<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Southern Africa</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 12:30:42 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Improved AIDS levy collections fill part of funding gap</title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202031253170813t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe&apos;s innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe's innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income  - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.

The levy was introduced in 1999 to compensate for declining donor support, but low salaries and the poor performance of industry meant not enough money had been collected - until recently. In its 2010 report on Zimbabwe's progress in implementing the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, adopted by the General Assembly in 2001, the government admitted the levy was "essentially non-existent in 2007-2008 due to economic challenges the country was facing". [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries/zimbabwe_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ]

According to the organization’s recently published audited financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2010, a total of US$20.5 million was collected in 2010 against $5.7 million the previous year.

Murombedzi Kuchera, chairman of the National AIDS Council Board, attributed the increase to improved revenue flows owing to improved political and economic stability in the country, which has created more jobs in the formal sector and improved tax remittances. Zimbabwe’s economy has witnessed steady growth following the formation of the coalition government of Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai and President Robert Mugabe in 2009.

“The 259 percent increase in the collections was mainly through the increased capacity utilization by industry and commerce,” Kuchera said in his statement.

Although the revenue figures for 2011 have not yet been audited, the National AIDS Council estimates it collected about $25 million. However, the exact figure will be confirmed after the audit by the Comptroller and Auditor-General, which audits all the finances of parastatals, at the end of 2012.

“The AIDS Levy is certainly proving to be a good source of funding for the country’s HIV and AIDS response,” National AIDS Council information and communication officer Orirando Manwere told IRIN/PlusNews.

“Our projections are that for 2012, with the growing economic stability in the country, we will collect more than $30 million through the funds and even more in 2013. However, this is all largely dependent on economic growth," he added.

Although 347,000 people are on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in the country, another 600,000 need the medication. The treatment gap widened after Zimbabwe adopted the new World Health Organization guidelines that recommend starting treatment earlier.  

The AIDS levy contributed almost a quarter of the money to purchase ARVs, while 76 percent of the treatment programme was financed by international donors such as the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the UK Department for International Development. 

But the country - one of the hardest hit by HIV/AIDS - still needs a lot more funding to cover the "worrying" treatment gap, cautioned HIV/AIDS activist Stanley Takaona.

“Many people are dying because they cannot access treatment. Zimbabweans are playing their part to take care of their own by contributing to the AIDS Levy but this is not enough. Government must allocate funds from the fiscus to fund the HIV/AIDS response; it’s their responsibility,” he said.

Kumbirai Mafunda, spokesperson for the Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights, warned against complacency. “Yes, the increase in the AIDS Levy is remarkable but we all know it’s not enough... now government has to increase budget allocations to the health sector."

st/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94786</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202031253170813t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - With global funding for HIV/AIDS on the decline, Zimbabwe&apos;s innovative AIDS levy - a 3 percent tax on income - has become a promising source of funding for the country, with a dramatic increase in revenue collected in the past two years.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Experts pledge to eradicate &quot;neglected&quot; diseases</title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202031118020332t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Ten little-known but debilitating diseases will be high on the agenda of the world&apos;s pharmaceutical chiefs, health ministers and donor governments after they pledged their support for a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative to wipe out guinea worm, river blindness, trachoma, leprosy, bilharzia and intestinal worms, among other &quot;neglected&quot; diseases.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Ten little-known but debilitating diseases will be high on the agenda of the world's pharmaceutical chiefs, health ministers and donor governments after they pledged their support for a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative [ http://www.unitingtocombatntds.org/downloads/press/ntd_event_london_declaration_on_ntds.pdf ] to wipe out guinea worm, river blindness, trachoma, leprosy, bilharzia and intestinal worms, among other "neglected" diseases. 

Caroline Anstey, a managing director of the World Bank, told the delegates at the meeting in London: “We are not really talking about neglected diseases; we are talking about neglected people. I think that is very key, and it is all about how and if and whether we value them.”

The participants on 30 January pledged to support the WHO programme [ http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/en/ ] for controlling or eliminating these diseases by 2020, promising more research and an increased supply of free drugs.

In turn, donor governments and private philanthropists, including Bill Gates, promised to support the delivery of the drugs and strengthen the health systems of the affected countries to run control and eradication programmes. Health ministers from Mozambique, Bangladesh and Brazil attended the meeting.

Working on these diseases has been frustrating because they are not incurable. Drugs to treat them exist. But these drugs have been too expensive or in short supply, or only available in a form that is difficult to use. The key to this initiative is that the organizers, especially Gates, have brought the drug companies on board.  

“The drug suppliers are willing to be generous,” he said, “But they need to know there is a road map which comes from the WHO; they need to know that there is delivery funding which comes from people like DFID [UK Department for International Development] and USAID; and they need to know that the countries involved are going to orchestrate their health systems to make sure that all the drugs really get to the people in need.” The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation pledged US$340 million over the next five years, partly to fund research into better treatment and partly to support delivery programmes.

Gates managed to persuade the companies to do things they would never normally consider, like giving away their products for nothing. Haruo Naito, president and CEO of the Japanese company Esai, which produces drugs for Lymphatic Filariasis, commonly known as Elephantiasis, set out the problem: “Our company is going to spend something like $35 million for this project. How can we persuade our shareholders? Well, we tell them it is a long-term investment for the people, for societies and for the economies of developing countries, to lift them up to become middle-income countries in the future.”  

The issue of collaborative research was even trickier. Christopher Viebacher, head of Sanofi, which is researching improved drugs for sleeping sickness, said: “We are competitors. It's not that easy for us to work together commercially. And now you are talking about research and development, which is really where the core secrets of companies are. Sharing our libraries of compounds is extraordinarily difficult and it is only because of the great need that we have been able to get together, and this is where Bill Gates has played such a critical role in catalyzing it.”

Voices of dissent 

However, there were warnings that even an unlimited supply of free and suitable drugs would not in themselves be enough. Daniel Berman of Médecins sans Frontières [ http://www.msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/MSF_assets/NegDis/Docs/NTD_briefing_UnitingCombatNTDs_ENG_2012.pdf ] said that while his organization was delighted these neglected diseases were finally getting more attention, “We are concerned that the challenges for some of these diseases are being glossed over.” MSF cited the example of sleeping sickness, which was virtually eliminated in the early 1960s but returned with a vengeance in the 1990s as elimination efforts were not sustained. It wants to see more emphasis on programme support and surveillance capacity in affected countries.

And in a letter to the London-based medical magazine, The Lancet, two academics, Tim Allen of the London School of Economics, and Melissa Parker of Brunel University [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60159-7/fulltext ], raised another issue – the practical problems associated with mass medication. The control or eradication of many of these diseases would entail treating whole villages, even those not infected, sometimes many times over, to wipe out the pool of infection. They found people in Tanzania, where this kind of programme was introduced, were suspicious and often hostile.

“After multiple rounds of mass drug administration for Lymphatic Filariasis, the vast majority of the people interviewed... were unaware of the link between the disease and mosquitoes, and at best had a very limited understanding of the rationale for mass treatment. They asked why people with no visible symptoms should take tablets... It is hardly surprising that rumours circulate about the real purpose of the drugs.” Some of those involved in administering the programme were chased and beaten and had to be rescued by police.

“The provision of free and subsidized drugs,” they conclude, “creates a window of opportunity to make a massive difference.  But the availability of tablets is not enough.”

eb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94788</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202031118020332t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Ten little-known but debilitating diseases will be high on the agenda of the world&apos;s pharmaceutical chiefs, health ministers and donor governments after they pledged their support for a World Health Organization (WHO) initiative to wipe out guinea worm, river blindness, trachoma, leprosy, bilharzia and intestinal worms, among other &quot;neglected&quot; diseases.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: The “less is more” philosophy of rice production</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311157000396t.jpg" />]]>TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest.</description><body><![CDATA[TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest. 

A decade ago the Dutch priest, Ed Mulderink, promised him that adopting the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) would substantially increase his rice yield, but warned it would also be more labour intensive. 

“When you replant the rice, you have very small plants, and they need to be planted individually in rows [with SRI]. The others [traditional rice farmers] just take bunches of plants, beat the roots against their feet to get the soil off, and replant them. It takes them one hour to replant their field, while it takes me two days. People don’t want to use that much time,” Rakotoarivony told IRIN. 

Other farmers were skeptical of the “less is more” approach to rice production. “They think that the more plants they put in the field, the more rice they’ll have. But the opposite is true. Even if they just used some parts of the method, like controlling the water, or not beating the plant roots, it would help,” he said. 

“There were people who laughed at me, until they saw the harvest,” said Rakotoarivony, who was approached by the priest when he was earning his living as a bread vendor. “The priest asked me to work with him, using SRI. So we worked on my family land together, and we managed to double the yield, just as he had promised.” 

During the lean season Rakotoarivony produces vegetables and now has enough cash to buy seed and fertilizer every three years. Although some of his family have adopted SRI, relatively few others in the area have, despite the best efforts of the priest preaching the benefits of the practice. 

Rice is the staple for Madagascar’s 20 million people, and the average annual consumption is about 102kg per person; about 75 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. 

Production has declined from 4.7 million tons in 2010 to 4.3 million in 2011 and prices have doubled in two years to about US$1 per kilogram. In the 1970s Madagascar was a rice exporter but has since become a rice importer, a consequence of outdated farming methods and poor infrastructure, but farmers still produce 80 percent of the country’s national rice requirement. 

Development of SRI 

The SRI method was developed in the 1980s by the French Jesuit priest Henri de Laulanié, who challenged accepted norms of rice production. Traditional farmers flood their rice fields and plant bunches of mature rice plants, while SRI farmers transplant young seedlings with greater spacing on soil that is moist but not flooded. Proponents of SRI claim this system uses 25-50 percent less water, requires 80-90 percent fewer seeds, and can sometimes double or even triple the yields. 

SRI has been promoted locally by NGO Tefy Saina (Change you Mentality, established by De Laulanié) and internationally, through the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD). 

“The method has really taken off in Asia and is now practised in more than 30 countries. However, it has not been adopted on a wide scale in Africa or in Madagascar itself,” Winifred Fitzgerald, adviser to the Better U Foundation, told IRIN. 

The Better U Foundation, funded by the Canadian actor Jim Carrey, has assisted in SRI’s implementation and dissemination at grassroots, institutional and policy levels. 

However, there remains conjecture as to whether SRI methods are outpacing traditional methods. A 2005 report by Cornell University entitled Does the System of Rice Intensification Outperform Conventional Best Management? A Synopsis of the Empirical Record, says: “Aside from one set of experiments in Madagascar where SRI more than doubled rice productivity with respect to Best Management Practices, we found no evidence of a systematic or even occasional yield advantage of this magnitude elsewhere.” 

In Asian countries, these researchers found, there could even be a negative impact when the system is used, the report said. 

“This is a method that was discovered in the field, not in a laboratory. Some want to promote other systems. But I think that there is no competition. Some places are better for SRI than others,” said Better U adviser Rames Abhukara. 

A recent progress report of the Better U Foundation cites the results of an evaluation with its partner, Catholic Relief Service (CRS) - an international faith-based NGO working in the Vakinankaratra highland region of Madagascar. In a sample of 120 households out of 600 beneficiary families, the average yields with SRI were 3.28 tons per hectare, compared to 2.87 tons per hectare prior to the project’s implementation. The regional average of rice production is two tons per hectare. 

The study showed that families’ food stocks lasted on average 54 days longer as a result of their increased harvest, and helped to decrease vulnerability during the lean season. 

Resistance to change 

“For some farmers, they don’t see why they should change the way their fathers and grandfathers grew rice. To minimize risk, they may start practising SRI in one corner of the rice field,” Fitzgerald explained. “Others are interested in the method, but do not know how to start or have received insufficient training, so partners are working to address these gaps.” 

“We don’t tell them to do this. We tell them: If you think it’s useful, we can help you with it,” Abhukara added. 

At the institutional level, the Better U Foundation helped to create an association known as the Groupement SRI de Madagascar (GSRI). 

GSRI has 267 members, including local and international NGOs, research institutes and private sector entities. In June 2011, the Ministry of Agriculture included SRI in its national strategy for rice development for the first time. 

“We were also quite pleased that the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, in his preliminary conclusions cited SRI as an important agro-ecological method that could contribute to the country’s food security,” Fitzgerald said. 

Apart from increased productivity for farmers, the method has environmental benefits, its proponents claim. With increased yields and improved incomes, there is less pressure for farmers to cut down forests for agriculture purposes. SRI also contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gases, especially methane, because the rice fields are not continuously flooded as in traditional rice cultivation. 

“Just producing more rice is not enough. For an effective SRI dissemination strategy, you have to consider the whole rice chain, such as farmers’ access to micro-finance as well as the storage, transportation and marketing of rice,” Abhukara said. 

ar/go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94764</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311157000396t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Refugee children miss out on school</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311400500759t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.

