<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Philippines</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 12:30:50 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Filipino Muslim rebels take tentative steps towards governance</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305210454530433t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The oppressive summer heat bore down on this impoverished southern Philippine town on Mindanao Island as thousands gathered to hear a &quot;proxy candidate&quot; of the country&apos;s largest Muslim rebel force address the crowd on the eve of recently concluded mid-term elections.
 
</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The oppressive summer heat bore down on this impoverished southern Philippine town on Mindanao Island as thousands gathered to hear a "proxy candidate" of the country's largest Muslim rebel force address the crowd on the eve of recently concluded mid-term elections. 

In the crowd were members of the 12,000-strong Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) - this time unarmed in keeping with a promise to the government to help keep peace and order during the 13 May polls. 

The candidate backed by MILF- the group’s first time to openly support a candidate - Tucao Mastura, 66, was a last-minute challenger to Esmael Mangudadatu, who has been governor of the Muslim-dominated Maguindanao, one of five provinces in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), since 2010. Mastura lost, but he said the election was a “fruitful” exercise that gave the rebels and the `Bangsamoro’ (local Muslims) a lesson in democracy. 

MILF has shunned past local elections, so as to not appear as if it were abandoning its struggle. 

"You could say I was a proxy candidate for the MILF," said Mastura, whose older brother is a member of MILF's decision-making central committee. "I did not want to run for governor of Maguindanao, but due to circumstances, the Bangsamoro people decided to push me in order to partake in this political exercise." 

He said had he won, it would have given MILF its first taste of governance ahead of signing a final peace agreement with the government, under negotiation since last October, and hopefully ending four decades of bloodshed that have left tens of thousands dead and the southern region mired in deep poverty. 

Mastura, a grizzled veteran who had fought in the jungles at the peak of the insurgency in the 1970s before deciding to drop his guns for a degree in accountancy, said he believed real peace could only be achieved by empowering local Muslims and giving them a chance to run their own affairs. 

The governorship of Maguindanao would have given the MILF a toehold in local politics traditionally ruled by moneyed and powerful clans, Mastura said, though he claimed the loss had not left him embittered. 

"We will get another chance in the new political entity," he said. 

MILF signed a "framework" agreement with Manila in October 2012, in which the government agreed to create a new autonomous political entity to be governed by MILF by 2016, when the six-year term of reformist President Benigno Aquino ends. 

A transition commission has until next year to draft a basic law to be passed in parliament, which will then carry out a referendum on whether proposed areas for the new autonomous region want to join. The new region will replace the current ARMM, created in 1990, which the government has called a “failed experiment” that has yet to improve life for the region’s 4.5 million Muslims. 

Both sides are still discussing how to share resources in the proposed area and how to fully reintegrate combatants into society while disarming them. 


"I hope by 2016 the Bangsamoro would be able to fully govern ourselves and engage the public," Mastura said. "We will continue to work with the government towards achieving this goal." 

Chief negotiator hopeful 

The government's chief negotiator with MILF, Miriam Coronel-Ferrer, told IRIN recently that a final peace deal could be signed before Congress resumes in July. She said that apart from helping monitor peace and order, MILF had also been helping the government arrest illegal loggers and apprehend suspected “terrorists” and criminals in areas it controls, many of which lie within ARMM. 

She said MILF has given in to the "primacy of the peace process" and even allowed President Aquino to visit rebel areas in February, a first for a sitting president. 

Aid agencies are safely escorted into areas with development programmes under way. 

The rebels signed a pact with government in January this year to support a ban on firearms during election day, as well as allowing unhindered movement of election personnel into “security-sensitive areas”, including remote villages and towns claimed by MILF as part of its ancestral domain. 

"My MILF counterpart has repeatedly said failure is not an option. I agree completely," Coronel-Ferrer said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98072/Filipino-Muslim-rebels-take-tentative-steps-towards-governance</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305210454530433t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The oppressive summer heat bore down on this impoverished southern Philippine town on Mindanao Island as thousands gathered to hear a &quot;proxy candidate&quot; of the country&apos;s largest Muslim rebel force address the crowd on the eve of recently concluded mid-term elections.
 
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Pressure in Philippines to end ban on formula milk aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121507490903t.jpg" />]]>COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding.</description><body><![CDATA[COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding. 

Breastfeeding - especially during emergencies - has been medically linked [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2009/breastfeeding_20090804/en/ ] to improved child survival due to the incomparable nutrients and antibodies human breast milk offers. But emergencies are also the hardest time to convince women that breast milk can keep their children alive, due to myths about stressed or malnourished women not being able to breastfeed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87923/HAITI-Fear-of-the-earthquake-lives-on ].

Cease-and-desist 

When Typhoon Washi (locally known as Sendong) hit the southern Philippines’s Mindanao Island in December 2011, breast-milk substitutes, including formula, turned up in evacuation centres even though they are banned under the country’s “Milk Code” [ http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1986/eo_51_1986.html ]. The Department of Health singled out infant formula maker Nestlé Philippines, issuing a cease-and-desist order requesting it to stop donating milk products to typhoon survivors. The problem was not the company, insisted Nestlé spokeswoman Meike Scmidt, but rather “kind-hearted private individuals and organizations” who donated products of their own will. 

“We have the industry’s toughest system in place to enforce our policies governing the marketing of breast-milk substitutes,” she told IRIN. “Our monitoring procedures include control measures that prevent donations of breast-milk substitutes during emergencies, and those control measures are routinely audited.” 

Yet the company is now part of a formula interest group called the Paediatric Nutrition Association of the Philippines (IPNAP) which is trying to change the country’s Milk Code. One of the proposals is to allow unrestricted donations of breast-milk substitutes during crises. Activists have rallied to fight what they characterize as the “diluting” and weakening of the current Milk Code, allegations that Nestlé dismisses. 

Milk of life 

Medical studies have linked formula donations to increased diarrhoea during crises, as was the case during Indonesia’s 2006 earthquake in Central Java. 

A 2012 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426621 ] found one-week diarrhoea incidence among those who received milk substitutes after the earthquake was more than twice as high as those who did not (24.5 percent versus 11.5 percent); overall, the rate of diarrhoea among infants aged 12-23 months was five times higher than before the earthquake, which researchers linked to breast-milk substitute donations. 

Some 80 percent of the 832 surveyed surviving households had received donated infant formula, 76 percent commercial porridge and 49 percent powdered milk. Pre-earthquake only 32 percent of the infants had ever had breast-milk substitutes, a rate that rose to 43 percent at the time of the survey, 

“Uncontrolled distribution of infant formula exacerbates the risk of diarrhoea among infants and young children in emergencies,” concluded the study, a message aid agencies are still struggling to publicize [ http://www.unicef.org/nutritioncluster/files/IYCF_-_IYCF-E_workshop_report_2012.pdf ].

Doing things differently 

Almost one year after Typhoon Washi hit, Typhoon Bopha (local name Pablo) hit Mindanao Island again, this time taking out entire villages in Compostela Valley and Davao Orientale along the island’s northern and eastern coasts. Some 2,000 are dead or missing. 

Five days after the Category 5 (winds up to 250km) typhoon made landfall on 4 December, the regional health director for Davao Region (heart of affected zone) circulated a memo to all governmental and aid agencies working on health, water and sanitation urging them to enforce and uphold Health Department regulations prohibiting the distribution of milk products to women and children. The memo stated such donations by “well-meaning, but misinformed donors” were unnecessary. 

The challenge, said UNICEF nutrition officer for emergencies in the Philippines Paul Zambrano, is reaching aid groups that bypass any donation coordination structure such as local NGOs and faith-based groups. “They go directly into communities. Monitoring at the local level is difficult,” he said. 

Even with health officials’ vigilance to keep out milk products, the disaster took a heavy toll on nutrition in affected areas: Aid groups estimate 95,600 persons will be at risk of malnutrition in 2013 including nearly 67,000 children under the age of five and 29,000 pregnant and lactating women [ https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/Revision_2013_Philippines_HAP_BOPHA.pdf ].

The youngest are the most vulnerable. One month after the typhoon hit, of the nearly 500 children under age five surveyed, 66 percent had some illness (most often accompanied by a fever, cough and diarrhoea) [ http://philippines.humanitarianresponse.info/system/files/documents/files/Bopha%20Assessment%20Key%20Findings%20Feb%202013.pdf ]. Breast-milk substitutes increase the risk of these illnesses due to unsafe water used to mix formula and lack of fuel to sterilize products. 

The proposed Milk Code changes are pending review as parliament is on recess until 1 July, and the country prepares to elect new parliamentarians in 13 May elections. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97943/Pressure-in-Philippines-to-end-ban-on-formula-milk-aid</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121507490903t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Engaging with Philippine armed groups</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304231114010299t.jpg" />]]>COTABATO 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - For Chris Rush, of the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call, nuance is everything when engaging with armed groups. Although the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Maoist-inspired New People&apos;s Army (NPA) are both fighting insurrections on the same Philippines island of Mindanao, the choice of terminology is a tender issue when it comes to the use of such phrases as &quot;armed non-state actors (ANSAs)”.</description><body><![CDATA[COTABATO 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - For Chris Rush, of the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call, nuance is everything when engaging with armed groups. Although the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Maoist-inspired New People's Army (NPA) are both fighting insurrections on the same Philippines’ island of Mindanao, the choice of terminology is a tender issue when it comes to the use of such phrases as "armed non-state actors (ANSAs)”. 

"The Maoists reject the word ‘ANSA’ as they see themselves having attained a situation of dual power and of having established a revolutionary government… while the MILF are more positive about the term, as they feel it provides some sort of political acknowledgement," Rush, the senior programme officer for the Philippines, told IRIN. 

The Moro, the island’s indigenous Islamic population, have fought for independence in their Mindanao ancestral homeland for about 40 years in various guises, and are on the cusp of reaching an agreement with the Philippines government for a semi-autonomous state, to be known as Bangsamoro, that could end one of the country’s longest-running conflicts. 

Rush has engaged with the MILF and its armed wing, the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces (BIAF) and other stakeholders for the past six years to provide a mechanism for the MILF-BIAF to support humanitarian laws. Armed groups are automatically excluded from signing international treaties prescribing humanitarian norms. 

There is a genuine affability between Rush and the MILF when they meet at Camp Darapanan near Cotabato on Mindanao, where the archipelago’s largest armed group has about 12,000 combatants in more than 20 heavily guarded command bases. Talks with MILF chairman Al Haj Murad Ebrahim and other officials range beyond the armed group's commitment not to use anti-personnel mines to issues touching the prospective peace agreement. 

High aims 

Geneva Call's engagements with armed groups have strategic, long-term objectives relating to policy and practice, rather than focusing on more immediate problems like securing access to assist vulnerable populations, as is the case with many humanitarian actors. Rush said the importance of dealing with the same personalities consistently "cannot be overstated... but saying that there is only one right way to approach an armed group I would avoid, as it depends on what you are seeking to achieve." 

A document by Geneva Call to provide a format for armed groups to subscribe to humanitarian norms was first devised for anti-personnel mine usage. The MILF signed the Deed of Commitment for Adherence to a Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines and for Cooperation in Mine Action in 2000, during an upsurge in the conflict [ http://www.genevacall.org/resources/deed-of-commitment/f-deed-of-commitment/doc.pdf ].

Much of the nationalist struggle took place in the Bangsamoro homeland. Because landmines harm indiscriminately and remain lethal after peace agreements are signed, the MILF-BIAF favoured a ban on anti-personnel mines, but prior to the Deed of Commitment there were no available mechanisms to formalise it, Rush said. 

In many respects the Deed mirrors the Mine Ban Treaty (MBT) [ http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Treaty ], a state protocol ending the use of anti-personnel mines and requiring the destruction of weapons stockpiles, which entered into force in 1999. The Philippines government was among the MBT's first signatories [ http://www.icbl.org/index.php/icbl/Universal/MBT/States-Parties ].

A progress report on a 2012 Framework Peace Agreement between the MILF and the government, and its stance against the use of anti-personnel mines, was presented at two recent BIAF rallies. Rush was a guest speaker and drove home the point that " [anti-personnel] landmines are an issue of conflict, but also of peace". 

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the International Coalition Against the Use of Child Soldiers, and the Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD), among others, had also approached the MILF about International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and human rights law, and adhering to international humanitarian norms in their conduct of war. 

Geneva Call was introduced to the MILF by the Philippines Campaign to Ban Landmines (PCBL), the local branch of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). 

Geneva Call has developed two more Deeds of Commitment for armed groups - one for the protection of children from armed conflict, another covering the respect and rights of women - and is commencing negotiations for adoption of the latter by the MILF. “We are fighting for the cause of self-determination... you have to conform to international standards," Murad Ebrahim told IRIN. 

Humanitarian norms 

Jesus Domingo, of the government's foreign affairs department, told IRIN he became involved in the MILF commitment not to use anti-personnel mines through the department’s work in humanitarian affairs and disarmament in 2007. "The process was very much between MI [a shorthand for MILF] and Geneva Call, but we encouraged it and applauded it, as we welcome armed non-state actors embracing IHL and other international norms." 

The government assented and then stood back. "We respected their [Geneva Call’s] independence... and for them to be successful they must have the confidence of not only us, but also of MI," Domingo said. The MILF signing the Deed "was a plus”, and “It certainly contributed to the building of confidence… Geneva Call were not directly part of the peace process, but we saw them as part of the overall spectrum." 

The proposed peace agreement could allow for an autonomous region in Mindanao with tax-raising powers and a share of the profits from the island's mineral resources, with the government retaining control over defence, foreign affairs and monetary policies. Sharia law may be applied, but only to Muslims in relation to civil cases, while criminal cases will be the domain of existing courts. Once the agreement is confirmed, it would go to the Philippines Congress for approval, followed by a plebiscite in Bangsamoro. 

"During the early stages of the struggle we were using anti-personnel mines as a defence for our camps,” Murad Ebrahim noted. “There are those commanders who said we did not need to sign this commitment but, ultimately, if we continued to use landmines, our people suffer." 

He said the 2001 Tripoli agreement between the MILF and the government to resume peace talks, which included provisions for the respect of human rights and IHL, and a commitment not to use anti-personnel mines, "gave us the image of having respect for international law". 

An analyst who declined to be identified told IRIN the commitment to end the use of anti-personnel mines gave the armed group a "wider level of respect... It brings more good than bad, and more credibility [among the international community] for armed non-state actors." 

The MILF was formed in 1977 after Sheikh Salamat Hashim split from the secularist Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), which had begun its separatist war five years earlier. The Philippines government reached a peace agreement with MNLF in 1996, and in the following year signed an interim peace agreement with the MILF. 

Peace processes 

The long-running conflict has seen an estimated 150,000 people killed so far, amid a host of proposed and rejected peace agreements. Two million people have been displaced since 2000, of which about 22,000 remain displaced today. 

Domingo said, “There were separate tracks [of discussion] with the different Muslim groups [MNLF and MILF] in Mindanao," as well as efforts to resolve conflicts with other armed groups, such as the NPA and "the breakaway communist movements." These discussions covered social, economic and political reforms, consensus-building, separate negotiated settlements with each armed group, reconciliation, reintegration and rehabilitation, and the protection of civilians during conflict. 

One government source, who declined to be identified, told IRIN: "There are strong rumours of a breakthrough with the NPA. It may be weariness, or… [a sense of] ‘Hey, let’s not get left behind by history’." 

