<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Sierra Leone</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 23 Mar 2013 11:30:50 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Children break rocks to pay for school in Sierra Leone</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303051223520371t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.

Child labour is nothing new in Sierra Leone, but the brutal job of breaking stones with a hammer for hours on end in the baking heat has raised particular concern. Even for adults, the work is extremely tough, and injuries are common.

The rock-breakers are paid for finished gravel, or aggregate - sold at 5,000 leones (about US$1) per large plastic tub - but sales are sporadic and unpredictable.

Education and child labour are often closely entwined in Sierra Leone, where schooling can impose a severe financial strain. Although primary education is nominally free, parents must pay for uniforms, books, pens, transport and in some cases contributions to teachers’ salaries. To send their children to school, therefore, many parents must also send them to work.

In 2007 Foday Mansaray, a former mobile-phone salesman, set up a completely free school in the village of Adonkia, a few kilometres outside the capital Freetown, in a bid to get children out of the quarries.

The severely under-funded Borbor Pain Charity School of Hope currently has 380 students, all of whom have worked as stone-breakers, but Mansaray estimates there are up to 3,000 more children engaged in the practice throughout the country.

However, such is the level of poverty among many local families that despite paying nothing for their education most of the school’s children still have to work, and will often have to continue to do so once they move on to more senior schools.

Sierra Leone’s economy grew by over 20 percent last year, fuelled by the resumption of iron-ore mining, but the mineral boom has yet to be felt by most Sierra Leoneans.

View slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Slideshow/83/Children-break-rocks-to-pay-for-school-in-Sierra-Leone ]

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97669/SLIDESHOW-Children-break-rocks-to-pay-for-school-in-Sierra-Leone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303051223520371t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Sand-mining threatens homes and livelihoods in Sierra Leone</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302011139450517t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Round-the-clock sand-mining on beaches within a few kilometres of Sierra Leone’s capital Freetown is having a devastating effect on the coastline, destroying property, and damaging the area’s hopes of a tourism revival.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Round-the-clock sand-mining on beaches within a few kilometres of Sierra Leone’s capital Freetown is having a devastating effect on the coastline, destroying property, and damaging the area’s hopes of a tourism revival.

Kolleh Bangura, the director of Sierra Leone’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is concerned about the rate of sand-removal from the beaches. “It is getting worse,” he told IRIN, explaining that until sand-mining began the rate of coastal erosion was around one metre per year. “Now it is up to six metres [in certain places].”

“When they take sand from one part of the beach it upsets the balance, and triggers a direct hit on the coast,” he said.

In the village of Lakka whole stretches of coastline are littered with the remains of buildings whose foundations have been washed from underneath them as a result of sand-mining. Many coastal residents can only watch as the coastline draws ever-nearer to their homes.

Balu Kargbo lives just a few feet away from a cliff of loose sand at the edge of Hamilton Beach, 8 km from Freetown. She is very concerned about the threat to her home but, like her neighbours, she cannot afford to move. “The beach is getting shorter all the time,” she says.

Further down the beach an orphanage run by the NGO OrphFund is being forced to relocate. “We went away for a month in May 2011,” said Kat Cacavas, a volunteer worker at the orphanage, “and when we got back our fence had disappeared.”

Since then, the cliff has receded another five metres. If the erosion continues at the same rate, the building is unlikely to last more than two years.

Tourism

“Sand-mining is a calamity for the tourism industry,” said the EPA’s Bangura. “Anywhere in the world, sand is the resource of tourism, but now our beaches are being degraded.”

Eimer Peters is the community development coordinator of Tribewanted, an eco-tourism project on nearby John Obey beach. As well as employing over 20 people, Tribewanted has built toilets and a well, and paid ‘goodwill’ money to the community, which is used, among other projects, to pay teachers’ salaries at the local school.

But there are concerns that the sand-mining is jeopardizing the village’s hopes of attracting tourists. The deep rumble of the trucks can be clearly heard through the night while new rocks have appeared on the beach as the sand is stripped away.

The neighbouring village of Bureh has long been a magnet for Freetown residents looking to take a break from the city. Consequently, a decision was taken not to mine sand there. But the effects of sand-removal from nearby John Obey have had a dramatic effect on the beach at Bureh - already fewer visitors are coming from Freetown, said Peters. “The sea turtles didn’t come either this year,” she added.

No other jobs

The miners themselves acknowledge that sand-mining is not a sustainable enterprise. “In time they need to ban it, as we want to bring tourism here,” said Abu Bakarr, as he heaped sand onto one of about 40 waiting trucks parked on Hamilton Beach. “But we need sand-mining to sustain our lives… The government needs to give us jobs. If there are no jobs the youths will mine the sand.”

More than 60 percent of Sierra Leonean youth is unemployed, the country’s National Youth Commission said in a recent report.

The miners point out that many infrastructure projects which contributed to the recent re-election of President Ernest Bai Koroma are dependent on the supply of sand. “Without sand-mining there is no building,” said Samba Jalloh, a truck driver.

Bangura noted the relationship between development and sand-mining. “The moment we started developing, we began to lose our sand,” he told IRIN. Ten years after the end of the civil-war, construction is booming in Sierra Leone.

According to the EPA, sand-mining is currently supposed to be banned on all beaches apart from John Obey. But the ban is flouted openly and on a massive scale. Even if a local ban is enforced, the mining simply goes ahead after dark. “The police work 9am-5pm, so most of the mining now happens at night,” said Bangura.

Obstacles

Vested interests are hampering efforts to address the issue: Miners need the work, local chiefs are said to be getting rich taxing the sand, and construction companies need a steady supply to continue their work.

The problem is further complicated by confusion over who has final authority over regulating sand-mining. The Local Government Act, introduced in 2004, devolved control over natural resources to local councils, so the EPA feels powerless. “We want an outright ban,” said Bangura, “but the council says if there is a ban it will provoke war.”

He sees providing alternative employment as the key to stopping sand-mining. Projects are already under way to create more sustainable jobs for young people on the peninsula, but mining pays well, and progress has been slow.

Bangura is hopeful however that, in time, coastal communities will realize the importance of preserving their beaches, and says he is already seeing a shift in perception, as evidence of the destructive effects of the mining becomes palpable. “Now that people can see the impact, the pressure is starting to come from local communities, not just agencies like before,” he said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97394/Sand-mining-threatens-homes-and-livelihoods-in-Sierra-Leone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302011139450517t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Round-the-clock sand-mining on beaches within a few kilometres of Sierra Leone’s capital Freetown is having a devastating effect on the coastline, destroying property, and damaging the area’s hopes of a tourism revival.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Call for targeted investments in cholera-prone areas</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.

The call comes as NGOs, donors, and governments study lessons learned [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97157/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-lessons-learned ] from one of the severest cholera outbreaks in years - a Guinea-Sierra Leone cross-border epidemic which broke out in coastal areas, where there is no access to clean water, then exploded in the capitals.

“Governments in this region and donors want to find long-term solutions,” said Christophe Valingot, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) specialist with European Union aid body ECHO. “The identification of risk zones allows us to say, OK, we’ve got to invest here if we want to have an impact on cholera.”

“It’s clear that these zones are at a huge disadvantage when it comes to access to water and sanitation. This mapping directly flags the gaps in water and sanitation development.”

Research has shown that over the past decade Kambia District in Sierra Leone and Forécariah District in Guinea, have repeatedly been areas where cholera exploded, according to NGO Action Against Hunger (ACF), which has done mapping, prevention, and response work in the two countries.

“Cholera is not just an emergency and humanitarian issue,” said Jessica Dunoyer, an ACF cholera expert who worked in the two countries during the latest epidemic. “It is an issue for the development community.” With respect to water access, she said that given the Millennium Development Goal [ http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2012/English2012.pdf ] (full report) of halving the number of people lacking access to safe water, there is often an emphasis on the number of people covered, while considerations such as an area being a cholera hotbed may not sufficiently guide selection.

ECHO’s Valingot said while water and sanitation access is a problem across many regions, it is important to pay attention to those areas where cholera regularly erupts. “We’re not saying to put all funds here - but we say putting money into these cholera hotbeds will not only improve water and sanitation for that particular population but will help reduce cholera for the entire country.”

Prevention of epidemic disease is always a consideration in water development projects, said Phil Evans, head of the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) [
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/where-we-work/africa-west--central/sierra-leone/ ] for Liberia and Sierra Leone.

He said that the latest outbreak has seen NGOs, donors, and government health officials in Sierra Leone looking more closely at how to better target long-term water and sanitation work.

“If you’re in a part of the world like this where cholera is endemic and you’re able to identify in some kind of consistent way a pattern of where outbreaks tend to arise, then obviously it makes sense to make sure in the work you’re doing - in WASH education - that you cover those areas and cover them adequately.”

"What cholera shows are failures across a whole range of issues - water provision but also environmental health issues more broadly, sanitation, and preparedness on the part of the health services.”

Kambia’s water woes

Tom Sesay, district medical officer in Kambia, Sierra Leone, said investment in water infrastructure in known cholera zones would probably have a significant impact. He called the water access situation in Kambia “a very serious problem”.

He spoke with IRIN in December 2012 just after returning from a small community he visited after reports of diarrhoea. “To be honest with you the water they use for drinking is terrible. You can believe it only when you see it. It is so turbid, so dark,” he said, noting that the water is from stagnant ponds. “I asked the residents, ‘Do you actually drink this water?’ They said that is the only water they have.”

The only water sources for coastal and estuary communities in Kambia are traditional wells or rainwater. Residents often travel to communities farther inland to collect water.

Only half of Sierra Leone’s population has access to clean water and improved sanitation, and improving WASH conditions in informal settlements is particularly challenging, said Evans.

Development donors and NGOs are watching closely as the newly elected government  in Sierra Leone finalizes its development plan, he added [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96494/SIERRA-LEONE-Bracing-for-a-watershed-election ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97338/Call-for-targeted-investments-in-cholera-prone-areas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Cholera in West Africa - lessons learned</title><pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.

