of affected miners who are no longer employed and will be relying on already stressed health systems in rural areas or home countries for treatment. 

What did countries commit to in the declaration? 

Countries agree to taking tangible actions like establishing independent mining ombudsmen to handle health-related complaints, harmonising treatment protocols related to addressing HIV, TB and silicosis on the mines, and - controversially for some - classifying TB and silicosis acquired in the mines as such. 

At a meeting of SADC health ministers in April 2012, mining companies were reluctant to classify TB and silicosis, a respiratory disease linked to exposure to silica dust produced during gold mining, as occupational diseases. In addition, the responsibility of mining companies to ensure treatment of mine workers with these diseases even after employees have left the company was a sticking point, according to David Mametja, head of South African Department of Health's TB Control and Management Programme. 

The document now calls on employers to take full responsibility for the management of all occupational diseases, including TB associated with silicosis post-employment. 

However, activists have cautioned that national legal frameworks must be changed to ensure TB is treated as an occupational disease. This would have to include provisions for mine workers who have left employment but later developed active TB. 

"The history around the issue of occupational health is littered with companies not taking responsibility," activist Gregg Gonsalves told IRIN at South Africa's 2012 TB conference. "It has to be about regulation - states have to regulate their business practices. Only in jurisdictions where that has happened has that problem been solved. It has to come through statues and regulation." 

The declaration also calls for the development of a minimum package of services to facilitate cross-border care. 

"Our referral systems do not take into consideration the dynamics that are experienced in the region as far as TB in the mines is concerned," said Stephen Sianga, SADC secretariat director for social and human development and special programmes. "There are challenges regarding standard treatment, both between countries and within countries, where you find that the system used in the mines is different to that used in the public health system." 

While TB treatment regimens across the SADC are largely already harmonized, activists have long been calling for the same to be done regarding HIV treatment. This would also facilitate the use of health passports, which would enhance cross-border care, as would the standardization of a minimum package of HIV, TB and silicosis services. 

What happens next? 

In the run-up to the August 2012 signing of the declaration, civil society groups like ARASA called for a five- or 10-year action plan, with concrete steps to be taken to implement the declaration. Now, SADC will be looking to operationalize the declaration at national level through a code of conduct. 

According to Mabote, the draft code was dismissed by ministers of health at a SADC meeting in Angola in July 2012. An SADC technical working group reworked the document in November, but a final version of the document has yet to be released. 

llg/kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97719/Southern-Africa-cracks-down-on-TB-in-mines</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - South Africa&apos;s gold mines are estimated to have the highest number of new tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world, making the disease a leading export to neighbouring countries. IRIN takes a look at the declaration meant to change this situation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Swazi government sells food aid</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301081305000924t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Swaziland’s government has sold maize donated by the Japanese government to feed hungry Swazis for US$3 million and deposited the money in the Central Bank of Swaziland.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Swaziland’s government has sold maize donated by the Japanese government to feed hungry Swazis for US$3 million and deposited the money in the Central Bank of Swaziland. 

The nearly 12,000 metric tons of donated maize was sold by the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development in 2011, but the sale was not made public until an item about the transaction appeared in a performance report the ministry presented to the Swaziland Parliament for review last week. 

Swaziland has not produced enough food to feed itself since the 1970s. It depends on international food aid to bridge a gap that varies from year to year, ranging from two-thirds of the country’s 1.2 million people in 2007 to about one-tenth of the population this year, after a better than average rainfall, according to the World Food Programme. 

Unanswered questions

The majority of Swazis reside on communal Swazi Nation Land, under the authority of chiefs appointed by King Mswati III, sub-Saharan Africa’s last absolute monarch. Lacking title deeds to their ancestral farms, they are unable to secure bank loans to invest in irrigation equipment or farming machinery, relying instead on rainfall to water their crops. However, Swaziland’s climate is becoming increasingly arid and agricultural inputs are growing increasingly unaffordable [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97190/Swazi-farmers-struggle-to-afford-inputs ]. 

Bertram Stewart, the Ministry of Economic Planning and Development’s principal secretary, acknowledged the sale of the food aid to Swazi media, and said it was not the first time this had been done. According to Stewart, the Japanese government was informed that the maize donation would be sold and that the money would be used to purchase farming inputs for subsistence farmers, but the Japanese government has yet to confirm this assertion.

In fact, government-funded farming inputs were scaled back during the past cropping season, with the Ministry of Agriculture citing a lack of funds. 

Members of parliament (MPs) have asked the economic planning minister, Prince Hlangusemphi Dlamini, for an explanation as to why food donations intended for the poor and hungry were being diverted for other uses, but Dlamini, who was appointed to the ministerial position by his brother, the king, has yet to respond. 

MPs also pointed out that the government has $50 million in unused funds that could be used to purchase food aid or to implement programmes recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to boost food production [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96742/SWAZILAND-IMF-recommends-land-reforms ].

Economic decline

The government’s profligate spending, coupled with its failure to follow IMF guidelines meant to boost its economy and increase government tax revenue, has led to years of economic decline. Swaziland’s GDP fell by 3 percent last year, and is expected to drop again in 2013. IMF has predicted that, by 2014, the country’s economy will have replaced Somalia’s as the worst performing in the world. 

A substantial portion of the government’s budget is provided by revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which distributes tax revenue from goods entering Southern Africa to its five member states. But revenues from SACU have plummeted in the wake of the global economic slowdown, helping to precipitate a fiscal crisis that has led to job losses and significant cuts in social spending, putting an increased strain on the two-thirds of the population already living in chronic poverty [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95088/SWAZILAND-Diets-downsized-by-financial-crisis ].

“The government is desperate for money and will grab it by hook or by crook, even taking food from the mouths of babies,” said one private sector accountant familiar with the government’s financial situation.

“At the same time, the government is used to the international community rushing in with aid to cover the government’s mismanagement of the economy and the humanitarian crisis here,” he said.

Two NGOs that did not wish to be named told IRIN they were worried the sale of Japan’s food donation and the lack of a full accounting by the government could negatively affect donors’ willingness to support the country.

tg/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97684/Swazi-government-sells-food-aid</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301081305000924t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Swaziland’s government has sold maize donated by the Japanese government to feed hungry Swazis for US$3 million and deposited the money in the Central Bank of Swaziland.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Solving statelessness in Southern Africa</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.

Not considered a national by South Africa or by Kenya or Uganda - the two countries where he grew up - Ngubane is stateless, a predicament he shares with an estimated 12 million people worldwide, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), which is mandated with trying to reduce that figure. 

Nationality confers a host of rights that stateless individuals cannot access, from education and healthcare to the ability to register a marriage or a birth. As a result, statelessness is often passed from one generation to the next. 

As early as 1954, the international community, under the auspices of the UN, adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb25729.html ], which defined who is a stateless person and established a framework for their international protection. A second international convention adopted in 1961 focused on reducing cases of statelessness [ http://www.unhcr.org/3bbb286d8.html ], primarily by requiring participating states to grant citizenship to children born on their territory who would otherwise be stateless. However, the majority of countries in Africa have not ratified either convention [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Africa_ConvStateless54_61_detail_A3PC_01-10-2012.pdf ], leaving them under no obligation to pass national legislation that would address the issue. 

Regional issue

An individual can end up stateless for a variety of reasons. Orphans whose births were not registered before their parents died and unaccompanied child migrants who arrive in a foreign country without documents are particularly vulnerable. Laws still in place in several African countries, including Malawi and Madagascar, that prevent married women from passing nationality to their children also contribute to the problem.

According to Sergio Calle-Norena, deputy regional representative for UNHCR, laws allowing for only one nationality and the denial of citizenship to certain groups are the main causes of statelessness in the Southern Africa region.

In Zimbabwe, for example, following an amendment to the citizenship act passed in 2001, individuals with dual nationality were given six months to renounce their foreign citizenship or lose their Zimbabwean nationality. The new law affected countless Zimbabweans whose parents had migrated to the country from Zambia, Mozambique or Malawi at a time when white-owned farms and mines offered plentiful employment. Most did not, in fact, hold citizenship in their parents’ countries, making it impossible for them to renounce it, while many were simply unaware of the new law, which was widely viewed as a means for the ruling ZANU-PF party to disenfranchise opposition supporters.

“I think they didn’t want people like me to vote,” said Promise*, who was born and raised in Harare, the capital, to a Malawian father and a mother with Mozambican parentage. “Most people in high-density areas of Harare are in the same situation, and most are anti-Zanu-PF.”

The new law stripped both Promise and her mother of their citizenship. They now live in South Africa, where the asylum-seeker system offers them a temporary and precarious form of documentation. 

“I just kept renewing my asylum-seeker permit every six months, but I decided to take action last year,” said Promise, who is in her early twenties. “I was tired of having no nationality. It was limiting my opportunities. Most universities need a study permit, and I want to study law.”

Waiting

Promise approached Lawyers for Human Rights (LHR), a South African NGO that, with funding from UNHCR, has been running a project to provide legal services to stateless individuals since 2011. UNHCR is also funding the international faith-based NGO Caritas to run a similar project in Mozambique, another country with a large burden of statelessness following years of civil war that displaced hundreds of thousands of its citizens.

South Africa has pledged to sign and ratify the two UN conventions on statelessness by the end of 2013, and both LHR and UNHCR are advocating for this pledge to be honoured and for relevant legislation to be established. In the meantime, LHR is assisting stateless clients on a case-by-case basis. 

Of the 736 stateless clients that LHR helped in 2012, over a third were born in Zimbabwe; many of them lost their nationality like Promise.

Another 150 were born in South Africa but are struggling to access nationality in any country. Jessica George, a legal counsellor with LHR, explained that this group of stateless individuals does not qualify for asylum, and they have no way to access legal immigration status other than through an exemption for permanent residence, a process that allows the Home Affairs Minister to grant permanent residency to foreigners with special circumstances. 

However, exemption applicants can wait up to three years for a decision. “In the meantime, they’re given no temporary permit, so they’re subject to detention, which tends to be prolonged because they can’t be deported,” said George. 

Ngubane spent three months at Lindela Repatriation Centre, South Africa’s largest holding facility for undocumented migrants awaiting deportation, after being arrested at a Home Affairs Department office while trying to replace a lost birth certificate. The document was his only proof of South African nationality; he had lost both his parents and all contact with his South African relatives during his time in Kenya and Uganda.

With help from LHR, Ngubane has applied for a permanent residency exemption, but so far he has received no response. In fact, according to George, only one of LHR’s stateless clients has received a decision on permanent residency exemption in the past two years, and it was negative.

Reforms, training needed

“I think some training is required in addition to law reform, because it’s clear there’s a misunderstanding about who is a stateless person,” said George. “Currently there are no guidelines in the law on how to identify a stateless person and what rights they’re entitled to.” 

In cases where a client has a claim to foreign nationality, LHR approaches the country’s embassy for assistance securing citizenship. However, few embassies or consulates provide such services, and for most stateless people, travelling to the country where they have a nationality claim is unaffordable and unfeasible given their lack of travel documents.

“One of the easiest ways to prevent statelessness would be if consulates provided certain services, so people wouldn’t have to leave South Africa in order to access their citizenship,” said George.

