<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Pakistan</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 09:30:42 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Analysis: How to avoid a fourth year of serious flooding in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191142590031t.jpg" />]]>SUKKUR 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Since 2010, monsoon rain in Pakistan has brought with it some of the biggest seasonal flooding in living memory. 
  
Two months from this year’s rains, weather forecasters are already predicting above normal rainfall and in some areas standing water has yet to drain away from last year’s monsoon.</description><body><![CDATA[SUKKUR 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Since 2010, monsoon rain in Pakistan has brought with it some of the biggest seasonal flooding in living memory.

Two months from this year’s rains, weather forecasters are already predicting above normal rainfall [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/humanitarian-bulletin-pakistan-issue-14-5-%E2%80%93-30-april-2013 ] and in some areas standing water has yet to drain away from last year’s monsoon.

So, after three years of destruction, how ready is the country for this year’s monsoon?

“The situation is not what we would call optimal, but over the last three years, since the 2010 floods, there have been significant improvements [in government and humanitarian organisations’ capacity],” said Khaleel Tetlay, chief operating officer at the Rural Support Programmes Network, which is working with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) in Sindh Province to boost communities’ resilience to natural disasters.

“[Whether or not heavy rain will cause flooding] is very difficult to predict. But if we prepare at the federal, provincial and community levels, a lot of damage can be prevented, especially the loss of life.”

The three floods have damaged infrastructure and houses, displaced millions and caused billions of dollars’ worth of losses to the country’s most important sector - agriculture.

The 2012 floods damaged nearly 650,000 houses in three provinces of Pakistan, and affected almost 1.2 million acres (485,623 hectares) of land. Over 12,000 cattle died [ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/monsoon/2012/damages/january/damages_details_23_01_2013.pdf ].

The residual humanitarian impact of last year’s floods and the slow drainage of floodwaters have increased vulnerability. Over a million people have yet to return to their homes, living either in temporary settlements or shelters built next to their damaged houses [ http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IaZV7zwPDF4%3d&tabid=148&mid=915 ].

On the other hand, the experience of three years of flooding has also strengthened coping mechanisms and the quality of any eventual humanitarian response.

Building defences

Reducing the risk of disaster requires investment in several sectors, among them the reconstruction and reinforcement of infrastructure in flood-prone areas.

The need for such work becomes clearer when the pattern of flooding is examined.

While the 2010 flood - which at one point covered over 20 percent of the country - was caused by waterway breaches, in 2012 water levels rose because of heavy rain and a lack of proper drainage in flat areas.

Officials say improving infrastructure to prevent major failures in the face of extreme weather can prove critical.

“In many areas [of northern Sindh], the drainage systems could simply not cope with the rain [in 2012], and that is why water hasn’t drained properly. The idea is to improve these systems, rebuild them properly where needed, so that even with heavy rain, water can be taken away as quickly as possible,” Saifullah Bullo from Sindh Province’s Disaster Management Authority (DMA), said.

The focus from the DMA is on rebuilding embankments and improving waterways and reservoirs. To help drainage, teams of workers are digging new channels in areas where standing water is expected to be an issue.

Reconstruction projects give a chance to “build back better” - making sure rebuilt buildings are more resilient to whatever flooding may come in the future.

“The threat is there, and we have been advising people not to build in very low-lying areas or near rivers and canals. So many houses were completely damaged because they were right next to the channels that overflowed,” Irshad Bhatti, a spokesman for the National Disaster Management Authority, said.

“The idea is to help people make better decisions, keeping in mind the threat of floods. Preparation is the most effective strategy.”

Boosting DRR

There is a clear once-bitten-twice-shy logic about preparing for the monsoon, after three years of devastation.

At the heart of this is disaster risk reduction (DRR): A dollar spent on disaster preparedness is worth seven dollars in post-disaster relief and recovery expenditures, according to the UN Development Programme [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/articles/2012/07/02/act-now-save-later-new-un-social-media-campaign-launched-/ ].

As Pakistan prepares for the rains with a certain sense of déjà vu, aid workers are asking what can be done to avoid repeating the same emergency relief operations each year.