That’s part of the message from donors, aid workers and health officials after the most serious cholera outbreak in years that infected some 30,000 people and killed 400 others in the two countries - mostly in Sierra Leone. They say there should be better preparations for cholera, based on lessons learned and on a strategy in Guinea that was put to the test in 2012.

Since 2009 the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Action Against Hunger (ACF), the Guinean government, the European Union aid body ECHO, and the US Agency for International development (USAID) have taken steps to prepare for an outbreak - including setting up community detection sites, public information campaigns and drills.

“Cholera thrives on disorganization,” said Christophe Valingot, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) specialist with ECHO. “Cholera spreads very rapidly - it can go from 30 cases to several hundred cases per week in a very short period. When there is little to no preparation, we’ve lost the chance to avoid all those infections.”

But preparation is hardly a motivator for governments and donors. “We had a very difficult time justifying funds for this preparation work in Guinea,” Valingot said. 

Strategies needed

Data from the past decade in West Africa show that a country can go several years with few to no cases of cholera then be hit with thousands of cases. “Donors, NGOs, and governments go all-out during a serious epidemic then it’s as if that all disappears completely with a couple of calmer periods,” Valingot said. “What this means in the end is meagre progress against cholera.”

Health workers said UNICEF’s strategy proved effective in Guinea this year and ECHO and UNICEF are looking to replicate it across the region.

So why did Guinea still see some 7,300 cases? For one, the strain [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97068/GUINEA-New-cholera-strain-poses-prevention-challenges ] found in the region is far more virulent than past strains, said François Bellet, WASH specialist with UNICEF’s West and Central Africa regional office.

“Of course we can’t possibly know what the situation would have been in Guinea in the absence of this strategy,” he told IRIN. “But given the virulence of this strain we might well have avoided a Zimbabwe 2008-09.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/84562/ZIMBABWE-Cholera-is-not-going-away-anytime-soon ] In that period cholera infected some 100,000 people in Zimbabwe and killed more than 4,000.

As of mid-December Sierra Leone had 22,345 cases and 286 deaths in a population of 5.6 million; Guinea, whose population is nearly double that, registered 7,321 cases and 121 deaths.

GPS

WASH and health experts say the use of GPS in Guinea’s capital Conakry was critical. Plotting clusters of cholera cases on a map helps health workers better target WASH activities. GPS also facilitates follow-up visits to identify high-risk practices that accelerate the disease’s spread. Mapping and GPS were not systematically used in Sierra Leone, say UNICEF and ACF.

Bellet said the sentinel sites in Guinea were vital because they facilitated rapid health, water, and sanitation responses. The first cases of cholera in Guinea, in February, were detected and signalled at these community sites by people trained as part of the preparedness strategy. One of these community members contacted health officials, saying: “That thing has come back.”

“They knew it was cholera before any biological tests,” Bellet said. 

They also knew it was more aggressive than usual. One traditional leader in the Guinean seaside village of Kaback told UNICEF he had witnessed six major epidemics but had never seen such a virulent illness. For Bellet this underscores the importance of community engagement and local wisdom.

At an 11 December meeting of ECHO, UNICEF, and ACF to recap this year’s outbreak and response, one recommendation was to create sentinel sites in Sierra Leone. Participants also noted the importance of maintaining the sites in Guinea, where state funding is lacking and trained workers often move on.

Safe water, proper sanitation

While preparation and hygiene education must be a year-round affair, above all what needs to be constant is the availability of safe water and proper sanitation. Only in Africa - and primarily West Africa - are cholera cases on the rise each year. This correlates to the poor progress on water and sanitation infrastructure, ECHO’s Valingot said. 

“Cholera is a disease signalling loud and clear that something’s wrong,” he said. “If there is a high rate of cholera, this likely means there are a lot of children dying of other diarrhoeal diseases. Vibrio cholerae is not constantly present - often it is brought in. And if there are no barriers - proper sanitation, safe water - it explodes.”

Epidemiologist Stanislas Rebaudet, who analysed the cholera strain found in Guinea, says the fact that it was probably imported and not present in the environment sends an important message: the disease is not inevitable and it pays to put up those barriers.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97157/Cholera-in-West-Africa-lessons-learned</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: New cholera strain poses prevention challenges</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.

The new strains secrete a toxin severer than usual strains, creating a more virulent illness - with harsher symptoms and a higher infection rate, according to cholera experts in the region.

The same types of strain are believed to be in Sierra Leone, where cholera affected 22,345 people this year: the bacteria are thought to have come to Guinea from Sierra Leone. For now, genetic sequencing has been done only on samples from Guinea; analysis of Sierra Leone samples is under way.

“This discovery of a cholera strain atypical El Tor is worrying, as it confirms the advance of strains that are more severe and more contagious,” said Stanislas Rebaudet, an epidemiologist at the university hospital of Marseilles, France, where the vibrio cholerae strain found in Guinea has been analysed with the support of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). “This demands stronger prevention and response efforts.”

Africa - West Africa in particular - is the only region of the world where cholera cases are steadily increasing.

Cholera experts say the strain isolated in Guinea was most likely recently imported, and not lying dormant in the environment. “This tells us then that cholera is not an inevitability in this region,” he told IRIN. He noted that this year’s situation in Sierra Leone and neighbouring Guinea demonstrates the importance of cross-border collaboration.

Scientists are continuing their analyses in a bid to identify the source of the strain, epidemiologist Rebaudet says.

This type of strain was present in Zimbabwe in 2009, in the Lake Chad Basin in 2009, and is found in Haiti currently.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97068/GUINEA-New-cholera-strain-poses-prevention-challenges</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: The political battle on FGM/C</title><pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212171415100075t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Campaigns to lower the rate of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Sierra Leone are having some impact, but efforts to ban the practice have failed thus far, and despite a push to communicate its health risks, many still believe FGM/C promotes good health and hygiene.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Campaigns to lower the rate of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Sierra Leone are having some impact, but efforts to ban the practice have failed thus far, and despite a push to communicate its health risks, many still believe FGM/C promotes good health and hygiene.

A bill outlawing FGM/C was withdrawn at the last minute in June 2007 - and has not been reintroduced.

Politically, it is difficult to ban FGM/C in a country in which over 60 percent of women of voting age have undergone the practice, says renowned local anti-FGM/C campaigner Olayinka Koso-Thomas.

In the absence of a law in October 2012, eight of the country’s 14 districts signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) criminalizing FGM/C among children - Western Area Rural, Western Area Urban, Bo, Kambia, Port Loko, Pujehun, Bonthe and Kailahun.

But despite this MOU, the practice continues in many of these districts. This is partly due to the strength of `soweis’ - the heads of secret societies that girls enter upon undergoing FGM/C - who depend on performing FMG/C for their livelihoods, sometimes earning as much as US$200 per child.

If they stopped performing FMG/C their incomes would dry up, they told IRIN.

Many `soweis’ have enormous influence in their communities, and the secret societies to which they belong (Bondo Societies) are intact, with a respected hierarchy.

It is also quite common to see masked women (commonly called “Bondo devils”) in their traditional red and white, at political rallies and/or dancing for the president, a political party or a candidate. This indicates that secret societies are still a force to be reckoned with, and something political parties tamper with at their peril.

“It would be suicidal to call for an immediate ban on FGM/C,” according to campaigner Olayinka Koso-Thomas.

While the new government hails the MOU as a milestone achievement, critics argue that it has not achieved much.

Ethnic groups like the Soso perform FGM/C on the girl child 40 days after birth, says Koso-Thomas. To enforce the MOU everywhere would be very difficult considering the high illiteracy rate in Sierra Leone.

“The issue of FGM/C is sensitive. If those advocating against FGM/C win, we will join them later. But if they lose, we will support our people. We cannot afford to lose our ballots because of putting a ban on FGM/C of the girl child,” said a leading politician from the ruling All People’s Congress party.

Even top politicians, it seems, are wary: “Let the people in civil society deal with this issue of FGM/C,” President Ernest Bai Koroma said in a November press conference.

Impact of health campaigns

Civil society focuses on the health risks of FGM/C, with efforts made to raise awareness of the practice in terms of maternal health, HIV/AIDS, and obstetric fistula.

FGM/C is a procedure that involves partial clitoridectomy or total removal (labiadectony) of the external female genitalia. Excessive bleeding, septic shock, difficulty in passing urine and infections are not uncommon immediate results of the procedure.

According to a World Health Organization (WHO) study [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2011/WHO_RHR_11.18_eng.pdf ], some 40 percent of women who have undergone FGM/C in Sierra Leone are likely to see their babies die.

At Aberdeen Women’s Centre in Freetown, where treatment of fistula is free, 70 percent of women who attend for fistula treatment have undergone FGM/C.

Olayinka Koso-Thomas has been campaigning against the practice for nearly three decades. Her book entitled “Circumcision of Women: A Strategy for Eradication of Female Genital Mutilation in Sierra Leone”, was banned in 1987. “I’m not afraid to speak out against the practice… I believe it’s wrong. It’s a tradition that is… a devastating health hazard for these women,” she said.

But many women - particularly in rural areas - think FGM/C has health and hygiene benefits, say campaigners.

In 2005, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported that 94 percent of women in Sierra Leone had undergone FGM/C. Five years later, the rate had dropped to 84 percent.  Clearly, the campaign against FGM/C by international, national and community-based organizations, as well as donors and partners, has had an impact [ http://reliefweb.int/report/sierra-leone/sierra-leone-multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-2010-final-report ].

In the past four years, local NGO AMNet has brought community, district and national stakeholders [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83947/SIERRA-LEONE-Chiefs-ban-genital-cutting-for-girls-under-18 ] together to try to break the communications gap between young and old on the issue.

It uses group work, simulations, games, and theatre, among other techniques, to encourage group and individual pledges by the community to bring an end to FGM/C.

“Focusing on FGM/C will enable girls to make informed consent choices and allow them to at least receive a high school education. Our strategy is that in the long run, girls will be fully knowledgeable on the effects of FGM/C, and may be able to resist pressure to become a member of a Bondo Society,” said Hawa Samai, AMNet’s national coordinator.

Sierra Leone’s high rates of teenage pregnancy and school drop-out are also linked to Bondo Societies, as once initiated many girls are considered ready for marriage.

