<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Papua New Guinea</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 18 Apr 2012 17:00:32 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Violence and belief in magic raise risk of HIV for women</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003251007110759t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 18 April 2012 (IRIN) - High levels of sexual violence and a cultural belief in witchcraft are putting an increasing number of women at risk of HIV in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 18 April 2012 (IRIN) - High levels of sexual violence and a cultural belief in witchcraft are putting an increasing number of women at risk of HIV in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts say.
 
According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), PNG accounts for most of the 30,000 reported cases of people living with HIV in the Pacific region, around 59 percent of which are women.
 
“This might be due to most HIV surveillance data coming from antenatal clinics where pregnant women are tested, a [genuine] high incidence among women, or both,” Stuart Watson, UNAIDS country director told IRIN.
 
PNG’s HIV prevalence of 0.9 percent [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/factsheet/2010/20101123_FS_oceania_em_en.pdf ] is the highest among Pacific region countries.
 
Violence contributing to HIV
 
However, gender inequality is proving a major driver in the spread of HIV. “The low status of women in the community makes them prone to violence - sexual and otherwise,” Watson said.
 
Gender-based violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95030/PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA-Gender-based-violence-left-untreated ] is widespread among the country’s 6.5 million ethnically divided inhabitants.
 
The PNG Law Reform Commission reported that 70 percent of women had been physically abused by their husbands, and in some parts of the country the number reaches 100 percent.
 
Human Rights Watch (HRW) [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/27/where-violence-against-women-rampant ] estimated that 50 percent of women in PNG have experienced forced sex in their lifetime.
 
Abused girls at higher risk of HIV
 
A UNAIDS study found strong links between gender-based violence and HIV infection, and noted that the first sexual encounter of many girls was forced. “These circumstances make it extremely difficult to negotiate condom use. The trauma of experiencing abuse usually sets off a pattern of unsafe sexual practices,” Watson said.
 
The report also found that women who had been sexually abused as children, [ http://www.unaids.org.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=573:abused-girls-more-at-risk-of-hiv&catid=23:hiv-in-the-pacific&Itemid=68 ] or experienced sexual abuse by an intimate partner, were twice as likely to test positive for HIV than those who had not.
 
Adding to the HIV risk that women are exposed to, it is common practice for men to have multiple sexual partners and wives. “Polygamy is an accepted practice,” said Ume Wainetti, head of the Family Sexual Violence Centre (FSVC) in PNG.
 
“Older men take on a younger bride because they think she is “clean” [free of HIV infection]. “Some girls also become victims of gang rapes, known as ‘line-ups’,” Wainetti said.
 
Witchcraft and other cultural practices
 
Human rights watchdog Amnesty International reported that [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/AmnestyInternational_PapuaNewGuinea46.pdf ] “puri-puri” or “sanguma”, a traditional belief in witchcraft and magic, is widely practised in remote communities and highland provinces, and is often “a pretext for brutal acts of violence against women who are accused of being a witch and spreading HIV.”
 
“Sorcery is still practiced,” said John [not his real name], an office employee in the capital, Port Moresby. “People buy spells to avenge transgressions, or if someone gets sick and they don’t know how to explain it, they say it is due to sorcery - it’s a much easier explanation for many. Sometimes you need someone to blame [for a death].”
 
The Amnesty report also noted that women are six times more likely to be accused of witchcraft than men. Under the 1971 Sorcery Act of PNG, it is a criminal act punishable by up to two years in prison.
 
The UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Rashida Manjoo, ended her week-long visit to the country in March by calling for the government to repeal the act.
 
“I was shocked to witness the brutality of the assaults perpetrated against suspected sorcerers, which in many cases include torture, rape, mutilations and murder. Any misfortune or death within the community can be used as an excuse to accuse such person of being a sorcerer,” Manjoo said.
 
Watson pointed out that “The belief in sorcery makes for little health-seeking behaviour, and this makes matters worse, especially for women.”
 
According to Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), HIV is one of the biggest developmental challenges facing this mineral-rich nation.
 
If HIV continues to spread at its current rate, AusAID estimates that [ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/png_hiv_strategy.pdf ] over half a million Papua New Guineans will be living with HIV by 2025.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95312</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003251007110759t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 18 April 2012 (IRIN) - High levels of sexual violence and a cultural belief in witchcraft are putting an increasing number of women at risk of HIV in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sexual violence forcing girls out of school</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204051759080347t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 06 April 2012 (IRIN) - In the Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) sexual violence against young girls, and the shame and stigma that follows, is forcing many out of school and others into early marriage.

 </description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 06 April 2012 (IRIN) - In the Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) sexual violence against young girls, and the shame and stigma that follows, is forcing many out of school and others into early marriage.

 

A recent study [ http://www.msf.org.au/uploads/media/MSF_PNG_Hidden_and_Neglected_2011.pdf ] by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), one of the country’s main providers of medical and psychological assistance to survivors of family and sexual violence, showed that from 2008 to 2011, a significant proportion of patients who received treatment as a result of violence were children, some under the age of five.

 

In the rural settlement of Tari, 31 percent of those who reported violence were between five and 12 years old. In Lae, the second biggest city after the capital, Port Moresby, 26 percent were between the ages of 13 and 17.

 

Almost half of those reporting sexual violence In Lae from January 2008 to June 2010 - some 520 people - were under 18 years old. In Tari, 248 were minors, said Patrick Almeida, MSF’s medical coordinator.

 

“In both places, in over 70 percent of the cases, the perpetrators were known by the survivors,” he added.

 

“It’s really bad,” said Ume Wainetti, head of the NGO, Family Sexual Violence Action Centre (FSVAC), based in Port Moresby. [ http://www.inapng.com/cimc/FSVAC.html ]

 

Young girls are already disadvantaged when it comes to education, and the threat of rape and sexual abuse aggravates these inequalities. As it is, parents generally hesitate to send their daughters to school because they will just get married and have babies. Boys will carry on the family name and continue to work,” Wainetti said.

 

The 2010 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Education Digest [

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001894/189433e.pdf ] listed PNG as one of 16 countries worldwide with “severe” gender disparities. In PNG, boys are at least 10 percent more likely to start the first year of primary school than girls.

 

Gross enrolment rates in 2009 were close to 82 percent for boys, but only 74 percent for girls, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). [ http://www.unicef.org/png/Part_1.pdf ]

 

The cost of tuition is one of the main reasons for the gap, according to UNICEF. In 2009 the government adopted a plan to gradually phase out school fees by 2015, when it expects to fully fund basic education. [ http://www.education.gov.pg/quicklinks/plans/ube-plan-2010-2019.pdf ]

 

A dangerous path

 

The remote locations of schools have even greater implication for girls, noted UNICEF. [ http://www.unicef.org/png/Part_1.pdf ] “Some kids have to walk for hours to get to school and the journey on the way to school makes them vulnerable to attack, especially for girls,” said Joseph Logha, Department of Education assistant secretary.

 

“The experience of sexual violence definitely affects a girl’s education in terms of being able to stay in school and school performance,” said Ruth Kauffman, MSF project coordinator at a Family Support Centre in Lae.

 

These donor-funded hospital-based centres [ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pdf/vaw_cs_png.pdf ] are intended to be safe houses and “one-stop shops” for survivors of violence for medical, psychosocial and legal assistance.

 

“If a girl is raped, she may be blamed and beaten by family members. If she gets pregnant, she misses one year of school and may not be able to go back. Even if she doesn’t [fall pregnant], she’s already a different person. The trauma makes it difficult for her to concentrate on school work,” Kauffman said.

 

In some cases, the girl is married off to the perpetrator for a “bride price”- similar to a dowry. “Some communities see marrying her to the offender as a way to make him accountable for his behaviour, without considering the additional emotional trauma that the child will suffer,” said Elaine Bainard, UNICEF’s chief of child protection in PNG.

 

Wainetti said one way of ending a culture of violence is to change people seeing violence against women as a given. The NGO has recruited more than 1,000 male volunteers of varying ages nationwide to receive “gender sensitivity” training.

 

“Some witnessed violence and did not like seeing how their mothers were treated,” Wainetti said. “They want to have a role in ending that cycle, and this is a start.”

 

as/pt/he]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95249</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204051759080347t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 06 April 2012 (IRIN) - In the Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) sexual violence against young girls, and the shame and stigma that follows, is forcing many out of school and others into early marriage.

 </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Tetanus vaccination campaign underway</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020352170255t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Papua New Guinea (PNG) Health Ministry and international aid agencies have launched a mass vaccination of 1.8 million women and girls aged 15-45 against maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT).</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Papua New Guinea (PNG) Health Ministry and international aid agencies have launched a mass vaccination of 1.8 million women and girls aged 15-45 against maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT).

The tetanus toxoid vaccine will be administered from 2 April to 15 May at public health facilities and schools in all 20 of the country’s provinces. 

While the Ministry of Health has carried out supplementary vaccination programmes to protect against polio and measles, this is the first large-scale MNT vaccination. 

“We have one of the highest maternal mortality ratios [http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94352/PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA-Tackling-maternal-health-crisis ] in the region, if not the world,” said Jaime Maxtone-Graham, Minister for Health and HIV/AIDS. “We need to change that trend.”

Some progress has been made since the government convened a taskforce in 2009 to tackle maternal deaths, [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/library/R149_DOH_PNGUINEA_2009_Ministerial_Taskforce_report_final_version_3.pdf ] but out of every 100,000 live births, some 250 women are still dying, according to a 2008 inter-agency estimate.

Some 1 percent of maternal deaths are linked to MNT, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 

The agency lists 38 countries worldwide where MNT remains endemic, [ http://www.unicefusa.org/work/health/tetanus/endemic-countries.html ] killing an estimated 100,000 mothers and newborns around the world annually. 

Tetanus is lethal but highly preventable with early diagnosis and prevention through vaccination, say health experts, but figures for MNT-related deaths are hard to come by and the disease is often under-reported.

