<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Senegal</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 17:31:03 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview [of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

jk/oa/cb 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95459</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Change of direction in hunger response</title><pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205071059580103t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - One day after being sworn in on 2 April, Senegal’s new President Macky Sall reversed months of public denial of the hunger affecting over 800,000 of his people - part of the Sahel-wide crisis affecting 16 million inhabitants - by calling on partners to help the country get food to those in need. UN agencies and NGOs are struggling to raise enough money to get programmes working so they can catch up with the steadily rising number of hungry people.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - One day after being sworn in on 2 April, Senegal’s new President Macky Sall reversed months of public denial of the hunger affecting over 800,000 of his people - part of the Sahel-wide crisis affecting 16 million inhabitants - by calling on partners to help the country get food to those in need. UN agencies and NGOs are struggling to raise enough money to get programmes working so they can catch up with the steadily rising number of hungry people. [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2011-000205-ner ]
 
After Sall appealed to bilateral and multilateral partners to help rural areas affected by food deficits on 3 April, Abdoul Aziz Diallo, President of the Senegalese Red Cross (SRC), told IRIN: “We knew about the situation but the previous regime did not want to make a public declaration, since they thought it would prove their agricultural programmes were not efficient.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94826/SENEGAL-Drought-response-slowed-by-election-fever ]
 
Such projects included the Grand Agricultural Offensive for Food Security (GOANA), launched by ex-President Abdoulaye Wade to make Senegal self-sufficient in key crops. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/81241/SENEGAL-Government-celebration-of-farming-initiative-premature ] 
 
In view of this approach, the SRC, UN agencies and some donors - who act only on official government request - felt they were unable to launch appeals or a major response. 
 
Few people in the capital, Dakar, are even aware that there is a food crisis across much of the country. “You don’t hear about it on the news - I knew they were facing difficulties in my village [Niakhar in Fatick region of central Senegal] but not that it was across the country,” said Dakar resident Ephie Diam, 31.
 
About 810 000 Senegalese are facing hunger, according to a joint study in February 2012 by the Senegalese government and the World Food Programme (WFP). In the 2011 harvest season, cereal production fell by 36 percent compared to 2010, and the production of peanuts, Senegal’s main cash crop, fell by 59 percent.
 
The lean season, which in good years starts in July, began in March this year, four months earlier than usual, while market prices for local cereals are 20 percent higher than in 2011, reflecting a trend prevalent across the Sahel. 
 
“We have to be very quick - households have very limited food stocks and prices are very high. People have already started to sell their cattle, to get indebted, and to skip meals. They can’t do that for long,” warned Ingeborg Maria Breuer, the WFP representative in Senegal. 
 
In the village of Kalasan, 13km from St Louis, a badly affected region in northern Senegal, farmer Salimata Dueye, who has five children, said her harvest failed in 2011. “It is a terrible year,” she told IRIN. “I do not have enough to feed my children.” 
 
The most recent nutritional study, by UNICEF and the Senegalese Ministry of Health in December 2011, showed that by the end of January 2012, around 20,000 children across the country would be acutely malnourished, with the worst-hit areas in Matam, in the northeast, with a rate of 14.9 percent acute malnutrition, and Djourbel in western Senegal, with 10 percent. 
 
Response kicking off
 
“To be able to talk about it [the problem] has completely changed the work environment,“ Jan Eijkenaar, the West Africa humanitarian affairs director of ECHO, the EU aid body, told IRIN, reflecting the widespread feeling in the aid community. Moussa Bakhayokho, an agricultural adviser to the Prime Minister, said the government has met with its partners to assess the situation. 
 
Breuer said WFP is now “getting all the [political] support we need at local and national level”.  In the new atmosphere, the agency launched a food distribution campaign at the end of April, aimed at supporting 806 000 people between now and October, the end of the lean season. The first food distribution took place on 30 April in Ziguinchor, in the south - usually one of the country’s bread-baskets but this year hit by crop failures and food shortages. 

However the agency faces reluctance among donors and has only been able to raise US$27 million of the US$52 million it requires to buy food.  “Senegal is normally perceived as stable place, so it is very hard to explain [to donors] that it is also affected [by the Sahel crisis]”, said WFP’s Breuer. Two-thirds of WFP’s required food stocks are still missing. It also plans to hand out cash vouchers between May and June to help people purchase goods from local markets, but only 45 percent of the needs are covered, said Breuer. Finally, the organization has just 12 percent of the funding it needs for “blanket feeding” - giving nutritional supplements to all of the 120,0000 moderately malnourished children aged under two to prevent them from becoming severely malnourished - which is a vital prevention strategy, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Chief of Health and Child Survival and Development in Senegal, Xavier Crespin. 
 
NGOs face similar problems. The SRC - a crucial partner in food distribution - has received no money at all, as it could only launch its funding proposal on 27 April because of the political reluctance. Oxfam America has secured just 10-15 percent of its budget. Even UNICEF, which started early, has only received one-quarter of the $4 million it needs to fight malnutrition. 
 
Malnutrition – “small step ahead”
 
The malnutrition treatment battle is a small step ahead, with significant stocks of Plumpy’Nut - sent by UNICEF and used to treat acutely malnourished children - already in place, said Mame Mbayame Dionne, chief of the food nutrition and child survival division at the Health Ministry. Up to 40 percent of her personnel have been trained in malnutrition treatment programmes just started this month. 
 
Though malnutrition is often a taboo subject for leaders, in Senegal the previous authorities were less reluctant to talk about it than the widespread food crisis, said Crespin. Nutrition programmes “would have been implemented anyway”, said ECHO’s Eijkenaar, and ongoing work such as a USAID programme to encourage families to diversify their diets continues over the long term. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/494402 ] Action against Hunger, a Spanish organization, for example, started taking care of malnutrition cases in Matam at the beginning of April. 
 
But even malnutrition combined with a food crisis in Senegal is a hard sell. Big donors do not think 20 000 malnourished children is a lot, perhaps particularly in a Sahel context, where for instance 320,000 children are estimated to be severely acutely malnourished in Niger this year. 
 
“We are in the context of giving early warning of a catastrophe, so the message [to respond] doesn’t get through. People need horrific images to mobilize,” said Isaac Massaga, West Africa humanitarian coordinator for Oxfam America.
 
Everyone hopes Senegal’s change of government will help reverse the trend.
 
Cattle, agriculture, overlooked
 
When it comes to long-term aid to boost Senegal’s agricultural output, progress looks to be slow. The new administration says it will grant $69 million to help farmers access agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds and tools, but this is hardly more than in 2011, according to government adviser Bakhayokho. 
 
Apart from a pledge by the Islamic Development Bank it is not known who will cover the $23 million needed to feed cattle that drought has left without pasture. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has so far only received one-third of the money it needs to help 60 000 agro-pastoralists to boost their crop production and feed their animals, their principal means of survival. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205071059580103t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - One day after being sworn in on 2 April, Senegal’s new President Macky Sall reversed months of public denial of the hunger affecting over 800,000 of his people - part of the Sahel-wide crisis affecting 16 million inhabitants - by calling on partners to help the country get food to those in need. UN agencies and NGOs are struggling to raise enough money to get programmes working so they can catch up with the steadily rising number of hungry people.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Farmers and forecasts</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203301412410080t.jpg" />]]>BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.</description><body><![CDATA[BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.
 
Marc Kouamé, a farmer in the north who grows okra, peanuts and cassava, told IRIN that farmers “no longer know where to turn” because of the changing seasons. "I lost half of my peanut production because I didn’t plant it at the right time,” he said. Many farmers feel more and more helpless in the face of such uncertainty.
 
Between 1971 and 2000, rainfall in Côte d’Ivoire dropped by 15 percent, according to Augustin Kouakou Nzue, head of agro-climatic studies in the National Weather Service (Direction Météorologie Nationale), although it has increased slightly since 2000.
 
In southern Côte d’Ivoire, farmers took clearly defined seasons for granted until the 1980s: rains from April to mid-July; a short dry season from mid-July to September; a short rainy season until November; and finally a long dry season from December to March. Now, the rains come later and finish earlier, with longer dry seasons and patchy distribution, says Nzue.
 
Most growers rely on rain-fed production, so the long-term impact of this shift could devastate Ivoirian farmers, who make up 60 percent of the workforce. Cocoa, the country’s main export crop, could also be affected - a September 2011 study by the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, based in Cali, Colombia, predicts that rising temperatures may make it too hot to grow cocoa by 2050. [ http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/Newsroom/Lists/News/DispForm.aspx?ID=80 ]
 
Sidiki Cissé, head of the National Agency to Support Rural Development (ANADER) in the commercial capital, Abidjan, is clearly worried. "The desperation of farmers is clear to see," he told IRIN.
 
Poor and erratic rainfall in 2011 and the subsequent poor harvests across the southern Saharan band have thrown 13 million people into a food security crisis in the Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Mali and Senegal. [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2011-000205-net ]
 
Donors and investors are channelling climate adaptation funds into improved weather forecasting and more sophisticated climate science, but few groups are focusing on how climate information can better be used by farmers and communities in disaster-prone areas.
 
“People don’t see this kind of stuff as a critical research priority,” said Amane Tall, who is affiliated to the US-based Johns Hopkins University and the International Committee of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre in The Netherlands. “They invest in improving the science of climate change – which is great – but how do we make links between the science and the decision-making at all levels?”
 
The various communities working on climate change – scientists, environmentalists, humanitarian NGOs, disaster risk reduction experts – have tended to work separately, in their silos, but now dialogue is needed, said Emma Visman, Futures Group Manager at the Humanitarian Futures Programme (HFP), which tries to prepare the humanitarian community for future disaster scenarios. “Dialogue seems to be the key word,” she said, “but we don’t yet have the resources or space to do it.” [ http://www.humanitarianfutures.org ]
 
A few groups are attempting to bridge the information gap, including various national meteorological agencies, the World Meteorological Organization, the HFP, and some humanitarian and development NGOs such as Christian Aid.
 
Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Mali, Guinea and Togo, among others, are part of the West Africa Metragri programme, co-funded by the World Meteorological Organization and the State Agency for Meteorology (AEMET) in Spain. The plan is to train 200 farmers in Côte d’Ivoire to become more aware of rainfall patterns in their areas, and how to use rain gauges to monitor precipitation. [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/agm/roving_seminars/west_africa_fr.html ]
 
Nzue told farmers at a training session in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire the best time to sow certain crops is one or two days after the first 20mm of rain has fallen. In 2011 this would have been on 21 March in Bouaké in central Côte d’Ivoire, and on 11 April in San Pedro in the southwest.
 
Farmers are asked to send the rainfall data they collect to the National Weather Service [Direccion Météorologie Nationale), so that agronomy research centres can draw up new crop calendars to help them adapt planting schedules to their particular micro-climate, said Amin Gbo, chief executive officer of ANADER.
 
Sidiki Cissé, head of ANADER, says corn, rice, sorghum and millet are most affected by changing rainfall patterns. In Burkina Faso local corn varieties suffer most because unlike imported varieties, they have not been designed to grow more quickly with less water, said Judith Bienvenue Fanfo, head of the Burkina Faso National Meteorological Office, which also collaborated on a project that has trained 450 farmers since 2007 to use climate and weather information.
 
HFP has worked on pilot studies in the Mbeere district of eastern Kenya and flood-prone Kaffrine in central Senegal to bring together communities, humanitarian partners (Christian Aid Kenya and the Senegalese Red Cross) and National Met offices to determine how to improve the exchange and use of weather information.
 
In Senegal, weather forecasts are broadcast on national radio, in newspapers, on television and via the internet, but these avenues are not readily accessible by local communities, said Visman.
 
The Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) makes available daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal forecasts, but most people are unable to access the channels it uses to distribute this information and find the format difficult to understand, so they resort to using inaccurate information in uncertified channels instead.
 
Catering to the information preferences of individual groups can be resource-intensive. In one Senegalese village, asked to set up a climate road show women traders wanted a face-to-face information exchange; men wanted to use the mosque, while youths thought it best to share information under “talking trees” where they gather in the late afternoons.
 
After just a few months, the information exchange in Senegal started paying off, said Tall. Families said they kept their children home from school when forecasts predicted strong winds and rain. “There is also a psychological element – people are relieved to have the information and it can be very empowering,” she said. In Kenya the project has run less than 12 months and it is too soon to measure the results.
 
The Met Offices in both countries have signed memorandums of understanding with the humanitarian partner involved to ensure better collaboration.
 
Funding
 
Richard Ewbank, Climate Change Coordinator at Christian Aid, says such projects are likely to remain limited, due to a lack of funding for mitigation and resilience-building. Despite a complex web of climate change adaptation funds – including those of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), money from foundations and multilaterals, and promises by developed countries to mobilize US$100 billion to boost adaptation efforts by 2020 – it took HFP two years to find funding for its 12-month pilot project, before it eventually tapped into the UK Department for International Development’s Climate and Development Knowledge Network. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88070/AID-POLICY-Climate-change-and-adaptation-funding-equally-unpredictable ]
 
Christian Aid has its own church-based funding source. “It’s hard to persuade donors to pre-fund season forecast information – they prefer to fund humanitarian situations when they hit,” Ewbank told IRIN.
 
However, as donors start to see the pay-off from more detailed weather information in the right hands, it may generate more interest. “If climate services get more accurate,” he said, “then clearly our scope to use these tools will also improve.”
 
om/aj/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95214</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203301412410080t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BINGERVILLE/DAKAR 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - Unpredictable rainfall in parts of Côte d’Ivoire cost some farmers over half of their harvest in 2011 producers told IRIN, but, armed with more knowledge about how to get weather reports and interpret them, they might still have been able to boost their output, say agricultural specialists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Giant anti-polio drive threatened by insecurity</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311207110246t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Health volunteers, aid agency and health authority staff are trying to immunize 111.1 million children under five across 20 countries in West and Central Africa against polio. The four-day campaign started today, but instability in some of the target countries could hamper the effort.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Health volunteers, aid agency and health authority staff are trying to immunize 111.1 million children under five across 20 countries in West and Central Africa against polio. The four-day campaign started today, but instability in some of the target countries could hamper the effort.
 
Parts of Nigeria are highly unstable due to ongoing attacks by Boko Haram; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94691/NIGERIA-Timeline-of-Boko-Haram-attacks-and-related-violence ] a rebellion is currently under way in northern Mali, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95127/MALI-Rebellion-claims-a-president ] while security in the capital Bamako is also precarious with a military junta having ousted the president. 
 
Over half of the children targeted - some 57.7 million, are in Nigeria, which is West Africa’s only polio-endemic country.
 
Meanwhile parts of Niger (for instance Tillabéri in the northwest) are difficult to access, as are parts of eastern Chad, with some aid agencies working only with armed escorts.
 
“Access to children [in some of these places] can be a serious problem,” said UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) regional health specialist Halima Dao. 
 
“Vaccinators’ safety can be compromised, or insecurity means the whole population of a village may flee at a moment’s notice, or there may be far more people than we expected in an area, due to displacement,” she told IRIN. 
 
The conflict in northern Mali has, for instance, led to about 195,000 people being displaced either within the country or when they fled to Algeria, Mauritania, Niger, Burkina Faso and Senegal, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), but these numbers are constantly changing as people return or move from camps to host villages, meaning reaching them could be complicated.
 