Calle-Norena of UNHCR says that, besides ratifying the two conventions on statelessness, addressing the problem requires political will. He noted, for example, that South Africa’s Citizenship Act grants nationality to any child born in the country who would otherwise be stateless, but that non-nationals without documents struggled to register their children’s births. “There should be a mechanism that allows [the law] to be applied, but in practice this is not yet operational,” he told IRIN.

Through a combination of luck and persistence, Promise has succeeded in convincing the Malawian authorities to grant her citizenship. She has never been to Malawi but plans to move there as soon as she receives her passport. 

Ngubane says he has tried applying for Kenyan citizenship, “but the embassy said there’s no way they can help me.” 

Numerous visits to home affairs offices in several provinces have not yielded any results, other than several attempts by corrupt officials to solicit bribes in return for a birth certificate or refugee status.

“If you don’t have money, you suffer,” he said. 

*not her real name

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97372/Solving-statelessness-in-Southern-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022736t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Frederik Ngubane was born in South Africa to South African parents 22 years ago but, lacking any proof of his origins or nationality, he lives a shadowy, marginal existence. He cannot travel, study or secure formal employment and has lost count of how many times he has been arrested for being undocumented.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Swaziland, child marriage still a grey area</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301141403190744t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The relief felt by health officials and activists several months ago at the apparent outlawing of child marriages now appears to have been premature, with Swaziland’s traditional leadership recently declaring that such unions are acceptable under customary law.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The relief felt by health officials and activists several months ago at the apparent outlawing of child marriages now appears to have been premature, with Swaziland’s traditional leadership recently declaring that such unions are acceptable under customary law. 

“I have not received any instructions that [‘kwendzisa’] [the custom of a man marrying an underage girl] should be abolished,” Velebantfu Mtetwa, the country’s top traditional leader, told the Swazi press. As governor of Ludzidzini royal village, where the traditional seat of government is located, Mtetwa is known as Swaziland’s traditional prime minister. 

Little attention was paid to the country’s traditional leadership last year when the powerful royal counsellors to King Mswati III said they would review the Child Protection and Welfare Act of 2012 and, if need be, raise objections. 

Instead, attention was focused on Deputy Prime Minister Themba Masuku’s declaration [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96347/SWAZILAND-Child-marriages-banned ] that any man found to contravene the act by marrying a girl under the age of 18 faced arrest and prosecution. The marriages would be annulled and the former husband could be fined R10,000 (US$1,100). A man guilty of raping a girl faces a R20,000 (US$2,200) fine and prison term of up to 20 years. King Mswati, a strict traditionalist, approved the law in September 2012. 

Damaging to girls 

UNICEF estimates that, globally, about 70 million women aged 20-24 were married before reaching 18 years old. Of these, some 23 million were been married before turning 15. The consequences of child marriage can be life threatening: 50,000 girls aged 15-19 die of pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes each year. 

The child protection act notes that children forced into marriage face serious psychological and social damage, and that girls’ educations tend to cease as they take up household duties. 

Activists have welcomed the law, which is seen as a means of curbing HIV transmission. “The longer young women put off childbirth, the more likely they are to stay in school and, of course, avoid HIV,” said Sophia Mukasa Monico, country representative for UNAIDS. 

“Such practices spread AIDS and contribute to Swaziland having the highest HIV prevalence in the world. It’s unfortunate that AIDS activists appear to be ‘anti-culture’ because, as Swazis, we love our culture. But some practices need reforming, and this seems impossible to do,” said Sylvia Dube, director of an AIDS testing and counselling centre. 

Law made powerless 

But the new statutory law, originating in the cabinet and passed by parliament, has been rendered powerless by the superiority of Swazi Law and Custom if a man chooses to marry in a traditional ceremony. The law appears now to apply only to “Westernised” Swazis who wed in civil ceremonies before a magistrate after having acquired a marriage license. 

Swazi Law and Custom has never been written down but is interpreted by traditional leaders whose primary authority is Mtetwa. Cabinet officials, including Deputy Prime Minister Masuku, are appointed from the recommendations of royal counsellors, and these politicians are aware of their power relative to the country’s traditional authorities. 

Mtetwa came out with the traditionalists’ stance on child brides following the arrest of a local soccer star for the rape of a 14 year-old girl. The accused stated that the girl was his bride, and that their families had agreed to the marriage. “If the parents and the girl have agreed, the authorities never penalize anyone,” Mtetwa said. 

In terms of modern law, an underage girl cannot make such a decision. But in terms of tradition, she also has no say because marriages are arranged between families by the girls’ parents or older relatives. In addition, official records for traditional marriages can be incomplete because many go unreported. 

With no national awareness campaign to educate Swazis about the Child Protection and Welfare Act, it remains unclear whether Swazi girls are aware of their rights. People who choose to challenge such unions have nowhere to go to lodge a complaint. 

“What is most disturbing is the fact that most of these ‘marriages’ are forced, with the young girls having little or no say in being married to much older man,” said Maureen Littlejohn, communications officer for the Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse, an NGO that counsels survivors of gender-based and child violence. Littlejohn noted that poor families are often influenced by gifts of cattle and money to give up their daughters. 

jh/kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97360/In-Swaziland-child-marriage-still-a-grey-area</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301141403190744t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - The relief felt by health officials and activists several months ago at the apparent outlawing of child marriages now appears to have been premature, with Swaziland’s traditional leadership recently declaring that such unions are acceptable under customary law.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Swazi farmers struggle to afford inputs</title><pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301081314390787t.jpg" />]]>SITEKI 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with increasingly unpredictable rains and soaring agricultural input costs, many of Swaziland’s smallholder farmers are no longer able to make a living relying on traditional methods to grow maize, the staple crop.</description><body><![CDATA[SITEKI 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with increasingly unpredictable rains and soaring agricultural input costs, many of Swaziland’s smallholder farmers are no longer able to make a living relying on traditional methods to grow maize, the staple crop.

Donor-funded schemes to subsidize the cost of seed and fertilizer have dried up and a Ministry of Agriculture service to provide affordable tractor hire has been a casualty of the government’s cash flow problems. 

“I don’t have enough money to hire a tractor so I have to use a hand hoe to plant and I can’t afford fertilizer either,” said Josephina Mnisi, a farmer from the village of Shewula in Swaziland’s northeastern Lubombo region. “It affects my yield. Now I’m having to buy food to feed my family.”

The small plot of land allocated to Mnisi’s family by the local chief has to support a large household, including eight grandchildren (four of them orphans), Mnisi’s husband, who is unemployed, and his second wife. With no surplus of maize to sell, Mnisi could not afford to pay the fees for her 16-year-old daughter to attend school this year.

Mnisi’s neighbour, Lomacala Maliba is faring a little better. Her willingness to experiment with growing other crops besides maize, including sweet potato, cassava, peanuts and beans has earned her the designation of “Champion Farmer” and four free bags of fertilizer through a joint programme run by the Ministry of Agriculture and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 

The scheme makes use of champion or "lead" farmers like Maliba to demonstrate to others in their communities that growing crops that are less rain-dependent can be profitable, particularly if they adopt conservation agriculture practices that eventually make the use of fertilizer and tractors for ploughing unnecessary. 

“Life has changed since I started growing different crops,” said Maliba. “Now I can sell them and get an income and even our diet has improved.”

Maliba has tried to pass on what she has learned to other farmers in her area, “but the problem is that they don’t have enough inputs so the crops don’t do well,” she told IRIN. 

FAO funding

Until 2011, the government used FAO funding to provide subsidized seed and fertilizer to some of the country’s most vulnerable rural households. But Bheki Ginindza, an agricultural specialist with FAO in Swaziland, said the scheme had not been a success because those families targeted with the inputs were often too sick, elderly or young to make use of them. An input distribution scheme led by the National Emergency Response Committee on HIV/AIDS (NERCHA) that relied on Swaziland’s more than 300 chiefs to identify needy households suffered from the same problems and ceased to operate after 2010.

The problem with such schemes, said Ginindza, was the lack of technical assistance to ensure that recipients used the inputs correctly for maximum benefit. Their reach was also small with Ginindza estimating that only about a tenth of Swaziland’s 260,000 farming households benefited. 

As the cost of both inputs and food has risen significantly over the past year, many subsistence farmers have had to prioritize food over fertilizer and in June 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture announced a 10 percent decline in maize production during the 2011-12 farming season, as well as a 15 percent decrease in the area planted to maize.

Tractors

The World Food Programme attributed the reduced maize harvest to poor rainfall and the high cost of fuel and inputs [ http://www.wfp.org/countries/swaziland/overview ], but the Swaziland National Agricultural Union blamed the shortage of functioning government tractors for hire to farmers.

In Thikhuba, another farming community in Lubombo District, only six out of 13 government tractors were working, according to the local extension officer.

George Ndlanganamandla of the Ministry of Agriculture admitted that "some tractor parts are hard to come by and the government's financial limitations are contributing towards the challenges posed by non-functioning government tractors."

He added, however, that the government tractor hire service "is merely a demonstration to prospective commercial entities to venture into the industry". While private tractor owners charge nearly double the government rate of US$15 per tractor hour, government has set aside a budget to pay the difference.

While this system is working well in many communities that have a good supply of tractors, in others there is still a shortage of private suppliers, said Ginindza.

FAO is encouraging farmers to make use of conservation agricultural practices which rely on minimal soil disturbance to avoid soil erosion and reduce the need for ploughing. "Farmers really need to do away with tractors, especially on smaller fields, because really it doesn't make economic sense," said Ginindza.

Indian loan

Meanwhile, Ndlanganamandla of the Agriculture Ministry said the government is in the process of finalizing a US$35.3 million loan agreement with the Indian government which will be used to provide subsidized inputs to farmers in regions considered suitable for maize production in the 2013-14 farming season.

Ginindza noted that many parts of the country, particularly the drier lowland areas, were not suitable for growing maize, but that people continued to grow it. "There's a sense of security in growing maize," he told IRIN. "There's also the feeling that if they don't use the land, someone will take it away from them; so people continue to farm, even though it's not profitable."

Most farming households in Swaziland live on Swazi Nation Land which is held in trust by King Mswati III, sub-Saharan Africa's last absolute monarch. Households are allocated plots by their local chief. Not only does the lack of title deeds make it difficult to secure a bank loan that could be used to install irrigation systems or make other improvements, but land that goes unused can be reassigned to another household.

Recently, the International Monetary Fund recommended land tenure reform as part of the solution to Swaziland's deepening economic decline [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96742/SWAZILAND-IMF-recommends-land-reforms ], but the Swazi government is considered unlikely to change a system that maintains the power of the chiefs and the royal family. 

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97190/Swazi-farmers-struggle-to-afford-inputs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301081314390787t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SITEKI 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with increasingly unpredictable rains and soaring agricultural input costs, many of Swaziland’s smallholder farmers are no longer able to make a living relying on traditional methods to grow maize, the staple crop.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Swazi women find strength in numbers</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301030940350581t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Swazi women are organizing to promote their rights and welfare, convinced that discriminatory laws are at odds with the essential roles they play in their families and in their country’s economy.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Swazi women are organizing to promote their rights and welfare, convinced that discriminatory laws are at odds with the essential roles they play in their families and in their country’s economy.