Meanwhile, “UNFPA [the UN Population Fund] is supporting the Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs and the Human Rights Commission in Sierra Leone to take a rights-based approach to their campaigning, by educating communities and FGM/C practitioners on the abusive nature of the practice, said Ratidzai Ndhlovu, UNFPA representative in Sierra Leone.

Sierra Leone’s 2007 child rights law forbids any practice that "dehumanizes or is injurious to the physical and mental welfare of a child".

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97066/SIERRA-LEONE-The-political-battle-on-FGM-C</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212171415100075t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Campaigns to lower the rate of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in Sierra Leone are having some impact, but efforts to ban the practice have failed thus far, and despite a push to communicate its health risks, many still believe FGM/C promotes good health and hygiene.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Diamonds lure children out of school</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211121648580284t.jpg" />]]>KOIDU 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s diamonds fuelled the 1991-2002 civil war, and are now boosting economic growth, but at the same time they are keeping thousands of children out of school.</description><body><![CDATA[KOIDU 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s diamonds fuelled the 1991-2002 civil war, and are now boosting economic growth, but at the same time they are keeping thousands of children out of school.

At a mine resembling a lunar landscape outside Koidu town in Kono Region - the diamond mining heartland in northeastern Sierra Leone - thousands of young men dig and shovel gravel in search of the precious stone.

“I had to support my family so I dropped out of school. When I could not find a job in my home town I came here,” said 21-year-old Mumuni Diallo, who arrived in the mining fields when he was 17.

“I am very tired. I have been digging this pit for months, but so far I have found nothing. Still, in mining, every day is a new possibility,” said Diallo, explaining that he was lured by tales of people striking riches.

About 70 percent of Sierra Leone’s youth are unemployed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96711/SLIDESHOW-Youth-unemployment-a-threat-to-Sierra-Leone-s-security ].

Twenty-year-old Alhadji Gborie, who left his home town of Lungi near the capital Freetown for the mining fields, blames the government for failing to provide jobs.

“There is too much talk from the president. Let him come here and work for a day to see how it is,” said Gborie, standing in a thigh-deep, muddy water hole.

On 17 November Sierra Leoneans re-elected President Ernest Bai Koroma for a second term of office, helped by the fact that the country has seen extensive infrastructure improvement and economic growth in the past five years.

Driven by exports of gold, diamonds and iron ore, the country’s economy will grow by up to 21.3 percent this year, according to the International Monetary Fund, but this wealth has yet to filter down to most ordinary Sierra Leoneans.

“In many families, children are becoming the breadwinners,” Esate Konteh, from a local NGO in Kono Region, told IRIN. “When the civil war ended in 2002, many families had lost one or two parents. Some of them had their limbs amputated and could not work or were not eligible for employment.”

Children are paid 10,000-20,000 leones (US$3-6) a day and 40,000 leones if they find diamonds. In Kenema, to the east of the capital, and Koidu around 3,000 children are estimated to be working in the mines, but there are no official figures and the number might be much higher, Konteh said.

Youths work either in mines, open pits or riverbeds.

Marginalized youth

“If you work in the pit you don’t go to school. These youth have been marginalized in society from a very young age. Some of the boys were forced to take up arms during the civil war. When they returned home they were met by burnt down houses. Some of them have lost all their family members… This makes it even harder for them to find work and almost none of them returned to school,” said Denis Lansana of local NGO Network Movement for Justice and Development.

Youth training programmes funded by the World Bank and the International Red Cross have only been partially successful, he added.

“With no skills and no other possibility to find work, the mine is an easy way to get rich,” said Lansana, adding: “Diamond mining is just more attractive and lucrative than woodwork or farming. The children enrolled in classes ended up selling their textbooks before returning to the pit.”

“Our aim is that no children should work in the pits. However, this is hard to control as we have no means to follow up on the [government] ban [on children working in mines],” said Sahr Tamba, a director at the Ministry of Mines.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96982/SIERRA-LEONE-Diamonds-lure-children-out-of-school</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211121648580284t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KOIDU 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s diamonds fuelled the 1991-2002 civil war, and are now boosting economic growth, but at the same time they are keeping thousands of children out of school.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Illegal fishing hits fish stocks, livelihoods in Sierra Leone</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212040959070941t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Fishing communities in Sierra Leone have been hit hard by illegal and unregulated fishing off the West African coast. Unsustainable local fishing practices and the activities of foreign trawlers engaged in so-called “pirate fishing” have led to a significant decline in fish stocks in Sierra Leone, environmental groups and local officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Fishing communities in Sierra Leone have been hit hard by illegal and unregulated fishing off the West African coast. Unsustainable local fishing practices and the activities of foreign trawlers engaged in so-called “pirate fishing” have led to a significant decline in fish stocks in Sierra Leone, environmental groups and local officials say.

Despite a recent clamp-down on illegal fishing, local fishermen say their catches have been reduced drastically since the onset of the country’s 11-year civil war which ended in 2002. Samuel Bangura, the harbour master at Tombo fishing village on the Freetown peninsula, voiced concern over the current state of fishing in Sierra Leone.

“Boats are having to go further and further out to catch fish… In the 1980s we used to just take five gallons of fuel, now we take up to 40 gallons, and sometimes the boats don’t come back until past midnight.”

A recent drive by UK-based Environmental Justice Foundation and other organizations to combat pirate fishing in Sierra Leone has had some success. “Before, pirate fishing was rampant, but now most of the vessels have left the inshore exclusion zone,” said Victor Kargbo, head of the country’s Fisheries Protection Unit.

But local fishermen also complain of unsustainable fishing methods used by fellow artisanal fishermen. These include the use of dynamite and illegal “draw-chain” fishing with fine-meshed nets, a practice said to devastate juvenile fish populations.

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View slideshow [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Slideshow/75/Sierra-Leone-Illegal-fishing-hits-fish-stocks-livelihoods ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96980/SLIDESHOW-Illegal-fishing-hits-fish-stocks-livelihoods-in-Sierra-Leone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212040959070941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Fishing communities in Sierra Leone have been hit hard by illegal and unregulated fishing off the West African coast. Unsustainable local fishing practices and the activities of foreign trawlers engaged in so-called “pirate fishing” have led to a significant decline in fish stocks in Sierra Leone, environmental groups and local officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Shifting tide on abortion law</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200903065t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 27 November 2012 (IRIN) - The new government is responding positively to health workers and youth groups who have long called for a change in the 1861 law banning abortion except in exceptional circumstances.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 27 November 2012 (IRIN) - The new government is responding positively to health workers and youth groups who have long called for a change in the 1861 law banning abortion except in exceptional circumstances. 

A draft law which would make abortion legal under certain conditions, is currently waiting to be passed by parliament following the 17 November elections, according to Sas Kargbo, director of Reproductive Health at the Health Ministry.

“The present laws are outdated and violate the rights of the women of Sierra Leone,” said Al Saccoh, coordinator of a youth network called the National Youth Coalition of Sierra Leone, adding that the current law contradicts international covenants on human rights that Sierra Leone has signed since 1861.

Campaigners say the unavailability of cheap and safe abortions is leading to severe health risks for women and girls and pushing up the maternal mortality rate.

Brima Kamara, advocacy manager at the Planned Parenthood Association of Sierra Leone, told IRIN: “Because there is no legal framework that gives women the right to choice governing abortion, the present law is killing women.”

Sierra Leone has one of the world’s highest maternal mortality rates: 890 women die for every 100,000 live births. 

It is not clear how many women seek abortions in Sierra Leone each year as so many of them do so clandestinely, but reproductive rights NGO Marie Stopes International estimates at least 40,000 women and girls in Sierra Leone had abortions in 2011. 

According to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), some 250,000 children across the globe lose their mothers to abortion-related deaths.

Quacks

The problem is most women seeking an abortion will turn to uncertified doctors or quacks who perform cheap abortions, as few can afford the SL 200,000 (US$46) fee that a certified doctor would charge.

Methods used by quacks include giving women detergent to swallow, administering high doses of aspirin or antibiotics, or using native roots and herbs, according to Williamson Taylor, a gynaecologist at the Princess Christian maternity hospital in the capital, Freetown.

Taylor said he often tends to patients who have undergone botched abortions. Most of them arrive in a state of severe pain, or have heavy bleeding, or may have infections linked to perforations of the uterus, intestines or abdominal cavity.

“I have performed many surgical operations due to abortion complications in young girls,” he told IRIN. “Cassava sticks and other objects that they use to abort a pregnancy are a very crude method and usually perforate the womb or the intestines.”

Betty Ranney, a gynaecologist at the Médecins Sans Frontières-run Emergency Unit Hospital in Bo [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96847/SIERRA-LEONE-Slashing-the-maternal-mortality-rate-in-Bo ], in south-central Sierra Leone, told IRIN: “In the most severe cases the womb has to be removed altogether, to save the young girls’ lives.” 

Some 4-10 percent of women who have a medical abortion will need to have a surgical procedure following it, to remove the remaining tissue, said Sarah Koroma, delivery manager at the Planned Parenthood Association clinic at West Street in Freetown. Uncertified doctors lack the training or equipment to do this.

But it is hard to find certified doctors who are willing to perform the procedure - many fear legal redress. "The present law does not favour us as qualified doctors. As such, there is constant fear. I perform abortion for humanitarian purposes where the life of the girl or woman is at dire risk. It’s important that the present law is reformed to create accessibility to abortion services as a right, without fear,” Taylor told IRIN.

Most cases require consent from the partner of the woman, or in the case of a minor, her parents, which puts off many would-be patients. 

Reproductive health agencies will also perform abortions if the pregnancy is seen to put the life of the patient at risk. A nurse at one practice told IRIN: “It’s not yet legal, so we do it within the parameters of the present law.”

Pressure mounting

But pressure among many sections of society is mounting for a change in the law. Many doctors who have experienced first-hand the implications of unsafe abortions support a new law. “We have to give people choice. Sex is an unavoidable thing so we must make it safe for people who want to have an abortion in a country like Sierra Leone,” said Taylor.