“Data collection has always been a problem because tetanus is mostly present in rural, marginalized communities. Often, the women and newborns die before they reach the health centres and their cases can be recorded,” said Grace Kariwiga, UNICEF’s officer in charge of health and nutrition in PNG. 

“If 1 percent of maternal deaths can be attributed to MNT, then that would be a good inference of the number of women we can save [with this vaccination programme],” the World Health Organization (WHO) representative in PNG, William Adu-Krow, told IRIN.

According to the WHO, tetanus is a disease caused by bacteria commonly found in soil containing manure and its spores are widespread in the environment. Tetanus can grow in wounds if they are not cleaned and treated, or in a newborn’s umbilical cord if it is cut with unsterilized equipment. [ http://www.who.int/topics/tetanus/en/ ]

Pregnant women and newborns are at risk for tetanus before and after delivery, especially in birthing facilities with poor sanitation. 

Nationwide, 53 percent of women gave birth with a skilled attendant present in 2006, when the government’s most recent national health survey was conducted. [ http://www.nso.gov.pg/census-a-surveys/demography-a-health-survey-2006 ] Access to healthcare in some provinces is worse than in others.

At the time of the 2000 census almost nine out of 10 people nationwide lived in rural areas but the number of health staff in rural facilities declined by 25 percent between 1987 and 2000.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95213</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020352170255t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Papua New Guinea (PNG) Health Ministry and international aid agencies have launched a mass vaccination of 1.8 million women and girls aged 15-45 against maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Parliamentarians mull how to boost health</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section2711.htm ] to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home. 
 
Many health systems in the region - defined as health services, workforce, information, financing, leadership as well as equitable access - are ill-equipped to meet growing challenges of non-communicable diseases, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93756/HEALTH-Call-for-healthier-lifestyles-may-fall-on-deaf-ears ] including diabetes and cancer; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94726/HEALTH-The-true-burden-of-cancer ] long-term care in a region with one of the world’s largest concentrations of ageing persons; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population ] and the economic incentive to prevent diseases rather than face “skyrocketing costs” of treatment, said Samlee Pilanbangchang, WHO regional director in Southeast Asia. 
 
“When you try to promote health as wellness, people have disease ingrained in their heads… Health is associated with illness. It is something negative. When we try to promote health, people don’t understand - still,” he told IRIN.
 
Most countries in the region spend less than the internationally recommended 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 34 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars per person per year [ http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/ ] needed to ensure basic health care. 
 
In the region, only Vietnam and Timor-Leste exceeded the recommended minimum of health spending as a percentage of GDP, 7 and 12 percent respectively, though Timor-Leste is also ranked as one of the worst countries worldwide for its child health care, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] according to the UK-based NGO, Save the Children. 
 
Myanmar’s government investment in health care is among the lowest globally - 2 percent of GDP - and patients bore almost all of what was not covered by the government, which was 9.7 percent in 2009, the most recent year for which WHO compiled data.
 
Only when the out-of-pocket percentage falls to 15-20 percent does the risk of financial catastrophe become negligible, according to WHO.
 
Healthy equity and social justice are still lacking in the region, despite the “hip hip hooray” media accorded universal health coverage programming, said Samlee. 
 
“It [universal health coverage] is not working yet,” he added, citing the region’s status as having the world’s highest rate of out-of-pocket costs for patients. 
 
The governments of Laos and Cambodia have mostly relied on donors to reach the poor, while those in Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are in different stages of expanding care in various ways, including payroll taxes. 
 
These efforts are only becoming more urgent said Porapan Punyaratabandhu, a senator from Thailand and secretary-general of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. “Equity is a matter of life and death.”
 
Parliamentarians meeting from 19-21 March are called on to advocate the boosting of health spending, workforces and access to health care in their home countries in addition to drafting “healthy public policies”, such as conducting health assessments before large infrastructural projects are undertaken or setting up industries. 
 
pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95110</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Gender-based violence left untreated</title><pubDate>Thu, 08 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003251007110759t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 08 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critical gaps in the treatment of survivors of domestic and sexual violence are placing thousands of women at serious physical and psychological risk in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 08 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critical gaps in the treatment of survivors of domestic and sexual violence are placing thousands of women at serious physical and psychological risk in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts warn. 

In a recent report, [ http://www.msf.org.au/uploads/media/MSF_PNG_Hidden_and_Neglected_2011.pdf ], Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) - the largest provider of specialized medical and psychosocial services to survivors of family and sexual violence in the country - highlights the "urgent, unmet medical and emotional needs of survivors of gender violence" in this half-island nation. 

The international health NGO said it had seen more than 11,000 survivors of family and sexual violence in PNG, including 2,000 survivors of sexual violence, between January 2008 and October 2011. 

In Lae, Morobe Province, between January 2008 and October 2011, MSF and Angau Hospital treated 6,869 survivors of intimate partner violence - the equivalent of 149 a month - and 1,599 survivors of sexual violence (35 per month). 

In Tari, Hela Province, from September 2009 to October 2011, MSF and Tari Hospital reported 1,471 survivors of intimate partner violence or 59 per month and 398 survivors of sexual violence or 16 cases per month. 

"The problems have always been there but we did not have any concrete data and information. Now that MSF has moved into the country, the situation is becoming much clearer," Ume Wainetti, head of the Family and Sexual Action Committee, a government programme set up to address gender violence, told IRIN. 

PNG, with more than six million inhabitants, is known for its high rate of gender-based violence. 

According to the PNG Law Reform Commission, 70 percent of women in PNG say they have been physically abused by their husbands. That number reaches 100 percent in some parts of the country. 

And though domestic violence is a criminal offence, it continues to be viewed as a private matter and rarely addressed in public, according to the Social Institutions and Gender Index [ http://www.oecd.org/document/39/0,3343,en_2649_33935_42274663_1_1_1_1,00.html ] of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 

Over the years, when survivors sought care at hospitals or health centres, their specific medical and psychological needs were not recognized. 

"Survivors with serious physical injuries will have their wounds tended to and will be sent back home. Their less visible health needs, with negative and potentially fatal long-term consequences, are completely neglected by Papua New Guinea's healthcare services. 

"This neglect is causing suffering and, at times, putting lives at risk," MSF said in its report. 

Guidelines 

Joan* fled her home in the capital, Port Moresby, in late 2011, leaving her four children and their abusive father, a senior government official, with a broken arm, after living a life she described as hell. 

"We survived on the little income I was earning from the ice blocks I was selling. My children and I never saw his wages. When I inquired, I was bashed up and told to shut up. He drank and gambled a lot," the 30-year-old said from her Chimbu village where she is recovering in her family home. 

MSF recommends that the National Department of Health take charge of policy-making and set up treatment protocols and guidelines for survivors, implement operational guidelines, provide support to family support centres, and waive fees for treatment of survivors of family, sexual violence and child abuse. 

And while the government is aware of the problem, it has no reliable data to work on. The most recent is about 20 years old and was gathered by the Constitutional Law Reform Commission, which works on new legislation for the government before parliament passes it. 

However, it has moved to address gender violence, albeit slowly, both at the political and administrative levels. 

"Already parliament had passed the Lukautim Pikinini Act [ http://www.unicef.org/png/FBO_Manual_Part_4.pdf ], to protect children from all forms of abuse. In 2002, it also passed amendments to the Criminal Code, to protect women from domestic and sexual violence, even marital rape, but we still have problems with enforcement. The Family Protection Bill is still awaiting parliament to pass it. Hopefully this will be done next year," Wainetti said. 

At the administrative level, all major hospitals in the country set up family support centres to provide medical and psychological services but they are operating with unskilled staff and on very small budgets. 

"We have already provided training to staff at Mendi, Mt Hagen, Vanimo, Goroka, Nonga and Kudjip hospitals. We are training staff right now at Buka, Alotau and Wabag hospitals," Patrick Almeida, medical coordinator of MSF, said. 

Meanwhile, a lack of financial support has seen the closure of a number of shelters for abused women in PNG. Of four in the capital, only one can provide services effectively. 

"The problem is bad. We pretend that it is not there," Wainetti said. 

*Not her real name 

pk/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95030</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003251007110759t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 08 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critical gaps in the treatment of survivors of domestic and sexual violence are placing thousands of women at serious physical and psychological risk in Papua New Guinea (PNG), health experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Poor eye care worsens rural suffering</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200912310709320674t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Serious eye problems are affecting tens of thousands across the half-island Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and exacerbating suffering in rural areas, say health workers.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Serious eye problems are affecting tens of thousands across the half-island Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and exacerbating suffering in rural areas, say health workers.

"The need for treatment must be prioritized in this country as the number of people suffering from blindness or low vision is high and the problem is growing," the country's chief ophthalmologist, Simon Melenges, told IRIN.

Almost 200,000 people nationwide have poor eye-sight or no vision; many go without treatment due to inadequate eye-care facilities, specialists, surgical supplies and drugs.

The state estimates it will cost nearly US$8 million to provide eye care to those in need in 2012, with the cost expected to double by 2016 - this in a country where almost nine out of 10 people live in rural areas and are dependent on erratic farming income.

For children unable to get into one of the country's seven special education programmes for blind children, in which 6,000 are enrolled, blindness consigns them to a life of begging to survive when they are unable to support their family in the fields or find other income sources, said Arnold Koima, a local special education expert.

"People with vision problems or who are blind and living in rural areas do not get all the support they need. Many adult[s] are left to suffer in silence and wait to die."

Widowed and living alone, Kuragl Ambu, over 60 years old, was doing fine in her village in the Highlands Province of Chimbu, 450km from the capital, Port Moresby.

Until she lost her vision.

"I could make my own garden, collect my own firewood and look after my pigs but because I could not see, I stayed at home. I could not go anywhere."

The mountainous topography and population concentration in rural areas make eye care all the more critical in a country where rural healthcare and income are already precarious, noted recent research [ http://www.care.org.au/Document.Doc?id=666 ] by the NGO CARE Australia conducted in a community 50km from Ambu's.

