<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Sierra Leone</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 17:31:02 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview [of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

jk/oa/cb 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95459</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: &quot;Now we can move on&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241139480298t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leoneans are relieved that former warlord and President of Liberia Charles Taylor has been convicted by the Special Court of Sierra Leone on 11 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leoneans are relieved that former warlord and President of Liberia Charles Taylor has been convicted by the Special Court of Sierra Leone on 11 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity.  

Taylor was convicted today by the UN-backed court in The Hague, capital of The Netherlands, of acts of terrorism, murder, violence to life, rape, sexual slavery, outrages to personal dignity, cruel treatment, the use of child soldiers, enslavement and pillage. He has denied the charges.  

President of Liberia from 1997 to 2003, Taylor was accused of supporting the rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF) who killed, raped and injured tens of thousands of people during Sierra Leone’s 1991-2002 civil war.  

Abioseh, 31, who was used as a sexual slave or “wife” of an RUF commander during the conflict, told IRIN from Makeni, central Sierra Leone, that “Taylor got what he was due - now we have seen justice and can move on.”  

The verdict will not make her daily life or that of other survivors any easier. The father of one of her three children is an ex-RUF commander, and the associated stigma means she has never married and now struggles to provide for her children.  

The RUF were known for their brutal violence, using machetes to cut off people’s limbs, training and coercing thousands of children to injure and kill civilians, and perpetrating widespread sexual violence and rape. An estimated 27,000 Sierra Leoneans were disabled or had one or more of their limbs amputated during the conflict. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94037/SIERRA-LEONE-Amputees-still-waiting-for-reparations-almost-10-years-on ]

The verdict “marks a watershed for efforts to hold the highest level leaders accountable for the greatest crimes, and for the victims of Sierra Leone’s brutal armed conflict”, Annie Gell, an attorney at the Human Rights Watch International Justice Programme, told IRIN.  

This is the first time since the Nuremburg trials in 1947, after World War II, that a former head of state has faced a judgement in an international court, and should be a “wake-up call to leaders everywhere that those in power can be held to account for their crimes”, said Gell.  

Many Sierra Leoneans see Taylor as accountable for atrocities committed during the civil war. His trial, held in The Hague due to stability concerns in Sierra Leone, has taken almost five years. So far eight more people associated with the three main warring factions have been tried and convicted by the court in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, and are serving sentences in Rwanda.  

Reactions to the verdict in Monrovia, the capital of Liberia, have been mixed, with some Taylor supporters angry that he has been singled out.  

Though only on trial for his actions relating to the violence in Sierra Leone, Taylor also played a key role in bringing neighbouring Liberia into the civil war in the late 1980s, but no such judicial process has taken place there. Instead, a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was rolled out but its recommendations have not been implemented, partly because some of them are so controversial. Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was one of 50 Liberians recommended for subjection to public sanctions - in her case for providing financial support to Charles Taylor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85158/LIBERIA-Opinion-divided-on-Truth-and-Reconciliation-findings ]  

While the survivors of the violence in Sierra Leone maybe pleased with the verdict, many also stress that practical assistance to help them rebuild their lives is just as important. Those who were sexually abused, wounded or injured during the war were promised reparations to help them move on, but many have yet to receive help, and the amounts are too small to make any significant difference, survivors have told IRIN.  

James Kpomgbo, whose arm was cut off during the war, told a reporter in Freetown after the verdict had been announced: "I will reflect on the suffering we suffered today, but I want to forget - we have known all along Charles Taylor is guilty. Today is just another day where we must find food."

aj/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95368</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241139480298t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leoneans are relieved that former warlord and President of Liberia Charles Taylor has been convicted by the Special Court of Sierra Leone on 11 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Land deals beginning to stir discontent</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203201303170625t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - In southeastern Sierra Leone’s Pujehun District, the small village of Kortumahun sits at the edge of orderly rows of hundreds of thousands of bright green palm oil seedlings. Small groups of women weed the pots while men spray fertilizers and pesticides across the nursery.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - In southeastern Sierra Leone’s Pujehun District, the small village of Kortumahun sits at the edge of orderly rows of hundreds of thousands of bright green palm oil seedlings. Small groups of women weed the pots while men spray fertilizers and pesticides across the nursery. 

It has been 30 years since large-scale oil palm plantations operated in this chiefdom. But in March 2011, the agro-industrial company Socfin Agriculture Company Ltd., a subsidiary of the Belgian company Bolloré, signed a 50-year land lease with the government of Sierra Leone to produce palm oil on 6,500 hectares of land in Pujehun’s Malen chiefdom.

Tommy Silman, landowner and resident of Kortumahun, says he wishes he had not given up his land: One month ago he leased all 3.04 hectares (ha) of his land for the next 50 years to the government. He used to cultivate oil palm trees for direct sale to process into the cooking oil used by most Sierra Leoneans. “It was not a fair deal,” Silman says, explaining that he received no receipt for the land sold and now has no idea of where he stands.

Flocking in

Foreign land investment is on the rise in Sierra Leone and, as with many of its neighbours, the government wants more companies to come in to boost the economy and spur much-needed agricultural development in rural areas. Sierra Leone ranked 180 out of 187 countries on the UN human development index [ http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ ] in 2011.

The country’s Investment and Export Promotion Agency (SLIEPA) advertises “over 4.3 million ha of cultivatable land available”, high local demand for staple food crops and opportunities for the production of biofuels for the global market. 

According to Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Lands, around 70 percent of arable land is available for investment, outside of protected forest reserves. “Foreign land investments are a good thing,” says William Farmer, director of surveys and lands in the Ministry of Lands. “Civil society makes a lot of noise about land-grabbing. But if the investment is well-planned then it can create employment and improve lives.”

The US-based policy think-tank the Oakland Institute’s 2011 country report on Sierra Leone counts 15 large-scale land deals totalling 500,000 ha. [ http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/understanding-land-investment-deals-africa-sierra-leone ] This was published before the largest-yet recorded deal in 2012 with the Chinese Hainan Natural Rubber Industry Group which signed a US$1.2 billion deal with the government in February to lease 135,000 ha for rubber and rice plantations. 

The Hainan group has promised to plant 35,000 ha of rice for sale on the local market, establish a rubber-processing factory and create approximately 100,000 jobs. Rubber plantations will stretch over 100,000 ha, across three districts - Moyamba, Tonkolili, and Port Loko.

But as more and more companies flock to the country to lease large tracts of land, murmurs of protest and unrest are cropping up among local populations who are unhappy with the way the deals are done; and civil society groups are growing increasingly concerned that foreign land deals are not producing the win-win scenarios they had hoped for. 

Lack of regulation, transparency

The problems arising are the same as in many other developing countries: the power imbalance between negotiating parties and the lack of regulation means local communities can lose a lot through land deals, says Joseph Rahall, director of Green Scenery, an NGO working on environment and human security issues in Sierra Leone.

“There are so many ways companies are coming into the country… When communities are so weak [compared to big companies] that they don’t have lawyers, they cannot afford lawyers and government is not providing them, this is problematic.” 

Kortumahun village chief Bockarie Juana says he was not involved in negotiations on the land lease with the company. He told IRIN he received money for his land, but was given no documentation such as a copy of the land lease or a receipt for the amount paid. 

“One of the difficulties is that the Paramount Chief [district chief] came to us and asked us for our land on lease. But they have now uprooted everything [all the trees] and this is what we were using to look after our responsibilities [live off],” he told IRIN.

Sahid Abu-Dingie, who works on land reform at the UN Development Programme (UNDP), told IRIN: “The whole process is not clear. If it were transparent, then nobody would grumble. But if people are not getting the right information this will definitely lead to chaos and that is what we are starting to see in Pujehun.” 

There are currently no laws regulating large land deals in Sierra Leone. The Ministry of Agriculture has produced guidelines suggesting a land lease payment of $5 per acre per year ($12.36 per hectare per year) to landowners who agree to give up their land for a lease period of up to 50 years, with an option to renew for another 21 years. But Rahall says the amount is far too small. 

“Even where companies pay the full amount, the government is taxing the people 50 percent,” he says. “Half of the company’s payment goes to the District Council, the traditional leader and to the central government.”

Abu-Dingie agrees: “It is not possible for [former landowners] to survive on the amount of money they are given per acre,” he says. “Even the nuclear family will find it hard, let alone the whole extended family who have rights to the land.” 

Several landowners in Pujehun told IRIN that before these deals they had been managing to support their families through the revenues they earned by cultivating palm oil. Tommy Silman, for instance, calculated he earned on average $861 annually from the three harvests produced on his 3.04 ha. 

It is the landless farmers who get the worst end of the deal, Abu-Dingie adds, as they lose the land they farm and do not get any compensation. 

Land tenure reform must take place before large land deals can benefit local communities, says UNDP. A draft land reform policy is currently under review by parliament which UNDP hopes will lead to laws to regulate the practice. 

Back at the nursery

In October 2011 residents of Malen blocked Socfin’s operations in protest over low labour costs ($2.30 per day) and the amount paid for compensation and surface rent.

Socfin’s general manager, Gerben Haringsma, says some local community members are being difficult. He told IRIN he wanted “do something good for the people and combine it with the interests of our company”. The process for investing in land in Sierra Leone is very unclear, he said. 

According to Haringsma, Socfin has purchased an ambulance for the community, built 22 water wells, is renovating schools, and constructing two bridges and feeder roads. Haringsma says the company also has $75,000 a year for community development, but is waiting for the formation of a chiefdom committee to decide how to use the funds. 

Such funds need to be independently monitored to make sure they benefit whole communities and not just a few individuals, say NGOs. 

In the meantime, in Malen community spirits are low as 15 Malen residents who were charged with “riotous conduct” for their protests over wages await their court hearings.

ft/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95112</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203201303170625t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - In southeastern Sierra Leone’s Pujehun District, the small village of Kortumahun sits at the edge of orderly rows of hundreds of thousands of bright green palm oil seedlings. Small groups of women weed the pots while men spray fertilizers and pesticides across the nursery.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Spotlight on New Deal for fragile states</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004161825220375t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - At the global aid effectiveness forum in Busan, South Korea, in November and December this year, the “G7+”, a group of nations which includes 19 fragile and conflict-affected states, agreed a New Deal on fragile states, which sets out concrete and, they hope, more relevant ways to improve peace- and state-building goals.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - At the global aid effectiveness forum in Busan, South Korea, [ http://www.aideffectiveness.org/busanhlf4/ ] in November and December this year, the “G7+”, a group of nations which includes 19 fragile and conflict-affected states, agreed a New Deal on fragile states, which sets out concrete and, they hope, more relevant ways to improve peace- and state-building goals.
  
 The New Deal will be piloted in Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, and Timor-Leste, with help from Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. 
  
 It identifies five peace- and state-building goals as prerequisites for development without which “no MDG [Millenium Development Goals] will be met”, said Marcus Manuel, director of the Budget Strengthening Initiative at the UK’s Overseas Development Institute (ODI), one of the architects of the New Deal. 
  
 The goals include legitimate politics, security, justice, economic foundations and revenues and services. “If you don’t sort them [these criteria] out, no matter how many schools you build, if you haven’t figured out the payroll, you won’t be able to move forward,” Manuel told IRIN. 
  