Dao admits some children in the Tombouctou  and Kidal regions of northern Mali may not be reached, though they are discussing with NGOs working there, including Médecins Sans Frontières and the Malian Red Cross, to see how to reach as many as they can. “We have to work with authorities and NGOs who are used to accessing these insecure areas,” she said. 
 
For a polio immunization campaign to be effective, 100 percent of the children must be reached, says the World Health Organization (WHO), while the long-term fight against polio will only work if routine immunizations are consistently kept up, for at least 90 percent of children under five, for several years running.
 
Last year, election-related in violence in Côte d’Ivoire hampered efforts to quash a polio outbreak affecting 36 children, according to aid agencies. 
 
Thus far, only Ghana, Cape Verde, Burkina Faso, Gambia and Togo have achieved the required 90 percent coverage, according to UNICEF.
 
Children in the hardest-to-reach areas are often the most vulnerable, said Dao, as they do not have access to regular health services. Agencies will try to give Vitamin A and de-worming medicine to these children where possible. 
 
Weak health systems
 
Human error and weak health systems also play an important role in sub-optimal immunization reach: In Chad, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94769/CHAD-Why-polio-is-so-hard-to-eliminate ] for instance, where the health system is broken, just 60 percent of children have been covered, according to UNICEF. 
 
The campaign involves hundreds of thousands of health workers, though it will not lead to eradication in one fell swoop, said Dao. “We hope the exercise will bring us closer to reaching our goal of interrupting wild polio virus transmission in our region in 2012,” said Luis Sambo, West Africa director of WHO in a 22 March communiqué. [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_62054.html ]
 
Despite a resurgence of the virus in West Africa, the global fight against polio has made progress: since 1988, when the Global Polio Eradication Initiative [ http://www.polioeradication.org/ ] was launched, polio has reduced by over 99 percent. At the time some, 350,000 children were paralysed by polio each year but in 2011 the reported caseload was 650, according to UNICEF.
 
An intense effort to stamp out polio in India led to no new cases being reported in 2011. India alongside Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria is one of the world’s four polio-endemic countries. “If India can do it, then so can these African countries,” said Dao. “We’ve reached 99 percent of the world - we need to reach that final 1 percent; the whole programme is at risk,” she said.
 
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Polio in West Africa
- 62 cases of polio were reported in Nigeria in 2011; thus far 10 have been reported in 2012
- 132 cases of polio were reported in Chad in 2011; while 2 have been reported so far in 2012
- No cases have as yet been reported in other West African countries
Source WHO: [ http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek/Wildpolioviruslist.aspx ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95145</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311207110246t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Health volunteers, aid agency and health authority staff are trying to immunize 111.1 million children under five across 20 countries in West and Central Africa against polio. The four-day campaign started today, but instability in some of the target countries could hamper the effort.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Senegal under President Wade</title><pubDate>Fri, 24 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202240759470822t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - As Senegalese presidential elections approach on 26 February, the grassroots M23 and “Y’en a marre” (“Enough is enough”) opposition movements continue to hold daily protests across the country against the decision that incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade can run for a third term. Thus far, six people have been killed in clashes between protesters and security forces.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - DAKAR, 23 February 2012 (IRIN) - As Senegalese presidential elections approach on 26 February, the grassroots M23 and “Y’en a marre” (“Enough is enough”) opposition movements continue to hold daily protests across the country against the decision that incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade can run for a third term. Thus far, six people have been killed in clashes between protesters and security forces.
 
Senegal has long been regarded as a beacon of democracy, but President Wade’s decision to run for a third term threatens its stability and could further aggravate protests if he is declared the winner. 
 
M23 is named after the protests on 23 June 2011 which erupted after the president tried to pass a new law requiring a candidate to gain only 25 percent of the vote to win in the first round of presidential elections. Wade dropped the proposed constitutional changes after the riots and the requirement to win in the first round remains 50 percent.
 
IRIN spoke to analysts, aid agencies, donors and Senegalese citizens to get a sense of what the government, under President Wade - known as Le Vieux (Old Man) - has managed to achieve for its people, and where it has let them down. 
 
Under Wade’s rule the government has attracted funding and foreign investment from emerging donors, embarked on several ambitious infrastructure projects, and improved some social services. 
 
Civil society groups are able to operate in a relatively open environment, while press freedom is far better in Senegal than many of its neighbours. However, transparency and good governance are perceived to have declined significantly; poverty reduction and unemployment have stagnated; the education sector is flagging; and the cost of basic commodities, such as rice, has risen year on year. 
 
Meanwhile, the 30-year civil conflict in the southern region of Casamance remains unresolved, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94895 ] and has led either directly or indirectly to up to 900 deaths as well as eroding the region’s economy. Most Senegalese IRIN spoke to want change, yet whether they take this message to the ballot box remains to be seen. 
 
Poverty down, then up
 
From 1994 to 2005, the number of Senegalese living below the poverty line fell by more than 15 percent to reach 50.7 percent, partly linked to on average 5 percent growth, according to government figures. [ http://www.dsrp-senegal.org/documents.htm ]
 
But since then, it has stagnated, linked to the high cost of basic foods and goods, the international financial crisis, shrinking remittances, inadequate support to the agricultural sector, and heavy government investment in expensive infrastructure projects, among other factors, say donors and development experts. 
 
This, combined with a 2.9 percent growth in population year-on-year, means the number of poor people increased by 10 percent, according to the analysis of Babacar Ndir, an expert on poverty reduction policies at the Centre for Development Policy Studies (CEPOD), which is linked to the Ministry of Economy and Finance. [ http://www.unicef.org/french/infobycountry/senegal_statistics.html ]
 
Many Senegalese feel poorer than they did five years ago, even if they are earning more.  "We are tired," Saliou N'ianj, a guard in the capital, told IRIN, "Everything is expensive now - rice, gas, transport before things were easier."
 
Since the food price crisis of 2008 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=76835 ] cereal costs have continued to rise: one kilogram of rice costs 90 US cents (450 CFC francs), up from 60 cents in 2008. Water, electricity, cooking gas, fuel, transport and (in cities) rent have all gone up, making it increasingly hard for Senegalese to support themselves. 
 
Aliou Badji, a law student in Dakar, told IRIN the family eats just one meal a day: “My father has enough to provide lunch [for us] - for breakfast and dinner, it’s every man for himself.”
 
“You can’t eat roads”
 
Some say the government’s focus on “modernizing” the capital, has come at the expense of investing in agriculture, social services or social protection such as subsidies for the poor. Ibrahima Aidara, economist at the UN Development Programme, told IRIN: “The focus on such heavy investments in Dakar could explain the stagnation of both growth rates and poverty reduction rates.”
 
Huge sums have gone into building new roads, a motorway from Dakar to Thiès (in the centre-west), a national airport 75km from Dakar, as well as an ambitious plan by the president’s son and Minister of Energy Karim Wade, to rehabilitate the energy sector. Such spending has left many resentful. “You can’t eat roads - they don’t give you rice,” Dakar taxi-driver Aboubacar Diop told IRIN.
 
The focus on Dakar has meant many rural areas have been overlooked, said European Union delegation head Dominique Dellicour, who noted just 40 percent of the unpaved road network in rural areas is in good condition, despite the importance of decent roads to enable farmers to transport their produce. 
 
Agriculture makes up roughly half of the country’s economy, but 70 percent of farmers live in poverty.
 
Working in this sector is increasingly difficult, with shrinking markets for key crops such as peanuts, and an over-reliance on rain-fed production. Drought in 2011 has made 800,000 people food-insecure [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94826 ] this year, a problem that has been little-acknowledged by the government. Meanwhile, one in four people is chronically malnourished while 10 percent or more of children under five are acutely malnourished in six of the country’s 14 regions. 
 
Peanuts were once the engine of the Senegalese economy but now farmers struggle to find buyers, partly due to a shift in international preferences for other oils, and to the privatization of the sector which dismantled state-buying structures. Adding to these woes, 2011 production dropped significantly, leaving farmers with little income to get through the next few months.
 
The president’s self-sufficiency strategy - GOANA (Grand Agricultural Offensive for Food Security) - is deemed by many to have been poorly thought-out, with the tools, seeds and fertilizers required to boost production, distributed too late and to too-few farmers. 
 
One of the main problems is that the Senegalese economy is “not diversified” said Mamadou Ndione, chief economist at the World Bank in Senegal. Other than agriculture, the main sectors to carry the economy are construction, the public sector and telecoms “all industries that do not create many jobs”, according to a government (and partners) Poverty Reduction Strategy report.  Construction jobs are considered to be part of the informal job sector. [ http://www.drsp-senegal.org/documents.html ] 
 
Youths and unemployment 
 
With under-employment at 23 percent and growing, according to the World Bank, and the majority of jobs found in the insecure informal job market, many well-qualified graduates find themselves jobless or working for a pittance just to get by. 

Qualified microbiology technician Boubacar Dioum, graduated in 2009 but just two out of his fellow 40 graduates have found jobs - both of them with NGOs.
 
Both underemployment and unemployment increased between 2002 and 2009, according to the UN Development Programme, while the poverty reduction strategy paper notes a “virtual stagnation” in the number of jobs in the modern sector over the past 15 years.
 
Furthermore, a deeply-entrenched culture of nepotism ruins job prospects for many. Accounting graduate Boubacar Soumare, told IRIN: “I make [employment] applications from morning until night but to find work it’s not the diploma that counts, it’s who you know.”
 
Accurate formal sector employment rates are hard to gauge, with estimates from the World Bank at 10 percent and Office of National Statistics at 49 percent.
 
Youths form a core part of the grassroots M23 opposition movement, and are a heavy presence at the daily protests in the capital. 
 
Shrinking transparency 
 
From 2000 to 2007 good governance and transparency improved in Senegal, partly pushed by donors, said Hane Libasse, governance programme officer at the Panos Institute, a non-profit network that pushes transparent public information-sharing. But since then, it has declined: Senegal fell 22 points in two years to rank 112th out of 182 countries in the 2011Transparency International perceptions of corruption index. [ http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011 ] 
 
"Governance is the soft underbelly of the Wade regime," said Mouhamadou Mbodj, general coordinator of the Civil Forum, the Senegalese chapter of Transparency International. 
 
Examples of murky dealings include the decision that all energy-related contracts agreed by the presidency or the president’s son will not be regulated by the public works regulation body, ARMP; and the dismissal of the head of the National Unit of Financial Information Processing (CENTIF) in November 2011 after he allegedly uncovered dubious accounting issues relating to prominent government-members.
 
One of the President’s considerable strengths is seen to be his ability to attract foreign investment and aid by helping to publicize the Senegalese “brand” as a stable democracy. And by comparison to many of its neighbours, Senegal has been stable, despite widespread opposition to the president’s continued rule. So-called “emerging” donors [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94003 ] such as China and the Gulf States have flocked to Senegal, investing heavily in infrastructure. But the accounting procedures of such investments are opaque, according to several interviewees, including a Western diplomat in the capital who preferred anonymity. While traditional donors report to the Finance Ministry, others report directly to the president’s son, with minimal communication between the two.
 
Shady economics
 
Money-laundering plays an increasing role in the economy, according to several analysts, including the European Union’s Dellicour. CENTIF has thus far received 84 reports of suspicious dealings possibly relating to money laundering, amounting to almost US$2.6 million - equivalent to 17 percent of the Senegalese economy, she said. 
 
While accurate numbers are impossible to glean given the strength of the informal sector, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime studied the estimated value of the real estate market following widespread reports of its links with laundered money. Rough estimates value the market at $500 million, while building loans to professionals were estimated at $20 million, leaving a $480 million gap. 
 
According to the UNODC’s Alexandre Schmidt, whether or not this is linked to the drug trade is hard to prove, but “you can easily see how drug money is used in this context,” he told IRIN.
 
While not considered to be a major hub, Senegal is one of several transit points for drugs passing from South America to Europe.
 
Health
 
It has not all been bad. Gains have been made in important areas of the health sector. Maternal mortality has dropped to 401 dying per 100,000 live births (as of 2005); infant mortality rates declined from 61 to 47 per 1,000 live births between 2005 and 2010; while under-five mortality rates dropped from 151 to 93 between 1990 and 2009, according to UNICEF. In general, Senegal’s health system is well-regarded in West Africa.
 
Drops in mortality rates partly come down to better management of child diseases, says health officer Xavier Crespin, including higher vaccine coverage for measles (from 59 to 63 percent) and extensive distribution of treated mosquito nets, among other approaches, to bring down malaria rates. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93111 ]
 
The government has launched major recruitment drives to try to boost staff numbers in health clinics - many of which suffer severe shortages, particularly in rural areas, but despite this, the number of patients per health worker is increasing, partly due to population growth. More efforts are needed, say health professionals. 
 
As midwifery student Marie-Francoise Diouf told IRIN: "In the health sector we have many qualified people out of work, while women continue to die when giving birth.”
 
More work also needs to go into combating polio and measles, both of which re-emerged in 2010, which is a sign, said Crespin, that “the system’s performance is declining”.
 
Water and electricity
 
Water and sanitation services have also improved - with almost 100 percent of Dakar residents officially connected to a clean water source; more rural communities connected (though numbers are unclear); and subsidies for the very poor, according to the monitoring unit of the Programme against Poverty (CSPLP). [ http://www.ansd.sn/projets_en_cours.html ]
 
Electricity access has also increased across the country, though supply remains highly irregular even in the capital. The country’s power stations have not been well-maintained and have not kept up with the demands of a growing population. Continual power cuts, combined with uneven and for many extortionate prices, led to country-wide pillaging and burning of Senelec (the state electricity company’s) offices in June 2011. 
 
Karim Wade’s energy plan will supposedly address the cuts but many fear it is not sustainable, risks draining money from other ministries, and that it is out of date, laying far too little emphasis on renewable energy.
 
Education
 
The government’s education record is mixed: attendance numbers are up but quality is down - a familiar picture across the region. Hundreds of schools were built over the past decade, and primary school enrolment rates grew from 83 to 92 percent between 2006 and 2009, according to the UN, but the completion rate at 60 percent is one of the lowest in the continent, according to the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
 
Teaching quality needs to improve - poor teaching is partly linked to a long-term programme of appointing under-qualified, low-paid “volunteers” to teach in public schools. This may soon change with the imminent introduction of a national teacher examination. 
 
Meanwhile, universities - once vaunted as some of the region’s best - are suffering from over-subscription while efforts to boost teacher recruitment cannot catch up. Many of the nation’s schools and universities are near-crippled by perpetual strikes, with several yet to start the 2012 academic school year. "Many people wonder if this entire year will be lost to strikes,” said Serigne Laye, a teacher in Kafrine, central Senegal.
 
Election promises
 
Thus far few of the 14 presidential candidates have spellt out reform strategies - most simply stress the need for change. Presidential candidate and head of the Socialist Party Ousmane Tanor Dieng, for instance, plans to devote 15 percent of the national budget to agriculture; former Prime Minister and former President of the National Assembly Macky Sall promises universal health coverage and lowering the price of essential commodities; while the incumbent has pledged a government allowance to over-60s. None have specified how such projects will be funded. 
 
It is against this background that the Senegalese go to the polls on 26 February. If the incumbent does not win more than 50 percent of the vote the question is which opposition candidate will voters back.
 