“The drive for funding DRR has come in part from the fatigue and frustration of… donors,” said Shahida Arif of the DRR Forum, an alliance of 69 national and international NGOs.

“It can seem to them like they are continuously funding activities in post-disaster interventions, when many believe the need for this could have been reduced or avoided with investment in disaster mitigation activities.”

Without an effective DRR strategy and adequate preparation, the effects of natural disasters like floods can linger for years.

Damage to cropland by floods in one year, for example, can have an adverse economic impact on farmers’ livelihoods for years to come, as, unable to plant any crops, they are forced to borrow money to make ends meet.

Without emergency financial assistance, the next plantation cycle is affected too - a serious concern as most communities in areas hit by floods since 2010 rely on agriculture for their livelihood.

The 2012 Monsoon Humanitarian Operational Plan (MHOP) [ http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=n6rnPIqYY-I%3D&tabid=41&mid=597 ] expired in March this year, but activities across several areas are ongoing given the critical needs of the affected population.

The humanitarian partners involved in the plan only received 33 percent of the US$161 million that was needed to fully fund it, leaving gaps in coverage.

But despite funding constraints, humanitarians say they have been able to mix in some DRR activities with the ongoing relief distribution.

While providing treatment and medicine to flood victims, district-level health officials from the Sindh government and aid workers have been instructed to explain preventive measures against disease, including bednets, good hygiene and the importance of vaccinations.

Diseases often spike in the aftermath of flooding as water sources become contaminated and insects like mosquitoes multiply in standing water.

The information could prove useful for people like Mohammed Hayat, a farmer whose village of Mir Sikander in Sindh’s Jacobabad District was completely submerged by flooding in 2012.

“The little one is always feverish, off and on, and I have to spend money I don’t have on taking him to Jacobabad. There is the bus fare, and then any medicines the doctor recommends,” Hayat said. “He has been like this since the floods hit.”

Hayat’s family built a temporary shelter after the flood damaged their house, and have not left their village.

“The water is still here in my village, and the mosquitoes breed on it. We have some nets but there are too many mosquitoes, all over the village,” said Hayat. Most villagers in Mir Sikander were not equipped with mosquito nets when the floods hit, he added.

Better humanitarian systems

The experience of the last three years has taught the importance of coordination and helped build a stronger humanitarian system.

One critical need for villagers like Hayat is shelter, a sector where humanitarian organizations are pooling resources and combining efforts to ensure that their response is efficient and quick.

USAID has helped fund [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/%EF%BF%BCbuilding-stronger-shelter-cluster-pakistan ] a dedicated shelter cluster team to ensure that relief operations during disasters are efficient and that wastage is reduced.

Several organizations have also conducted pilot projects to gauge the value of using communication technologies to help improve both preparedness and relief operations, relying on the high and growing number of mobile phones in Pakistan.

The CDAC (Communicating with Disaster-Affected Communities) Network ran a three-month project [ http://www.cdacnetwork.org/public/about/cdac-pakistan ] to improve the exchange of information in disaster areas, in particular between those affected and those providing assistance, using technologies like SMS.

A year later, Pakistan NGO Strengthening Participatory Organisation and the Popular Engagement Policy Lab teamed up to set up a system [ http://www.frontlinesms.com/2012/02/22/sending-a-message-of-accountability-sms-helps-improve-services-after-pakistan-floods/ ] where, using mobile phones, those affected by the floods could provide feedback about the assistance they were, or were not, getting.

The effort is expected to be increased this year, and could improve relief operations by directly connecting providers with the affected.

Better coordination systems also include stronger relations between aid organizations and the relevant government agencies, say the Pakistan Humanitarian Forum (PHF).

“The framework for emergency needs assessment is in place and agreed by all stakeholders, so it can be rolled out as soon as a disaster strikes. This is a key achievement,” a spokesman for PHF said.

The long term

The under-funding of disaster risk reduction and disaster management strategies means significant post-disaster work will be needed each year that there is heavy monsoon rainfall.

“Due to limited resources, the scale of DRR/M programmes is very small and scattered,” the DRR Forum’s Shahida Arif told IRIN.