 For years donor governments have struggled with how to approach development support to fragile states, which lack the systems or resources to process aid effectively, and often have high levels of corruption leading to low value-for-money. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93402 ] 
  
 Aid to fragile states has often propped up corruption, rather than weakened it, says the World Bank. 
  
 Some 1.5 billion people live in conflict-affected and fragile states, most of which are not on track to meet a single MDG. 
  
 However, the recognition that fragile states need a different approach to aid altogether, has gradually turned from policy and discussion - at the Paris and Accra aid fora [ http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_3236398_35401554_1_1_1_1,00.html ] and declarations for action - into a more concrete action plan, said Manuel. 
  
 New approach
  
 Under the proposed changes (to be presented to member states at the UN General Assembly in September 2012 ) “compacts” with countries will be agreed, i.e. there will be a shared understanding of aid modalities and priorities drawn up by donors, recipient governments and civil society.
  
 Rather than each donor assessing a recipient’s fragility, countries will be encouraged to carry out their own fragility assessments, which should create more apt solutions, Manuel told IRIN. For instance, the government of Timor-Leste deemed the need to re-house internally displaced people as a security priority once the conflict was over, and proposed giving each displaced family significant cash sums to do so. Donors said this approach was too expensive and would not work, but it did, and paid off, says the ODI. 
  
 With country ownership at the heart of aid efforts, donors should not shy away from direct budget support to fragile governments early on, if the right safeguards are set up first, says the ODI in a briefing paper. [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5961&title=budget-strengthening-fragile-states-conflict-g7 ] Donors waited five years after the conflict to invest in government structures in South Sudan, versus two years in Sierra Leone and Rwanda, and just a few months in Afghanistan, and in each example the early support was “critical” to rebuilding state structures, says the ODI. 
  
 In Guinea, deemed by many to be a fragile state, the health and public hygiene minister, Naman Kéita, told IRIN donor hesitancy to fund ministries directly, hampered their chances of setting ambitious agendas. 
  
 However, supporting national auditing systems, and strict financial safeguards come with this approach, stress aid analysts. 
  
 In other proposed shifts, donors will agree to streamline aid flows and their administration under the New Deal, for instance by setting up just one programme management and monitoring unit in each ministry rather than the current practice, where each donor may have its own. When the Rwandan government insisted on this approach, the capacity of its ministries started to increase rather than be over-stretched.
  
 Practical things, such as caps on pay rates also need to be introduced, say the G7+, though the modalities are yet to be worked out. In Liberia, the UN was hiring well-qualified professionals at the same time as the government was, but the UN hired 10 times as many staff, and could pay them two to three times more, constraining the government's ability to hire. 
  
 Critics
  
 However, some practitioners with long experience of working in fragile states, say country ownership and dismantling corruption may not always be a priority for governments. 
  
 John Morlu, ex-auditor-general in Liberia, who some say was pushed out of the job because his anti-corruption probes [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93431 ] threatened high-level government officials, was skeptical. “I think we have to be very careful. We talk about countries taking ownership, but do they want to take ownership? I can think of cases in Liberia where it’s much easier to say, `This is UN driven, this is IMF [International Monetary Fund] driven’ because that gives you the political cover you need.” 
  
 Furthermore, local citizens may have priorities other than greater transparency and less corruption, Guinean and Sierra Leonean youths told IRIN: they want jobs more than anything else. 
  
 Manuel hopes that as country systems strengthen, development progress will also speed up - for now, patience is still required: a 2011 World Bank report estimates it takes 20-30 years to dismantle corrupt systems in a government. [ http://wdr2011.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/WDR%20Background%20Paper%20-%20Johnston_0.pdf?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=600&width=800 ]
  
 aj/cb
  
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94502</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004161825220375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - At the global aid effectiveness forum in Busan, South Korea, in November and December this year, the “G7+”, a group of nations which includes 19 fragile and conflict-affected states, agreed a New Deal on fragile states, which sets out concrete and, they hope, more relevant ways to improve peace- and state-building goals.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Fistula hotline launched</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111211309560832t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nurse Zainab Blell’s mobile phone has been ringing all morning at the Aberdeen Women’s Centre, a clinic in Freetown, Sierra Leone’s capital. After explaining to countless callers that this is a hospital line, Blell gets a genuine request for help and tries to get more details. “When did you give birth? When did you start having a problem?”</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nurse Zainab Blell’s mobile phone has been ringing all morning at the Aberdeen Women’s Centre, a clinic in Freetown, Sierra Leone’s capital. After explaining to countless callers that this is a hospital line, Blell gets a genuine request for help and tries to get more details. “When did you give birth? When did you start having a problem?”
  
 The woman on the phone is in a remote Sierra Leonean town. She says her sister leaks urine uncontrollably, and suffers from rashes and peeling skin on her inner thighs.
 
 Blell is one of three nurses answering calls on a newly launched “fistula hotline”, a free phone number for women who suffer from this debilitating condition that is seldom spoken about.
 
 Fistula, also known as vesico-vaginal fistula or VVF, is a hole in the birth canal that leaves women with chronic incontinence, and often a stillborn baby. It is usually caused by several days of obstructed labour. It affects an estimated two million women in developing countries; and 50,000-100,000 women worldwide each year. [ http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obstetric_fistula/en/ ] 
  
 Low awareness

The fistula hotline, which is run by the centre, is the result of a public-private partnership between the Gloag Foundation, USAID, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and telecommunications company Airtel.
 
 In the last month more than 8,000 calls have been received, but so far just 0.1 percent have been about cases of fistula. 
  
 The Aberdeen Women’s Centre provides the only comprehensive fistula repair service in the country. Despite the small number of calls concerning the condition, Jude Holden, the centre’s Country Director, is pleased with the result. “We have received 90 cases since the hotline opened, and this is a great success,” she told IRIN.
 
 Shortly after the hotline opened in October, radio messages were broadcast in the local Krio language and in English, describing fistula and telling anyone who thinks they are affected to call 555.
 
 “There is very little awareness of fistula and why it happens. Women are stigmatized and often blamed for their condition. Because of this we found it difficult to get women with fistula to the centre for treatment.”
 
 Fistula occur most often in young women (15 to 30 years old), most of whom come from rural areas with poor access to healthcare, according to a 2005 Ministry of Health survey.
 
Why rates so high

 In Sierra Leone, some estimates put fistula prevalence at a similar rate to maternal mortality - one in eight women - but there is little research to back up these estimates. 
  
 Free healthcare services for lactating mothers and pregnant women were launched in 2010, but the maternal health infrastructure is inadequate and the Ministry of Health is struggling to implement the policy [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83356 ]. Only 137 trained midwives practice in the country, and there are just 16 emergency obstetric facilities.
 
 During and after Sierra Leone’s decade-long civil war, widespread rape trauma was a major cause of fistula, according to Sarah Walker, VVF programme manager at the Aberdeen Women’s Centre. Most of the resultant traumatic fistula cases have been dealt with, she said, and the problem now stems mainly from poor ante-natal care and a high level of teenage pregnancy. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83356 ]
 
 “Most of the [women with fistula] are uneducated farmers… They don’t have access to any sort of healthcare, pre-natal or post-natal. We see it a lot in young girls, mostly because their bodies are not developed yet, and so when they’re in labour the child gets stuck in the pelvis,” said Walker.
 
 In Njala town in the Southern Moyamba district, Kadiatu Ngegba’s husband heard the radio advert and called the number. Ngegba, now aged 24, developed a fistula when she was just 15 years old, after being in labour for two days before a doctor came to perform a caesarean section. 
  
 “My baby died,” Ngegba says. “After the operation, the doctor pulled out the catheter and I was covered in urine.”
 
 When she got home, Ngegba’s first husband abandoned her and she was sent to live with relatives. “I was really unhappy. Everyone made fun of me. I wanted to go back to school but because of this problem I had, I couldn’t.”
 
 Ngegba had fistula repair surgery in 2006, but when she gave birth to her second child without a caesarean, the fistula reappeared.
 
 Prevention
 
 Experts say prevention, rather than treatment, is the key to ending fistula. This means providing women with family planning, ante-natal care, skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care, according to the UNFPA Campaign to End Fistula. [ http://www.endfistula.org/ ]
 
 “We need a preventative as well as a therapeutic approach,” Sas Kargbo, Director of Reproductive Health at Sierra Leone’s Ministry of Health, told IRIN, adding that the free phone line is an important step to finding the women and treating the problem. 
  
 Sierra Leone is currently finalizing a strategic plan to tackle fistula and will appoint a focal person by the start of 2012.
 
 At the Aberdeen Women’s Centre, almost 10 years after developing her first fistula, Ngegba waits for surgery. She smiles and hugs Naomi, her two-year-old daughter. “When I get well,” she says, “my husband will send me back to finish school.”
  
ft/aj/he
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94280</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111211309560832t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Nurse Zainab Blell’s mobile phone has been ringing all morning at the Aberdeen Women’s Centre, a clinic in Freetown, Sierra Leone’s capital. After explaining to countless callers that this is a hospital line, Blell gets a genuine request for help and tries to get more details. “When did you give birth? When did you start having a problem?”</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Changing the mindset around blindness</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111040932360957t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 04 November 2011 (IRIN) - In Sierra Leone misconceptions about blindness are widespread, and people often blame blindness and other disabilities on witchcraft, but local and international work is being done to reduce stigma and open up opportunities, according to campaigners.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 04 November 2011 (IRIN) - In Sierra Leone misconceptions about blindness are widespread, and people often blame blindness and other disabilities on witchcraft [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93961 ], but local and international work is being done to reduce stigma and open up opportunities, according to campaigners.
  
 “The less educated public, especially those still living in remote rural communities, believes in witchcraft, and many unusual illnesses or afflictions can be blamed on it,” said Mary Hodges, Sierra Leone’s country director for NGO Helen Keller International (HKI). Blindness is also sometimes viewed as punishment and an indication that the afflicted person or their ancestors were at fault.
  
 Saidu Banguru, a blind advocate working with HKI, said many people avoid the blind as they believe blindness is contagious.
  
 Blind people are also often excluded from essential services. A 2009 study conducted in urban areas of the country by international NGO Leonard Cheshire Disability, found disabled people had less access to education, health care and employment than other citizens. [ http://www.lcdisability.org/?lid=12124 ] 
  
 “People with disabilities are not recognized - in schools [blind students] aren’t expected to excel, and in the workplace people don’t believe that blind people can deliver results,” said Thomas Alieu, founder of an adult education centre for the blind, who became blind after a bout of measles when he was five years old.
  
 According to HKI figures, 71,825 people (1.3 percent of the population) in Sierra Leone are completely blind, mostly due to measles coupled with vitamin A deficiency, cataracts, river blindness, trachoma and injuries sustained in the civil war. Measles usually strikes in childhood, river blindness tends to affect people later in life, and trachoma in old age.
  
 HKI started working in Sierra Leone in 2002, initially focusing on preventing blindness, but has since expanded its programmes to include advocacy for the blind. Hodges said progress was being made in fighting stigma, and pointed to rapid change in Sierra Leone after the civil war ended in 2002. 
  
 Changing attitudes through education
  
 Increased international investment and growing urbanization have also contributed to a more inclusive approach. “People have far greater access to [things like] school, radio and TV, and beliefs and attitudes are changing rapidly,” Hodges said. 
  