In Obura-Wonenara District of Eastern Highlands Province, of the 262 surveyed families, more than 60 percent earned less than $100 the previous month through coffee sales, comprising most of their income and 75 percent of those surveyed reported problems obtaining enough food.

"This is exacerbated by isolation, the lack of alternative income sources, and the lack of options afforded to them through their low levels of education," wrote the authors of CARE's report.

"We have a very sad situation here. In most of the cases, it's just the need for a pair of glasses. People in this country live with blindness not only because they can't access [medical care] but because they can't afford it," said Eileen Tagum of the local NGO, PNG Eye Care.

One-third of surveyed patients over the age of 50 in a study published in 2006 [ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01219.x/full ] were visually impaired and 8.9 percent were completely blind.

Cost factors

A pair of prescription eyeglasses can cost from $150 to $250. There is no health insurance or sliding-scale payment plan for the country's poor. Cataract surgery costs up to $40 plus the cost of the hospital stay.

Uncorrected refractive error and cataracts are the leading causes of vision impairment, followed by corneal infections, pterygium (growth of scar tissue and blood), uveitis (eye inflammation), trauma and eye disease complications from diabetes, said Melenges.

Nationwide, there are seven functioning eye clinics partially funded by the Australian government; almost all lack sufficient stocks of drugs to treat eye infections, surgery supplies or prescription glasses, PNG Eye Care says.

The country needs 60 eye specialists to treat the 6.9 million population, but there are only 18 ophthalmologists practising, according to the government.

"The government needs to do more for eye-care services in the country," said Melenges.

Working with the National Department of Health to address poor eye care are local NGOs such as Callan Services and PNG Eye Care; Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand [ http://www.hollows.org.nz/ ]; Australia-based International Centre for Eye Care Education [ http://www.icee.org/index.asp ]; St. John Association for the Blind [ http://www.orderofstjohn.org/papua-new-guinea ]; and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists [ http://www.ranzco.edu/ ].

"Eye-care NGOs are coordinating more to spread our services. We are increasing our presence in the community. The need is there," Tagum said.

Practitioners wrote and submitted the country's first National Eye Plan - covering 2011-2015 - to the National Department of Health in April 2011.

"It is now up to the department to take it up with government for funding," Melenges said.

pk/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95005</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200912310709320674t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Serious eye problems are affecting tens of thousands across the half-island Pacific nation of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and exacerbating suffering in rural areas, say health workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94856</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Rescue effort for landslide survivors continues</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251323180932t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea&apos;s (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation&apos;s worst landslides ever.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea's (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation's worst landslides ever. 

"At this point, relief efforts are ongoing," Martin Mose, head of PNG's National Disaster Centre (NDC), [ http://www.pngndc.gov.pg/site/ ] told IRIN in Port Moresby on 25 January, describing the situation on the ground as "fluid". 

Characterized by high terrain and precipitous slopes, the remote region in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea is home to a controversial multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas (LNG) project [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91810 ]. 

However, no direct link has been established between the landslide and the operational activities of the ExxonMobil project. 

Dozens of people are feared dead, with local rescuers estimating many are still buried under the debris, after the landslide in Komo Maggarima District struck in the early hours of 24 January, catching many residents off guard.

The landslide affected an area of more than 2km and spread along the Highland highway, which runs between the town of Tari and Mt Hagen. The affected stretch of road was completely covered in earth and debris and access to the LNG site was cut off, local observers say. 

Workers, vehicles and machinery were buried, with debris estimated to be up to 15m high in some places. Current estimates as to how many people have been affected remain unclear as a spontaneous settlement of people claiming to be landowners seeking compensation for the use of the quarry had recently formed below it. 

Moreover, many of those in the settlement were from other parts of the highlands and not known by locals. "Heavy rain in recent weeks caused part of the mountain to collapse and come down. The slip is about 2km long and 500m wide. This is a national disaster," Libe Parindali, chairman of the Hides Gas Development Corporation (HGDC), an umbrella company of the landowners, said. 

PNG is experiencing one of the worst wet seasons, which traditionally runs from December to May, ever, local authorities say. 

Prime Minister Peter O'Neill flew with Esso Highlands managing director Peter Graham and members of the National Disaster and Emergency Service to the Tari area on 25 January. 

"It looks very bad. I have instructed Chief Secretary to Government, Manasupe Zurenuoc, to take charge of emergency relief operations," O'Neill said before he left. 

Zurenuoc told IRIN that O'Neill was impressed with the relief and rescue operation that had already commenced and commended Esso Highlands, the developer of the LNG project. 

Esso Highlands, a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil, has taken the lead in the rescue and relief operation. Other companies and organizations have offered to provide assistance to survivors and dig for bodies.

Meanwhile, relatives are already in mourning, as they await news of those still missing. "I called and called her mobile phone and it kept ringing until it went dead. I know she is dead," Wendy Waimasi said of her sister. 

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), it is difficult to access the Hides area by road, thus necessitating air access to the affected area. 

The Australian government has reportedly offered logistics assistance to transport rescuers by helicopter to the site; however, as of the evening of 25 January, there had been no confirmation as to whether that offer has been accepted or not. A team led by the NDC, with representatives from AusAID and the Australian High Commission, is on the ground for a rapid assessment. Specific humanitarian needs will be known after it is released, on 26 or 27 January.

pk/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94725</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251323180932t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea&apos;s (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation&apos;s worst landslides ever.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Population growth fuels conflict</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg" />]]>GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence and clashes over land, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91559 ] and clashes over land, experts say. 
 
 “Without doubt, rapid population growth is adding to the risk of conflict,” Max Kep, director of the PNG’s national Office of Urbanization, told IRIN, noting that various types of conflict are fuelled by limited resources, including a shortage of land. 
 
 As PNG’s population nears seven million, comprised of nearly 700 ethnic groups speaking some 800 languages, communities are increasingly fighting over smaller plots of land, while city dwellers in swelling urban areas are clashing with nearby owners of traditional land, Kep said. 
 
 Over the past 30 years, the country’s population has more than tripled, from 2.1 million to 6.7 million, government figures reveal. 
 
 At the same time, the average total fertility rate of 4.4 births per woman remains one of the highest in the Pacific region, says the UN. 
 
 According to a recent government task force report [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/library/R149_DOH_PNGUINEA_2009_Ministerial_Taskforce_report_final_version_3.pdf ] on maternal health, PNG’s population will probably double in the next 25 years. 
 
 Pressure on towns 
 
 Adding to this challenge is PNG’s increasing youth population, with more than half of the country’s population now under the age of 20, according to World Bank figures. [ http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/PAPUANEWGUINEAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20174825~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:333767,00.html<http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/PAPUANEWGUINEAEXTN/0%2c%2ccontentMDK%3a20174825%7EpagePK%3a1497618%7EpiPK%3a217854%7EtheSitePK%3a333767%2c00.html ] 
 
 “It’s like having wild grass lying around waiting to be struck by lightning for a brushfire,” Helen Ware, a professor at the University of New England in Australia who has studied and practised peace-building in PNG, explained, noting the risk of so many idle, underemployed men. 
 
 Migrants - drawn to towns and cities for jobs and services - are fuelling population growth in urban areas, Kep said, adding that urban areas are now growing at an average of 4.5-5 percent a year. 
 
 Some 97 percent of the country’s land is under customary tenure law, meaning it is reserved for traditional land owners and the state has no jurisdiction over it. Land owners often are unwilling to release land for urban growth, so PNG’s cities have nowhere to expand, according to the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 The Eastern Highlands city of Goroka, for example, is facing critical land shortages which have caused rapid and informal urbanization, according to a UN-HABITAT report. [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2965 ] 
 
 Kep, with the Office of Urbanization, said a government initiative to encourage landowners to lease their land to municipalities is aimed at empowering them, with increased income and access to government services. 
 
 Many of those flocking to urban areas today are the young. But with few job opportunities when they arrive, the country has also witnessed an increase in urban youth gangs, known as `raskol’ gangs, who often turn to crime, according to residents. 
 
 Violent clashes have erupted between local landowners and `raskols’, Albert Sams, a 24-year-old health worker from Ifiufa, a village 20km from Goroka, explained. 
 
 Family, community feuds 
 
 Significantly, land disputes between family members and communities are also now more common under the strain of population growth, residents and international agencies say. 
 
 “Villages which once were separated are now bordering one another, and conflicts are definitely arising through competition for resources,” said Chris Turner, from Marie Stopes International, an NGO providing family planning and reproductive services in PNG. [ http://www.mariestopes.org.au/how-we-help/where-we-work/papua-new-guinea ] 
 
 In fact, in and around Goroka, fighting between families is also turning violent. 
 
 “There are a lot of land disputes between families - some verbal abuse, and sometimes they fight with knives, sticks, stones or guns,” Sams said. 
 
 Jeffery Korowa’s story is typical of large families struggling to live off the land. Hailing from a family of five siblings, the 49-year-old says all his brothers and sisters have had several children, leading to more than 15 offspring arguing over smaller and smaller pieces of property. 
 
 “I’m already fighting with my brothers over land,” said Korowa, a nurse who owns land outside Mount Hagen, the provincial capital of West Highlands Province. “I can take my brothers to court. But I’m pretty sure if it comes to push and shove, it will become violent.” 
 
 mk/es/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94512</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOROKA 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Unchecked population growth is fast proving an additional source of conflict in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with a history of clan violence and clashes over land, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Political impasse threatens stability</title><pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112160815130137t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - An uneasy calm hangs over Papua New Guinea (PNG), as a political impasse over the premiership continues after almost a week, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - An uneasy calm hangs over Papua New Guinea (PNG), as a political impasse over the premiership continues after almost a week, experts say. 

"At the moment, there is relative peace and order on the streets of Port Moresby," Ray Anere, a senior research fellow with the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea (NRI) [ http://www.nri.org.pg/ ], told IRIN in the capital. "There's a strong interest across the country to have the political conflict addressed within the due process of law as soon as possible." 
 
 But the potential for real conflict remains, analysts warn, in a country now saddled with two prime ministers, two police chiefs and two governor-generals. 
 