Voter turnout is likely to be low. According to unconfirmed figures, over one million Senegalese who are eligible to vote have not registered, while many among the hundreds and thousands who are, have not picked up their electoral cards. Several would-be voters told IRIN of administrative problems they faced when trying to register, while several Dakar residents spoke of people coming to their neighbourhoods offering food in exchange for their electoral cards. All such reports as yet unconfirmed. 
 
Assiatou Gueye, a house-keeper in the capital, who works six days a week to survive, echoed the sentiments of many Senegalese when she told IRIN she no longer trusts politicians and doubts she will vote at all. 
 
cb/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94934</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202240759470822t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - As Senegalese presidential elections approach on 26 February, the grassroots M23 and “Y’en a marre” (“Enough is enough”) opposition movements continue to hold daily protests across the country against the decision that incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade can run for a third term. Thus far, six people have been killed in clashes between protesters and security forces.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: No end in sight to Casamance conflict</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909042029150421t.jpg" />]]>ZIGUINCHOR 17 February 2012 (IRIN) - As the body count rises from the conflict between members of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) and the Senegalese army, Casamancais are starting to lose hope that they will ever see a path to peace.</description><body><![CDATA[ZIGUINCHOR 17 February 2012 (IRIN) - As the body count rises from the conflict between members of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) and the Senegalese army, Casamancais are starting to lose hope that they will ever see a path to peace.
 
The latest in a string of killings by rebels took place on 14 and 15 February in Sindian (near the Gambian border 100km north of the Casamance capital Ziguinchor), when four Senegalese soldiers were killed and nine wounded in clashes with the MFDC during a Senegalese army search mission for MFDC fighters and bases. Casualty numbers on the MFDC side are unknown.
 
Many civilians have fled the area as a result of the violence, though how many is not yet clear, say local NGOs.
 
This brings the number of soldiers dead in the past two weeks to seven, while in recent months MFDC rebels have also reportedly killed 22 soldiers, wounded dozens of others, and killed 14 civilians.
 
Meanwhile, on 14 February some 50 armed men, claiming to be part of the MFDC, allegedly looted all the businesses in the village of Baghagha, 25km east of Ziguinchor, and forced local men to help them carry their haul across the border to Guinea-Bissau. Residents demonstrated the next day, calling for a return of the Senegalese army camp which had been installed in the area until a month ago.
 
MFDC has been battling mainly for the independence of the region, but partly for more proactive efforts to boost development, since 1982.
 
Some say support among many Casamance residents for the separatist group is dwindling with the rise in violence. “The rebels must stop creating violence in the region; they must understand that it is their parents who have suffered now, for 30 years. They shouldn’t fight for the independence of Casamance and at the same time make people suffer in Casamance,” Moussa Sagna, a trader and resident of Ziguinchor, told IRIN.
 
While many say the spike in violence is linked to upcoming presidential elections, it is clear that separatists operating in the north, with a base across the border in Gambia, are increasingly “radicalizing” under their leader Salif Sadio, said Demba Keita, Secretary-General of local NGO APRAN-SDP, which has long served as an intermediary between the Senegalese government and the MFDC.
 
“Most of the extreme violence is with this faction, and they are turning to new tactics which are clearly copied by other groups,” he said, referring to the spike in killings, and the hostage-taking of six Senegalese soldiers in December (who are still being held).
 
Civilians also targeted
 
Civilians are also increasingly coming under direct attack, with a dozen civilians reportedly killed in November 2011 when they were collecting firewood in a forest in northern Casamance.
 
The collection of firewood is a key revenue source for MFDC factions as, allegedly, are other illicit activities such as the growing and selling of drugs, and drug-trafficking, said Keita and an analyst who preferred anonymity. While some groups may also be getting institutional support, this has not as yet been proven, Keita said.
 
MFDC is split into several rival factions - some with bases in France, one based in Germany, and at least five with representation in Casamance. Three faction leaders have formed an MFDC “contact group” in Ziguinchor.
 
Famara Pape Goudiaby, a member of this “contact group”, told IRIN weapons continue to flow thick and fast through Casamance, and “even as we speak” more were being brought up to the north.
 
President Abdoulaye Wade, who is campaigning for a controversial third term in elections on 26 February, announced a new “peace proposal” for Casamance while on the campaign trail in the region on 12-13 February.
 
However, on 14 February MFDC leaders in the “contact group” rejected the peace plan, demanding “frank and sincere” negotiations in a neutral setting and brokered by a neutral third party as their precondition for working towards peace. They said the proposal, given its timing, was merely an example of cynical politicking.
 
Landmines
 
Basic services and infrastructure in many conflict-affected areas continue to deteriorate, and many villages remain abandoned due to landmines. 
 
“Whether it’s in the border areas with Gambia or Guinea-Bissau or in other mined areas, the population are suffering. Even up to now, there are no wells, no roofs, buildings are falling down because they are inaccessible… It creates many innocent victims, and… Senegal needs to do something,” said Keita.
 
Landmines [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93932 ] have killed up to 800 people since 1988, and government efforts to demine have flagged, leaving much of the work to NGOs such as Handicap International. As of late 2011 just eight villages had been declared mine-free.
 
However, while the continuation of conflict in the south is complicated for the president, even the upturn in violence has not persuaded him or his entourage to devise a more direct, political solution to the problem, said the analyst.
 
In his plan, Wade offered a “DDP” programme - disarmament, demining and “projects” - which would include investing in five agricultural projects across the region.
 
Failed peace initiatives
 
But this is the latest in a string of peace initiatives, all of which have failed, including one in 2004 which also stressed demining, and another Wade brought forward when he came to power in 2000.
 
A political rather than a military or development solution is what some MFDC factions are after, said Goudiaby. “We didn’t take up arms to push for development projects. The Casamance issue is purely political.” The president’s plan is “putting the cart before the horse,” he said, as he had announced it before any negotiations had taken place.
 
For some time now, several MFDC factions have been calling for independently-brokered peace negotiations to be held outside Senegal.
 
But negotiations will not work without the engagement of the governments of Guinea-Bissau and Gambia, stressed Keita. “Everyone knows that many of the fighters come from these countries… [Negotiators need] to get them to support initiatives in the country.”
 
Thus far, what the president has put on the table is in no way new, said Keita. “Talking about disarmament, about reintegration projects - that is not new,” he said. Many have blamed the president for being politically aloof from the problem.
 
Most residents of Ziguinchor IRIN spoke to, agree. “Wade has never succeeded despite spending millions of CFA francs on this, so he must realize these are not the right solutions. I think he isn’t prepared to seriously address the Casamance question,” said Albert Ndecky.
 
“People need to stop attacking us and stealing our things. We are tired of the attacks that we have had to put up with on our roads and in our villages,” said Ziguinchor resident Sagna.
 
mad/aj/cb

----------------------------------------

Recent incidents in Casamance:
 
14 and 15 February
Four Senegalese soldiers killed in Sindian, 100km north of Ziguinchor, on the Gambian border.
 
30 January
The government launches a search operation for MFDC rebel bases in Sindian.
 
Early January
MFDC rebels attacked a Senegalese army brigade in Affiniam, 10km northwest of Ziguinchor, two days in a row, killing one soldier, wounding seven, and taking two hostage.
 
18 December 2011
MFDC killed 10 people, including a reported nine soldiers - one of them a captain - and left many wounded in an attack at Diégoune, 45km west of Ziguinchor. Two secondary school students were also killed during the attack when an army vehicle drove into a civilian’s house. As a result of this and the 13 December attacks, six soldiers were allegedly taken hostage, one of whom reportedly escaped.
 
13 December
MFDC attack Senegalese army barracks in Kabeumb, 15km from the Gambian border, killing four soldiers and injuring six others.
 
21 November
MFDC killed 10 young civilian men as they collected firewood in Daignon forest, 40km east of Ziguinchor.

More on Casamance:

Tackling trauma in Casamance
[ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89196 ]
Confronting aid challenges in Casamance
[ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86644 ]
Closer to war than to peace?
[ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86217 ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94895</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909042029150421t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ZIGUINCHOR 17 February 2012 (IRIN) - As the body count rises from the conflict between members of the separatist Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) and the Senegalese army, Casamancais are starting to lose hope that they will ever see a path to peace.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Drought response slowed by election fever</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111291512180157t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - While it is clear that Senegal was one of the eight Sahelian countries to be hit by poor rains in 2011, unlike most of its neighbours, the government has not yet declared that parts of certain regions are suffering drought conditions. This low-profile approach is slowing down donor and aid agencies’ preparations and responses to help pastoralists and farmers get through the lean season.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - While it is clear that Senegal was one of the eight Sahelian countries to be hit by poor rains in 2011, unlike most of its neighbours, the government has not yet declared that parts of certain regions are suffering drought conditions. This low-profile approach is slowing down donor and aid agencies’ preparations and responses to help pastoralists and farmers get through the lean season. [ http://reliefweb.int/sahel-food-insecurity2012 ]

Some 10 million people across the Sahel are expected to face food insecurity this year, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

“The government is aware that there are pockets of drought, but unfortunately because of elections they are not doing enough about it,” said Abdou Aziz Diallo, president of the Senegalese Red Cross in Dakar. “The elections make the whole response sensitive - we’re a bit blocked.”

Presidential elections, which have been immersed in controversy as to whether or not it is constitutionally legal for incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade to run for a third term, are planned for 26 February.

Some 850,000 people are, or will imminently be, food-insecure in Senegal with the lowland northeast agro-pastoral and central pastoral zones most affected, according to a joint assessment by the government National Council of Rural Executives (CNCR), the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the UN World Food Programme, the Senegalese Red Cross and NGOs.

Some 21 departments (out of 45) in six of the country’s 14 regions have been severely affected and are in need of immediate help, according to the assessment.

Global acute malnutrition rates - the total level of acute malnutrition among under-fives - ranges from 10 to 14 percent in the departments of Matam, Diourbel, Kolda, Louga, St Louis and Thiès departments, with Matam’s 14 percent rate just shy of the World Health Organization’s 15 percent emergency threshold, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93701 ] according to yet-to-be official results of a government assessment (from the Food Security, Nutrition and Child Survival Department) sponsored by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Government position

Mamadou Fall Diop at the government’s Civil Protection Unit told IRIN the government will make a statement on the situation, and invite international groups to act “soon” but said he doubted this would occur before the elections, as everyone is focused elsewhere. 

In 2008 the government announced an ambitious agricultural self-sufficiency programme, GOANA, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=81241 ] and it is difficult - and potentially politically risky - for some in the government to admit to widespread food insecurity just two years later, said the Red Cross’s Diallo. 

While rains were the leading cause of poor harvests, in 2011 distribution of seeds and fertilizers to farmers as part of the GOANA scheme came late, “causing problems”, added an agricultural analyst.

However, the government is starting to mobilize - just quietly, said Doctor Mbayadian, director of nutrition at the Ministry of Health in Dakar, noting: “The elections make it sensitive to expose our work.” The Ministry of Health is starting to train health clinic staff in Matam and Diourbel (in the northeast and centre-west respectively) in how to treat malnourished children, while UNICEF is providing the therapeutic food required.

In parts of the north, local authorities have distributed small amounts of grain to affected areas and in some places are trying to replenish grain stocks, according to the Senegalese Red Cross.

The greatest risk to the government, said a high-level humanitarian official in Dakar who preferred anonymity, would be if the government does not act on a wide enough scale. “That is a real risk - to be one of the only states across the Sahel that does not sufficiently respond to its people when they are suffering.” 

“Nothing remains”

Mamadou Diagne, a farmer in the village of Ndoye Diagne in the north, 17km from the city of St Louis, told IRIN “absolutely nothing” of last year’s harvest remains, “it is all gone.” He has been borrowing sugar and rice from local tradesmen which risks pushing him into dangerous levels of debt. “There is nothing left for us to use or sell… Somehow we will repay them after this year’s harvest,” he told IRIN.

In a good year farmers and pastoralists face lean times from April to June, but many are already running out of grain stocks, heading south in search of pasture for their animals, flocking to cities in search of odd jobs, and reducing the quality of the food they eat.

In Ndoye Diagne, farmers could only produce cabbages and onions - at lower than usual rates given the erratic rains. Pasture is low already, villagers are already running out of food and the price of basic foods such as rice is 50 percent higher than in 2010; while across the country millet prices are 30-100 percent higher than in 2010, according to the inter-agency assessment.

Some villages have been nearly emptied altogether, according to the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC), citing Diakassdé in the north - once a prosperous centre for herders and farmers but now with empty granaries and no pasture; just a few sheep and a few families remain. “We sell our cattle to survive and at the rate we are going there will be nothing left for us. The next harvest is too far away,” resident Salif Sy told IFRC. [ http://www.ifrc.org/news-and-media/news-stories/africa/senegal/urgent-measures-needed-to-prevent-a-future-food-crisis-in-the-sahel-/ ]

International partners

Donors and UN agencies are for the most part waiting for the government’s invitation for help, though several representatives told IRIN they were planning their response, with some weaving humanitarian activities into their long-term development projects.

Meanwhile, NGOs and the Red Cross movement are freer to act more openly. 

NGO Oxfam America is considering a cash transfer programme for pastoralists and farmers in Louga. IFRC and the Senegalese Red Cross are distributing cash grants, food, seeds, tools and fertilizers in six departments: St Louis, Podor, Matam, Ranérou, Kanel and Dagana. 

But they do not have enough money to work to the scale that they need and want to, said Cheikh Seye Dienj, Red Cross coordinator in St Louis. Out of an estimated 34 villages in need, the Senegalese Red Cross is able to respond in just four, and may be able to help just 100 families. “We can’t help everyone,” he pointed out.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94826</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111291512180157t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - While it is clear that Senegal was one of the eight Sahelian countries to be hit by poor rains in 2011, unlike most of its neighbours, the government has not yet declared that parts of certain regions are suffering drought conditions. This low-profile approach is slowing down donor and aid agencies’ preparations and responses to help pastoralists and farmers get through the lean season.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: Donors learning funding lessons - slowly</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202061151210348t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, say aid groups.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - DAKAR, 3 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=81&reportid=89910 ] However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94082 ] say aid groups. 

As of now, over US$150 million has been pledged to respond to food insecurity, drought and nutrition needs in the Sahel, whereas at the same point in 2010 donors were doing “almost nothing”, said Amadou Sow in the Africa coordination division of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

As early as December 2011 aid agencies and national governments campaigned for aid, while OCHA released its emergency appeal - whereas in the 2010 crisis this was not released until April, far later in the lean season.

The European Commission (EC) has directed $138 million to the region, according to Cyprien Fabre, head of ECHO (EU aid body) in West Africa, who says there is “great commitment at the EU level”, with the development and humanitarian commissioners working closely together on the Sahel crisis. The EU is also expected to release longer-term funding soon.

The US Agency for International Development (USAID) meanwhile, has channeled $67 million to the crisis, $25.5 million of it to the World Food Programme in Niger and Chad; France and the UK Department for International Development have each directed $10 million towards five Sahelian countries without yet specifying what is going where; the UN Central Emergency Response Fund has released $16 million of start-up funding; while Sweden, Germany, Austria and other donors have allotted smaller sums. 

Most of these figures are not yet reflected in the OCHA financial tracking system [ http://reliefweb.int/sahel-food-insecurity2012 ] which currently states that the Chad and Niger appeals are respectively 7 and 15 percent funded. 