 HKI runs a radio show to educate the public and reduce stigma towards the blind. Banguru, the show’s host, brings in experts to discuss issues around blindness. He said the show has received calls from listeners saying they now have a better idea of how to interact with blind people.
  
 Besides advocacy and programmes to prevent blindness, HKI also directly supports Sierra Leone’s five provincial schools for blind children, providing textbooks in Braille and supporting refurbishment of the infrastructure. 
  
 There are also plans to support specialist teacher training for the visually impaired, but Hodges said it is unclear what percentage of blind children the schools are able to reach as there are no accurate figures. 
  
 Alieu said providing education was part of the battle against stigma, and once blind people showed what they were capable of it altered other people’s perceptions of them. Provision should be made for adults unable to attend specialist schools when they were children, or who became blind in adulthood, which is why he had opened the Education Centre for the Blind in his Freetown home in 2000, catering for adults, as well as children and youths. 
  
 Kamada Conteh told IRIN that since he started studying at the centre he is “respected at home as well as on the street”. Another student, Bai Kamara, 20, said before enrolling at the centre he spent his days begging, but now feels he can “achieve something”, and hopes one day to attend university. 
  
 Alieu said former students are now working as teachers in schools for the blind as well as conventional schools, and one former student has a job at HKI. The centre currently caters for 100 students and receives funding from the government and NGOs. 
  
 Government action
  
 A Disability Act to ban discrimination and open up education and employment opportunities to disabled people, including the blind, was passed by Sierra Leone’s parliament in March 2011, but the acting Minister of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs, Rosaline Sankoh, said activities were on hold due to the “tight budget”. 
  
 The formation of a Disability Commission, planned for October, has been postponed until later in the year. She said the government is hoping to obtain funding from international donors to implement the Act.
  
 Patricia Mansaray, the disability officer at the ministry of social welfare, gender and children's affairs, was more optimistic, noting increased political will. “Government is turning their attention to disability issues,” she said, adding that this year the government allocated 600 million Leones (US$137,000) to disability services - more than in previous years - and she expected the amount to increase again in 2012. 
  
 At present there is no distinction between services for the blind and for other disabilities, said Mansaray, and further work is necessary to establish specific needs - the only studies on disability in Sierra Leone were done by NGOs. “A survey is one of the things we need to do, to [find out] where blind people are [and] what they do.”
  
 sr/ft/wb/cb/he
  
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94138</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111040932360957t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 04 November 2011 (IRIN) - In Sierra Leone misconceptions about blindness are widespread, and people often blame blindness and other disabilities on witchcraft, but local and international work is being done to reduce stigma and open up opportunities, according to campaigners.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Sahel the danger zone for food insecurity</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241342030732t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.
 
“We are definitely going to have a difficult year,” said Patricia Hoorelbeke, West Africa head of NGO Action Against Hunger (ACF), adding that the NGO is considering expanding its food and nutrition programmes in the region.
 
Food production
 
Food production is expected to be lower than usual in parts of western Niger, Chad’s Sahelian zone, southern Mauritania, western Mali, eastern Burkina Faso, northern Senegal and Nigeria, according to a report by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and a separate assessment by USAID’s food security monitor FEWS NET. [ http://www.fews.net/Pages/region.aspx?gb=r1&l=en ]
 
Tahoua and Tillabéry in central and northwestern Niger respectively are expected to see significantly reduced outputs, according to FEWS NET.
 
In most of the above-affected areas the rains either started too late or too early, or were unevenly distributed.
 
Cereal production is expected to reach 43-52 million tons for the region, near the 2009 average, according to FEWS NET. More precise figures will be known in mid-November once the harvest is collected.
 
Pastoralists
 
Pastoralists are expected to fare better than they did last year, when hit by drought in the Sahel, but in some agro-pastoralist zones, rains have been delayed, which could lead to poor pasture levels, according to the WFP/FAO report. 
 
“We are worried because these irregular rainfalls have occurred in very vulnerable areas where people’s resilience is already very weakened,” said livelihoods specialist at WFP Jean-Martin Bauer. Many Sahelian households live in a state of chronic food insecurity, he said. “They are the ones with no access to land, lost livestock, without able-bodied men who can find work in cities - they are particularly affected by a decrease in production.” 
 
A government-NGO April 2011 study in 14 agro-pastoral departments of Niger noted that pastoralists with small herds lost on average 90 percent of their livestock in the 2009-2010 drought, while those with large herds lost one quarter. Those who had lost the bulk of their assets have already reduced the quality and quantity of food they are consuming. 
 
The Niger government and partners are currently studying the food insecurity situation, so more will be known soon, he said, adding that it is clear the government will need to carry out some kind of emergency food distributions and food subsidies imminently. 
 
Nutrition
 
Parts of the Sahel year-on-year experience global acute malnutrition rates that surpass emergency thresholds. A third of the population of Chad is chronically undernourished, regardless of the rains or size of the harvest; and more than 50 percent of the population in Niger suffers from food insecurity, with 22 percent extremely food insecure, according to the World Bank in 2009.
 
Global acute malnutrition [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93701 ] in parts of the Sahelian zone of Chad was on average 15-20 percent over the past five years, and could reach 25 percent this year, according to ACF’s Hoorelbeke.
 
Returnees from Libya
 
The return to Niger and Chad of migrants from Libya who previously sent money home to help mitigate crop deficit is already pushing some families into further food insecurity, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). “These returns have aggravated extreme poverty and hunger which is affecting more than half of Niger's 2.5 million people threatened with food insecurity this year,” said IOM.
 
While international attention and government involvement has been relatively high in Niger compared to the devastating drought of 2005, Oumarou Lalo Keita, principal adviser to the prime minister, said international agencies have been slow to respond to government appeals for increased aid over recent months as a result of the return of some 90,000 migrants from Libya. “There is clearly cause for concern,” he said. Following the 2009-2010 drought, the country does not have sufficient emergency food stocks, he said. “We experience difficulties year-on-year, and there is still a gap between needs and the support we receive.”
 
While governments and aid agencies in West Africa are for the most part well-versed in responding to food insecurity, readiness and capacity is still low in some areas. 
 
Part of the Chadian Sahel and eastern Burkina Faso are not receiving as much international attention, said ACF’s Hoorelbeke. “Chadian Sahel is hardly covered - there are not enough agencies there… If there is a situation that we hear very little about, it is eastern Burkina Faso, where we are likely to see a real problem this year,” she told IRIN. 
 
However, even were more money available, many Sahelian governments lack the capacity to absorb it, notes a report just out by the Sahel Working Group entitled Escaping the Hunger Cycle: Pathways to Resilience in the Sahel. [ http://www.groundswellinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/Pathways-to-Resilience-in-the-Sahel.pdf ]
 
Some Sahelian countries, such as Mali, have built up decent emergency buffer stocks following a good 2010 harvest, according to food security analysts. But region-wide, more food security stocks are needed as promised in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) agricultural policy, says the Sahel Working Group.
 
Some governments, such as Senegal, are trying to reduce dependency on international rice markets by boosting their own self-sufficiency. However, boosting agricultural production is only one of many interventions required to boost food-security. Intervening to improve access to food, is equally important, particularly for those who do not work in agriculture - the very poor, pastoralists, urban dwellers and others.
 
Costly food imports
 
Some 40 percent of West Africa’s rice consumption is imported, according to WFP’s Bauer. The Thai government’s recently-issued policy to raise the minimum price guaranteed to farmers has produced tensions on the international rice market. One ton of top quality Thai rice, which is a reference on the food market, has already gone up from US$380 dollars in September 2010 to $495 in September 2011. With the terrible floods currently affecting Thailand, prices should continue to rise, say experts. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94021 ]
 
Most likely to be affected in West Africa are Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau and other coastal states. 
 
International wheat prices have also risen since June 2011 because of poor wheat prospects in the USA. The cost of US wheat was up 24 percent in August 2011 from its August 2010 level, according to FAO’s September Global Food Price Monitor. [ http://www.fao.org/giews/english/gfpm/ ]
 
Imported wheat counts for two-thirds of grain consumption in Mauritania: in the capital, Nouakchott, prices have risen by 50 percent since this time last year; while in the desert town of Ouadane in the central-north, wheat prices are at record highs. Even before wheat prices shot up, one in five households was food-insecure in the south, according to the Commission for Food Security and humanitarian partners, and 8 percent had already reduced the amount of food they were eating.
 
Regional markets also require close monitoring, say market analysts. High rice prices in Guinea this year, for instance, drew many of Liberia’s and Sierra Leone’s rice producers to export there, leaving significant grain deficits in Liberia, and a 38 percent price rice since 2010 in urban areas. 
 
The Niger government is working hard to ensure that its local harvest stays predominantly in-country so as not to repeat the problems faced in 2005 when the strength of the Nigerian currency (the naira) against the CFA franc meant Niger and Chad sold more cereals to Nigeria. The naira rose against the CFA in September. However, government interventions to protect markets are also a “double-edged sword”, said adviser to Niger’s prime minister Keita, as it encouraged neighbouring states to do the same, stagnating the market. 
 
Existing safety nets and food aid are inadequate to cope with the spikes in food prices caused by droughts or international markets that the region has experienced in recent months, says the Sahel Working Group. A far more robust regulatory framework is needed to help protect food security, despite market volatility.
 
cb/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94081</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241342030732t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Amputees still waiting for reparations almost 10 years on</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241136160688t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - James Ponbu, 43,had his arm amputated by rebels in January 1999. After receiving medical treatment at the Connaught hospital in Freetown, he tried to return to his job at the canteen of Fourah Bay College but was not accepted back. He has found it hard to get work ever since, despite having a college degree. Even his friends shun him: “People barred me from entering their compounds as they thought I’d just ask them for money,” he told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - James Ponbu, 43, had his arm amputated by rebels in January 1999. After receiving medical treatment at the Connaught hospital in Freetown, he tried to return to his job at the canteen of Fourah Bay College but was not accepted back. He has found it hard to get work ever since, despite having a college degree. Even his friends shun him: “People barred me from entering their compounds as they thought I’d just ask them for money,” he told IRIN.
 
Cutting off peoples’ limbs - in most cases their hands - was one of the brutal strategies used by members of the Revolutionary United Front to terrify people to support them. Some 27,000 Sierra Leoneans are estimated to have been disabled or have had one or more of their limbs amputated during the 1991-2002 civil war.
 
In 2004 the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC), set up to try to deliver accountability for human rights abuses, issued a report recommending that amputees, war widows, children, victims of sexual violence and the seriously war-wounded, should receive reparations in the form of free education for children, free health care and skills training to be managed by the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA). 
 
Since then of the 32,000 people registered, 20,107 have received only a cash handout of between US$70 and $200, and 12,000 have received nothing at all. 

NaCSA also provided fistula surgery for women who had been raped, and gave some emergency medical assistance (such as bullet-removal) to the severely war-wounded, said Sattie Kamara, NaCSA reparations programme outreach coordinator. She admitted the government should be responsible for reparations but said NaCSA did not have the funds to do anything more. It dedicated $319,000 of its own budget, and relied on US$3 million provided by the UN Peacebuilding Fund to cover the handouts. Previous reparations manager Amadu Bangura estimated it would take US$14 million to run the reparations programme. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83100 ]
 
Poor planning is also to blame, as arrangements need to be set up with the ministries of health and education, but discussions “take time” and have thus far not led to much, according to Kamara.
 