 "I'm very concerned that it could escalate, particularly because of the divisions between the police and the pressure to involve the army," Anthony Regan, a constitutional lawyer and fellow at Australia National University's College of Asia and the Pacific [ http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/ ], explained. 
 
 Their comments come five days after the country's highest court ruled by three to two that Peter O'Neill had not been legitimately installed as prime minister in August. 
 
 Parliament voted him in after removing Sir Michael Somare, who had been receiving extended medical treatment in Singapore, and served as prime minister three times since the country gained independence from Australia in 1975. 
 
 Parliament rejected the Supreme Court's move, suspending the governor-general, who signed in the 75-year-old Somare, and reinstating O'Neill. 
 
 Confusion 
 
 "This can spill over into a crisis which neither Sir Michael nor O'Neill may later reverse but which both will regret," a local newspaper, The National, wrote in a 15 December editorial. "People are getting more confused, uncertain, frustrated and angrier by the day." 
 
 Elizabeth Waugla, who lives in Port Moresby with her seven children, is worried. 
 
 "At present, we are going around doing our normal business but there is a feeling of uncertainty, anxiety in the air... you can feel it," said Waugla, who is self-employed. 
 
 "People are finding life hard, and they are blaming Somare and his government for their problems. They were happy that the government has changed, but if Somare gets back, there will be violence," she said. 
 
 At present, armed police are guarding state institutions and blockades have been set up around Port Moresby. Police authorities have barred any protests that may lead to civil unrest, said NRI's Anere, adding that the public, police and armed forces have thus far shown "great restraint". 
 
 And while the commander of the PNG defence force has said his forces will remain neutral, divisions among the police are troubling, Regan said, and tensions could flare if the army is pressured to take sides. 
 
 Should that happen, essential services could be shut down due to insecurity. 
 
 "This is the kind of thing that could spark off civil unrest in unpredictable ways," said Regan, who lived in PNG for 17 years and has worked there on and off for 30. 
 
 As the power struggle drags on, leaders on both sides will be tempted to mobilize popular support, he said. 
 
 On 15 December, about 500 protesters rallied outside parliament in support of O'Neill, according to local news reports. The same day, more than 150,000 union workers gave the rival leaders 48 hours to negotiate, or essential public services - including water, electricity and health - could be shut down. 
 
 Local NGOs also led a march in Goroka, the administrative seat of the Eastern Highlands Province. 
 
 History of violence 
 
 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon [ http://www.un.org/apps/sg/sgstats.asp?nid=5761 ] has called on all sides "to exercise maximum restraint and to avoid an escalation of the situation". 
 
 The mineral-rich [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=91810 ] half-island nation, home to some 800 ethnic groups, about 6.8 million people, is no stranger to clashes [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=91559 ], crime and other violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=92374 ]. 
 
 Political disputes around constitutional issues typically have been settled with limited social unrest, Regan said. But electoral violence erupted in the 2002 elections, described as the worst ever in PNG's electoral history, Anere said. More than 100 people were killed. 
 
 "At the moment, the conflict is between members of Parliament who are on opposing sides," Anere said. "The general public is watching from the sidelines but also urging both sides to resolve this as soon as possible." 
 
 PNG's next general election is expected in mid-2012. 
 
 es/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94486</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112160815130137t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 16 December 2011 (IRIN) - An uneasy calm hangs over Papua New Guinea (PNG), as a political impasse over the premiership continues after almost a week, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Tackling maternal health &quot;crisis&quot;</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112010053060610t.jpg" />]]>GOROKA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Decades of neglect, a failing health system and remote mountainous topography have created a &quot;crisis in maternal health&quot;, according to a government taskforce in Papua New Guinea.</description><body><![CDATA[GOROKA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Decades of neglect, a failing health system and remote mountainous topography have created a "crisis in maternal health", according to a government taskforce in Papua New Guinea. 
 
 While progress has been made since the taskforce released its recommendations in 2009 [ http://www.soroptimistinternational.org/assets/media/Ministerial_Taskforce_report_final_version_5_A4.pdf ], some 250 women are still dying for every 100,000 live births, according to a 2008 inter-agency estimate [ http://apps.who.int/ghodata/ ]. 
 
 Maternal mortality rates in PNG doubled from 1996-2006, states the government's most recent national health survey [ http://www.nso.gov.pg/census-a-surveys/demography-a-health-survey-2006 ], which prompted the government-appointed taskforce to find ways to make pregnancy less deadly. 
 
 Inaccessible and ill-equipped health centres, early pregnancies, poor care and ineffective communication are among the reasons health and aid workers cite for the still-high level of maternal deaths. 
 
 Access 
 
 In PNG, the nearest health clinic might be hours by boat, foot, or in the luckiest of circumstances, local transport, from the village, says Miriam Lovai, former head of the national midwife association. 
 
 "On the Sepik River [the country's longest river] and other rivers they [women] are floated down on rafters consisting of tied banana trees or other logs," said Lovai. 
 
 At least four out of 10 people in parts of PNG cannot access healthcare due to distance or lack of roads, according to the taskforce. 
 
 Even when a woman can access trained medical care, there is still little understanding of when to seek care during childbirth, said Grace Kariwiga from the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) office in the capital, Port Moresby. "The woman, the family or the husband, often delay seeking care, because they don't recognize the danger signals." 
 
 "Most give birth at home, because there is a lack of money, and [transport] infrastructure, so it is difficult for them to come in," said George Manapel from the national Department of Health in Goroka, the capital of East Highlands Province, one of 21 provinces. 
 
 Nationwide, 53 percent of women gave birth with a skilled birth attendant in 2006, but access to healthcare in some provinces is worse than others, noted the government taskforce. 
 
 To make it easier for pregnant women to seek care, it recommended transport subsidies. 
 
 It also suggested expanding local solutions such as a "red card" system in the remote Trobiand Islands of Milne Bay Province where women in labour can display a red card on the side of the road, which obliges any car to take her to the nearest health centre. 
 
 Child mortality 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' impact by the NGO Save the Children [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ], PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 Children in those countries, which all fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) minimum threshold of just over two health workers per 1,000 people, are five times more likely to die, noted the index. 
 
 PNG had one health worker (including doctors, midwives, nurses and community health workers) for every 1,000 residents in 2008, according to WHO. 
 
 Even when health workers are available to serve a population growing at 2.7 percent annually, according to the most recent census in 2000, local health centres lack resources, said Lovai. 
 
 In one case Lovai tried to travel by boat to a woman five hours away who was bleeding excessively following a home birth. But the clinic did not have enough fuel, and by the time Lovai purchased some, the woman had died. 
 
 Health system 
 
 Decentralization of the health system in the 1980s, which put regional governments in charge of health budgets, has worsened access for women seeking maternal healthcare, noted the taskforce. 
 
 "The vast majority of women live in rural areas, but the rural health service is not there and is not functioning for various reasons," said Caroline Ninnes from local NGO Susu Mamas, which means Breastfeeding Mums in Pidgin, one of PNG's official languages. 
 
 "There is no support and no equipment... and supporting rural health services when access is by boat, foot, road, or even inaccessible is difficult." 
 
 Almost nine out of 10 people nationwide lived in rural areas at the time of the 2000 census [ http://www.nso.gov.pg/census-a-surveys/demography-a-health-survey-2006/population-household-characteristics ], but the number of health staff in rural facilities declined by 25 percent between 1987 and 2000. 
 
 Communication 
 
 Ninnes said illiteracy made it difficult to educate women about the importance of giving birth with the assistance of a trained health worker - or waiting longer to have children. 
 
 With 800 different languages [ http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_png_en.pdf ] across PNG, outreach is not easy. "Languages even vary a lot between villages," said Ninnes. 
 
 Susu Mamas is calling on provincial health departments to recruit nurses from underserved communities who speak local languages in addition to the official national languages of Pidgin, Motu and English. 
 
 Almost 7 percent of women had given birth before the age of 20 in 2006, which can elevate the risk of pregnancy-related complications, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 

After 27-year-old Lisa Micheals had given birth to her fifth child, she needed little persuasion to end her child-bearing days, which began at 16. 

"I saw so many women die in the village, giving birth. So I got them [fallopian tubes] tied," she said. 

Initiatives 

The Health Ministry and regional health offices are trying to implement the taskforce's recommendations with support from Susu Mamas, as well as UNFPA, WHO and UNICEF, said Ninnes. 
 
 For example, the Health Ministry is trying to educate Papuans that husbands and communities should ensure safe pregnancies and deliveries. 
 
 Traditionally, pregnancy and birth have been considered a woman's domain in most of Papua's tribal societies where men and women live in separate houses. This has led to many men not understanding the dangers women face giving birth, said Lahui Geita, a government maternal health adviser. 
 
 "Pregnancy is everyone's business. It is not an issue that the mother should have to deal with alone," he said. 
 
 mk/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94352</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112010053060610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOROKA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Decades of neglect, a failing health system and remote mountainous topography have created a &quot;crisis in maternal health&quot;, according to a government taskforce in Papua New Guinea.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Dry spell leaves thousands food insecure</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109051114030428t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Aid workers say more than 6,000 people on a remote cluster of islands off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have been left food insecure following an extended dry spell.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Aid workers say more than 6,000 people on a remote cluster of islands off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have been left food insecure following an extended dry spell. 
 
 "The situation is now under control, but these people will need food in three months," Ruger Kahwa, head of the Humanitarian Support Unit of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN from Port Moresby. 
 
 The government has distributed 34,000kg of rice to the isolated islands, expected to last a few months, but post-distribution monitoring is needed, Kahwa said. 
 
 Data on rainfall is not collected for this area, but the Nissan, Carteret, Mortlock, Fead, Pinipel and Tasman islands of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville traditionally experience a dry season from October to April. The rainy season, May to September, is critical to the harvest of sweet potato, banana and taro, the staple foods in an area where many residents are subsistence farmers. 
 
 This year, however, the rains have largely stayed away, leaving islanders, disconnected from the rest of PNG, with a food shortage. 
 