“In a calamity-struck country, such as Pakistan, it is imperative that long-term, comprehensive, [two- to four-year] DRR interventions are initiated,” she said.

In addition to funding, the lack of coordination between critical disaster-related institutions of the Pakistan government is a major hurdle.

“For DRR to really work, it can’t just be the [National Disaster Management Authority]. Every department, every ministry, has to be on board so that they integrate DRR into their policies and projects,” a senior NDMA official said, requesting anonymity as he was not authorized to speak to the media.

Under the DRR plan of the Pakistan government, 10 federal ministries, including health, food security, education and housing, are supposed to be involved.

“We have made progress with making policy and setting out goals, but actually bringing everyone on board has been a slow process, and it is far from complete,” the NDMA official said. “We are on the right path, but if everyone is not on the same page, it will not work very well.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98071/Analysis-How-to-avoid-a-fourth-year-of-serious-flooding-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191142590031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SUKKUR 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Since 2010, monsoon rain in Pakistan has brought with it some of the biggest seasonal flooding in living memory. 
  
Two months from this year’s rains, weather forecasters are already predicting above normal rainfall and in some areas standing water has yet to drain away from last year’s monsoon.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Challenges to improving health care in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303281135270775t.jpg" />]]>LAHORE/DUBAI 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Hamza Mazhar, a 35-year-old teacher from Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, says he never wants to see the inside of a government hospital again.</description><body><![CDATA[LAHORE/DUBAI 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Hamza Mazhar, a 35-year-old teacher from Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, says he never wants to see the inside of a government hospital again.

“My mother was taken to the hospital with an upper respiratory tract infection in February this year and doctors said she needed care in the hospital’s Intensive Care Unit (ICU),” he told IRIN.

But the doctors in charge wanted the family to pay a bribe to get into the ICU, which had plenty of spare beds. They could not afford to pay. His mother was unable to get the treatment she needed and in March she died.

Health care in Pakistan is identified as one of the country’s most corrupt sectors, according to surveys by Transparency International [ http://www.transparency.org.pk/documents/NCPS%202009/NCPS%202009%20%20Report.pdf ]; general surveys suggest the majority of Pakistanis are unhappy with the health services they are offered. 

This is just one of the many challenges facing Pakistan’s health system, as identified in the first ever comprehensive assessment [ http://www.thelancet.com/themed/pakistan ] of the sector, published in the medical journal The Lancet and launched today in Islamabad. 

Entitled Health Transitions in Pakistan, the series of articles says Pakistan’s health sector lags behind 12 countries in the region with cultural, economic and geographic similarities.

Pakistan has no national health insurance system and 78 percent of the population pay health care expenses themselves. It is the only country in the world without a National Health Ministry.

The report authors say the recently elected government has a unique opportunity to push through reforms and take advantage of recent constitutional changes that devolve health care to the provinces.

The findings are not entirely negative. Progress has been made on all health indicators in the past 20 years. The rates of child deaths and maternal mortality have fallen, and the community-based Lady Health Workers programme is singled out for praise.

But improvements have been much slower coming than in other similar countries. IRIN picked out four major challenges from the health assessment.

1. Avoidably high child and maternal mortality

The assessment’s authors describe Pakistan’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals for reducing child and material mortality (4&5) as “unsatisfactory”. 

Pakistan, with its population of 180 million, has more child, foetal and maternal deaths than all but two of the world’s nations.

The report calls child survival “the most devastating and large-scale public health and humanitarian crisis Pakistan faces”.

An estimated 423,000 children under-five die each year, almost half of them new-born babies. Family planning options are also limited and nearly a million women attempt unsafe abortions each year.

Simple measures like training more nurses and midwives (currently outnumbered by doctors 2:1) could save more than 200,000 women and child lives in 2015, the report’s authors say.

2. Nutrition

A lack of adequate nutrition for children contributes to the high number of child and maternal deaths. Nearly 40 percent of children under-five are underweight [ http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/pak_en.stm ] and more than half are affected by stunting. 

Poor nutrition weakens the body’s natural defence mechanisms.