The National Democratic Front of the Philippines, political representatives of the NPA, signed the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHR-IHL) in the 1990s. Some observers say they may believe this encompasses the banning of anti-personnel mines and could be why they have not signed a Deed. 

A 2008 peace agreement gave the MILF control over more than 700 areas in the south that they considered their ancestral domain, but this was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court and hostilities resumed. In the course of the fighting the Philippines government accused the BIAF of using anti-personnel mines [ http://www.genevacall.org/resources/other-documents-studies/f-other-documents-studies/2001-2010/2010-GC-Report-Philippines-Web.pdf ] and Geneva Call launched a verification mission. 

Verification 

In 2009 Geneva Call concluded that some of the explosive devices used against the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) were activated by remote control and therefore not prohibited under the Deed's provisions. Others may have been victim-activated - set-off by trip wires or by downward pressure and therefore be in violation of the Deed - but there was not enough evidence to attribute responsibility. "The military would have liked more definitive conclusions," Domingo commented. 

Rush noted that "Although perhaps not completely satisfied, the government did accept the findings… [but] the MILF were also a little disappointed that it was not possible to definitively conclude that its forces had no involvement in the incidents, so it was not a zero-sum game." 

The verification report showed that disavowing anti-personnel landmine use was just a first step towards the "actualization of obligations", and armed groups sometimes needed assistance to achieve this. "So they [MILF-BIAF] drafted General Order Number 3, and we assisted… [with] advice and through working with them and our local partner, the Institute of Bangsamoro Studies, to disseminate the Order to their forces on the ground," Rush said. 

Domingo said the Order was seen as "a real earnest effort by MILF to educate its combatants about not using landmines", and added to "the very upbeat" feeling the government has about the Bangsamoro peace process. 

go/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97918/Engaging-with-Philippine-armed-groups</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304231114010299t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COTABATO 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - For Chris Rush, of the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call, nuance is everything when engaging with armed groups. Although the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) and the Maoist-inspired New People&apos;s Army (NPA) are both fighting insurrections on the same Philippines island of Mindanao, the choice of terminology is a tender issue when it comes to the use of such phrases as &quot;armed non-state actors (ANSAs)”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Philippines’ natural disaster risks shift, along with experts</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111120140822t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - As the storm season approaches, officials in the Philippines are turning to seasoned storm emergency responders to help prepare communities that have historically been spared devastation but that now find themselves in harm’s way.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - As the storm season approaches, officials in the Philippines are turning to seasoned storm emergency responders to help prepare communities that have historically been spared devastation but that now find themselves in harm’s way. 

When Typhoon Bopha struck the southern Philippine island of Mindanao last December, it unleashed an unprecedented scale of devastation on the island’s northern and eastern coasts, particularly in farming regions once thought to be safe from such deadly weather events. 

Whipping up winds of up to 250km an hour, the typhoon - known locally as Pablo - was the strongest to have hit the southern region in nearly a century, and it was the deadliest storm in the world that year. 

One of the first responders was a disaster relief team deployed from the eastern Albay Province, a region once among the country’s most disaster-prone. 

Cedric Daep, who heads the Office of Civil Defence in Albay, sent 72 members to respond to the humanitarian needs of tens of thousands of people displaced by typhoon-triggered landslides and floods. 

"It caught practically all local government units and disaster response groups by surprise," Daep told IRIN. "They had no experience in such things, and were slow to react in the onset of sudden emergency." 

The typhoon affected over six million people, directly displacing about one million. More than 2,000 were either confirmed dead or are still reported missing. The storm also destroyed some 230,000 homes, as well as roads, telecommunications, bridges and community health centres, effectively cutting off many remote communities. 

Bringing in experts 

Daep said the national government realized at the onset it had to fly in outside experts, preferably those from communities with a long history of tackling such disasters. 

"By force of necessity, we became experts at disaster management, so we were sent to help out," Daep said. 

"When we arrived, we immediately set up technical support, as well prioritized bringing in supplies, food and water. Camp management was also strengthened - there was total chaos. None of the local officials were functioning; they were shell-shocked." 

Over the past two decades, Albay, in the eastern Bicol region, was the gateway for powerful typhoons blowing from the Pacific. It has seen some of the country’s most violent storms, as well as periodic eruptions of Mayon Volcano. 

Years of disasters honed residents’ survival skills, and the province is considered a leader in instituting early warning systems, as well as preventive evacuations. 

It is listed by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction as one of 29 "role model cities" [ http://www.unisdr.org/files/28240_rcreport.pdf ] that exemplify disaster risk reduction (DRR). 

However, over the past two years, Bicol has been relatively unscathed. Changing weather patterns have caused the most recent typhoons to move south, hitting Mindanao or the capital, Manila. 

Adapting to weather changes 

Loren Legarda, chair of the senate’s environment and climate change committee, said part of the government's climate change adaptation strategy is learning to divert resources to help less disaster-experienced communities. 

"We have to take action now [rather] than wait until it’s too late," Legarda told IRIN. "Our disaster risk reduction mechanism should be pro-active, [to] ensure communities are disaster-proof by making them more resilient." 

"The times have changed, so have the weather patterns," she said. 

Legarda said other communities must also learn from Daep's expertise and strive to follow the models used in Albay. 

"Communities that have yet to put up their own plans must begin making up short-term DRR programmes, expected by the time the storm season begins in June, as well as a long-term programme that will make them resilient," she said. 

In the aftermath of Typhoon Bopha, the government has intensified its disaster awareness campaign by distributing geo-hazard maps in newly devastated areas, as well as conducting rapid emergency management trainings and briefings for local officials. 

aag/pt/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97816/Philippines-natural-disaster-risks-shift-along-with-experts</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111120140822t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - As the storm season approaches, officials in the Philippines are turning to seasoned storm emergency responders to help prepare communities that have historically been spared devastation but that now find themselves in harm’s way.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Philippines’ reproductive health law here - now what?</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170208290128t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - After a publicly contentious 14-year battle, legislators quietly signed the Philippines’ first reproductive health law in late December. It was expected to take effect by the end of March, but on 21 March the Supreme Court halted its implementation, issuing a 120-day status quo ante to review court challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - After a publicly contentious 14-year battle, legislators quietly signed the Philippines’ first reproductive health law in late December. It was expected to take effect by the end of March, but on 21 March the Supreme Court halted its implementation, issuing a 120-day status quo ante to review court challenges. 

“We were already expecting these petitions, but not the status quo ante which is equivalent to a TRO [temporary restraining order],” Edcel Lagman, a parliamentarian and one of the chief authors of the law, told IRIN, echoing activists’ realization of just how difficult it will be to roll out reproductive health services. 

On 8 March in the capital at the signing of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Reproductive Health Law (IRR-RH), 16-year-old Michelle Custodio said she had suffered two miscarriages in the last two years. If it were not for the free birth control pills she received from a local women’s centre, she would “surely have gotten pregnant again” she said. 

In Manila, the country’s largest city with nearly two million residents, a local ordinance banning condoms, birth control pills and other forms of contraception was passed in 2000. Since then public health clinics have promoted only what is known as “natural” family planning, which calls for abstinence during a woman’s peak days of fertility, and for avoiding any drugs or sterilization to prevent pregnancy. 

“If I can enjoy this [reproductive health] service for free, then all women should be able to. Now that the RH [reproductive health] law has been passed, RH will be the right of every Filipino, especially those who are poor,” Custodio said. 

The promise of the hard-fought law is free access to reproductive health services - including contraception - for all, but the reality, Custodio and other activists fear, is that honouring that pledge will take more time than women - and their families - can afford. 

Youth provision questioned 

During recent public consultations convened by the Department of Health, RH advocates’ sense of accomplishment was overshadowed by what they saw as the law’s imperfections, and continued resistance to the law. 

Youth leaders questioned a provision that requires minors to present written parental consent before receiving public RH services. 

“What teen would ask their parents’ permission to get RH services? That would be tantamount to admitting they are sexually active,” said Alexis Sarza, founder of BALUTI, a local NGO that provides RH counselling and services to mostly abandoned street children. “These are the kids who are prostituted or are sexually active. What do we do then for them?” he asked. 

But Junice Melgar, executive director of Likhaan Women’s Health Care and a member of the IRR drafting committee composed of both governmental and non-governmental members, said access will be unhampered. 

“The provision does not apply to RH information, which can be freely given [and applies] just to services in public healthcare clinics. Patients can be referred [by public healthcare officials] to private institutions and NGOs,” said Melgar. 

Other groups expressed concern that the search for discreet care will slow efforts to lower the country’s teen pregnancy rate, which increased by 65 percent from 2000-2010 [ http://www.unfpa.org.ph/index.php/news/323-philippines-highlights-rising-teen-pregnancy-on-1st-international-day-of-girl-child ], according to the government’s most recent Family Health Survey [ http://www.census.gov.ph/survey/demographic-and-health ]. The survey attributed the increase to the lack of adolescent-friendly RH services and information. 

Unmet contraceptive need 

As early as 2009, local health experts predicted [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83609/PHILIPPINES-Maternal-mortality-rates-not-making-sufficient-progress ] the country’s Millennium Development Goal of lowering the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) to 53-55 per 100,000 live births was unachievable. 

With a reproductive law now in place - though stalled - Department of Health (DOH) Secretary Enrique Ona is more optimistic. “We should see an impact on MMR already by end of the year. By 2016, we are targeting that MMR will be lowered to 53 per 100,000,” Ona told IRIN. 

However, family planning funds are “meagre” and only a fraction of what is needed, said NGO director Melgar and IRR drafting committee member. 

The DOH 2012 budget for family planning supplies was about US$13.4 million. 

“If you compare it to the unmet need for contraception [ http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/2009/04/15/IB_MWCNP.pdf ], we need a budget of $75 million to provide for the contraceptive needs of 10 million women,” said Melgar, referring to a 2009 estimate from the US-based reproductive health centre, Guttmacher Institute, of the number of Filipinas who need contraception, but cannot get it. 

Tangle of local laws 

With the country’s decentralization of governance, implementation of national laws is the responsibility of the village level under the supervision of autonomous local government units (LGU). 

When the RH law had yet to be passed, LGUs - such as Manila - drafted their own local RH ordinances [ http://reproductiverights.org/en/document/imposing-misery-the-impact-of-manilas-contraception-ban-on-women-and-families ], which promoted only natural family planning. 

While the new national RH law, when enacted, will repeal such local ordinances, women’s groups are uncertain how long it will take to phase out restrictive, contradictory local laws. 

“I think the first step is to go back to the communities and really educate the women about the RH law. They need to know what their rights are under this law,” said Beth Angsioco, chairperson of the Democratic Socialist Women of the Philippines (DSWP). 

One of those rights is to report any violations of the RH law [ http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Draft%20IRR%20for%20RA%2010354%20v2.1%20Mar%201%20Public_0.pdf ] which may be penalized by imprisonment of one to six months and a fine of up to $2,500. 

Catholic Church 

And, then there is the Catholic Church, which has long opposed the RH law - and continues to do so. 

In Cebu, the second largest city after Manila, churchgoers are being asked to sign an anti-RH pledge as part of a voter education campaign for the upcoming May local elections. 

In the southern province of Bacolod, the local diocese has hung tarpaulins outside their churches pitting anti-RH against pro-RH legislators, calling the former “Team Life” and the latter “Team Dead” [ http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections-2013/22697-more-team-patay-tarps-in-bacolod-churches ].

Lagman, the law’s co-author, said he will file a petition for intervention so he may defend the law’s constitutionality before the court. 

The Supreme Court will hear arguments on a dozen petitions filed by religious and faith-based groups questioning the law’s constitutionality, arguing that it undermined the family as the fundamental social unit (as described in the constitution) and that public funds should not be used to buy contraceptives. 

“I’m very firm that the RH Law is constitutional. We won this battle in both the senate and congress. The four-month wait is temporary. Advocates waited 14 years for this law to be passed. We will get through another four months,” Lagman said. 

Oral arguments are scheduled to begin on 18 June - three months too late for Pia Cayetano, a senator and sponsor of the law. "How many lives will be lost during this period? How many more mothers will die of birth complications? While we wait, it is the poor who will suffer,” said Cayetano. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97683/Philippines-reproductive-health-law-here-now-what</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170208290128t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - After a publicly contentious 14-year battle, legislators quietly signed the Philippines’ first reproductive health law in late December. It was expected to take effect by the end of March, but on 21 March the Supreme Court halted its implementation, issuing a 120-day status quo ante to review court challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: The Sabah affair - a new humanitarian challenge in southern Philippines?</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040702470090t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has begun putting in place contingency measures over what it has described as a possible “humanitarian emergency” in its southernmost islands after hundreds of Filipino migrants, caught in the cross-fire of a Malaysian government crackdown against Filipino gunmen asserting land claims in Malaysia, have started returning home.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has begun putting in place contingency measures over what it has described as a possible “humanitarian emergency” in its southernmost islands after hundreds of Filipino migrants, caught in the cross-fire of a Malaysian government crackdown against Filipino gunmen asserting land claims in Malaysia, have started returning home. 

The incursion has sparked concerns in Manila of a massive influx of migrants who would be returning to the Sulu Islands and Mindanao, one of the country’s poorest regions, the eastern coast of which is still recovering from a deadly typhoon in December 2012 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97435/Building-back-worse-after-Philippines-typhoon ].

Who is behind the land claim? 

One month ago, hundreds of armed followers of Jamalul Kiram III crossed over from the southern Philippine island province of Tawi-Tawi, part of a chain of islands known as the Sulu archipelago, to assert a historical land claim in neighbouring Malaysia’s Sabah State.

The Manila-based leader of the gunmen, Kiram, 74, is the self-proclaimed heir to the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo, once Southeast Asia's most powerful Islamic monarchy that controlled the Sulu archipelago in the southern Philippines and part of Borneo Island, which includes present-day Sabah State. 

The sultanate, however, fell from power more than a century ago, and in 1878, "leased" control of Sabah to a British trading company that eventually gave ownership rights to Malaysia when it became an independent nation in 1963. 

Despite an International Court of Justice decision a decade ago that recognized islands of Sabah State as belonging to Malaysia, Kiram insists the state still belongs to the sultanate (not a legal entity), in large part because Kuala Lumpur continues to pay his group a nominal land payment (which he views as rent) of about US$1,700 dollars annually. 

Kiram gave his followers "permission" to settle in Sabah. The stand-off has resulted in ongoing armed clashes as Malaysian authorities move to flush them out, leaving at least 63 dead and displacements of Filipino migrant workers. 

Kiram has told local reporters he deployed his men to the Malaysian coastal town of Lahad Datu to demand a higher land payment from Malaysia. 

What is the humanitarian challenge? 

As the crackdown continues, Manila says hundreds of the estimated 800,000 Filipinos living and working in Sabah - drawn there over generations to work on its palm oil plantations - have begun streaming back home to the southern Philippine island provinces of Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. Integrating them presents a "humanitarian challenge" said the country’s Interior Secretary Mar Roxas on 11 March. 

Roxas said about 1,500 Filipinos, many of them women and children, have already returned to avoid cross-fire. President Benigno Aquino ordered relief goods, medicines and health workers deployed ahead of an expected influx of more Filipino migrant returnees. 