The government has estimated in the past that some 100,000 people would be eligible for reparations. 
 
Ad hoc assistance
 
The Sierra Leone amputee association, set up in 2000 to represent amputees, tries to help, giving food and clothing when it can, said chairman Alhaji jusu jaka Ngobeh, but it relies on help from churches, mosques and a few NGOs. 
 
NGO Fambul Tok (Family Talk in local language Krio) brings together victims and offenders at the village level to talk about atrocities that were committed, as part of a community healing process. [ http://www.fambultokblog.org/in-the-news/457 ]
 
Though reparations are not involved, when they can, perpetrators sometimes offer financial support to help the victim or their family. Some say this is a more sustainable, practical form of reparations, given the sheer extent of the suffering that took place across the country.
 
On a day-to-day basis, most amputees in Freetown survive by begging as even those who are educated beyond secondary school level find it hard to get work, said Vandi Konneh in Freetown. A lucky few find work on construction sites or collect firewood and coal, he said. Rather than attend school, most of the children of amputees also beg as their parents cannot afford to pay their school fees.
 
The standard $70 handout was useful to cover his basic food and clothing needs, but was not enough to help him rebuild his life, he said.
 
The amputee association has pressured the government to act on the TRC recommendations, but to little avail, said chairman Ngobeh. In May of this year the Ministry of Social Welfare did a survey of street beggars in urban areas, many of whom are amputees, with a view to advocating more help, according to Social Welfare Minister Dennis Sandi.  
 
Despite little progress since 2004, Kamara said survivors of war atrocities must not give up hope: ministries are still working out how to implement the reparations programme.
 
sr/ft/aj/cb

-------------------

Before the war, Edward Conteh, current president of Amputee and War-Wounded Association, was a mechanic and construction machinery driver working on Sierra Leone’s hydroelectric dam project. 
 
In 1999 the RUF rebels amputated Conteh’s left arm a few inches below the elbow, with an axe. He was hiding in the mountains around Freetown with his family but had to risk returning home for food and water. On one such trip home the rebels caught him and his friend and amputated both of them. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) were fighting ECOMOG (Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group) for control of the eastern part of the capital at the time.
 
"Four men were killed in front of my eyes. I still feel traumatized whenever I think about it... They saw I was strong, so they pointed guns at me, kicked me to the floor and stood on my hand. Then they cut my arm off with an axe."
 
Showing his stump, he told IRIN: "This is not a house that can be burned and rebuilt back again. You cannot rebuild this. So it was my own problem to deal with."
 
"After it happened, I went to stay at the Aberdeen amputee camp. I said to myself, 'What can I do now? I can't go to the streets and beg. I was a self-made man.' I knew I couldn't do mechanics again. So I decided to do photography - I would photograph marriages and go around the city taking portraits. But I don't do that any more because the photos don't come out well - my hand shakes."
 
Conteh registered with NaCSA in 2008 and in 2009 received $70 from them. In 2011, he received a further $213 from NaCSA.
 
"Three hundred thousand leones [$70] will not take you anywhere these days. In education, or even for health care, it can't take you anywhere… The government really is doing nothing now. The money we received was from the UN peacebuilding fund. The Lomé [peace agreement] said the government and international community should do something for us.
 
"If anything, I want to see our children educated - very few children of amputees go to school.
 
"Now 10 years after the end of the war, the majority of amputees feel they are finished in life. They feel worthless and there is nothing they can do for themselves."
 

Victor Vandi, 37, is a single-leg amputee. A father of eight, he works as an electrical and radio repair-man - a trade he began before the war. He also plays as a midfielder in Freetown's amputee football team. NaCSA gave him $200 and also built him a house. 
 
"The government should open a special vocational training school where we can learn to make prosthetic limbs and then we could supply ourselves," he told IRIN. Vandi received his prosthetic limb from NGO Handicapped International. 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94037</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241136160688t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - James Ponbu, 43,had his arm amputated by rebels in January 1999. After receiving medical treatment at the Connaught hospital in Freetown, he tried to return to his job at the canteen of Fourah Bay College but was not accepted back. He has found it hard to get work ever since, despite having a college degree. Even his friends shun him: “People barred me from entering their compounds as they thought I’d just ask them for money,” he told IRIN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: New risk index helps identify vulnerability</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106190631010812t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - A new disaster risk index launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help donors and aid organizations better understand why some countries are more at risk of calamity than others, and shape their responses when disaster strikes.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - With the media spotlight on the drought and famine in the Horn of Africa, governments and aid organizations have come under fire for their lack of a developmental approach, but a new tool launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help them better understand vulnerability in the longer term. 
 
 The World Risk Index (WRI), explained Jörn Birkmann, scientific head of the WRI project at the UN institute, is unique in defining risk as the interaction between a natural hazard and the vulnerability of a particular community. 
 
 WRI takes into account social, political, economic and ecological factors to determine the capacity of an affected community to respond. It looks at four main components, which in turn take into account at least 28 variables. 
 
 1. Exposure to a natural hazard (sudden as well as slow-onset natural disasters like droughts). 
 
 2. Susceptibility, which is understood as the likelihood of society and ecosystems to be damaged should a natural hazard occur. Existing economic, infrastructure, nutrition and housing conditions are taken into account. 
 
 3. The capacity to cope, which looks at the state of governance, disaster preparedness and early warning systems, medical services, and social and material security levels. "Governance is a critical issue as it is politically sensitive which is why it is overlooked by many similar indices, but the fact is you need a stable government that has the capacity to deliver to help people become resilient," said Birkmann. He illustrated his point by contrasting the impact of the recent earthquakes in Haiti and Japan. "Owing to higher coping and adaptive capacities, such as building laws, there were significantly fewer victims in Japan." 
 
 4. Adaptation strategies - implying the capacities and strategies which help communities address the expected negative consequences of natural hazards and climate change. 
 
 “Information on coping capacities is relevant for short-term responses, but where long-term programmes and planning is concerned, it is useful for NGOs to know about the area’s adaptation capacity,” said Peter Mucke, managing director of Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (Alliance Development Works), a consortium of five German NGOs which worked with the UN University on the study. "So while we come to know which countries need short-term responses like food, at the same time we need know where we have to provide food-for-work programmes or strategies to provide water in the long term." 
 
 Afghan example 
 
 Afghanistan, which according to the WRI has the world’s poorest adaptive capacity and the second lowest coping capacity, tops the list of countries most vulnerable to disasters. 
 
 The tool is uncomplicated. “The index gives you all that information at a glance - showing the strength of a particular area’s capacity to adapt or cope in percentages, which is useful to communicate the strengths and weakness of a particular area when you are seeking funding from donors,” said Birkmann. 
 
 For instance, Afghanistan's lack of capacity to cope is shown at 93.4 percent; its adaptation capacity 73.55 percent; and vulnerability 76.19 percent. WRI uses the various percentages, and also factors in sea-level rise predictions, to calculate an overall risk figure: The Pacific island of Vanuatu comes out as the country most at risk of a disaster. 
 
 No risk index can be flawless: In the case of Vanuatu, people will only be at risk of a metre-rise in sea level in 100 years - by which time the country’s population may have changed considerably from the 2005 figures used by WRI. 
 
 WRI is dependent on the availability and quality of the data it uses. It covers 173 out of 192 countries. Somalia is not included. 
 
 WRI’s methodology could be used to focus in on any community of any size in the world. 
 
 jk/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93658</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106190631010812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - A new disaster risk index launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help donors and aid organizations better understand why some countries are more at risk of calamity than others, and shape their responses when disaster strikes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Smoothing the way for more pit latrines</title><pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108311221160968t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 31 August 2011 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and NGOs operating in West Africa say the main barrier to more pit latrines in rural areas is not poverty or lack of resources, but a lack of understanding about costs and benefits.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 31 August 2011 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and NGOs operating in West Africa say the main barrier to more pit latrines in rural areas is not poverty or lack of resources, but a lack of understanding about costs and benefits.
 
Building and using latrines is one of the most effective ways to combat diarrhoea, which kills 1.5 million under-five children globally each year [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/index.html ]. Poor sanitation is also responsible for spreading cholera and worm infestations.
 
Plan International, WaterAid and UNICEF programmes all encourage communities to recognize the need for better sanitation, and to build latrines themselves. Generally this leads to the construction of basic pit latrines, which can be built for little or no cost if people work together.
 
Villages have advantages over urban areas when it comes to building pit latrines. Aside from access to free natural resources for building, there is more space to install latrines than in urban areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93479 ] and populations are less transient so there is not the same concern people will move on after construction. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87110 ]
 
1. Shift attitudes 
 
Building latrines starts with talking not digging, as education is the first step to sanitation. In the community-led total sanitation (CLTS) approach which aims to change social norms about sanitation, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92015 ] an initial community meeting encourages people to recognize the need to build latrines. 
 
“One of the most effective tools is called `Shit and Food’,” said Jane Bevan, UNICEF water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialist. This involves taking a piece of excrement from where people usually relieve themselves and placing it beside a plate of freshly prepared food. People clearly see the flies cross from one to the other and realize what this means if they defecate in the open.
 
Yunusa Duhuwa from Duhuwa village in Jigawa State, northern Nigeria, said an exercise he participated in calculated the amount of excrement produced by the community. “We could not explain where all the excreta had gone,” Duhuwa said. “Then we realized we might have consumed a significant portion of it. At this point we decided to build latrines.”
 
Faison Hilda Ntabe, who works with Plan International in Cameroon, said a current sanitation programme in Bafut, a village in northwestern Cameroon, to stop the spread of cholera began slightly differently as it was implemented in the context of a disaster situation. Plan staff liaised directly with health services in the area and community leaders to build demonstration latrines and deliver community education on hygiene, Ntabe said.
 
While this approach skipped the CLTS-style community meetings, it still relied heavily on education and prompted people to build latrines themselves.
 
2. Make it affordable
 
Another obstacle to latrines is perceived expense. Valentine Manah, a demonstration latrine coordinator with Plan, said in Bafut people initially “didn’t want to construct latrines because according to them latrines are very costly… They didn’t see any reason as they have bushes and a stream nearby.”
 
But if village members do the physical labour themselves and use local materials for construction, latrines are “almost free of charge to construct”, Manah said. “Now about 116 new toilets have been built.”
 
Ada Oko-Williams of WaterAid in Nigeria said their latrine programmes aim to have “all materials locally sourced and at zero cost”. 
 
3. Develop a community plan
 
For toilets to effectively improve sanitation, everyone needs to use them. Villages have an advantage over urban areas here, as close ties mean social pressure can ensure all people follow suit, Bevan said. 
 
When the decision to build latrines is made, the community is supported to develop a plan with an agreed timeframe. On occasions when communities give long timeframes, the facilitator will nudge them with questions such as “You want to wait a year? You want to continue to eat your excrement?” Oko-Williams said. “Normally they reduce the time.”
 
Oko-Williams said in the planning stage vulnerable people who need assistance to construct a latrine are identified. “Normally the young people volunteer to construct latrines for widows and old people.”
 