 "Because of the very hot sun, everything was wiped out. There was a water shortage, and the coconut plants went dry so people could not drink coconut water either," said Franklin Leslie, coordinator of aid distribution for the Government of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. 
 
 Islanders normally resort to the clear liquid of young coconuts when faced with short-term water scarcity. 
 
 "There are no international NGOs or outside donors helping with money, supplies, or support," said Godfrey Hannett of the National Agriculture Research Institute (NARI) and a former resident of Nissan Island. [ http://www.nari.org.pg/ ] 
 
 Drought memory 
 
 The extended dry spell brought back memories of the 1997-1998 drought, the most severe to hit the half-island nation, affecting more than 1.2 million people. 
 
 However, Leslie cautioned, "It is not the time to hit the panic button. We are starting to replant now, and the rain is coming in." Having a dry period is normal for these islands, he noted, but it is more difficult for the small islands and atolls to prepare for unpredictable changes in climate. "It is very hard to predict weather patterns now. It is very different from what we experienced in the past," he said. 
 
 NARI has called on the government to establish food banks and resilient agriculture systems to prevent similar situations in future. 
 
 Agricultural scientist Mike Bourke of the Australian National University said islanders would have to modify their subsistence lifestyles to avoid being disproportionately harmed by adverse weather conditions. 
 
 "The common factor in those places which experienced higher death rates on the mainland during the 1997-1998 drought was poverty and remoteness. They did not have money. Where people had money they bought rice in very large quantities," he said. 
 
 Bourke said this year's extended dry season meant the more potent threat of too much rain was unlikely. 
 
 Climate change will have a big impact on these small islands, experts say. Unpredictable changes in weather patterns are making life harder for farmers, while rising sea levels are causing erosion and the salinization of fresh water due to storm surges crashing over the atolls. 
 
 "Every single model predicts rainfall will increase in the Western Pacific. It all says it will get wetter, not drier," Bourke said. This will pose a serious challenge to the dietary and agricultural habits of the islanders, he said. 
 
 "The best option is for people to engage in more trading. If you're not linked to a larger economy, you are potentially much more vulnerable," Bourke said. "Drought is much easier to worry about and it is on everyone's mind because of the events of 14 years ago. But the problem of increasing rainfall is far more insidious." 
 
 ms/nb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93653</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109051114030428t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Aid workers say more than 6,000 people on a remote cluster of islands off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea (PNG) have been left food insecure following an extended dry spell.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Government steps down to step up malaria fight</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - As Papua New Guinea continues its battle to contain and prevent malaria, officials say the government&apos;s decision to resign as the principal recipient (PR) of monies from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, will improve its response.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - As Papua New Guinea continues its battle to contain and prevent malaria, officials say the government's decision to resign as the principal recipient (PR) of monies from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [ http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/ ], will improve its response. 
 
 "Stepping down as a PR was a difficult decision to make," Leo Sora Makita, principal technical adviser for malaria and vector-borne disease for the National Department of Health (NDOH), told IRIN. "We actually had to step down because we need a principal recipient that can effectively manage the funds and report back to Global Fund." 
 
 The decision followed a Global Fund audit in September and October 2010, when it found the NDOH had not complied with grant guidelines and some US$7 million had been misdirected. 
 
 Makita agreed there were some weaknesses in the system and the funds were not managed effectively. Since April, when the NDOH announced it would no longer shoulder the management of the $50 million in Global Fund grants, discussions on how to keep the money flowing to this South Pacific island nation have taken place behind closed doors with the Global Fund's country coordinating mechanism. 
 
 "In general, when changes of PRs occur in countries, there are certain delays and disruptions in programme implementation. However, life-saving treatment is never affected," said Marcela Rojo, spokeswoman for the Global Fund in Geneva. 
 
 The new PR 
 
 Oil Search, one of PNG's biggest and oldest companies, was appointed the new PR at end-June. In addition to producing oil and gas in PNG, Oil Search has run several successful anti-malarial programmes since the 1990s and says it has an expertise that can be tapped for its new role. 
 
 "When NDOH was looking at pulling out of managing the money, we put our hand up to take on the responsibility," Peter Botten, managing director of Oil Search, said. Botten said he foresees a more predictable and effective delivery on the Global Fund grant goals with Oil Search at the helm of money management, but working in conjunction with NDOH. 
 
 Malaria priority 
 
 With 90 percent of the nation's six million people at risk of contracting malaria, combined with a growing resistance to Chloroquine, the first line of treatment, the government of PNG considers malaria among the country's top five health issues. 
 
 The country achieved a 26 percent decrease in malaria cases from 2004 to 2009, from 1.9 million reported cases in 2004 to 1.4 million in 2009, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). But such a reduction does not constitute a success story just yet, said Zaixing Zhang, malarial scientist with WHO in Port Moresby, the capital. 
 
 "Malaria control is one of the priorities of the country and national health plan. It's not under control, but the number of reported cases is going down," he said. 
 
 There is a growing fear that positive gains may be undone due to the increased population mobility following the unprecedented boom in resource development. 
 
 "There is a big increase in population mobility, allowing for dispersal of malaria parasites across the country as well as changes in the environment due to resource developments like logging, mining, oil drilling and plantation projects that create more vector breeding sites," said Iraingo Moses of Population Services International (PSI). 
 
 In a paper to a workshop on malaria in Port Moresby in March, Moses said the general worsening of health services and the breakdown in drug supplies in rural areas had also increased malarial risks. 
 
The recent decision by the NDOH to turn inward, restructure and bolster its capacity reflected this reality, some say. 
 
In his letter to the Global Fund in which the NDOH requested to cease its PR obligations, Clement Malau, the head of NDOH, said the health and financial systems in Papua New Guinea were fragile and needed continued support to meet all their obligations. 
 
As Oil Search assumes the PR role in the beginning of 2012, NDOH will still implement malaria projects while overhauling its operations. 
 
pk/nb/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93260</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - As Papua New Guinea continues its battle to contain and prevent malaria, officials say the government&apos;s decision to resign as the principal recipient (PR) of monies from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, will improve its response.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Gun culture threatens security ahead of 2012 elections</title><pubDate>Wed, 06 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051118380797t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 06 April 2011 (IRIN) - The proliferation and use of illegal guns in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is threatening security ahead of parliamentary elections slated for June 2012, and causing misery and trauma to gun crime victims, says the government.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 06 April 2011 (IRIN) - The proliferation and use of illegal guns in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is threatening security ahead of parliamentary elections slated for June 2012, and causing misery and trauma to gun crime victims, says the government. 
 
The police, the PNG Electoral Commission and the Inter Department Election Committee (IDEC), a government body overseeing election preparations, are aware of the risks in the run-up to and during the elections. 
 
“We are very much aware of the danger that the guns pose on the elections and are making the necessary preparations. We should come up with a budget to ensure that the rights of the people are protected during the elections,” IDEC Chairman Manasupe Zurenuoc told IRIN. 
 
Police say they need K120 million (US$40 million) to carry out a public awareness campaign on the law and other operations to minimize security risks during the elections. 
 
The central Highlands area, known for tribal conflicts, is particularly at risk: “The build-up of guns in the Highlands is getting out of hand… There are more people dying in tribal warfare now than ever before. The situation is so bad, it has the potential to disrupt major economic projects in the region,” police commander for the Highlands Assistant Commissioner Simon Kauba told IRIN. 
 
“The situation is bad, really bad. We are seeing more and more people coming in for treatment or admitted to the morgue,” Michael Dokop, head of medical services at the Mt Hagen General Hospital in Western Highlands Province, told IRIN. 
 
“We get up to five bodies and more than 10 people with injuries every month. In one recent case, a man and his wife were both shot dead in a fight… I think the situation in Enga and Southern Highlands Provinces [both in central PNG] is much the same as here. There are a lot of guns in those provinces too,” Dokop said. 
 
Former Internal Security Minister Sani Rambi told parliament in July 2010 during a debate on the gun problem that there were four car-jackings a day in Port Moresby: “This is an alarming situation where more than 1,460 vehicles are reported stolen each year… In almost all instances, guns, whether home-made or factory made, were reportedly used.” 
 
Fabric of society under threat 
 
Police and local leaders in the Highlands say the proliferation of guns in rural communities is threatening the fabric of society. 
 
“Every household now owns a gun illegally... Some of the most modern weapons fetch US$500-1,000. It’s a lucrative business,” Chimbu councillor Joseph Waiang told IRIN, confirming studies into gun violence in the highlands. 
 
Hand grenades are also becoming more common, say the police. 
 
Seven years after the establishment of the PNG Guns Control Committee, the government is making slow progress on the committee’s recommendations to limit gun ownership. 
 
Drugs and guns 
 
“Guns are coming through the border as people are trading drugs for guns from logging ships, and also guns issued to the disciplinary forces are taken out and sold illegally. To contain this problem will involve a concerted effort from all stakeholders, not only police,” Assistant Commissioner Kauba said. 
 
Police estimate 80 percent of all major crimes are gun-related. The problem is no longer restricted to urban areas but has spread to rural areas. 
 
“We are sitting on a serious problem. If it means imposing tougher jail terms as a deterrent, so be it. The government must move on this,” MP and chair of the Constitutional Reform Commission Joe Mek Teine told IRIN. 
 
Southeast Asia has several post-conflict states such as Cambodia and Vietnam where small arms can easily be obtained, according to the March 2011 issue of the Non-Traditional Security Studies in Asia Consortium (NTS), which also noted that “small arms and light weapons proliferation or illegal arms trafficking is often overshadowed by other transnational crime issues such as human trafficking, human smuggling and drug trafficking.” 
 