"In case these evacuees increase in number, our government is well prepared," Roxas told IRIN. "We have deployed food stuff and medicines. We will try to ensure their safety and their general welfare." 

"We don't know when there will be a mass evacuation. Right now we have 1,500, but tomorrow or the next day we might see 10,000, so we need to be ready," he said. 

"The government will not be able to immediately create jobs for 800,000 people in the course of one day," said Edwin Lacierda, a spokesperson for the president’s office, adding that President Benigno Aquino had already appealed to Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak to ensure Filipinos living in Sabah will be spared in the offensive. 

"It’s critical that the Malaysian authorities ensure the protection of all civilians in the area, and allow humanitarian access for the provision of emergency assistance to those affected by the violence," said Phil Robertson, Human Rights Watch deputy Asia director, in a statement. 

How is the incursion linked to government-MILF peace talks? 

Lacierda said an influx of displaced migrants may lead to additional law and order problems in the south, a region plagued by decades of insurgency and poverty. The country’s largest Muslim insurgency, based in Mindanao island, agreed to an interim peace deal last October [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96627/Analysis-Mindanao-s-uncertain-road-to-peace ].

With the Aquino government negotiating a peace settlement with the 12,000-strong Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) for a new autonomous region that would include parts of the former sultanate, Kiram said he and his followers had no choice but to reclaim occupied lands he claimed as their “birthright”. 

The Aquino government has said it did not mean to ignore the Kiram family, but admitted to having lost a crucial letter in which Kiram advised the government to respect historical facts because the insurgency in the south is closely linked to Sabah. 

In the 1960s, former dictator Ferdinand Marcos ordered the military to train Muslim fighters to infiltrate Sabah, but they mutinied after allegations of abuse. Marcos had them executed, but one escaped to recount what is now known as the "Jabidah massacre". 

Anger over the massacre ignited a full-blown rebellion and the creation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), the first organized Muslim rebel force from which MILF split in the late 1970s. The MNLF eventually signed a peace deal with the government in 1996, but many of its fighters remained armed and either became bandits or joined other rebel groups. 

A senior cabinet official in the Aquino government said Kiram’s incursion into Sabah may be part of a larger conspiracy to scuttle the MILF-government peace deal by political forces using the sultan as a pawn. 

"They fear that this peace deal is a legacy by the Aquino government, and they do not want to see that," the official, a member of Aquino's inner circle who preferred anonymity, told IRIN. "This was a clear move to hold hostage the peace deal." 

Former MNLF fighters, a number of whom feel sidelined by the new peace deal - brokered by Kuala Lumpur - reportedly deployed reinforcements to help Kiram's men [ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/66997/thousands-of-tausug-sailing-to-sabah-to-aid-beleaguered-comrades-mnlf-exec ] - information the authorities have not confirmed. 

The new political autonomous entity to be offered to MILF will replace an autonomous region given to MNLF under their own 1996 peace pact, which Aquino says was a failed experiment.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97634/Briefing-The-Sabah-affair-a-new-humanitarian-challenge-in-southern-Philippines</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040702470090t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has begun putting in place contingency measures over what it has described as a possible “humanitarian emergency” in its southernmost islands after hundreds of Filipino migrants, caught in the cross-fire of a Malaysian government crackdown against Filipino gunmen asserting land claims in Malaysia, have started returning home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Philippine cities tackle climate change</title><pubDate>Wed, 06 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303060710430275t.jpg" />]]>DAVAO 06 March 2013 (IRIN) - When asked what resilience means, the head of city planning for the Philippines’ second largest city, Davao, said that for Filipinos it means how high floodwater reaches before they agree to be evacuated. “In our most recent flooding, that level was chest-high,” said Roberto Alabado III, referring to flooding in mid-January that affected thousands of city dwellers, most in slum areas, who refused evacuation until they were chest-deep in floodwater.</description><body><![CDATA[DAVAO 06 March 2013 (IRIN) - When asked what resilience means, the head of city planning for the Philippines’ second largest city, Davao, said that for Filipinos it means how high floodwater reaches before they agree to be evacuated. “In our most recent flooding, that level was chest-high,” said Roberto Alabado III, referring to flooding in mid-January that affected thousands of city dwellers, most in slum areas, who refused evacuation until they were chest-deep in floodwater. 

“That’s our limit,” Alabado wryly noted. 

Davao is one of four cities the government has identified as being at high risk of climate-related hazards. It was near the path of the Category 5 (winds of at least 250km per hour) Typhoon Bopha that hit the southern island of Mindanao in early December, leading to some 2,000 people dead or missing. 

“It’s scary,” admitted Alabado. “Can we handle everything? We haven’t solved [all our] problems from the past 20 years - including sanitation - and now we have to think about [climate-related] problems for the next 20 years.” 

Most of the city’s disaster initiatives have been on the response side, boosting the city’s reputation as among the strongest nationwide in emergency response (it opened a “911” integrated emergency response service in 2002, patterned after the US hotline), but officials have since realized the city needs also to prevent, adapt to and, if possible, avoid, climate-related disasters, he added. 

“Awareness is not enough,” said the World Food Programme’s (WFP) country representative, Stephen Anderson. “Local governments don’t act on information from climate hazard maps,” he told IRIN, explaining why WFP, along with the UN Human Settlements Programme, is helping to “climate-proof” four cities - Iloilo, Cagayan de Oro, Butuan and Davao - under a US-funded climate change adaptation programme that is helping city officials conduct vulnerability assessments and implement pilot projects based on identified climate threats. 

Adaptation arguments 

A recent gathering convened by WFP of local officials to discuss what climate change meant for the city was not the most natural of meetings, said Alabado. 

“Before I thought we would just need to integrate geo-hazard mapping into land use policies and consider it done. But now we see all sectors need policies to create a climate-change adaptive city. How vulnerable are health facilities? What is the risk of dengue and malaria outbreaks?” Anderson said. 

“It’s a gigantic task,” Emmanuel Jaldon, officer in charge of the city’s Disaster Risk Reduction and Management office, told IRIN. “There’s been a bit of quarrelling over the best approaches to meet climate change.” 

Canal dredging? Planting bamboo and rubber trees to prevent soil erosion? Resettling slum dwellers? Rehabilitating river banks? The city has considered and is acting on the above - with varied success. 

In Matina Crossing, one of Davao’s 182 divisions (`barangays’), officials have failed to resettle residents from flood-prone areas (which constitute half the densely-packed division), even after flooding in 2011 that killed three in the community, and completely or partially damaged almost 12,000 homes. 

Samuel Bodionga, a father of three, opted to stay, rather than move 20km away to a proposed relocation site. “It’s hard to live far from the city. I don’t want to spend money on transportation or be far from the market,” he said. 

City risk assessments and hazard maps aside, the poor have their own risk assessments, said city planning head Alabado. “They will gamble their lives and houses in floods. Repeated displacement from the known is still better than relocation to the unknown... In the end, it’s about balancing [their] safety with property rights.” 

Next steps 

In addition to figuring out how to make relocation more attractive, the city is reviewing its land use policy, last updated in 1996 and adopted in 2000. 

Officials are also mapping how many of the city’s 1.6 million residents (official count, though unofficially the figure may be twice as much as they estimate) live in flood-prone areas, and will try to bolster urban agriculture starting in March. 

The city invested US$2 million to fund a super-info hub, complete with trip-wire rigged cameras, to provide early warning for natural as well as manmade disasters. 

For years it has been working with farmers to limit how much post-harvest waste they burn, promoting composting instead. In addition, farmers are encouraged to plant “cover” crops that increase soil fertility, and to plant bamboo, fruit and rubber trees to bolster river banks through cash-for-work programmes. 

“We are looking for soft solutions,” said Alabado, referring to the search for ways to boost the city’s resilience to extreme weather, discourage development in flood-prone areas through zoning restrictions, and relocate residents from risky areas. “Hard solutions, like dykes, will just transfer the risk elsewhere.” 

Multiple hazard indices rank Philippines one of the - if not the most - natural-hazard prone country worldwide. In the first 10 months of 2012, it had the second highest number of natural disasters (16, after China’s 18) worldwide [ http://www.unisdr.org/archive/29286 ] and by year-end saw the deadliest disaster that year when Typhoon Bopha (known locally as Pablo) hit. 

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Building resilience

A series of articles exploring what resilience means for vulnerable communities, and its impact on the architecture of aid
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97600/Philippine-cities-tackle-climate-change</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303060710430275t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAVAO 06 March 2013 (IRIN) - When asked what resilience means, the head of city planning for the Philippines’ second largest city, Davao, said that for Filipinos it means how high floodwater reaches before they agree to be evacuated. “In our most recent flooding, that level was chest-high,” said Roberto Alabado III, referring to flooding in mid-January that affected thousands of city dwellers, most in slum areas, who refused evacuation until they were chest-deep in floodwater.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Filipino farmers - a dying breed?</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009220858390953t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Historically, as countries have industrialized, the number of small farms has dwindled, with workers opting for city life. But the Philippines government is concerned that this trend could exacerbate food insecurity in an import-dependent country already struggling to meet current food demand.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Historically, as countries have industrialized, the number of small farms has dwindled, with workers opting for city life. But the Philippines government is concerned that this trend could exacerbate food insecurity in an import-dependent country already struggling to meet current food demand. 

“The average age of the Filipino farmer is 57. Assuming an average life span of 70, we might reach a critical [shortage] of farmers in just 15 years,” said Asterio Saliot, director of the Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Training Institute (DA-ATI) [ http://ati.da.gov.ph/ ].

“The average level of education of a farmer is grade five only,” he added. 

According to Saliot, farmers’ age and limited education [ http://cocafm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/02/YFP-Primer1.pdf ] make them less receptive to new farming technologies that can boost yields in the face of growing losses from volatile weather. 

Weak government policies and programmes, an excessive reliance on agricultural imports, and corruption, have taken their toll on the agricultural sector, say experts. 

According to the 2012 Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, the agricultural sector employs an estimated 12 million people, making up 33 percent of the country’s labour force. About 70 percent of the rural poor are farmers and fishermen. 

Though the sector contributes about 11 percent to the country’s GDP with US$14.7 billion, 2011 government investment in the sector was only 4 percent of the national budget. 

That year total government spending on agriculture was $1.6 billion, almost 24 percent lower than the previous year [ http://www.bas.gov.ph/?id=556&ids=download_now&p=1&dami=10&srt=dateadd ].

“We didn’t pay enough attention to the agricultural sector because we thought that we could always import our food if we couldn’t grow it ourselves,” said Kala Pulido-Constantino, advocacy campaigns and communications coordinator with Oxfam in the Philippines. 

In 2010, the Philippines imported 2.45 million tons of rice, making it the biggest rice importing country worldwide that year [ http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/cr-weathering-crises-feeding-future-philippines-261011.pdf ].

Compounding the problem is the country’s population, which is growing at about 2 percent per year and is projected to reach 120 million by 2025 [ http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popnProj.asp ].

“We cannot meet local demand as it is,” Francis Pangilinan, a senator and chairman of the Congressional Committee on Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization (COCAFM), told IRIN. Boosting imports is not a reliable option, he added. “The world food crisis of 2008 [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-depth/77872/72/A-global-food-crisis ] taught us that while we may have the money to import rice, rice-exporting countries may not be willing to sell the rice to us.” 

Past government policies have provided few incentives to farmers, the senator noted. “Admittedly, [previous] government policies have had a bias for white-collar jobs. Policies were focused on yield, without enough consideration for the quality of life of the farmer,” he added. 

The average daily wage of a farmer is $6, versus the national average of $10 [ http://www.nwpc.dole.gov.ph/pages/ncr/cmwr_table.html ].

Risky business 

But a major typhoon can easily wipe out earnings, small-scale farmers have learned. The archipelago, ranked as one of the most disaster prone countries in the world, experiences an average of 20 typhoons annually. 

“Being a farmer is like being a priest; you take a vow of poverty and make a pact with the lord that no typhoon will come and destroy your crops,” said Pangilinan. 

A 2009 survey by the Canada-based International Development Research Centre (IDRC) showed that all regions in the Philippines are vulnerable to extreme weather events, some of which are linked to climate change [ http://www.imamu.edu.sa/dcontent/IT_Topics/java/12483270391mapping_reportv02.pdf ].

The Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) of German Watch ranked the Philippines among the countries that experienced the greatest loss from weather disturbances in 2011 [ http://germanwatch.org/en/download/7170.pdf ].

In the past two years tropical storms have battered the southern island of Mindanao, a region largely untouched by natural disasters in recent decades. 

Last December, the eastern coast of the southern island of Mindanao, where 80 percent of the population relies on subsistence farming, was hit by the Category 5 (winds of at least 250km per hour) Typhoon Bopha [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97205/Crop-based-livelihoods-hit-by-Typhoon-Bopha ], which caused an estimated $663 million worth of damage to agriculture [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/Update%20Sitrep%20No.%2038.pdf ].

“I lost my home, my crops - everything,” said Armando Banudan, 48, a farmer from the coastal Davao Oriental Province who used to plant coconuts on a small patch of land that he also called home. 

“It takes 8-10 years for my coconuts to grow. What will happen to us in the meantime?” Banudan asked. 

The International Fund for Agricultural Development counts residents of the archipelago’s mountainous regions and the island of Mindanao among the country’s poorest [ http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/pi/factsheets/ph.pdf ].

A private research institution, Social Weather Stations [ http://www.sws.org.ph/ ], reported involuntary hunger in Mindanao [ http://www.sws.org.ph/pr20110704.htm ] rose from 16.7 percent of surveyed families in March 2011 (795,000 families) to 21.7 percent three months later (one million families). 

Young people leaving rural areas 

Compounding the problem is a younger generation that is, largely, leaving rural areas nationwide, depleting the pool of potential agricultural workers. 

“The problem with farming is that it is associated with poverty. So no farmer would want their children to become farmers,” said Jocelyn Alma Badiola, executive director of COCAFM. 

Most rural families instead want their children to pursue more lucrative jobs in commercial centres near Manila. 

“It is too late to do something about our current farmers. We must now change the mind-set of the younger generation and make farming appealing for them,” said Jose Rene Gayo, president of local NGO Foundation for People Development. 

The foundation is working with the government to offer scholarship programmes that combine classroom lectures and field training in farming to young people with the right skills and motivation who have dropped out of school. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97550/Filipino-farmers-a-dying-breed</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009220858390953t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Historically, as countries have industrialized, the number of small farms has dwindled, with workers opting for city life. But the Philippines government is concerned that this trend could exacerbate food insecurity in an import-dependent country already struggling to meet current food demand.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Allegations of aid politicization in Philippines ahead of elections</title><pubDate>Fri, 22 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302221432480702t.jpg" />]]>BAGANGA/MANILA 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - Caridad Calungsod and her three children have been living in a makeshift shelter along the highway leading into Baganga, a coastal farming municipality in the southern Philippine province of Davao Oriental on Mindanao Island that was among the hardest hit by typhoon Bopha last December.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGANGA/MANILA 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - Caridad Calungsod and her three children have been living in a makeshift shelter along the highway leading into Baganga, a coastal farming municipality in the southern Philippine province of Davao Oriental on Mindanao Island that was among the hardest hit by typhoon Bopha last December. 

Like many others, her family's survival now largely depends on aid they say has been slow in coming, either due to poor logistics or what many allege has been the disorganized and politicized process of distribution. 