“We are taking a page from the past to achieve the recognition Swazi women deserve as the ones who keep this society going. It is a scandal how the authorities refuse to take women seriously when we are holding the country together,” said Cynthia Simelane, an activist who works with female garment workers at the Matsapha Industrial Site, outside the city of Manzini.

The Swaziland Coalition of Concerned Civil Organisations has noted that the Swazi government has signed various international accords pledging to end gender discrimination, but it has never enacted legislation to put those pledges into action.

In 2005, King Mswati III, a strict traditionalist with 13 wives, signed a new constitution granting men and women equal rights. However, discriminatory laws - such as one that prevents women from taking out bank loans - remain in place. Another such law, forbidding women from owning property, remains on the books despite having been ruled unconstitutional [ http://www.osisa.org/open-debate/womens-rights/swaziland/historic-step-towards-equality-swazi-women ]. 

Caretakers

In the past year, the Swaziland Single Mothers Association (SWAMASO), which aims to improve the lives of single mothers and reduce high teen pregnancy rates, doubled its membership. 

“In Swaziland today, a majority of children live with one or no parent, mostly because of AIDS but also because Swazi men have many girlfriends," said Thabsile Ndwandwe, a SWAMASO member. "A majority of Swazi children are raised by single mothers or by their grandmothers if the mother is no longer alive. Where are the programmes to assist these mothers? Where is even the government acknowledgement of this reality?”

Instead, the government announced last week that elderly Swazis, including grandmothers, will not receive their pension stipend this quarter due to “limited resources”. Swaziland’s financial crisis has not eased since the last time the government suspended pension payments in 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92263/SWAZILAND-Government-suspends-pensions ]. The amount of the stipend is only US$73 per three-month period, but the majority of elderly live in chronic poverty and the suspension of the pensions will hinder their ability to purchase food and medicines and care for their grandchildren.

SWAMASO’s attempts to lobby the government to give more assistance to single mothers have not yet paid off, but the organization is making a difference in other ways. Its network of community groups plays an important role in educating girls about avoiding pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. A quarter of Swaziland’s population is HIV-positive, the highest rate in the world.

Tradition of organizing

Activist Simelane pointed out that Swazi women have a long tradition of organizing according to their age groups, from the young maidens who assemble to collect building material for the Queen Mother ahead of the annual reed dance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/56096/SWAZILAND-The-role-of-women-stirs-debate-at-the-reed-dance ] to the grandmothers who supervise community improvement projects.

Other women’s groups include the Swazi Women for Positive Living, established in 2003 by HIV-positive women to assist other women living with the virus, and the Swaziland Action Group Against Abuse, formed by women to influence policy on the country’s high rates of domestic and gender-based violence. 

Last month saw the establishment of a new group - the Swaziland Young Women’s Network - which announced its launch with a march through the streets of the capital, Mbabane, to protest the prevalence of sexual harassment. The police blocked the march on the grounds that some of the women were wearing miniskirts.

A week later, the Royal Swaziland Police Force spokeswoman Wendy Hleta invoked a 19th century public indecency law as a basis for arresting women wearing miniskirts or tank tops. Hleta added that women who wore revealing clothing were responsible for provoking rape. 

Her comments drew a flood of unfavourable reports in the international media, prompting a government spokesperson to deny that a mini-skirt ban was in place. Gender rights activists considered this a partial victory.

“The government’s first response to women seeking our rights was to block us and threaten us with arrest, and to control us by telling us what to wear. That is their instinct, and it is going to be hard to overcome, but we are determined not only for our own sake but for the sake of the country,” said Simelane.

Policymaking

Ntombi Dube, a health worker in Manzini, argued that the only way for Swaziland to reverse economic and social decay was for women to assume a greater role in policymaking.

“This is what Swazi women have been doing in our ‘regiments’ for generations… Men have got to stop seeing our call for the end of discrimination against women as an attempt to usurp their authority,” she said.

The new constitution stipulates that a third of members of parliament should be women, but the actual proportion is about a quarter - and parliament’s role is limited to raising and debating issues, as legislation can only be drafted by cabinet.  

The women’s advocacy groups insist they are not asking Swazi women to choose between traditional Swazi life and Western concepts of femininity, arguing that this is a false choice.

“There is no traditional life to live any more. It is sad that the old multi-generational homestead where women held respected roles is a thing of the past,” said Dube. “We can’t go back to that, and we have to adapt as African women who are proud of a culture that respects women. That respect got lost somewhere.”

Simelane agreed: “All these laws that make Swazi women second-class human beings, they were not part of traditional Swazi life because we did not live under Western laws. Swazi women want to return to the way it was when we were equal.” 

jh/ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97168/Swazi-women-find-strength-in-numbers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301030940350581t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Swazi women are organizing to promote their rights and welfare, convinced that discriminatory laws are at odds with the essential roles they play in their families and in their country’s economy.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Preschool as a way of life in rural areas</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211291337310791t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 29 November 2012 (IRIN) - The proliferation of Swaziland’s Neighbourhood Care Points (NCP) has had the effect of popularizing preschool education throughout the country in just over a decade.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 29 November 2012 (IRIN) - The proliferation of Swaziland’s Neighbourhood Care Points (NCP) has had the effect of popularizing preschool education throughout the country in just over a decade. 

NCPs were originally a response to the wave of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) created by the country’s staggering HIV rates; with 26 percent of people aged 15 to 49 living with the virus, Swaziland’s HIV prevalence is the highest in the world. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, just over a quarter of Swazi children live with both parents; one out of every six children under age 15 is an OVC. 

The NCPs, which provide preschool education and nutritional assistance for OVC, began as an urban initiative in 2000 and quickly spread to rural areas, where families have come to view their educational services as essential. 

Embracing preschool 

Prior to the HIV/AIDS crisis and the steep rise in OVC, multi-generational family homesteads provided child care. But under the epidemic, coupled with “rural push and urban pull” migration, this system largely collapsed. 

Today, an estimated 1,100 facilities around the country cater to between 50 and 300 children each, with sponsorship from both private and public donors. Each community identifies OVC to be placed at the care points, and the children are placed in one of three age groupings: toddlers up to three years old, three- to six year-olds, and older children. 

This has been transformative in rural areas, where virtually all residents live in poverty. Although priority at NCPs is given to orphans, impoverished children are also considered vulnerable, and are thus also eligible for the programme. 

“One of the surprising outcomes of the new network of NCPs is that rural people have been introduced to preschooling for the first time, and they have completely embraced the concept so they cannot imagine not having these centres,” Alicia Mthetfwa, an educationalist in the capital Mbabane, told IRIN. 

“Preschool was always an urban amenity in Swaziland. Those in town who could afford it sent their children to preschools, which were set up first primarily as day-care facilities to look after children whose parents worked. More single Swazi women raise children than couples,” she said. 

Once the domain of the middle-class, preschools provide “a head start”, Mthetfwa said. “If a child is to have an early advantage or even keep up with the others, then preschool is seen by parents as a necessity.” 

“They are providing early learning to the children, so there is the opportunity for these children to attend school and learn what other children are learning,” Muriel Mafico, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) deputy country representatives for Swaziland, told IRIN. “These children have many needs, ranging from material needs to spiritual needs. They need love. They need care. They need support.” 

Rural families are now lobbying for the establishment of more NCPs so all can have access to preschool. 

Support 

Kanya Mabuza, assistant director for the National Emergency Response Committee on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA), told IRIN, “Our principal goal is not to take children away from their communities and put them in institutions but to keep them in the familiar surroundings of their homes and provide them all the basic social services. 

“We monitor the children’s activities. In terms of psychosocial support, the centres offer a sense of belonging, where the child is not alone but is loved. Children play with other children and are taught basic skills such as how to wash your hands before you eat,” she said. 

The educational curriculum is similar to what is found at most preschools, with a focus on numeracy, the alphabet, and identifying shapes and colours among three- to six year-olds. 

But the facilities, which are staffed by volunteers, require additional support. A weekly stipend for transport and other associated costs has recently been withdrawn by donor organizations. 

“In terms of structures, some are getting old, while some are not finished yet. The communities don’t have the resources to maintain the structures,” Mabuza said. 

jh/go /rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96924/SWAZILAND-Preschool-as-a-way-of-life-in-rural-areas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211291337310791t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 29 November 2012 (IRIN) - The proliferation of Swaziland’s Neighbourhood Care Points (NCP) has had the effect of popularizing preschool education throughout the country in just over a decade.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Despite progress, HIV efforts fall short</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031112180900t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Record progress in reducing the number of new HIV infections and lowering the numbers of people dying from AIDS-related causes indicate that the end of AIDS is &quot;entirely feasible&quot;. But the epidemic is not over in any part of the world, and is gaining pace in some.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Record progress in reducing the number of new HIV infections and lowering the numbers of people dying from AIDS-related causes indicate that the end of AIDS is "entirely feasible". But the epidemic is not over in any part of the world, and is gaining pace in some. 

This was the message UNAIDS officials drove home with the release of the agency’s newest figures, in the 2012 World AIDS Day Report The report notes that at the end of 2011, around 34 million people were living with HIV around the world. In 2011, 1.7 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses - a 24 percent decline in AIDS-related mortality compared with 2005 [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/campaigns/20121120_globalreport2012/ ].

“The pace of progress is quickening - what used to take a decade is now being achieved in 24 months,” said Michel Sidibé, executive director of UNAIDS. “We are scaling-up faster and smarter than ever before. It is proof that with political will and follow through we can reach our shared goals by 2015.” 

A mixed bag 

UNAIDS says that half the global reductions in new HIV infections in the last two years have been among newborn children. “It is becoming evident that achieving zero new HIV infections in children is possible,” said Sidibé at the launch of the report. “I am excited that far fewer babies are being born with HIV. We are moving from despair to hope.” 

But while the incidence of HIV infections continues to fall globally, the report expressed concerns about HIV trends in the Middle East and North Africa, where the number of people newly infected has increased by more than 35 percent. 

Evidence indicates that the incidence of HIV infection in Eastern Europe and Central Asia began increasing in the late 2000s after having remained relatively stable for several years," it added. 

In sub-Saharan Africa - still the most heavily affected area, new HIV infections have dropped by 25 percent in the past eight years. 

Southern Africa, in particular, has recorded dramatic reductions since 2001; the rate of new HIV infections fell by 73 percent in Malawi, 68 percent in Namibia and 41 percent in South Africa. 

"It’s a combination of two things: the number of people initiated on treatment (we've seen recent scientific evidence that people on treatment are able to lower their viral loads and reduce the risk of transmission) and, secondly, there has been progress in prevention, particularly among young people," Mbulawa Mugabe, deputy director of UNAIDS Regional Support Team for Eastern and Southern Africa, told IRIN/PlusNews. 

Room for improvement 

There remains much room for improvement. According to the report, recent data from surveys in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda indicate declines in condom use. And the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that only nine donor-provided male condoms were available for every man in sub-Saharan Africa last year, and only one female condom was available for every 10 women. 

Progress on male circumcision has also been slow in east and southern Africa. In six countries - Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe - less than 5 percent of the targeted number of men had been circumcised by the end of 2011. 