IRIN interviewed a young man, Peter (he preferred not to reveal his other names), who walked for several days from Chimbu Province in the Highlands to Jimi and then into Indonesia with a bag full of marijuana - on a mission to exchange the drug for guns. He managed to return to his home village four weeks later with an RSL rifle, and two magnum pistols. 
 
 pk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92374</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051118380797t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 06 April 2011 (IRIN) - The proliferation and use of illegal guns in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is threatening security ahead of parliamentary elections slated for June 2012, and causing misery and trauma to gun crime victims, says the government.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Moves to tackle health kickback scam</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902266t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 16 March 2011 (IRIN) - Government officials in Papua New Guinea’s national health department have received massive kickbacks from pharmaceutical drug suppliers in a scandal that had been going on for nearly 10 years, but moves are afoot to tackle the problem, health officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 16 March 2011 (IRIN) - Government officials in Papua New Guinea’s national health department have received massive kickbacks from pharmaceutical drug suppliers in a scandal that had been going on for nearly 10 years, but moves are afoot to tackle the problem, health officials say. 
 
 Payments by medical suppliers to government officials for favours had run into the equivalent of hundreds of thousands of dollars, said the head of the country’s National Health Department (NDOH), Clement Malau, as well as senior hospital officers. 
 
 “The Department of Health tendering process is not transparent. As a result, there is evidence that drugs have leaked, and favours have been given to individuals and companies... This has led to allegations of staff being paid for services rendered that were not in line with proper procurement processes,” Malau told IRIN. 
 
 The procurement of medical supplies comes under the auspices of the NDOH, which procures drugs based on a national tendering process. 
 
 “We admit that our tendering process needs a complete overhaul because we believe the process has not been fully transparent,” Malau said. 
 
 Senior medical doctors in the country told IRIN hospitals were deliberately starved of medical supplies and drugs to create an “emergency” system, allowing the NDOH to bypass official tendering. 
 
 Closure of government medical store 
 
 Doctors came out publicly following the closure of the main government medical warehouse in Madang town in the country’s northern Momase region, and the shortage of medical supplies, including drugs, at Kimbe Provincial Hospital in West New Britain Province in the Islands region early this year. 
 
 The Madang store supplies medical equipment and drugs to the provincial hospital as well as other health facilities in the province. 
 
 Local media reported early this year that all health centres and aid posts in the six districts of Madang Province had run out of drugs, forcing patients to go to pharmacies in town to buy their medicines, with three children dying as a result. 
 
 Frustrated patients reported travelling long distances to town to buy their medicines at very high prices. 
 
 In the case of Kimbe Hospital, the local daily newspaper Post-Courier reported the hospital has not had oxygen or halopaine (used for anaesthetics) since November 2010. 
 
 The hospital had also run out of drugs to treat tuberculosis, a major worry: TB treatment [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91096 ] requires continued regular doses without interruption. 
 
 Hospital patients were sent to other pharmacies to buy common drugs and supplies not available in the hospital pharmacy, including anti-malaria tablets and bandages, while basic drugs for operations were in dangerous low supply. 
 
 “The wholesalers can literally charge what they want, and as it is `an emergency’ the government often ends up paying more than twice the normal rate for the medicines. 
 
 “In addition some wholesalers in this city are notorious for allowing health officials and others who organize these lucrative `emergency orders’ to get a cut. Even only 10 percent of one million kinas (US$300,000) is 100,000 kinas ($30,000),” said a senior doctor who requested anonymity. 
 
 But change is forthcoming, said Malau. 
 
 “The minister for health has directed a ministerial taskforce to focus its attention to address the problem in the whole of tendering, procurement and distribution. If we get the required drugs to the location in a timely manner, we have control over the stock, and health workers will not buy drugs at highly inflated prices on the local market.” 
 
 Anti-corruption tsar 
 
 A drug procurement and distribution specialist, charged with establishing an efficient drug ordering and distribution system, was recently hired by the NDOH, and the results are starting to show, said Malau. 
 
 “Because the opportunity to get cuts and percentages has now been eradicated by the new procurement and distribution consultant, there are many disappointed people in the NDOH and central medical stores offices. 
 
 “Such is the level of severe disappointment of some in high places that they [officials] are trying to get rid of this expert before the end of his contract,” the senior doctor said. 
 
 But Malau reaffirmed his support for change. “I am giving the consultant 100 percent support on the work he is currently doing to improve the procurement and distribution process of medical supplies in the country.” 
 
 Borneo Pacific Pharmaceutical Limited, a major government supplier of medical supplies, has thus far not replied to requests for comment on bribery allegations. 
 
 pk/pt/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92202</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902266t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 16 March 2011 (IRIN) - Government officials in Papua New Guinea’s national health department have received massive kickbacks from pharmaceutical drug suppliers in a scandal that had been going on for nearly 10 years, but moves are afoot to tackle the problem, health officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Remaining vigilant for Japan aftershock</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103140901440200t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY/JAKARTA 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - Emergency officials in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia - two countries in the line of a deadly tsunami that has killed nearly 2,000 in Japan, left thousands more missing and wiped out entire coastal towns - remain vigilant, despite thus far being spared any spillover impact.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY/JAKARTA 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - Emergency officials in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia - two countries in the line of a deadly tsunami that has killed nearly 2,000 in Japan, left thousands more missing and wiped out entire coastal towns - remain vigilant, despite thus far being spared any spillover impact. 
 
 “We are [staying] alert. The islands on the northern part of the country can be hit any time by the waves generated by earthquakes. These aftershocks can be big, you never know,” chairman of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) National Disaster and Emergency Service, Manasupe Zurenuoc, told IRIN. 
 
 The Japan Meteorological Agency has predicted aftershocks over the next month [ http://www.hewsweb.org/japan89eq/ ] from the 11 March 9.0-magnitude earthquake (upgraded following seismic wave analysis that showed stronger intensity than original calculations). 
 
 Ongoing rescue and relief operations in Japan have been hampered by continuous aftershocks, tsunami alerts and fires. 
 
 Since mobile phone technology arrived in PNG four years ago, 11 March was the first time the disaster SMS warning system was tested, when two local mobile service providers sent tsunami warnings to more than one million of their customers. 
 
 Zurenuoc said radio warnings and mobile phones will be used again if needed. 
 
 “Had the tsunami occurred in PNG many lives would have been saved as the warnings were well dispersed over most communities in low-lying areas,” said former Health Minister Peter Barter. 
 
 “All radio stations also played a great role in [disseminating] the warning and to a lesser extent television, due to lower coverage.” 
 
 Indonesia 
 
 In Indonesia, the national deputy for emergency response with the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB), Sutrisno, said the disaster in Japan served as an important lesson. 
 
 "Community preparedness is key [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90630 ] and we are making efforts to strengthen local preparedness through training and drills," Sutrisno told IRIN. 
 
 Indonesia is expected to host an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) disaster relief drill in the capital of North Sulawesi Province, Manado, (one of the provinces identified as at-risk following Japan’s tsunami) on 15 March. 
 
 He said as soon as BNPB received a warning on 11 March that the tsunami was en route to Indonesia, it contacted local governments in vulnerable provinces [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92161 ] to prepare evacuations. 
 
 "People panicked but they were prepared. The system worked but there is room for improvement," he said. 
 
 He said BNPB will create 12 units across the country to make disaster coordination easier. Unlike the current structure with regional disaster management agencies reporting to provincial governments, the units will fall directly under the BNPB. 
 
 BNPB is also working with agencies to develop a nuclear fallout emergency plan, said Sutrisno. 
 
 Indonesia, which has three small-scale nuclear reactors for research purposes, is planning to build a major nuclear power station on the north coast of Central Java on the Muria Peninsula, despite objections from environmental activists. 
 
 pk/atp/pt/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92182</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103140901440200t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY/JAKARTA 14 March 2011 (IRIN) - Emergency officials in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia - two countries in the line of a deadly tsunami that has killed nearly 2,000 in Japan, left thousands more missing and wiped out entire coastal towns - remain vigilant, despite thus far being spared any spillover impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Fears major gas project could spark social unrest</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - There are fears that a multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Papua New Guinea (PNG) could lead to social unrest: Just one year into the four-year construction phase of the project there are some ominous signs, observers say.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - There are fears that a multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Papua New Guinea (PNG) could lead to social unrest: Just one year into the four-year construction phase of the project there are some ominous signs, observers say. 
 
Outside the capital Port Moresby near the LNG plant site, young men employed by Esso Highlands [ http://www.pnglng.com/ ] (a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil), the company running the project, guzzle their earnings, disrupting Sunday church with rowdy drunkenness, while in a nearby village, five people were recently killed in a land dispute, according to an independent social and environmental compliance monitoring report. [ http://www.pnglng.com/media/pdfs/quarterly_reports/First_Site_Visit_Report_May_2010.pdf ] 
 
“While there’s potential for positive access to resources for funds for development, there’s also the potential to exacerbate conflict as we have seen in the past in Bougainville and in other countries that have a natural resource boom,” said Jock Paul, a humanitarian affairs officer with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 
 
The investment for the initial phase of the project is estimated at US$15 billion, while over three decades, PNG is expected to reap US$5.6-7.5 billion from the project, says ExxonMobil. [ http://www.pnglng.com/media/pdfs/media_releases/media_release_100313_coventures_complete_sales_agreements_and%20financing_arrangements.pdf ] 
 
About 40 percent of PNG’s 6.6 million inhabitants live on less than $1 a day, according to AusAid, [ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/ ] the Australian government agency responsible for overseas aid. 
 
“More money will help us with education, livelihoods and housing, but it’s also bringing about jealousy, ill feelings and discomfort in the community,” a local Esso community affairs officer, told IRIN on condition of anonymity. 
 
The country - about the size of Sweden - boasts a wealth of natural resources and one of the world’s most culturally diverse populations, with some 800 indigenous languages. Its tribes own 97 percent of the country’s land through customary land tenure. 
 
But tribal diversity and land ownership issues, combined with widespread corruption, [ http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results ] have long proven difficult obstacles for companies involved in resource extraction. 
 
On the northeastern island of Bougainville, an autonomous region within PNG, disputes between landowners and the international owners of a copper mine led to a 10-year civil war which ended in 1997. Thousands lost their lives, and the mine, which closed in 1989, remains shuttered today. 
 
Some worry that PNG’s LNG project could meet a similar fate. 
 