"We want to start over, but there is nothing left in this community," the 34-year-old mother said. "It is a struggle to feed the kids every day, sometimes there is not enough food to get by." 

Government social workers have struggled to reach remote areas, some accessible only by hours-long hikes. Calungsod, and activists, say relief goods that have made it are parcelled out to local officials who distribute them along political lines. 

Survivors IRIN interviewed say unscrupulous politicians are using relief goods to boost their campaigns as the country prepares to vote on tens of thousands of local officials in mid-term elections in May, from village council officials and mayors, to members of Congress and senators. 

Protest 

In January, more than 5,000 frustrated residents barricaded the national highway to protest against what they said was the government's "selective" relief delivery system which, they alleged, favoured large vote-rich areas rather than smaller communities in need of help. 

The protest closed the highway for hours, stranding thousands of commuters and motorists. The impasse ended only after local government leaders came to the scene and distributed sacks of rice and other items to the protesters, with a promise to improve delivery to their communities soon. 

International humanitarian agencies are reticent to comment openly about the situation because they are required to work closely with the very politicians accused of profiteering, but have expressed concern that tensions in storm-hit communities may rise if aid is blocked during the lead-up to the May local elections. 

Local groups whose volunteers have been actively working in storm-hit communities say politicians and their campaign machinery routinely take credit for relief goods, which they distribute in areas where they have big constituencies. 

"In some areas the relief packs are repackaged and are being sold," said Vencer Crsisostomo, chairman of Anakbayan [ http://anakbayan.org/ ], a national youth volunteer organization. "The government's Social Welfare Department should unconditionally release relief items to those in need, rather than [allow them to] be inadvertently used by politicians as a means to campaign." 

The relief efforts, he said, have become a tool for politicians to "build mass bases and political machineries" in the Philippines, where analysts blame corruption for pockets of poverty in the lower middle-income country. 

In 2012 those surveyed by international corruption watchdog Transparency International for its “corruption perception index” ranked the country 34 out of 100, with zero being the most corrupt. 

"This is inhuman and absurd, they should not be selective in distributing relief goods. This is pure politics getting in the way of helping the people," he said. "Where do the monies go? To the campaign machinery, or some politician's pocket? Officials need to be accountable," he said. 

Improvements 

The government’s Social Welfare Department overseeing relief efforts acknowledged receiving complaints of aid coming to affected areas late, but stressed the situation has improved since the first chaotic weeks following the disaster. 

"We have had a dialogue with local communities affected by the typhoon and we have told them to submit all the names of those that have yet to receive aid," Resty Macuto, director of the Social Welfare Department's disaster risk reduction and response operations centre based in Manila, told IRIN. 

"As far as I am concerned, we have managed to improve the situation," he said, admitting that in the days that immediately followed Bopha, there was some confusion and logistical challenges because the typhoon had cut across large areas in the south, including far-flung tribal communities that even during the best of weather are difficult to reach. 

Indigenous peoples most affected 

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimates up to 80 percent of the people affected by the Category 5 typhoon (winds up to 250km per hour) are indigenous peoples, some living in still inaccessible areas because while the typhoon has passed, the monsoon season with its daily downpours continues. 

Arjun Jain, head of UNHCR’s office overseeing the areas hit by the typhoon, told IRIN the “perception of inequitable distribution” is creating tensions between the remote highland indigenous communities and lowland communities. “The upcoming elections are a sensitive period. We have to make sure aid is not politicized, that it reaches communities in critical areas and that it is distributed solely on the basis of need.” 

Macuto said survivors might have also been frustrated by the government’s initial requirement to provide "disaster access cards" issued to monitor the flow of aid in communities so as not to duplicate efforts. 

In Binondo, one of Baganga Municipality’s more remote communities, most the 1,200 families received the green access cards, but no information about the cards’ importance or purpose. 

Macuto said card distribution was suspended in all typhoon-affected areas because the wind and flooding had destroyed the very documentation the government sought. 

"It is not true that there is favouritism when it comes to distribution of aid. We are trying to reach everyone concerned, but sometimes it is just not enough," he said. 

Donor funding shortfall 

Catholic Relief Services (CRS) said it has not encountered any problems with “politicized aid" largely because it employed is own staff to distribute. "CRS coordinates information and planning with the local governments, but all distributions are conducted by CRS and local partner staff," said Joe Curry, who coordinates ground activities. 

"Emergency aid in the form of food, shelter and cash is getting to the most affected areas and helping tens of thousands of affected families," he said. 

"However, there is a large shortfall in the recovery phase. Without more sustained assistance, there is concern that there will be a second wave of disaster when emergency relief ends in the next few months." 

Humanitarian groups have requested US$76 million [ http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-mindanao-humanitarian-action-plan-2013-typhoon-bophapablo-response ] to help typhoon-hit communities build back. Donors have pledged to fund about 40 percent, thus far, leaving close to $45 million in requests unmet. 

Typhoon background 

Bopha, known locally as Pablo, was the first storm to cause so much death and destruction across the southern island of Mindanao in decades. It triggered flash floods and landslides that destroyed large tracts of farmland - including banana and coconut plantations that were the region’s largest cash crops - and submerged entire communities. 

In Baganga Municipality, the former coconut-basket of the country, only 2 percent of the coconut trees survived, according to the municipal agriculture officer. The Philippines Coconut Association had no coconut seedlings to provide the municipality (the Association used to get all its seedlings from the municipality). Farmers are being encouraged to plant root crops and vegetables. In total, the typhoon damaged some 321,000 hectares of farmland. 

Nearly 2,000 people were either killed or missing and presumed dead, while more than two months later, many of the nearly one million displaced [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97435/Building-back-worse-after-Philippines-typhoon ] still live in the remains of their homes salvaged from debris, or are staying with friends and families, or are in evacuation centres. 

As of late January, the government calculated the typhoon had completely destroyed nearly 75,000 homes and partially damaged another 123,000. Survivors are now being helped to build using fallen coconut trees, local hardware supplies and salvaged materials. 

While the international humanitarian community has responded, the International Committee of the Red Cross said this week needs are "still staggeringly high" [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Philippines%20TyphoonBopha%20Situation%20Report%20No.19%2013February2013.pdf ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97529/Allegations-of-aid-politicization-in-Philippines-ahead-of-elections</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302221432480702t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGANGA/MANILA 22 February 2013 (IRIN) - Caridad Calungsod and her three children have been living in a makeshift shelter along the highway leading into Baganga, a coastal farming municipality in the southern Philippine province of Davao Oriental on Mindanao Island that was among the hardest hit by typhoon Bopha last December.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>“Building back worse” after Philippines typhoon</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302080936120805t.jpg" />]]>COMPOSTELA VALLEY/DAVAO ORIENTAL 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than two months after Typhoon Bopha hit the eastern coast of Mindanao Province in the southern Philippines some 198,000 families are still trying to repair their homes, even in the midst of daily monsoon rains.</description><body><![CDATA[COMPOSTELA VALLEY/DAVAO ORIENTAL 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than two months after Typhoon Bopha hit the eastern coast of Mindanao Province in the southern Philippines some 198,000 families are still trying to repair their homes, even in the midst of daily monsoon rains.

“There is a sense that natural disasters hit, and that’s it,” said Tom Bamforth, the coordinator of aid groups working on housing after Typhoon Bopha, known locally as Pablo, struck on 4 December, displacing close to one million residents. “But the problem is,” Bamforth continued, “it has been two months of constant rains. This is still an ongoing disaster.”

Entire small towns, known locally as `barangays’, were submerged following flooding on 19 January which affected almost 40,000 people in Davao city (the country’s second largest) as well as the provinces of Davao del Norte and Compostela Valley, which were both affected earlier by the Category 5 typhoon (winds that reach 250km/hour).

“We have never had something like this in our lifetimes,” said Sustenio Sulag, the elected leader of Panansalan in Compostela Valley, 150km north of Davao city. All 215 family homes were partially or completely destroyed by the typhoon in December.

Typhoon Bopha/Pablo was the sixteenth to hit the archipelago in 2012, but the deadliest worldwide that year, claiming, thus far, close to 1,100 lives.

Emergency housing kits - valued at some US$1,000 each and donated by the UK-based NGO Shelter Box, and containing emergency tents, blankets and basic tools - lie unopened in front of a number of homes. “We don’t need those. Residents need something sturdier to get us through the rains,” said Sulag.

Local government officials sent 160 of the 215 requested corrugated iron sheets to repair roofing, but Sulag said he did not want to distribute them until there was at least one sheet per family, to prevent accusations of preferential treatment.

Meanwhile, residents were patching together rooftops from fallen coconut timber, and blue tarpaulins (donated). Aid groups and the government estimate 95 percent of families recovering from the typhoon continue living in the remains of their houses.

“What we are seeing is people building back worse with salvaged materials,” said Bamforth.

As of 28 January the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) calculated that the typhoon had completely destroyed nearly 75,000 homes and partially damaged another 123,000.

One of the hardest hit municipalities was Baganga in Davao Oriental Province, which borders the Philippine Sea (Pacific Ocean). In one of the municipality’s more remote `barangays’, Binondo, 90 percent of the homes were completely destroyed, according to `barangay’ leader Ronnie Morales, who said housing repairs and reconstruction of the community’s two primary schools were his top concerns. Welda Morales Sabas, a teacher in one of the damaged schools, said her students simply no longer attend when there are strong winds.

Risk mapping

The government’s Mines and Geosciences Bureau [ http://mgbxi.org/ ]  is conducting geohazard risk assessments in affected provinces, colour coding sites to indicate high, medium or low risk to flooding and landslides. The government is interpreting high-risk areas as “no-build” zones, said DSWD’s housing focal point for typhoon-affected areas, Elena Labrador. “The government will not tolerate people living in no-build zones,” she told IRIN.

When asked what the options were for people living in high-risk areas, she said they are encouraged to move to new sites, which are now being finalized, or will be given materials to construct in an area they choose, which must be classified as safe - a definition still evolving based on ongoing risk assessments.

Construction at relocation sites is expected to begin by March in Davao Oriental, she said, following a meeting with the province’s governor on 8 February.  She confirmed that families living in any no-build zone do not qualify for the government’s emergency shelter assistance of $245 (10,000 pesos).

Bamforth said agencies working on housing advocate relocation only as a last resort, due to problems that may arise from separating people from their farms and livelihoods. Instead, aid workers are calling for, when possible, measures to lessen risk to natural hazards in areas labelled high-risk.

Special attention must be given to relocation from areas recognized as the ancestral domain of indigenous communities, noted the UN Refugee Agency [ http://philippines.humanitarianresponse.info/document/typhoon-bophapablo-protection-advisory-3 ], which estimates up to 80 percent of those affected by the typhoon are indigenous peoples.

pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97435/Building-back-worse-after-Philippines-typhoon</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302080936120805t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COMPOSTELA VALLEY/DAVAO ORIENTAL 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - More than two months after Typhoon Bopha hit the eastern coast of Mindanao Province in the southern Philippines some 198,000 families are still trying to repair their homes, even in the midst of daily monsoon rains.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Concern mounts over infant formula additives*</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Yi Lee fell for the hype. “After I saw TV ads claiming infant formula with DHA [docosahexaenoic acid] and ARA [arachidonic acid] can help with eye and brain development, I gave my baby formula,” said the 30-year-old mother in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. “Then I learned from books and doctors that breast milk is actually best.”</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Yi Lee fell for the hype.

“After I saw TV ads claiming infant formula with DHA [docosahexaenoic acid] and ARA [arachidonic acid] can help with eye and brain development, I gave my baby formula,” said the 30-year-old mother in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. “Then I learned from books and doctors that breast milk is actually best.”

Lee is now nursing her nine-month-old daughter - a practice rare in China, where only 28 percent of mothers breastfeed, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Experts say that here and in other developing countries, nursing rates would be higher - and infants and mothers healthier - if it was not for the popularity of these formulas boosted with DHA and ARA.

Featuring doe-eyed infants and laughing mothers in newspapers, magazines, and on billboards, these ads are becoming a fixture in developing nations’ maternity wards (where nurses sometimes give free formula to new mothers) and in grocery stores (where saleswomen approach them in the nappy/diaper aisles).

Health experts have responded with alarm.

“Scientific evidence doesn’t support the industry’s statements about ARA and DHA,” said James Akre, a former member of the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners (IBLCE), which sets global standards for lactation and breastfeeding care. “The additives serve primarily, even uniquely, as a marketing ploy. China, the second-largest infant formula market after the USA, is the country that manufacturers are gearing up to saturate. But opportunities are also ripe in the rest of the developing world.”

Heath campaigners say that for decades, formula has consistently proven to be less healthy than breastfeeding - boosting the risk of diabetes, infections and other medical problems, and, when used exclusively, contributes to 21 percent higher infant mortality. They say that due to the addition of ARA and DHA, formula is now growing more expensive. And they warn that in developing nations, formula with additives is often being sold in a way that violates the recommendations of World Health Organization (WHO).

Additives

ARA (promoted as enhancing "visual acuity") and DHA (touted for advancing "neurological development") have been added to infant formula since 1997.

Both these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in human breast milk and, in this form, contribute to eye and neurological development. But over the past five years, WHO and the Cochrane Collaboration, a London-based research organization, have published policy statements and studies concluding that ARA and DHA, when used as additives, do not improve infants’ development.

According to the US Federal Drug Administration, the scientific evidence is "mixed" over the benefits of adding ARA and DHA to baby formula, with no currently available published studies on the long-term impact [ http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/InfantFormula/ConsumerInformationAboutInfantFormula/ucm108079.htm#16 ].

“Scientists can’t make the same form of ARA and DHA that human breast milk contains,” said Elizabeth Myler, a spokeswoman for the US-based NGO that promotes breastfeeding, La Leche League International. “Instead, they extract it from fermented algae and fungus using a toxic chemical called hexane.”

Mike Brady, a spokesman for the UK-based NGO Baby Milk Action, said some infants have adverse reactions to plant-derived ARA and DHA, though it is “currently unclear if this is due to the components themselves, or to the chemicals used in processing.”

Health advocates charge that studies supporting ARA and DHA supplementation are conducted primarily by companies profiting from this practice.

Asked by IRIN to provide independent studies proving ARA and DHA benefits to infants’ health, a spokeswoman from additive-maker Martek Biosciences responded: “There is no reason to believe that the funding source would have any undue influence on the outcomes.”

Nestlé declined to comment, and Mead Johnson provided general data about ARA and DHA consumption, some of it 20 years old. While one 2010 report from the European Food Safety Authority did hint “small amounts” of DHA supplementation may help neurological development, that same authority rejected [ http://www.efsa.europa.eu/fr/efsajournal/doc/1000.pdf ] in 2009 Mead Johnson’s claim of infant health benefits from supplemented formula.

An independently funded 2010 report [ http://www.unicef.org/png/reallives_18905.htmlwww.cornucopia.org/DHA/DHA-Update-2010.pdf ] from the US-based research NGO Cornucopia Institute, which supports sustainable agriculture, warned ARA and DHA additives have been associated with jaundice, sepsis, colitis, and diarrhoea. The latter is one of the leading causes of infant death in the developing world.

And then there is the cost. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, DHA and ARA boost the cost of formula by 6-31 percent in the US. Though studies have yet to identify how much these ingredients are spiking prices elsewhere, ARA and DHA are now added to most brands sold globally.