Ex-Minister of Health and Sanitation Zainab Hawa Bangura would not be pinned down, but told IRIN: “Improvements in laws and policies, and a more responsive approach to the reproductive health needs of women is needed in Sierra Leone.”

In a recent county-wide Ministry of Health-led survey of health workers and legal professionals on attitudes to abortion, most respondents favoured a review of the law, calling for the government to liberalize abortion as part of its commitment to reduce maternal mortality rates. 

However, many religious leaders are not in favour, and see imminent change as destroying the moral fabric of Sierra Leonean society. A group of Islamic clerics recently came forward to announce they would accept abortion if it took place within the first four months of pregnancy and if the mother’s life was in danger.

Family planning

Legalizing abortion, however, is just one step in a much more complicated puzzle, say campaigners and health workers. 

Access to family planning services remains very poor for youths, especially girls and women.

Sierra Leone has high teenage pregnancy rates [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83356/SIERRA-LEONE-Pregnancy-automatic-dismissal-for-male-and-female-students ] due to poor education standards for girls; initiation rites into secret societies which make even young girls eligible for marriage; high levels of sexual violence; low access to contraception; and low awareness of family planning methods, according to reproductive rights agencies. 

A number of agencies (including UNFPA, Marie Stopes, Planned Parenthood, and the UK Department for International Development) are trying to boost access to quality family planning services for Sierra Leoneans of all ages, across the country. UNFPA launched a family planning campaign in July 2012. 

But while attitudes towards family planning are shifting, particularly among urban women, say health workers, they will not change their behaviour unless access to services becomes much more readily available. Too often health clinics remain under-stocked, particularly in rural areas. 

“The use of contraceptives must be pushed aggressively in Sierra Leone to help reduce the huge number of young girls seeking abortions in secret,” concluded Taylor. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96907/SIERRA-LEONE-Shifting-tide-on-abortion-law</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200903065t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 27 November 2012 (IRIN) - The new government is responding positively to health workers and youth groups who have long called for a change in the 1861 law banning abortion except in exceptional circumstances.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Slashing the maternal mortality rate in Bo</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211201517020471t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN/DAKAR 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - In Bo, central Sierra Leone, maternal mortality rates have dropped 61 percent since 1990 thanks to cost-free 24/7 emergency obstetric care and an efficient ambulance service and referral system.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN/DAKAR 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - In Bo, central Sierra Leone, maternal mortality rates have dropped 61 percent since 1990 thanks to cost-free 24/7 emergency obstetric care and an efficient ambulance service and referral system.

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), which runs the hospital and ambulance service, is confident Bo will meet the fifth Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal mortality rates by 75 percent by 2015. 

With 890 women dying per 100,000 live births, Sierra Leone has the world’s fourth-highest maternal mortality rate, but in Bo this rate has dropped to 351 women dying per 100,000. 

The hospital provides [ http://www.msf.org.uk/UploadedFiles/MSF_Safe_Delivery_201211190625.pdf ] a comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal package, including antibiotics, ocytocic drugs to induce labour, anticonvulsants, manual removal of the placenta, removal of tissue following abortion, assisted delivery, surgery such as Caesarean section, newborn care, safe blood transfusion and care for sick and low-birth-weight newborns. 

According to MSF, across the world, in every country and every population group, some 15 percent of pregnant women develop complications that are potentially life-threatening. 

The most common causes of maternal death are haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour.

“Access [to emergency services] is really important,” said MSF head in Sierra Leone Jose Hulsenbeck. “If we just had the obstetric care without ambulances, the numbers may have been very different.”

MSF originally set up in Bo, working with Liberian refugees and Sierra Leonean returnees at Gondama camp, just outside of town.

What about midwives?

Health workers and aid agencies have stressed the need for better reproductive health care at the local health clinic level, including better support to train qualified midwives [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/docs/investing_in_midwives.pdf ]. Even with an ambulance, some remote areas are unreachable in the rainy season. 

But support to emergency care does not negate the need for more qualified midwives, said Hulsenbeck. 

Without better continual care, providing good emergency services is also complicated, as patient history may be murky, said Liebeth Leysen, head of the project in Bo.

“Yes, you need midwives in clinics. On the other hand a high percentage of women have problems during delivery. If you don’t have that care, even with midwives, you could still have problems saving the life of a woman and her child,” said Hulsenbeck. “It is not one or the other. These should operate parallel to each other.” 

Sustainability

MSF will continue in Bo for years to come, but over the long term, it is up to governments to lead on improving maternal health care, say aid agencies.

The project has cost MSF US$9 million per year since 2008. “For this project to work in other parts of Sierra Leone, there needs to be a lot of awareness-raising of the problem of maternal mortality,” said Leysen.

The government removed user fees for pregnant women and infants, but in this cash-strapped economy, programmes have met with hiccups [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95896/SIERRA-LEONE-Drug-diversions-hamper-free-healthcare ].

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year some 287,000 women die from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Most of them were young, active and healthy. 

Children whose mothers die giving birth to them are 10 times more likely to die prematurely, while - without a mother to care for them - older children in the family are also at increased risk, according to WHO.

Across sub-Saharan Africa maternal mortality rates fell 41 percent between 1990 and 2010, according to the UN Population Fund [ http://africa.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/news/pid/10767 ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96847/SIERRA-LEONE-Slashing-the-maternal-mortality-rate-in-Bo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211201517020471t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN/DAKAR 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - In Bo, central Sierra Leone, maternal mortality rates have dropped 61 percent since 1990 thanks to cost-free 24/7 emergency obstetric care and an efficient ambulance service and referral system.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Opposition cries foul after election</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211211158150715t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Sierra Leone People’s Party, the main opposition party in Sierra Leone, has accused the National Electoral Commission (NEC) of bias in favour of President Koroma’s All People’s Congress (APC) in presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17 November.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Sierra Leone People’s Party, the main opposition party in Sierra Leone, has accused the National Electoral Commission (NEC) of bias in favour of President Koroma’s All People’s Congress (APC) in presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17 November.

Voting was carried out peacefully, and has been commended by observers, but allegations of irregularities have increased tensions as Sierra Leone waits for official results to be released.

“The Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) is dismayed at the extent of the irregularities which have come to light,” said party Secretary-General SulaimanTejan-Sie on 19 November. Addressing reporters in the SLPP headquarters, Tejan-Sie spoke of a “catalogue of malpractices and the apparent unwillingness of the National Electoral Commission to address them”.

SLPP accused the electoral commission of instructing people to vote for the ruling party, saying it has video evidence of the commission “directing voters to vote for specific candidates”.

A pamphlet released by the SLPP also makes accusations of ballot-stuffing, as well as physical assaults on polling agents by state security services. It also accused certain NEC officials of allowing people to vote without voter ID cards.

President Koroma’s APC has long faced such allegations from the rival party. Before the vote SLPP chairman John Oponjo Benjamin told IRIN: “There has been a lot of misuse of incumbency, so we are not going into these elections on a level playing field.”

The SLPP’s pamphlet concluded that the party was “only willing to accept results from an election that is considered credible… These unfortunate incidences not only have the potential to undermine the credibility of the election results but have the tendency to derail our effort to consolidate our hard-earned peace,” it said.

On 20 November there were reports of a skirmish in the eastern town of Kailahun, with AFP news agency reporting that police used teargas to disperse a group of APC supporters celebrating victory based on unofficial results released by the Independent Radio Network. It is seen as crucial that official results are released as soon as possible to end any uncertainty and speculation. The NEC announced on 20 November it had tallied 75 percent of the votes thus far.

NEC spokesman Albert Massaquoi denied allegations of NEC involvement in election malpractices. “It is not our policy to do that,” he told IRIN. “We are aware of some minor malpractices. But the commission is satisfied with the election process so far,” he said.

The election - Sierra Leone’s third since the end of an 11-year civil war - passed off peacefully, and was widely praised by observers. On 18 November UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon congratulated Sierra Leone on its “peaceful and largely orderly elections”, issuing a communiqué stating: “The high voter turnout and the remarkable calm displayed by the country’s citizens as they cast their votes are a clear manifestation of their desire for peace, democracy and development.”

The statement also warned Sierra Leoneans against violence as they wait for the results. “The Secretary-General calls on Sierra Leone's political leaders, parties and their supporters to accept the will of the people and to put their country above any other interests so as not to jeopardize Sierra Leone's hard-won peace.”

EU observers

Richard Howitt, head of the European Union Election Observation Mission in Sierra Leone, told reporters: “The EU preliminary assessment… records that so far in this election, there has been respect for freedom of speech, movement and universal suffrage.”

He also commended the performance of the NEC. “Overall we find that NEC has been independent and has been impartial,” he said.

However, he acknowledged that there were shortcomings in the process, and said that the elections had been conducted on an “uneven playing field”. “Unequal access to resources clearly affected the campaign,” he said, explaining that APC had enjoyed 61 percent of airtime on the state broadcaster the Sierra Leone Broadcasting Corporation, compared to 18 percent for SLPP.

He told reporters that his team had observed at least three cases of vote-buying by the APC, as well as one case of over-voting in Kenema, eastern Sierra Leone. But he clarified that this was an exception, not a trend. “We are asking the hard questions and will report all our findings in an unbiased way,” he told IRIN on 17 November.

The election, which pits President Koroma against former junta leader Julius Maada Bio, is seen as a critical test of Sierra Leone’s recovery 10 years after the end of the civil-war. President Koroma is widely tipped to win a second term in power, on the back of economic growth and extensive infrastructural improvements over the last five years.

If no candidate wins 55 percent of the vote the country will go to the polls again in a run-off next month.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96838/SIERRA-LEONE-Opposition-cries-foul-after-election</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211211158150715t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Sierra Leone People’s Party, the main opposition party in Sierra Leone, has accused the National Electoral Commission (NEC) of bias in favour of President Koroma’s All People’s Congress (APC) in presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17 November.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Breaking out of the cold chain</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.

Before, like almost all vaccines, the Meningitis A vaccine (marketed in Africa as MenAfricVac) was only licensed for use if kept at temperatures of 2-8 degrees Celsius.