“Resource curse” 
 
However, many believe the project - the country’s largest natural resource development project to date - bodes well for the country’s economic future. 
 
“There’s an enormous amount of wealth that Papua New Guinea will accrue as a result of this resource. We all know about the resource curse, where countries extract their natural resources and the standard of living does not improve for the people,” US ambassador Teddy Taylor told IRIN. 
 
During a visit in November, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton [ http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/11/150352.htm ] offered technical training for scientists and engineers from PNG. 
 
“Our initiative is designed to help the government manage natural and financial resources,” Taylor said. “It’s to help the lives of people improve as the wealth of the nation grows.” 
 
Australia is advising PNG as it sets up a sovereign wealth fund for LNG revenue, with the first fuel exports expected in 2014. 
 
“As they remove their asset from the ground, they have to convert it to another asset for future generations,” David Murray, chairman of Australia's Future Fund [ http://www.futurefund.gov.au/ ] Board of Guardians, recently told PNG’s business community. 
 
Information gap 
 
On the local level, people have yet to understand how to handle the LNG windfall. 
 
“We are not business-minded people. We are subsistence farmers. This is all new to us,” said the Esso community affairs officer. 
 
Many young men, who earned $150-190 every two weeks during the project’s early days, spent it all within days on alcohol. 
 
 “I see them feeling sorry for themselves.” I say, ‘Now you see the fruit of what you did five weeks ago when you were earning big money. Now you’re sitting like stupids, feeling hungry,’” the Esso community worker said. 
 
Another Esso employee, also speaking on condition of anonymity, joined the company in the hope of changing things, after hearing about men earning LNG money and neglecting their families. She was surprised to find a company trying its best to do things right. 
 
“ExxonMobil was interested in making sure the people got information, and the people’s concerns and issues were addressed. It’s not because I’m employed by them that I’m saying this,” she said. 
 
Still, confusion remains, according to James Laki, of the local NGO, Peace Foundation Melanesia. For example, some communities are receiving funding as project grants, rather than cash in hand, but the government has failed to get that point across. 
 
“The government is doing all it can to minimize conflict,” Laki said. “The main problem is the information gap between and among all stakeholders. This is made more difficult with the high illiteracy rate.” 
 
 at/ds/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91810</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102021231230078t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - There are fears that a multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Papua New Guinea (PNG) could lead to social unrest: Just one year into the four-year construction phase of the project there are some ominous signs, observers say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Tackling clan conflict</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101070047340616t.jpg" />]]>GOROKA 07 January 2011 (IRIN) - Clan violence is widespread in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where arguments over women, pigs and land can easily spiral into murder, mayhem and civil conflict.</description><body><![CDATA[GOROKA 07 January 2011 (IRIN) - Clan violence is widespread in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where arguments over women, pigs and land can easily spiral into murder, mayhem and civil conflict. 
 
 In the volatile Eastern Highlands Province, an estimated 400 people die each year in violence - mostly sparked by land disputes. 
 
 During one dispute that lasted 16 years over a coffee plantation in Daulo District, houses were regularly set ablaze and crops destroyed. Six people were killed. 
 
 "They [the duelling groups] come and strike, and then move back for two to three weeks a month. If someone comes close to the plantation, they strike again," said Charles Goto, special projects coordinator for the Eastern Highlands provincial administration. 
 
 The impact on local communities is severe. After years of fighting, people had taken refuge elsewhere. Children could not go to school. 
 
 After the coffee plantation owner was killed, Goto, with a committee of officials and local elders, helped the two parties reach a settlement. 
 
 "Everything revolves around mediation, negotiation and compensation, and that's compensation with a capital C," said Don Hurrell, a PNG-born Australian who served 24 years with the police in north-eastern Australia and now advises Goto. 
 
 When a woman is killed, compensation is typically US$770, against $1,930 for a man. However, the settlement for the murdered coffee plantation owner - educated with a promising future - was $19,300 plus several pigs. 
 
 In 2005, the committee helped restore peace in Daulo. Families returned home and the school reopened. 
 
 Fighting for peace 
 
 The committee that convened in Daulo was the forerunner of eight district peace management teams (DPMTs) set up in 2008 in the Eastern Highlands. 
 
 That year there were 84 conflicts in the province, but with the DPMTs monitoring and mediating, there are now only two to three simmering conflicts at any given time. Patience and persuasiveness are key to resolving the disputes. 
 
 Because of customary land tenure, 93 percent of PNG's land is owned by clans with very few secure titles [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89322 ]. 
 
 "When you're talking about tribal fights, most of it is coming from land disputes," Goto said. "If we can look after the land disputes, then we can reduce the number of tribal fights." 
 
 Once hostilities begin, payback can keep conflict alive for decades. Disputes between landowners and the owners of a copper mine on the island of Bougainville, east of the country's mainland in the Solomon Sea, escalated into 10 years of civil war and some 15,000 dead and another 70,000 displaced. The conflict ended in 1999. 
 
 "There are some fights that have been going on here for no one knows how long - well over 20 years. No one can even tell you what started it," Hurrell said. 
 
 Escalating violence 
 
 In the years after independence from Australia in 1975, "the men never touched the women and children. It was with bows and arrows. There was no burning of houses," said Naomi Yupae, executive director of the local family-focused NGO, Eastern Highlands Family Voice. 
 
 "Now with these firearms, it's just violence, violence, violence - raping women, shooting children, displacing people from their land." 
 
 Clans even hire mercenaries to kill enemies in the capital, Port Moresby, 400km away, fostering constant fear for those involved in the fighting and residents caught in the crossfire. 
 
 Donors and NGOs have poured resources into mitigation efforts: PNG-based Peace Foundation Melanesia has conducted conflict-resolution training; Eastern Highlands Family Voice has trained nearly 200 peace mediators; and the Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID) has supported the DPMTs. 
 
 Nonetheless, some locals say nothing can quell the thirst for revenge. "I don't think anyone should be involved in mediating peace for them," said Agnes Inape, a women's rights activist in Goroka, capital of Eastern Highlands Province. 
 
 "If you force them to make peace, they say 'We haven't settled the score'. They want revenge," she said. "You can spend so much money on trying to make peace, but that money is not enough to compensate for the anger, the heartache that people are going through." 
 
 at/pt/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91559</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101070047340616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOROKA 07 January 2011 (IRIN) - Clan violence is widespread in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where arguments over women, pigs and land can easily spiral into murder, mayhem and civil conflict.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Pick of the year 2010</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009270515530815t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - On this last day of 2010, IRIN asks: When the end comes, where will you get your last meal? In addition to covering the perennial natural disasters that rip through Asia annually, IRIN reported in 2010 on doomsday food vaults designed to protect biodiversity from disaster. Read on to find one near you.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - On this last day of 2010, IRIN asks: When the end comes, where will you get your last meal? In addition to covering the perennial natural disasters that rip through Asia annually, IRIN reported in 2010 on doomsday food vaults designed to protect biodiversity from disaster. Read on [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76507 ] to find one near you. 
 
 This year, IRIN took a step back from tracking storm deaths, destruction and preparation to ask: Just how do all these different storms that batter the region every year get named? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90804 ] 
 
 When a volcano erupts - as did Mt Merapi in October in Indonesia killing hundreds and displacing hundreds of thousands - how do officials delineate a danger zone? 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91013 ] 
 
 And instead of investing in storm-safe houses which, left untended, will inevitably decay, is there a better way for governments to get people to safer ground - and keep them there? The government in Bangladesh, working with aid agencies, found a simple answer that seems to be working: ask the community. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91120 ] 
 
 From storms and tsunamis over to - snakebites. IRIN looked at this neglected health problem which kills an estimated five million worldwide (mostly in Asia) every year - more than twice the number who died from AIDS last year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91107 ] 
 
 Turn toilets into coveted status symbols [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91130 ] and reach some of the more than two billion people - again, mostly in Asia - who are still without toilets. One Singaporean entrepreneur is tackling the hygiene problem from a new angle: social franchising of toilet construction. 
 
 While a market solution may be within reach to reduce open defecation, officials in Indonesia are still puzzling over how to end female genital mutilation, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90366 ] outlawed for four years, but still unregulated and gaining in popularity. 
 
 The country is also struggling with how to unchain its mentally ill [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89333 ]. With scarce resources devoted to treating mental illness, health workers in Indonesia have chained at least 15,000 patients labelled “aggressive”. 
 
 Our analytical reporting included an examination of the Red Shirts’ movement in Thailand, which leaders portrayed as rural poor rising up against an aristocratic government [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90632 ]. 
 
 We went to Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90955 ] and to Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90984 ] to get Burmese refugee and migrant reactions to a November election in their home country that had no international observers and was boycotted by the main opposition party. 
 
 IRIN also tackled the question of “how to make peace” in ongoing coverage of post-conflict peace-building in the region. 
 
 In Sri Lanka, the government defended a reconciliation commission 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90844 ] against NGO charges of impartiality and inefficacy, while Nepal’s peace process [ http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90664 ] gets a grade of “fragile, but not dead” from analysts. 
 
 In the Philippines, “peace dividends” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90745 ] are gingerly taking root - through rice planting - in the southern part of the country, Mindanao, after decades of separatist fighting and years of stalled peace deals. 
 
 pt/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91499</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009270515530815t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - On this last day of 2010, IRIN asks: When the end comes, where will you get your last meal? In addition to covering the perennial natural disasters that rip through Asia annually, IRIN reported in 2010 on doomsday food vaults designed to protect biodiversity from disaster. Read on to find one near you.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Keeping watch on volcanic activity </title><pubDate>Mon, 20 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012160650100548t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 20 December 2010 (IRIN) - At the northern tip of New Britain island, the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory (RVO) keeps watch over 16 active volcanoes across Papua New Guinea (PNG). 
</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 20 December 2010 (IRIN) - At the northern tip of New Britain island, the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory (RVO) keeps watch over 16 active volcanoes across Papua New Guinea (PNG). 
 