But the report also says that malnutrition affects the Pakistani economy, with estimates that it costs the country 3 percent of GDP every year, particularly through reduced productivity in young adults.

3. “Lifestyle diseases”

In Pakistan, as more widely throughout south Asia, non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart problems have replaced communicable diseases like malaria and diarrhoea in the past two decades as the leading causes of death and morbidity.

This general trend has not been matched by an adaptation in the Pakistani health system or government policy. Poor road safety, cheap cigarettes and high-levels of obesity (one in four adults) all lead to preventable deaths.

So-called “lifestyle diseases” could cost the country nearly US$300 million in 2025, according to the report’s authors.

They say the right government action, including higher excise taxes on cigarettes, new legislation, and information campaigns could cut the premature mortality rate from cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and respiratory diseases by 20 percent by 2025.

4. Low public spending

Humanitarian crises provoked by earthquakes, flooding and conflict over the past decade have mobilized large sums of money both internationally and within the country.

But corresponding sums have not been spent on underlying health services, which have the potential to save many more lives.

Public health spending has declined from 1.5 percent of GDP in the late 1980s to less than 1 percent, according to the report - equivalent to less than 4 percent of the government budget.

That has left Pakistanis with little support for medical costs, which are responsible for more than two-thirds of major economic shocks for poor families, according to the Ministry of Social Welfare and Special Education.

Rapid population growth [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96969/Analysis-Tackling-Pakistan-s-population-time-bomb ] only makes what resources are spent on health care produce ever smaller results. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98055/Challenges-to-improving-health-care-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303281135270775t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LAHORE/DUBAI 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Hamza Mazhar, a 35-year-old teacher from Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, says he never wants to see the inside of a government hospital again.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Marshalling smartphones, gravediggers to fight dengue in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305091306350487t.jpg" />]]>LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.</description><body><![CDATA[LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.

“When the police show up, we will throw all these tyres into the basement,” said Rohil Ayub, 18, who runs a downtown repair shop.

“The police fine us a lot, thousands of rupees every time,” he said.

Every few days, police inspectors fine anyone who leaves tyres outside - a nuisance, complain the owners of the hundreds of repair shops in the area but essential, health experts say, for combating dengue, a potentially fatal haemorrhagic fever without a vaccine.

Response

In a four-month outbreak [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93793/PAKISTAN-Dengue-deaths-mount ] in 2011, the mosquito-borne virus infected 21,000 in Pakistan, 85 percent of them in Lahore, leading to 352 deaths.

At the time, a range of rapidly deployed measures, including using smartphone technology, fumigation and the tracing of larvae breeding grounds, were set in motion by the provincial government to help prevent a worse crisis and keep deaths in the hundreds.

“No one expected this kind of political commitment,” said Qutbuddin Kakar, who oversees programmes to combat malaria and dengue in Pakistan for the World Health Organization (WHO). “In this part of the world, at least, we had not seen this kind of response before.”

The anticipated 1,000-plus deaths did not occur, and since then, dengue fever cases have dropped - 200 in the province (Punjab) last year, without any reported deaths.

So, what was done right, and what do the authorities need to do to make sure solutions are long-term?

The tactics developed to prevent another dengue outbreak were first developed in 2011: information campaigns, data-sharing, and destroying mosquito larvae sites.

Hundreds of government entomologists regularly visit cemeteries, public parks, and gardens, testing for aedes mosquitoes and larvae in any sources of water.

The results they collect are processed on site by specially-designed Android based applications on their smartphones, and uploaded to a centralized dengue prevention centre.

There, analysts match the entomological data with reports from hospitals showing where dengue patients are being treated. Based on the findings, a team is sent to fumigate areas where aedes mosquitos seem to be breeding and infecting people, or to identify and remove sources of standing water.

The key season for infections comes with monsoon rains, when the aedes aegyptus and aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which can carry the virus, begin to appear.

Chronology of an outbreak

In August 2011 heavy monsoon rain dumped 13 inches in a week, leaving parts of Lahore with large bodies of standing water, and raising immediate concerns about disease.