“They told us [the schools] asked them to produce ID documents and permits which they don’t have," she said. "We also found the parents weren't working and couldn't afford to pay school fees, even for public schools."

In early 2011, Manjoro and several other unemployed teachers from Zimbabwe and elsewhere, decided to start a project that would go some way towards meeting the need of local refugee and migrant children for affordable schooling with no bureaucratic strings attached. Word quickly spread and today iTemba Study Centre accommodates about 140 children in five cramped classrooms on the first floor of an office building in Berea. In the mornings the centre is open to pre-primary pupils and in the afternoons, seven volunteer teachers teach grades 1-8 using donated textbooks. 

"It's a good school, but we don't have enough supplies," said Duduzile Zulu, 15, from Zimbabwe, who started coming to the centre about a year ago after her mother's income as a waitress failed to cover the cost of her attending a nearby private school. To progress to Grade 9 she will need to transfer to another school, "but I don't have a birth certificate and my Mum can't get time off work to go to [the Department of] Home Affairs," she told IRIN, adding that she knew of other migrant children who did not attend school at all.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) released a report on refugee education in November 2011 [ http://www.unhcr.org/4ebd3dd39.html ] highlighting the limited access refugee children have to education, particularly at secondary levels and for those living in urban areas. 

Barriers

While the quality of education available in refugee camps varies, the difficulties of accessing education in urban settings are generally greater. In addition to legal and policy barriers and the often prohibitive costs of sending a child to a local school, the UNHCR report noted that: "refugee children often have less support than in a camp-based school in adjusting to a new curriculum, learning a new language, accessing psychosocial support, and addressing discrimination, harassment, and bullying from teachers and peers. They may also encounter a lack of familiarity by local school authorities for the processes of admitting refugee children and recognizing prior learning."

A year-long, yet-to-be published study by the Centre for Education Rights and Transformation at the University of Johannesburg into the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants to education in South Africa found that schools often demanded documents to enrol a child which are not legally required. 

"Often the students don’t have, according to the schools, the right papers," said Ivor Baatjes, one of the study researchers, adding that school principals and staff at public schools were often ignorant of South Africa's actual policy which grants every child the right to access education. "Even for children of undocumented migrants, children have the right to be in school and nothing should be a barrier," he told IRIN.

Demands that parents pay fees at government schools which have been designated as no-fee schools, create a further barrier, said Baatjes, especially for refugees who are often unaware of the law or of their rights. The study also found that those children who are admitted sometimes have to contend with xenophobic attitudes from both teachers and other pupils.

"They treat people equally here," commented Antonia Tshili, a 16-year-old from Zimbabwe, who left a government school last year after the fees became too much for her mother, and started attending iTemba. "At the other school there is this thing that Zimbabweans should go back to their country; they bullied me."  

UNHCR changes tack

Historically, UNHCR provided scholarships for refugee children to study in government or private schools in urban areas, but with nearly half of refugees now living in urban areas and only 4 percent of UNHCR's total budget in 2010 dedicated to education, this approach is no longer viable and the agency now prioritizes working with governments to advocate the integration of refugees into national school systems. 

In South Africa, UNHCR channels funding through local NGOs which educate refugees about their rights and school principals about their obligation to admit refugee children. Additional funding goes to helping refugee children with school books, uniforms and transport while a new approach, being piloted in Durban, is experimenting with donating lump sum contributions to inner-city government schools on the understanding that they will not turn away any refugee child seeking admission.  

"When you look at most of these schools, they host a number of under-privileged children, not only refugees, and the subsidy from government is not great," said Mmone Moletsane, UNHCR community services officer in South Africa. "While no child should be refused education because there’s no money, schools have to survive."

Despite such efforts by UNHCR and the NGO community, Baatjes said that centres like iTemba and a similar project based at Sacred Heart College in the nearby neighbourhood of Observatory, provided "a much needed space and service" to local migrant and refugee communities.

The donor-funded Three2Six Project at Sacred Heart College, now in its fifth year, uses classrooms vacated by the school's regular pupils during the afternoons, to teach refugee children up to Grade 6 level. The project also employs teachers who are refugees themselves and able to overcome language and cultural barriers.  

"While the parents are busy organizing their lives and trying to get papers from Home Affairs, the children come here," explained project coordinator Esther Oliver Munonoka. "The aim is not to keep the children here, but prepare them for proper school. By the time they leave, they can understand English and integrate into any school."

In reality, however, many of the students stay for as long as they can. Nzanga Kapena, 11, from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), who has been coming to the Three2Six Project since 2008, said her mother could not afford "regular schools" and that she does not know what will happen next year when she finishes grade six and will have to leave. "My sisters and brother, when they left here, they just stayed at home," she said.  

Future uncertain

The future of iTemba and the Three2Six Project are also uncertain. Neither are recognized by the Department of Education or receive any public funding. The Three2Six Project receives enough donations from faith-based organizations in Europe that its 150 students can attend for free and are given uniforms, stationery and books, but is still not fully-funded for 2012 and will likely have to cut its Grade 6 class next year despite what Munonoka describes as an ever increasing need for its services.

iTemba charges those parents who can afford it R200 (US$26) a month to cover rental of the building and to pay teachers a small stipend, but according to Manjoro, "a number are failing to afford it."

"My aunt doesn't pay anything for me to come here," said Sarah Dube*, a 16-year-old from Zimbabwe, whose mother sent her and her sister to South Africa "to get a better education".

"I'd like to go to a proper school, but I don't trust myself that I can make it," she added. "I think I'm behind."

*Not her real name

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94766</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311400500759t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Typhoid stalks Harare</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities. 

“Initially, we were focusing on Dzivarasekwa high density suburb as being the source of the disease outbreak but we are now receiving patients from different high density suburbs in Harare such as Kuwadzana and Warren Park,” Harare’s health director, Propser Chonzi, told IRIN. 

There have been no confirmed fatalities from the disease, although senior health officials, who declined to be identified, told IRIN they were investigating the cause of some deaths at hospitals. 

Chonzi said about 20 tuberculosis (TB) patients had been relocated from the 144-bed Beatrice Infectious Diseases Hospital on the outskirts of Harare to another infectious diseases institution, the Wilkins Hospital in central Harare, to make way for typhoid victims. 

According to the UN World Health Organization (WHO), typhoid “usually occurs where water supplies serving large populations are contaminated by faecal matter.” The disease is “characterized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, abdominal pains, loss of appetite, constipation or sometimes diarrhoea. The illness can last for several weeks and even months,” it says. 

Recent heavy rain in Harare is expected to compound the problem: Broken drains and water pipes have forced people to dig shallow wells, which are easily contaminated by human faeces. 

“I can bet my last dollar there is typhoid in Chitungwiza and Epworth [Harare commuter towns]. The hygienic levels there are not good,” said Chonzi in a recent interview with the daily The Herald newspaper. 

Furthermore, Chonzi said street food had been tested and found to be contaminated with Salmonella typhi, the bacteria which causes typhoid. 

“We all need to change our habits if this [typhoid] outbreak is to be contained. We need to work on improving on cleanliness such as washing hands and avoiding dirty open air vending sites,” he said. 

However, fish vendors, threatened with arrest by municipal police, have changed tactics and are selling their wares at night. 

Cholera fears 

Conditions which allow typhoid to flourish also provide favourable conditions for the waterborne disease cholera. Zimbabwe’s year-long cholera epidemic in 2008-09 killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others. 

“We can have cholera any time. The environment is conducive for the outbreak. We need to be proactive and play our part,” Chonzi warned in the same newspaper interview. 

The Harare Residents Trust (HRT), an NGO campaigning for better municipal service delivery, said the spread of waterborne disease was due to the authorities’ failure to collect refuse, the erratic provision of water services, and the practice of pumping raw sewage into one of the main reservoirs supplying “drinking” water to Harare. 

“The city must guarantee adequate clean water supplies to avoid the 2008 cholera outbreak,” HRT’s Precious Shumba told IRIN. 

dd/go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94758</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200711146t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Over the past few weeks some 900 residents of the Zimbabwean capital Harare have been diagnosed with typhoid, and about 60 have been admitted to hospital, say health authorities.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Mozambique storms’ death toll rises to 40</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January [ http://ochaonline.un.org/rosea/HumanitarianSituations/FloodsCyclonesSituationUpdates/FloodsCyclones20112012/tabid/7784/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 

Tropical Cyclone Funso struck northern Mozambique, “affecting about 64,663 people and causing floods and damage of houses, schools and health centres. In southern Mozambique, high river flows from upstream countries… combined with heavy rainfall due to tropical storm Dando, affected about 51,670 people,” it said on 27 January. 

“There is a possibility that in-country pre-positioned shelter material will not be enough to respond to the emerging needs,” it said, adding that there were indications that 94,919 hectares of cropland had been affected in Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala and Zambézia provinces. 

World Food Programme country representative Lola Castro told IRIN it appeared the affected cropland was “a write-off”. She said floodwater in the south and north was subsiding; issues of health, water, sanitation and shelter were being addressed in partnership with the government. 

go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94759</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MOZAMBIQUE: Twin storms leave 25 dead</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged. 

Tropical depression Dando, which made landfall on 16 January north of the capital Maputo, was the fiercest tropical storm to strike the area since Storm Domoina in 1984. A few days later Cyclone Funso veered from an expected landfall in the north of the country and headed back into the Mozambique Channel, but the effects of the weather system were still felt. 

Dulce Chilungo, Mozambique’s director of the Technical Council for Disaster Management, told a press briefing in Maputo on 25 January that 16 people had died in Zambézia and nine in Gaza Province. 

Dando has washed away about 60 metres of the main north-south road about 100km north of Maputo, where wind speeds of up to 70km/h and heavy rainfall led to flooding and damage to houses and schools, says a draft report by the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies obtained by IRIN. 

“The situation was exacerbated by the heavy rainfall in [neighbouring] South Africa and Swaziland which caused a steady increase of water levels in the Maputo, Umbeluzi and Incomati Basins, flooding low-lying areas in Magude and Chókwe,” the draft report said. 

Citing Mozambique’s National Disaster Management Institute (INGC), the draft report said that in Gaza Province flooding (caused by Dando) had affected 5,393 families, while in Zambézia about 2,571 families were affected by Funso up until 23 January 2012. 

INGC also forecast in the first quarter of 2012 “normal to above normal rainfall… throughout the country with the exception of Cabo Delgado, Nampula and part of the northern province of Zambézia”. 

Jorge Unamusse of Mozambique’s Red Cross told IRIN the southeastern province of Inhambane was also being monitored for flooding following continued heavy rain. 

Mozambique’s Technical Council of Disaster Management has been holding daily meetings with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Mozambique Red Cross since 16 January, and an Orange Alert has been declared, to ensure preparedness by all relevant agencies. 

Preparedness activities 

Preparedness activities include distribution of bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, and the cleaning out of storm drains. 

Unamusse said a temporary camp in Maputo for about 440 people had been set up for those displaced on the outskirts of the city by flooding caused, among other things, by poor maintenance of storm drains. 

In 2000 Cyclone Eline made landfall near the central Mozambique port city of Beira, accompanied by 260km/h winds, causing widespread flooding and the deaths of at least 700 people and the displacement of about a million others. 

INGC has been conducting flood simulation exercises since November 2011 and daily meetings were evaluating “the impact of the current rainy and cyclone seasons as well as monitoring the hydrological situation and the sequence of cyclones that are being formed in the Indian Ocean season.” 

Funso remains active in the Mozambique Channel and at 10am on 25 January was about 230km off the coast of Inhambane Province, Mozambique’s National Institute of Meteorology's chief forecaster Sergio Buque told IRIN. 

“Its intensity decreased from category four to category three with sustained winds exceeding 155km/h. Rain with thunderstorms and strong winds, above 70km/h, will continue to affect the Inhambane districts of Inharrime, Panda, Jangamo, Homoíne, Inhambane City, Maxixe, Morrumbene, Massinga Vilankulo and Inhassoro,” he added. 

go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94722</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: No money, no CD4 tests</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050948230446t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Swaziland is still short of lab reagents needed for CD4 count testing, which is used to initiate and monitor patients on antiretroviral treatment, and HIV-positive people are growing increasingly frustrated as the country enters its fourth month without a way to establish the strength of their immune system.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Swaziland is still short of lab reagents needed for CD4 count testing, which is used to initiate and monitor patients on antiretroviral treatment, and HIV-positive people are growing increasingly frustrated as the country enters its fourth month without a way to establish the strength of their immune system.

“This is setting us back years in the way we treat people living with HIV and AIDS. Government says it has no money to buy the chemicals needed to determine CD4 counts,” Thembi Nkambule, director of the Swaziland Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS (SWANEPHA), an umbrella organization for the country’s HIV and AIDS support groups, told IRIN/Plus News.