"The biggest challenge has been that the demand has not been as quick as we wanted it to be - except in a few localized situations like KwaZulu-Natal and Kenya. Where there has been progress, it's not necessarily been in the groups targeted, such as sexually active men. We need to do a little bit more," said Mugabe. 

In addition, the report found that prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM) remained "inadequate", with fewer than 1 in 3 men being tested in the past 12 months in South and South-East Asia and Western and Central Europe, areas where MSM play a significant role in country epidemics. Stigma against MSM often discourages them from seeking treatment or prevention services. 

By the end of 2011, 8 million people in low- and middle-income countries were receiving antiretroviral treatment - a 20-fold increase since 2005. But 6.8 million people - nearly half of those eligible - still did not have access to the drugs. "Half will die within 24 months if they don’t start antiretroviral therapy," UNAIDS warned. 

“Must move faster” 

Despite considerable increases in domestic funding, countries continue to rely on external development assistance for their HIV response. International funding accounted for more than half of spending in 59 countries and contributed more than 75 percent of spending in 43 of the 102 low- and middle-income countries. 

"Recent progress on HIV treatment and prevention is terrific news, but if we're serious about ending AIDS we must move faster. If ending AIDS were a marathon, we'd already be behind pace at the first mile marker. In 2013, we must aggressively expand HIV prevention to stay on track to bring new infections to zero,” Mitchell Warren, executive director of the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC) Global Advocacy for HIV Prevention, told IRIN/PlusNews. 

“Priorities must include speeding access to powerful tools like treatment as prevention, voluntary medical male circumcision and pre-exposure prophylaxis, and continuing to invest in new solutions like a vaccine," he said. 

kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96830/HIV-AIDS-Despite-progress-HIV-efforts-fall-short</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031112180900t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Record progress in reducing the number of new HIV infections and lowering the numbers of people dying from AIDS-related causes indicate that the end of AIDS is &quot;entirely feasible&quot;. But the epidemic is not over in any part of the world, and is gaining pace in some.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Illegal abortions endangering lives</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191259520657t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - Abortions are illegal in Swaziland and have resulted in criminal convictions, but in October 2012 more than 1,000 women were treated for abortion-related complications at a single clinic in the country’s second city Manzini, says the Family Life Association of Swaziland (FLAS), a family planning organization.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - Abortions are illegal in Swaziland and have resulted in criminal convictions, but in October 2012 more than 1,000 women were treated for abortion-related complications at a single clinic in the country’s second city Manzini, says the Family Life Association of Swaziland (FLAS), a family planning organization. 

FLAS is calling for the legalization of abortion on the grounds of women’s health. 

“In neighbouring South Africa, the legalization of abortion in concert with strong family planning efforts resulted in substantially fewer maternal deaths in a matter of a few years. Deaths from abortion complications decreased by 91 percent in South Africa from 1994 to 2001,” FLAS spokesperson Mancoba Mabuza said. 

Despite South Africa’s proximity to Swaziland, travelling to the neighbouring state for terminations present extreme difficulties for Swazi women, as 70 percent of the population live in poverty. Travel and accommodation costs can prove insurmountable, although government clinics provide the procedure at no cost. 

Marie Stopes South Africa [ http://www.mariestopes.org.za/ ], the country’s largest non-profit sexual and reproductive healthcare service provider, charges R1,000 (US$120) for a termination of three months or less. 

Jeff Mathe, director of the country’s largest public hospital in the capital Mbabane, told the recent annual Swaziland National Health Conference that 16 percent of all female deaths so far this year at the hospital were a consequence of botched terminations. 

Many of the deaths were the result of haemorrhaging, while others resulted from the patient’s delay in seeking medical treatment for other complications stemming from illegal terminations. 

“These are cases that are reported to us. There are probably many cases that are not reported,” Mathe told the conference, but declined to give his opinion on whether terminations should be legalized. 

FLAS cited health ministry estimates that 19 percent of maternal mortality annually was due to unsafe and illegal abortions. 

Criminal offence 

Swaziland’s Office of the Attorney General told IRIN that performing, receiving or participating in an abortion was a criminal offence carrying a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. The law is not concerned whether the mother is a rape survivor, or if the pregnancy is a consequence of incest. 

In 2011 three Swazi nurses were arrested and given 15 years for assisting in terminations. 

“They were helping the poorest of the poor, women who are truly desperate and who cannot do what most Swazi women do who need an abortion. Most women just travel across the border to South Africa,” Alicia Simelane, a Manzini healthcare worker and midwife, told IRIN. 

“Also, there are the scared little girls, the rape survivors and the survivors of incest who dare not talk about their experiences to anyone. Counselling hardly exists for such girls in Swaziland. Then there are the women who have seven children and a husband who refuses to wear a condom, and they cannot bear to have more children. These are desperate women, and they will go to anyone who they think will help them,” she said. 

In the absence of legal abortions, mothers are suspected of practising infanticide. Local media reports of newborns found dead in isolated areas are commonplace. 

Population control 

The legalizing of abortion was debated for the first time recently in parliament, which deemed it a useful tool for population control. The country’s population is about 1,1 million. 

Minister of Sports, Culture and Youth Affairs Hlobisile Ndlovu told the recent health conference terminations could serve as a way of curbing the high birth rate. “The children born from very young people eventually end up being a burden on government.” 

MP Johannes Ndlangamandla told parliament unwanted babies had difficult lives and “abortion should be legalized to curb the population of unwanted babies who end up becoming a burden to government.” 

He said to object to terminations on religious grounds was hypocritical, as “it is unchristian to breed unwanted babies and expose them to a life of difficulty they do not deserve.” Other MPs, however, said abortions were “equivalent to murder”. 

The Times of Swaziland dismissed abortion as a population control tool: “This is completely the wrong reason to legalise abortion, as the same effect could be reached by universal condom use.” 

Since the early 1990s, Swaziland’s GDP has not kept pace with population growth, “leading to an overall reduction in the standard of living for the average Swazi,” according to the Central Bank of Swaziland. 

jh/go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96777/SWAZILAND-Illegal-abortions-endangering-lives</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191259520657t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - Abortions are illegal in Swaziland and have resulted in criminal convictions, but in October 2012 more than 1,000 women were treated for abortion-related complications at a single clinic in the country’s second city Manzini, says the Family Life Association of Swaziland (FLAS), a family planning organization.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: HIV stigma still a barrier</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007110915t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - Stigma against HIV-positive people is hobbling national efforts to encourage testing, and to get more people to access antiretrovirals (ARVs), according to findings from a stigma index compiled by Swazis living with HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - Stigma against HIV-positive people is hobbling national efforts to encourage testing, and to get more people to access antiretrovirals (ARVs), according to findings from a stigma index compiled by Swazis living with HIV. 

The survey, conducted by the Swaziland Network for People Living with HIV/AIDS (SWANEPHA), found that nearly half (45 percent) of Swazis who know they are HIV-positive refuse to go to clinics to receive ARVs for fear of being identified as having the virus. 

“They do nothing. They don’t go for antiretroviral therapy,” said Thembi Nkambule, director of SWANEPHA, an umbrella organization incorporating local and national HIV/AIDS support groups. Instead, they hide their “shame” and wait till they are at an advanced stage of the disease, she added. 

HIV-positive SWANEPHA members talked to 1,233 HIV-positive Swazis and produced a detailed depiction of life for an HIV-person in a country which has the world’s highest HIV prevalence rate. Although 25.9 percent of the population is HIV-positive, the survey found deep-rooted prejudice against people with the virus. 

The People Living with HIV Stigma Index aims to collect information about the experiences of people living with HIV related to stigma, discrimination and their rights. 

“We have gone beyond telling our stories and are producing hard evidence,” said Thembi Nkambule. 

Swaziland has successfully reached its national target of providing ARV prophylaxis to 90 percent of pregnant women living with HIV. In 2011, 94.5 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women were given prophylactic ARVs to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, according to government figures [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_SZ_Narrative_Report[1].pdf ].

But the study found that 13 percent of HIV-positive women were advised by “healthcare professionals” not to have children. In addition, 3 percent of the women participants reported that doctors, nurses and health advisers had “coerced” them to undergo sterilization. 

Excluded 

According to the Stigma Index, 11 percent of HIV-positive people are regularly excluded from family activities; while 9 percent are prevented from attending social gatherings such as weddings and funerals. 

“I told my family I was HIV-positive because I wanted their support. My parents are dead but one sister and her husband offered support. But I was told by an aunt that I must not dare attend the funeral of her husband, who was one of my uncles, because it is taboo for a dying person to go to a funeral. I was very upset and I insisted that I am not dying. She shouted at me that she wished I were dead because I brought AIDS to the family,” Cynthia Ngomezulu, a store clerk in Manzini, told IRIN/PlusNews. 

More than two-thirds of Swazis reside on communal Swazi nation land, where traditional life is lived under the rule of chiefs, and community meetings allow for the Swazi custom of local development through consensus. However, about 15 percent of HIV-positive respondents in the survey reported that they are denied the right to speak at community gatherings because of their HIV status. 

Thab’sile Dlamini, an HIV testing and counselling officer in Manzini, blamed a fearful national leadership which clings to “a 1980s view of AIDS” for not leading the battle against discrimination. 

The silence of the traditional leadership and top government officials against discrimination towards HIV-positive people was tacitly encouraging stigma, she said. 

“How else can you explain traditional leaders who run the rural areas where 70 percent of Swazis live, allowing HIV-positive people to be kicked out of community projects and not allow their voices to be heard at community meetings?” she said. 

“There is no longer any doubt why Swazis are reluctant to test for HIV. They do not wish to have it known they may be HIV-positive, even if knowledge of their condition means they can get treatment and live normal lives instead of dying in agony from an AIDS-related illness,” Dlamini added. 

jh/kn/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96761/SWAZILAND-HIV-stigma-still-a-barrier</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007110915t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - Stigma against HIV-positive people is hobbling national efforts to encourage testing, and to get more people to access antiretrovirals (ARVs), according to findings from a stigma index compiled by Swazis living with HIV.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: IMF recommends land reforms</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200810153t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Land reform has been recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as part of the solution to deepening economic decline in Swaziland, a country where more than two-thirds of the population lives in poverty.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Land reform has been recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as part of the solution to deepening economic decline in Swaziland, a country where more than two-thirds of the population lives in poverty. 

Following a two-week visit by a delegation, the IMF announced, in a 7 November statement, that one of the key challenges facing Swaziland - in addition to high unemployment, rising inequality and the world’s highest HIV/AIDS prevalence - is “improving access to modern financing by an appropriate land tenure reform.” 

Dimpho Motsamai, a researcher from the Africa Conflict Prevention Program at the Pretoria-based think tank Institute for Security Studies (ISS), told IRIN, “It is refreshing land [in Swaziland] is being highlighted as part of the solution to poverty” by international institutions. 

Swazi Nation Land 

Swaziland has dual system of land ownership, in which some people have title deeds while the majority live on Swazi Nation Land (SNL). SNL is often referred to as communal land, although communal land practices apply only to non-arable and livestock pastures. Land used for crop production is individually held and allocated by chiefs, who also act as arbiters in land disputes. 

SNL is held in trust by King Mswati III, sub-Sahara’s last absolute monarch, forming the bedrock of his power base. The king imposes his authority through a chieftain system in rural areas, which comprise about 60 percent of the country’s land mass. 