Mario Tavera, UNICEF’s health officer in Peru, estimated exclusive formula feeding now costs an average US$575 for the first six months of life, prompting needy mothers to “over-dilute the formula or use other milks… thus leading to malnutrition, allergies, and even death,” he warned.

Breast is best

Experts recommend mothers nurse because it lowers their risk of anaemia (mostly caused by iron deficiency), breast cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis, and postpartum haemorrhaging. Breastfeeding also offers 98 percent protection from pregnancy during the first six months of an infant’s life, which, as Myler noted, “helps women in the developing world control the size of their families”.

For infants, breastfeeding is linked to a lowered risk of diabetes, obesity, respiratory problems, and sudden infant death syndrome, as well as a bolstered immune system.

Suboptimal breastfeeding accounts for one million infant deaths annually, and 10 percent of the disease burden in children, reported the UK publication, Archives of Disease in Childhood, in 2012.

For these reasons, UNICEF, WHO and other authorities advocate exclusive breastfeeding - no other liquids or foods - during the first six months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding until age two.

In the past, authorities recommended infant formula for the children of women infected by HIV. But in the last five years, researchers discovered that in the developing world, where HIV rates are highest, infants are more likely to die of diarrhoea if they are not breastfed [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/96959/KENYA-Exclusive-breastfeeding-on-the-rise ] than they are to contract the virus from an infected mother’s breast milk.

Studies also show the risk of transmission from breast milk is just 2 percent if the mother receives antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. As result of these findings, WHO is now recommending [ http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/9789241596596/en/ ] HIV-positive mothers breastfeed for six months, and the UN is urging developing countries to offer ARV drugs to all HIV-infected mothers. In 2009, about 53 percent of women diagnosed with HIV receive ARVs worldwide.

Though well-meaning donors often give formula in camps for refugees and displaced persons [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/84898/PAKISTAN-Baby-formula-risk-for-IDPs ], health campaigners are working to change this practice, too, noting that even if women are malnourished, their breast milk is probably healthier than formula, and that breastfeeding promotes bonding and a sense of security vital for women and children facing upheaval.

Heath experts warn that in unsanitary conditions, formula can kill infants if mothers prepare it with contaminated water, or if they fail to sterilize equipment properly.

Policy pushback?

After commercial infant formula was introduced in the developing world in the early 1900s, cases of lethal diarrhoea spiked (and anti-formula sentiment mounted) leading to the penning by WHO in 1981 of its International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes [ http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/nutrition_code_english.pdf ].

Endorsed by UNICEF and quickly adopted by 150 of 194 WHO member nations (with the US, home to two leading infant-formula makers, voting against it), the code stipulated manufacturers should not distribute free samples to promote their products, that advertising should not “idealize the use of breastmilk substitutes”, and that packaging should include information on the benefits of breastfeeding.

Despite the code’s longstanding existence, Yi Lee still sees images of babies (initially Caucasian and now mostly Asian) in TV ads for formulas with ARA and DHA in Shenzhen.

Infant-formula-division sales at Martek Biosciences (based in Maryland in the US and owned by the Dutch company Royal DSM, the leading maker of plant-derived DHA and ARA) have spiked to $317 million annually. And the Penang-based International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) reports 23 percent of countries that have adopted the WHO code have not implemented it.

“The code is a recommendation, and not a treaty,” said George Kent [ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kent/ ], a professor at the University of Hawaii who has researched food, nutrition and ethics and is author of Regulating Infant Formula. “It isn’t legally binding, and it isn’t being enforced as companies work to market products containing ARA and DHA.”

Limited progress is being made to implement the WHO code. In 2011, the Pan American Health Organization released a report showing Latin America had made “significant progress” in constraining infant-formula marketing.

In May 2012, the World Health Assembly (a WHO decision-making body) passed a resolution [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA65/A65_R6-en.pdf ] to establish “adequate mechanisms” to deal with conflicts of interest in this realm. And in June 2012, the Archives of Disease in Childhood reported that India, which restricts advertising via its Infant Milk Substitute Act [ http://www.bpni.org/docments/IMS-act.pdf ], had boosted its breastfeeding rate to three times the rate in the Philippines, where there are looser controls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96089/PHILIPPINES-Banking-breast-milk-to-save-lives ].

“Developments like these offer hope,” said Akre, former IBLCE member and author of the book The Problem with Breastfeeding. “But progress is difficult because this is a case of shoestring-budget NGOs battling large, deep-pocket commercial interests and their unfettered merchandising.”

Leading manufacturers (Nestlé, in Vevey, Switzerland; followed by Mead Johnson and Abbott Laboratories, both in Illinois in the US; and Danone, in Paris) are among the most successful corporations worldwide.

Fuelled by profits from the baby-foods market (which includes but is not limited to infant formula and generates $30 billion in global sales annually, with growth projected to reach $35 billion in 2016), these companies have funnelled money to projects like the Singapore-based Asia Pacific Infant and Young Child Nutrition Association (APIYCNA) [ http://www.apiycna.org/ ]. Presented as an NGO, its membership actually includes seven infant-formula industry companies, including the four manufacturers listed above.

According to IBFAN, APIYCNA’s main aim is to foster sales in Asia, where infant formula sales are projected to grow the most by 2016, from the current $6 billion to an estimated $10 billion annually [ http://www.giiresearch.com/report/bc228034-global-markets-baby-foods-focus-on-asia-pacific.html ].

Health experts told IRIN they are concerned that in the developing world, formula makers’ marketing push may succeed just as well as it has in developed countries.

In 2004, just two years after DHA and ARA were introduced in the US, government surveys [ http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/government-in-action/national-breastfeeding-campaign/ ] there showed the percentage of people who believed formula and breast milk were “equally healthy” had suddenly doubled. And in 2011, in the wake of heavy lobbying by infant-formula makers, the European Parliament fell short of the vote needed to prevent a disputed DHA claim from being made on formula labels.

“Formula makers have a powerful, pervasive influence,” said Myler from La Leche League. “But it doesn’t bode well for the world’s neediest mothers and infants, whose health is literally on the line.”

mmg/pt/cb

*This article was amended on 25 January to add a comment by the US Food and Drug Administration

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97334/Analysis-Concern-mounts-over-infant-formula-additives</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Yi Lee fell for the hype. “After I saw TV ads claiming infant formula with DHA [docosahexaenoic acid] and ARA [arachidonic acid] can help with eye and brain development, I gave my baby formula,” said the 30-year-old mother in the southern Chinese city of Shenzhen. “Then I learned from books and doctors that breast milk is actually best.”</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Philippines typhoon affecting maternal health</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301181140140134t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - With many health facilities damaged or destroyed in typhoon-affected Mindanao, experts have expressed concern about the state of maternal health care.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - With many health facilities damaged or destroyed in typhoon-affected Mindanao, experts have expressed concern about the state of maternal health care.

“Many village health centres were totally destroyed. Even in those centres that were only partially damaged, medical supplies were washed or blown away by the winds,” Ugochi Daniels, country representative from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), told IRIN.

“This is not just an interruption of the health care service, but a destruction of the healthcare system resulting in a lack of access for women to antenatal care.”

Government estimates put damage to the region’s healthcare facilities and infrastructure at more than US$12.5 million.

According to the Department of Health (DOH), 146 of the affected region’s 369 village health centres sustained varying degrees of structural damage, and all four government hospitals were damaged.

“The implementation of public health programmes is really in the village health centres and midwives are the frontline healthcare providers. With the damage to these centres, the [pregnant] women don’t know where to go, or have to go very far. The midwives have no place to administer [to] patients,” said Joy Sanico Davao, a senior official at Davao Oriental Provincial Hospital.

Typhoon Bopha (local name Pablo) hit the southern island of Mindanao on 4 December 2012 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97101/PHILIPPINES-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors-face-bleak-Christmas ]. More than 6.3 million people were affected, with an estimated 2,000 dead or missing. More than 200,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/Update%20Sitrep%20No.%2038.pdf ].

UNFPA estimates there are 8,356 pregnant women in typhoon-affected areas in need of antenatal care, many of whom are not getting it. Of these, an estimated 2,785 are in their last trimester.

“In particular, there is an urgent need for provision of pre-natal, post-natal check-up and supply of dignity kits [ http://www.unfpa.org.ph/index.php/news/343-hygiene-kits-and-dignity-kits-whats-the-difference ] for pregnant and lactating women, with special consideration for teenage mothers in affected communities,” the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Typhoon%20Bopha%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20as%20of%208%20January%202013.pdf ] reported on 8 January.

Antenatal checkups are crucial in the early detection of pregnancy complications, say experts. Studies show that adequate antenatal care can reduce the incidence of maternal death and miscarriage among mothers, as well as birth defects and low birth weight among newborns. DOH recommends a minimum of four antenatal visits during each pregnancy.

Medical missions

Local government officials and aid agencies are going around different villages on medical missions to track and record pregnant and lactating mothers. Kits which assist emergency delivery are being distributed to midwives.

In Mindanao’s Davao Oriental Province, figures shown to IRIN by local health officials indicate there are 1,496 pregnant and lactating mothers, 951 of whom have been tended to by medical missions.

“We’ve had women walk from as far away as 10km to get to our medical missions. Some even literally cross rivers,” said Geofford Montejo, a provincial maternal health and childcare coordinator.

“The pregnant ladies also need more psychosocial support. They’re worried about the lack of livelihood opportunities after the storm. They have little or no money and have a baby on the way,” said Esther Yiu, a midwife in the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) rapid deployment unit.

ICRC set up a basic health care unit in Davao Oriental to augment urgently needed medical services.

as/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97277/Philippines-typhoon-affecting-maternal-health</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301181140140134t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - With many health facilities damaged or destroyed in typhoon-affected Mindanao, experts have expressed concern about the state of maternal health care.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Typhoon-hit Filipino schools to reopen</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111111110520t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.

“Never before have we had to deal with devastation of this magnitude. But we need to establish some kind of normalcy for the children,” Dodong Atillo, a communications officer with the Department of Education, told IRIN.

A state of national calamity was declared by President Benigno Aquino on 7 December. The opening of schools after Christmas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97101/PHILIPPINES-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors-face-bleak-Christmas ] was delayed as many schools were being used as evacuation centres.

According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 569 schools, both primary and secondary, were damaged or destroyed by the storm, resulting in US$24.5 million worth of damage; 231,681 students were affected.

While classes will resume in schools that were partially damaged, children whose schools were totally destroyed will be taught in tents erected outside, UNICEF said.

“What we see is the devastation of the entire education system, not just damage to classrooms,” said Yul Olaya, a UNICEF emergency education officer from Davao.

In the municipalities of Boston, Cateel and Baganga in Davao Oriental, there are only two schools left.

“There are some areas where schools are now totally gone. This sends a signal to children that they can’t [ever] go back to school again,” Olaya said.

In response, aid agencies and development groups have set up tents as temporary learning spaces for informal children’s play sessions. Using drama, song and dance, children are encouraged to talk about their experiences. Gathering the children in temporary learning spaces is also a way for education officials to track and count the children as well as check on their health.

Typhoon Bopha (local name Pablo), struck Mindanao on 4 December, affecting more than 6.3 million people and leaving an estimated 2,000 dead or missing. More than 200,000 homes were damaged or destroyed.

According to the latest information from the Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, 13,940 people were still in 87 evacuation centres [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/NDRRMC%20Update%20Sitrep%20No%2038%20re%20Effects%20of%20Typhoon%20Pablo%20Bopha.pdf ], as of 25 December, while more than 900,000 were living in the ruins of their homes or staying with host families.

The storm, the strongest to hit Mindanao since records began, made landfall three times, triggering landslides and extensive flooding in the east of the island, particularly in the provinces of Davao Oriental, Surigao del Sur and Compostela Valley.

Challenges ahead

More than a month after the storm, electricity has yet to be fully restored, forcing many schools to rely on generators, while continuous rains are hampering clean-up efforts.

“The rain and the winds frighten the children. Some parents with very young children would rather not have their kids go to school at all,” said Gary Lara, principle of Boston Elementary School.

“It is really depressing to wake up every day and see the devastation and what used to be our homes in shambles around us."

On 8 January [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Typhoon%20Bopha%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20as%20of%208%20January%202013.pdf ] the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance (OCHA) reported an inadequate amount of psychosocial support on the ground to reach education workers and schoolchildren.

Many people have also expressed concern over the long-term effect the storm could have on education.

Teresita Canatra, a school teacher at the Central Elementary School in New Bataan, Compostela Valley Province, believes attendance may be lower among older children who may be compelled to look for odd jobs to help their families survive.

Typhoon Bopha also washed away cumulative records of a student’s academic performance.

“Even if the children go back to school, how will we know if we can promote our students to the next grade? What will they show to prove they completed certain school levels?” asked Canatra, one of 1,200 teachers affected by the storm. Her family was displaced and spent days in a nearby sports complex that served as an evacuation centre.

According to experts, children in crisis benefit from the sense of normalcy provided by going to school. Unfortunately, in many cases, educational facilities are destroyed. Recovery is slow and is also hindered by weak systems and infrastructure as well as insufficient funding for rapid disbursement, said a recent article [ http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2012/10/31-natural-disasters-winthrop ] by the Washington-based Brookings Institution.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97227/Typhoon-hit-Filipino-schools-to-reopen</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111111110520t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Crop-based livelihoods hit by Typhoon Bopha</title><pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091119160293t.jpg" />]]>NEW BATAAN 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - More than a month after Typhoon Bopha, locally known as Pablo, hit the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, survivors face another challenge - rebuilding their livelihoods.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW BATAAN 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - More than a month after Typhoon Bopha, locally known as Pablo, hit the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, survivors face another challenge - rebuilding their livelihoods.

"People need livelihoods. It will take years for the agriculture industry here to recover, and many rely on, and actually live off, the plantations,” Arturo Uy, governor of Compostela Valley Province, told IRIN on 9 January.

"Many are left without sources of income,” he said.

Some 80 percent of residents rely on subsistence farming, producing such things as coconut, vegetables, bananas, coffee and cocoa.

The storm, the strongest to hit Mindanao since records began, passed through the southern Philippines from Mindanao to Palawan on 4 December, making landfall three times, triggering landslides and extensive flooding.

Worst affected was the eastern part of the island, particularly the provinces of Davao Oriental, Surigao del Sur and Compostela Valley - all inhabited by coastal and mountainous communities with an economy largely based on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining.

According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ], over 6.3 million people were affected, with more than 200,000 homes damaged or destroyed. Nearly 2,000 people were killed or are missing.

Experts say unregulated small-scale mining had rendered many slopes saturated and pock-marked, making them unstable and prone to landslides and flash floods.

"We continue to need urgent assistance from the government, and international donors. This is increasingly becoming a humanitarian crisis," the governor said.

Key crop

Compostela Valley has been the centre of the country's US$500 million banana export industry since the 1960s. About two thirds of exported bananas are grown here, and about 150,000 people normally depend on the fruit for their primary source of income. The Philippines is the world’s third largest banana exporting country.

The Agriculture Department has said over 200,000 banana farm hands and their families live on over 42,000 hectares of plantations in Mindanao owned by large corporations, where they work for US$250 dollars a month as sharecroppers - a relatively good wage in this impoverished region.