By mid-October, the provincial government in Punjab reported that more than 11,000 dengue cases were recorded.

“It was an exponential increase in number, and it really frightened the government,” said Faran Naru, a consultant hired by the provincial government to tackle the problem. “And the issue was resonating in the media... so it created a panic in the public which had to be contained.”

Most people infected with dengue recovered on their own, said Naru, but once media outlets began reporting on the extent of the outbreak, thousands showed up at hospitals and laboratories to get tested.

An initial team of 70 entomologists conducted 12,000 spot-checks to track where aedes mosquitos were present. By mid-October, this data had been mapped, along with the locations of 11,000 reported dengue patients.

The results surprised the scientists. The worst affected areas were some of the wealthiest neighbourhoods of Lahore: Model Town, Race Course, Mozang, and Gulberg.

“I saw that in Model Town there is a big park, and in Race Course there are two of Lahore's biggest parks… and I believe lots of breeding was happening there and mosquitoes were leaving from there and infecting people,” said Naru.

The mosquitoes need fresh water to lay their eggs, and the large puddles in Lahore's biggest public parks proved to be ideal homes.

Another hotspot was the Mozang neighbourhood, home to one of Pakistan's largest graveyards. The 150-acre area was found to be a major breeding ground for mosquitos. Gravediggers had dug large pits to hold water, which they used to soften the dirt when digging.

“It's fresh water,” said Naur, “from the tap, and there were 70 pits, and all of those were infected, full of larvae.”

Back in the hospital, dengue patients were separated into special areas for treatment. The home of each dengue patient was fumigated, along with 12 surrounding houses, three in each direction.

Sanitation workers unclogged sewers and drains in an effort to clear areas of rainwater; and parks, gardens, and cemeteries were also sprayed. Thousands of Mosquitofish and Garden Carp - fish species known to attack mosquito larvae - were also released into ponds and ditch canals.

Within a few weeks, entomologists detected far fewer aedes mosquitoes, and the prevalence of dengue cases rapidly decreased.

A public awareness campaign also helped - with city residents encouraged to use mosquito repellent and bednets, and schoolchildren instructed to wear long-sleeved clothing, despite the monsoon heat.

Lessons learned?

There have only been two cases of dengue fever reported in the province so far this year, suggesting the anti-dengue measures have had an impact.

But the disease tends to come in 2-4 year cycles, and public health officials worry that if the lessons learned from the 2011 outbreak are not institutionalized, future governments might not handle subsequent outbreaks as well.

In March, an interim government took over in Pakistan to oversee national and provincial elections.

“We must see if the government is able to plan long-term for dengue. This was just a short-term response,” said Kakar from WHO.  He says the teams of entomologists and fumigators, and funding resources devoted to surveillance and data transmission, need to continue to work every season.

He also says Pakistan could devote the same kinds of resources to other mosquito-carried diseases like malaria.  

Pakistan sees more than 300,000 cases of malaria every year according to WHO, a figure that would inevitably drop with a successful long-term anti-mosquito campaign.

“So far,” he said, “a negligible amount is spent on malaria eradication in Pakistan. We should expect that all vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue... should be brought together under one programme.”

Kakar says malaria is mostly restricted to rural parts of Pakistan, where healthcare facilities are so bad that it is difficult to even get an accurate count of how many people are dying from the disease.

He said if the government provided good sources of water, in both cities and rural areas, he would expect a major impact on mosquitoes, whether they carry malaria or dengue.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98010/Marshalling-smartphones-gravediggers-to-fight-dengue-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305091306350487t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Red tape hits humanitarian work in NW Pakistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009071353040187t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools, aid workers and polio vaccination teams, and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan ], aid workers [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/487834/swabi-bloodletting-in-grisly-attack-gunmen-kill-seven-aid-workers/ ] and polio vaccination teams [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/481267/targeting-polio-workers/ ], and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.

International and national humanitarian agencies in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KP) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) often face long delays waiting for local officials to grant the relevant permits.

Since 2005, procedures to obtain No Objection Certificates (NOCs) for projects and travel have made it more difficult to deliver vital aid, and in at least one case, led directly to the cancellation of projects.