While such pledges are welcomed, the EC Humanitarian Commissioner, Kristalina Georgieva, recently said a conservative estimate of the needs over the next six months would be 500 million euros [US$654 million], “so there is clearly a considerable gap to fill,” noted Stephen Cockburn, West Africa campaigns and policy manager at Oxfam. 

Avoid repeat mistakes

Donors may fear repeating the mistakes of the Horn of Africa, where everyone responded too late, and may also want to show that they have learned the lessons from past Sahel crises, say aid workers. 

“Donors are more interested in the Sahel now,” said Fabre. “They probably want to make sure they don’t miss the opportunity to have a correct, coherent, quality response this time.”

However, some fear donors are waiting too long to specifically allocate their aid by country, positing they are waiting for more detailed figures on needs to be published. An OCHA Sahel strategy paper with specific needs in each country will be launched imminently.

Donors must not fund Chad and Niger to the neglect of other affected countries, including Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Mali, Nigeria, and Senegal, warns OCHA’s Sow.

Longer-term still under-funded

While pledging has been swifter, the long-term aid that Sahel experts have been pushing for for years is still not prioritized, say Sahel experts.  

“The argument [for longer-term resilience-oriented aid] has “not been won yet”, said Fabre. 

A number of aid agencies are involved in longer-term resilience work, such as Oxfam’s project to give people cash transfers or cash-for-work to help vulnerable families cope with high food prices. “Some donors [the European Union and DFID] are beginning to fund this work, but as an approach it remains under-prioritized,” said Oxfam’s Cockburn.

The prevention and treatment of moderate acute malnutrition is one chronically under-funded sector in the Sahel: While over one million children are expected to face severe and life-threatening malnutrition this year, in a “normal” year the figure hovers around 800,000. 

West Africa UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) nutrition specialist Robert Johnston told IRIN: “It is still difficult to ensure funding from government agencies for long-term preventative activities when there are critical life-saving interventions that they can respond to immediately. It’s much easier [for them] to justify life-saving than long-term.” 

Likewise, it can be hard to get national governments on board: “In areas with low levels of education and poor healthcare systems, it is hard to plant the seed of prevention as an idea.”

However, donor attitudes here are slowly changing, he said. UNICEF programmes now come from the point of view that emergency treatment and longer-term prevention of malnutrition are two sides of the same coin. “Everyone is starting to get the message,” he said. 

Aid agencies and donors should see their response to the Sahel drought as an opportunity to change their approach, said Kazimiro Rudolph-Jacondo, head of OCHA’s West Africa office in Dakar. “This is a window of opportunity to build on lessons learned from the past and to resolve these problems over the long term,” he told IRIN. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94799</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202061151210348t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 06 February 2012 (IRIN) - This year donors are stepping up more quickly to meet Sahel’s humanitarian needs compared to 2010, when they were slow to respond. However, they are still at fault for taking a quick-fix approach rather than addressing long-term disaster prevention and resilience needs, say aid groups.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: Act now to avoid another crisis, say aid agencies</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008191536230203t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are warning donors to act now to avert another drought-related food crisis in the Sahel that could mean over 11 million people sink into further food insecurity, poverty or malnutrition.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are warning donors to act now to avert another drought-related food crisis in the Sahel that could mean over 11 million people sink into further food insecurity, poverty or malnutrition.

Millions of farmers and pastoralist families have still not yet recovered from a drought and poor harvest [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=81&reportid=89910 ] which destroyed their livelihoods and eroded their food security in 2009. 

Governments, UN agencies and NGOs estimate six million people are highly vulnerable to food insecurity and possible related impoverishment and malnutrition in Niger; 2.9 million in Mali; 700,000 - over quarter of the population - in Mauritania; and over two million in Burkina Faso; while in Chad 13 out of 22 of the regions could be affected by food insecurity. 

Poor rains in parts of Niger, Mauritania, Chad and Burkina Faso - as well as pockets in other countries in the Sahel - have led to poor cereal production. That, combined with other factors mean for many, the lean season, which traditionally starts in March or April, could come as early as January. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94081 ]

Contributing to Sahelians’ vulnerability are: very high regional food prices - the cost of cereals in the region is 40 percent higher now than the past five years’ average, according to NGO Oxfam; a drought as recently as 2009 which meant despite good rains in 2010 poor farmers and herders had sold off all of their food or animal stocks and not had time to rebuild them; and lost remittances not only from returnee workers from Libya, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93098 ] but also potentially from Europe.

Re-stocking can take a decade

“The intervals between these crises are getting smaller, so there is a very small amount of time to recover in between them,” Thomas Yanga, regional director of the World Food Programme (WFP), told reporters at a press conference last week: 

Poor herders in 14 areas of Niger lost 90 percent of their livestock in the 2009 crisis, according to a government study. Oxfam’s Niger country programme director, Mohamed Aly Ag Hamana, told IRIN it takes at least three years to rebuild a small stock of sheep and goats, and up to 10 years to build up cattle stocks.

The Sahel is chronically vulnerable to malnutrition, [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=81&reportid=89734 ] food insecurity and drought - even in good harvest years one third of Chad’s population is chronically undernourished, according to the Sahel Working Group; while in 2010, despite very strong harvests, 250,000 children in Niger were acutely malnourished, said ECHO (EU aid body) head in West Africa, Cyprien Fabre. 

“This year the harvest was poor-to-average, not catastrophic, but the region could still face crisis,” said Remi Dourlot, spokesperson at the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

While cereal production overall in West Africa is 25 percent down on 2010, according to the Permanent Inter-State Committee to Prevent Drought in the Sahel (CILLS), Chad and Mauritania face 50 percent drops on 2010; and drops of 28 and 38 percent respectively compared to the past five years, according to Oxfam’s economy justice campaign manager Eric Hazard.

Already in crisis

Some Sahelians are already facing crisis conditions, said Oxfam’s joint Mali head Marietou Diaby.

According to her, some herders in Kayes in western Mali are already starting to sell off their stocks, while pastoralists in Mali, Niger, Chad and Mauritania started to move in search of pasture one month ago, which in good years, they only begin to do in January.

Such early movements could lead to overgrazing and an upsurge of conflict in places like the Niger Delta, Gourma in northern Mali, Lake Chad, the northern Gulf of Guinea, southern Chad, and other areas, warn WFP and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in their monthly food security review.

If immediate interventions do not take place, livestock prices will plummet, making it more and more difficult for herders to buy grain. About half of all the livestock in Mauritania and Chad lack sufficient pasture, according to Oxfam’s Hamana, who stressed: “We must help pastoralists destock now, before prices drop.”

Even with stable livestock prices, high grain costs are already barring many herders from purchasing food, said Diaby.

And food is becoming scarce in some markets: for instance, scarce millet and sorghum stocks in Mali mean the only cereal available from wholesalers in the capital Bamako’s Bagadadji market, is grain, according to WFP and FAO.

In Tilabéri in northwestern Niger, children are already being kept away from school and young men have left in search of work. 

This should be a time of plenty, said Yanga. “We should not be seeing these market conditions at this time of year,” he said.

What is needed

As well as timely destocking, investment in water projects [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=81&reportid=89432 ]; better distribution and storage of animal feed to save livestock [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90754 ]; income-generation, social protection activities and efforts to boost nutrition in the Sahel are needed, according to the Sahel Working Group in their paper, Escaping the Hunger Cycle in the Sahel. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94082 ]

If governments, aid agencies and donors act fast when an acute food crisis occurs, they can prevent the immense damage to livelihoods and the loss of productive assets by vulnerable households, they say.

The more-frequent droughts hitting the Sahel point to the need for a different kind of response, said WFP’s Yanga, encompassing early warning, addressing root causes, and chronic nutritional problems. “These crises are recurring more frequently… We don’t know if this will last, but it’s a trend that we’re also seeing elsewhere." 

More long-term investment is needed in the region, said Oxfam humanitarian advocate, Stephen Cockburn. “Even after the crises of 2005 and 2009 there has been a lack of investment in sustainable agriculture and programmes to reduce poverty,” he told IRIN.

There’s still time

There is still time to avert wide-scale crisis, said Oxfam’s Hazard, citing some positive factors: “Early warnings are coming very promptly; affected governments are acting early this year… and some donors have also responded early to avert crisis.”

Niger was the first country to launch an emergency appeal, in early November, and map out its response plan; Mauritania and Burkina Faso are both currently mapping out their responses, which will include subsidizing cereal sales, distributing food, replenishing national cereal stocks and in Niger’s case, launching a livestock investment programme. 

ECHO announced a US$13 million intervention last week to mitigate disaster in the region, while the UN’s Central Emergency Response Fund has released US$6 million to WFP, FAO and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to build up their responses. 

Other donors must follow suit, said Cockburn. “We have no excuse to make the same mistakes as in the past,” he told IRIN.

Early action is cheaper than emergency response, stressed Oxfam quoting ex-UN emergencies head Jan Egeland’s figures that it would have cost US$1 per day to prevent acute malnutrition among children in the Sahel in 2004 but by 2005 the cost of saving a malnourished child’s life was US$80 per day.

Fabre hopes other donors will shift their approach to focus on resilience both pre- and post-crises. After all, “we can’t do emergency responses every year - it’s unsustainable,” he said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94466</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008191536230203t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 14 December 2011 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are warning donors to act now to avert another drought-related food crisis in the Sahel that could mean over 11 million people sink into further food insecurity, poverty or malnutrition.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Talibés turn traders</title><pubDate>Thu, 08 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112081259260328t.jpg" />]]>PIKINE 08 December 2011 (IRIN) - It is widely assumed that few of the estimated 50,000 ‘talibés’ in Senegal - boys in Koranic schools, or ‘daaras’, studying to become Islamic teachers - who roam the streets begging for money to support their religious leader (‘marabout’)  will end up teaching, and most will become vagabonds, delinquents and robbers. Now, child protection experts say their future is not always so bleak - the skills that talibés develop on the streets can turn them into successful traders.</description><body><![CDATA[PIKINE 08 December 2011 (IRIN) - It is widely assumed that few of the estimated 50,000 ‘talibés’ in Senegal - boys in Koranic schools, or ‘daaras’, studying to become Islamic teachers - who roam the streets begging for money to support their religious leader (‘marabout’) will end up teaching, and most will become vagabonds, delinquents and robbers. Now, child protection experts say their future is not always so bleak - the skills that talibés develop on the streets can turn them into successful traders. 
 
 “There is no correlation between these adolescent talibés and youths who rob and mug… I don’t believe these theories,” said Biram Mbagnick Ndiaye, a youth programme team leader at Environment and Development Action in the Third World (ENDA-TM), an NGO that supports training programmes for street children, including talibés. 
 
 “We take care of lots of troubled youths, and those emerging from daaras are often the least aggressive and the easiest to reintegrate [into society],” Ndiaye told IRIN in the capital, Dakar. 
 
 Employment higher-than-average 
 
 Three years ago ENDA did a study of 50 talibés emerging from the daaras of Kaolack in the south of Senegal and Dagana in the north, and found that around 80 percent of them were earning money in small businesses, while the rest were masons or carpenters. Only one did not have a job. 
 
 These statistics are better than the national average: some 48 percent of the working population in the formal economy is unemployed, according to the World Bank. 
 
 “Some manage to escape [their religious master] and become good traders,” said Ndiaye. “Others migrate to Europe and eventually come back and invest in businesses here.” 
 
 Yves Olivier Kassoka, child protection officer at the UN Children’s Agency (UNICEF) in Dakar, said most talibés learn the Koran by rote and many leave daaras unable to read or write or with training in other skills, but they are used to collecting and saving money. 
 
 A Dakar-based teacher, Bernadette Ndiaye, notes that they are also highly resilient and persistent - traits that, with the right guidance, can help them thrive in a competitive market place. 
 
 Training a challenge 
 
 Engaging in small trade can work for talibés and ex-street kids, but those who want to pursue a vocation or career often have a harder time. Unused to learning, many ex-talibés find it hard to apply themselves to apprenticeships, said trainers at adolescent rehabilitation centres around the country, and there are too few centres and programmes to help all the young people who need assistance. 
 
 Pope Ndoye, director of one of the two state-led rehabilitation centres in Dakar, Centre de Sébikotane, which takes in children and youths aged 13-21, told IRIN that they “are not educated, they are idle, they wander the streets, they commit petty thefts, [and] they drink.” 
 
 Springboard, a rehabilitation centre in Pikine, 30km from Dakar, is home to some 40 young people aged 16-25, most of whom stay for more than two years. They usually come from broken homes or were once talibés, but there are also some from neighbouring villages to create a good mix, said the centre’s co-founder, Loic Treguy. 
 
 At the centre they learn to read and write, and are taught masonry, carpentry, gardening and civic education. They also receive counselling and play sports. Many have never participated in any of these activities and may have taken drugs for years or have learning difficulties, said Treguy. 
 
 Students and trainers at the centre grow salad greens, beets, papayas, mangoes, chilli, lemon grass, banana ginger and herbs. Each youth must pitch his or her own tent on arrival and will eventually graduate to a dorm if they behave. 
 
 One of the biggest challenges for trainers is dealing with behaviour, said ENDA’s Ndiaye. “Usually, in Koranic schools you learn Islamic values, like respect for others, but it’s not always the case. You can see some quite uncivil behaviour in the streets.” This includes spitting, fighting, and washing in public, much of which the boys consider to be normal, he said. 
 
 Springboard’s masonry trainer, Abdoulaye Gueye, told IRIN: “We have to constantly negotiate with them in order to progress, even when they are keen to learn.” The seven apprentices he has taken on are building a new storage room at the centre. 
 
 Adjusting to life in the centre “can take a long time” said Treguy. “At first, there are always problems.” Despite the difficulties, most young people eventually take to the training. Moussa Diarra, 18, who once roamed the streets, is now pruning trees in the garden. 
 
 He fled his home in Tambacounda, 400km from the capital and the biggest city on eastern Senegal, in his early teens because his brother used to hit him. Now he wants to return home and help support his family. “I could do this gardening there and help them… I’m proud to have learned this business,” he told IRIN. 
 
 The right help 
 
 Talibés do best when they try to make it in the informal sector, trainers told IRIN. “The problem for that even with all the training in the world, it is hard to find them jobs,” Ndoye told IRIN at the Sébikotane centre. Staff there, try to direct some rehabilitated youths into the army, others to football training academies, he said, but opportunities are few and far-between. 
 
 More resources need to be put into training talibés and street children, said UNICEF’s Kassoka. The agency has been helping the government to modernize daaras in Kaolack, and at Diourbel in central Senegal, so that students graduate with some life skills. “It’s working, but it’s very resource-intensive and the government needs to be more engaged,” said Kassoka. “It has the will to take on [the task], but not completely.” 
 
 Many talibés are considered at-risk teens and end up in centres for troubled young people, when they actually need more targeted help. More partners are needed to take on the “constant flow of ex-talibés,” Kassoka said. 
 