Those residing on SNL have no title deeds and can be evicted by the chiefs without recourse. Without title deeds, subsistence farmers have no collateral to raise the funds needed to undertake basic improvements, such as irrigation systems, that would increase their yields. As a result, many farming practices are rudimentary, and many people are vulnerable to food insecurity. 

Mandla Mduli, a trade unionist and member of the Swaziland Solidarity Network, an umbrella organization of pro-democracy groups, told IRIN, “Land reform as recommended by the IMF will not be done because the system keeps the royal family in power. Seventy percent of Swazis live on these lands that are, in effect, owned by the royal family and run by chiefs appointed by the king. Anyone who joins a political party is exiled [from SNL].” 

Declining maize production 

The preliminary results of the World Food Programme’s (WFP) vulnerability assessment estimated that this year’s harvest of the staple maize was 76,000 tons - over 8,000 tons lower than the previous season. 

“About 116,000 people, or 11 percent of the population, will experience food shortages in the lean season before the next harvest in May 2013,” the assessment said. 

Swaziland’s maize production has been declining since 2000; previously the country produced about 100,000 tons of maize annually. WFP attributed the slump to “erratic weather, high fuel and input costs, the devastating impact of HIV and AIDS, and a decline in the use of improved agricultural practices and inputs.” [ http://www.wfp.org/countries/swaziland/overview ] 

A national land policy was drafted in 2000, outlining a national development strategy for land and rural development, but the policy was never implemented. An agricultural academic at the University of Swaziland, who declined to be identified, told IRIN, “The policy was never adopted, as it would have taken power [over land matters] away from the chiefs, and the chiefs enjoy their power.” 

The academic said there is “absolute disorder when it comes to land” in Swaziland. There is widespread corruption, SNL is being sold off without any official documentation by chiefs and “people pretending to be chiefs”, and land allocation is used as an instrument of political patronage. 

Problem worsening 

A 2010 report published by the University of the Western Cape’s Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) said, “Swazi citizens are increasingly losing their hold over the land as the population increases and the demand for land intensifies. The continuance of poor land administration in the face of the continuing challenges of population growth has already had massively harmful social and economic consequences, which will only worsen until the nettle of land reform is grasped.” [ http://www.plaas.org.za/sites/default/files/publications-landpdf/PLAAS%20Annual%20review%20web.pdf ] 

ISS researcher Motsamai said land reform is “very controversial” within the country, as it is not a question of land redistribution “from colonizer to colonized,” but of taking power from the “entitlement of a royal household”. 

“It’s [proposed] land reform of land owned by one guy essentially,” she said. 

As those living on SNL cannot afford to purchase or lease the land, one consideration could be to nationalize it, but in that scenario, the state would take ownership of the land when the “king is the state,” she said. 

go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96742/SWAZILAND-IMF-recommends-land-reforms</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200810153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 09 November 2012 (IRIN) - Land reform has been recommended by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as part of the solution to deepening economic decline in Swaziland, a country where more than two-thirds of the population lives in poverty.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Governments failing to address cervical cancer</title><pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104281135310153t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in southern Africa, but new research reveals that governments’ attempts to address the disease have been inadequate. Access to cervical cancer screening services is minimal, few countries in the region have policies on the disease, and treatment remains a major challenge.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in southern Africa, but new research reveals that governments’ attempts to address the disease have been inadequate. Access to cervical cancer screening services is minimal, few countries in the region have policies on the disease, and treatment remains a major challenge. 

The study, based on regional desktop research and field research in Namibia and Zambia by the Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC), assessed the state of cervical cancer services in southern Africa, particularly in Namibia and Zambia, finding that many women access medical assistance only when they have advanced cervical cancer, which is more difficult to treat and can be extremely painful [ http://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/uploads/CERVICAL%20CANCER%20Report.pdf ].

"The failure to provide access to cervical cancer services results in the violation of fundamental rights and in the loss of countless lives. There is a serious and urgent need to improve services for cervical cancer in the southern Africa region," the report warned. 

Guidance needed 

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in southern Africa may have contributed to the high number of cervical cancer deaths; women infected with HIV are more likely to develop cervical lesions that can become cancerous. 

But there is still a lack of clear and comprehensive national cervical cancer management guidelines and policies in the region. Neither Namibia nor Zambia has comprehensive guidelines on the management of the illness. Where guidance is available, it tends to be inadequate, focusing on screening, with limited guidance about other forms of prevention or treatments. 

"The piecemeal approach to addressing cervical cancer in national policies results in inconsistent commitment," the report added. 

According to Nyasha Chingore, HIV project lawyer with SALC and the author of the report, Botswana is one of the few countries with a broad, accessible cervical cancer policy. As a result, more women in the country have access to Pap smear screenings - in which a sample of cervical cells is collected and checked for abnormalities. The number of screenings has increased from 5,000 per year before 2002 to 32,000 per year in 2009. 

Where there are no policies, or where policies are not easily accessible by health systems, women are not made aware of the services that are available to them. "With HIV, we all know that when you test positive, they must do a viral load test and CD4 count test... Everybody knows the policy. We have material in our support groups. But with this cervix cancer thing, we don’t know what we are entitled to," said a study participant. 

The report found "a significant amount of misinformation" in Namibia, where most of the young women interviewed reported being informed - incorrectly - by healthcare workers that contraceptives cause cervical cancer or are a risk factor for the illness. 

Stigma is also a major challenge. "It's not an easy topic to talk about. You have to talk about sex, and you develop sores in places no one wants to talk about," Chingore told IRIN/PlusNews. 

Access to screenings in Zambia is determined by geographical location, with few if any screening services available outside of the capital, Lusaka. While cervical cancer services seem to be generally available in Namibia, access is limited by factors such as the lack of prioritization of cervical cancer screening by health workers. 

Treatment and vaccines 

"The treatment of invasive cervical cancer continues to be a major challenge in the region due to the lack of surgical facilities, skilled providers, chemotherapy and radiotherapy services. In Namibia and Zambia, there is a dearth of treatment options, with hysterectomy being the most prevalent form of treatment. There are few treatment options available to women who want to preserve their fertility," the report said. 

Because of structural problems, including inadequate laboratory facilities and personnel shortages, patients and health workers often choose treatment options without having proper diagnoses or adequate information, it added. 

Two vaccines against the human papillomavirus (HPV) - a sexually transmitted virus that can cause cervical cancer - are currently available, but the cost of the vaccines has made it difficult for countries to introduce vaccination campaigns. "Governments need to think about how to make vaccines easily available... Whether it's through parallel importation or compulsory licensing, there are options, they just need to be explored," Chingore told IRIN/PlusNews. 

So far, Zambia and Lesotho are the only countries in the region rolling out free HPV vaccination programmes, the report noted. 

In June 2011, Merck announced it would provide the vaccine Gardasil to the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), for US$5 per dose, a reduction of nearly 70 percent. Eligibility for GAVI support, however, is determined by national income; while Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe are eligible, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland are not. 

SALC urges southern Africa governments to integrate cervical cancer screening into existing sexual and reproductive health services, to allocate adequate resources to the management of cervical cancer, and to establish cancer registries to assess the impact of cervical cancer screening programmes. 

kn/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96676/SOUTHERN-AFRICA-Governments-failing-to-address-cervical-cancer</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104281135310153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in southern Africa, but new research reveals that governments’ attempts to address the disease have been inadequate. Access to cervical cancer screening services is minimal, few countries in the region have policies on the disease, and treatment remains a major challenge.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Art invigorates academic work of disabled children</title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210040918360304t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Art programmes have widely been considered unaffordable luxuries by Swaziland&apos;s public schools, but one school has broken from the pack, using art to improve academic performance and economic prospects for students with disabilities.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Art programmes have widely been considered unaffordable luxuries by Swaziland's public schools, but one school has broken from the pack, using art to improve academic performance and economic prospects for students with disabilities.

Children with disabilities are often overlooked by government services, leading to disadvantages in the classroom that carry into adulthood. The government lacks a designated education budget for deaf and blind students, for example, and disabled children are generally integrated into underfunded mainstream schools, which have little capacity to cater to their special needs.

At Swaziland’s High School for the Deaf, near the eastern provincial capital Siteki, the government provides money only for teachers’ salaries, not for students’ special needs. All other expenses are funded by school fees.

Even so, the school has found an innovative way to improve students’ learning. It recently launched a pilot art project for 50 underperforming leaners, meant to equip them with the skills necessary to produce indigenous handicrafts, for which Swaziland’s tourism industry provides a market.

The programme has yielded unexpected benefits. Thabsile Kunene, a teacher at the school, told IRIN that since the art classes began, “the students are focused more on their studies because the art lessons have made them like school. The students originally put in the arts programme were students who were failing in the classroom; they were put into vocational studies so they might earn livings with their hands.

“The art project made us realize that the problem may be with the curriculum for children with disabilities and not the children themselves, because after the art classes, their new fondness for school, a place that had previously frustrated them, is showing up in their other work,” she said.

Reaching alienated youth

“It is true that art, as we are teaching it, as a vocational subject, can offer students a real means to make a living, but making art teaches a student much more: individual thinking, creativity and socialization by cooperating in a group,” Peter Armstrong, one of the founders of the Yebo ArtReach, which is coordinating the pilot programme through a grant from the US government, told IRIN.

“Access to art education and creative enterprises is severely lacking in Swaziland, while the number of disenfranchised youth is forever on the rise. Over half of the population is now under the age of 18. Some of the serious issues currently facing Swaziland include youth unemployment of 53 percent,” Armstrong continued. About 70 percent of country’s 1.2 million people live in poverty.

The problem is even worse for youth with disabilities, said Information Minister Winnie Magagula, at the recent opening of a Braille book section at Mbabane Public Library. “Lack of education and training for people with disabilities has led to a knock-on effect when it comes to accessing employment. The unemployment rate for the disabled is 83.5 percent, which is a terrible waste of human resources.” The unemployment rate in Swaziland is estimated at about 40 percent.

Motivation

The art programme has discernibly motivated its participants. The project’s launch earlier this year coincided with strikes and school closures as teachers demanded a below-inflation wage increase. “Because of the strikes, all the students were sent home. But they all came back for the two days of art instruction. They were given hands-on instruction in painting, printing, mosaic and paper work. The response was amazing. You could see the students get more involved and excited by the day,” said Dane Armstrong, a project coordinator and the son of Yebo ArtReach’s founder.

Pholile Malaza, a faculty member involved in the initiative, saw it as a safety net for underperforming students, but has seen it improve behavior as well. “Most of the students were short-tempered before. They would get frustrated in class and start fighting. But now they are less frustrated. It is as if their spirits are at peace.”

The school’s principal, Zodwa Thwala, said that since the art classes started, discipline has improved. “What I notice is that the students really enjoy the arts. They showed a love for what they are doing.”

jh/go/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96447/SWAZILAND-Art-invigorates-academic-work-of-disabled-children</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210040918360304t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Art programmes have widely been considered unaffordable luxuries by Swaziland&apos;s public schools, but one school has broken from the pack, using art to improve academic performance and economic prospects for students with disabilities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Cattle die in the thousands</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241240490236t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Cold and wet weather, coupled with overgrazing and poor animal husbandry, has been blamed for the deaths of about 10,000 cattle in Swaziland in the past month - and has increased fears of health risks as people scavenge carcasses for food.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Cold and wet weather, coupled with overgrazing and poor animal husbandry, has been blamed for the deaths of about 10,000 cattle in Swaziland in the past month - and has increased fears of health risks as people scavenge carcasses for food. 