Many of the workers migrated from other parts of Mindanao to escape a decades-old Muslim and communist insurgency.

Fortunato Yubi who lost two relatives to a deadly Bopha-induced mudslide that washed out most of New Bataan town in Compostela Valley, said his family's small farm had been totally destroyed, and that they were subsisting on handouts while living in a shelter made of tarpaulin and wooden debris.

"There is no other job here for us. We've lost everything and we don't know where to go and how to start anew," the 60-year-old said. "This storm stole everything from us."

Cedric Daep, a civil defence official from eastern Bicol Region sent to the devastated area to help local officials with camp management, said the authorities must provide immediate sources of income.

"Cash-for-work-and-food programmes must be increased to give the villagers, especially heads of families, some sense of purpose and productivity, apart from the usual needs such as food, water and shelter.”

Debris clearing remains a major concern, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported on 8 January [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Typhoon%20Bopha%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20as%20of%208%20January%202013.pdf ], with a number of clean-up and cash-for-work efforts already in place.

Food insecurity

Meanwhile, the London-based medical charity, Merlin [ http://www.merlin.org.uk/ ] warned of increased food insecurity following extensive damage to farms and infrastructure, as food stocks begin to dwindle and many residents lack jobs.

"With homes and livelihoods destroyed, nearly one million people are in need of food assistance," Merlin's head for Asia, Gabor Beszterczey, said in statement.

"The government believes that in the worst affected areas food aid will be needed at least until the end of March,” Beszterczey said, warning that the situation could deteriorate in the coming weeks, with diseases likely.

On 10 December, the UN and humanitarian partners launched the Typhoon Bopha Action Plan (BAP), appealing for $65 million to provide emergency assistance and to help with recovery for nearly 500,000 typhoon-affected people over 3-6 months.

According to the UN Financial Tracking Service [ http://fts.unocha.org/ ], as of 8 January, BAP is 34 percent funded with a total of $22 million in pledges, commitments and contributions. A revised BAP will be launched in Manila towards the end of January.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97205/Crop-based-livelihoods-hit-by-Typhoon-Bopha</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091119160293t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW BATAAN 09 January 2013 (IRIN) - More than a month after Typhoon Bopha, locally known as Pablo, hit the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, survivors face another challenge - rebuilding their livelihoods.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Typhoon Bopha survivors face bleak Christmas</title><pubDate>Fri, 21 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212210849090138t.jpg" />]]>BAGANGA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - Survivors of Typhoon Bopha, which struck the southern Philippine island of Mindanao on 4 December, face a bleak Christmas more than two weeks on.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGANGA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - Survivors of Typhoon Bopha, which struck the southern Philippine island of Mindanao on 4 December, face a bleak Christmas more than two weeks on.   

“My parents and my one-year-old baby died when our house collapsed on them and they were buried under the debris,” Richee Antulan said outside the remains of her home in Banganga, a municipality now viewed by many as “ground zero”.

She is among 6.2 million people affected by the typhoon, the most powerful to hit the country in 2012. On 7 December President Benigno Aquino declared a state of national calamity.

According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/UPDATE%20re%20SitRep%2034%20Effects%20of%20Typhoon%20PABLOA.pdf ], 1,050 people were killed, over 2,000 were injured, and more than 800 are missing.

Of the 168,227 homes damaged, over 65,500 were totally destroyed. The estimated value of property damage is over US$839 million.

Close to 12,000 people are still in 43 evacuation centres.

“The devastation was total,” NDRRMC head Benito Ramos told IRIN.

Many public buildings that were designated areas for evacuation centres were severely damaged, mostly with roofs blown away [ http://reliefweb.int/disaster/tc-2012-000197-phl ].

“We urgently need tents and tarpaulins. We have gone as far as gathering tarpaulins from old advertising billboards in Manila to bring down to the affected areas. We want the survivors to have some kind of shelter before Christmas,” said Ramos.

In Baganga, where the storm first made landfall, not a single public building is usable.

“We have no evacuation centres. In Baganga, all 31 schools were damaged, all the churches, too. We estimate that 95 percent of the 18 villages [in this municipality] have been totally destroyed,” said Rowena Abayon, a second lieutenant in the Philippine Army who was manning the incident command post in Baganga.

No roofs

“The most immediate need now is shelter. The people need tarpaulins to at least give them shade or protect them from the rain,” said Wilson Mondal, a field delegate from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

“[Without temporary shelter], the food distributions they receive will get wet. Tarps will also keep their kids from getting wet and getting sick,” Mondal said.

ICRC has started distributing two tarpaulins (measuring 4 x 6 feet) as well as food and non-food items to each family in the three most affected municipalities of Baganga, Cateel and Boston. An estimated 90 percent of affected people in the area are in need of additional assistance, he said.

“The people here are resilient, but will require support for quite some time to get back on their feet,” David Carden, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), said from the affected area.

On 10 December, the government and the UN Humanitarian Country Team launched the six-month Bopha Action Plan for Response and Recovery [ http://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/typhoon-bophapablo-response-action-plan-recovery/philippines-mindanao ], requesting $65 million to assist nearly 500,000 of the most affected people.

“Emergency shelter support is a priority, as is water and hygiene kits, along with debris removal,” Carden said.

Bunkhouses

Meanwhile, the local Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) says it has begun the first phase of establishing temporary shelters for 3-6 months for those in the worst affected area.

Sixty bunkhouses are now slated to be built in the three worst affected municipalities (20 in each). Another 21 bunkhouses will be constructed in the other affected areas of eastern Mindanao, in Compostella Valley.

“Each bunkhouse structure, which measures about 178 square metres, will have 10 rooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen and a washroom. One room can fit one family,” said DSWD coordinator Varnell Dagansan.

The target date for completion of the bunkhouses is 30 December, though Dagansan doubts this deadline will be met: The nearest source of construction materials is the city of Davao, which is a 5-8 hour drive away.

Nearly half of the 225m-long Manorigao Bridge [ http://www.facebook.com/TVPatrolSouthernMindanao/posts/342539845843838 ], one of area's main bridges, was damaged, hampering road transport in the Baganga-Cateel-Boston area.

“The hardest part is getting construction materials to the construction sites. It takes 2-3 days for them to get here,” said Dagansan.

The government reports at least nine bridges and one road remain impassable in the region as of 21 December, with many areas still experiencing power outages.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97101/PHILIPPINES-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors-face-bleak-Christmas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212210849090138t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGANGA 21 December 2012 (IRIN) - Survivors of Typhoon Bopha, which struck the southern Philippine island of Mindanao on 4 December, face a bleak Christmas more than two weeks on.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Asia’s 2012 figures and trends</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents. 

“Cities are growing. There will be even more people and factories. If you think we have a problem now, we will have even more in the future,” said Jerry Velasquez, head of the Asia-Pacific office for the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). The agency estimates the number of people living in flood-prone urban areas in East Asia may reach 67 million by 2060.

The Belgian-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains a database of natural disasters worldwide [ http://www.emdat.be/ ], called for more regional cooperation on disaster data gathering, more work translating science for policymakers and the public [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96965/Analysis-When-lack-of-early-warning-becomes-manslaughter ], and more grassroots research on the needs of those affected, especially farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96054/SRI-LANKA-Better-weather-warnings-needed ]. 

Below are 10 highlights from the preliminary 2012 data on natural disasters in 28 Asian countries, released by UNISDR and CRED on 11 December. 

1. Countries in the region reported 83 disasters - mostly floods - in 2012. The disasters killed some 3,100 people, affected 64.5 million and left behind US$15 billion in damage.

2. Worldwide, 231 disasters killed some 5,400 people, affected 87 million and caused $44.6 billion in damage.

3. From 1950 to 2011, nine out of 10 people affected by disasters worldwide were in Asia.

4. One of the region’s hardest-hit countries this year (and this past decade) was the Philippines. Since 2002, the country has had 182 recorded disasters, which killed almost 11,000 people. This figure does not include the storm that hit the country’s south [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97010/PHILIPPINES-Still-struggling-to-reach-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors ] on 4 December; more than 600 were killed in that event, and some 800 are still reported missing. 

5. Of the top five disasters that created the most damage this year, three were in China, and the other two were in Pakistan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96194/PAKISTAN-Preparedness-doubts-as-monsoon-claims-first-victims ] and Iran. Cumulatively, these events resulted in an estimated $13.3 billion in damage.

6. China led the list of most disasters in 2012 (18), followed by Philippines (16), Indonesia (10), Afghanistan (9) and India (5).

7. China was the only “multi-hazard”-prone country. In the others, including Pakistan, 85 percent of damage came from one event, calling into question efforts to cultivate “multi-hazard” resiliency, said CRED.

8. Two-hazard countries included Afghanistan (drought and flood); Bangladesh and Vietnam (flood and storm); and India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (flood and earthquake). 

9. In the past decade, Indonesia and the Philippines have had many disasters but relatively few affected people, while Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96706/BANGLADESH-Government-urges-stronger-aid-coordination ] and Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] have had fewer disasters and more affected, while Pakistan and Vietnam fell in between the two categories. These numbers offer a sign of how prepared these respective countries were [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95602/INDONESIA-Report-card-on-disaster-preparedness ] to face emergencies, researchers noted.

10. Pakistan suffered large-scale loss of life from floods for the third successive year; from August to October, 480 people died in floods. June-July floods in China affected over 17 million people and caused the most economic loss in the region - $4.8 billion.

pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Still struggling to reach Typhoon Bopha survivors</title><pubDate>Mon, 10 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212101404270154t.jpg" />]]>NEW BATAAN 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - Search teams in the southern Philippines continue to retrieve decaying bodies days after Typhoon Bopha tore through Mindanao&apos;s agricultural areas. Hundreds of thousands “desperately” need aid in the storm’s aftermath, according to relief workers on the ground.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW BATAAN 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - Search teams in the southern Philippines continue to retrieve decaying bodies days after Typhoon Bopha tore through Mindanao's agricultural areas. Hundreds of thousands “desperately” need aid in the storm’s aftermath, according to relief workers on the ground. 

In the hardest hit area of New Bataan Township, in Compostela Valley, entire villages were wiped out by a deadly slurry of mud, rocks and timber that cascaded down the slopes minutes after Bopha made landfall on 4 December. 

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council chief Benito Ramos said on 10 December at least 647 people were killed. Another 780 remained missing. 

Of the dead, more than 200 were unclaimed, perhaps because they were beyond recognition or because their relatives were among the dead as well, Ramos said. 

Overwhelming damage 

The typhoon slammed into the eastern coast of Mindanao Island - some 900km south of the capital, Manila - triggering landslides in mountainous areas where decades of migration had seen entire communities settle in flood-prone zones. The storm’s gusts reached over 200km an hour at its peak, making it the strongest typhoon to hit the country this year. 

Ramos told IRIN that people had been forewarned about Bopha. Even so, more than five million people were caught in its path. 

The typhoon reduced New Bataaan to a wasteland, overwhelming local government officials in an area once considered safe from powerful weather disturbances. 

Now, more than 360,000 are staying in evacuation centres or with friends and relatives, according to the UN. 

"We want to rebuild, but we have nothing to use," said Narciso Magno, 40, a single father of four children, whose small farm of bananas and rice was completely destroyed. "We are running low on food. There is no source of drinking water, except from broken pipes that are possibly contaminated… We need to start from the beginning, but we need money for seeds and fertilizers. But we do not have any money." 

Immediate needs 

"This is three times worse than Sendong [local name for last year’s deadly Tropical Storm Washi]," Social Welfare Secretary Corazon Soliman told IRIN. "There is an immediate need now for food, dry clothes, medicines and temporary shelters." 

Compared to the impact of Washi [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94493/PHILIPPINES-Hundreds-dead-in-Mindanao-storm-as-authorities-caught-off-guard ], which struck Mindanao last December, the area of devastation wrought by Bopha was more expansive, forcing President Benigno Aquino to declare a national state of calamity, Soliman said. 

"The immediate challenge now is to refine the supply lines. We [must get] people food and give them a sense of security [to] cut the sense of deprivation," she said. 

She acknowledged many of the homeless had been forced to beg for food by the highways, where entire families have been living in makeshift tents for days. 

"Aid is coming in, but there are not enough structures left standing to house the people, so what we are doing now is building bunk houses which can then be the evacuation centres for now," she said. 

On 10 December, the UN issued an appeal for US$65 million. 

Apart from food, clothes and medicine, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in the Philippines Luiza Carvalho said children - some 40 percent of the displaced - need temporary “learning spaces”. 

Delayed aid “will further compound the hardships of the people already weakened by hunger, and grief from loss of family and friends. The devastation cannot be erased overnight,” she said. 

aag/pt/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97010/PHILIPPINES-Still-struggling-to-reach-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212101404270154t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW BATAAN 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - Search teams in the southern Philippines continue to retrieve decaying bodies days after Typhoon Bopha tore through Mindanao&apos;s agricultural areas. Hundreds of thousands “desperately” need aid in the storm’s aftermath, according to relief workers on the ground.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Assessing Southeast Asia’s aid coordination during crises</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091319230720t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies. 

From 1975 to 2011, Asia had the world’s highest number of fatalities from natural disasters - 1.5 million [ http://www.adrc.asia/publications/databook/ORG/databook_2011/pdf/DataBook2011_e.pdf ]. Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines are among the region’s most vulnerable countries.

According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) [ http://www.emdat.be ], a World Health Organization-linked institution based in Belgium, there were nearly 3,000 deaths resulting from 55 natural disasters in these countries in 2011, including earthquakes, floods, tropical storms and volcanoes.

As the Philippines’ largest typhoon of the year so far, Typhoon Bopha, barrelled through the country’s south, IRIN asked emergency workers in all three countries what was working and what was not in their aid coordination during crises. 

Indonesia

Jimmy Nadapdap, who managed World Vision’s disaster response in Indonesia for many years, believes the influx of aid groups after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami - while helpful in some regards - has created new challenges.

“Aid not only came from big international NGOs but also from community and religious groups…” he said. “But these groups didn’t understand the importance of coordinating aid. There are very specific standards on giving assistance, like the Sphere standards. Before distribution, needs should be assessed. Otherwise, you have chaos, with some communities receiving double what others get, which can cause more harm than good.”

The Sphere standards [ http://www.sphereproject.org/resources/download-publications/?search=1&keywords=&language=English&category=22 ], established in 1997, are voluntary guidelines to improve disaster response.

Nadapdap said the 2007 floods in the capital, Jakarta [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/56F1A0AF0071751DC125736200433E9A-Full_Report.pdf ], illustrated the dangers of “dumping aid”. 

“Many local groups were just coming… without knowing that there needed to be a proper registration process to track whether the aid was going to the correct recipients.”

The UN’s cluster system [ http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/120320_OOM-ClusterApproach_eng.pdf ], which, since 2005, has brought UN and non-UN humanitarian organizations together to coordinate emergency response, has strengthened coordination, he says. 

“Since the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, the system has helped us to avoid overlapping aid in the field and to know who is doing what, when and where.”

But Nadapdap said the system needs to embrace local groups more. “Local groups have the greatest knowledge of their areas, but the cluster meetings move fast, are dominated by foreigners, and there’s various competing priorities around the table, so sometimes local voices aren’t heard. This particularly happened in the response to the Padang earthquake in 2009.” 