Deciding on when to start a patient on ARV drugs is usually based on a combination of CD4 cell count test results and HIV disease progression, which the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined according to four clinical stages, with stage four being AIDS. In addition, guidelines for managing patients on ARV therapy also use CD4 count testing to measure the impact of the medication on the patient's health.

The government’s ongoing financial crisis again hit the health sector in October 2011 when supplies of lab reagents - the chemicals needed to operate the CD4 count apparatus - began drying up. Since December, CD4 count testing has virtually ground to a halt in Swaziland, which has the world's highest HIV prevalence.

Shortages of HIV programme supplies in Swaziland were first reported in mid-2011. Although the stock-outs have been largely blamed on reduced revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), the country also opted not to apply for funding in Round 10 from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. Instead, it chose to assume financial responsibility for HIV treatment itself, at a time when SACU revenues were already expected to decline.
	
Health Minister Themba Xaba said in a statement, “We need R7 million [US$875,000] to purchase the CD4 machine reagents, which is a lot of money. This, however, does not mean that patients are not getting any treatment. There are clinical stages and guidelines that are used.”

In the absence of a CD4 count test, guidelines suggest that patients at stage three or four, determined by observable symptoms defined by the WHO, should be started on ARVs.

“Doctors can only go by how a patient tells them he or she is feeling, or if there are symptoms. The problem is that many people with HIV do not get sick or have physical symptoms while their CD4 counts are dropping to the level where they must take ARVs,” said Nkambule.

“Not having accurate information on CD4 counts puts the doctor in the same position as performing surgery blindfolded."
	
According to Nkambule, equipment for monitoring liver and kidney function is also out of order. “When government ran out of money we were promised by government that the health sector would not be compromised," he added.

The health ministry is looking to the Ministry of Finance to come up with the necessary funding. Xaba has advised HIV-positive people to have their CD4 tests conducted at private labs. However, the test costs R150 ($19), which is unaffordable in a country where 70 percent of the population live below the poverty line. 

“For many of us coming up with bus fare to the clinic is a big challenge. Taking CD4 tests is not a one-off thing.  Many tests are required. I would say few people are going to private doctors for these tests,” said Mandla Tsela, an AIDS testing and counselling officer in Manzini.
	
AIDS groups have criticized the constant uncertainty: in 2011, the country also experienced ARV stock-outs and had to be bailed out by the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), which gave the country $7 million in emergency funding in August. Swaziland now has a buffer stock of first-line ARVs that should last until April 2012.	
“Why does there have to be a crisis or something has to break down before any action is taken? First the people living with HIV and AIDS were put at risk because of the supply of ARVs, and now we don’t know really who should be on treatment because they don’t have their CD4 counts,” Nkambule said.
	
jh/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94707</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050948230446t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Swaziland is still short of lab reagents needed for CD4 count testing, which is used to initiate and monitor patients on antiretroviral treatment, and HIV-positive people are growing increasingly frustrated as the country enters its fourth month without a way to establish the strength of their immune system.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Red tape ensnares asylum-seekers</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301429520334t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - Asylum-seekers entering South Africa are no longer being issued with the necessary documents to apply for refugee status. Without a so-called section 23 permit, they are being turned away from Refugee Reception Offices (RROs) and denied the opportunity to legalize their stay in the country.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - Asylum-seekers entering South Africa are no longer being issued with the necessary documents to apply for refugee status. Without a so-called section 23 permit, they are being turned away from Refugee Reception Offices (RROs) and denied the opportunity to legalize their stay in the country.

“We keep coming back here but they won’t help us without those papers,” said Abdul, a Somali national in one of the queues that had been forming in a patch of wasteland across the street from the Marabastad RRO in Pretoria since the early hours of a recent Wednesday morning. “They tell us to just go back to the border and get deported back to our country.”

“I heard it was easy to get asylum here and I was tired of conflict,” said Mohammed, another Somali who had arrived at Marabastad at 2am to join the queue. “I’ve been here three weeks and this is my fourth time here, I’m just trying my luck. They’re asking for the 14 days (section 23) paper, which I don’t have.”

The section 23 permit is normally issued to anyone entering the country who wants to apply for asylum. It gives them 14 days to report to an RRO and formally apply for refugee status, although following an amendment to South Africa’s immigration law, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] the section 23 permit will soon only be valid for five days.

Several observers IRIN spoke to at Marabastad said that since the beginning of December 2011, newly-arrived asylum-seekers had been coming to the office without section 23 permits and were turned away by home affairs officials before they even reached the entrance to the building. 

“They used to take about 100 newcomers a day, but now they turn everyone away, it doesn’t matter what nationality you are,” said Abdi Abdullahi, a Somali national who comes to Marabastad to assist his fellow Somalis with translation every Wednesday - the only day of the week when new applications from East Africans are accepted. “Newcomers have no access so fewer people are coming. Too many people just stay at home without legal permits.”

Refugee office closures

The new and unannounced policy of not issuing section 23 permits appears to have gone into effect just as refugee rights activists were celebrating two high court decisions which questioned the legality of the closure of RROs in Johannesburg and the east coast city of Port Elizabeth by the Department of Home Affairs. 

The Crown Mines RRO in Johannesburg closed in May 2011 following litigation by local businesses who complained about the influx of migrants to the area. Lawyers for Human Rights, on behalf of the Consortium for Refugees and Migrants in South Africa (CoRMSA), an umbrella organization for local refugee and migrant rights groups, challenged the Department’s decision not to open a new RRO in a city which attracts the largest number of refugees and asylum-seekers in the country. 

The court found that the decision had in fact been taken in line with a long-term government policy to eventually move all refugee reception services to the country’s borders, but that the lack of any public consultation on the matter had been unlawful.

Home Affairs’ attempts to close down another RRO in Port Elizabeth in November, also ostensibly due to complaints from local businesses, was again met with court action from local refugee rights groups. A December high court ruling required the department to continue providing services to holders of asylum-seeker and refugee permits pending a full hearing on the matter scheduled for February.

Move to the borders

In December, Amnesty International issued a statement [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/.../007/.../afr530072011en.pdf ] registering its alarm at the decision to move all asylum services to ports of entry, noting that “such a move is likely to have a profoundly detrimental effect on the ability of applicants seeking international protection to pursue their claims effectively.”

Following pressure from civil society groups, the Home Affairs Department held a meeting with several NGOs on 21 December in which Lindile Kgasi, chief director of refugee affairs, elaborated on the Department’s intention to move all refugee reception services to the borders as part of a three-year roadmap for “effective and efficient processing and management of asylum-seekers and refugees”.

The roadmap schedules the first of two refugee reception centres to be established at border posts by 2013, with the remaining centres opening in 2014. According to CoRMSA Acting Director Roshan Dadoo, who was present at the meeting, Kgasi said the centres would carry out some initial screening of asylum-seekers for health and security purposes before admitting them into the country, but was vague on the degree of refugee status determination that would take place at the centres and whether asylum-seekers would be detained at borders.

According to Dadoo, Kgasi emphasized that although there were no current plans to detain refugees and asylum-seekers in camps, as many other countries in the region do, she did not rule out this possibility in the future if the current system continued to allow large numbers of economic migrants posing as asylum-seekers to be issued with permits.

“There’s no clarity from them,” commented Dadoo. “They’ve shown us this plan, but they’re not clear at all about what this means in the interim, and now suddenly it seems they’re not giving section 23s.”

A method of exclusion?

The Department of Home Affairs was invited to comment on the non-issuance of section 23 permits, but up until the time of publishing had not responded. However, Dadoo said CoRMSA had received many reports of asylum-seekers without travel documents not being issued with section 23 permits at borders, and that, with the exception of Cape Town, all RRO offices were turning away people who could not produce the permits.

Tina Ghelli, a spokesperson with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in South Africa, said that according to the 1951 Refugee Convention, an individual is not required to produce identification documents in order to apply for asylum and that UNHCR had raised the issue with Home Affairs.

David Cote of Lawyers for Human Rights pointed out that in terms of South Africa’s Refugees Act, a section 23 permit was also not a requirement for applying for asylum. “It seems to be a method they’re using to exclude people without dealing with the inefficiencies within the Department [of Home Affairs] which are part of the problem,” he told IRIN.

Cote added that the issuing of section 23 permits would in any case become virtually redundant once asylum-seekers were given only five days to report to an RRO, a change likely to be implemented from the beginning of April. As each office assigns only one day of the week to a particular nationality group, most applicants would need to wait up to a week to apply, even once they had managed to get themselves to one of only four remaining RROs in the country.

Corruption

Another significant barrier exists in the form of endemic corruption at the RROs. At Marabastad, many of the asylum-seekers IRIN spoke to claimed it was almost impossible to get an asylum-seeker permit, otherwise known as a section 23, without paying bribes to officials and security guards.

“No one gets a permit without money,” said Halima, who was accompanying a recently arrived Somali woman suffering from malaria. “They give you a newspaper to put money in or they go to the bathroom and look for the money when they come back. Even me, I paid R2,000 (US$252) for a two-year permit.”

Halima’s friend had already been turned away from one hospital because of her lack of a permit, but a home affairs official saw her lying on the ground with little interest, claiming that he could not help her without the section 23 paper. 

“These people are trying to fulfil their obligations according to the law, but the Immigration Act doesn’t provide them with alternatives to seeking asylum,” said Cote.

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94692</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301429520334t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - Asylum-seekers entering South Africa are no longer being issued with the necessary documents to apply for refugee status. Without a so-called section 23 permit, they are being turned away from Refugee Reception Offices (RROs) and denied the opportunity to legalize their stay in the country.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Snake oil salesmen and dodgy HIV &quot;cures&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Uganda's National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm's owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.  

 The drug, known as Virol ZAPPER, was being sold in 37ml liquid doses, each costing about US$210; patients were advised to take 10 drops daily. It was being advertised on local radio and TV stations as a miracle cure for HIV.  

 The sale of such "cures" is a profitable racket for charlatans willing to take advantage of desperate HIV-positive people; here is a collection of some dodgy treatments that have made the news in Africa over the years:  

 Tanzania - In 2011, tens of thousands of people from all over East Africa flocked to the tiny village of Loliondo [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=92360 ] in Tanzania seeking a cure for several diseases, including diabetes, tuberculosis and HIV. Ambilikile Mwasapile, a former Lutheran pastor, was charging 500 Tanzanian shillings - about $0.33 - for a cup for his concoction.  

 Several sick people died in the queues, which at their peak numbered 15,000 people. Studies are being conducted to determine the properties of Mwasapile's treatment.  

 South Africa - A 2008 Cape High Court judgment ruled that clinical trials of multivitamins in the treatment of HIV/AIDS by controversial vitamin salesman Matthias Rath [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=78739 ] were unlawful, and stopped them. The court also prohibited Rath from publishing any more advertisements claiming that his product, VitaCell, cured AIDS, pending further review by the Medicines Control Council.  

 Rath, who had been operating in South Africa since about 2004, claimed his multivitamins treated AIDS, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, bird flu and numerous other illnesses. Rath ran numerous advertisements aimed at convincing HIV-positive people to take his high-dose multivitamins rather than ARVs, available free-of-charge through the public health system, which he claimed were "toxic".  

 Kenya - In 2008, the government warned HIV-positive people in the country's eastern Coast Province [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79915 ] to reject herbal "cures" peddled by fake herbalists who claimed their concoctions contained unique ingredients that could boost the immune system and even cure HIV.  

 An estimated 80 percent of Kenyans use traditional healers either exclusively or in conjunction with western medicine; the government is drafting regulations to stop fraudulent herbalists from practising.  

 Gambia - In 2007, President Yahya Jammeh was roundly denounced by AIDS activists when he said he had found a cure for HIV/AIDS and began treating citizens. Shortly after his announcement, Jammeh expelled [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=70123 ] the most senior UN official in the country for questioning his "cure".  

 The programme is still running, but more Gambians are choosing ARVs over Jammeh's treatment.  

 Ethiopia - In 2007, thousands of HIV-positive patients flocked to Entoto, an ancient mountain north of the capital, Addis Ababa, seeking a "holy water" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=72375 ] cure for AIDS after local priests said they could cure HIV.  

 The Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abune Paulos, later advised patients to continue with their ARVs even as they sought healing at Entoto.  

 São Tome and Principe - In 2007, questions were raised about Dorviro-Sida, [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=74543 ] or "Put AIDS to sleep" in Portuguese, an anti-AIDS herbal remedy produced by Amancio Valentim, president of the Association of Traditional Medicine of São Tome and Principe. Valentim claimed three tablespoons of the brownish syrup, taken every day before meals, could reduce the viral load and make patients feel better; he said four patients who had taken the drug for four years had tested negative for HIV.  

 AIDS activists were concerned the drug could make HIV-positive people complacent about taking their ARVs, and the health ministry said it did not support Valentim's treatment.  