“This is the highest number of cattle deaths in the country’s [modern] history,” Zolani Dlamini, the director of the government’s livestock and veterinary services, told local media. 

Since the rinderpest outbreak in the 1890s, which killed about 90 percent of all stock animals in Swaziland, farming practices have barely evolved in the landlocked country. Cattle are highly valued culturally and represent the only means of financial security for the two-thirds of the country’s 1.2 million people who reside on communal Swazi Nation Land (SNL). 

Prior to the mass deaths, Swaziland’s national herd was estimated at about 750,000 head of cattle, but the agricultural ministry estimates the optimum number of cattle for the country’s pastures - depending on the weather conditions - is between 400,000 and 600,000. While the mass deaths may be seen as mitigating some of the cattle overpopulation, the losses are difficult for impoverished farmers to manage. 

Agricultural Minister Clement Dlamini said in a statement, “This is a huge blow to many Swazis, and in monetary terms, they have [experienced] a huge loss [from] which they will never recover anytime soon.” 

Poor animal husbandry 

Despite a European Union trade export agreement with Swaziland [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80917/SWAZILAND-A-cow-in-the-field-is-worth-two-in-the-EU ], the country consistently fails to fulfil its hormone-free beef quota, attributed to poor animal husbandry and a reluctance by farmers to sell cattle because of their high social capital. The average herd size for cattle-owning rural households is estimated at between four and six head of cattle. 

“Animal husbandry has not changed since the time of the rinderpest. Cattle are still confined in dirt branch kraals that turn to mud when it rains. Cattle become stuck in the mud, either in the kraal or in the fields,” Amos Fakudze, a veterinarian, told IRIN. 

Of the recent deaths, Agricultural Minister Dlamini said, “The cattle did not have any layer of body fat [due to malnourishment] to shield them from the cold and to use as energy to generate heat.” 

An animal rights activist, who declined to be named, told IRIN, “There is a real gap between the love Swazis have for their cattle and their treatment of their cattle. Swazis even name their cows like pets, but they allow them to wander half-starved to forage on weeds and get killed by trucks on the highway or die of exposure during storms.” 

Health risks 

The agricultural ministry has broadcast radio bulletins warning of the health risks associated with eating the carcasses littering the countryside, but for an estimated 69 percent of the population living in chronic poverty, it is a temptation difficult to resist. 

“People are using unconventional ‘coping mechanisms’ to survive, some by foraging for whatever they can find in the forests. The dead cattle provide an opportunity for food that famished people really cannot resist, despite the health warnings,” Fakudze said. 

He expects a recurrence of the mass cattle deaths in coming years, as the country has been increasingly experiencing cycles of dry spells and intense storms. “Modern cattle-raising methods must be introduced, but this is impossible as long as Swazis remain landless peasants with no capital or means of acquiring animal feed and materials to construct proper cattle shelters.” 

tg/go/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96353/SWAZILAND-Cattle-die-in-the-thousands</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241240490236t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - Cold and wet weather, coupled with overgrazing and poor animal husbandry, has been blamed for the deaths of about 10,000 cattle in Swaziland in the past month - and has increased fears of health risks as people scavenge carcasses for food.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Child marriages banned</title><pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/2009031611t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - The practice of men marrying underage girls - which has been an accepted social norm for centuries but has been linked in recent years to the spread of HIV - was recently declared illegal in Swaziland.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - The practice of men marrying underage girls - which has been an accepted social norm for centuries but has been linked in recent years to the spread of HIV - was recently declared illegal in Swaziland.

Known in SiSwati as ‘kwendizisa’, the marriage of an adult man to an underage girl was considered a legal “grey area” prior to the promulgation of the Children’s Protection and Welfare Act of 2012. According to the 2005 Swaziland constitution, some customary practices are allowed unless they conflict with constitutional clauses.

“Swazi men marrying girls once the girls enter puberty is not a customary law. It is not mandatory. It is tolerated because it has always been done. But times are changing, and Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world. This practice has added to the spread of HIV. It is a great victory for public health and for the rights of girl children that this outmoded practice must now end,” AIDS activist Sandra Kunene told IRIN/PlusNews.

Married adolescents are at greater risk of HIV infection because many of them are in polygamous unions, face sexual violence or are unable to negotiate safe sex. The girls also tend to have little contact with their peers, restricted social mobility, low levels of education and limited access to media and health messages. [ http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58008.html ]

Enforcing the new law

Last week, Deputy Prime Minister Themba Masuku announced the government’s intention to enforce the Child Protection and Welfare Act by prosecuting men who marry underage girls.

Sexual activity with underage girls was previously prosecuted as statutory rape - but only if it occurred outside the bounds of marriage. Girls aged 15 and older were legally permitted to marry in accordance with the 1920 Girl’s Protection Act, and underage sexual activity within marriage was considered acceptable. 

Today, perpetrators face statutory rape charges, and they are additionally fined R20,000 ($2,400) by the child welfare law. The new law also penalizes parents and guardians who collude with adult men to orchestrate a child marriage. Offenders face prison terms of up to 20 years. 

At a press conference, Masuku described the marriage of girls under the age of consent as “child abuse” and said the fine should be raised to R100,000 ($12,000). “This would send a message,” Masuku said.

Traditions linked to epidemic

Other sexual practices that have been permitted because they are rooted in traditional Swazi life have also been linked to the country’s high HIV rates.

“One of these is the practice of having the widow, after the funeral of her husband, be ‘claimed’ by her husband’s brother. She must go to his home and be his wife because polygamy is also permitted in Swaziland,” said Agnes Simelane, a child welfare officer and counsellor of abused children.

“If the husband died of AIDS and he infected his wife with HIV, the virus could be passed on to the new household. Or if the husband’s brother is HIV-positive, he could infect the widow. Either way, by custom the woman has no say in the matter,” she said.

“Traditionally, marriages were arranged between families,” said Thomas Graham, a local historian. “When the Swazi population numbered in the tens of thousands in the 19th century and life expectancy was 35 years old for a Swazi, it made sense to marry young and have multiple wives… to keep the family and Swazi nation existent."

The new prohibition against child marriage, he said, “throws Swazi custom on its ear, and it is a landmark step in the tug of war between traditional and modern life”. 

Nthando Dlamini, an HIV testing and counselling officer in Manzini, welcomed the announcement. “Many men still believe that if they have sex with a virgin this will cure them of AIDS and rid them of HIV. Since AIDS has become widespread in Swaziland, we fear that one motivation for marrying underage girls was that some men desired such ‘protection’. That way has now been shut off for them,” he told IRIN/PlusNews.

jh/kn/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96347/SWAZILAND-Child-marriages-banned</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/2009031611t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 20 September 2012 (IRIN) - The practice of men marrying underage girls - which has been an accepted social norm for centuries but has been linked in recent years to the spread of HIV - was recently declared illegal in Swaziland.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Increasing hostility towards Chinese traders</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008012413t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG/BLANTYRE/MASERU/LUSAKA 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - In the last decade, Asian migrants have fanned out through southern Africa, opening shops in small towns and rural backwaters. While consumers in countries facing increasing economic hardships have come to depend on their low prices, local shop owners complain they are being forced out of business, pressuring governments to introduce restrictions on foreign traders.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG/BLANTYRE/MASERU/LUSAKA 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - - In the last decade, Asian migrants have fanned out through southern Africa, opening shops in small towns and rural backwaters. While consumers in countries facing increasing economic hardships have come to depend on their low prices, local shop owners complain they are being forced out of business, pressuring governments to introduce restrictions on foreign traders.

In Malawi, Chinese-owned shops and restaurants have proliferated since the country established diplomatic ties with China in 2007. But the government was recently prompted by bitter complaints from local business owners to introduce legislation preventing foreign traders from operating outside of major cities.  

The new law has mainly targeted Chinese traders, many of whom are now being forced to shutter their businesses in rural areas and to apply to the Ministry of Industry and Trade for business licenses to operate in Lilongwe, Blantyre, Mzuzu or Zomba - the country’s four major cities. 

“They can operate in rural areas when they are in production and big business, not doing petty trading,” Malawi Minister of Industry and Trade John Bande told IRIN, adding that the government would continue passing legislation that encouraged serious foreign investment “to the benefit of Malawians”.

But human rights groups have described the legislation as xenophobic, and consumers like Arnold Mwenefumbo, from Karonga District in northern Malawi, complain that forcing out the Chinese traders will mean paying much higher prices for products sold by Malawians and other African nations.

“[The Chinese] were also employing our son and daughters,” said Mwenefumbo.

Lesotho

In Lesotho, a tiny land-locked country facing high rates of poverty and unemployment, the relatively recent appearance of thousands of foreign, mostly Chinese-owned, businesses has generated similar resentment from local business owners, but little government intervention. 

Before the mid-1990s, Makhabane Theko ran a successful retail business in the capital, Maseru, but now leases his building to the same Chinese traders who he says pushed him out of business. “It’s difficult to compete against the foreign investors, especially the Chinese. You sell 500g of sugar for 8.00 maloti (US$1.4) and they will sell it for a price that is almost half that,” he told IRIN.

Stories like Theko's are common. Although the exact number of Chinese in Lesotho is unknown, estimates range between 10,000 and 20,000, or up to 1 percent of Lesotho’s population of 1.9 million, according to a recent report released by the Brenthurst Foundation. “Business is good here,” said one Chinese trader.

Unlike neighbouring South Africa, which has a long history of Chinese migration and Chinese-run businesses, Lesotho has traditionally been a country of out-migration and has little experience with immigrants. National legislation limits ownership of small businesses to Basotho citizens, but the government has largely turned a blind eye to corrupt practices allowing Chinese migrants to purchase trading licenses or even national identity documents. 

“Chinese are now selling makoenya [fat cakes], loose cigarettes, even beer at retail prices, but their business category forbids them from doing so,” said a street vendor who sells cigarettes in Maseru.

Yoon Jung Park, coordinator of the Chinese in Africa/Africans in China (CA/AC) International Research Working Group, has conducted research on perceptions of Chinese in southern Africa. She noted that small countries with struggling economies like Lesotho are seeing funding from Western donors dwindling; many may view Chinese investment as their next best hope. This is reflected in the lack of government action to regulate the proliferation of small Chinese-run businesses. 

“I think there’s a link between official ties [with China] and the messages that get filtered down to people, especially in these small countries that are desperate for foreign aid, that the Chinese are the great hope and we need to be nice to them,” she told IRIN.

Many complain that the Chinese add little to the local economy because they send all of their money home, but according to Park, few Chinese migrants in Lesotho send remittances home. Instead, they spend their first two or three years in the country repaying loans, and then they tend to reinvest in their businesses. Most also employ at least one local to interact with customers.