 Ndoye said the state has expanded its efforts in recent years by putting more resources into such centres, particularly in terms of staff training. “There has been a shift in mentality,” he noted. “Before, it was considered shameful for a family to have a child like that… today things are more open - the media discuss it, people are starting to try to understand these youths.” 
 
 af/aj/he 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94428</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112081259260328t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PIKINE 08 December 2011 (IRIN) - It is widely assumed that few of the estimated 50,000 ‘talibés’ in Senegal - boys in Koranic schools, or ‘daaras’, studying to become Islamic teachers - who roam the streets begging for money to support their religious leader (‘marabout’)  will end up teaching, and most will become vagabonds, delinquents and robbers. Now, child protection experts say their future is not always so bleak - the skills that talibés develop on the streets can turn them into successful traders.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Prospects and pitfalls along a Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111291510380251t.jpg" />]]>MBAR TOUBAB 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Former goat-herder Samba Ba proudly points to a row of metre-high acacia trees growing amid the fine grasses that are the only other vegetation in this part of northern Senegal&apos;s arid savannah. “Planting trees is a blessing - trees mean life. We call this the Nile River of the Sahel.”</description><body><![CDATA[MBAR TOUBAB 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Former goat-herder Samba Ba proudly points to a row of metre-high acacia trees growing amid the fine grasses that are the only other vegetation in this part of northern Senegal's arid savannah. “Planting trees is a blessing - trees mean life. We call this the Nile River of the Sahel.”

Ba hopes that in time the trees will bear black fruits that can be used as goat-feed. He and his fellow villagers are also planting the Sahel acacia, which produces a gum with medicinal properties, the tamarind, which has edible bitter-sweet fruit, and the desert date or “sump” tree, which bears small fruits whose oil can be used in cooking. These are all thorny trees with small leaves, the only kind that can survive in the arid conditions. 

Sedentary and semi-nomadic Fulani herdsmen are planting five hectares of vegetable and fruit crops and approximately 1,000 trees as part of the Great Green Wall project (“La Grande Muraille Verte”), an ambitious pan-African environmental programme designed to combat desertification along the southern edge of the Sahara and provide nomadic populations with extra livelihoods while enhancing their food security. 

The scheme falls within the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, which aims to decrease poverty and improve food sources, [ http://www.unccd.int/ ] and is being supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Donors have pledged US$3 billion to the 11 participating countries: Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Sudan. 

Ambitious

The governments of these 11 Sahelian states intend that 20 years from now, a giant hedge, 15km wide and 7,000km long, spreading across two million hectares, will help slow the advancing desert and impede the hot winds that increase erosion. 

“The wall is just the final result. What we're looking for… is to protect and improve the eco-systems of these Sahel regions, and [through this] to improve the diets, health, lifestyle and environment of the Savannah people,” said Matar Cissé, director general of the national agency implementing the project, in the Senegalese capital, Dakar. 

Chronic drought has made it increasingly difficult for Fulani nomads to make a traditional living as pastoralists. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94082 ] Ba, 42, a Fulani who has settled in the village of Mbar Toubab, 100km south of where the Sahara desert starts in neighbouring Mauritania, says herdsmen would consider settling in such villages if they could earn a living by growing and selling fruit and vegetables. 

Cissé said, “We are, we hope, developing a system that will help these people help themselves to stay in one place, create jobs and raise their own incomes. For the nomadic peoples, this could fundamentally change the way they live.”

Food production and shifting lifestyles

Villagers are taught how to plant market gardens and use drip irrigation by connecting a small elevated water tank to perforated pipes that deliver small amounts of water to each plant. “We travel great distances in search of pasture and water. If this project is successful… this area won't be hopeless any more,” Ba told IRIN. “To have water and food to feed ourselves and our animals on our doorstep can only be beneficial.” 

A Niger government study found that pastoralists with small herds had lost 90 percent of their livestock in successive droughts. 

So far, the 133 women participating in the scheme in Mbar Toubab have produced lettuce, tomatoes, onions, potatoes, okra, aubergines, watermelons, carrots, cabbages and turnips. Their mango and orange trees have yet to bear fruit, said Kumba Ka, President of the Gardening association, who walks six km every day to work in her garden 

Many villagers thought something like this would never be possible. “We’re growing so many different types of vegetables that normally only grow where water is deep,” Ka told IRIN. 

Such a project must be based on market research that identifies who will be able to buy the vegetables, where, and at what prices, if it is to support livelihoods and food security, said Peter Gubbels, West Africa coordinator of NGO Groundswell International [ http://www.groundswellinternational.org/our-story/ ] and author of the Sahel Working Group’s recent report, Escaping the Hunger Cycle: Pathways to Resilience in the Sahel. [ http://www.groundswellinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/Pathways-to-Resilience-in-the-Sahel.pdf ]

The Great Green Wall could play an important role in environmental management and supporting nomadic livelihoods, but it must not be seen as “the solution” to food security, Gubbels said. The project risks being too ambitious by taking on desertification as well as food security, which are separate issues, requiring separate solutions. 

Food security versus desertification

Food insecurity in the Sahel is largely due to a growing gap between rich and poor, with an “underclass of the bottom 30 percent” living in chronic poverty, he said. Solutions include subsidized prices, social protection schemes, and disaster reduction, among many others. [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=72&reportid=77872 ]

Desertification is what forces people to migrate. “In the popular imagination desertification is about billowing sand dunes advancing at a rate of two kilometres a year, but… [it] is the overuse of natural resources, over-grazing, intensive farming and the subsequent erosion of land-pockets that become completely denuded and then join together,” Gubbels said. 

Tree-planting projects to combat desertification work best when the trees are owned by the farmers themselves, said Chris Reij, coordinator of the African Regreening Initiative. 

Gubbels noted that “Usually only 20 percent of newly planted trees will survive… so there is a high risk to tree-planting… unless we mobilize millions of [farmers] to invest in trees as well as manage them themselves, the battle against desertification cannot be won.”

Pastoralist-led solutions

The most innovative projects to improve the lives and livelihoods of pastoralists are being developed by the pastoralists themselves, with the help of NGOs, said Reij. In Niger they have established settlement sites where they plant trees and market gardens alongside health and education services. Pastoralists then migrate from these points.

Rather than using such schemes to encourage the nomads to settle - which often leads to tension with sedentary communities - a combination of mobility and agriculture is the most risk-averse survival strategy. “[Partial] mobility…is a much better and less risky strategy than staying in one place… [which] leads to over-grazing,” and if the area does not get much rainfall that year, “you are much more vulnerable,” Gubbels pointed out.

In a worst-case scenario, “[Without] sufficient technical guidance and support… [for the Great Green Wall], in a few years you'll see a broken-down tractor, a scattering of a few small trees in the village plantation, a few families benefiting from the market gardening, and little positive overall change, with the poorest families as chronically vulnerable as before,” Gubbels said.

However, if the ambitious project is seen as a framework for funding and a platform for sharing information across the 11 Sahelian states, he said, it could positively impact the lives and livelihoods of pastoralists.

jl/aj/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94322</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111291510380251t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBAR TOUBAB 29 November 2011 (IRIN) - Former goat-herder Samba Ba proudly points to a row of metre-high acacia trees growing amid the fine grasses that are the only other vegetation in this part of northern Senegal&apos;s arid savannah. “Planting trees is a blessing - trees mean life. We call this the Nile River of the Sahel.”</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Soon every African village will know what the weather may bring</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data. 
 
 The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91170 ] an initiative of the World Meteorological Organization is now able to render the data from regional climate models to the scale people live in, and decision makers work at. The information will not only help countries but also communities in their efforts to adapt to changing weather patterns, and to tailor their disaster risk reduction plans. 

The effort is geared to feed into the next assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), due to be released in 2014. 
 
Although CORDEX aims to “downscale” the data for all regions of the world, Africa has been identified as the most vulnerable by the IPCC and a priority for the initiative. Historically the continent has been under-researched, but for the next two years will be a focus for the programme. 
 
Chris Lennard, a scientist at the Climate Systems Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, which has one of the only two climate modelling groups downscaling the projections in Africa, said by mid-2012 climate data for people living within 50 kilometres from each other will be available across Africa. 
 
 The other African group, also in South Africa, is based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. 
 
 "There are climatologists outside the project who are downscaling up to a 22 km resolution as well," said Lennard. “Although this means data at the scale of cities will be available, when assessing vulnerabilities to climate change in a place like Johannesburg there are many other factors that need to be considered external to the city such as water and food security and power provision for example.” 
 
 How it works 
 
 Projecting the impact of climate change is a complicated process that takes into account changes in the long-term averages of daily weather patterns and many other factors. Climate models are used to simulate processes that occur in the atmosphere, such as the movement of moisture and heat as well as the possible impact of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases on these processes. 
 
 During two meetings in 2011, over 20 African climate scientists met to analyse CORDEX produced data. They decided to divide Africa into three regions for analysis - Southern, East and West. They then sub-divided the regions according to the common characteristics of the rainfall patterns in them. For instance, West Africa has been split into a Southern and Northern region because the south has two peaks per rainy season and the north has only one. 
 
 Climatologists often split regions according to common rainfall patterns because the variables that affect rainfall - movement of air, pressure, temperature, radiation, moisture content - also drive climate change. 
 
 Unfortunately, not all African countries can be assessed because of a lack of adequate scientific support and observational data. 
 
 During the first stage of CORDEX, scientists tested the ability of the various regional climate models to generate data based on actual climate statistics for the period 1988-2010. "The selected historical timeframe is too small to look at any long-term trends," said Lennard. "We wanted to see how the regional climate models simulated the past so we can say something about how they might simulate the future." 
 
 The 14 regional climate models also include factors like the level of small-scale convection, and the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. The scientists then work on a consensus position based on the results generated by all the models. 
 
 "We have completed this stage and are busy writing up our results so they can be included in the IPCC 5th assessment report," said Lennard. 
 
 The teams are now awaiting results of global projections of climate change from 12 global climate modelling groups already at work in Europe, the US and elsewhere. 
 
 These groups - including the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy; the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; the Danish Meteorological Institute; and the Iowa State University - are among the world's foremost global climate modelling institutions. They have simulated the earth's climate as far back as 1950 and look as far forward as 2100. 
 
 "Once the global climate model data become available we will start downscaling them, and the downscaled results will be shared with the African teams for analysis. We expect to have the first downscaled model data early in November," Lennard said. 
 
 Making sense of the numbers 
 
 The projections are critical for communities that must adapt to a moodier climate with limited resources. Initial IPCC assessment reports tended to focus on global climate models and predictions that did not factor in underlying socioeconomic conditions or the vulnerability of communities, writes Saleemul Huq, one of the IPCC’s lead authors. [ http://pubs.iied.org/17103IIED.html?c=climate ] "So, for example, model-based physical impacts in the Netherlands look similar to those in Bangladesh - in part because the two countries share a similar topography, both being low-lying deltas - but in reality the impacts on people, and the options for adapting to these, are likely to differ widely,” Huq notes in a briefing paper for the International Institute for Environment and development (IIED). 
 
 “The Netherlands is technologically and financially rich and can adapt to rising sea levels by raising dykes. Bangladesh, on the other hand, cannot afford to build dykes around its entire coast, even if that was the best adaptation solution." More recent IPCC reports have gone for a "more rounded picture of which countries and regions are at highest risk from climate change". 
 
One of the unique characteristics of the CORDEX Africa campaign is that African climatologists will meet with other African scientists who study vulnerability, adaptation and the impact of climate change on people, to translate the model numbers into meaningful, usable information. Experts from countries that include Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe will analyse the data.

"These scientists [who study humanitarian impact of climate change] know for example what thresholds, which, if crossed more frequently would impact detrimentally on communities, so whether the people in a certain area are more vulnerable to five days or eight days of continuous rainfall,” said Lennard. 
 
“We are coming together so that the impacts scientists can ask climatologists their questions, who will then analyse the model output with these questions in mind and provide them with information they can use."
 
 Their answers will also inform the analysis included in the IPCC's fifth assessment, which is devoting four chapters to adaptation. The previous report, in 2007, carried just one chapter on the topic. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94127</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Sahel the danger zone for food insecurity</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241342030732t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.
 
“We are definitely going to have a difficult year,” said Patricia Hoorelbeke, West Africa head of NGO Action Against Hunger (ACF), adding that the NGO is considering expanding its food and nutrition programmes in the region.
 
Food production
 
Food production is expected to be lower than usual in parts of western Niger, Chad’s Sahelian zone, southern Mauritania, western Mali, eastern Burkina Faso, northern Senegal and Nigeria, according to a report by the World Food Programme (WFP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and a separate assessment by USAID’s food security monitor FEWS NET. [ http://www.fews.net/Pages/region.aspx?gb=r1&l=en ]
 
Tahoua and Tillabéry in central and northwestern Niger respectively are expected to see significantly reduced outputs, according to FEWS NET.
 
In most of the above-affected areas the rains either started too late or too early, or were unevenly distributed.
 
Cereal production is expected to reach 43-52 million tons for the region, near the 2009 average, according to FEWS NET. More precise figures will be known in mid-November once the harvest is collected.
 
Pastoralists
 
Pastoralists are expected to fare better than they did last year, when hit by drought in the Sahel, but in some agro-pastoralist zones, rains have been delayed, which could lead to poor pasture levels, according to the WFP/FAO report. 
 
“We are worried because these irregular rainfalls have occurred in very vulnerable areas where people’s resilience is already very weakened,” said livelihoods specialist at WFP Jean-Martin Bauer. Many Sahelian households live in a state of chronic food insecurity, he said. “They are the ones with no access to land, lost livestock, without able-bodied men who can find work in cities - they are particularly affected by a decrease in production.” 
 
A government-NGO April 2011 study in 14 agro-pastoral departments of Niger noted that pastoralists with small herds lost on average 90 percent of their livestock in the 2009-2010 drought, while those with large herds lost one quarter. Those who had lost the bulk of their assets have already reduced the quality and quantity of food they are consuming. 
 
The Niger government and partners are currently studying the food insecurity situation, so more will be known soon, he said, adding that it is clear the government will need to carry out some kind of emergency food distributions and food subsidies imminently. 
 
Nutrition
 
Parts of the Sahel year-on-year experience global acute malnutrition rates that surpass emergency thresholds. A third of the population of Chad is chronically undernourished, regardless of the rains or size of the harvest; and more than 50 percent of the population in Niger suffers from food insecurity, with 22 percent extremely food insecure, according to the World Bank in 2009.
 
Global acute malnutrition [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93701 ] in parts of the Sahelian zone of Chad was on average 15-20 percent over the past five years, and could reach 25 percent this year, according to ACF’s Hoorelbeke.
 
Returnees from Libya
 
The return to Niger and Chad of migrants from Libya who previously sent money home to help mitigate crop deficit is already pushing some families into further food insecurity, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). “These returns have aggravated extreme poverty and hunger which is affecting more than half of Niger's 2.5 million people threatened with food insecurity this year,” said IOM.
 
While international attention and government involvement has been relatively high in Niger compared to the devastating drought of 2005, Oumarou Lalo Keita, principal adviser to the prime minister, said international agencies have been slow to respond to government appeals for increased aid over recent months as a result of the return of some 90,000 migrants from Libya. “There is clearly cause for concern,” he said. Following the 2009-2010 drought, the country does not have sufficient emergency food stocks, he said. “We experience difficulties year-on-year, and there is still a gap between needs and the support we receive.”
 
While governments and aid agencies in West Africa are for the most part well-versed in responding to food insecurity, readiness and capacity is still low in some areas. 
 
Part of the Chadian Sahel and eastern Burkina Faso are not receiving as much international attention, said ACF’s Hoorelbeke. “Chadian Sahel is hardly covered - there are not enough agencies there… If there is a situation that we hear very little about, it is eastern Burkina Faso, where we are likely to see a real problem this year,” she told IRIN. 
 