 South Africa - In 2006, a clinic in South Africa's east coast city of Durban began to sell "ubhejane" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39547 ] - a herbal mixture believed to treat HIV/AIDS.  

 The controversial traditional medicine received vast media coverage, mainly due to the backing it received from influential political figures such as the former health minister, Dr Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, and provincial health officials. Ubhejane, a dark brown liquid sold in old plastic milk bottles, had not undergone any clinical trials to test its efficacy. All that the tests confirmed was that it was not toxic.  

 But HIV-positive patients were far more willing to accept the traditional medicine as an effective remedy, flocking to the clinic to buy a full course of the herbal remedy that retailed at R374 ($40).  

 Uganda - In 2006, the Ugandan government banned the use of a popular anti-AIDS herb remedy known as "Khomeini" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39532 ], after tests found it provided no cure. Iranian Sheikh Allagholi Elahi claimed the drug - which contained olive oil and honey and cost $1,650 per dose - could cure HIV/AIDS and TB in three weeks.  

 Studies by experts in Uganda and Kenya found that while patients had gained weight due to the nutritional content of the drug, it was incapable of curing HIV.  

 kr/kn/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94679</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Illegal rosewood trade continues</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191331510590t.jpg" />]]>ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.  

Following the 2009 coup d’état which brought current Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina to power, donors suspended most aid, including for environmental funding, and timber traders took advantage of the chaos to invade forests world-renowned for their unique flora and fauna.  

A September 2009 government decree legalizing the export of unprocessed rosewood, an endangered hardwood, further fuelled the trade and caused a wave of international criticism. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87978 ]  

A report [ http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/library/mada_report_261010.pdf ] by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Global Witness (GW) in 2010 found that collusion between timber traders and government officials was contributing to the felling of more than 200 rare hardwood trees a day in the months following the coup.  

The Malagasy government has since reverted to banning all exports of precious wood and Andrea Johnson of the EIA said there had been some instances of the ban actually being enforced. In July 2011, for example, authorities confiscated six containers of rosewood logs worth up to US$600,000 from a port in the northwest of the country.  

The government also turned to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to help regulate 91 species of rosewood and ebony.  

The World Bank recently approved a one-off US$52 million loan to help finance conservation efforts in Madagascar, emphasizing that the financing did not represent a re-engagement with the Malagasy authorities, but a recognition of the importance of Madagascar’s environment.  

These measures have eased the immediate crisis, but not solved the problem. “We believe that exports have diminished, and there have been some good examples of enforcement activity, but we believe timber is still going out," said Johnson.  

Christopher Holmes, country director of the Conservation Society, an international NGO which has been working in Madagascar for over 20 years, described the current system as having many holes. “It is legal to cut wood in concessions, so traders can obtain a license by saying that their wood came from such a place.”  

Most of the illegally cut wood is exported to China to supply the growing demand for hardwood furniture. A smaller quantity is shipped to Europe and the USA where it is turned into musical instruments. The US guitar maker Gibson is under investigation for the use of illegal wood from Madagascar.  

Stockpiles  

The issue of what to do with existing stockpiles of illegally-logged timber continues to be debated, with the government in favour of selling the wood and environmentalists pointing out that this would only encourage more illegal logging.  

Recently President Rajoelina told the BBC that the Malagasy “do not need rosewood, they need funding”. In the interview Rajoelina scorned the idea of developing value-added industries for rosewood within Madagascar, saying that this would take too long, and stated his support for exporting the illegally-cut wood.  

The international community is exploring ways of helping Madagascar to sell its existing timber stockpiles and then using the proceeds to finance conservation efforts, but some conservationists argue that a better approach would be to sell the timber off slowly, over time.  

Masoala  

Preserving what remains of the forests has become more important than ever. Marie Helene Kam Hyo, a pharmacist based in Antalaha, a small town in the east of Madagascar next to the Masoala National Park, is attempting to recreate the fast disappearing rainforest on a hillside she owns.  

Since 2003, she has planted 30,000 trees and introduced many of the other plants that grow in Masoala, one of Madagascar's largest natural reserves and one of the areas most affected by illegal rosewood logging.  

“Those who cut rosewood tell me that it will grow back, but that’s not true. Sure, the stumps will grow new shoots, but it will never be a tree. Rosewood takes up to 50 years to grow. I will not see the ones that we have planted now as grown trees,” she told IRIN.  

Kam Hyo has discovered new, unnamed plants and nocturnal lemurs living high in the trees on her terrain and has created a seed bank for the plants that grow in Masoala.  

While it is forbidden to replant in a protected area like Masoala itself, there are several other initiatives to replant in the surrounding area. For example, the Malagasy singer Razia Said organized an international concert in the area and used the proceeds to plant trees. Many people in Antalaha, however, are critical of such events. After the media have covered the planting, no one takes care of the saplings, and the plants usually die.  

“You need to know how to prepare the soil and then wait for the first rains," said Kam Hyo, who wants to extend her project so that others in the area can benefit. "The Malagasy have this habit of harvesting, but not planting. If we can make a fruit and arts and crafts market across the road, they will see how nature can help them.”  

Standard of living  

The country's political turmoil has scared off most of the tourists who were a major source of income for people in Antalaha, and environmentalists agree that Masoala can only be saved if the standard of living in the area around the park improves. “The inhabitants of these villages here all cut wood. Before, they used to work as tour guides or in the hotels. What are they supposed to do, now that the tourists have gone?” said one local guide.  

Holmes of the Conservation Society sees economic development as the only lasting solution to the problem of illegal logging in the area. “As long as people can earn money by cutting wood, they will do so," he said.  

"The inhabitants of Masoala need to see that there is more value to the forest than just the price of timber. A rainforest attracts tourists, but it also protects from erosion and provides drinking water. You can’t protect nature by building a fence around it and keeping everybody out. You need to address the needs of the people."  

ar/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94682</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191331510590t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SWAZILAND: Fledgling environmental authority up against big business</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland&apos;s drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland's drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.  

Communities like this one were at the mercy of polluters until the Swaziland Environmental Authority (SEA) was established five years ago.  

An environmental watchdog group comprising 16 scientists from various fields, SEA is tasked with enforcing Swaziland's 2002 Environmental Management Act as well as various international environmental treaties to which Swaziland is a signatory.  

“Our acting director is on site now seeing what happened and if mitigation efforts are really happening. We do not take anyone’s word on anything until we do our own investigations,” information officer Gcina Dladla told IRIN from SEA headquarters in the capital, Mbabane.  

Although the authority is funded by government and falls under the Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Affairs, Dladla explained that the agency is independent and polices government operations in the same way as it does the private sector's.  

With Swaziland’s only environmental NGO largely dormant, SEA's small staff are all that stand in the way of this tiny kingdom's natural resources being exploited or mismanaged. However, concerns have been raised about the agency's ability to stand up to powerful private and government interests intent on putting profit and development before environmental concerns, especially after it gave the go-ahead for an iron ore reprocessing plant to be opened at the Ngwenya Iron Ore Mine, northwest of Mbabane.  

Ngwenya ceased operations in the 1970s but due to its status as one of the oldest mines in the world, was declared a World Heritage Site by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO. Indian-owned mining company Salgaocar now intends to reprocess the low grade iron ore dumped at Ngwenya to extract its mineral content.  

Critics of the venture, mainly consisting of tourism operators and businesses in the Ngwenya area, have pointed to the threat of heavy metals seeping into a dam which supplies drinking water to Mbabane, but according to Dladla, no iron ore processing will take place on site. Instead, the dumped rocks will be loaded onto trucks for transport to Mozambique.  

"There are no chemicals being used," he said. "We will be monitoring the site as part of our inspection duties to make sure this remains the case.”  

Palms greased?  

However, scepticism surrounding Salgaocar's operations at Ngwenya remains, particularly following allegations in the local media that the company gave iPads to cabinet ministers involved in the licensing decision and salvaged the 2011 Swaziland International Trade Fair when government failed to find sponsorship from local firms. 

“No mining license has been issued in 30 years, and all of a sudden there is this big rush to get this operation started. How can you not be suspicious?” asked Almon Simelane, a tour guide from the region.  

Dladla admitted that the authority had been under pressure to grant approval, but insisted that "we did a thorough job".  

"We have to protect ourselves also, because the environmental authority is new and we have our reputation on the line. If something goes wrong tomorrow, the persons who put pressure on you for approvals come back and blame you,” he added.  

The Swaziland Investment Promotion Authority (SIPA) told IRIN that the government’s push to open mining operations at Ngwenya was part of an effort to attract more foreign investment by demonstrating that business needs could be accommodated efficiently.  

A local businessman and environmentalist who declined to be named pointed out that Swaziland's mining and manufacturing sectors were still relatively small, but that if government wanted to encourage more heavy industry in the country, it would need SEA to remain independent. "Swaziland is generally a pristine place still, but that can change, particularly with the population growth we are experiencing," he told IRIN. "It is to government’s benefit to see that SEA is working."  

SEA land challenge  

One of the greatest challenges for SEA is protecting the 70 percent of land in the country controlled by traditional chiefs. Swazi chiefs have the authority to allocate land to their subjects for farming, building homes and raising livestock, but pressure on the land has increased with the tripling of Swaziland’s population since Independence in 1968.  

Some of the land given by chiefs to homesteaders has been degraded to the point of desertification, a problem that has been exacerbated by increasingly dry weather, with the Swaziland Meteorological Department announcing recently that rainfall trends over the past two decades show a persistent drop.  

“One of our jobs is to communicate with the public and the traditional authorities: do not put cattle pens alongside streams which are used by people downstream [and] when a donga [ditch created by erosion] appears, fix it or the whole hillside will erode away,” said Dladla.  

It is a huge task for a tiny agency whose resources have been further limited by Swaziland's current financial crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93821 ]. "We are seeing the effects," said Dladla. "If we have to go out and do monitoring and government says there is no gas for our cars then the trip has to be postponed to another day, but it is still made. If government says no hiring of new personnel... we work with what we have."  

Ishmael Ndwandwe, an SEA environmental analyst, said the authority would continue to enforce environmental protocols in Swaziland "as long as we have our independence… We can stand up to the pressure because we know the environmental issues of this country,” he told IRIN.

jh/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94660</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200703129t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Recently hundreds of dead fish floated to the surface of a stream which was the only water source for a rural community in Swaziland&apos;s drought-prone eastern region. A local sugar processing plant admitted to accidentally discharging toxic effluent into the stream, and brought in water tanks to supply the community until clean-up operations could be completed.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BOTSWANA: Saturday is for funerals</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181358180811t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - One part novella and two parts textbook, Saturday is for Funerals* pairs the recollections of Unity Dow, five-times author and Botswana&apos;s first female high-court judge, with the analysis of Harvard health sciences professor, virologist and chair of the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, Max Essex.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - One part novella and two parts textbook, Saturday is for Funerals* [ http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674050778 ] pairs the recollections of Unity Dow, five-times author and Botswana's first female high-court judge, with the analysis of Harvard health sciences professor, virologist and chair of the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, Max Essex.

As Essex notes, Botswana is typically held up as one of the first African countries to boast early successes in tackling HIV. Although HIV prevalence remains high, with about one in four adults living with HIV, it has been particularly hailed for the early political will shown by leaders, such as former President Festus Mogae, in addressing HIV.

Under Mogae, Botswana introduced prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services in 1999 and almost six years later was able to boast that these services reached as many as 90 percent of all HIV-positive pregnant women. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=74389 ] He also introduced antiretroviral (ARV) treatment by 2002, at a time when former South African president, Thabo Mbeki [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93411 ], was still questioning the link between HIV and AIDS, and his health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, was describing ARVs as "poisons". 

Botswana's national PMTCT programme had been under way for four years when South Africa finally launched its PMTCT programme in 2003, after a protracted legal battle with the Treatment Action Campaign, a lobby group. 

Changing times, changing lives

Rising HIV prevalence rates in the 1990s meant big changes in Botswana. By 2000, writes Essex, the World Health Organization had issued dire warnings: 85 percent of 15-year-olds in the country would die from AIDS-related illnesses; life expectancy would drop by 44 years. 

But Dow recounts the more insidious and poignant changes, the ones that crept into people's daily lives and culture as deaths mounted before ARVs were available. 

"If you have not seen someone for a while and you meet their mother, you are afraid to ask after them. Perhaps they have died and you have not heard," writes Dow, recounting the words of her mother. "It was never like this before. You must remember people's children and be sure to ask how they are. How can you ask about people who may be dead?"

The title of the book itself points to the way rising AIDS-related deaths meant funerals became a weekend fixture. So much so that the cultural practice of midnight grave-digging had to change to meet growing demand. Young men could now be seen digging graves in the afternoons as well, Essex notes.