PNG, with about six million inhabitants, is situated on the Pacific Rim of Fire and highly prone to disaster. 
 
"Unless we are prepared it's going to be chaotic and a disaster," Rabi Narayan Gaudo, UN Development Programme (UNDP) project manager for disaster risk management, told IRIN. "The time gap between each eruption can be hundreds of years, which is something the government doesn't perceive as an immediate risk. We also know that some volcanoes don't give you much warning time." 
 
In 1951, within four to five days of the initial signs of unrest, Mount Lamington in Oro Province erupted, killing 3,000 people. 
 
UNDP, RVO and officials in PNG's Northern Province have worked on contingency plans for Mount Lamington. An estimated 40,000 people would have to be evacuated if it erupts again, and some of the communities have no roads. 
 
"When you don't know when something's going to strike, there's a danger of being lethargic," Gaudo warned. "In terms of risks - 40,000 people exposed to volcanic risk, that's a big number. I would say it's urgent." 
 
Monitoring volcanoes 
 
RVO - funded by the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) since 1995 after the Rabaul volcano erupted and destroyed most of the town - monitors eight of the country's most active, high-risk volcanoes. It receives daily reports and sends people for closer monitoring if there are reports of unrest. 
 
 However, alerting the nearby populations remains a challenge. Most people live in remote areas, so RVO would alert them through businesses and government agencies that have telephones, fax machines and high frequency radios. 
 
"One of the issues in Papua New Guinea is reaching people as soon as possible - providing information to the people in the quickest way possible," said Ima Itikarai, assistant director of RVO. "Papua New Guinea has a mobile phone system, and there are discussions on how to utilize this technology to get the information to the people in the quickest way possible, but we're still in the early stages of discussion." 
 
RVO, working with provincial disaster officers, also conducts awareness programmes with populations around high-risk volcanoes, including Lamington, Ulawun, Pago, Karkar, Manam, Langila, Garbuna and Bagana. 
 
Before these programmes, Itikarai said, "even though they lived near the volcano and were aware of eruptions, they were not aware of volcano hazards and what they would do if a major eruption would happen". 
 
Land for IDPs 
 
 PNG is no stranger to eruptions. When the 10km-wide volcanic island of Manam [ http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0501-02= ] erupted in 2004, the entire population of more than 10,000 was evacuated to the mainland. 
 
 However, six years later, many thousand internally displaced remain in the mainland camps [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87656 ], sowing violence between islanders and local residents in a country where 97 percent of the land is collectively owned by various ethnic groups. Conflict often stems from land disputes. 
 
"To deal with evacuation, moving the people and providing what they need, that's not a problem. The main concern is the land issue," said Andrew Oaego, who oversees response coordination for the National Disaster Center [ http://www.pngndc.gov.pg/ ]. 
 
With the Manam evacuation, the relocation to nearby Bogia District was rushed and expected to be only six months, not six years. 
 
"The biggest risk and the reason we need to make sure we are prepared is there can be massive displacement," said Jock Paul, the humanitarian affairs coordinator for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 
 
 at/ds/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91408</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012160650100548t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 20 December 2010 (IRIN) - At the northern tip of New Britain island, the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory (RVO) keeps watch over 16 active volcanoes across Papua New Guinea (PNG). 
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Mary Benny, “My husband is a policeman… he shot at me twice” </title><pubDate>Tue, 07 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012071117390623t.jpg" />]]>HIGHLANDS 07 December 2010 (IRIN) - According to Amnesty International, two-thirds of the women in Papua New Guinea have been hit by their partners; in parts of the densely populated rugged provinces that comprise the Highlands, that figure swells to nearly 100 percent. </description><body><![CDATA[HIGHLANDS 07 December 2010 (IRIN) - According to Amnesty International 
 [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA34/002/2006 ], two-thirds of the women in Papua New Guinea have been hit by their partners; in parts of the densely populated rugged provinces that comprise the Highlands, that figure swells to nearly 100 percent. 
 
 Mary Benny* and her three children have moved into her mother’s home, from where she spoke to IRIN. She asked that her name and location not be published because she fears for her life: her husband beats her with impunity. 
 
 “My husband is a policeman, and he’s an alcoholic. He’s a good father. He gives us money, but he’s always violent. After I gave birth to my first daughter, he started to beat me. 
 
 “I’ve been to the hospital many, many times with a swollen face, a black eye, a bloody nose. This scar on my arm is from when he used a sharp piece of iron and stabbed me. Once he threw a stone at my head. I had to get six stitches. When he gets very angry at me, he beats my children, too. 
 
 “Many times, he has pointed his gun at me. He shot at me twice, at the floor, just next to my foot. I just stood there crying. There was no one to protect me. Other policemen came, punched the door in and stopped the fight, but my husband wasn’t arrested. 
 
 “Recently he has been going for mobile operations in other provinces, and he has been with other ladies. I’ve been tested three times for HIV [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91253 ] – so far it has been negative. 
 
 “I always live in fear. He tells me he will kill me if I tell anyone. With other people, the police would make an arrest, but they won’t do that to their comrades. 
 
 “I told his bosses last year [2009], but they didn’t do anything, so in April, I went to [an organization that helps victims of domestic violence] and to the public solicitor’s office here – after 10 years of this. Now it’s too much for me, so I had to tell someone about my problems. 
 
 “When it comes to husband and wife relations, men in Papua New Guinea are not good. When we are young, it’s happy, like sugar. Then after a child or two, it becomes bitter.” 
 
 * Not her real name. 
 
 at/pt/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91306</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012071117390623t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HIGHLANDS 07 December 2010 (IRIN) - According to Amnesty International, two-thirds of the women in Papua New Guinea have been hit by their partners; in parts of the densely populated rugged provinces that comprise the Highlands, that figure swells to nearly 100 percent. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Amid violence, denial and fear, HIV spreads</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011301125190139t.jpg" />]]>GOROKA 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - Before discovering his HIV status, Kiukiu Barnabe saw villagers near his home in Papua New Guinea&apos;s remote highlands force a young woman living with HIV to live inside a 2m-deep hole that eventually became her grave.</description><body><![CDATA[GOROKA 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - Before discovering his HIV status, Kiukiu Barnabe saw villagers near his home in Papua New Guinea's remote highlands force a young woman living with HIV to live inside a 2m-deep hole that eventually became her grave. 
 
 Terrified of catching her illness, the villagers covered the hole with canvas and dropped food inside. Less than a month later, she died. 
 
 "I couldn't do anything. I didn't know my status then, and I was scared of her, too," Barnabe, 38, said from the small office of the 68-member Minivava Network for people living with HIV in Goroka, the main town of Eastern Highlands Province. 
 
 In PNG [ http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/FeatureStories/archive/2010/20100826_FS_PNG.asp ], such anecdotes are common. 
 
 In June, during a break at one of his talks about testing and treatment, a young man approached Barnabe with a confession. His sister was HIV-positive. One night as she slept, he and his neighbours tied her arms and legs and put her in a coffin. She woke up and screamed for help as they nailed it shut. They buried her alive. 
 
 "The boy came up to me and said he didn't know about treatment," Barnabe recalled. "He apologized and said, 'I thought I would get the virus from her. I didn't have the information, and so I buried her. I made the wrong decision'." 
 
 Ignorance 
 
 Lack of knowledge about HIV has resulted in ostracism, violence, even accusations of sorcery and murder, pushing people living with the virus to hide their status and continue spreading it to sexual partners. 
 
 This mountainous Pacific island country, with 6.7 million people, is one of the world's most ethnically diverse, with 800 different languages. Polygamy is customary, while tribal fighting, violence against women and rape are widespread, complicating awareness campaigns. 
 
 "The most challenging thing is that people don't have adequate information on HIV/AIDS because we have so many languages here... it takes time for it to be translated into local dialects," said Peterson Magoola, an HIV/AIDS specialist with the UN Development Programme (UNDP). 
 
 While recent analysis [ http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_em.pdf ] of available data across the country shows that the epidemic is starting to level off, the government's National AIDS Council Secretariat estimates 34,100 people are living with HIV, but that figure is believed to be significantly underestimated. 
 
 "It's much, much more than this," Magoola said. "The epidemic is spreading more in rural areas, where we can't get tangible data on the magnitude of the epidemic, so we don't know what response to use to reach those rural areas." 
 
 Stigma, fear and spreading virus 
 
 One day, Evelyn Dilia* felt ill, and her husband - out of the blue - suggested she might be infected with HIV. Taken aback by the suggestion, she went to a clinic to get tested. By the time she returned home, her husband was gone. 
 
 "He never came back to me. He knew he had passed the virus on to me," said Dilia, a mother of three, who is also a Minivava member. "I know that he infected me. If he didn't know his status, he wouldn't have told me, 'Maybe you are infected'." 
 
 Now, Dilia works with the Clinton Foundation to answer questions from others who have contracted the virus. She says many keep their status secret. 
 
 One man told Dilia that although he knew his status, he got a woman pregnant. 
 
 "He said, 'What will I tell her? I didn't want her to leave me so I hid it from her'," she said. 
 
 Many women are abused and kicked out of their homes when they reveal their HIV status, and some then turn to sex work to survive. 
 
 "We cannot say that it's wrong," said Angela Kaupa, president of Minivava. "They need to have money, they need to have a living. That is their right." 
 
 The government estimates about 40 percent of men used a condom in the past year. 
 
 Magoola said the HIV epidemic in PNG was similar to that in Africa, in that the main mode of transmission is heterosexual transmission and multiple sexual partners, and increasing condom use is important in such a context. He said condom use was much higher in some African countries where awareness campaigns have long been in place. 
 
 "Forty percent is low. What about the other 60 percent? More has to be done in terms of condoms as a preventive measure," he said. 
 
 * Not her real name. 
 
 at/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91253</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011301125190139t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GOROKA 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - Before discovering his HIV status, Kiukiu Barnabe saw villagers near his home in Papua New Guinea&apos;s remote highlands force a young woman living with HIV to live inside a 2m-deep hole that eventually became her grave.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