However, even were more money available, many Sahelian governments lack the capacity to absorb it, notes a report just out by the Sahel Working Group entitled Escaping the Hunger Cycle: Pathways to Resilience in the Sahel. [ http://www.groundswellinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/Pathways-to-Resilience-in-the-Sahel.pdf ]
 
Some Sahelian countries, such as Mali, have built up decent emergency buffer stocks following a good 2010 harvest, according to food security analysts. But region-wide, more food security stocks are needed as promised in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) agricultural policy, says the Sahel Working Group.
 
Some governments, such as Senegal, are trying to reduce dependency on international rice markets by boosting their own self-sufficiency. However, boosting agricultural production is only one of many interventions required to boost food-security. Intervening to improve access to food, is equally important, particularly for those who do not work in agriculture - the very poor, pastoralists, urban dwellers and others.
 
Costly food imports
 
Some 40 percent of West Africa’s rice consumption is imported, according to WFP’s Bauer. The Thai government’s recently-issued policy to raise the minimum price guaranteed to farmers has produced tensions on the international rice market. One ton of top quality Thai rice, which is a reference on the food market, has already gone up from US$380 dollars in September 2010 to $495 in September 2011. With the terrible floods currently affecting Thailand, prices should continue to rise, say experts. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94021 ]
 
Most likely to be affected in West Africa are Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau and other coastal states. 
 
International wheat prices have also risen since June 2011 because of poor wheat prospects in the USA. The cost of US wheat was up 24 percent in August 2011 from its August 2010 level, according to FAO’s September Global Food Price Monitor. [ http://www.fao.org/giews/english/gfpm/ ]
 
Imported wheat counts for two-thirds of grain consumption in Mauritania: in the capital, Nouakchott, prices have risen by 50 percent since this time last year; while in the desert town of Ouadane in the central-north, wheat prices are at record highs. Even before wheat prices shot up, one in five households was food-insecure in the south, according to the Commission for Food Security and humanitarian partners, and 8 percent had already reduced the amount of food they were eating.
 
Regional markets also require close monitoring, say market analysts. High rice prices in Guinea this year, for instance, drew many of Liberia’s and Sierra Leone’s rice producers to export there, leaving significant grain deficits in Liberia, and a 38 percent price rice since 2010 in urban areas. 
 
The Niger government is working hard to ensure that its local harvest stays predominantly in-country so as not to repeat the problems faced in 2005 when the strength of the Nigerian currency (the naira) against the CFA franc meant Niger and Chad sold more cereals to Nigeria. The naira rose against the CFA in September. However, government interventions to protect markets are also a “double-edged sword”, said adviser to Niger’s prime minister Keita, as it encouraged neighbouring states to do the same, stagnating the market. 
 
Existing safety nets and food aid are inadequate to cope with the spikes in food prices caused by droughts or international markets that the region has experienced in recent months, says the Sahel Working Group. A far more robust regulatory framework is needed to help protect food security, despite market volatility.
 
cb/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94081</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109241342030732t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic rains and high imported rice and wheat prices against a backdrop of chronic food insecurity and malnutrition in parts of the Sahel, will leave millions of people at risk of food insecurity, according to the latest crop assessments.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Demining machine clears path for a better future</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110100831480343t.jpg" />]]>ZIGUINCHOR 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - A new demining bulldozer is speeding up mine clearance in the Casamance region of southern Senegal, where fighting between separatists and government forces has been ongoing since 1982.</description><body><![CDATA[ZIGUINCHOR 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - A new demining bulldozer [ http://www.digger.ch/en/description/ ] is speeding up mine clearance in the Casamance region of southern Senegal, where fighting between separatists and government forces has been ongoing since 1982.

Nearly 800 people have been killed or injured by mines in Casamance since 1988, according to Mamady Gassama of the Senegalese Association of Landmine Victims (ASVM). In 2008, 60,000 people fled their homes and farms due to the threat of mines. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=78126 ] 

The conflict with the Mouvement des Forces Democratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) peaked in the mid-1990s, but despite a peace accord signed in 2004, clashes continue. The separatists are blamed for planting the landmines. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86124 ] 

International NGO Handicap International (HI) began the first humanitarian demining [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?indepthid=19&reportid=62804 ] programme in the region in 2008, operating under Senegal’s National Anti-Mine Action Centre (CNAMS) which determines the areas to be demined. Still the only NGO involved in demining in Senegal, HI began work with teams of deminers trained in manual demining - a slow process that involves cutting away the undergrowth, checking the ground with a metal detector and carefully digging out mines as they are located.

But in September 2011 a Digger D-3 was introduced in response to the discovery of PRB M35 mines - plastic-cased anti-personnel (AP) mines, which are impossible to find with a metal detector. The 10-ton, US$440,000 machine was purchased with funds provided by the UN Development Programme and the City of Geneva.

In good conditions the bulldozer can cover 2,000 square metres a day, while a deminer working manually could cover just 10, according to Charles Coly, team leader of the HI mechanical demining team. It can be equipped with a flail, tiller or standard Caterpillar tools.

“In the last week [using the Digger D-3] we’ve done the [same amount of] work as over the past six months,” said Jean-François Lepetit, chief of mission for HI’s Senegal demining programme.

Boost for livelihoods

On one of HI’s current demining sites, due for completion on 20 October, a team is clearing the path from Etomé to Kassoulou, two villages a few kilometers from the Casamance capital, Ziguinchor. The area was determined to be unsafe after the discovery of two mines by locals, and since demining began in June two additional AP mines, two anti-tank (AT) mines and a rocket have been uncovered. 

“The path is the only way the fields and plantations can be reached, so people have to use it,” said Adrien Ngom, team leader of the manual demining team working in Etomé. 

When landmines were first found in the area many people left, abandoning their fields, said Prospere Tendeng, Etomé’s village chief. But now the path is being demined, he said, most people have returned. “People are confident to use the path; people can go to their fields safely.”

Some locals stayed on to work, despite the risks. Eric Tendeng works burning wood to make charcoal next to the demined path in Etomé, on land which is still deemed at risk of landmines but not yet listed as a site to be demined. “I know there are mines and unexploded ordnance in the area…I’m afraid, but I can’t do anything about it. I need to work and to live in my village,” he told IRIN. 

Progress

On 10 August - before the introduction of the bulldozer - just over 130,000 square metres had been cleared in Casamance, across eight villages, according to HI programme chief Lepetit. Nearly 18,000 people currently live on or regularly use this land. 

Despite gains in efficiency made by the Digger D-3, Lepetit said it is hard to anticipate how long it will take for Casamance to become mine-free as land affected by mines is not all mapped and suspicious areas are still being discovered. 

There are also limitations to where the machine can be used as it can be damaged by AT mines or by large concentrations of metal in the ground. Lepetit said HI was hoping to find funding for demining dogs which would be ideal for reaching where the bulldozer cannot go. “In the same way the machine dramatically improved productivity in one step, dogs could do the same again. There is no reason to let people wait.”

wb/aj/cb

------------------------------

Day in the life of a Casamance deminer

Growing up in Ziguinchor, Maïbata Sane has seen the damage landmines can cause. One of her neighbours was killed driving over an anti-tank mine, and a school friend was injured by an anti-personnel mine. When she was 15 she saw a car blown up by an anti-tank mine. 

Now 25, Maïbata works with NGO Handicap International’s humanitarian demining programme - removing landmines from the ground, both manually and mechanically. She says she took on the job because she “wanted to do something for the country and to free the land”.

6.30am: Arrives at the Handicap office in Ziguinchor to prepare equipment for the day. 

7.00am: The deminers, all Casamance locals, have a briefing, share information about the day before and discuss plans for the day. 

7.15am: Maïbata’s team (one of three) heads for an area around Sindone village, a 40 minute drive from Ziguinchor. Accompanying the demining team is a full-time medic and a driver; there have been no accidents so far, but everyone is prepared for an emergency. 

8am: After another briefing, Maïbata and her colleagues don heavy blue safety gear and helmets. The team uses the Digger D-3 mechanical deminer, which is operated from behind a portable safety shield. All team members had two months training on its use and maintenance. Where the machine cannot be used Maïbata demines manually, using basic tools such as a metal detector and trowel. Team members take a break every hour to help maintain their concentration.

4.30pm - Maïbata arrives home. She says she has never felt frightened. “It’s my decision to do this job.”

wb/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93932</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110100831480343t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ZIGUINCHOR 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - A new demining bulldozer is speeding up mine clearance in the Casamance region of southern Senegal, where fighting between separatists and government forces has been ongoing since 1982.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: “Small revolution” in family planning</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109260711440076t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Talibouya Ka, Muslim leader (imam) of the Omar Kane mosque in the Medina neighbourhood of the Senegalese capital Dakar, encourages his followers to procreate as much as they can. “There are imams who are for family planning, but I am not. I tell worshippers they need to increase the size of the global Muslim family.”</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Talibouya Ka, Muslim leader (imam) of the Omar Kane mosque in the Medina neighbourhood of the Senegalese capital Dakar, encourages his followers to procreate as much as they can. “There are imams who are for family planning, but I am not. I tell worshippers they need to increase the size of the global Muslim family.”
  
 Such attitudes, which used to be prevalent in Senegal, are increasingly rare, particularly in Dakar, midwives and doctors at the Hospital Centre for Health and Hygiene in Medina, told IRIN. 
 
 Senegalese families are spacing their children, having fewer, and as a result are increasingly searching for long-term family planning solutions, said Fatou Seck, a midwife at the hospital. 
  
 While in 1990 the average woman in Senegal had 6.7 children in her reproductive cycle; in 2009 when the latest statistics were made available, they had 4.8, according to the Health Ministry. 
  
 “There is a small revolution going on - husbands and imams who were traditionally against any kind of family planning are slowly starting to accept it,” said Ephie Diouf, 31, a child-minder in Dakar and mother of a five-month-old son.
  
 Government push
 
 One reason for contraceptive take-up is the high cost of living, particularly in the capital, said Soda Diagne, 32, a Dakar businesswoman who is married without children. “People are realizing they can’t feed and educate five children at today’s prices.” The price of imported rice - a staple in Senegal - rose sharply in 2007 and 2008 and then again in 2010. 
  
 While the average fertility rate across the country is five children per woman, in Dakar it is 3.9, according to NGO Marie Stopes International (MSI).
  
 But the behaviour shift is also due to a push by the government to encourage family planning in state-run hospitals and clinics as part of its maternal mortality reduction strategy, said the UN Population Fund’s (UNFPA) Senegal joint director, Edwige Adekambi. [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93111 ]
 
 Many of the poorest performers in maternal mortality are in West Africa; while Senegal is at the high end of the regional scale, the numbers are still significant: 410 women die per 100,000 live births, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 
  
 The Health Ministry has doubled the budget for reproductive health, and within that, has doubled the budget for family planning to US$200,000 per year, according to UNFPA. 
  
 At parliamentary level, politicians are also starting to take into account the need to balance economic and demographic growth, she added. (In many West African states, the potential gains of economic growth are being erased by soaring populations).
  
 Stock ruptures
  
 Part of the additional funding will be used to ensure that contraceptives start to be included in the list of essential stocks routinely ordered for government pharmacies and medical centres, as per a ministerial order.
  
 To date, erratic supplies have severely impeded the ability of some women to access contraceptives, said Adekambi, which also means they are subject to paying more than the government-set tariff - 100 CFA (20 US cents) for one month’s supply of the birth control pill. 
 
 Diouf backs this up. She pays 1,500 CFA ($3.10) to a private pharmacy for her monthly contraceptive pill because her local clinic is often out of stock. “Many women I know go to private clinics to get their birth control pill, but end up taking bad or old pills and get pregnant anyway,” she said. Availability is even lower in rural areas, where just one in 20 sexually active people use contraception (versus one in five in Dakar). 
  
 On 19 September, MSI opened three family planning clinics: two in the capital and one in M’bour, 70km south of Dakar, aiming to give women greater access to affordable family planning services, as well as to give advice and testing on sexual health, and provide basic ante-natal care. Providing these services at an affordable fee could reduce medical expenses linked to reproductive health in Senegal by $20.8 million by 2015, estimates MSI. 
  
 The government has been very supportive of the NGO’s work, said Senegal director Maaika Van Min; and the local imam attended the opening ceremony of one of the new clinics. 
  
 Agents for change
 
 But while attitudes are changing, there are still pockets where people cling to traditional beliefs, said Adekambi, particularly in rural areas such as Matam in the northeast, which has the lowest contraceptive use rate in the country.
  
 Since 2006 Catholic and Muslim religious leaders have worked together to try and issue updated religious guidelines on family planning, stressing the fact that neither the Koran, nor the Bible are against spacing of births.
  
 Midwife Seck said the imam at her local mosque now preaches to families to space their children by 30 months. “He tells families this is how to keep their wives healthy. Family planning is not banned in Islam… Religion is about well-being, and spacing children is part of that.”
  
 In Matam, UNFPA worked with couples from the community to become agents for change: they went door to door to discuss family planning with household members. Contraceptive use has risen in the region, but Adekambi said nonetheless, UNFPA may take the approach one step further - by opening a “school for husbands” based on a model they organized in Niger, where reproductive sexual health and other gender issues are discussed. 
  
 Many husbands or partners are reluctant to embrace family planning at first, said midwife Seck. At consultations “we discuss with them the benefits… that their wife will have more time to look after each child, more time to look after herself, and most importantly, more time to look after him,” she told IRIN.
  
 That tactic often seems to do the trick, she said.
  
 aj/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93813</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109260711440076t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Talibouya Ka, Muslim leader (imam) of the Omar Kane mosque in the Medina neighbourhood of the Senegalese capital Dakar, encourages his followers to procreate as much as they can. “There are imams who are for family planning, but I am not. I tell worshippers they need to increase the size of the global Muslim family.”</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LIBYA: Sub-Saharan migrants keep their heads down</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109191034090703t.jpg" />]]>SIDI BILAL 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an abandoned port on the outskirts of Tripoli, a young woman timidly peeks out from behind the blanket that forms a wall in her improvised home. She is one of hundreds of migrants who have gathered in this makeshift camp since a popular uprising to overthrow dictator Muammar Gaddafi spread to the Libyan capital in August.</description><body><![CDATA[SIDI BILAL 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an abandoned port on the outskirts of Tripoli, a young woman timidly peeks out from behind the blanket that forms a wall in her improvised home. She is one of hundreds of migrants who have gathered in this makeshift camp since a popular uprising to overthrow dictator Muammar Gaddafi spread to the Libyan capital in August. 

The migrants see strength in numbers and hope they can escape the arbitrary detentions, arrests and beatings that many of their fellow migrants have been subjected to. 

Racism against blacks has a long history in Libya, but has been a particular problem for sub-Saharan migrants - nationals from countries like Chad, Niger, Sudan, Senegal, Mali and Nigeria - since the uprising began in February. Rebels who fought for Gaddafi’s ouster accused him of using black African mercenaries to help quell the uprising.

Since then, the rebels or their supporters - there's no chain of command or uniform to identify them absolutely - have arbitrarily arrested, robbed and/or beaten hundreds of migrants, according to testimonies from fleeing migrants, and reports by human rights organizations [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE19/025/2011/en ] and journalists. Many migrants have had their money, mobile phones and passports taken. 