They keep their prices as low as possible by buying from other Chinese (often at a slight discount), forming cooperatives to make bulk purchases and focusing on rapid turnover rather than high profit margins. Rumours that the more unscrupulous also engage in under-handed practices like re-packaging expired food and removing a few ounces from bags of flour and sugar before resealing them may also be true in some cases, said Park. 

“Profit margins are so narrow, that they probably do resort to some of those things. And government in Lesotho isn’t doing enough to prevent them,” she commented.

In the run-up to Lesotho’s general elections in June, several political parties indicated their intention to expel foreign traders from the country, but apart from several raids on Chinese supermarkets said to be selling expired meat, no action has been taken to prevent them from operating.

Zambia

Zambia’s open-door investment policy has seen hundreds of Asian migrants setting up businesses in the country in recent years, but locals employed by them complain about low wages.

“Yes, they are giving us jobs, but these are not jobs to help us [improve our lives]. They are jobs to help them make more money. I am paid 350,000 kwacha  [US$70] every month, and what can you do with that amount? It is like my salary just goes for transport to come here and go home,” said Melinda Daka, a shop worker in a Chinese-owned business in Kamwala, Lusaka’s upmarket trading area.

“Zambian employers pay much better, but they are very few, and they only employ very few people… So, there is nothing we can do but work for these same people [foreigners].”

In July, the Zambian government increased the monthly minimum wage [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96073/ZAMBIA-Dreaming-of-a-minimum-wage ] for shop workers and other general workers, from $80 to $220, but employers are reluctant to pay the new salaries, saying they could make the cost of business unsustainable. 

Positive relations

But negative attitudes toward Chinese traders are not uniform throughout the region. In countries such as South Africa and Swaziland, where Chinese migrants arrived several generations ago and now run businesses that fill gaps in the market without competing with locals, relations have remained fairly good. 

Park's research in Zimbabwe found that during that country's severe economic crisis, consumers were grateful to Chinese traders for getting goods into the country when no one else could. "They said that if it hadn’t been for them, they wouldn’t have been able to send their kids to school with basic supplies. They helped them survive the crisis," she told IRIN.

However, in countries with struggling economies, the arrival of large numbers of entrepreneurial Chinese migrants combined with a lack of enforcement of laws and regulations have fuelled tense relations with locals.

"Oftentimes, they know it’s not the fault of the Chinese. They respect them for their work ethic, but they’re angry that the government is allowing them to do some of the things they do," said Park.

ks/ms/rc/nm/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96266/SOUTHERN-AFRICA-Increasing-hostility-towards-Chinese-traders</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008012413t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG/BLANTYRE/MASERU/LUSAKA 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - In the last decade, Asian migrants have fanned out through southern Africa, opening shops in small towns and rural backwaters. While consumers in countries facing increasing economic hardships have come to depend on their low prices, local shop owners complain they are being forced out of business, pressuring governments to introduce restrictions on foreign traders.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>World Humanitarian Day: Community health workers get the job done</title><pubDate>Sun, 19 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200705237t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA/KINSHASA/MBABANE/NAIROBI 19 August 2012 (IRIN) - Doctors, nurses, activists and policy makers have all been vital to Africa&apos;s HIV programmes, but supporting them every step of the way has been an army of dedicated community health workers and volunteers who care for people living with the virus.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA/KINSHASA/MBABANE/NAIROBI 19 August 2012 (IRIN) - Doctors, nurses, activists and policy makers have all been vital to Africa's HIV programmes, but supporting them every step of the way has been an army of dedicated community health workers and volunteers who care for people living with the virus.

"I had a patient who was delirious and she bit me. She was HIV-positive, and she could have infected me if I was not already HIV-positive. It was terrifying," recalled Thab'sile Ndlovu, a community care volunteer who assists people living with HIV in a rural area near Siphofaneni, in central Swaziland. “That was the day before I was chased by a bull when I was doing my rounds in the area, and it was a week after I was bitten by a dog at a homestead.”

The continent's community caregivers do more than check in on patients to see if they have sufficient supplies of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, which suppress the virus . Caroline Makhongo, a community health worker in Samia, a rural district in western Kenya, says her days involve visiting and caring for sick neighbours, helping patients get to the hospital, giving talks at the local health centre and following up on patients who have missed regular visits to the health centre.

"It is something you do because you want to help," said Makhongo. “Without [community health workers], many people would die of HIV as a result of failing to finish their treatment or even fewer people would be taking family planning services, but we help explain these things to them and you see improvement."

World Humanitarian Day, on 19 August, recognizes the contributions of humanitarian workers like Ndlovu and Makhongo, who often make enormous personal sacrifices in their service to others. [ https://www.thunderclap.it/whd-iwashere ]

Plugging a gap

Swaziland's deepening financial crisis has taken its toll on the healthcare system, with nurses [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96037/SWAZILAND-Nurses-protest-working-conditions ] embarking on intermittent strikes to protest unsafe working conditions and low pay. As the public health sector declines, Swazis are increasingly relying on community volunteers to fill the gap.

In Kenya, more than 10,000 community health workers have been deployed in communities to help plug the shortage of professional health care workers. They have helped scale-up HIV programmes including voluntary counselling and antiretroviral adherence counselling.

"Community health workers are particularly critical in providing services at the lower levels of health care, because trained health professionals are not always enough in resource-poor countries," Lucy Mathu, a prevention-of-mother-to-child HIV transmission advisor at the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatric AIDS Foundation, told IRIN. "Many patients, especially in rural areas only have a one-off contact with a trained health care professional, and this means the care these patients need cannot continue without these volunteers. They are very important in terms of passing on critical health messages."

In Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where stigma remains very high and HIV-positive people are often shunned, one NGO is using HIV-positive volunteers to care for each other and to teach the community about HIV.

"We are all HIV-positive...volunteers oversee patients at home or in hospital," said Jean Lukela head of a national network of community-based organizations supporting people living with HIV (RENOUAC). "We organize community meals with the purpose of showing others that they can eat with [HIV-positive people]."

The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), one of Uganda's oldest local NGOs, has close to 5,000 volunteers; TASO officials say community workers are at the centre of the organization's activities.

"It saves hospitals and health centres from getting filled up. Instead of bringing these people to hospitals, we take care of and monitor them at their homes," said Moses Batwala, TASO medical coordinator. "The programme helps us take services nearer to the people."

Just 56 percent of health worker positions in Uganda's public health system are filled, and community workers play a vital role in plugging this gap.

"Home-based care approach is a very important component and has been demonstrated to work," said David Apuuli Kihumuro, director general of the Uganda AIDS Commission. "However, the system is too expensive... the government can't manage it. Civil society organizations and NGOs are better in doing it than the government."

But NGOs also face funding issues, and community health workers - often just as poor as the people they care for - regularly go above and beyond the call of duty, sharing their food or buying food for sick community members or spending their own money on transport to get sick people to health centres. 

Under-supported

"We need to get more support than what we have now. Many think we are just good Samaritans without any needs," Makhongo said. "Some of us get nothing at all, and some who get a little support have to share it with the patients we look after."

She receives 2,000 Kenya shillings - about US$24 - every month to facilitate the work she does, but this doesn't even begin to cover her expenses.

Volunteers for the DRC's RENOUAC say the people they care for are so poor that they cannot afford basics like toothbrushes and hand towels, let alone transport to health centres. 

Studies [ http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/8/1/8/ ] show that while task-shifting - delegating tasks performed by physicians to staff with lower-level qualifications such as primary healthcare teams and community health workers - offers high-quality, cost-effective care and is a viable response to Africa's lack of health workers, it faces several challenges, including adequate and sustainable training and funding for community health workers.

"It is a problem, because when donors hear the word 'volunteer', they expect people to work and give of their time for nothing in return," said one Swazi health motivator who preferred anonymity. 

"We do have affluent volunteers from the towns who can afford to work without compensation, but most of our women - the rural volunteers are mostly women - they live in extreme poverty," she added. "They do not use their stipends as income but they need this money to pay for bus fare, which can be expensive, and for lunches. I know several volunteers who purchase blankets and necessities like bathing tubs and even food for shut-in patients with AIDS."

The work is also frequently physically strenuous. "I must go to the stream with two 20-litre containers and fill them with water for Mrs Simelane. She is too weak to fetch water, and her children are too small to handle the containers. It is over a kilometre and I am fortunate to use a wheelbarrow, but pushing those containers uphill is hard!” Agnes Tshabalala, a health volunteer from Swaziland's central Manzini region, said with a laugh.

Mathu noted that the sustainability and success of the services provided by community health workers was dependent on the amount of training and support they received. 

"Total voluntarism doesn't work at all," she said. "Make their work easy by giving them material support and continuously improving their skills to improve the quality of care they are able to provide."

jh/ko/so/sw/kn/kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96132/World-Humanitarian-Day-Community-health-workers-get-the-job-done</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200705237t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA/KINSHASA/MBABANE/NAIROBI 19 August 2012 (IRIN) - Doctors, nurses, activists and policy makers have all been vital to Africa&apos;s HIV programmes, but supporting them every step of the way has been an army of dedicated community health workers and volunteers who care for people living with the virus.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Increasing obesity in sub-Saharan Africa threatens child survival</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 10 August 2012 (IRIN) - Making sure expectant mothers eat enough remains the main concern of health workers, especially in poorer rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, but this concentration has masked the fact that some pregnant women are dangerously overweight.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 10 August 2012 (IRIN) - Making sure expectant mothers eat enough remains the main concern of health workers, especially in poorer rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, but this concentration has masked the fact that some pregnant women are dangerously overweight. 

Swaziland, the fattest country in Africa, now has a maternal obesity rate of 27 percent, and an additional 32 percent are overweight - levels comparable to those in Europe. In the UK, for instance, around half of pregnant women either overweight or obese. 

National figures conceal great variation within countries, with the obesity rates estimated to be three times higher in urban areas than in rural ones. In many cities, this is a visible epidemic, and the causes are visible too. Main streets in Nigeria’s cities are now lined with fast food outlets such as Mr Biggs and Chicken Republic. Nigeria’s national maternal obesity figures - 17 percent overweight and 6 percent obese - will conceal much higher rates among certain groups of women. 

Being overweight is a known risk in pregnancy, and Jenny Cresswell, an epidemiologist at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, has set out to track the consequences of these growing obesity rates on child survival. 

Using the existing data in the demographic and health surveys compiled by ORC Macro on behalf of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), Cresswell and her colleagues looked at figures from 27 countries in sub-Saharan Africa and found that babies born to overweight and obese mothers were at significantly increased risk of neonatal death compared with those born to those to optimum-weight mothers. Surprisingly, they found no increased risk of neonatal death for the babies of underweight mothers, even though that has been a traditional cause of concern. 

Need for more data 

“The biggest limitation in the data was that height and weight were recorded at one point in time, after a woman’s pregnancy, whereas ideally we would measure then before or early in her pregnancy, but there is currently no data that would allow us to do that. Even so, we are confident in concluding that there is a true association,” Cresswell told IRIN. 

While clear, the association with neonatal death is less marked than in more developed countries. In a paper published this week in the medical journal the Lancet [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60869-1/abstract?version=printerFriendly ], the team suggest that this may simply be because very overweight women in sub-Saharan Africa rarely reach the extremes of morbid obesity (considered to be a body mass index of 40 kg/cu.m and above) increasingly seen in Europe and North America. 