4. The community builds the latrines
 
Pit latrines are surprisingly straightforward to build. 
 
Firstly a hole needs to be dug - usually the depth of a man’s height, UNICEF’s Bevan said. Then the slab, with a drop hole, is put at the top. This can be made of reinforced concrete if people have the means, or it can be made from wood, mud and other local materials which are usually available for free in rural areas. A cover for the drop hole is needed to prevent flies getting in. After that it is just a matter of erecting walls - from whatever materials are available - to preserve modesty.
 
Duhuwa said each latrine usually took a few days to build, though it was 6-7 months before everyone in his village had one.
 
“We used logs of wood cut from the bushes to create the platforms over the pits that we dug ourselves. Corn stalks are used to build fences around the latrine for privacy. We also use broken earthenware pots to define the drop hole and wooden planks or old enamel plate covers to cover the drop holes,” Duhuwa said 
 
Models vary depending on the country and the materials available. “In Mali they make these nice mud walls,” Bevan said. “In Sierra Leone they have huts with thatched roofs.” 
 
Having people build their own toilets also circumvents issues of appropriate location and design of toilets because people make these decisions themselves. “Why should you build people’s latrines for them? They know what they want,” Bevan said.
 
5. Certify and celebrate
 
The CLTS approach involves certifying villages once they become open-defection-free (ODF) and continuing to monitor hygiene. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83127 ]
 
The idea of ODF certification is common in the developing world, though the rules vary slightly from country to country, Bevan said. For example, some countries include hand-washing facilities at latrines in the criteria for certification.
 
Across West and Central Africa about two and a half million people now live in certified ODF communities and these figures are constantly increasing, Bevan said. In Sierra Leone, two of the country’s 14 districts are aiming to be completely ODF by next year, and several African countries are aiming to become fully ODF in the next few years. 
 
Community celebrations are often used to consolidate commitment to an ODF future. “It’s a bit like a marriage,” Bevan said. “If you’ve had a celebration and someone from the government has come to witness this, you are less likely to go back on your behaviour change.”
 
6. Monitor sanitation
 
Part of the CLTS process involves enlisting the aid of “natural leaders” who emerge in communities to monitor the progress. These leaders are also able to work with local governments or NGOs to begin the CLTS process in neighbouring communities,” Oko-Williams said. “It becomes a ripple effect.”
 
And when the latrine is full - which usually takes two or three years with a family of five or six people - “You plant a fruit tree and build another one,” Bevan said. 
 
wb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108311221160968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 31 August 2011 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and NGOs operating in West Africa say the main barrier to more pit latrines in rural areas is not poverty or lack of resources, but a lack of understanding about costs and benefits.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Women moving forward in politics</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903095t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 08 August 2011 (IRIN) - When Marie Jalloh first ran for office in 2007, resistance to women in politics in Sierra Leone was so strong she faced harassment and intimidation from local authorities. Now, not only is she a member of parliament; she and other women, along with local NGOs, have brought the country closer to a legal quota for women in decision-making posts.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 08 August 2011 (IRIN) - When Marie Jalloh first ran for office in 2007, resistance to women in politics in Sierra Leone was so strong she faced harassment and intimidation from local authorities. Now, not only is she a member of parliament; she and other women, along with local NGOs, have brought the country closer to a legal quota for women in decision-making posts. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83393 ]
  
 Campaigners say more women in power would go a long way to improving people’s living conditions and fostering development.
  
 A draft bill to be voted on in October, ahead of the 2012 presidential and legislative elections, would require that women hold 14 seats in parliament and four places among the 12 paramount chiefs (traditional leaders), and make up 20 percent of candidates fielded by a political party.
   
 In the 2007 elections female candidates won just 17 out of 112 elected seats, and were not awarded any of the seats allocated to paramount chiefs.
  
 “Female politicians tend to be more development-oriented,” said Barbara Bangura, the national coordinator of Women Solidarity Support Group and the women's NGO Grassroots Empowerment for Self Reliance.
  
 “They tend to be more focused on nation-building - building the home, communities and country through [for example] availability of schools, health facilities, safe drinking water.”
  
 Bangura added: “Failing to eliminate gender inequality in governance has and will continue to have long-term consequences on the development of the country. The exclusion of women from decision-making structures adds to the problems that many Sierra Leonean women face, such as extreme poverty, ill health, less education, sexual and gender-based violence.”
  
 Hopes for October bill
  
 Jalloh is a founding member of the All Political Parties Women’s Association (APPWA) - a platform for women across different parties collaborating to boost women’s participation in politics. She said she was confident the bill, drafted by NGOs, had the support needed to pass in October. “We [lobbied] men to support the enactment of this bill,” she said, adding that men had formed a group to back the move. “We are beginning to see male politicians support women in key positions.”
  
 It is not just men who opposed women entering politics, but culture and tradition have meant many women did not see it as their place, said Nabeela Tunis, who has supported APPWA since 2008 through the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Mission in Sierra Leone. “[They] had problems with confidence,” she said, adding that APPWA has worked to help women see themselves as potential political candidates.
  
 Inatorma Coomber, a women’s rights project coordinator with Oxfam in Sierra Leone, pointed to President Ernest Bai Koroma’s recent statement of support for the bill [ http://statehouse.gov.sl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=324%3A-media-advisory-code-sh6011-13th-06-2011-women-political-body-launched-&catid=34%3Anews-articles&Itemid=102 ] as cause for optimism.
  
 But she noted that support was not universal in Sierra Leone. "There are still areas [where people] believe women should not take leadership [positions]."
  
 APPWA members are lobbying for the bill within their own parties and “to make sure women who are strong candidates are put forward”, Tunis said.
  
 Less harassment
  
 Whether or not a legal quota passes, change is already apparent.
  
 “Women now face less harassment and intimidation,” said Jalloh, adding she has not personally faced any since the events in 2007. “Women in the past were victims of political violence but since the inception of APPWA this has changed.”
  
 Oxfam currently runs programmes in two districts, Koinadugu and Kailahun, supporting women representatives on the local council through training in delivering good government services. Getting women into political positions is a multi-faceted process, said Coomber. “You don’t just get women into politics, you give them the tools, build up their capacity so they can deliver and serve as a good example.”
  
 Oxfam also runs education sessions for prominent men - and sometimes women as well - on gender equality. “We show them the benefits of empowering the opposite sex,” Coomber said. “If half your population are not empowered it is harder [for everyone].”
  
 The 2004 Truth and Reconciliation Commission report pointed to the need to boost the role of women in politics: “The institutions and processes of peace, security and development, as well as societies at large, are made stronger and more effective by the full and equal participation of women.” [ http://www.sierra-leone.org/Other-Conflict/TRCVolume3B.pdf ]
  
 The report recommended that 30 percent of candidates put forward for all public elections be women, and that the 2014 target should be a 50-50 gender balance in representative politics. [ http://www.sierra-leone.org/Other-Conflict/TRCVolume2.pdf ]
  
 wb/np/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93448</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903095t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 08 August 2011 (IRIN) - When Marie Jalloh first ran for office in 2007, resistance to women in politics in Sierra Leone was so strong she faced harassment and intimidation from local authorities. Now, not only is she a member of parliament; she and other women, along with local NGOs, have brought the country closer to a legal quota for women in decision-making posts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: How best to remove guns from post-conflict zones?</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20052235t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - Cash for guns or buy-back programmes in post-conflict states have fallen out of favour as a method of ridding a society of weapons, and have been replaced by often elaborate schemes designed to remove money from the equation, but the debate continues as to the best way forward.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - Cash for guns or buy-back programmes in post-conflict states have fallen out of favour as a method of ridding a society of weapons, and have been replaced by often elaborate schemes designed to remove money from the equation, but the debate continues as to the best way forward. 
 
 The disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) community has grappled for years with buy-back practices and acknowledges they can have a profound effect on the nature of peace and even encourage a return to conflict. However, sometimes they can be “good practice”. 
 
 Nelson Alusala, author of a monograph published recently by the South Africa-based Institute for Security Studies - entitled Reintegrating ex-Combatants in the Great Lakes Region, and charting the largest DDR programme ever undertaken to support about 400,000 ex-combatants in nine countries - outlines the dangers of buy-back. 
 
 A buy-back scheme by the UN Mission in Liberia “led to a near disaster” at Camp Schieffellen, about 35km east of the capital Monrovia, when former warring parties of the country’s more than decade-long conflict gathered to exchange weapons for cash. 
 
 On 7 December 2003 international peacekeepers were overwhelmed when more than four times the expected 250 people arrived at the camp, carrying weapons from AK-47 assault rifles to mortars, under the impression they would walk away with US$300 for each weapon surrendered. 
 
 “The riot began when they found out they would receive only $150 and the other $150 at the end of a three-week demobilization course,” Alusala said. In the ensuing pandemonium, as weapons were discharged in frustration, nine people were killed. 
 
 Alusala told IRIN he was doubtful about the benefits of cash incentives, as the cash was often spent by beneficiaries within a few days on “alcohol, drugs and sex workers”. 
 
 Apart from buy-backs raising expectations, other shortcomings were the practice of “double dipping” - where beneficiaries assume different identities to benefit from cash rewards multiple times - a malpractice “most common at the disarmament stage during the buy-back events, when cash is normally exchanged for weapons,” he said. 
 
 Inherent dangers 
 
 Andreas Mehler of the Institute of African Studies at the German Institute of Global and Area Studies, told IRIN: “Cash payments have shown their limits in several cases. In West Africa former commanders were gate-keepers and got part of the money when they selected the ex-combatants to be disarmed - a perverse effect prolonging authority patterns from times of war. There might be `good practice’ out there, but [also] inherent grave dangers… My gut feeling is that there is no universal solution.” 
 
 Danny Hoffman of Duke University’s Department of Anthropology, in his 2003 study entitled Like Beasts in the Bush: Synonyms of Childhood and Youth in Sierra Leone, recounts the disarmament process supervised by peacekeepers which attracted the surrender of weapons for blankets, buckets, slippers, soap and a small cash payment. 
 
 The problem was that the Kamajors militia structures meant that commanders held onto the weapons of the rank and file, and sought to profit from them. 
 
 “As Ali [a military commander] told me, if a commander held four or five firearms, maybe he would ask for a little something in return for giving them out to a few of his men,” Hoffman said in his study. 
 
 Hoffman told IRIN the goal of DDR in Sierra Leone was primarily to remove weapons in circulation, but it was a “losing proposition” considering how effective the arms trade was in supplying light weapons to conflict zones. 
 
 “The more serious problem is that the DDR model as it stands treats combatants as individuals, when any real `demobilization’ and `reintegration’ needs to deal with the networks that armed, mobilized and controlled these fighters in the first place. 
 
 “At least in Sierra Leone and Liberia, these networks continued to control ex-combatants very effectively after the war,” he said. 
 
 “I know a number of critics of the DDR process have argued that all that money should be going to fighters' home communities and the war's victims. I am sympathetic to that view, though I think it’s a little simplistic. If I had to make one concrete reform, it would be to use the funds available to enrol fighters in well-structured and relevant jobs training and public works projects, and to do so as entire units,” Hoffman said. 
 