Despite urging restraint on the part of its supporters, the rebel movement-turned-incoming-government (the ruling National Transitional Council or NTC) has been criticized for not doing enough to halt incidents of racial violence and arbitrary detention. One rebel told IRIN: “If we see black skin, we’ll arrest them and give them to the NTC."

Seeking refuge

In this camp in Sidi Bilal, 35km west of Tripoli, [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Default.aspx?id=31 ] the migrants are seeking shelter in abandoned boats, hanging blankets from the hulls to create makeshift walls. When armed rebels come to the area, the migrants retreat to their improvised homes. They fear rape or more arrests. One migrant told IRIN the armed men “beat the hell out of” them. 

Médecins Sans Frontières brings fresh water to the camp. Some locals donate food for the migrants to cook; local children sell them chickens and cigarettes. There is just one toilet in a nearby building.

This is just one of several camps made up of migrants who do not have the means to go back home, despite a hostile environment here. Some of those who are able to return have faced their own difficulties in their home countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93769 ] Others are still trying to get out of Libya, in what the International Organization for Migration (IOM) still considers an emergency situation.

Having already helped with the evacuation of thousands of migrants, the IOM is still looking to reach vulnerable communities in areas like Sebha, 650km southwest of Tripoli, still reportedly controlled by Gaddafi loyalists.

According to the IOM, Chadians, Nigeriens, Nigerians and others have sought protection at the IOM centre in Sebha, but with no electricity, fuel, and little food or water, the situation is becoming increasingly difficult. "The migrants are very scared and threatened,” said IOM Chief of Mission for Chad Qasim Sufi in a communiqué.

Racism past and present

Concern over violence and discrimination towards darker-skinned Libyans and sub-Saharan African migrants has been mounting since the early stages of the conflict in Libya. 

While Col Gaddafi and his loyalists were accused early on of pushing a xenophobic message, accusing rebels from the outset of being controlled by “non-Libyan” elements and religious extremists, the reputation of the NTC has been badly tainted by charges of racism.

Well before the outbreak of hostilities in Libya in February 2011, there were long-standing reports of Gaddafi’s use of Chadian soldiers, Tuareg warriors from northwest Africa, and other non-Libyan combatants, within the Libyan military, notably the Khamis Brigade, fronted by one of Gaddafi’s sons. There have also been reports of over 500 soldiers from the Western Saharan Frente Popular de Liberación de Saguía el Hamra y Río de Oro (POLISARIO) being detained by the NTC, accused of being mercenaries in the pay of Gaddafi. NTC supporters have persistently maintained that such elements played a leading role in checking the rebel advance, providing Gaddafi with a last line of defence. 

Human rights campaigners and media commentators in sub-Saharan Africa have pointed out that incidents of extreme racism are nothing new in Libya. The testimonies of prisoners and fleeing migrants carry strong echoes of those who fled Libya in 2000 after over 130 people, mainly from West African countries, were killed in outbreaks of what appeared to be ethnically-motivated violence. Gaddafi’s administration was accused of being at best negligent, at worst complicit, while Gaddafi himself was denounced for preaching pan-African brotherhood abroad while presiding over racial pogroms at home.

Since the early 1980s, large migrant populations from both Libya’s immediate neighbours, Chad and Niger, have been joined in Libya by thousands more from countries like Senegal, Mali, Niger and Ghana.

The influx coincided with a period of international isolation, Gaddafi playing his self-created role as a champion of African unity against a background of sanctions and strained relations with many of his Arab counterparts. Libya was heavily involved in the Community of Sahel-Saharan states (CEN-SAD), which preached regional solidarity and stressed a commitment to the free movement of persons and goods. Libya became both a crucial stepping-off point for migrants heading to southern Europe, notably Italy, but also a destination in its own right, particularly for those seeking job opportunities in a fast-expanding economy, taking on both mainly unskilled jobs or finding openings in the informal sector.

According to Jen-Philippe Chauzy, spokesman for the IOM, migrant workers were drawn to Libya for economic reasons, but tended to live on the margins. “The migrants faced enormous difficulties in Libya prior to the crisis,” Chauzy told IRIN. He pointed out that the vast majority of sub-Saharan Africans were in Libya as undocumented migrants. “They were hired and fired by the day, trying their best to survive economically.” Most immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa were smuggled into Libya illegally, not registering with their embassies, inevitably vulnerable to exploitation, said Chauzy.

The clampdown climate

While the Libyan authorities were fairly lax on definitions of legal and illegal immigration, there were several waves of deportations. In both 1995 and 2008, the Libyan government announced its intention to expel one million immigrants. While those targets were not reached, Libya faced mounting criticism for its treatment of refugees. In its World Refugee Survey for 2009, the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants noted the existence of 10 detention camps for illegal migrants.

Libya was accused by human rights organizations of currying favour with Italy and other European states in clamping down on illegal immigration, often using brutal methods. Concerns were also raised about growing racism and the stigmatization of immigrant communities accused of involvement in crime and spreading HIV/AIDS.

Chauzy said much more needed to be done to support reintegration programmes for migrants returning to countries like Niger and Chad in the current context, noting that families were now adapting to living without remittances sent from Libya, which played a key role in sustaining family budgets. “These countries are being left alone to bear the burden of the Libyan crisis,” Chauzy warned.

jr/cs/ha/aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93763</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109191034090703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SIDI BILAL 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an abandoned port on the outskirts of Tripoli, a young woman timidly peeks out from behind the blanket that forms a wall in her improvised home. She is one of hundreds of migrants who have gathered in this makeshift camp since a popular uprising to overthrow dictator Muammar Gaddafi spread to the Libyan capital in August.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Cervical cancer on the rise in developing world</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.

These are the results published by a team from the University of Washington in Seattle in the British journal, The Lancet, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2811%2961351-2/fulltext ] ahead of the non-communicable diseases conference at the UN in New York [ http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/issues/ncdiseases.shtml ]. 

The study is the first global analysis of trends in cervical and breast cancer incidence and mortality, using data from 187 countries. It shows that while breast cancer deaths are concentrated among older women in richer countries, 76 percent of cases of cervical cancer now occur in developing countries, where the incidence of the disease is still increasing. Almost half those cases are in women under 50.

The authors conclude: “Our findings show that in developing countries in the reproductive age groups, breast and cervical cancer are substantial problems of a similar importance to major global priorities such as maternal mortality.”

The variations in trends for breast and cervical cancer in countries even within the same region mean “known, major risk factors such as obesity and consumption of animal fat do not account for all recorded patterns. The interaction between genes and the known individual risk factors might explain these divergent trends.” 

The study emphasizes the need for better surveillance and data gathering systems.

Data gaps

While figures are abundantly available from Western Europe and North America, as well as India, whole swathes of Africa, especially central Africa, provide hardly any data at all. And even in those African countries that do attempt to keep records, accuracy is still patchy.  

One gynaecologist of 40 years’ experience in Lagos, Tayo Sawyerr, told IRIN he felt the city’s statistics were reasonably complete because: “They won’t let you bury a body unless you can produce a death certificate. And the death certificates are identical to those in the UK, and have to show the cause of death.” 

Meanwhile, in rural Togo, burial is a private matter, inside the family compound. Registering a death costs money, and with no obvious benefit to the family, many are never recorded.

Even where there is data, the researchers found some countries, such as Uganda, recorded the incidence of cancer, but not the mortality rate. In Tanzania, it was the other way round. Some places simply recorded “cancer” without specifying what kind, or did not distinguish between cervical cancer and cancer of other parts of the womb. 

Extrapolating

Asked how much confidence he had in the statistics, Raphael Lozano, professor of global health at Seattle’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, told IRIN: “We were fortunately able to gather information from countries with cancer registries, such as Malawi, Uganda, Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Both Cape Verde and South Africa had vital registration data [births and deaths]. And we relied on verbal autopsy information from nationally representative studies in Mozambique and Burkina Faso… Our models allowed us to borrow strength from data from countries within the same region and others.

“The quality of the data varies across countries and years, and we correct for this known bias. However, in the case of vital registration, there is good evidence that the quality of reporting of breast cancer on death certificates is acceptable compared to other causes of death.”

He said he was also confident that the apparent rise in cancers among younger women was not just the result of better maternity services, which meant women were seen regularly by health professionals. 

“I believe the rise in cancer in women of reproductive age is real. In some countries the increase is modest, but in others it is quite significant. For example, in Cameroon in 1980, 33 percent of breast cancer deaths were in women [younger than] 50 and in 2010, that fraction increased to 43 percent. 

“In Equatorial Guinea the increase was even bigger, from 22 to 43 percent. This can’t all be explained with better screening and better surveillance, especially given the health system challenges in some of these countries.”

Sawyerr is also convinced that the rise, especially in cervical cancer, is real. “I have had a long career,” he says, “and I am unfortunately surprised that I am beginning to see a lot of people with cervical dysplasia [abnormal cell growth in the cervix] and with HPV involvement. I am treating one woman at the moment for cancer of the cervix and she is just 34 years old.”

HPV is the Human Papilloma Virus, a sexually transmitted disease [ http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm ] implicated in the development of cancer of the cervix. A vaccination against HPV is now available and – together with regular screening – is one of the factors reducing the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in richer countries. 

But with the vaccine initially costing about US$300 for a course of three doses it was priced beyond the reach of developing countries. Now the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation, GAVI, has negotiated a price of $5 a dose with the manufacturers, and is planning to roll out the vaccine in eligible countries soon.  

Senegal’s Health Minister, Modou Diagne Fada, told IRIN in June he hoped it would be available there by 2015. “Nowadays malaria is no longer our leading cause of death. Today the leading causes of death are chronic diseases, and non-transmissible diseases, especially cancer. Among these cancers there is one which is very deadly, cervical cancer, and I think the introduction of the vaccine against the Human Papilloma Virus would help us reduce the number of our women who die from this disease.”

eb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Civil society studies West Africa &quot;counter-terrorism plan&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/1181t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Journalists and civil society members in West Africa analysed a “counter-terrorism plan” drawn up by the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) at a 4-5 August meeting in the Senegalese capital Dakar.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Journalists and civil society members in West Africa analysed a “counter-terrorism plan” drawn up by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) at a 4-5 August meeting in the Senegalese capital Dakar. [ http://www.ecowas.int/ ]
 
 Main issues that emerged were the need to strengthen regional cooperation and to address root causes of terrorism - poverty and lack of education, said Biram Diop, director of the African Institute for Security Sector Transformation, who facilitated discussions. “If people are poor and cannot satisfy their basic needs they are fragile and easy to recruit,” he told IRIN. “Teaching literacy [is important] so people are empowered to think independently.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90703 ]
 
 “It’s important to have media and civil society involved because they play a more and more important role in our countries’ stability,” Diop said, adding that these institutions can “serve as a bridge” to communicate information to the public, and “pressure politicians to make the right decisions at a national and district level”. 
 
 Issues discussed at the meeting are to be incorporated into the plan, which ECOWAS is to present to member countries. Experts say “terrorist” activities and organizations know no borders and a regional approach is needed. 
 
 wb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93458</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/1181t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Journalists and civil society members in West Africa analysed a “counter-terrorism plan” drawn up by the Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS) at a 4-5 August meeting in the Senegalese capital Dakar.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Poorly-trained midwives pose danger</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200702263t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 30 June 2011 (IRIN) - Poorly-regulated, privately-run training schools in Senegal are churning out midwives who do not have a solid grasp of birthing or ante- and post-natal care, causing women and babies to die needlessly, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 30 June 2011 (IRIN) - Poorly-regulated, privately-run training schools in Senegal are churning out midwives who do not have a solid grasp of birthing or ante- and post-natal care, causing women and babies to die needlessly, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).
 
Other basic competencies, as defined by the World Health Organization, include referral in high-risk pregnancies or births; addressing miscarriages; and family planning.
 
Most women who die during labour in Senegal do so because of post-partum haemorrhaging, according to UNFPA’s joint Senegal director, Edwige Adekambi. 

“We know the causes of maternal mortality; we know that if a haemorrhaging woman does not get care within two hours she is likely to die, but many private training schools don’t even include this care in their curriculum,” she told IRIN.
 
Some 401 women died per 100,000 live births in Senegal, according to the latest government health survey in 2005, ranking 144 out of 181 countries studied; and only 52 percent of births in 2005 were accompanied by a qualified birth attendant, though for the poorest 20 percent of women this drops to 20 percent. While performing better on maternal mortality than most of its West African neighbours, Senegal still has a lot of work to do to reach the Millennium Development Goal on maternal mortality, according to UNFPA. [ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/maternal.shtml ]

These and other issues were discussed at the Senegal launch of UNFPA’s State of the World’s Midwives report [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html ] on 29 June. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93028 ]

Unregulated
 
Senegal has dozens of private midwife training schools which are in theory, regulated, but with just two government inspectors to do this, many get away with low standards, said Adekambi.
 
Bigoué Ba, vice-president of the National Association of Midwives, told IRIN “Anyone can open a school in Senegal. There’s no monitoring.” 
 
While there is a national test that all midwives must pass to be recruited into a public hospital or clinic - and generally those who pass have been trained in public institutions, according to UNFPA - many who fail the exam can still obtain a diploma and find a job in a private clinic, said Adekambi. 
 
The government has tried to improve regulation of schools, but cannot be expected to do it all, Health Minister Modou Diagne Fada told journalists at the report launch. “We are committed to improving maternal mortality rates and addressing the midwife problem, but partners have to help with this too,” he said.
 
UNFPA is working with the government, the National Association of Midwives, and aid groups to improve the national curriculum; it calls on the government to impose stricter regulation across the sector. 
 
The current curriculum, while thorough, excludes vital aspects of birthing support, including how to administer antibiotics, to give oxytocin to stimulate uterine contractions; and using ventouse (a vacuum device) during birth to ease delivery. UNFPA teaches these techniques in “post-training” for midwives in several regions including Kolda and Tambacounda in central Senegal.
 
Rural shortage
 
As well as better training, more midwives are needed across the country: Senegal has just two midwives per 1,000 population, which is one-third of the recommended international norm, according to WHO. 
 
Shortages are particularly acute in rural areas: Matam, on the eastern border, has just 14 state-trained midwives and requires 389; Tambacounda has 38 (only one of whom is trained in family planning) and requires 515; while Dakar has 445 but requires a further 1,566, according to 2008 statistics from the Ministry of Health and Prevention’s human resource unit.
 
There is no gynaecologist or obstetrician at all in Kolda, so for complicated births women have to travel to Tambacounda, which takes more than the precious two-hour window, if something goes wrong. 
 
To reach Millennium Development Goals four and five to improve child and women’s mortality and health, Senegal needs to recruit 250 additional midwives per year, according to UNFPA.
 
Recruitment drive
 
In 2010 the government did a countrywide recruitment push, hiring hundreds of additional midwives to work in rural areas. 
 
While partially successful, half of all midwives recruited to rural areas “found a reason why they had to return to Dakar within the year,” said Health Minister Fada. 
 
He puts the onus on them to stay. “It is their duty if they accepted this profession, to work where the needs are,” he told journalists at the report launch in Dakar, and he also called on the Midwives’ Association to encourage midwives to stay.
 
But the government also needs to think of more creative ways to encourage midwives to work in rural areas, said Ba of the National Midwives Association. Incentives have been discussed but few yet put into practice. These include providing midwives with lodging, a vehicle, health insurance for their families, or career development training.
 