The raw statistics record when a woman’s baby has died, and how long after birth, but they don’t give the cause. “We do need more robust research, especially on the causes of death,” Cresswell told IRIN. “A large part of the effect is likely to be due to unmeasured diabetes. And if that is truly the case, then we know how to treat diabetes.” 

Ellen Nohr, an epidemiologist at Aarhus University in Denmark, hails the finding as important [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61181-7/fulltext?version=printerFriendly ], despite the fact that Cresswell’s team was working with less-than-perfect data. Fuller studies, she said, could reveal causes that are easily prevented if obese women are screened for diseases during pregnancy, and delivered in a facility with emergency obstetric and neonatal care. But, she added, “The world can’t just wait for better data.” 

Encouragingly, the findings show that once healthcare professionals are alert to the issue, simple and inexpensive interventions can help a lot. Body mass indices can be established with scales and a measuring rod. Overweight women can also be advised on reducing their weight during pregnancy and encouraged to have their babies in a clinic with the necessary facilities. 

As Cresswell says, “In general it is the wealthier women and the more educated women who are more likely to be overweight, so if given this advice during antenatal care, it is reasonable to assume that many of these women will have the capacity to act on it. 

“Nutritionists generally talk about obesity in terms of things like cardiovascular problems, which show themselves later in life. But talking to a woman about risks to her baby may be more of an incentive to maintain a healthy weight than saying, ‘You will get ill in twenty years time.’” 

eb/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96075/HEALTH-Increasing-obesity-in-sub-Saharan-Africa-threatens-child-survival</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 10 August 2012 (IRIN) - Making sure expectant mothers eat enough remains the main concern of health workers, especially in poorer rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, but this concentration has masked the fact that some pregnant women are dangerously overweight.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Nurses protest working conditions</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206281356250011t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 07 August 2012 (IRIN) - Nurses in Swaziland are taking industrial action to push for better pay and to protest what they say are life-threatening conditions in public hospitals and clinics.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 07 August 2012 (IRIN) - Nurses in Swaziland are taking industrial action to push for better pay and to protest what they say are life-threatening conditions in public hospitals and clinics. 

Although the nurses called off a strike after two days last month for fear of being dismissed like other public sector workers, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95758/SWAZILAND-Teachers-strike-highlights-crumbling-education-system ] they continue to press home their demands through other forms of protest. 

A significant drop in revenue from the Southern African Customs Union in the wake of the global economic slowdown has taken a toll on delivery of healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94707/SWAZILAND-No-money-no-CD4-tests ] and education [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93726/SWAZILAND-Financial-crisis-forces-schools-to-close ] in Swaziland. 

Shortages of essential medicines and supplies at public hospitals and clinics have become routine while erratic water supplies at rural health facilities sometimes forces nurses to fetch water from nearby rivers in order to wash their patients, according to Amos Ndlangamandla, an intern at Mliba Clinic, in the Manzini Region. 

Even Swaziland's main referral hospital, the Mbabane Government Hospital in the capital, has been without water for the past week. 

According to the Swaziland Water Board, a faulty water-delivery system is to blame. With no water to wash film prints, patients in need of x-rays are being turned away. Toilets, kitchens, the hospital laundry and surgical preparation areas have also been inoperative, while equipment in need of sterilization is being sent to Pigg's Peak Government Hospital 90 minutes north of Mbabane. 

Strikes limited 

After the Education Department fired over 100 teachers who had refused to return to work after five weeks, about half of the country’s nursing workforce went on strike for just two days, amid fears that the government could take similar action against them. 

"If a school closes down temporarily, the students suffer, but they can make up lost class time later. If hospitals and clinics close down because all the nurses have been fired by government for going on strike, people die," said Cynthia Khumalo, a nurse in the central Manzini region. 

"We have to be careful how we proceed," agreed an official with the Swaziland Democratic Nurses Union (SWADNU), who declined to be named. "It would be ironic if our protest against hospital conditions that are compromising lives led to people's deaths." 

Like the teachers, SWADNU is seeking a 4.5 percent salary increase for nurses, well below the current inflation rate of 9 percent. Prime Minister Sibusiso Dlamini has responded that government cannot afford to increase salaries before 2015. 

"If government cannot find funds to provide basic services to hospitals and clinics, many people will die," said the SWADNU official, who said that nurses were not prepared to wait another three years for a salary increase and would likely strike again. 

In the meantime, SWADNU estimates that about a quarter of the country’s public sector nurses are finding other ways to protest. At the government hospital in the eastern provincial capital Siteki, nurses are reportedly on a go-slow, while nurses at the Mbabane Government Hospital have stopped working during the lunch hour, normally a busy time. 

"We are using this down time to educate the patients and their relatives. They ask why we are not working at times and we tell them that the clinic is not properly working at all times, and if we do not press for change it will get worse,” explained a head nurse at a clinic in Manzini Region, adding that no patient was neglected and that emergency services are not disrupted. “They understand and this way we can earn the public’s respect and understanding.” 

Declining service 

Swaziland has suffered a net loss of nurses over the past decade. 

Lured by better salaries and working conditions, many nurses graduating from the government-run teaching academy in Mbabane accept jobs in neighbouring South Africa or further afield. Some of those who remain feel their role has, by necessity, evolved to include agitating for better health care. 

"Government should make sure the hospitals are safe and well-supplied. When government does not, we have to make a noise about the absence of rubber gloves or proper sanitation," said Thembi Mtembu, a nurse in Manzini. 

"People ask us why we are not working. We tell them that if we do not make a statement, their loved ones in this hospital can die because of the conditions here... we have no water, no face masks, no drugs, just because of negligence, I believe," said a nurse at the Mbabane Government Hospital, who asked not to be named. 

As the decline of Swaziland's public health sector continues, Swazis are increasingly turning to traditional healers for health care. 

"I see more people coming to me for treatment because they are not served at the clinics. They go a long way and pay bus fare to go to a hospital and they are told there are no drugs," said Manqoba Fakudze, a traditional healer in the eastern Lubombo region. "Many Swazis go to an ‘inyanga’ [traditional doctor] first, before going to a clinic, but it has been many years since Swazis only used traditional healers." 

jh/ks/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96037/SWAZILAND-Nurses-protest-working-conditions</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206281356250011t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 07 August 2012 (IRIN) - Nurses in Swaziland are taking industrial action to push for better pay and to protest what they say are life-threatening conditions in public hospitals and clinics.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: AGOA uncertainty hurts textile workers</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004290724000743t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG/MANZINI 17 July 2012 (IRIN) - The livelihoods of tens of thousands of textile workers in Africa is hanging in the balance amid growing anxiety about whether a key provision of US trade legislation will be renewed before it expires in September.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG/MANZINI 17 July 2012 (IRIN) - The livelihoods of tens of thousands of textile workers in Africa is hanging in the balance amid growing anxiety about whether a key provision of US trade legislation will be renewed before it expires in September.

AGOA [ http://www.agoa.gov/index.asp ] was enacted by former President Bill Clinton in 2000 with the aim of boosting trade and development in eligible African countries by allowing them to export products to the USA, duty-free. A large proportion of these products are garments, with exports from Africa to the USA now representing more than US$800 million and creating an estimated 300,000 new jobs mainly in Lesotho, Swaziland, Kenya and Mauritius, according to a recent report [ http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/06/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2012/6/agoa/agoa_full_report.pdf ] by the Brookings Institution. Madagascar's garment industry also benefited from AGOA until it was declared ineligible following a coup in 2009.

Aside from having preferential access to US markets, the competitiveness of these clothing and textile products relies on a provision of AGOA that allows manufacturers to import inexpensive yarn and fabric from another country, such as India or China. 

Although AGOA itself is not due for renewal until 2015, the so-called Third Country Fabric (TCF) Provision is set to expire at the end of September. Without it, fledgling textile industries all over Africa are likely to flounder. 

The uncertainty surrounding whether or not the provision will be renewed has already resulted in a 30 percent drop in clothing orders from US buyers and the loss of thousands of jobs since January, according to a coalition of African manufacturers and US importers that has appealed to the US Congress to approve the legislation as quickly as possible. [ http://www.uschamber.com/issues/letters/2012/multi-industry-letter-re-agoas-third-country-fabric-provision-and-cafta-dr ]

Lesotho

Lesotho’s textile and garment industry, which relies heavily on exports to the USA, is the largest formal employer in a country where job opportunities are scarce. According to Lesa Makhoabile of the Lesotho National Development Corporation (LNDC), a decline in orders from US buyers in recent months has already forced a number of companies to lay off workers, while 15 out of 40 textile factories are at a high to critical risk of closing down or downsizing. 

“The [TCF] provision is extremely important to Lesotho because all the companies that export to the US rely on it to remain competitive since they are able to source cheap raw materials from Asia and produce garments at affordable production costs,” she told IRIN. 

Most of Lesotho’s 36,000 textile workers are women who are often the sole breadwinners for their families. Laid-off workers do not qualify for pensions but receive severance pay equivalent to two weeks wages for each year they worked for the same employer.

Swaziland

A representative from the Swaziland Textile Export Association said the looming expiry of the TCF provision was just one of a number of reasons why Swaziland’s garment manufacturing industry has shed over two-thirds of the 30,000 textile workers it employed at the height of production in 2004. These include the flagging US economy, unfavourable exchange rates, a lack of local investment and minimum wages for garment workers that are high compared to those earned by Asian workers.

The cost of living in Swaziland nevertheless meant that the salary Cynthia Lushaba earned working at a textile factory in Swaziland’s main commercial hub Manzini was just sufficient to cover the essentials. “I saved no money,” she said. “We were paid only enough for my children and me to have two meals a day and pay our rent.”

Lushaba, 34, was one of about 200 workers retrenched from the factory in April. “We were not told the reason but [the factory manager] said that business was bad,” she told IRIN. “There are no jobs in Swaziland. I took the factory job when my husband started getting sick.

“There is no compensation for people like me,” she added. “They said I did not work so long to earn a pension and the government does not give anything to people who lose their jobs. There is nothing, I just pray.”

Donna Bawden, CEO of the Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS, which provides HIV prevention and treatment to Lesotho's textile workers, said there was confidence among local manufacturers that the TCF provision would be renewed but that there was also recognition of the need to become less reliant on US markets. "AGOA is very important, especially in establishing the industry here, but they’re trying to diversify the market," she said.

Bills to extend key provisions of AGOA, including the TCF have been introduced in both the US Senate and House of Representatives and until now have had strong bipartisan support. President Barack Obama is also in favour of renewing the provision. However, there are fears that the bill may nevertheless be stalled by partisan politics, particularly as the presidential election draws nearer.

US Trade Representative Ron Kirk reportedly told participants at the 12th annual AGOA Forum, held in Washington last month: “We are regrettably in an election year and I think some people think partisan politics trump common sense."

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95883/AFRICA-AGOA-uncertainty-hurts-textile-workers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004290724000743t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG/MANZINI 17 July 2012 (IRIN) - The livelihoods of tens of thousands of textile workers in Africa is hanging in the balance amid growing anxiety about whether a key provision of US trade legislation will be renewed before it expires in September.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>