Dow recounts how, as an advocate for women and children, she became an HIV resource for friends, family, strangers and, as a high court judge, those in her courthouse. When most still will not name the virus, her directness in approaching the subject is appreciated, she writes.

In each chapter, Dow's prose is followed by Essex's medical review of the issues encapsulated in Dow's vignettes. Untrained experts will likely benefit from Essex's scientific explanations, particularly of ARV resistance and side-effects. However, there are gaps. He fails to distinguish between traditional and medical male circumcision: some forms of traditional circumcision may not remove enough of the foreskin to offer protection from HIV infection. In clinical trials, medical male circumcision has been shown to reduce a man's likelihood of contracting HIV through vaginal intercourse by up to 60 percent. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94604 ]

His explanation of clinical trial procedures is a welcome addition, especially when read against the backdrop of mass media reports that in southern Africa continue to portray participants as "guinea pigs". However, some would challenge his assertion that it is important to encourage HIV vaccine trial participants to avoid pregnancy not only because potential vaccines have not been tested for safety in pregnant women but because "additionally it seems important to strongly discourage pregnancy for HIV-positive women, whether in trials or not, to prevent the risk that more HIV-positive infants will be born". Such arguments have resulted in alleged forced sterilizations of HIV-positive women in Namibia and South Africa, despite the fact that PMTCT services are available. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85012 ]

Essex's wording around migration is also likely to spark some discontent: "Refugees and immigrants from all over southern Africa see Botswana as the place to be. This obviously increases tension, as well as demand on programmes with limited resources."

Despite the fact that migration has been a facet of southern Africa for centuries, contributing to the region's high burdens of HIV and tuberculosis, migrants continue to face challenges in securing cross-border healthcare. While the Southern African Development Community has reviewed the idea of health passports to address this, there has been little progress. As recently as August 2011, the Botswana government was reportedly refusing to treat HIV-positive foreign nationals in its prisons. [ http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=935&dir=2011/August/Friday12 ]

In addition, the number of migrants remains difficult to estimate and research from South Africa and other countries shows that it is often migrants who wait until it is too late to access care. [ http://bit.ly/wpWgrh ] Many foreign nationals in Botswana are likely to have come from countries such as Zimbabwe and Zambia, which have lower HIV prevalence rates.

Despite such shortcomings, Saturday is for Funerals manages to provide a window into how HIV changed one country that largely seemed to "get it right" when confronting HIV and AIDS while providing readers with the scientific background to understand how and why many of the issues faced by Botswana continue to challenge that country and many others. If nothing else, it is an addition to the ever-evolving story of HIV in which, as its authors note, "understanding how people live and love is the key to understanding how and whether the science breakthroughs will work, and how to redesign them so they will work better".

*Released as a paperback in 2011

llg/kn/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94670</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181358180811t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - One part novella and two parts textbook, Saturday is for Funerals* pairs the recollections of Unity Dow, five-times author and Botswana&apos;s first female high-court judge, with the analysis of Harvard health sciences professor, virologist and chair of the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, Max Essex.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BOTSWANA: A timeline of HIV action </title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112514t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Botswana has marked many &quot;firsts&quot; in Africa&apos;s fight against the HI virus. IRIN/PlusNews details the most important events in its battle: </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Botswana has marked many "firsts" in Africa's fight against the HI virus. IRIN/PlusNews details the most important events in its battle:

1984 - Botswana diagnoses its first patient with HIV;

1987 - The country develops the first of many national plans to tackle HIV and AIDS;

1995 - As HIV cases mount, it introduces a national community home-based care programme to complement the over-stretched health system and medical staff shortage compounded by the lack of a national medical school;

1999 - The country establishes the National AIDS Coordinating Agency (NACA). It also introduces prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT), a first in Africa, with initial pilot sites in the capital, Gaborone, and Francistown. In a little less than a decade, about 90 percent of Botswana's HIV-positive pregnant women and their babies will benefit from PMTCT services;

2000 - The World Health Organization estimates that 85 percent of 15-year-olds in Botswana will eventually die of AIDS-related illnesses.

2001 - The Debswana mining company, a joint venture between mining conglomerate De Beers and the Botswana government, becomes the first business in the world to provide free ARV treatment to its employees, spouses and their children younger than 21. As of November, all health facilities are reportedly providing PMTCT services;

2002 - After making bulk purchases of the three drug combinations needed to treat HIV, the government launches the Masa, or "A New Dawn" in the local Setswana, HIV treatment programme. Training of nurses and what are largely foreign contract doctors in HIV diagnosis and treatment begins. The country also becomes the first in southern Africa, a region hard-hit by HIV, to provide free treatment to its citizens;

2003 - First national strategic plan on HIV, as recommended by UNAIDS. The plan runs until 2009. About 7 percent of adults and children needing HIV treatment are estimated to be on ARVs;

2004 - Voluntary counselling and HIV rapid testing (VCT) is introduced, a major boost to PMTCT efforts in which VCT for expecting mothers is task-shifted away from nurses and midwives to lay counsellors. By 2007, the country has also introduced the dried blood spot HIV testing needed to diagnose babies born to HIV-positive mothers;

2005 - With universal HIV education in schools, about 40 percent of young men and women know how to prevent HIV infection. Meanwhile, about a third of all pregnant women are found to be HIV-positive, according to government surveys;

2006 - Ministry of Finance announces that condoms will be added to the list of tax-exempt items, cutting their cost;

2009 - NACA launches a programme to address multiple concurrent partnerships, thought to be a HIV risk factor, while the Ministry of Health begins rolling out medical male circumcision. After years of lobbying by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and local AIDS and human rights groups, the government agrees in April to relax a policy that explicitly bars non-citizens from accessing HIV treatment;[ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89765 ]

2010 - At a cost of almost US$350 million, Botswana achieves universal access targets with more than 80 percent of HIV-positive adults and children on ARVs. The second national strategic plan is launched, to run until 2016. The government also passes an amendment to its Employment Act ending workplace dismissal based on an individual's sexual orientation or HIV status;[ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90437 ]

2011 - The country attracts criticism after government refuses to provide HIV-positive foreign nationals in its prisons with HIV treatment.

llg/mw
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94671</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112514t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Botswana has marked many &quot;firsts&quot; in Africa&apos;s fight against the HI virus. IRIN/PlusNews details the most important events in its battle: </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: South Africa - paper tiger of African peacekeeping operations</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261538140561t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - There is an expectation - and has been for several years - that Africa’s economic powerhouse, South Africa, would become a leading player in the continent’s peacekeeping operations, but analysts say this is wishful thinking at best, and possibly misguided.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - There is an expectation - and has been for several years - that Africa’s economic powerhouse, South Africa, would become a leading player in the continent’s peacekeeping operations, but analysts say this is wishful thinking at best, and possibly misguided. 
 
 “The international community expects more from South Africa [in a peacekeeping role], but South Africa is not deploying the amounts of troops and equipment expected of them,” Jakkie Cilliers, executive director of Pretoria-based think-tank Institute for Security Studies (ISS), told IRIN. “It all goes back to an overstretched department [of defence], lack of funding, transformation - which bedevils discipline - and operational capacity.” 
 
 South Africa's defence policy since the end of apartheid in 1994 has prevented the country from taking a bigger role in African peacekeeping operations. The tone was set by the ruling ANC government's 1996 White Paper entitled Defence in Democracy, which made the primary role of the armed forces defence against external aggression. 
 
 The 1998 Defence Review led South Africa to conclude a multi-billion-dollar arms deal in 1999 in which it acquired a range of sophisticated weaponry - from Gripen fighters and Hawk training jets to submarines and corvettes - "inappropriate" for peacekeeping duties, Cilliers said. 
 
 The idea that South Africa faced any conventional armed threats to its territorial integrity was "mythical", he] said, in either the short or medium term, and the country’s role as regional super-power should be to stabilize the region. 
 
 Former president Thabo Mbeki was against a more active peacekeeping role on the continent: He had an "aversion" towards peacekeeping, viewing it as intervention, and preferred dialogue, Cilliers said. 
 
 The real threats to South African security were organized crime, illegal exploitation of marine resources and uncontrolled migration flows, Cilliers said. 
 
 Wrong equipment 
 
 The cost of the 1999 arms deal, which according to some independent estimates had risen to R70 billion (US$8.5 billion) by 2011, had left the country with military hardware that was both "expensive to maintain and which will probably never be used... This is the long-term tragedy of the arms deal [in that it constrains South Africa’s peacekeeping abilities],” Cilliers said. 
 
 Greg Mills, head of the Brenthurst Foundation, a South African think-thank established by diamond magnates Nicky and Jonathan Oppenheimer, said in a 2011 discussion paper entitled An Option of Difficulties? A 21st Century South African Defence Review, [ http://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/a_sndmsg/news_view.asp?I=118323&PG=288 ] that South Africa had fallen between two stools in its military vision. 
 
 “At the heart of any force design is the necessity of deciding which league you want to play in - and then fund at that level. Put differently, there’s no point in buying a luxury SUV if you can’t afford to fill the tank or replace the tyres.” 
 
 A 2010 Jane's Defence Weekly report said: "Perhaps the most startling illustration of under-funding is that the air force will only have 550 flying hours for its fighter force this year and 250 hours in each of the next two, just when it planned to `work up' on the new Gripen; lead-in fighter training on the Hawk has been cut from 4,000 hours to 2,000. The South African Air Force (SAAF) had planned the Gripen to be fully operational by 2012, but that is now clearly unattainable.” 
 
 2011 defence review 
 
 In 2011 South Africa, a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, embarked on a defence review (expected to be released for public comment later this year), but it appears that a policy shift towards creating a greater peacekeeping capacity is not on the cards. 
 
 Defence Ministry spokesman Siphiwe Dlamini told IRIN the primary function of the defence force was expected to remain preparedness against external aggression. 
 
 When the ANC came to power in 1994 it inherited a disparate defence force, made up of its own soldiers; other liberation movement operatives; career soldiers from the apartheid armed forces; and various elements of the Bantustan armies of the nominally independent homelands of Transkei, Venda, Ciskei and Bophuthatswana. 
 
 The London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) [ http://www.iiss.org/ ] which specializes in military-political affairs, said in its annual 2011 Military Balance report that South Africa had about 62,000 uniformed troops, 12,000 civilian support staff and a reserve force of 15,000. 
 
 At a media briefing in September 2011, Defence Minister Lindiwe Sisulu said 2,304 military personnel were on peace support operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Sudan (Darfur), and the Central African Republic. 
 
 Burundi, a comparative minnow in terms of population and economy and recently a host to South African peacekeepers, currently deploys more troops to peacekeeping operations on the continent than South Africa, according to the IISS 2011 Military Balance report. (Burundi's deployments in Somalia are peace enforcement rather than peacekeeping). 
 
 At a defence review workshop in Cape Town on 24 November 2011, Sisulu said the “emerging consensus” for African countries was to assume responsibility for managing regional conflicts, and “South Africa is expected to play a significant role in this.” 
 
 However, Brenthurst Foundation’s Mills said the South African defence force was “battling” to make ends meet. The 2011-2012 defence budget was R34.6 billion, of which R22.5 billion was for personnel, R8.65 billion was operational costs and R3.5 billion capital costs. 
 
 Constraints… like drunkenness 
 
 Emmanuel Nibishaka in a paper for the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation [ http://www.rosalux.de/english/foundation.html ] entitled South Africa’s Peacekeeping Role In Africa: Motives and Challenges of Peacekeeping [ http://www.rosalux.co.za/wp-content/files_mf/1297156628_21_1_1_9_pub_upload.pdf ] published in February 2011, cited additional constraints. He identified high HIV/AIDS infection rates, aging soldiers, a top-heavy officer class, and a “serious skills shortage”. 
 
 Nibishaka said more than half the soldiers were medically unfit, with many seen as too old for active service. He added: “Due to a lack of funds the army can deploy only one operational brigade of 3,000… Military equipment is in an appalling state with only 20 out of 168 Olifants [tanks] and 16 out of 242 Rooikat armoured cars being deployed due to budget constraints.” 
 
 Since 1994 the reputation of South African peacekeepers has been tarnished by “unruliness”, Nibishaka said, including drunkenness, public brawls, consorting with sex workers, sexual harassment and murder. 
 
 “For example, the South African military in Burundi from 2002 to 2008 recorded some 400 cases of misdemeanour and approximately 1,000 military trials were heard. In DRC, the record was equally dismal,” Nibishaka said in his paper. 
 
 The changing nature of conflict 
 
 Conventional conflicts, defined as confrontations between standing armies, are rare these days. “Warfare today has largely gone back to being a task of light infantry and modern cavalry, where numbers (and getting them there) are the important aspect, along with critical enablers of intelligence, surveillance and local knowledge,” says Mills. 
 