In terms of readiness, Iwan Gunawan, a senior World Bank disaster specialist based in Jakarta, said the government’s National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) [ http://www.bnpb.go.id/website/asp/index.asp ] has improved greatly in recent years. 

“The BNPB gained vital experience with the eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90893/INDONESIA-Volcano-displaced-face-increased-health-risks ],” said Gunawan. “Now it has a set of SOPs [standard operating procedures] where it looks at how it can complement aid from other organizations and fill in the gaps.”

But Gunawan warned that BNPB’s emergency response capacity has yet to be truly tested.

“The country is prepared for medium-sized disasters where provincial governments can still function,” said Gunawan. “But if it’s bigger than that, [the government’s capacity] remains to be seen.”

Dody Ruswandi, deputy head for emergency response at BNPB, told IRIN strengthening local capacity is still a challenge. “We need to encourage provincial offices to develop their aid coordination systems because, right now, it’s unclear what systems they have in place.”

BPBD offices have been set up in all of Indonesia’s 33 provinces, but only 70 percent of the country’s 500 districts, said Ruswandi. 

“We need to make sure that we establish offices in the remaining districts, as they are the ones [that] must coordinate relief when a disaster affects their area,” he added. 

The Philippines

Local aid groups not adhering to international aid standards is also a problem in the Philippines, said Matilde Nida Vilches, emergencies and disaster risk reduction advisor for Save the Children’s office in [ http://www.savethechildren.org/site/c.8rKLIXMGIpI4E/b.6150549/ ] Makati City, in the metropolitan area of the capital, Manila.

Vilches said the cluster system did not reach local groups in the aftermath of Tropical Storm Washi [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94658/PHILIPPINES-Shelter-key-issue-for-Washi-survivors ], which struck northern Mindanao, 900km south of Manila, in December 2011.

“Clusters have lists of items that should go into aid packs, but local groups weren’t following these lists and their aid was incomplete,” she said. “It caused tensions on the ground between those who were getting aid from local groups and those who were getting it from organizations in the cluster.”

But Vilches said the cluster approach - adopted and led by the Philippine government - worked well at the national level. 

She pointed to annual emergency response simulations led by the government’s National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ], which works with 100 different groups, including UN agencies and NGOs.

Despite difficulties during Washi, Edgardo Ollet, chief of the NDRRMC’s operations centre, said the 2010 enactment of a law [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/045_RA%2010121.pdf ] and guidelines [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/095_IRR.pdf ] to strengthen disaster risk reduction had improved aid coordination. The guidelines authorized the importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine and equipment for relief assistance and gave NDRRMC sole responsibility for monitoring incoming international aid. 

The country’s national disaster management plan is periodically evaluated and updated based on best practices. However, according to Gwen Pang, secretary-general of the Philippine Red Cross, some aid groups are unaware of the national disaster management plan [ http://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/resources/DILG-Resources-2012116-420ac59e31.pdf ], which has been poorly disseminated.

“It’s very important we map out who will do what, with who can do what, and then assign the right agency or organization to the right task in emergencies,” she said.

Another problem is obtaining support from international groups in the absence of a declaration of a national emergency. This was an issue after typhoons Nesat and Nelgae [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93835/PHILIPPINES-Health-concerns-follow-Typhoon-Nesat ] hit northern Luzon Island in September 2011. 

“Some aid organizations can’t release funds if they don’t hear an announcement from the government, so [this] prevented needs being addressed on the ground,” Pang said.

But one year later, aid groups are responding differently to Typhoon Bopha (known locally as Pablo), which made landfall on 4 December, she said. Although no state of emergency has been declared, international aid NGOs, including Save the Children, are already on the ground. 

Advance government warning - four days’ worth - on the intensity and path of Bopha also came more quickly than during previous typhoons, said Pang. 

“This allowed us to move our supplies quicker to the areas most in need, before the typhoon made landfall,” she said. “For Washi, Nesat and Nelgae, information about intensity or path didn’t come quickly enough, but this time around… we could plan the level of aid required.”

As of 6 December [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/835/03121103.PDF ], the government had recorded 327 deaths, while last year’s death toll from Typhoon Washi was close to 1,400. 

“There’s not been any difficulties with coordination as of yet, and we’re also looking into delivering assistance in other provinces,” Pang added. 

Thailand

Large-scale flooding affected 66 of Thailand’s 77 provinces during the second half of 2011, including large parts of the capital, Bangkok, killing at least 680 and affecting an estimated 13 million, according to a 2012 joint report by the Thai Ministry of Finance and the World Bank [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3858.pdf ].

Residents were unable to calculate risk because of conflicting government information, noted the report. More than 10 ministries carried out risk assessments. 

Adthaporn Singhawichai, director of the Research and International Cooperation Bureau in the government’s Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, acknowledged the confusing risk communication, but attributed it to lack of information management rather than the number of ministries involved.

“Because of this, the government set up a single command primarily to deal with the flood hazards,” he told IRIN.

The Flood Relief Operation Centre (FROC), set up in August 2011 - one month after the disaster struck - improved things, he said. “Only the FROC spokesperson was mandated to inform the public [about the floods] twice a day on TV,” he said. “The difficulty was that we could not manage other sources of information in the media and on the Internet.”

Even so, there were still conflicting public statements, said Nidhirat Srisirirojanakorn, an analyst with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Thailand. 

“There was a lot of information flying around about the locations of the floodwaters and which parts of Bangkok were affected,” he said. 

FROC was only one of several national disaster response committees whose individual roles and responsibilities were blurred, noted the World Bank-Thai Ministry of Finance report. 

At the height of the flooding in Bangkok, divisions emerged between FROC (led by the national government) and Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (led by the Bangkok governor), which were at odds over flood warnings and response. The governor refused a FROC request to raise a sluice gate because he said it would lead to more flooding in Bangkok [ http://www.bangkokpost.com/lite/news/268317/sukhumbhand-denies-froc-request-to-raise-sluice-gate ].

According to OCHA’s Srisirirojanakorn, though the government did not request international assistance during the floods, an informal cluster system was set up, which helped target 20,000 migrants stranded without aid [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94162/MYANMAR-THAILAND-Undocumented-workers-exploited-post-floods ].

The Thai government’s Singhawichai said the government is aware of coordination problems and is considering how to improve. 

“The government and its partners have learned its lessons,” he said. “We believe we can now better handle flooding at the same level as last year.”

mw/pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96983/Analysis-Assessing-Southeast-Asia-s-aid-coordination-during-crises</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091319230720t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Governments and aid groups in Southeast Asia, the most natural-disaster prone region in the world, say more coordination is needed to prepare for and respond to emergencies.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Teaching disaster preparedness in schools</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20081027t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 28 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippines is making headway in integrating disaster preparedness into primary and high school curricula, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 28 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippines is making headway in integrating disaster preparedness into primary and high school curricula, say officials.

"The net effect of this is that children will actively become agents in saving themselves and others in cases of disaster," Office of Civil Defence chief Benito Ramos told IRIN in Manila. "The ultimate goal is zero casualties by making them [children] less vulnerable in such situations."

Since the programme’s launch in 2010, the Education Department, in conjunction with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), has developed modules to be used by tutors to educate students on various hazards, as well as how to respond to them.

NDRRMC volunteers have been working closely with teachers in thousands of schools to cover issues such as proper responses to emergency alerts, safety measures, preparing go-to bags (with clothes, medicine and emergency supplies), and the right time to evacuate, he said.

Children are also taught to store all school records, manuals, books and electronic equipment in a safe, elevated place in case of floods.

"We want to teach children early response times because in the Philippine setting, parents and adults are often the hardest ones to convince to leave their homes even if floodwaters are rising fast," he said.

Ramos said all educational institutions were mandated by the country's Disaster Risk Management Act of 2010 [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/22035_17303ra10121drrmact1.pdf ] to regularly hold flood, typhoon and earthquake drills.

Raymond Palatino, a member of the House of Representatives for the youth sector, said administrators in many schools, however, had not been strict in implementing such drills, largely due to lack of funds and resources.

Parents, too, put emphasis on academic learning, rather than disaster drills.

He said school-based emergency drills were currently conducted only every three months, despite the Philippines being prone to earthquakes and having many active volcanoes. Upwards of 20 typhoons also slam into the country every year, causing large-scale flooding and deaths.

"Current trends necessitate the integration of disaster management education in school curricula," said Palatino.

Lessons from Japan?

He suggested the country follow the example of Japan's Iwate Prefecture, where children are taught early evacuation, and disaster management experts are frequent visitors. Teachers there reportedly have “hazard maps” to plot escape routes, something credited with saving many lives when the March 2011 tsunami [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95039/DISASTERS-Learning-from-Japan-s-tsunami ] hit Japan.

Ramos said the government was also moving to ensure that poorly built schools are strengthened and early warning systems and mechanisms are put in place.

"Schools are very important, because in many areas of the Philippines they are used as evacuation centres, yet some of them are not disaster-proof," he said.

Nineteen cyclones struck the Philippines In 2011. Ten were destructive, causing 1,541 deaths and affecting nearly 10 million of the country’s 100 million people, the NDRRMC said.

According to the just released Global Climate Risk Index 2013 [ http://germanwatch.org/en/5696 ], the Philippines ranked fifth in terms of countries most affected by extreme weather conditions - after Thailand, Cambodia, Pakistan and El Salvador (up from 14th place in 2010).

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96909/PHILIPPINES-Teaching-disaster-preparedness-in-schools</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20081027t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 28 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippines is making headway in integrating disaster preparedness into primary and high school curricula, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Social media link to rising HIV among MSM</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211201535100245t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Social media, coupled with prevailing unsafe sexual practices, is driving up levels of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), health experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Social media, coupled with prevailing unsafe sexual practices, is driving up levels of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), health experts warn. 

“There are indications that MSM who meet online have more opportunities for unsafe sex with multiple partners,” Eric Tayag, head of the Department of Health National Epidemiology Center (DOH-NEC) [ http://dev1.doh.gov.ph/content/national-epidemiology-center ], told IRIN/PlusNews in Manila. 

According to recent results from the Philippines Integrated HIV and Behavior Serologic Surveillance Survey (IHBSS), the rate of infection is rising among MSM aged 15-24. 

Since the DOH began recording HIV in 1984, there have been 10,830 reported cases in the Philippines. In 2007, the Philippines noted an exponential rise in HIV cases from 207 in 2005 to 2,349 in 2011 (a 587 percent increase), mostly among MSM. 

The latest DOH AIDS Registry [ http://issuu.com/chrio_one/docs/nec_hiv_sept-aidsreg2012?mode=window&pageNumber=1 ] shows there were 316 new HIV infections recorded in September alone, and 82 percent were through MSM sexual contact. 

During the same period in 2011, there were 253 new HIV cases and 83 percent was transmitted through MSM sexual contact. 

Hidden group 

But reaching this group, largely hidden, remains a challenge. “Not all of them identify as gay. Some are bi-sexual or even straight,” Tayag said. 

Many MSM, in an effort to remain anonymous, turn to social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter and other gay social media sites like Planet Romeo and Manjam to look for partners. 

“Over a year, they can have anywhere between 43 to 500 partners,” said Tayag, referring to the results of the latest IHBSS survey. 

A 2011 study [ http://globalwebindex.net/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/06/Global-Map-of-Social-Networking-GlobalWebIndex-June-20112.pdf ] by research group World Wide Foundation entitled Global Web Index, named the Philippines as the leader in terms of the use of social media. 

Risky sexual behavior 

Aldrin* admits to having participated in “P&P” sessions facilitated through social media outlets. “P&P means party and play and it really means an orgy that lasts all night,” he said. 

Many of the participants are high on “poppers”, a slang term for various alkyl nitrites which are inhaled to enhance sexual pleasure, the 22-year-old explained. 

“Sometimes, we have six people at the party, sometimes 12 or more. It depends. We use condoms, but sometimes I guess, they break,” he said. 

Aldrin freely admits to using social media networks like Facebook and gay dating sites like Grindr, a mobile social networking and dating application allowing gay and bisexual men to meet using their mobile phone’s GPS capacity. He notes, however: “You have to know someone who knows someone to be invited.” 

Low condom use 

Others say the real issue is low condom use, an ongoing problem in the Philippines, and the fact that many men still refuse to get tested. 

Condom use among MSMs is at a low 34.1 percent, DOH reports, while according to the Journal of the International AIDS Society [ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1758-2652/13/16 ], the Philippines has the lowest condom use in Asia (20-30 percent among groups at highest risk of HIV, including commercial sex workers). 

Just 2.3 percent of married women of childbearing age reported using condoms, the country’s most recent National Demographic Health Survey [ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/SR175/SR175.pdf ] reported. 


“The process of getting tested is so complex,” Laurindo Garcia, who has been living with HIV since 2004, complained. “There are very few places to get tested and you have to travel a long way to get to a testing centre.” 

The Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC) [ http://www.pnac.org.ph/index.php?page=locator-map ] lists about 40 government-run social hygiene clinics, mostly in urban areas, that administer HIV testing for free or nominal fees. 

There is currently no data on the number of people who have been tested for HIV. Testing is strictly voluntary. 

“People don’t know where to get tested. They mostly think about going to private hospitals where an HIV anti-body test can cost anywhere between US$24-43, which is just too expensive for the average person,” said Ryan Pinili, president of Take the Test [ https://www.facebook.com/takethetest/info ], a volunteer group offering free HIV counselling and testing to the general public. 

In response, the group, in partnership with local government units, has set up monthly mobile testing centres in public areas such as municipal halls and at beach resorts known to be frequented by MSM during peak holiday seasons. 

“Private hospitals which are bigger and have more patients do not offer counselling,” added Pinili, who says that counselling is an integral part of understanding HIV. 

Basic coverage lacking 

According to a 2012 assessment [ http://www.pnac.org.ph/index.php?page=2012-global-aids-response-progress-report ] by the Philippines National AIDS Council, based on current trends, in general, the Philippines has a low HIV prevalence, estimated at 0.030 percent in 2010 or 30 cases per 100,000 adult Filipinos. Based on current trends, prevalence will double but remain below 1 percent by 2015 [0.063 percent, or 63 per 100,000]. 

“What we lack is basic coverage in terms of education, information and services. It’s very basic, but that’s what we need to deal with first,” said UNAIDS country coordinator Teresita Bagasiao. 

*not a real name 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96836/PHILIPPINES-Social-media-link-to-rising-HIV-among-MSM</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211201535100245t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Social media, coupled with prevailing unsafe sexual practices, is driving up levels of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), health experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Mindanao’s uncertain road to peace</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210240853340997t.jpg" />]]>COTABATO CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The recent signing of an interim peace agreement between the Philippine government and the country’s largest Muslim insurgent group is fraught with uncertainty, say analysts.</description><body><![CDATA[COTABATO CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The recent signing of an interim peace agreement [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96475/PHILIPPINES-Peace-pact-brings-hope-for-Mindanao ] between the Philippine government and the country’s largest Muslim insurgent group is fraught with uncertainty, say analysts.

"I think we should temper our enthusiasm," Julkipli Wadi, dean of the Institute of Islamic Studies at the state-run University of the Philippines, who has closely followed the insurgency, told IRIN.

"The main task ahead remains gargantuan, and we have yet to see whether both sides are up to the task."

An estimated 150,000 people have died in one of the region's longest-running insurgencies, which has left the southern mineral-rich island of Mindanao mired in poverty.