 The UN DDR Resource Centre [ http://www.unddr.org/ ] is cautious about buy-back practices and says on its website: “Incentives may be directly linked to the disarmament, demobilization or reintegration components of DDR, although care should be taken to avoid the perception of `cash for weapons’ or weapons buy-back programmes when these are linked to the disarmament component. If used, incentives should be taken into consideration in the design of the overall programme strategy.” 
 
 The UN’s aversion to cash payments for weapons, DDR specialist Wolf-Christian Paes told IRIN, was premised, among other things, on the argument it can create demand and “contribute to the cross-border proliferation of weapons”. The UN promotes programmes either dealing with collective incentives, such as arms-for-development “or more rarely non-cash individual incentives, `goods-for-guns’, for example in the Balkans”, he said. 
 
 Low overheads 
 
 Paes said where other incentives were used in the place of cash, such as lottery tickets in Macedonia, or tools in Mozambique, these essentially became “proxies for cash”, where people simply sold the supplied goods. “I think we need to have another look at cash incentives in the context of post-conflict stabilization.” 
 
 A paper published by York University’s Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit entitled Guns, Camps and Cash: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion of Former Combatants in Transitions from War to Peace, by Mark Knight and Alpaslan Özerdem, said the incomplete Mozambican disarmament process contributed “to the proliferation of weapons, not only throughout that country, but also in neighbouring countries such as South Africa, Zambia and Malawi. By 1998, Mozambique constituted the single largest source of small arms to the South African domestic market.” 
 
 “Cash payments require comparatively low overheads compared with other interventions, which make them popular with some donors but not with the UN Development Programme, are easily understood by all actors and most importantly actually work. Personally, I'm in favour of using them under some circumstances,” Paes said. 
 
 Cash sometimes appropriate 
 
 DDR specialist and a consultant with the Geneva-based Small Arms Survey Lydia Stone told IRIN: “The arguments against using cash in DDR programmes are many and well documented. However, we should not throw the baby out with the bath water - even though many dismiss the practice as open to corruption and abuse and creating the impression among affected communities of rewarding people who have committed terrible acts.” 
 
 She recommends a more nuanced approach to cash rewards, but sees the money incentive “solely for the disarmament phase” as “a bad idea”. 
 
 DDR planners in newly independent South Sudan have limited cash payments in their reinsertion package to $287 for ex-combatants, but the scheme also provides non-food items (NFIs) such as plastic sheeting and buckets, and a food ration for a family of five for three months. 
 
 Stone said the NFIs were “often inappropriate and many of the participants have simply sold the items on the local market,” and the food items were often expensive to transport home. 
 
 As an alternative it would have been better to provide DDR beneficiaries with the equivalent in cash, thereby stimulating the local market, and this would have translated “into tremendous costs savings for the participants and the programme since money would not be wasted on logistics and transporting huge quantities of commodities over vast distances… 
 
 “It's about considering the specific context of the DDR programme. While cash might be a terrible idea in one country, it might be very appropriate and even necessary in another. We need to be open-minded and consider those options which may instinctively appear to be wrong.” 
 
 go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93354</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20052235t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - Cash for guns or buy-back programmes in post-conflict states have fallen out of favour as a method of ridding a society of weapons, and have been replaced by often elaborate schemes designed to remove money from the equation, but the debate continues as to the best way forward.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Ancient wisdom, new knowledge</title><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107120318570944t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 11 July 2011 (IRIN) - No one can tell 64-year-old Fatoumata Kané anything new about the plants and tree bark around her town of Banamba in western Mali, but the traditional healer recently learned how to measure a child’s upper arm to detect malnutrition.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 11 July 2011 (IRIN) - No one can tell 64-year-old Fatoumata Kané anything new about the plants and tree bark around her town of Banamba in western Mali, but the traditional healer recently learned how to measure a child’s upper arm to detect malnutrition. 
 
 Scores of families bring ailing children to Kané each week. She is renowned in the region for her healing powers, but now refers suspected malnutrition cases to the public health centre. The collaboration, initiated by local health agent Oumou Sangaré of Helen Keller International (HKI), is an example of how NGOs are tapping into the influence of traditional healers and local elders to fight under-nutrition. 
 
 Across sub-Saharan Africa health experts commonly train traditional healers to detect conditions needing something other than indigenous medicine; the fact is that when illness strikes many people’s first move is to go to the local healer. 
 
 “It is always people’s first choice here,” said a doctor in Sierra Leone who requested anonymity. “It’s a custom people are addicted to.” 
 
 It is custom, but often it is also the only health care people can afford or physically access. In some countries in Africa and Asia 80 percent of people depend on traditional medicine for their primary health care, according to the World Health Organization. [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ ]
 
 Often traditional medicine is the answer. Africa has tens of thousands of plant species, many therapeutic, and the basis for effective remedies. Kouamé Koffi Samuel, a chauffeur in Côte d’Ivoire, said he has first-hand experience of women who are expert at healing closed fractures with massage, herbs and incantations. “I’ve seen it - it’s far more rapid and effective than a cast.” 
 
 But child under-nutrition is one of the conditions untreatable by such means, health workers say. If a parent does not understand the signs, symptoms and causes, various conditions could be suspected. The Sierra Leonean doctor said some families think immediately of a spell. 
 
 “When a child is malnourished people think it’s a witch. When a child is very anaemic they say a witch has drawn all the blood from the child.” 
 
 He added: “We need to do more education on this.” 
 
 Health experts say one strong conduit for that education are the traditional healers and elderly women who already have people’s confidence. 
 
 “If [Banamba healer Kané] were to tell a woman not to take a child to the health centre, the woman wouldn’t do it, no matter what,” HKI’s Sangaré told IRIN. “Such is the women’s trust in her.” 
 
 Sangaré said she first approached Kané when she noticed that too many malnourished children in Banamba were not getting the medical attention they needed. 
 
 Collaborating with local healers 
 
 She said initially Kané, who makes her living as a healer, was hesitant but then agreed to talk. They met several times to talk about children’s health; Sangaré explained to Kané the role she could have in detecting malnutrition and helping children get the care they need. “Now she’s had training and she’s helping us detect cases of malnutrition.” 
 
 Kané, from her home in the Hamdallaye neighbourhood of Banamba, told IRIN traditional and modern medicine can function well together. “I have practiced for more than 20 years now; the gift I have for healing is not going anywhere. But modern medicine can complement it, and vice-versa.” 
 
 Vanessa Dickey, senior nutritionist with HKI Mali, said collaborating with local healers means more children who need medical care will get it. 
 
 “Targeting just mothers can get us only so far,” Dickey told IRIN. “People are going to listen to a traditional healer or a grandmother.” HKI also has a project in Burkina Faso to boost maternal and child health through the influence of older women, to whom young women invariably turn for advice on pregnancy, motherhood and feeding their families. 
 
 “Our object is to screen as many children as we can to see who needs attention,” Dickey said. “And traditional healers and grandmothers are the first-line healers in a community.” 
 
 Traditional plus modern 
 
 Nurses and doctors told IRIN it is common to see families consult both a traditional practitioner and a doctor. 
 
 Soro Awa, holding her nephew whose mother had recently died in childbirth, talked to IRIN at a Côte d’Ivoire nutritional centre in Korhogo: “Without this centre my sister’s son would not be alive,” she said. Still, she plans to see the local healer once she returns to the village “to protect the child from sorcery”. 
 
 “Often, people assume someone has cast a spell on a child, not knowing that a child is malnourished or has an illness that can be easily treated at hospital,” said Soro Pènè, from Korhogo’s Waraniené village. “Anyway, I am all for traditional healers because they do have their place in our customs and they are very effective in some cases.” 
 
 Salimata Koné, who runs the Korhogo centre, says some parents bring their children in directly without going to a local healer. But as the Sierra Leonean doctor explains, family pressure often weighs in later. “A parent could have a child treated at hospital, then a friend or family member will come round advising that it’s best to also consult the traditional healer.” 
 
 “It can be OK if people go to both,” he said. “But only if the traditional healer is competent and knows the limits of his or her capabilities.” 
 
 It is not a question of ruling out traditional practitioners, said Dickey. “They can continue to do follow-up. We do urge them not to give malnourished children herbs or teas to consume. The body of a malnourished child is really in chaos; these kinds of plants, which might not harm another person, could be dangerous for a child in this state.” 
 
 As in so many circumstances, the hard evidence of a healthier child is the most powerful message, Koné in Korhogo told IRIN. “It’s important not to condemn the practice of going to a traditional healer; we don’t want to frustrate people. But the fact is once a malnourished child regains health after proper diagnosis and treatment, that recovery is concrete proof and has a huge influence on others.” 
 
 Recovery is the common objective. “My role is to lighten mothers’ hearts, by helping heal sick children," said Kané. "When a child is healthy, the mother is relieved and things go better in the household.”
 
 np/ao/sc/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93199</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107120318570944t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 11 July 2011 (IRIN) - No one can tell 64-year-old Fatoumata Kané anything new about the plants and tree bark around her town of Banamba in western Mali, but the traditional healer recently learned how to measure a child’s upper arm to detect malnutrition.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Serious about food</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency. 

Shortly after Malawian president Bingu wa Mutharika became AU chair in 2010, he announced a plan to make Africa food secure in the next five years. 

Martin Bwalya, head of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) said the AU’s seven-year roadmap to put the spotlight on farming so as to promote food security and economic growth, and reduce poverty, had been set in motion five years ago. 

By the end of 2010, the agriculture development plans of 18 African countries had undergone a rigorous independent technical review and were being rolled out. 

Over 60 percent of Africa’s people live in rural areas and most depend on farming for food and income. Agriculture contributes between 20 percent and 60 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) to national coffers. 

In a document called The African Food Basket, Mutharika spelt out the details of his plan, which requires countries to allocate a substantial portion of their budget to agriculture, provide farming input subsidies, and make available affordable information and communications technology. 

This would be possible with the help of a new strategic partnership between countries, donors, aid agencies and the private sector. 

CAADP, initiated in 2003, covers all the main aspects of Mutharika’s plan, including the commitment to devote at least 10 percent of their budgets to agriculture. 

Under the programme, countries draw up comprehensive investment plans that include the four CAADP pillars: sustainable land and water management; improved market access and integration; increased food supplies and reduced hunger; and research, technology generation and dissemination. 

“We expect the countries to contribute at least 10 percent of the annual expenditure budget demonstrating local ownership and responsibility…”, said Bwalya. 

He added while development aid financing remained important, it was also crucial that countries consider measures to attract direct private sector financing to agriculture.

Uganda, one of the 18 states to undergo the review process, has accounted for about 65 percent of its funding requirements from its own budget. 

The AU’s development agency, the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), which runs CAADP, helps countries to mobilize funds. 

Is achieving food self-sufficiency in five years a realistic goal? It would be a tough call said Ousmane Badiane, director for Africa at the US-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 

He noted that the AU had 53 members with varying degrees of agriculture investment, development and needs, and some countries did not have the structural capacity to reach the target of food self-sufficiency for many reasons including civil conflicts. 

Going regional 

A more realistic option, Badiane said, would be for countries with the potential to improve food production to produce enough to feed their less productive neighbours. This called for expanding regional trade and investment in transportation, including ports, railways and highways linking countries. 

AU members have begun to take regional economic integration “seriously”, noted Calestous Juma, professor of international development at Harvard University in his recently released book, The New Harvest. 