 Current and future instability, both internationally and in sub-Saharan Africa, was “likely to be so-called `small’ wars between ill-defined often non-state opponents, fighting for complex sets of causes ranging from greed to deeply entrenched grievances, fought at a low-intensity, employing mostly small arms. These are most likely to be fought not over territory but over ideas and symbols, among, rather [than] between peoples," he said. 
 
 South Africa's defence force should engage a younger, computer literate generation in order to grapple with the complexities of peacekeeping and peace-building; and use hi-tech, low cost, drones to monitor marine resources for "pollution; overfishing and piracy", he said. 
 
 Quick reaction forces 
 
 The Africa Union is currently building capacity for the establishment of an African Standby Brigade, a quick reaction force of five brigades, each comprising about 6,500 soldiers. Each brigade is expected to be drawn from contributions from members states of Africa’s economic trading blocs, such as the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). 
 
 In September 2009, Exercise Golfinho, a training exercise for the Southern Africa Standby Brigade (SADCBRIG), saw South Africa host 7,000 troops from 12 countries, and was deemed as a success, IISS said. 
 
 "After the exercise, SADCBRIG declared that it could deploy to any location in Africa or even beyond, though the group did add the important caveat that this was dependent on available strategic lift and sustainable logistical support - two factors that remain substantial impediments for all Standby Brigade operations," the IISS 2011 Military Balance report said. 
 
 However, the Golfinho post-mortem virtually coincided with the new administration of ANC President Jacob Zuma announcing the cancellation of heavy-lift military transport aircraft, seen by military analysts as vital for reacting to mass atrocities. 
 
 Heavy lift aircraft 
 
 South Africa ordered eight Airbus military A400m transport aircraft in 2005 at a cost of about US$1 billion, but cancelled the order, citing financial constraints and associated cost increases, and was reimbursed the $407 million down-payment on 19 December 2011 by the European aircraft manufacturer. The transport aircraft was expected to enter service in 2013. 
 
 Helmoed-Romer Heitman, a military and defence analyst and senior correspondent for Jane’s Defence Weekly, told IRIN: “If you don’t have the airlift, you can’t do peacekeeping. You just can’t do it. I think they [South African government] have shot themselves in the foot.” 
 
 South Africa remains reliant on nine Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules transporters, of which four were currently operational, Heitman said. 
 
 go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94597</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005261538140561t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - There is an expectation - and has been for several years - that Africa’s economic powerhouse, South Africa, would become a leading player in the continent’s peacekeeping operations, but analysts say this is wishful thinking at best, and possibly misguided.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Floods leave Angolan returnees stranded</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. 
 
 “At least 50,000 people - 24,000 of them returnees - in 10 villages in Uige Province [northeastern Angola near border with DRC] have been affected by the flooding, rains and hailstorms in the past four months,” said Antonio Maiandi, head of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola, which has been trying to help those affected. The rainy season here tends to be longer than elsewhere in Angola. 
 
 “It is still pouring hard. At least 1,142 houses have been destroyed by the rains. Each family with shelter is now hosting other families,” said Maiandi, adding that the returnees, who had sought refuge from the civil war in Angola which ended in 2002, were putting enormous pressure on locals, and organizations such as his. 
 
 “The local population who are mostly farmers have been severely affected. Their cassava [staple food in Angola] and groundnut crops have been destroyed, so there is not enough food to go round.” 
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) restarted formal repatriation of Angolans in November 2011 after logistical and other problems forced the process to stop in 2007. DRC is home to some 80,000 Angolans refugees, according to UNHCR. 
 
 The new return initiative comes after a UNHCR survey in 2010 found that 43,000 wanted to return home, and following a tripartite agreement between Angola, DRC and UNHCR (signed in June 2011), around 20,000 people signed up for help to return. The agreement came about after years of tense relations between the two countries: Angolan and Congolese nationals have been expelled from the two countries regularly. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93004 ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90906 ]
 
 “The local population is extremely poor and unable to support the returnees,” and “people are still coming in every day,” said Maiandi. 
 
 UNHCR in Angola told IRIN they took a break in December 2011 and would resume formal repatriation on 17 January, but did not have an update on the number of people who had already arrived. 
 
 According to aid workers, increasing instability in the DRC following the recent disputed elections could be prompting more people to leave. 
 
 Maiandi said the returnees had not received adequate support from the authorities and church organizations had limited resources. 
 
 Meteorologists for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have predicted normal to above normal rains for most of the region from January to March 2012 largely because of the continuing effects of the 2011 La Niña event. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91746 ] Thousands of people in the region were displaced and scores killed in early 2011 as a result of heavy rains and flooding associated with La Niña. 
 
 Zimbabwe 
 
 As the rainy season begins here, aid workers and disaster prevention teams are closely monitoring water levels in the all-important Zambezi river, the continent's fourth largest. 
 
 The authorities have issued a flood alert after being forced to release water from the swollen Kariba Dam on the Zambezi earlier than usual in the rainy season. 
 
 The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) which usually opens the spillway gates of Lake Kariba in the last two weeks of January was forced to open one of the gates on 3 January. It has advised people living downstream to evacuate their homes. 
 
 Zambia 
 
 Zambia is in for a mixed season. Dominicano Mulenga, national coordinator of Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, said a plan had been drawn up to help 368,953 people likely to be affected by rain and dry spells. While northwestern and western parts of the country had seen heavy rain, southern, eastern and parts of central Zambia were likely to receive little or no rain, he said. 
 
 The water level in the Zambezi was higher than at the same time in 2011, he added. “We have had three seasons of heavy rainfall and the ground is saturated with water, making it more prone to flooding.” 
 
 Namibia 
 
 Namibians, currently experiencing a heat wave, are eager for rain, said Guido van Langehove, chief of the Namibia Hydrological Services. Southern African Development Community (SADC) meteorologists have forecast normal to above normal rains for Namibia over the next three months. “It was the same forecast last year and we recorded three times the normal rain,” van Langehove pointed out. 
 
 The Caprivi Region, Namibia’s poorest area, is prone to annual flooding. 
 
 Japhet Itenge, director of Disaster Risk Management in the Office of the Prime Minister, said they were prepositioning essential commodities and relief tools as part of their contingency plans. 
 
 Lesotho 
 
 Lesotho has not received adequate rainfall in the past few months, a spokesman for the country’s meteorological services told IRIN. “SADC has forecast heavy rains for Lesotho in the coming weeks. We are worried it can cause early frost and destroy crops that have already been planted,” he said. 
 
 Lesotho and Namibia have food insecurity levels greater than their five-year averages due to the severe flooding experienced during the last growing season, according to FEWSNET. 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 The Mozambican authorities have begun to release water from the Cahora Bassa Dam on the Zambezi. People living mainly along the lower Zambezi basin and in Buzi, Save, and Pungue basins, including Beira city, are on alert. 
 
 Sofala Province in central Mozambique is currently distributing items such as bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, according to the Mozambique Red Cross; and members of seven local disaster risk management committees established in Beira City are cleaning the drainage system. 
 
 The National Institute of Disaster Management (INGC) is monitoring the rivers Montepuez, Licungo, Mutamba, Pungué, Buzi, Save, and Maputo, said FEWSNET. In the Zambezi and Limpopo river basins, FEWSNET warned of a near-average-to-high probability of flooding. 
 
 João Bobotela, CARE’s emergency response coordinator in Mozambique, said INGC and local authorities had been running flood simulation exercises since November 2011 to prepare communities for sudden evacuations. 
 
 Botswana 
 
 Arid Botswana has not received good rains in the past few months. “We are expecting average rains which might help crops,” said a spokesman for the Botswana Meteorological Services. 
 
 Malawi 
 
 More rains have been forecast for southern Malawi, where land adjacent to the River Shire, one of the most food-insecure parts of the country, is prone to flooding. Parts of the region, which has seen an outbreak of foot and mouth disease and a hike in food prices, are in crisis mode, warned FEWSNET. 
 
 South Africa 
 
 Much-needed rain has fallen in South Africa’s major maize-producing northern Free State area in the past few weeks. The government and USAID’s Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) say the country has adequate supplies, but global maize stocks are low, putting considerable upward price pressure on South African white maize. 
 
 jk-dd/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94598</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Growing risk of waterborne diseases in rural areas</title><pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg" />]]>MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</description><body><![CDATA[MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut. 
 
 Since the rains began several weeks ago, dirty water has been accumulating on the settlement, now home to hundreds of former farmworkers and others displaced during Operation Murambatsvina [ http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_rpt.pdf ] in 2005 which razed illegal structures and left thousands without shelter. 
 
 Phiri remembers the 2008-2009 outbreak of cholera which killed more than 4,000 people and infected nearly 100,000 others, but sees it as a thing of the past and is still ignorant of how waterborne diseases are spread. 
 
 Her twins have a skin infection and frequent bouts of diarrhoea but, like most residents, she attributes such ailments to witchcraft, consulting a traditional healer for a cure. 
 
 Phiri told IRIN her first child died two years ago from diarrhoea. “We don’t use dirty water for drinking or cooking. We get clean water from the dam or the wells, so how can our children die from waterborne diseases?” she asked. 
 
 A few metres from Phiri’s hut is an overflowing pit latrine. Many inhabitants have resorted to relieving themselves in the open since most of their pit latrines are overflowing and unusable. 
 
 The 2009 Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey (MIMS) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/Surveys/MIMS2009/tabid/5465/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], compiled by the government and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), listed diarrhoea as one of the major causes of infant mortality resulting in around 4, 000 deaths in Zimbabwe annually. 
 
 The MIMS survey showed a 20 percent increase in under-five mortality since 1990. 
 
 With the advent of the rainy season and poor sanitary and hygienic facilities, people living in rural and peri-urban settlements like Phiri’s are vulnerable to waterborne diseases. 
 
 The survey said: “Recent assessments show a significant decline in rural sanitation sector performance,” adding: “The inability of vulnerable populations to access safe water and basic sanitation… has resulted in frequent diarrhoeal and cholera outbreaks.” 
 
 The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) for Zimbabwe, [ http://reliefweb.int/node/462237 ] launched in early December 2011, said “a third of rural Zimbabweans still drink from unprotected water sources and are thus exposed to waterborne diseases,” and noted reports of cholera cases in rural Chipinge, in the eastern province of Manicaland, and Chiredzi in the southeast of the country. 
 
 More people seek treatment 
 
 A senior nurse at a clinic in rural Seke District, about 50km south of Harare, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN the number of people seeking treatment for diarrhoea and dysentery had increased since the onset of the rains. 
 
 “Typical of this time of the year when the rains fall, we treat a high number of people suffering from waterborne diseases… We have not received any cases of cholera but there is need to be on the alert all the time, because the surrounding villages are characterized by poor hygiene and sanitation. Many villagers tend to relieve themselves in the open because they cannot rehabilitate the Blair pit toilets [ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_toilet ] that were built long ago,” she said. 
 
 Blair pit toilets were constructed in large numbers to improve rural sanitation in the 1980s. A fine wire mesh allowed gases produced by decomposition to escape, but prevented flies around the faecal matter from exiting the septic tank and so prevented the spread of diseases. 
 
 According a 2011 report by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the government entitled A Situational Analysis on the Status of Women’s and Children’s Rights in Zimbabwe, 2005-2010 [ http://reliefweb.int/node/392557 ] 42 percent of people in rural communities practised open defecation, while cholera, which used to see significant outbreaks every 10 years or so in the 1980s and 1990s, has now become an annual event. 
 
 Poor household income, the senior nurse said, prevented some villagers from seeking treatment, “meaning that the number of people suffering from waterborne diseases could be higher as some of the cases go unreported [as people cannot afford to travel to clinics].” 
 
 David Shoniwa, 65, from Dema village in Seke District, said people in his community tended to relieve themselves along river beds during the dry season. 
 
 “The boreholes that were drilled in the 1980s have broken down and only a few that were sunk in recent years still function while, due to poor rains, it is difficult to sink new wells. When the rains fall, people turn to the rivers for water to drink and use for cooking, thereby exposing themselves to the diseases carried by the human waste,” Shoniwa told IRIN. 
 
 fm/go/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94575</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902176t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MHONDORO 03 January 2012 (IRIN) - Barbra Phiri, 20, a single mother living on a farm settlement in rural Mhondoro, about 45km southwest of the Zimbabwean capital Harare, does not think twice about letting her two-year-old twins splash about in a pool of greenish water close to her hut.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ANGOLA: AU considers looking at Cabinda claims</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007221617300022t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five years after the Front for the Liberation of Cabinda (FLEC) filed a complaint with the African Union (AU) against the Angolan government for alleged human rights abuses, the AU says it is willing to hear the “merits” of appointing a special rapporteur to investigate the claims.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five years after the Front for the Liberation of Cabinda (FLEC) filed a complaint with an African Union (AU) human rights body against the Angolan government for alleged human rights abuses, the AU says it is willing to hear the “merits” of appointing a special rapporteur to investigate the claims. 
 