Relief and recovery projects in FATA and KP require project NOCs, while international staff, including UN workers, also require travel NOCs to move around.

“We had applied for a project implementation NOC to begin a project in livestock in the Kurram Agency to the FATA Disaster Management Authority in February, and had planned the project in December last year, but have still had no response,” said Anwar Shah, CEO of the Peshawar-based national NGO Shid, which works in livestock, livelihood and education.

“Now the local livestock authorities in Kurram say it is too late to start - so everyone suffers.”

Hearing reports of delays, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) set about getting a more comprehensive picture by gathering data from agencies operating in the area.

“The problem is not a new one. It has been there for some time, but now rather than just anecdotal accounts, we are trying to properly monitor the situation and create a database to engage the authorities on this issue based on evidence,” Christina Alfirev, OCHA humanitarian affairs officer in Islamabad, told IRIN.

Of the 18 humanitarian agencies who submitted data [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20Pakistan%20Issue%2013.pdf ] on NOC project requests in January and February, related to 27 projects, 21 were still being processed; only five had been approved and one had been rejected without explanation, as of early March.

Average processing time for project NOCs in KP as of the end of February was found to be 53 days and 66 days for FATA instead of the six weeks indicated by government authorities.  One NGO had to wait 118 days for an NOC.

The OCHA bulletin published 4 April 2013 says the delays are “hampering the provision of critical services” and calls on local authorities to speed up the paperwork “to enable timely assistance to people in need in KP and FATA.”

The bulletin says one emergency project had to be cancelled because of delays, while another had to be reduced in scope.

The paper trail

Humanitarian projects in KP need an NOC from the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk/PaRRSA/Humanitarian_Coordination.php ], and must be requested at least six weeks in advance.

Expatriate staff also need an NOC for travel; and in February the Home Department in KP said applications should be made “at least 6-8 weeks prior to the visit”, something one international humanitarian worker, who asked not to be named, told IRIN that if implemented, “means regular visits to projects are nearly impossible.”

Donors have been expressing concern to the government about the delays these moves could create if implemented, and there are some indications the authorities may be prepared to revoke the policy.

Applications go to the home department of the provincial government in Peshawar, and then can often follow a trail of authorizations and approvals from various military units, as well as the Inter-Services Intelligence.

“A key reason for the new procedures is security concerns. The government is worried a foreign worker or local NGO worker may be harmed, and this brings it a bad name. I think recent events like attacks on polio workers are a factor in the decisions taken,” said a PDMA official in KP who preferred anonymity because he was not authorized to speak with the press.

The delays witnessed by agencies in the last few months are also affecting relations with donors, some of whom do not transfer funds until project NOCs have been issued.

“The Project NOC is valid for six months. Then the same game starts again. At this time I have been waiting now more than six weeks for the extension of an NOC,” said the aid worker, adding that donors usually extend a project’s lifespan, though without increasing budgets, which means they are almost inevitably reduced in size, something donors do not always understand.

“Right now one of our donors is very unhappy,” he said.

Permit mission creep

Alfirev said project implementation permits date back to the 2005 earthquake which killed 73,000 people in the north: “The procedure was put in place by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority [ http://www.erra.pk/ ] set up by the government after that disaster, and was really intended to coordinate the many agencies working in the quake zone and prevent duplication. The process worked smoothly then.”

All organizations working on relief and early recovery activities in KP/FATA are required to either apply for Project NOCs [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk ] for projects lasting up to six months, or apply for a Memorandum of Understanding for projects [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk/PaRRSA/Humanitarian_Coordination.php ] lasting more than six months.

Since 2005, there have been a series of additions to the list of documents and information needed when making NOC requests.

The latest came in February this year with the government’s announcement of a 6-8 week requirement for travel NOCs, against the normal 5-7 working days.

The Home and Tribal Affairs Department issued new directives for travel NOCs for 10 (out of 25) KP districts - Malakand, Swat, Upper and Lower Dir, Buner, Shangla, Chitral, DI Khan, Tank and Hangu. The Law and Order Department issued a similar directive covering FATA.