He lists regional markets as one of the three opportunities that could fortify Africa’s food security against the rising threat of climate change. 

There are at least eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) “that are recognized by the AU as building blocks for pan-African economic integration”. However, “regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead." 

Regions could become food secure “by capitalizing on the different growing seasons in different countries and making products available in all areas for longer periods of time”, he wrote. 

Both Mutharika and CAADP emphasize the development of regional markets. Mutharika listed 12 regional trade corridors identified by the various RECs and suggested the AU draw up an institutional framework for each corridor. 

Science and technology 

In his book Juma lists advances in science and technology as another factor that could propel Africa towards food self-sufficiency, and called for more investment in the creation of regional hubs of research and innovation. 

Research is being carried out by groups created under NEPAD, such as the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network (BecANet), which has been leading research on food crops, including banana, teff, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes. More investment in networks, especially agriculture-related ones, could produce far-reaching results. 

Subsidies 

Underuse of fertilizers has often been cited as a major cause of low production in Africa. Only four countries – Egypt, Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa – have exceeded the 50 kg per hectare target set by the AU, Mutharika noted in his plan. 

Fertilizer use in Africa accounts for less than 10 percent of the world average of 100 kg per hectare, “Just five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria) account for about two-thirds of the fertilizer applied in Africa,” Juma said. 

Mutharika, who promoted the provision of subsidised fertilizer in Malawi, makes a strong case for this approach. At present 19 African countries are implementing various programmes providing fertilizer. 

Juma sees leaders like Mutharika, who has prioritized food security as the third factor that could set Africa on the path to food security. The Malawian government devotes 16 percent of its national budget to agriculture. 

Yet IFPRI’s Badiane sounded a note of caution on subsidies and cited the case of Senegal. After independence the West African country put in place an agriculture subsidy programme in the 1960s that was even more comprehensive than Malawi’s. “It had a dramatic effect on agriculture in Senegal, but by 1979 one of its [agriculture] agencies had worked up a deficit amounting to 98 percent of the national budget.” 

Carefully managed subsidies, run for a short term, and aimed at strengthening existing markets and agricultural infrastructure, were a lot more effective, he said. 

The Rwandan government provided free fertilizer to farmers for four years after 1994. In 1998 it wanted to hand over importing and distribution to the private sector, which unfortunately lacked capacity, so the government continued to procure and import fertilizer but left distribution and selling to the private sector. 

Since then, aid from financial institutions has helped the private sector build capacity to import, and at least 20 bodies now import several hundred tonnes of fertilizer, Badiane said. 

Way forward 

The AU’s plans for agriculture also tackle other major issues affecting food security, such as irrigation (only four percent of Africa’s crop area is irrigated, compared to 39 percent in South Asia); improving soil fertility (more than three percent of agricultural GDP in Africa is lost annually as a direct result of soil and nutrient loss); post-harvest storage loss (sub-Saharan Africa loses about 40 percent of its harvest per year, against one percent in Europe); setting up databanks to share early warning information and energy. 

There is a high level of engagement between countries on agriculture. “They meet regularly and we support them in building evidence-based information,” CAADP’s Bwalya noted. 

If they stayed the course in implementing CAADP, Badiane said in five years a large number of African countries, if not food secure, would be in a much better position to feed themselves. 

jk/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Pick of the year 2010</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011181906140831t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes. 
 
 The always harsh lean season brought a nutrition crisis in Niger, Chad and other parts of the Sahel; a massive aid operation saved many lives, experts say, but the very fact that under-nutrition regularly kills children in the region means prevention measures need just as much attention. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88385 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89734 ] 
 
 Parched earth soon turned into waterways in much of the region, including in Benin where agriculture experts said farming families will feel the impact of this year’s floods well into 2011. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91022 ] 
 
 In a region where emergency humanitarian needs often stem from long-term structural problems, aid groups grapple with how to work sustainability into short-term life-saving operations. Researchers are examining whether donor aid to the public health sector lets governments off too lightly. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88785 ] 
 
 Governments and governance continue to be put to the test in West Africa - with mixed results. The world watched nervously as Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea held overdue, high-stakes presidential elections. By the end of 2010 Côte d’Ivoire - with two governments and severe unrest - was shoved out of the African Union, and Guinea - with its first-ever elected civilian leader - welcomed back in. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91426 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89627 ] 
 
 In another state with a turbulent political history, analysts wondered whether a coup in Niger, where then President Mamadou Tandja was working to prolong his stay in power, was not a turn for the better. The country is scheduled to start the new year with presidential elections. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88174 ] 
 
 Elections are also set for early 2011 in Nigeria, where government and civil society continue to battle chronic unrest in the Niger Delta and communal violence in the centre and north. 

 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88906 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89242 ] 
 
 Some looming security threats are regional, such as organized crime or the presence of organizations like al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb; analysts say more coordination is needed. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90703 ] 
 
 np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91494</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011181906140831t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Sickle cell disease still feared and deadly</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20058153t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - A century after the drawing of an anaemic patient’s sickle-shaped red blood cells came out of Chicago in the USA - a sketch that officially placed this still pervasive genetic disorder into medical books - confusion, discrimination and lack of treatment continue to surround sickle cell disease (SCD), especially in Africa where more than 200,000 babies are born every year with the disease.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - A century after the drawing of an anaemic patient’s sickle-shaped red blood cells came out of Chicago in the USA - a sketch that officially placed this still pervasive genetic disorder into medical books - confusion, discrimination and lack of treatment continue to surround sickle cell disease (SCD), especially in Africa where more than 200,000 babies are born every year with the disease. 

“Sickle cell is a true public health problem with medical, human and social dimensions,” Oumar Ibrahima Touré, Mali’s health minister until earlier this month, told IRIN. 

Despite advances in treatment and research over the past century, SCD is still largely undiagnosed in the world's most affected areas where the problem is too complex for any quick-fix solutions, researchers say. 

And without treatment there is a 50 percent chance a sickle cell patient will die before the age of five, most commonly of a blood infection. 

For its impact on lives and livelihoods, SCD has been deemed a “threat to the economic and social development of Africa” by the West Africa-based Federation of Associations Combating Sickle Cell Disorder in Africa (FALDA). 

Still misunderstood 

“People still don’t know about this sickness and there’s a lot of judgment, forcing sick people to hide,” said Dramane Banao, president of a national initiative to fight SCD and mother of a 19-year-old woman with SCD in the West African country of Burkina Faso. 

Sickle cell disease is inherited and present at birth, but can show no symptoms for the first four months of life. 

Characterized by irregular haemoglobin (iron-rich, oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells), the disease causes red blood cells to morph into a sickle-shape (crescent) instead of a disc, which leads to clumping and blocked blood vessels. 

This clumping can cause pain, infection and, in some cases, organ damage. 

When sickle-shaped cells die, sickle cell anaemia, the most common form of SCD, takes hold. 

Anti-cancer drugs and bone marrow transplants have extended the life expectancy of sickle cell patients into their 50s. 

“Life expectancy has increased, which is a huge accomplishment in the fight against the disease,” Dapa Diallo, director-general of the Centre for Sickle Cell Disease in Mali, said. “Sickle cell cannot be cured, but with proper care [the health of a patient] can be improved.” 

But life expectancy for a person with SCD in Africa, where a proper diagnosis is scarce, is still less than 20 years on average. 

“They didn’t know at all what the sickness was and treated me for malaria,” Abdoul Karim Ouedraogo, a 42-year-old sickle cell patient, said. At first, he was thought to be cursed, and now walks with crutches when SCD, prior to his diagnosis, damaged his hip. 

Discrimination 

Up to one in four adults in sub-Saharan African countries like Nigeria carry the sickle cell trait, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 

Though carriers do not necessarily experience symptoms, testing is recommended for genetic counselling. A man and woman, if both are carriers, have a 25 percent chance of having a child with SCD. 

But the development of genetic testing, which has resulted in improved prenatal diagnosis in some parts of the world, is underutilized in the most heavily affected parts of West Africa, and has even led to discrimination and fear. 

Finding a marriage partner can prove difficult for carriers of the trait: Carriers can be perceived as being sentenced to having a very sick child. 

“We see ourselves as burdens on our families,” Moussa Soulale, diagnosed at 13 and now 25, said from Mali where she is a teacher who has learned to live with her illness. 

Screening, education, prenatal diagnosis and treatment have proven effective in fighting the disease among smaller populations, such as in the eastern Mediterranean country of Cyprus. 

But affected countries in Africa - where some populations have up to a 45 percent carrier rate, according to WHO - pose other challenges.  

“The level of care and quality of management of the crisis are not well studied in Africa,” said Brahima Soumaoro, a Mali-based medical researcher. 

There is an urgent need to put in place training for health workers “based on standards of proven efficacy,” he said, in the hope of containing SCD as it has been contained in the USA and Europe. 

GLOSSARY:

Anaemia: a condition in which blood has a lower than normal count of red blood cells.

Haemoglobin: An iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the entire body. 
Sickle cell disease is characterized by irregular haemoglobin.

Sickle cell anaemia: Healthy red blood cells live about 120 days in the bloodstream, but sickle-shaped red cells die within 20 days, which creates a shortage of red blood cells and less oxygen movement. This is the most common form of sickle cell disease.

Inherited disease: When an offspring is born to two parents who carry the sickle cell trait. 

Sickle cell crisis: Sudden pain throughout the body when blood clumps and oxygen is not delivered. A crisis can last for hours to weeks.
 
Sickle cell trait: Carrying one copy of the sickle cell gene does not translate into experiencing symptoms of the disorder; rather, the trait is passed to offspring, which have a 50 percent chance of carrying the disease and a 25 percent chance of having two copies of the trait and thus having the disease. 
[ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_Causes.html ]
 
(Source: US National Institutes of Health) 
[ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Sca/SCA_WhatIs.html ]

TIMELINE: 

1910: James Herrick, a doctor in Chicago in the USA notices “peculiar elongated and sickle shaped” blood cells in Walter Clement Noel, a dental student from Grenada suffering from anaemia. Sickle cell disease, though known for years in Africa, was then formally reported in the US medical journal, Archives of Internal Medicine. 

1917: The genetic basis for sickle cell is first suggested by Victor Emmel, an American anatomist, in the US medical journal, Archives of Internal Medicine. 

1922: Three more cases are reported in the USA and the disease is formally named. 

1923: Doctors at the Maryland-based Johns Hopkins University conclude sickle cell disease is an “autosomal recessive characteristic” - two copies of the gene must be present for it to be expressed. 

1927: It is discovered that “sickling” happens because of a lack of oxygen. 

1940: The connection is made between abnormal haemoglobin and the tendency of red blood cells to sickle. 

1949: It is determined that carrying the sickle cell trait can be symptomless. 

1954: Anthony Allison hypothesizes that the sickle cell trait offered protection against malaria. As more research was done, it is discovered that those with the sickle cell trait, not the disease, are protected against malaria. But those with sickle cell disease either die from the blood disorder or die after coming into contact with malaria because of a weakened immune system. Subsequent research has called into question the sickle cell trait’s ability to protect against malaria. 

1970s: Forced testing for black people proliferates when sickle cell screening programmes began in the USA. 