The breakthrough follows years of rigorous testing of the effect of heat on the vaccine by the regulator Drugs Controller General of India, Health Canada [ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/index-eng.php ], and the World Health Organization (WHO) Vaccines pre-qualification programme [ http://apps.who.int/prequal/ ].

As a result, very remote populations will access the vaccine more easily, the logistics of vaccine campaigns will be simpler, and vaccine campaign costs will drop both for partners and for national governments, said Michel Zaffran, coordinator of WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) [ http://www.who.int/immunization_delivery/en/ ], and Marie-Pierre Preziosi, director of the meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between international NGO PATH [ http://www.path.org/ ] and WHO.

Costs will not drop significantly immediately, but will diminish as more vaccines are relicensed, says WHO. Cost implication studies are under way in northern Benin and Chad. 

While cold chain limitations do not tend to limit coverage, they do overburden health workers, says WHO. 

Even industrialized country vaccine campaigns have trouble sticking to the cold chain, and each year thousands of vaccines are thrown away due to cold chain failure, even if the vaccine might still have been unaffected, according to WHO. 

“This is a breakthrough,” said Zaffran. “It is the first vaccination ever to be licensed for use in a developing country with the flexibility to take us out of the rigid temperature structure. It is a great simplification of logistics. And it opens the door for other manufacturers to follow suit.”

Why so long?

But the vaccine is nothing new - merely the license has changed following analysis of years of data on the vaccine’s stability - that is, how well it can withstand temperature rises and other conditions.

“The potential for some vaccines to remain safely outside the cold chain for short periods of time has been widely known for over 20 years,” said Zaffran in a recent communiqué. “But this is the first time a vaccine intended for use in Africa has been tested and submitted to regulatory review and approved for this type of use.”

It took decades to get here because agencies got stuck in a mindset, said Zaffran. The EPI was set up in the 1970s to immunize as many children against diseases as quickly as possible, and put in place simple rigid rules to avoid risk: one of which was to keep vaccines cold. “It was quite difficult to move away from this mentality,” said Zaffran.

Regulators and manufacturers are “very conservative in order to protect the population,” said Preziosi. “It took a while for all the documentation to be gathered to convince them to go ahead.” 

Strict controls remain: “This is not a “green light to do anything with a vaccine - it still needs to be kept… at no more than 40 degrees, for any more than four days," stressed Zaffran.

Hepatitis B next?

“The momentum is there. I am quite confident that within the next year or two, we’ll have one or two more re-licensed in this way,” he said.

Analysis on the heat stability of Hepatitis B and HPV [ http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/whatishpv.html ] (human papillomavirus) vaccines is under way; next on the list are yellow fever, rotavirus and pneumococcal disease. 

Even the oral polio vaccine - one of the most heat-sensitive vaccines - was shown to be stable when the cold chain broke down in a part of Chad, according to a recent study though WHO was emphatic that rather than licensing the vaccine it will gradually be phased out as progress towards eradication inches along. 

Meningitis progress

The MenAfricVac, which costs just under 50 US cents per dose, was designed for use in the 26 countries that span the African meningitis belt, from Senegal to Ethiopia. 

Some 100 million people aged 1-29 across 10 countries have been vaccinated thus far; a further 16 countries are planned between now and 2016. 

Early results have been very positive: Burkina Faso [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92985/WEST-AFRICA-Meningitis-cases-dramatically-down ] has had the lowest level of epidemic meningitis in 15 years, and the campaign is achieving “herd immunity” - that is, those either too old or too young to have received the vaccine have also been shown to be clear of the bacteria. 

Meningitis A could be eliminated in the meningitis belt if the mass campaign continues, says Preziosi, and if governments then incorporate it in their routine immunization programmes. 

But more funding beyond the US$160 million from the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ], and contributions from national governments, will be needed to complete the campaign, she warns. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96827/HEALTH-Breaking-out-of-the-cold-chain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Ethnicity trumps policy in upcoming polls</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211151313480095t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 15 November 2012 (IRIN) - Supporters of the opposition Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) will today take to the streets of the capital Freetown for the last time before presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17th November.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 15 November 2012 (IRIN) - Supporters of the opposition Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) will today take to the streets of the capital Freetown for the last time before presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17th November. 

Sierra Leone has seen democracies fall in many neighbouring countries, including most recently in Mali, but the country has now seen over 10 years of peace, and has had two elections, the second of which, in 2007, saw the ruling Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) concede defeat to the opposition All People’s Congress (APC) party - a rare democratic transition of power in Africa.

A recent report by the non-profit Carter Center [ http://www.cartercenter.org/about/index.html ] has commended the performance of institutions such as the National Electoral Commission, which has overseen preparation for the vote, and said it was encouraged by the integration of the Electoral Offences Court into the 2012 Public Elections Act, which is designed to punish those caught committing electoral related offences.

The local media has also been allowed to operate more or less freely, with publications sympathetic to the opposition frequently printing stories critical of the government, though there have been reports of APC-leaning journalists having been harassed and intimidated. 

So far the campaign period has also been devoid of the high levels of political violence feared by many observers. Richard Howitt, head of the European Union Election Observer Mission, said on 13 November that the campaign had been “largely peaceful”, despite isolated incidents of political violence in Freetown and the eastern town of Kono [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96766/SIERRA-LEONE-Elections-sampling-opinions-in-the-diamond-rich-east ], which have seen several people injured, and at least one man killed.

Women’s participation low

Areas highlighted requiring improvement are the minimal engagement of women in the electoral process: just 38 of the 586 candidates running for parliamentary seats are women, despite an attempt to pass a private member’s bill to up women’s representation to over 30 percent. None of the nine presidential candidates is a woman, though several, including the SLPP, have chosen female vice-presidential running mates.

Women currently make up just 19 percent of female councillors in local government. Women running in conservative districts in this male-dominated society have spoken of facing intimidation and threats. Navo Kai-Kai of the SLPP, who contested the chairmanship in Kailahun District Council said upon winning, she was confronted by a gang of armed men, singing a war song. “The situation is terrible for women, we must speak out to make this intimidation stop.” She subsequently stepped down (see box).

Efforts at democratization have been constrained by the ethnicization of political parties, which are largely divided between the Mende who predominate in the south and east voting for the SLPP, and the largely northern Temne supporting the APC. 

During a speech at think tank Chatham House in London in May 2012, Julius Maada Bio, leader of the SLPP, accused president Ernest Koroma’s APC government of “tribalism, patronage and nepotism… It is clear that a process of ethnicization is well under way in key institutions of the Sierra Leonean state,” he said. “Government contracts are still largely awarded to supporters, financiers and relatives of those in leadership positions in the ruling party.”

Secretary-General of the APC Victor Foh denied the allegations of tribalism. “I am a Mende. And the president is married to a Kono. The SLPP are like drowning men, clutching at straws,” he told IRIN. 

Because of the widespread expectation that those in high office will aim to distribute patronage and resources to their traditional support bases, many feel their path is written for them. Mohamed is a motorbike-taxi driver in Freetown. “I love Maada [Bio]. I am a Mende, so it is hard for me to get a better job while the APC are in power,” he said.

Policy not the point

Two scheduled public debates between the main presidential candidates - which aimed to challenged candidates on their policies and intentions - were boycotted. 

“This election will not be decided by policy,” said Umaru Fofana of the Sierra Leone Association of Journalists, which helped organize one of the events. “People will vote with their hearts, not their heads. Regionalism and ethnicity will be more important than policy,” he continued. “Even in urban areas, awareness of policy is low, as most people don’t read.” 

Roughly two thirds of adults in Sierra Leone are illiterate. 

Political support for sale?

Another worrying feature of the pre-election period has been the alleged use of monetary incentives to mobilize support at political rallies. Musa Conteh* from Kroo Bay slum near central Freetown, told IRIN he would attend a political rally only if he was paid.

Over recent weeks most political parties have turned up to Kroo Bay to recruit residents for campaign support.

“Usually they give us 20,000 Leones (about US$5) each, but sometimes just 15,000,” explains Musa. “Or they give a large amount for us to share between the group.”

Sometimes they also give us T-shirts,” added his friend, whose name is Soda Water. Students and unemployed people in Kono, eastern Sierra Leone, had similar stories. 

SLPP chairman Benjamin denied his party was involved in buying support, saying “we have no money, so we cannot offer it to people.” He did, however, accuse the APC of widespread vote-buying, and produced a photograph that appears to show President Koroma dispensing handfuls of 10,000 Leone banknotes to supporters at a rally.

APC Secretary-General Foh denied the allegations. “We don’t need to do that. We have over a million members already,” he told IRIN.

All eyes are now on election day when, as long as there are no last-minute setbacks, Sierra Leoneans will be able go to the polls with the freedom to choose who they would like to govern them for the next five years.

*not a real name

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96793/SIERRA-LEONE-Ethnicity-trumps-policy-in-upcoming-polls</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211151313480095t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 15 November 2012 (IRIN) - Supporters of the opposition Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) will today take to the streets of the capital Freetown for the last time before presidential, parliamentary and local elections on 17th November.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-BISSAU: Cholera on the rise</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211131326420939t.jpg" />]]>BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone, they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health.</description><body><![CDATA[BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing ], they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health. 

Adelino Gomes, a doctor in charge of cholera treatment at the Simão Mendes national hospital in the capital Bissau, says he has treated 500 cases in recent weeks and believes the epidemic may not yet have reached its peak. 

Guinea-Bissau’s low-lying capital with its minimal to non-existent water and sanitation facilities makes it an ideal breeding ground for cholera.

François Bellet, a water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialist with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in West Africa, says the strain was probably passed on from fishermen [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95837/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-what-s-working ] in Sierra Leone and Guinea, though this has not yet been confirmed. 

The outbreak has spread across seven of Guinea-Bissau’s nine administrative areas, according to the Ministry of Health. 

Simão Mendes is short on medicines to help victims, said Gomes, adding that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is helping to treat patients. UNICEF and the World Health Organization are also supporting treatment, as well as helping detect cases and giving public hygiene messages to prevent the spread.

The government spends 6 percent of its budget on water and sanitation, according to the Finance Ministry. WASH facilities are “catastrophic” said one aid worker, but prevention at the household level has improved incrementally since 2009, said Bellet.