The Health Ministry should also consider training up the hundreds of traditional birthing attendants, known as “matrones”, who work in villages throughout the country, said Ba.
 
More also needs to be done to make midwifery an “attractive” career, according to Ba. Midwives are paid on average US$200-300 per month at first but, given that there is very little career development, this could rise by just $100 over two decades of work. Career development training would also incentivize women to commit over the long term, she said.
 
All recognized the progress the Health Ministry has made since 2010: trying to regulate training more carefully; requiring the minimum of a baccalaureate certificate to enter midwife training; and delegating more medical tasks to midwives. 
 
Most significantly, the government made all births, including Caesarean sections, free of charge in all regions of the country, except Dakar. 
 
Further improvements will cost more than recent additions to the health budget will allow, said Fada. New income sources for the health sector, such as additional taxes on cigarettes and other goods, are being considered.

aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93111</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200702263t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 30 June 2011 (IRIN) - Poorly-regulated, privately-run training schools in Senegal are churning out midwives who do not have a solid grasp of birthing or ante- and post-natal care, causing women and babies to die needlessly, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Meningitis cases dramatically down</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032110t.jpg" />]]>OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).</description><body><![CDATA[OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90773 ] in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ]
 
In the 2010-2011 meningitis season, Burkina Faso has confirmed just four cases of meningitis A; Niger has reported four cases; and Mali none, according to WHO. 
 
While in Burkina Faso everyone in the 1-29 age group was vaccinated - representing 70 percent of the population - Mali and Niger are doing phased roll-outs over a longer period. 
 
Group A meningitis causes deadly epidemics every 8-10 years in the Africa meningitis belt, where 430 million people are said to be at risk, according to WHO. Meningitis is an infection of the brain lining that kills up to 10 percent of people who contract it. 
 
Residents of Burkina Faso capital Ouagadougou told IRIN they were surprised by the results. “Even though we were vaccinating our children we did not believe it would be this effective,” said Alexis Kabore, whose daughter contracted meningitis in 2004, leaving her paralyzed. “We have not heard the same [mourning] cries that we are used to hearing during the meningitis season,” he said.
 
50:50 
 
Under the current agreement, GAVI purchases the vaccine, covering 50 percent of the campaign costs, while individual countries are expected to cover the other 50 percent - including transport, training and storage costs. The vaccine, produced by Indian company Serum, currently costs 49 US cents per dose. 
 
The campaign will next reach out to Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria, followed by Benin, Ghana and Senegal. Once the campaign is complete, health ministries are expected to include vaccination in routine campaigns, said Mercy Ahun, managing director for programmes at GAVI.
 
Costs of producing the vaccine were significantly reduced under the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), a partnership between PATH [ http://www.path.org/ ] and WHO, which brought costs down to less than one tenth of the US$500 million usually required to develop and bring a new vaccine to market. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83432 ]
 
Nevertheless, some $375 million is still needed for the roll-out of the campaign across the meningitis belt, said WHO’s MVP focal point, Mamadou Djingare. While some countries have raised the money they need, others are still falling short, said WHO focal point for the project in Geneva, Tevi Benissan. 
 
GAVI just raised US$4.3 billion at a pledging conference in London. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92979 ]
 
While the new vaccine is more effective than previous ones because it is expected to protect people from the disease for significantly longer - and it protects children as young as one year old - there is no vaccine yet available for infants, said Ahun.
 
Ghana trial
 
An ongoing trial in northern Ghana, in association with PATH is expected to ascertain what dosage levels and at what intervals the vaccine should be safely administered to infants, and once finalized and approved by regulators, should be available by 2013, said Ahun. 
 
WHO’s Benissan told IRIN new producers should be sourced as the vaccination becomes routinely available, to avoid production shortfalls. 
 
Despite challenges, “the MVP should be taken as a model to develop other meningitis vaccines, and vaccines for other diseases, so they are reasonable and widely available,” she said.
 
Next steps for the project include trying to develop an equivalent vaccine that can fight against meningitis Y, C, AW135 and X.
 
In 2009, meningitis infected at least 88,000 people across sub-Saharan Africa and led to more than 5,000 deaths.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92985</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Saving lives for the price of a cup of coffee</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004151237000484t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, (GAVI) has succeeded in raising more than enough money to fund its programme for the next five years.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, (GAVI) has succeeded in raising more than enough money to fund its programme for the next five years. 
 
The organization had asked donors for US$3.7 billion, enough to immunize more than 250 million children in the world’s poorest countries, a programme which would, it estimated, save more than four million young lives. In the event donors - both governmental and private - pledged $4.3 billion, at a meeting in London hosted by the British and Liberian governments and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 
 
The new pledges included a billion dollars from the Gates Foundation, and 1.33 billion from the British government. Norway will give $677 million, and the USA overcame its reservations about multi-year financing to offer $450 million. The administrator of USAID, Raj Shah, said making a multi-year pledge was what he called a “challenging step”, but recognized that this kind of five-year commitment meant GAVI could drive a harder bargain with the vaccine manufacturers and so get better value for money.
 
Bill Gates told a news conference after the meeting that they had hoped donors would push themselves to be generous, and that was exactly what had happened. He particularly welcomed new donors, such as Brazil (which contributed 12 million dollars), and Japan, which he said still wanted to be part of the project, despite the particular challenges it currently faced. Four hours was a long meeting, he told journalists at the end of the session.  “But if you can save four million lives in four hours, it’s well worth every minute.”
 
The funding means GAVI can support qualifying countries (those with a per capita gross national income of less than $1,500) to maintain their current vaccination programmes and, in addition, start rolling out vaccination programmes against two of the leading killers of small children, pneumonia and diarrhoea. 
 
Nineteen countries have already been approved for GAVI funding for the vaccine against pneumococcal disease, and five for a rotavirus vaccine to prevent the most deadly form of diarrhoea.
 
HPV vaccine for Senegal
 
Senegal’s health minister, Modou Diagne Fada [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92980 ], told IRIN he was eager to introduce the two new vaccines, and also wanted to have the vaccine against HPV - the Human Papilloma Virus, which can lead to cervical cancer in women - available by 2015. 
 
He said patterns of disease were changing in Senegal: “Malaria is no longer our biggest killer. Now we have problems of chronic disease, and non-transmissible diseases like cancer. Among those there is one very deadly cancer, cancer of the cervix, and we believe that if we can get the HPV vaccine, we will be able to save the lives of our women.”
 
At a time when the global financial crisis is putting a squeeze on aid budgets, vaccination programmes clearly remain popular with donors. Partly it is the magic of the thought that - as the UK’s Secretary for International Development Andrew Mitchell put it - you can save a child’s life for the price of a cup of coffee. But it is also because vaccinations can be counted, targets can be verified and outcomes measured in the form of reduced incidence of disease.
 
Asked by IRIN about the attraction of this kind of aid for donors, Mitchell said: “The British government set up an examination of all 43 multilateral agencies through which taxpayers’ money is spent in development. From some we removed money and with others we froze money, but GAVI is one of the best… It’s absolutely brilliant value for money… 80 percent of its funding is spent on vaccines… It’s very cost effective. And we owe it to taxpayers in Britain to ensure that every penny we spend is really used to secure these brilliant results.”
 
Middle income countries - a potenital problem? 
 
Paradoxically, this enthusiasm can have its drawbacks if vaccination becomes too closely identified with international donors. Last week one paper in a special vaccination edition of the medical journal, the Lancet, identified a potential problem as more nations pass the threshold to become classed as middle-income countries, and then the slightly higher threshold for GAVI funding. 
 
One of its authors, Orin Levine of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, told journalists that this had big implications for vaccination programmes. “Most of the world’s poor people are now living in middle-income countries. Those countries have some means; they are not poor enough to qualify for GAVI support and generally don’t qualify for the preferential pricing arrangements of the kind announced by drug companies last week. This is going to be an increasing challenge to tackle in the years ahead.”
 
GAVI does in fact have a system of co-financing by which eligible countries have to buy some of their vaccines themselves, paying the equivalent of 10-30 US cents per dose, gradually increasing as their national wealth increases. GAVI said that as part of this pledging round, developing countries had committed themselves to maintain or increase the co-financing of their vaccine programmes.
 
Beyond compulsory vaccination
 
The other risk is that vaccination becomes not just something international donors do for you, but something they do to you. Another Lancet author, Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, has studied the reasons why some parents resist having their children vaccinated. When she visited the very marginalized areas in northern Nigeria where the revolt against polio vaccine started in 2003 she found people bemused and suspicious about why outsiders kept coming and insisting on this particular intervention, when they were reluctant to help with things people really felt they needed: “Why are they always giving us this polio vaccine, they said, “when that’s not our big problem?”
 
Scientific explanations clearly do not address this kind of feeling. Larson stresses that resistance to vaccination, right from the very early days, has been as much, or more, about compulsion than about the vaccine itself. “And no health intervention,” she says, “is so government regulated as vaccination”.
 
To those who understand it, the virtues of vaccination are so self-evident that pressure to vaccinate is justified. In Ethiopia, vaccinating your children is compulsory. In India vaccination teams pursue travellers with babies even on to trains and station platforms. Science continues to advance, and thanks to today’s replenishment, funding is now assured, but people have to be involved and their concerns listened to if vaccination is to achieve its fullest benefits.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92979</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004151237000484t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, (GAVI) has succeeded in raising more than enough money to fund its programme for the next five years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SENEGAL: Health minister outlines vaccination programme</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106141217330620t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), at a conference in London on 13 June to receive firm pledges of funding for the next five years, raised US$4.3 billion from governments and private donors - more than the $3.7 billion it had asked for.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), at a conference in London on 13 June to receive firm pledges of funding for the next five years, raised US$4.3 billion from governments and private donors - more than the $3.7 billion it had asked for.
 
GAVI is billed as a partnership between donors, vaccine manufacturers and recipient countries. One of those attending was Senegal’s minister of health, Modou Diagne Fada, and at the end of the meeting IRIN asked him about his own country’s vaccination programme:
 
Q: Where has Senegal got to now with its vaccination programme? How many of your children are vaccinated?
 
A: We have currently reached 86 percent coverage. The level was 60 percent in 2002 and had risen to 86 percent by 2009.
 
Q: And what role has GAVI played in this?
 
A: Basically GAVI has been at the root of this growth, but it has also allowed us to make vaccination much safer. They have enabled us to introduce auto-disable syringes [designed so they cannot be re-used] and they have supplied incinerators to all our health districts so they can be disposed of safely. And of course they have supported us in introducing new vaccines - in particular, Hepatitis B.
 
Q: What about Rotavirus [which causes severe diarrhoea in children]? 
 
A: We are going to ask GAVI to help us introduce vaccination against Rotavirus as part of our programme between now and 2015 - also the vaccines against pneumonia, and meningitis A.
 
Q: Which diseases cause the greatest health problems in Senegal?
 
A: Well, nowadays malaria is no longer the leading cause of death. Today the leading causes of death are chronic diseases, and non-transmissible diseases, especially cancer. Among these cancers there is one which is very deadly, cervical cancer, and I think the introduction of the vaccine against the Human Papilloma Virus would help us reduce the number of our women who die from this disease.
 
Q: Have you already started with that?
 
A: No - that’s all part of our programme for the next five years. I think the pledges which GAVI has received today will mean that it will be in a good position to help us introduce the Rotavirus, Pneumococcus, and Meningococcus vaccines, and the vaccine against the Human Papilloma Virus as well.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92980</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106141217330620t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), at a conference in London on 13 June to receive firm pledges of funding for the next five years, raised US$4.3 billion from governments and private donors - more than the $3.7 billion it had asked for.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Sleeping sickness in cattle put to bed?</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105201245490767t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 20 May 2011 (IRIN) - New research on sleeping sickness in African cattle is holding out the possibility that in the not too distant future Africa could start seeing the introduction of cattle resistant to sleeping sickness - a disease which kills billions of dollars worth of livestock every year.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 20 May 2011 (IRIN) - New research on sleeping sickness in African cattle is holding out the possibility that in the not too distant future Africa could start seeing the introduction of cattle resistant to sleeping sickness - a disease which kills billions of dollars worth of livestock every year. 
 
 The research claims to have isolated two genes critical in the development of disease-resistant cattle. 
 
 Harry Noyes, lead author of a paper [ http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/05/17/1013486108.full.pdf+html ] on this published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA (PNAS) on 16 May, told IRIN their research had been prompted by the fact that while East African humped cattle breeds are susceptible to trypanosome parasites which cause sleeping sickness, the N’Dama, a humpless West African breed, is not seriously affected by the disease. 
 
 African animal trypanosomosis - also known as `nagana’ (Zulu: "to be depressed") or tryps - is transmitted through the bite of an infected species of the tsetse fly and is endemic from Senegal to Tanzania, and Chad to Zimbabwe (an area almost the size of the USA). 
 
 “The humped cattle [zebu] originated in India, where the tsetse fly is not found, while N’Dama, which probably had been exposed to [the] trypanosome parasite for thousands of years had developed a mechanism to control the impact of the disease,” explained Noyes, a senior researcher at Liverpool University. 
 
 Over the past two decades the researchers found at least 10 genes which control the impact of the disease in the N’ Dama breed. 
 
 “Out of those resistant genes we isolated what we feel are the two most significant ones for our purposes,” said Steve Kemp, a geneticist with the Nairobi-based International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), who also collaborated on the study. 
 
 Now that the scientists know what they are looking for, they have embarked on the task of isolating humped cattle breeds which also carry the two genes. 
 
 Over the next three years, ILRI intends to breed humped cattle varieties with at least one of the genes. The humped cattle breeds produce more milk than the N’Dama. 
 
 Decades away? 
 
 “This, of course, does not mean that poor farmers will soon have cattle that are resistant to sleeping sickness,” said Kemp. ILRI scientists will only be able to test resistance in the humped cattle after three years. 
 
 Thereafter it will take decades before sleeping sickness resistant breeds find their way down the chain to small farmers, the researchers believe. 
 
 “We can make the sperm and semen available for dissemination,” said Noyes, adding, however, that it was up to governments and extension services to make it accessible to all farmers. 
 
 Developing a resistant breed is critical as most of the drugs claiming to offer immunity to the disease are proving ineffective as new and drug-resistant strains of the disease evolve, according to the researchers. Furthermore, many of the new drugs are unaffordable for poor farmers. 
 
 In the week the discovery was published, the Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed), [ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/SearchResearchDatabase.asp?ProjectID=50092 ] announced a five-year plan to help livestock keepers in Africa access better drugs, diagnostics and maybe even a vaccine to deal with the disease. 
 
 Initially, the programme will identify ongoing research which could help livestock farmers. 
 
 At least three million cattle die from the disease in Africa every year, according to GALVmed. An estimated 50 million cattle and 70 million sheep and goats are at risk of tryps every year. Although best known for causing human sleeping sickness, the trypanosome parasite’s most devastating blow to human welfare comes when farmers have sick, unproductive cattle, said PNAS in a press release. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92773</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105201245490767t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 20 May 2011 (IRIN) - New research on sleeping sickness in African cattle is holding out the possibility that in the not too distant future Africa could start seeing the introduction of cattle resistant to sleeping sickness - a disease which kills billions of dollars worth of livestock every year.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