Humanitarian agencies are hoping the new time-scale will be officially reduced to the previous 5-7 working days, and as yet it does not seem the 6-8 week policy is being applied on the ground.

“Since 2008, the humanitarian community has raised US$1.38 billion in funding for people affected by violence in northwestern Pakistan. In order to ensure that the assistance is delivered to the people in need, we depend on the government to facilitate humanitarian operations and ease bureaucratic hurdles,” said Lynn Hastings, OCHA country director.

Aid workers say the delays are making it more difficult to deliver aid to KP and FATA. “People suffer when there are delays,” said Shah of Shid NGO.

In Mingora, the principal town in KP’s Swat District, Abdul Wali, 45, who lost his farm in the 2010 floods [ http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-6735391.html ], told IRIN: “There is a desperate need for more projects, more development here. So many people are jobless, and need help.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97908/Red-tape-hits-humanitarian-work-in-NW-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009071353040187t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools, aid workers and polio vaccination teams, and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Slow retreat of monsoon floods in Pakistan hinders recovery</title><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109190842460718t.jpg" />]]>SUKKUR 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - It is seven months since the monsoon rains fell on Mohammed Qayyum’s village in the Taib area of Shikarpur District in Pakistan’s southern province of Sindh.</description><body><![CDATA[SUKKUR 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - It is seven months since the monsoon rains fell on Mohammed Qayyum’s village in the Taib area of Shikarpur District in Pakistan’s southern province of Sindh.

The third straight year of devastating monsoon flooding in Pakistan destroyed his home and flooded his fields. He knocked together a temporary shelter for his family and tried to wait patiently for the waters to disappear.

But months after September’s rains, the water was still there.

“I waited and waited, and then I ran out of money. The help from the government and the NGOs was not enough, and the water just won’t drain,” Qayyum, 42, told IRIN.

By December, Qayyum had used up all his savings, and left his wife and three children behind and travelled to nearby Sukkur, where he set up a small fruit stall with money he borrowed from a cousin.

“I couldn’t grow anything, and the land from where the water has drained is in really bad shape. [Selling fruit] is the only way I can buy some food for my family.”

Qayyum is among the 1.2 million people in Pakistan still affected by the 2012 monsoon floods, and unable to return to their homes. They are living either in makeshift shelters next to their damaged houses, or in temporary settlements [ http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IaZV7zwPDF4%3d&tabid=148&mid=915 ].

Since the floods

Most of those affected by the floods in Sindh, the worst hit province, are farmers and the months the water took to dissipate meant they lost what would have been their main source of food and income in 2013, and diminished hopes of a quick recovery. 

Some 485,000 hectares of cropland was affected by the 2012 floods across Pakistan, where agriculture is the backbone of the economy [ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/monsoon/2012/damages/january/damages_details_23_01_2013.pdf ].

Savings can help them survive for a short time, but the length of time the floodwaters took to recede means such reserves often run-out - and when land does become available again, they lack the capital to invest in planting crops.

They were unable to plant crops for the winter season and with water still standing over swathes of cropland, the next season may be affected as well.

By January - four months after the flooding - 374sqkm [ http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/UNICEF_2012_Floods_Update_18_January_2013.pdf ] of land remained under water in Sindh’s Jacobabad, Qambar Shadhad Kot and Dadu districts, according to analysis of satellite imagery by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 

The UN estimates that nearly 170,000 families need agricultural materials like seeds and fertilizer in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan, and over 100,000 need feed for livestock. Extensive damage to critical infrastructure, like roads and irrigation channels, compounds the crisis.

East of Shikarpur, in the village of Mir Sikander in Sindh’s Jacobabad District, 35-year-old rice farmer Mohammed Hayat leaves home soon after dawn to look for work as a labourer. 

His fields have been under water since September and without the agricultural income he had anticipated, he has little chance of rebuilding his life.

“The water has not drained and I don’t know what it will leave behind,” Hayat said. “It has been months now, and I don’t know when it will drain. I have to forget about the rice and find work elsewhere.”

Sindh is almost entirely flat - one reason why water from the last three monsoon floods drained very slowly [ http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/RSO_SUPARCO_Floods.pdf ].