A 2008 cholera epidemic [ http://www.epicentre.msf.org/qui-sommes-nous ] in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225, according to MSF research wing Epicentre.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96772/GUINEA-BISSAU-Cholera-on-the-rise</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211131326420939t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone, they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Elections – sampling opinions in the diamond-rich east</title><pubDate>Tue, 13 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211121648580284t.jpg" />]]>KONO 13 November 2012 (IRIN) - On 17 November Sierra Leone will head to the polls as President Ernest Bai Koroma of the All People’s Congress (APC) and his main rival Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) face off in what will be the country’s third election since the end of an 11-year civil war.</description><body><![CDATA[KONO 13 November 2012 (IRIN) - On 17 November Sierra Leone will head to the polls as President Ernest Bai Koroma of the All People’s Congress (APC) and his main rival Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) face off in what will be the country’s third election since the end of an 11-year civil war.

The current government has received praise in some quarters for attracting foreign investment, particularly in the mining sector, as well as for improving the country’s infrastructure, and notably introducing free health care [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95896/SIERRA-LEONE-Drug-diversions-hamper-free-healthcare ] to certain vulnerable groups. 

But the president also faces criticism for failing to tackle extreme levels of poverty - 66 percent, according to the most recent World Bank statistics, and high unemployment rates across much of the country. His term in office has been marred by accusations of corruption levelled against members of his government, including Vice-President Sam Sumana [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96711/SLIDESHOW-Youth-unemployment-a-threat-to-Sierra-Leone-s-security ].

In the diamond-mining town of Kono in eastern Sierra Leone previous elections have been contested fiercely, partly because of the ethnic mix in the town: all of the country’s ethnic groups are represented in Kono after decades of migration driven by the lure of the area’s diamond deposits. 

Income from these diamonds helped fuel Sierra Leone’s civil war, benefiting mainly Revolutionary United Front (RUF) rebels but also soldiers with the national army.

Youth unemployment

In a small café on the dusty main road, young men sit sipping sweet tea and discussing the upcoming elections and the state of the country. Along with around 70 percent of youths in Sierra Leone, Rabieu Amedou is unemployed. “The worst problem here is that there are no jobs for us. That is why these people are causing trouble in the streets,” he said. Last month clashes between the two main parties left several wounded in the town.

The government has introduced measures to reduce youth unemployment, including creating a national youth commission, set up in 2009 to improve youth skill sets, job opportunities and engagement in local governance, but these initiatives have not solved any problems on a wide scale.

Even for those with steady employment, poverty is a fact of life for most of Kono’s residents despite rapid economic growth. This year the country’s economy will grow by up to 21.3 percent, according to the International Monetary Fund, yet this wealth has yet to be felt by most ordinary Sierra Leoneans.

Sia and her niece Tenema work in a small corrugated-iron shelter beside the main road, selling small bags of groundnuts for 10 US cents, and peppermint sweets for two US cents. “The government has done nothing for us,” said Sia, who plans to vote for the opposition on Saturday . “There is so much inflation, and we have to pay a lot of tax.”

Ethnic dimension

Another common criticism of the current APC government is that they have no time for supporters of opposition parties and members of alternative ethnic groups, including Mendes and Konos. “We are governed by Temnes and Limbas,” complains Sia. In past elections the two main political parties have relied heavily on ethnic support bases, with the Mendes from the south and east voting for the SLPP and the largely northern Temnes voting for the incumbent APC.

“The APC just look out for themselves,” said Jatu Kanu, who owns a restaurant opposite a large mosque in the centre of town. She says her brother was removed from his job as a registrar for the national Pharmacy Board because he was a Mende, and a supporter of the SLPP.

“Koroma is tribalistic,” says another bystander, Francis Biango, who feels the government has not paid enough attention to Kono District.

Corruption

Francis, like many here, points out that while thousands of kilometres of smooth new tarmac roads have been laid all over the country, the east has been excluded and the main road to Kono remains rutted and chronically pot-holed, becoming almost impassable without a 4WD during the rainy season.

Some opposition supporters believe politicians are becoming rich off the proceeds of Sierra Leone’s extensive mineral resources, while the country continues to languish in 180th place out of 187 in the 2011 UN Human Development Index. Most notably, Vice-President Sam Sumana has been faced with a string of allegations of corruption around illicit timber deals. “The politicians enrich themselves to the detriment of us impoverished people. We will never, ever tolerate that,” said another resident of Kono, Mohammed Bangura.

Yet despite the challenges of everyday life in Kono, many here argue that development cannot be achieved overnight and point to the economic growth achieved during the last five years. 

Hasan works in the diamond mines around the outskirts of town. He does not like digging for diamonds as it does not pay well, and he hopes to get another job soon but he says he will vote for President Koroma on the basis of his performance so far.

Infrastructural improvements

Perhaps the most of visible of the government’s achievements are the improvements in infrastructure, including what the APC refers to as “the largest road rehabilitation, reconstruction and construction ever [in Sierra Leone]”. Ibrahim Kamara, 38, left Sierra Leone during the civil war, returning to the country in 2011 after 18 years away. He now builds roads, “Ernest [Koromo] is bringing development to this country,” he told IRIN.

In 2007 many Kono residents had no electricity, “Now we have power… So I will vote for the president,” said Kumba, sitting in front of a small shop in the village of Yengema, a few kilometres outside Kono. 

Under APC’s current term, a large hydro-electric dam has been built at Bumbuna in the north of the country. Several other smaller power plants have also been built, significantly improving electricity access. 

Health

The president has also earned acclaim over health sector reforms, including introducing free health care for children under five, pregnant women and lactating mothers. 

Despite shortages of drugs and trained medical personnel, the initiative has contributed to the reduction of child and maternal mortality rates. In 2006 Sierra Leone had the world’s worst under-five mortality rates, at 283 out of 1,000 [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc06/pdfs/sowc06_tables.pdf ] children dying, and has now improved to fourth worst, with 174 deaths per 1,000 [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/pdfs/UNDER-FIVE-MORTALITY-RANKINGS.pdf ].

Sierra Leone’s recovery has been slow and painstaking, yet progress has been made. Adorning the APC’s headquarters in Freetown in large red and white print is President Koroma’s campaign slogan, which appeals for patience from the Sierra Leonean electorate as they prepare to cast their votes. “Monkey Still Working” it reads, “Let Baboon Wait”.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96766/SIERRA-LEONE-Elections-sampling-opinions-in-the-diamond-rich-east</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211121648580284t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KONO 13 November 2012 (IRIN) - On 17 November Sierra Leone will head to the polls as President Ernest Bai Koroma of the All People’s Congress (APC) and his main rival Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) face off in what will be the country’s third election since the end of an 11-year civil war.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Youth unemployment - a threat to Sierra Leone&apos;s security?</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211010757450280t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 05 November 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone has come a long way since the brutal 1991-2002 civil war, which left thousands dead, countless numbers displaced, and the country&apos;s economy and institutions in tatters. Youth unemployment was a major cause of the conflict, so it is worrying that despite significant economic growth at a macro-level and large-scale foreign investment, up to 70 percent of youths are underemployed or unemployed, according to the World Bank.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 05 November 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone has come a long way since the brutal 1991-2002 civil war, which left thousands dead, countless numbers displaced, and the country's economy and institutions in tatters. Youth unemployment was a major cause of the conflict, so it is worrying that despite significant economic growth at a macro-level and large-scale foreign investment, up to 70 percent of youths are underemployed or unemployed, according to the World Bank.

With presidential elections scheduled for 17 November, concerns have been raised over the potential for violence, with an estimated 800,000 unemployed young people seen as vulnerable to recruitment into violent activities. Recent elections, including the 2007 presidential elections, have seen outbreaks of youth-led violence.

Last September in the country's second largest city, Bo, violence erupted at a political rally of the opposition Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), with crowds of young men engaging in running battles with the police and torching buildings associated with the ruling All People's Congress (APC).

Addressing the problem of youth unemployment is seen as essential to Sierra Leone's continuing recovery, and both major political parties have included in their manifestos measures designed to create jobs.

View slideshow [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Slideshow/72/Sierra-Leone-Unemployment-a-threat-to-elections-security ]

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96711/SLIDESHOW-Youth-unemployment-a-threat-to-Sierra-Leone-apos-s-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211010757450280t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 05 November 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone has come a long way since the brutal 1991-2002 civil war, which left thousands dead, countless numbers displaced, and the country&apos;s economy and institutions in tatters. Youth unemployment was a major cause of the conflict, so it is worrying that despite significant economic growth at a macro-level and large-scale foreign investment, up to 70 percent of youths are underemployed or unemployed, according to the World Bank.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Cholera ebbing in Sierra Leone</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s worst cholera outbreak in 15 years has eased in the past two months and new infections each week have recently dipped to below 1,000.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s worst cholera outbreak in 15 years has eased in the past two months and new infections each week have recently dipped to below 1,000.

Some 841 new cases were reported in the first week of October. The figure fell to 433 the following week, according to data from the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization. Although the decline [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing ] began in late August, reported cases were still above 1,000 per week at that time.

Since February when the outbreak started, 21,815 people have been infected and 292 others killed. Heavy rains in August accelerated the spread of the disease, which infected people in 12 of Sierra Leone’s 13 districts.

Moira Fratta, UNICEF’s emergency specialist in Sierra Leone, told IRIN the outbreak is expected to last for some weeks to come. 

“We are starting to think of how to work for preparedness for next year. We hope that it will not happen, but there could be an outbreak.”

Improving the quality and availability of water, hygiene and health care are important if cholera is to be eradicated in Sierra Leone, a country emerging from the devastation of the 1991-2002 civil war.