 Cabinda is separated from Angola's main territory by the River Congo and a narrow sliver of the Democratic Republic of Congo and accounts for more than half of Angola’s oil production. Cabinda's mineral wealth also includes gold, diamonds and uranium, as well as extensive reserves of tropical hardwoods. Since 1975, the status of Cabinda has been disputed, resulting in one of Africa’s longest-running conflicts. 
 
 FLEC Secretary-General Joel Batila, who lives in exile in France, told IRIN: “The problem of Cabinda is taboo, because of oil. But let’s see what will come out of it. Maybe this time the international community will take it seriously. The problem of Cabinda is that it is a hidden problem.” 
 
 The Secretariat of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR) [ http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/news_en.html ] received a litany of complaints on 29 September 2006, including contesting Angola’s legal rights to the territory, a variety of human rights abuses such as extrajudicial killings, and claims that more than 90 percent of the territory’s oil revenue was not being used for the benefit of the inhabitants. 
 
 The ACHPR, an AU body, was established by the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [ http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z1afchar.htm ] which came into force on 21 October 1986 and is responsible for promoting and protecting human rights on the continent. 
 
 “They [FLEC] claim that Cabindans have been suffering from high unemployment, lack of educational opportunities, disease and intense poverty since the Angolan government took over Cabinda’s natural resources, such as offshore oil, onshore mineral and oil resources,” part of the summary of the complaint said. 
 
 Jonathan Levy, FLEC’s attorney based in Washington, told IRIN the deadline for submission of the merits of the case was 20 February 2012. After considering the submission, the ACHPR would decide on whether or not to appoint a special rapporteur to investigate claims of human rights abuses and the unfair allocation of mineral resources. 
 
 Five-year case 
 
 Levy said they had had five years to compile their case and was confident they would meet the 60-day deadline set in December at the 10th extraordinary session of the African Commission held in the Gambian capital of Banjul on 12-16 December 2011. [ http://www.achpr.org/english/communiques/10th%20EOS.pdf ] 
 
 Cabinda’s claim to independence is based on one interpretation of the region’s colonial history. Angola was a Portuguese colony for hundreds of years, while Cabinda became a Portuguese Protectorate in 1885 under the Treaty of Simulambuco, which provided protection to the Cabindan kingdoms of N'Goyo, Kacongo and Loango from the colonial ambitions of Belgium, Britain and France. 
 
 Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar declared Angola a province of Portugal in the 1930s and Cabinda was brought under the same administration. Those favouring independence for Cabinda say Angola's first government annexed it at independence in 1975. 
 
 go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94572</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007221617300022t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - More than five years after the Front for the Liberation of Cabinda (FLEC) filed a complaint with the African Union (AU) against the Angolan government for alleged human rights abuses, the AU says it is willing to hear the “merits” of appointing a special rapporteur to investigate the claims.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: WFP buy local scheme helps farmers</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly. 
 
 Mamombe, 60, has been growing maize for 30 years in the Karoi District of Mashonaland West Province, about 200km northwest of Harare. In the 2008-9 farming season he produced 10 tons of it from his 15 hectare smallholding and opted to sell to the Grain Marketing Board (GMB). However, the high transport costs involved in delivering his grain to the closest GMB depot, and then the GMB's failure to pay him on time, put Mamombe and his family in a difficult situation. 
 
 “I hardly planted anything in 2009," said Mamombe, who resorted to growing tobacco for the past two seasons but with limited success due to his lack of knowledge about the crop and difficulty finding curing facilities. 
 
 The GMB had a long-standing monopoly on cereal purchases until March 2009 when private traders were allowed into the market to encourage competition and boost production. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85092 ] The move to liberalize the grain market was also a response to GMB's inability to make adequate and timely payments to farmers. 
 
 However, other farmers in Mamombe's area who sold to private buyers complained that their maize was still not fetching enough money to cover their costs, let alone make a profit. "Most farmers from our area used to be conned by grain buyers who either gave them fake notes as payment or failed to pay them," said Mamombe’s neighbour, Johnson Manyere, 54. 
 
 The World Food Programme (WFP) initiative which is prompting Mamombe's return to maize farming involves technical support to smallholder farmers and the identification of local traders who can guarantee them prompt cash payments and low transport costs as a result of a more efficient marketing policy. WFP then buys the grain from the traders to distribute in its food assistance programmes. 
 
 It is part of a global pilot project called the Purchase for Progress Initiative (P4P) which aims to use WFP’s purchasing power and demand for staple food commodities to help smallholder farmers and small traders. By March 2011, P4P had purchased over 160,000 tons of food, mostly maize, from local suppliers in 20 countries, according to a recently published mid-term review of the programme. [ http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/reports/wfp241809.pdf ] 
 
 In Zimbabwe, the local purchasing initiative is currently operating in Mashonaland West and Mashonaland Central provinces and involves hundreds of local smallholder farmers and several international NGOs including Goal International as well as SNV Netherlands Development Organisation and International Relief and Development. Its aim is to boost cereal production at a time when many farmers are opting for cash crops such as tobacco. 
 
 Proximity 
 
 WFP Country Director Felix Bamezon told IRIN that the local traders selected to participate in the scheme operate in grain surplus areas located as close as possible to the food insecure districts to which the grain will be transported for distribution. This minimized transportation costs, provided the farmers with ready markets and "should positively impact on future productivity”, said Bamezon, who hopes that the initiative will also stabilize the price of maize, especially immediately after harvest time when prices are low due to poor demand. 
 
 Bamezon added that paying farmers on time had “a positive bearing on [their] cash flows and ability to prepare for the coming season”. Some of the traders also sell inputs such as seed and fertilizer offering farmers a one-stop-shop. 
 
 In southwestern parts of the country perennially affected by drought, the scheme involves the buying of not only maize but small grains such as sorghum and millet as a way of encouraging communities to consider such grains as cash crops, instead of last-resort production crops in cases where maize fails. 
 
 Denford Chimbwanda, president of the Grain and Cereals Producers Association (GCPA), is upbeat about the WFP initiative and confident it will offset a potential rapid increase in the number of farmers producing maize. 
 
 Renewed confidence in cereals 
 
 “It is not possible to say how many farmers will positively respond to the initiative, but what is clear is that hundreds of them will have renewed confidence in maize and cereal production. The initiative provides farmers with guarantees that their produce will have a ready market and that is very essential in stimulating production,” Chimbwanda told IRIN. 
 
 Since June 2011, WFP has purchased 1,944 tons of grain from local traders for distribution in food insecure areas, adding to the 11,100 tons the agency has bought from traders in Malawi, Zambia and South Africa as part of its regional grain purchasing scheme. 
 
 The initiative has not been without its teething problems. According to Bamezon, small local traders tend to have problems getting assistance from banks, lack experience, and are sometimes unwilling to establish themselves in remote areas with poor infrastructure. 
 
 A worker with a Harare-based grain supplier participating in the scheme who declined to be named said his company planned to increase its buying stations in Mashonaland West and Central provinces, despite such difficulties. 
 
 “From our experience this year, a lot of farmers are willing to sell to us because they feel we can be depended on,” he said. 
 
 fm/ks/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94526</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101140901230395t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Veteran small-scale farmer Trynos Mamombe has returned to maize farming after two years, thanks to a multi-partner initiative which is helping him to market his crop and get paid for it promptly.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ZIMBABWE: Where pensions can mean poverty</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221344350112t.jpg" />]]>HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root. 
 
 The company offered him a one-off lump sum of Z$35,000 (US$350), which was quickly eroded by Zimbabwe’s inflation which peaked at billions of percent, before the government abolished the local currency in 2009 and replaced it with a basket of foreign currencies - the Botswana pula, the South African rand and the US dollar. Hyperinflation was cured practically overnight. 
 
 While waiting in a pension queue in the capital Harare this month, he told IRIN “I am now solely dependent on my NSSA [National Social Security Authority] monthly pension of US$40 [the minimum for retirees]. This is nothing,” he said, adding that he actually gets less as a $2 “administration fee” is deducted. 
 
 The dollarization hit pensioners the hardest, as years of savings simply evaporated under hyperinflation and what was left was killed off in the currency switch. With unemployment estimated at about 90 percent at the time, pensioners had little or no opportunity to return to any form of work. 
 
 Pensions systems in Zimbabwe include private contributions made to pension funds and the state contributory system (since 1994) administered by NSSA to which all employees are obliged to contribute. 
 
 “Government introduced the NSSA because some workers ended up being destitute after many years of service,” NSSA spokesperson Philemon Chereni told IRIN. “Some workers were given a bicycle or a wheelbarrow in recognition of their long service.” 
 
 Those people who retired before 1994 do not benefit from the state pension fund, but many of those who receive benefits still struggle. 
 
 Costly travel to collect pensions 
 
 Dikani, who lives in Honde Valley in rural eastern Zimbabwe, said that while it should be possible to collect his pension at any post office, he is forced to travel more than 300km to Harare to collect his money, as the local post office does not have sufficient funds to pay pensioners. The round trip costs about US$16. 
 
 However, he also receives an additional $80 rental from a house he owns in Harare. “It costs me a lot to come to Harare so I have decided to come every three months,” he said. 
 
 William Takawira, 71, travels monthly to Harare to pick up his pension. He lives in Mrewa a rural area about 50km from the city and pays $4 for the return journey 
 
 Forced to retire as a filing clerk after 15 years for health reasons, he collects a disability pension of $20 from the NSSA. “After paying for transport and maybe a meal which I need as a diabetic I’ll be lucky to get home with $10.” 
 
 His pension is also boosted by a monthly rent of $60 from a house in a low-income residential area of the capital, which is used for his five school-going grandchildren, of which he is their legal guardian. 
 
 “Both parents died and I have to look after the children with my wife.” There is no luxury of a Christmas for them. ”The children will need school fees next term and I have been forced to sell cows before to enable me to pay that.” 
 
 Although medical treatment at government health institutions is provided free for all Zimbabweans aged 60 and over, most of the time there are no drugs available. “I get a prescription and have to go to a private pharmacy to buy what I need. Most of the time I just don’t bother.” 
 
 The estimated monthly cost of living for a family of four is $540 and the lowest paid public servant earns about $250 per month, with workers in sectors such as agriculture receiving a minimum monthly wage of $44. 
 
 Costina Moyo, a 66 year-old widow who lives in Zimbabwe’s second city Bulawayo, retired in 2008 after teaching for 25 years. She receives a monthly government pension of $150 and is also entitled to an NSSA pension of $25, but “was sent from pillar to post” trying to get the NSSA pension but has still not received it, she said. 
 
 Ignorance of entitlements 
 
 Some supermarkets on certain days provide pensioners with 10 percent discounts on goods and pensioners are only liable to pay 50 percent of municipal rates and refuse collection fees, but the vast majority of pensioners IRIN spoke with were unaware of this. 
 
 Pensioners get preference at queues and are allowed to go to the front, but as Dikeni said “It’s OK but you do not eat that.” 
 
 Faki Wamambo, 88, receives a UK pension of 12 pounds sterling (US$18), as most of his working life as a nurse was during the time of white-ruled Southern Rhodesia. Zimbabwe gained independence from Britain in 1980. 
 
 Ignorance of the entitlement to state pensions is also depriving people of old-age benefits. 
 
 Gift Muti, spokesperson for the General Agriculture and Plantation Workers’ Union of Zimbabwe (GAPWUZ), said many farm workers become needy on retirement because they did not know about the pension or where to go to claim it. “We are engaged in an education campaign to make them aware of the existence of the pension.” 
 
 NSSA general manager James Matiza told local daily The Herald that monthly pension payments range between $40 and $1,447, depending on the pensioner's insurable earnings at retirement and the pension contribution period. 
 
 The government’s recent announcement that the minimum pension was to increase by 50 percent on 1 January 2012 was described as “derisory” by both Dikani and Takawira. “The government knows what it costs to live in this country so they must pay us enough,” Dikani said. 
 
 im/go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94521</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221344350112t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE 23 December 2011 (IRIN) - After working for 42 years at a private company as an office messenger, Kamunjoma Dikani, 73, retired in 2000, just as Zimbabwe’s hyperinflation began to take root.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Legal aid clinics help rural women</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg" />]]>MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</description><body><![CDATA[MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar's current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country's ailing judicial system. 
 
 In the southeast of Madagascar, women's rights used to be defended in special village councils, called 'anakavy amin-dreny' (the “sisters and mothers”). Although the village chief was always male, he was obliged to discuss issues with the head woman and the “sisters and mothers” had the authority to punish abusive husbands or male relatives who refused to share inherited land. 
 
 While these traditional structures still exist, in modern Madagascar they have no real power to protect women from abuses and the official judicial system has done little to address the gap. While the country’s laws put women on an equal status with men, legal institutions lacked resources to implement legislation even before the crisis. 
 