Nearly three million people have been forced to flee their homes since 2000, the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) reported [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountries)/FB34FE99F089E9C6802570A7004BF2DF?opendocument&count=10000 ], of which 22,000 remain displaced today.

In 2008 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79901/PHILIPPINES-Worrying-humanitarian-situation-in-Mindanao-after-fighting ], more than 700,000 people were displaced after fighting broke out when a peace agreement, which gave the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) control over more than 700 areas in the south they considered their ancestral domain, was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

New peace plan

On 15 October [ http://www.pia.gov.ph/news/index.php?article=1831350297528 ], for the first time since the rebellion began in the early 1970s, MILF chief Murad Ebrahim and his top aides travelled to Manila to sign the "Peace Framework Agreement" in a historic, red carpet ceremony.

The deal, reached after 15 years of talks and often amid deadly clashes, outlines broad, initial plans to create an autonomous region within Mindanao by the end of 2016 to be called Bangsamoro.

Bangsamoro will replace an existing five-province region known as the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) established in 1990, which the government has since described as a "failed experiment": It failed to improve the lot of the region's 4.5 million Muslims.

Under the new agreement, the region will have tax-raising powers, and will receive a share of profits from Mindanao's rich natural resources, while Manila will retain control over defence, and monetary and foreign policy.

Muslim Sharia law will also apply, but only to Muslims and only in relation to civil cases. Criminal cases will be dealt with by normal courts.

Cautious optimism

The agreement has met with cautious optimism from foreign donors led by the UN [ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sgsm14569.doc.htm ], the European Union, the USA and Japan, as well as business groups that have long wanted to invest in the southern region with its untapped agricultural and mineral resources. Many believe the region could transform the Philippine economy.

According to the World Bank, more than 30 percent of the country’s 100 million inhabitants live below the poverty line. At the same time, a 2012 book entitled Breakout Nations [ http://breakoutnations.com/ ] describes the Philippines as the fifth richest country in the world in terms of natural resources, with the planet’s largest nickel, third largest gold, and fifth largest copper reserves - much of them in the south.

As for the agreement itself, analysts say “the devil is in the detail”. It envisages the setting up of a 15-member Transition Commission (seven from the government and eight from MILF) in mid-November which would tackle specific details over the following months.

Once drawn up, the agreement would be passed to Congress for approval and eventually voted on in a plebiscite in Bangsamoro. So far, no deadlines have been set.

Potential obstacles

Meanwhile, a breakaway faction of a few hundred men called the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91864/PHILIPPINES-Mindanao-separatist-hardliners-against-peace-talks-with-government ] which carried out attacks prior to the announcement of the 15 October agreement - could still sabotage the deal, as could armed groups such as Abu Sayif and former fighters of the Moro National Liberation Front (a precursor to the MILF).

"The question would be, `how do you sustain a new political entity when you have groups with arms who feel sidelined’,” said Wadi of the University of the Philippines. "President Benigno Aquino, who steps down in four years, must also ensure that the succeeding government would follow through."

Disarmament could also prove tricky.

Mohagher Iqbal, MILF’s chief negotiator, said the toughest negotiations would be over the disarmament of the rebels themselves: many had known nothing but warfare most of their adult lives.

"We are used to fighting. We are not used to governance," he said, even as he acknowledged MILF leaders were committed to ending the insurgency by peaceful means. "We know the limited capacity of our people, but our determination will be able to help us."

He noted, however, that the deal was the first sign that "we are moving to normalcy."

Explaining the deal

Analysts agree the road ahead will be "complex and complicated". The region is inhabited by 13 ethno-linguistic groups and as many as 30 indigenous groups in a population of more than 25 million, of which around 4.5 million are Muslim, and 1.2 Lumads (the original inhabitants of Mindanao). The rest of the population are mostly Christian migrant settlers from Luzon and the Visayas islands to the north.

Rebel and government officials have yet to fully explain the agreement to those most affected, including families [ http://www.irinnews.org/HOV/86631/PHILIPPINES-Kamesa-Usop-We-lost-everything ] forced to abandon their homes years ago.

Chief government negotiator Marvic Leonen said the Transition Commission would be conducting consultations in the affected areas to better understand what people want.

"Our only hope is this will lead to a silencing of the guns," said Samsiyah Buayan, 33, who heads a "transition shelter" in the town of Datu Piang housing 95 families.

"We still cannot return to our homes, and our men risk their lives visiting our farms every day to try and plant. We remain fearful of attacks."

She said she and her seven siblings left their village at the height of the fighting in 2008, which left one of her uncles dead and her father paralysed after he had a stroke.

"It has been a hard life for us. A government promise of new houses and a relocation site has not yet been delivered," she said, adding: “Maybe it is fair to say we are skeptical about this new deal."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96627/Analysis-Mindanao-s-uncertain-road-to-peace</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210240853340997t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COTABATO CITY 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - The recent signing of an interim peace agreement between the Philippine government and the country’s largest Muslim insurgent group is fraught with uncertainty, say analysts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Mobile phone app could help disaster preparedness</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008120752000281t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has launched a mobile phone application which can provide real-time information on rainfall and flooding to the general public.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has launched a mobile phone application which can provide real-time information on rainfall and flooding to the general public. 

The Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH), which aims to provide information about bad weather and thus mitigate disasters such as floods, typhoons and landslides, launched its website [ http://noah.dost.gov.ph/ ] in July, and now a free mobile phone application has been added. 

“When it comes to getting and accessing information, there is nothing more ubiquitous than the mobile phone,” Raymund Liboro, Department of Science and Technology project director for NOAH, told IRIN. 

Using sensors, rain gauges, and weather monitoring systems installed by the government in various parts of the country, the application will provide information on rainfall probability over the next 1-4 hours in 200 sites, real-time information on water levels, and an overview of which areas are affected by rain and humidity.

“While this information is already available on the NOAH website, the mobile app accelerates the speed by which users can access this information,” Liboro said. 

A 2011 World Bank study [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/IC4D-2012-Report.pdf ] showed that 80 percent of Filipino households have a mobile phone, making the application convenient and accessible. 

The NOAH mobile application will initially be available only for Android smartphones. However, its sharing options will allow users to share information across different social media.  

“Users can access Tweets sent out by PAGASA [ http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ ] (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services) [the Philippines weather bureau] as text messages to any mobile phone,” Liboro explained. 

Future enhancements include incorporating a flood forecasting system. “This will really help us give advance warning to residents of flood-prone areas [and] if there is a need to evacuate,” said Vic Malano, acting deputy administrator of PAGASA. 

According to the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ], the Philippines - with its typhoons, floods, droughts, volcanoes, earthquakes and landslides, and home to over 100 million people - is the most disaster prone country in the world. 

In August [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96085/PHILIPPINES-A-long-week-in-the-Philippine-floods ], floods in Manila affected an estimated half a million people who had to be evacuated to temporary shelters.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96588/PHILIPPINES-Mobile-phone-app-could-help-disaster-preparedness</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008120752000281t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has launched a mobile phone application which can provide real-time information on rainfall and flooding to the general public.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southeast Asia wasting too much food</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore. 

Possible solutions include redistributing edible wasted food to people; turning it into energy and agriculture inputs; and developing new technology to separate food waste from other rubbish. Policymakers need to take a “total supply chain approach” or else risk breaking Southeast Asia’s fragile food system, said the experts. 

“It is likely that the region wastes approximately 33 percent of food, but accurate estimates are not available due to a dearth of quantitative information.” 

Increasing urbanization means food will tend to travel farther, something that could exacerbate the food waste problem. Governments need to better fund the tracking of food waste (especially fish, vegetables and rice), they said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96485/In-Brief-Southeast-Asia-wasting-too-much-food</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Peace pact brings hope for Mindanao</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201108250751330796t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 08 October 2012 (IRIN) - A recently announced agreement between the Philippine government and Muslim rebels waging a decades-old insurgency in the southern island of Mindanao paves the way for the establishment of a new autonomous region, more access for humanitarians to conflict-affected areas and an end to the cycle of failed peace deals and displacements.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 08 October 2012 (IRIN) - A recently announced agreement between the Philippine government and Muslim rebels waging a decades-old insurgency in the southern island of Mindanao paves the way for the establishment of a new autonomous region, more access for humanitarians to conflict-affected areas and an end to the cycle of failed peace deals and displacements. 

"This means there will be stability of abode, with the people now able to dream and build communities without fear of evacuating again," Social Welfare Secretary Corazon Soliman told IRIN. 

"The people, as well as humanitarian actors on the ground, can now invest in long-term development." 

The creation of the "Bangsamoro new autonomous political entity" by 2016 was announced by President Benigno Aquino in Manila on 7 October after five days of peace talks in the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur. It is expected to be formally signed on 15 October. 

According to Aquino, the new political entity will replace an existing autonomous region created in 1996 which has largely been a failure due to what the president said was local corruption in handling millions of dollars poured into development programmes. 

About 150,000 people have died in one of the region's longest-running insurgencies, which has left the mineral-rich island mired in poverty. Only 40 percent of children complete primary school here compared to the national average of 75 percent, while under-five mortality is three times the national rate, according to the UN Children’s Fund. 

“While food insecurity and other humanitarian needs may continue in the near term,” said the World Food Programme’s representative in the Philippines, Stephen Anderson, “the peace process… gives real hope of achieving sustainable peace and development for the people of Mindanao.” 

The government will retain exclusive powers over defence and security, foreign and monetary policy, as well as citizenship and naturalization. However, Aquino said, the autonomous region is guaranteed a "fair and equitable share of taxation and revenues". 

MILF to respect ceasefire 

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) has been waging a separatist rebellion since 1978, splintering from the larger Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) which signed a peace deal accepting limited autonomy from the state in 1996. 

"This framework agreement paves the way for a final, enduring peace in Mindanao," Aquino said, adding that the 12,000-strong MILF has dropped its bid for independence and opted for autonomy. 

Talks between MILF and the government began in 2003 and have been marred by periodic deadly clashes in the past few years. Both sides came close to signing a pact in 2008, but the Supreme Court ruled the proposed peace deal unconstitutional. This led to large-scale rebel attacks which killed about 400 and displaced some 750,000 people [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80190/PHILIPPINES-Half-a-million-displaced-in-fighting ].

Aquino revived negotiations after he won elections in 2010, but talks nearly collapsed in late 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93666/PHILIPPINES-Concern-over-stalled-Mindanao-peace-talks ] when rebel forces killed 19 soldiers, triggering heavy government reprisals and the displacement of some 10,000 people. 

Ghazali Jaafar, MILF's chief political officer, said that following the most recent announcement, rebel commanders will be told to follow strictly an existing ceasefire, noting there has been zero fighting this year. 

The Philippine military said it hoped the announcement will afford “battle-weary” soldiers respite from fighting so they can refocus their efforts on rehabilitating conflict zones. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96475/PHILIPPINES-Peace-pact-brings-hope-for-Mindanao</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201108250751330796t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 08 October 2012 (IRIN) - A recently announced agreement between the Philippine government and Muslim rebels waging a decades-old insurgency in the southern island of Mindanao paves the way for the establishment of a new autonomous region, more access for humanitarians to conflict-affected areas and an end to the cycle of failed peace deals and displacements.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Grafting hardier, more nutritious vegetables</title><pubDate>Wed, 19 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209191418220406t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.

Vegetable grafting was first recorded in the 1920s in Japan, according to the Helsinki-based International Society of Food, Agriculture and Environment (ISFAE), [ http://www.isfae.org/scientficjournal/2003/issue1/pdf/Agriculture/V1N1A70-74roleofgrafting.pdf ] which estimated more than half of Japan’s vegetables in 2003 were cultivated through grafting, a trend that continues to the present.

Asia’s intensive land use on small farming plots [ http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/4/235.full.pdf ] located in a disaster-prone region, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94563/ASIA-Natural-disasters-becoming-costlier-than-ever ] coupled with high rates of “chronic” malnutrition caused by lack of nutrients, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96328/ASIA-More-work-needed-to-tackle-stunting ] have made vegetable grafting more common here than in other regions, according to the Taiwan-based Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC).

“By applying grafting technology, farmers can produce high value and nutritious vegetables [even during harsh weather],” said Joko Mariyono, a scientist at AVRDC.

In many developing countries, food policies mostly focus on under-nutrition (lack of calories resulting in acute malnutrition) and overlook solutions to fight chronic malnutrition, according to the World Health Organization. [ http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/gsfao_introduction.pdf ] The agency estimates at least 170 million children are affected by “stunting” worldwide, a sign of such malnutrition where children are too short for their age. [ http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/20120215_stc_pr_children_malnutrition/en/index.html ]

Increased yields, incomes

AVRDC said tomato farmers in Vietnam and the Philippines have been able to double their production and income through grafting, based on recent internal surveys.

AVRDC has helped the farmers use spliced rubber tubing [ http://203.64.245.61/web_crops/tomato/Grafting%20tomatoes%20for%20production%20in%20the%20hot-wet%20season_w.pdf ] to graft tomatoes onto aubergine (eggplant) roots, known for their resilience against extreme weather and pests. The vegetable that is being improved, the scion, is removed from its original root and placed onto a new plant’s roots, in this case the eggplant, which is also called the rootstock.

Below are five steps adapted from AVRDC’s guidelines: [ http://203.64.245.61/web_crops/tomato/Grafting%20tomatoes%20for%20production%20in%20the%20hot-wet%20season_w.pdf ]

1) Sow the eggplant approximately three days before the tomato. Tomato and eggplant stems must be the same diameter (1.6-1.8mm).

2) Cut both the tomato and the eggplant above the first true leaves (cotyledons) at a 30-degree angle as high on the stems as possible. The diameter of both plants must match.

3) Slide a 10mm-long tube halfway over the tomato stem and the other half over the eggplant seedling stem, making sure the cut angles of the tube and stems match. Gently push the two plants together.

4) Move the grafted seedlings into a shaded, humid area (kept moist through condensation from water in floor pans) between 25 and 32 degrees Celsius.

5) Four to five days later, drain the water out of the floor pans to reduce humidity for two to three days. Move the newly-grafted plants into another nursery to grow for 7-8 more days.

Farmers in Vietnam and the Philippines have widely adopted vegetable grafting, while growers in Indonesia and a few countries in the Middle East are considering it. For Susanto, a farmer in Indonesia’s East Java Province who goes by one name, grafting has ended plant diseases that used to decimate his tomatoes. “I [now have] additional income from tomato farming, which previously always failed.”

Grafting is performed by hand with only minimal instruction, said Mariyono. “There is no controversial factor. This technology is suitable with local norms, particularly in Asia.”

But it is not for everyone, noted AVRDC. Grafted vegetables have higher production costs than non-grafted ones and should only be grown in places prone to flooding or soil-borne diseases, according to the agency. The set up - building a special nursery - requires farmers to collaborate, and rootstock seed multiplication is still insufficient to meet grafting’s demand, according to the American Society for Horticultural Science. [ http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/4/235.full.pdf ]

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96344/FOOD-Grafting-hardier-more-nutritious-vegetables</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209191418220406t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 19 September 2012 (IRIN) - Disease and climate-resilient vegetables can be cultivated by grafting parts of one vegetable to another, producing a hardy plant that withstands soil-borne diseases and harsh weather, and which can improve nutrient-anaemic diets, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>