This IRIN slideshow looks at the living conditions of those worst affected by the cholera epidemic [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Default.aspx?id=70 ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96584/SLIDESHOW-Cholera-ebbing-in-Sierra-Leone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s worst cholera outbreak in 15 years has eased in the past two months and new infections each week have recently dipped to below 1,000.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: No sex, we are breastfeeding</title><pubDate>Tue, 16 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151315530416t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 16 October 2012 (IRIN) - Soothing her malnourished baby at a clinic in a Freetown slum, a Sierra Leonean mother says she has never heard of exclusive breastfeeding, but observes `banfa’ - a traditional practice where women abstain from sex as long as they are breastfeeding because they believe that sex during that period endangers the child’s health.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 16 October 2012 (IRIN) - Soothing her malnourished baby at a clinic in a Freetown slum, a Sierra Leonean mother says she has never heard of exclusive breastfeeding, but observes `banfa’ - a traditional practice where women abstain from sex as long as they are breastfeeding because they believe that sex during that period endangers the child’s health.

Breaching `banfa’ results in babies being weaned from breast milk, which health experts recommend as an infant’s sole food for the first six months, and continued alongside other foods up to the baby’s second birthday or older.

“I have never heard of exclusive breastfeeding. I know of `banfa’ and I have been observing it,” said Kadiatu Dubero, whose 13-month-old baby is severely malnourished. The baby weighed 5.8kg and his mid-upper arm circumference was 11cm. A child with a mid-upper arm circumference of less than 11.5 cm is considered severely malnourished. 

Dubero said she has been feeding her baby on breast milk, porridge and water. Joseph Senesie, a nutrition specialist with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Sierra Leone, told IRIN that many mothers in the small West African state do not know appropriate infant nutrition mainly because of illiteracy and poverty.

At the clinic in Kroo Bay, a slum on the shores of the Atlantic ocean in Freetown, several mothers brought their children for check-ups. 

Malnutrition is a common child health problem in Sierra Leone and traditions such as `banfa’ can be risky for infant health. 

“Women have faith in [`banfa’] to the extent that they stop providing breast milk to the child when sex is resumed,” said Senesie. “Children are expected to continue breast milk for two years and beyond. Most of them [women] will resume sex before the child is two years. Can women and their partners wait until the child is two years old before resuming a sexual relationship? I very much doubt this.”

“I would not have sex with my husband when I’m breastfeeding because the baby will be sick,” Fatimata Bangura, 19-year-old mother of a two-month-old baby, told IRIN. “It is good not to have sex with my husband while I’m breastfeeding.”

In Sierra Leone, a country rebuilding from a decade of civil war that ended in 2002, 32 percent of children are exclusively breastfed until six months; 22 percent of children under five years old are underweight, 8.5 percent too thin for their height and 44 percent are chronically malnourished, according to UNICEF data [ http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS4_SierraLeone_2010_FinalReport.pdf ]; and 35 percent of child deaths are due to malnutrition.

Prone to infections

In the first six months after birth, some mothers begin feeding their children liquid foods alongside breast milk, but because of poor sanitation and water quality in Sierra Leone, the children are prone to infections, Senesie said, adding that even when the children are weaned, many mothers do not know the right mix of nutritious foods. 

Malnourished children are particularly vulnerable to diseases due to a weak immune system. At a public hospital just outside Freetown central business district, an Outpatient Therapeutic Programme run by the government and UNICEF, around 50-60 children are taken ill every month due to malnutrition and other medical complications.

Tuberculosis, HIV and malnutrition are the main illnesses the children are treated for at the Ola During hospital outside the city centre, said Salimatu Kargbo, a community nurse. Chronic diseases and negligence by families also contribute to weak health among children, she added.

Child malnutrition peaks during the rainy season between June and September because mothers, who often run small businesses to support their families, are unable to venture out to sell their wares. This year the rainy season also accelerated the spread of cholera [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours ] in Sierra Leone, infecting thousands of people and killing hundreds others, especially in Freetown’s slums, making it the country’s worst outbreak in 15 years. 

Kargbo said more than 75 percent of the sick and malnourished children brought to the hospital recovered. 

“Relapse cases are very rare. We explain to them [mothers] how to take care of their children to avoid malnutrition.”

Despite saying she strictly observed `banfa’, Dubero struggled to explain why her claimed chastity did not protect her child from malnutrition, but insisted nonetheless: “I still believe in it.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96554/SIERRA-LEONE-No-sex-we-are-breastfeeding</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151315530416t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 16 October 2012 (IRIN) - Soothing her malnourished baby at a clinic in a Freetown slum, a Sierra Leonean mother says she has never heard of exclusive breastfeeding, but observes `banfa’ - a traditional practice where women abstain from sex as long as they are breastfeeding because they believe that sex during that period endangers the child’s health.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Women, debt and detention</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210111029140934t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 11 October 2012 (IRIN) - Many Sierra Leonean women who are unable to repay small debts end up in prison for want of decent legal representation after their creditors report them to the police, meaning that civil disputes turn into criminal cases.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 11 October 2012 (IRIN) - Many Sierra Leonean women who are unable to repay small debts end up in prison for want of decent legal representation after their creditors report them to the police, meaning that civil disputes turn into criminal cases. 

An estimated 10 percent of all charges issued by the Sierra Leonean police involve the failure to repay small debts. 

The criminalization of debt upsets the livelihoods of the accused who are mostly petty traders. Their children at times are forced to live with them in detention and their incarceration often breaks up families and deepens poverty, said Advocaid, a Sierra Leonean civil society group helping women and children offenders. 

Ignorance of legal rights and an outdated law contribute to the trend in which debt disputes turn into criminal cases. The crime of “fraudulent conversion” is based on Sierra Leone’s 1916 Larceny Act. The charge relates to a person’s inability to repay debts. 

“Why are you serving a five-year prison sentence when you owe somebody just US$100,” Advocaid’s interim director Simitie Lavaly told IRIN. “By just providing a lawyer you can save someone’s life.” 

In 2006 when Advocaid began offering help to women imprisoned for debt defaulting and other offences, there were 50 women in the main prison in the Sierra Leonean capital Freetown unable to raise bail or afford legal representation, Lavaly said. 

“The only reason these people were in prison is because they were poor and could not afford representation. There was no educated person in prison. All of these women are illiterate. Even now the majority of the women in the criminal justice system are illiterate. You are not there because you are a bad person, but because you cannot get legal representation.” 

Poverty is widespread in Sierra Leone, which is recovering from a civil war that devastated its people and institutions. The judiciary is inadequately staffed, and has a big backlog of cases, Advocaid said.

Magistrates are overworked and under-trained, there are constant adjournments, missing case files, lack of transport for prisoners to and from court and a shortage of magistrates has created lengthy delays, Amnesty International said in its 2012 state of the world's human rights report. 

Many women have been arrested, detained or convicted because of debt issues, noted Advocaid. However, other common offences by Sierra Leonean women include murder, causing serious injury to someone - in many cases their husbands - and public disorder. 

Poor understanding of the law 

Poor understanding of court procedures and language barriers have resulted in many suspects inadvertently admitting guilt and getting convicted. A 19-year-old woman who spoke to IRIN said she was charged with murder after she accidentally stabbed her husband with a sharp object she was carrying when he fell on top of her while playing. She spent 18 months in a remand prison before her trial started, but was later acquitted. 

“I am unhappy about the murder charge because I didn’t have any intention of killing my husband,” she said on condition of anonymity. “The police have to help. They didn’t investigate the case properly. One of the policemen told me that I killed my husband on purpose… I would have been put in jail and I would have been so frustrated and perhaps killed myself.” 

Another ex-detainee, who requested not to be identified, told IRIN she was condemned to life in prison for murder after being accused of poisoning her co-wife’s son, but said she was falsely accused. With legal representation, her life sentence was reduced to eight years and she was later released on account of time served.

“The biggest challenge confronting the formal justice system is the public perception that it has been compromised by the executive and lacks independence,” said Ibrahim Tommy, director of the Centre for Accountability and Rule of Law, a Sierra Leonean activist group. 

In addition, he explained that there are few state counsels, access to justice both physical - there are few courts and magistrates in a given region - and many cannot afford to hire a lawyer. Most of the country’s lawyers, estimated to be around 500, are in private practice or working for corporations and mainly based in Freetown. 

The granting of bail, which is at the discretion of magistrates and judges, has been seen as unfair. In addition, some plaintiffs have been known to fail to turn up to court for hearings once the accused has been detained, thus dragging out cases and crowding prisons. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96517/SIERRA-LEONE-Women-debt-and-detention</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210111029140934t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 11 October 2012 (IRIN) - Many Sierra Leonean women who are unable to repay small debts end up in prison for want of decent legal representation after their creditors report them to the police, meaning that civil disputes turn into criminal cases.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SIERRA LEONE: Bracing for a “watershed election”</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210091128280124t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s international partners and citizens are paying close attention to possible threats to peace ahead of presidential, parliamentary and local elections scheduled for 17 November, which it is hoped will consolidate stability a decade after the end of a civil war and lead to improved living standards.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s international partners and citizens are paying close attention to possible threats to peace ahead of presidential, parliamentary and local elections scheduled for 17 November, which it is hoped will consolidate stability a decade after the end of a civil war and lead to improved living standards.

Campaigns are intensifying, especially between historical rivals the ruling All People’s Congress (APC) party and the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP), now in opposition. These are the country’s third elections since the war was declared over.

“This is a watershed election. It’s an election that will define Sierra Leone as an emerging democracy in this part of the world. If it is free, fair and transparent it will not only enhance our democratic credentials, but will demonstrate that we have stability,” Sulaiman Banja Tejan-Sie, the SLPP secretary-general, told IRIN.

Tejan-Sie, however, accused President Ernest Bai Koroma’s APC of focusing on building roads at the expense of improving the economy, and APC cadres of living opulently amid deep poverty. However, the APC’s Agenda for Change plan (supported by the international community), which seeks to improve agriculture, energy and transport infrastructure and improve living standards, has brought modest progress.

“The main issue in these elections is the economy. They are talking about roads, but I want to wake up in the morning and see that my children have breakfast,” said Tejan-Sie. “Even civil servants who are supposed to be the middle class find it difficult to survive.”

While Sierra Leone has been stable and made progress over the past decade, poverty, unemployment and underdevelopment are widespread. It is ranked 180 out of 187 by the 2011 UN Humanitarian Development Index [ http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ ]. Youth unemployment is high at 60 percent, and around 60 percent [ http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE.html ] of its six million people live on less than US$1.25 a day.