 An assessment by the Women’s Legal Rights Initiative, a US Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded programme, described Madagascar's justice sector as plagued by poverty and corruption: "There are not enough personnel, let alone trained personnel, or resources in the judicial system. There is only one forensic laboratory for the entire country; some police stations have neither paper nor typewriters." 
 
 The situation has deteriorated further since Andry Rajoelina's ousting of President Marc Ravalomanana in 2009. During two years of political deadlock, the police and the courts have virtually stopped functioning in some provinces due to lack of funding. The country is served by just 35 courts which are difficult for people in rural areas to reach. With illiteracy rates as high as 80 percent among rural women, even those who can make it to a court have difficulty understand the proceedings. 
 
 Local chiefs not the answer 
 
 Armandine Razanapako, 50, an inhabitant of Mananjary on the south-east coast, is a case in point. After she separated from her husband in 2006, he refused to pay child support for their three children. “I don’t have a job, and I had to pay school fees,” she said. 
 
 In Mananjary people usually turn to local chiefs to mediate in disputes, but in Razanapako’s case, they were not very helpful. “These men are good in resolving family quarrels, where everybody attends a meeting and talks. But when it comes to making a husband pay, he will have to take the family of the husband into consideration, so there was no concrete result,” she recalled. 
 
 Razanapako and her children tried to survive by walking 11km out of town to cut cloves during the weekends. Razanapako also washed clothes for neighbours and sold charcoal on the street. Finally, the head of her `fokotano' or neighbourhood advised her to go to Trano Arozo, a legal aid clinic housed in a cramped building next to the central market, where groups of women try to make a living selling vegetables. 
 
 “I wasn’t afraid to go there, as I was only asking for the rights of my children,” she said. “I went on 17 June and on 20 June I got money.” Now, when neighbours in similar situations ask her what she did to make her husband pay up, she sends them to Trano Arozo. 
 
 Set up by local NGO Fiantso in 2007 with funding from the UN Development Programme, the Netherlands-based Inter-church Organization for Development (ICCO), and the Ministry of Justice, Trano Arozo was southeastern Madagascar's first legal aid clinic. 
 
 In 2008, Fiantso set up two more such clinics in Manakara and Farafangana and in 2010, three more were opened in the south of the country with funding from the European Union. The clinics are under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice, but managed by Fiantso. 
 
 Justice within reach 
 
 According to Amélie Razafindrahasy of Fiantso, the purpose of the clinics is to ensure that justice is within reach, especially for women. “Victims are often poor, and don’t have the means to travel far to reach authorities. As they are scared, they often prefer to stay silent. The clinics help them on their way,” she said. 
 
 Getting fathers to pay child support is one of the main tasks of the Legal Aid Clinic in Mananjary where about 75 percent of clients are women. “The problem is that the men don’t have a lot of money either. We negotiate with them about how much they can pay; once they agree, they both sign,” Ratsimbaharisoa explained. “If he signs, and doesn’t pay up, we’ll send them on to the real court, but this rarely happens.” 
 
 The clinic's legal advisers serve about 50 clients a month and deal with marital problems as well as disputes over land rights and unpaid loans. Staff also do outreach programmes in the local community, organizing meetings at schools and villages and informing people about their legal rights. 
 
 "People don't know their rights, but they change when they get the right information, " Ratsimbaharisoa said. 
 
 “These institutions have become the road to take for the poor...They contribute to peace in the rural communities and help people to overcome their fear of stepping into an office.” 
 
 ar/ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94519</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Migrants’ health care hit by deportations</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710227t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Describing migrants’ lack of access to health services as “one of the biggest challenges facing global health today”, IOM marked International Migrants Day on 18 December by calling for more migrant-inclusive health policies. 
 
 In many countries, health care for undocumented migrants is limited to emergency care. “Such restrictions lead to poor health outcomes for the individual and increase public health risks, particularly if it concerns infectious diseases," noted IOM in a press statement [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/news-releases/newsArticleEU/cache/offonce/lang/en?entryId=31032 ]. 
 
 Even in countries that do not bar migrants from accessing health services, barriers remain. "Migrants often don’t feel comfortable accessing health services in their new country," said Barbara Rijks from IOM's Migration Health Division in Geneva. Language differences, cost and administrative hurdles can also create problems, as well as negative attitudes towards migrants by healthcare workers. 
 
 For undocumented migrants, the greatest deterrent to seeking health care is often the fear of arrest and deportation. 
 
 South Africa is among the few countries which, according to its constitution, guarantees "everyone" the right to health care. In practice, HIV and human rights activists have battled to get healthcare workers to recognize those rights, particularly in the case of undocumented migrants who are HIV-positive and in need of life-prolonging anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs). [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=77493 ] 
 
 According to Jo Vearey, a researcher with the African Centre for Migration and Society (ACMS) at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, the situation of undocumented Zimbabweans, who make up by far the largest portion of South Africa's migrant population, improved slightly during a two-year moratorium on their arrest and deportation, but with the lifting of the moratorium in early October 2011, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] Vearey said Zimbabwean migrants were again steering clear of public health facilities. 
 
 "Since the middle of this year when the ending of the moratorium was discussed, we’ve been aware of individuals feeling forced to go underground," she told IRIN. 
 
 Public health warning 
 
 In an issue brief released by ACMS in October, [ http://www.migration.org.za/publication/issue-brief/2011/deportation-and-public-health-concerns-around-ending-zimbabwean-documen ] Vearey and her co-author warned of the public health implications of a poorly managed deportation policy, not only for the affected migrants but for the region. 
 
 They urged the departments of health and home affairs along with the South African Police Service to issue clear protocols addressing issues such as how to screen detainees to identify those on chronic treatment or with other medical needs and how to prevent infectious diseases being transmitted in crowded detention centres. They also recommended government and non-governmental monitoring of detention facilities to ensure they were equipped to provide basic health care, including HIV/AIDS and TB treatment.

 Since October, a reported 6,500 migrants have been deported via South Africa's Beitbridge border with Zimbabwe. However, according to Vearey, the government has not responded to requests for information about what health measures have been put in place, particularly at the Lindela Detention Centre near Johannesburg where most of the arrested migrants are held before being deported. A 2009 study conducted at Lindela by ACMS found that 62 percent of respondents who were on chronic medication, including ARVs, reported they could not access them there. 
 
 Patterson Njogu, senior regional health and HIV officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), visited Lindela recently but was not able to talk to detainees. Officials there informed him that their health unit screened new detainees for serious illnesses and that of the roughly 2,000 being held, five were known to be on HIV treatment. In a region that is known to be the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Njogu said he would have expected more. "The other concern was TB," he told IRIN. "It’s only those who reveal themselves [who are treated] and I don’t think they’re very aggressive about screening everybody." 
 
 Undocumented migrants with TB whose treatment is interrupted as a result of being detained, can develop multi-drug resistant strains of the disease that can be spread to those around them. 
 
 Meanwhile, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and several other organizations have raised concerns about the poor access to medical services for migrants detained in the border town of Musina. Until recently, a building known as the old Soutpansberg Military Grounds (SMG) was being used to hold 30-60 detainees in one large room divided down the middle for men and women. According to MSF, the SMG lacked proper sanitation facilities, beds or access to health care. 
 
 "We’ve come across [HIV-positive] patients who were arrested and detained there without their ARVs," said Christine Mwongera, MSF's project coordinator in Musina. "We also found TB cases that hadn’t been detected so we had to find a way to get them out. Some [detainees] had been sexually assaulted while crossing into South Africa and held there without any medical attention." 
 
 Following flooding at the SMG and increasing pressure from groups like MSF, the migrants were transferred to police cells until a new detention centre can be completed. Mwongera described the police cells as an improvement but said a gap in access to health care remained, and infection control measures were still lacking. 
 
 Rijks of IOM commented that Migrant Health Forums, like one IOM helped to set up in Musina in 2008, can help to facilitate dialogue and address mistrust between NGOs like MSF and local government departments, including immigration authorities. "It's really important that immigration authorities understand the health impacts of their policies," she said. "The fear of deportation is a huge factor in [migrants] not accessing health care." 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94511</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - While most nations are dependent to some extent on the world’s 214 million migrants for skills and labour, few ensure these migrants have access to their health systems, something that could have dire public health consequences, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MALAWI: Urban poor hit by slew of price increases</title><pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200510109t.jpg" />]]>BLANTYRE 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - Devaluation, fuel shortages and economic mismanagement have conspired to push staple food prices to “alarming levels” in urban areas of Malawi, where even catching a bus to work has become an unaffordable luxury for many, according to residents and analysts.</description><body><![CDATA[BLANTYRE 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - Devaluation, fuel shortages and economic mismanagement have conspired to push staple food prices to “alarming levels” in urban areas of Malawi, where even catching a bus to work has become an unaffordable luxury for many, according to residents and analysts.
 
 “At the moment, we are only concentrating on finding enough money for food and water,” said father-of-four Francis Tambula, who walks 7km every day from his home in Blantyre’s Ndirande township to his shop in the Limbe trading centre because paying for public transport would consume half of his income.
 
 “We stopped having breakfast because we cannot manage to buy sugar and bread,” he told IRIN.
 
 Since Malawi started experiencing severe shortages of fuel and foreign exchange currency earlier this year, soap, beans, dry fish, bread, sugar and cooking oil have become luxuries for Tambula's family, and even affording maize, Malawi’s staple food, has become a struggle.
 
 The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET), which monitors trends in staple food prices in countries vulnerable to food insecurity, noted that in southern Malawi, maize prices rose by 22 percent in September and a further 15 percent in October. [ http://www.fews.net/docs/Publications/MONTHLY%20PRICE%20WATCH%20November%202011.pdf ]
  
 According to a cost-of-living survey released every month by local NGO the Centre for Social Concern (CFSC), the price of maize increased by an average of 11.7 percent during October in the country's four main urban centres (Mzuzu, Lilongwe, Blantyre and Zomba) [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/THE_BNB_DATA_CFSC.pdf ].
 
 "The fact that the staple food is recording alarming price increase is indicative of hard times ahead," noted CFSC's researchers in a 15 November press release [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/CFSC_BNB_Press_Statements.pdf ]. "It is a wake-up call to government and other stakeholders... to monitor the situation closely for timely interventions as the upcoming lean season might be more than what the country might have known in previous years."
  
 In an attempt to address Malawi's thriving black market trade in US dollars, which has contributed to the crippling shortage of foreign exchange, the kwacha was devalued by 10 percent in August, but according to the CFSC, income levels have remained stagnant and the cost of goods and services has continued to climb.
  
 Collen Kaluwa, an economics professor at the University of Malawi, said the country's economic crisis had stretched the resources of Malawi's city dwellers to breaking point.
  
 “The shortage of fuel has caused hiccups in transportation, making commodities expensive. Forex shortages mean that manufacturing companies are not able to source sufficient inputs for production, hence we are bound to have shortages of commodities in shops and this is also pushing prices up,” he explained.
  
 Kaluwa agreed with recommendations by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that Malawi's central reserve bank needs to further devalue the kwacha if it is to address the foreign exchange shortage. 
  
 Economic mismanagement?
  
 Concerns over poor governance and economic mismanagement by President Bingu wa Mutharika’s administration have seen international donors - including the UK's Department for International Development (DFID), the US-based Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the European Union and the World Bank - either freeze or terminate assistance to Malawi, which relied on foreign aid for up to 40 percent of its annual budget [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ].
  
 In response, the government passed a "Zero Deficit" budget in July 2011 which included 16.5 percent Value Added Tax (VAT) on many commodities that were previously excluded including bread, meat and milk, a move that has further eroded the purchasing power of the kwacha. 
  
 “The bad policies the government followed, be it economically or politically, have had adverse, negative [effects] on the poor,” Kaluwa said.
  
 President of the Consumers Association of Malawi John Kapito said the economic situation in Malawi had reached “indescribable levels”.
  
 “People are listening to every statement the authorities are making, hoping that they are going to say something that would bring hope. But at the moment there is nothing Malawians are hoping for,” he told IRIN.
  
 Without a rapid and significant improvement in Malawi's economic outlook, widespread job losses are expected, according to Chairperson of the Employers Consultative Association of Malawi (ECAM) Aubrey Chikunga. “Companies are informing us that they would be shutting down because production has gone down. There is no forex and fuel; the country is also experiencing low power supply which is affecting production,” he said.
  
 The IMF is currently in discussion with Malawi about reviving an extended credit facility programme aimed at mitigating the effects of foreign exchange shortages; it was suspended in June 2011 because of the governments' failure to meet the needed conditions.
  
 rc/ks/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94498</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200510109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BLANTYRE 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - Devaluation, fuel shortages and economic mismanagement have conspired to push staple food prices to “alarming levels” in urban areas of Malawi, where even catching a bus to work has become an unaffordable luxury for many, according to residents and analysts.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