1979: Calculations suggest the sickle cell gene developed 70,000-150,000 years ago. 

1994: It is recognized that all of the areas where sickle cell disease originated have been, or are now, endemic locations of malarial infestation. 

1995: Hydroxyurea, an anti-cancer drug, is found to be an effective therapy in reducing complications from SCD. 
[ http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199505183322001 ] 

1996: Bone marrow transplants are now used to treat sickle cell disease in children. 
[ http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199608083350601 ] 

1996: The Federation of Associations Combating Sickle Cell Disorder in Africa (FALDA) is formed. 

2000: The introduction of pneumococcal vaccine greatly reduces child mortality in the USA as those with SCD were at high risk of developing pneumococcal meningitis. 

2003: Hydroxyurea increases life expectancy for sickle cell patients. 
[ http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/289/13/1645.full ] 

2010: Mali President Amadou Toumani Touré opens a research centre to promote SCD research, training and genetic counselling for medical follow-up, with the ambition of creating globally influential advancements. Touré calls the centre part of the fight against poverty. 

nb/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91483</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20058153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - A century after the drawing of an anaemic patient’s sickle-shaped red blood cells came out of Chicago in the USA - a sketch that officially placed this still pervasive genetic disorder into medical books - confusion, discrimination and lack of treatment continue to surround sickle cell disease (SCD), especially in Africa where more than 200,000 babies are born every year with the disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GENDER: Ignoring women with guns</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010080940250551t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 October 2010 (IRIN) - The perception that women are only ever victims of conflict ignores the large numbers of female combatants, which can result in their exclusion from disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 October 2010 (IRIN) - The perception that women are only ever victims of conflict ignores the large numbers of female combatants, which can result in their exclusion from disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes. 
 
 The UN Population Fund (UNFPA) report, State of the World Population 2010: From Conflict and Crisis to Renewal: Generations of Change, released on 20 October 2010, acknowledges the role women play in forging peace, but cautions against the assumptions of women as nurturers and "natural peace-makers ... [choosing] non-violent solutions rather than conflict whenever possible". 
 
 Megan MacKenzie, a fellow of Harvard University's gender and security programme and now teaching at Victoria University in the New Zealand capital of Wellington, states: "Little is written about women and girls as agents within the civil conflict. 
 
 "However, there is evidence that women — particularly female soldiers — were both perpetrators and empowered through their roles in the [Sierra Leonean] conflict," she wrote in an article published in 2009 in the Cambridge Review of International Affairs: Empowerment Boom or Bust? Assessing women's post-conflict empowerment initiatives. 
 
 During Sierra Leone's 11-year civil war between 1991 and 2002, which witnessed wide-scale atrocities against civilians, women played a significant role as soldiers and not just as "camp followers" or abducted "sex slaves". 
 
 MacKenzie said women and girls carried arms, killed, commanded armed groups, looted and spied, among other activities, and "there are stories of powerful female commanders such as Adama Cut-Hand, who was said to be among the most brutal RUF [Revolutionary United Front led by Foday Saybana Sankoh] members who headed the amputation campaigns". 
 
 DDR campaigns 
 
 Helen Basini, a doctoral student researching female combatants in post-conflict Liberia at Ireland's University of Limerick, told IRIN that DDR programmes had taken the line of "add women and stir", and although "in theory", women were catered for in new approaches to DDR, "it is much more complicated than guidelines suggest". 
 
 Women, like men, were faced with the same problems of DDR, in that "when the R [reintegration] comes around, there are money shortages", but there was also a heavier bias towards former male combatants as they were seen as more of a security threat in the post-conflict state than demobilized female soldiers, she said. 
 
 However, for female combatants, war has a profound effect because of the trauma as well as the break from social conventions and norms, making their reintegration difficult. 
 
 In a 2009 article, Securitization and Desecuritization: Female Soldiers and the Reconstruction of Women in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone, MacKenzie writes: "By returning girls to a 'normal' environment, DDR processes risk entrenching gender inequality. A truly progressive or developmental post-conflict reconstruction programme would include more radical change in the area of women's status in society." 
 
 Many women in Sierra Leone, Mackenzie said, avoided DDR for various reasons, including distrust, stigma and fear of retaliation. In addition, former female combatants complained of being "treated as housewives and sex slaves" or held the view that they were "above" DDR and could make it on their own. 
 
 "For some women who had achieved higher ranks within the warring factions, the notion of attending the DDR with lower-ranking soldiers was insulting," she said. 
 
 Basini said former female combatants in Liberia were often shunned by communities as "tainted" - by rape or having children with militia members - and were viewed as "impure", damaging their marriage prospects. 
 
 "Because of these stigma issues many women choose to 'self-demobilize' and slip back into a community quietly... Not having had access to the money, training and benefits of DDR may make these women more vulnerable to poverty and [present] difficulties in trying to survive," she said. 
 
 "The reluctance of international aid agencies, the UN, the World Bank, and other international organizations to name female soldiers as soldiers rather than 'females associated with the war', 'dependents' or 'camp followers', ignores and depoliticizes their roles during the conflict," MacKenzie said. 
 
 The Nepal experience 
 
 The UNFPA report, marking the 10th anniversary of UN Security Council resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, which addresses the equal participation of women in all peace and security issues within conflict and post-conflict states, notes that "the image of women with guns was a new reality in Nepal that challenged the age-old perception of women as subservient members of society" during the country's decade-long Maoist insurgency. 
 
 The role of women was recognized in the 2006 peace agreement and the interim constitution acknowledged women’s rights as fundamental and a "parliamentary resolution was passed to reserve 33 percent of seats for women in all state bodies", the report states. 
 
 It is estimated that women and girls comprised a third of the Maoist forces. 
 
 From her experiences with Maoist ex-combatants in Nepal, Sarah Dalrymple, a conflict and security adviser for Saferworld, said in an internet discussion hosted by UN Women that many women felt empowered in their "male" roles. However, female combatants had also been stigmatized as "violent and sexual" and "reintegrated women have been rejected by women who remained in the community during the conflict". 
 
 Recommendations 
 
 Getting it Right, Doing it Right: Gender and Disarmament, a chapter in the UK Department for International Development’s security sector handbook, makes several recommendations, from utilizing gender expertise in DDR to adequate financing of gender components by UN peacekeeping budgets "not through voluntary contributions alone", and a review of DDR benefits for women. 
 
 The handbook notes: "There are too few trained women peacekeepers, civilian police and experts engaged in DDR processes. Donors should facilitate the establishment of a regionally balanced group of women and gender DDR experts." 
 
 go/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90888</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010080940250551t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 October 2010 (IRIN) - The perception that women are only ever victims of conflict ignores the large numbers of female combatants, which can result in their exclusion from disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Going rural and green</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006301631390484t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - As rural Africa experiences an increasingly moody climate which will erode resilience, drive up hunger and threaten economic growth, it is time countries got serious about development, participants at the seventh African Development Forum in Addis Ababa were told.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - Rural Africa needs to wake up to climate change, which is threatening food security, people’s resilience to cope with natural disasters, and economic growth, participants were told at the Seventh African Development Forum which ends in Addis Ababa today. 
 
 Africa’s Rural Futures (RF) programme, an initiative of the African Union’s New Partnership for Development (NEPAD) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), sets out plans to boost rural development, and is an attempt to adapt to the impact of climate change. 
 
 At the same time, organizations such as the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Bank are backing the UN’s Green Economy Initiative, [ http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy ] which is more focused on mitigation. 
 
 In his address, Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, NEPAD’s chief executive officer, called RF a “new way of thinking about development”. 
 
 But is it new? At a policy level, Lindiwe Sibanda, head of the Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network, a think-tank [ http://www.fanrpan.org/ ] explained: “Well, what they are talking about is integrated rural development with agriculture as the driver. It will get all the ministries to look at their sectors with a rural lens. It moves beyond the sectoral approach.” 
 
 This would do agriculture in Africa some good, she hoped. “Development of agriculture has suffered because of the sectoral approach.” Departments of transport, infrastructure and agriculture have not worked in consort in many countries, affecting food production and supply. 
 
 In a bid to revive their failing rural economies, some developed  countries have been running RF programmes for some years. WWF, which has been involved in some of these programmes, had been looking at an initiative to improve rural livelihoods with a link to improving biodiversity in Africa, when they found NEPAD. 
 
 Urbanization 
 
 The RF programme is guided by the fact that 60 percent of the population in Africa is rural, though UN projections indicate that the number of urban dwellers is likely to treble over the next four decades. 
 
 “Urbanization is a part of the natural evolution of a society, but what conditions will these new urban dwellers live in - slums?” asked Estherine Lesinge-Fotabong, NEPAD’s programme implantation head. 
 
 By providing new impetus to agriculture, the RF programme also hopes to create jobs, absorb the growing population, and tackle food security and gender empowerment. Most subsistence farmers in Africa are women. 
 
 Fine-tuning 
 
 RF was launched at the Forum, but is still being fine-tuned and currently at a “strategic document stage”. It envisages a two-year period of consultation with countries and civil society across Africa. 
 
 RF talks about developing linkages between local and regional markets, but stops short of any connections to industry. “That is its shortcoming, but the programme is still evolving,” said Mersie Ejigu, head of the Partnership for African Environmental Sustainability, an international NGO. [ http://www.paes.org/about/mstatement.htm ] 
 
 Ejigu, a development economist and former minister of development and planning in the Ethiopian cabinet, added: “I am not saying we need to have big investments in massive agro-based industries. It could be small-scale, home-based industries but when you are looking beyond agriculture and adding value, you have to look at processing the primary product.” 
 
 Donor-dependent 
 
 But money, and especially donors, decide the future of any programme in Africa, said Mamadou Cissokho, honorary president of the Network of West African Farmer and Producer Organizations. “African countries need to bring their own money to the table - then only will they be able in a position to decide what development path or programmes they want to implement.” 
 
 This concern was also voiced by WWF’s Gabriella Richardson-Temm: “We are happy with the way this is shaping up and that Africa wants to design their own programme - but then donors, who bring in the funds, come with their own sets of conditions.” 
 
 RF could also be one of the components of the UN’s Green Economy Initiative, which is assisting governments to “green” their economies by reshaping policies to ensure growth on the basis of non-fossil fuel-based energy, backed by sustainable agriculture (with the help of investments in clean technology and public transport that runs on renewable energy). It also focuses on greening other sectors such as waste management and water services. 
 
 “You don’t want us to grow,” said a participant when UNEP’s Achim Steiner spelt out the initiative. Coal is still the cheapest source of energy in developing countries. Another said: “But Africa is already green - most of our people use biomass to produce energy.” 
 
 But you need money to access these alternative green technologies, pointed out Moussa Ould Hwedna, a technical adviser to Mauritania’s Ministry of Water and Sanitation. “Ours is a dry country and we need solar power to pump water from underground and the cost of solar energy is prohibitive.” 
 
 “We would like to adopt these technologies but developed countries should look at making it cheaper for us,” he added. 
 
 This is one of the issues at the UN climate change talks, the next round of which will take place in Mexico later this year. 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90786</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006301631390484t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - As rural Africa experiences an increasingly moody climate which will erode resilience, drive up hunger and threaten economic growth, it is time countries got serious about development, participants at the seventh African Development Forum in Addis Ababa were told.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