The civil war erupted in 1991 when the Revolutionary United Front rebels of ex-army corporal Foday Sankoh took up arms against the government of then president Joseph Momoh. Tens of thousands of people were killed in a decade of brutal conflict.

Corruption

The police, judiciary and other public institutions are poorly staffed and inadequate, seen as lacking independence and corrupt. Transparency International’s 2011 Corruption Perception Index [ http://www.transparency.org/country#SLE ] says graft is prevalent.

“State institutions need to maintain their neutrality and independence. As has often been the case these institutions seem to be compromised by the executive,” said Ibrahim Tommy, director of the Centre for Accountability and Rule of Law, a Sierra Leonean activist group.

With Sierra Leonean mineral wealth and the recent discovery of oil, the stakes are high in the November elections, argued Tommy. However, it is difficult to predict who between SLPP candidate Julius Maada Bio and Koroma will win and many observers say it will be a close contest.

Month-long campaigns officially begin on 15 October, but parties have already begun criss-crossing the country seeking support. Ten political parties are contesting the elections in which voters will for the first time choose a president, lawmakers, local councillors and mayors all on the same day throughout the country.

“Politicians come and go. What we want are independent institutions that will protect our democracy, improve our economy, infrastructure, access to good health services and fight corruption,” said Francis Dumbuya, a student. “Our democracy is growing. This particular election is a bridge to a new level.”

Traditional strongholds

APC and SLPP have traditional strongholds which have defined voting patterns. SLPP draws its main support from the southeast and APC from the northwest. The split has at times led to regional rivalry and bias in key government appointments, but observers say there is little indication that this would lead to ethnic violence.

The two parties have also dominated power since Sierra Leone’s independence in 1961. APC has ruled for 29 years and SLPP 16. Military regimes allied to either party ruled for five years.

“I don’t believe that any Sierra Leonean will have the desire to go back to the past and that violence is the solution,” said Berhanemeskel Nega, deputy head of the UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Sierra Leone. “The success of these elections will be a reaffirmation that the country is moving in the right direction.”

All the political parties on 18 May signed a deal to ensure peaceful elections and fairness, and refrain from violence. Tension is nonetheless expected to rise as campaigns kick off. The media are largely free, but openly partisan, running headlines and columns favouring one candidate, and disparaging his or her opponent.

Henry Sheku of the Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone said that although the media have a regulatory body, the uncontrolled social media could be a source of chaos.

“Social media are very influential and difficult to regulate. If there is going to be violence then that is where it will start.”

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 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96494/SIERRA-LEONE-Bracing-for-a-watershed-election</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210091128280124t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Sierra Leone’s international partners and citizens are paying close attention to possible threats to peace ahead of presidential, parliamentary and local elections scheduled for 17 November, which it is hoped will consolidate stability a decade after the end of a civil war and lead to improved living standards.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera outbreak easing</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.

Between late August and 16 September, new cholera cases per week have dropped from 2,110 to 1,418 in Sierra Leone and from 1,152 to 346 in neighbouring Guinea, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in a report. [ http://ochaonline.un.org/rowca/UrgencesEmergencies/Cholera/tabid/7891/language/en-US/Default.aspx ]

“The situation is improving faster in Guinea in terms of new cases and in Sierra Leone in terms of lethality. The number of affected districts remains unchanged: 12 out of 13 in Sierra Leone and 11 out of 33 in Guinea,” OCHA said.

In Sierra Leone, updates from 84 health centres in the hardest hit Western Area indicated that there were 112 cases and one death in 32 health centres, and no deaths or cases in the rest on 18 September, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

“I think it doesn’t necessarily mean it [the cases] would not go up. It does seem that things are getting better, but we need to be cautious. It’s certainly a good sign of the huge amount of work we have been doing,” said Nicole Robicheau of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

The outbreak is Sierra Leone’s worst in 15 years. The government declared a national emergency in August. The authorities and aid groups have rallied to treat thousands of infected people, educate the population on basic hygiene practices and sanitize water sources.

“In the long run cholera prevention is a question of hygiene and sanitation, especially in densely populated areas. Access to safe water and sanitation facilities remains very limited in Sierra Leone,” said Angela Griep, UNICEF’s external relations chief in Sierra Leone.

Mohamed Kamara, a resident of Mabella slum in the Sierra Leonean capital whose brother recently died of cholera, decried the poor sanitation [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96112/WEST-AFRICA-Cleaner-toilets-to-save-slums-from-cholera ] in his neighbourhood of congested tin shacks as well as the unhygienic habits of people living there.

“One day I went for prayers and I saw a man coming from the toilet holding the [water] kettle with his wet hands… he left without cleaning his hands or the kettle properly. Another man came to use the same kettle. I feel that such habits increase the spread of cholera in Mabella,” Kamara said.

Torrential rain [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours ] in August worsened the outbreak, adding to health risks such as poor hygiene, unsafe water sources and improper waste management that are believed to have triggered the disease.

“Cholera is preventable. It is frustrating to see many people infected and dying of cholera. We are emphasizing that people should get help when they get cholera. I think the message is getting across,” Robicheau told IRIN.

Urban slums worst hit

“We are educating people on hygiene. Many people don’t have access to safe water. That’s an issue that should be addressed. People who live in poverty in small villages don’t even have the money to buy soap to wash their hands before eating or after going to the toilet.”

West Africa has some of the world’s lowest access rates to clean water and basic sanitation facilities, according to the UN.

Cholera infections in both Guinea and Sierra Leone tend to hit densely-populated, poorly-serviced urban slums hardest.

“Many of my customers have stopped buying food from me,” said Zainab Conteh, a food vendor in Mabella. “A customer last month ate my food and later started vomiting. He told his friends and relatives that my food which he ate infected him with cholera. I was embarrassed and humiliated. I had to stop selling food for a week because health inspectors came and ordered me to improve on the way I prepare food.”

UNICEF said in an 18 September statement that it was maintaining its efforts in treating and preventing the disease to ensure infections continue to reduce.

“We should not stop fighting cholera before the number of cases has gone down to zero and even then we want to put preventive measures in place so that we increase the chances that one day this disease will disappear in Sierra Leone,” UNICEF’s emergency specialist Moira Fratta said in the statement.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera - rising with the downpours</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.

The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said Sierra Leone was facing its worst cholera outbreak in 15 years. Ten out of the country’s 13 districts have been affected and the government has declared the outbreak a national emergency.

Guinea’s capital, Conakry, has been the hardest hit in the country, with 3,247 cases so far. Cholera has also broken out in nine of Guinea's 33 districts, OCHA said.

“The onset of the rainy season in West Africa has caused an increase in cholera cases on both sides of the border between Sierra Leone and Guinea. The rains are particularly heavy in Sierra Leone this year,” said Laura Marconnet, an external relations officer with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Sierra Leone.

Prevalence is high in the congested slum areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96112/WEST-AFRICA-Cleaner-toilets-to-save-slums-from-cholera ] in the capitals of Guinea and Sierra Leone which have few clean toilets and most people defecate in the open, often dangerously close to open wells which are the source of water for most residents.

Freetown’s densely populated Mabella slum, with tin shacks and poor drainage, has been badly affected. There are several community water taps, but residents complain of lack of adequate toilets, which are usually clogged with water and waste during the rainy season.

“We have seen a dramatic increase in the last 5-6 weeks in cases especially in Freetown. The response is quite difficult in terms of coordinating resources,” said Amanda McClelland, the Africa emergency health adviser at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). “The conditions in Freetown are the perfect storm for cholera.”

“We know we haven’t contained it by any means and it has the potential of increasing further and becoming a regional issue,” McClelland told IRIN.

On 17 August, Sierra Leonean President Ernest Bai Koroma declared the outbreak a national public health crisis. The authorities and aid groups have ramped up efforts to treat, inform people and improve sanitation to stem further escalation.

"We are moving quickly to increase our capacity to handle all the new patients that will arrive,” said Karen Van den Brande, head of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) mission in Sierra Leone. “Our present cholera treatment facilities are stretched to the limit with patients. Everybody is at risk.” A new quick-disbursing humanitarian funding facility [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96211/AID-POLICY-Money-in-a-hurry ] is being used for the first time to help tackle the emergency.

Pipe clean-up

Sierra Leone’s national water company has begun a major dam and pipe clean-up to help reduce the spread of cholera.

"There is every possibility that the pipe water system may have been infected since there are many broken water pipes flowing with water which need to be fixed in many parts of city,” said Martin Bash Kamara, deputy minister for energy and water resources. “People should take every precaution to purify the water by boiling it before drinking, cooking or other domestic purposes to avoid contamination."

West Africa has some of the world’s lowest rates of access to water and sanitation. Only 12.8 percent of Sierra Leone’s 5.5 million people have access to proper sanitation and 42.9 percent do not have access to clean drinking water; 28.9 percent defecate in the open, according to UNICEF. In Guinea, only 19 percent of the population has access to improved sanitation and 71 percent of its 10 million people have access to safe drinking water sources. [ http://www.afro.who.int/en/guinea/who-country-office-guinea.html ]

“This is the underlying cause for cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa. Although measures for cholera response can help contain the spread of the disease and reduce the number of fatalities, it is essential to also tackle the underlying cause of this disease,” said UNICEF’s Marconnet.

The cholera outbreak has not peaked yet, said Marconnet and the rainy season is expected to last for the next two months. Treatment and other efforts to improve sanitation are expected to lower the rate of infection. Cholera is treatable and can be prevented through better hygiene.

“With increased coordinated efforts… we hope that the epidemic in the coming months will decrease due to scaled interventions,” said Charles Mugero of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Sierra Leone.

So far this year, more than 37,400 cholera cases have been reported in 15 West African and Central African regions.

In 2010, 36 percent of cholera cases globally were reported from Africa, which accounted for between 93 and 98 percent of cases worldwide between 2001 and 2009, according to WHO, noting Africa last recorded such a low rate in 1995. [ http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html ] In 2010, 317, 534 cholera cases were reported to WHO, with more than 50 percent occurring in the Americas, notably in Haiti. However, the officially reported cases do not necessarily reflect all the occurring cases due to underreporting and other technical limitations.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>