“The gentle slope of the land in Sindh makes natural drainage more difficult,” said Saifullah Bullo, deputy director at the Sindh Provincial Disaster Management Authority.

“Other factors compound the problem too. The irrigation and man-made drainage systems are not in proper shape, not properly maintained. The soil in some areas is also the type that tends to hold water.”

It is not just the crops that have suffered because of standing water.

The pools of stagnant water are ideal breeding grounds for mosquitos, a constant threat to the health of the villagers.

“My kids are feverish very often, which really worries me,” Hayat said. “I try to make sure that they drink the cleanest water we can get, but there are so many mosquitos.”

Fearful

Having suffered from floods three years in a row, Pakistan’s authorities and humanitarian organizations are worried about the prospects of another flood, with the rainy season expected to begin in July.

Some preparations are under way, including training local officials to respond more quickly and better to a disaster situation.

In villages like Mir Sikander, where the water from the last rainy season is still standing, villagers are acutely aware of the fact that things will get far worse with another flood.

“We don’t talk about it all the time, but you can tell that everyone is thinking about July, when the rains will come,” said Shah Nawaz, 32, another rice farmer from Mir Sikander. 

“Everyone is scared; old people, young people, little children.”

Pakistan’s government and aid workers consider the economic rehabilitation of the flood-hit areas to be a key medium-to-long-term priority, but any future development work will have to wait in areas like Jacobabad and Shikarpur where large tracts of farmland remain under water.

In Sukkur, farmer-turned-fruit seller Qayyum cannot stop thinking about the monsoon floods.

“They now come every year,” he said. “If there is another flood this year, I will not be able to grow anything for another year. The land will die.”

Reviving agriculture recovery in the flood-hit districts of northern Sindh will prove to be a significant challenge, with humanitarian organizations struggling to fund their recovery plan and key areas like food, health, sanitation and shelter still needing attention.

Only 32 percent of the US$169 million needed for the Monsoon Humanitarian Operation Plan has been funded [ http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=QW_K8TltCeo%3d&tabid=148&mid=915 ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97904/Slow-retreat-of-monsoon-floods-in-Pakistan-hinders-recovery</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109190842460718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SUKKUR 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - It is seven months since the monsoon rains fell on Mohammed Qayyum’s village in the Taib area of Shikarpur District in Pakistan’s southern province of Sindh.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Far from home, but closer to school in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.

But fleeing home has come with an unexpected benefit - for the first time the girls are going to school.

“They were so excited to get pencils and crayons from their teacher,” said their mother, Ameena Bibi, who herself never attended school.

They had fled recent fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97760/Fighting-in-Pakistan-s-Tirah-Valley-displaces-40-000-people ] in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency, part of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), along with nearly 48,000 other recently displaced people - almost half of them children [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

Far from home, many having travelled for days by foot, these families are in need of temporary shelter, food, clean water and other essentials - which the government and aid agencies are having difficulty providing.

Of the US$366 million needed for humanitarian assistance in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province this year, only $64 million is currently available, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Still, the camp offers educational services at a level that were simply not available back home.

“A few days ago I enrolled my two daughters,” Bibi told IRIN. “It was easy because so many little girls were going, and camp staff came and helped them enrol. At our home village in the Tirah Valley, there is no school close enough to our home for the girls to attend.”

Literacy and school enrolment rates back home in FATA are the lowest in the country.

“The overall literacy rate in FATA is 19.9 percent, and literacy rate is 34.2 percent for boys and 5.75 percent for girls,” said Deeba Shabnam, education programme officer for UNICEF in Peshawar, the capital of KP Province.

Yet at the camp, she said, overall literacy stands at 42.7 percent - 44.4 percent for boys and 37 percent for girls.

She attributed this improvement to “strong community mobilization, accessible schools, child-friendly learning environments, and school supplies provided to schools and students.”

Returning home

The recent mass flight from Tirah Valley was just the latest in many waves of displacement from FATA; Pakistan may soon become one of the few countries with more than a million internally displaced persons (IDPs) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

IDPs who have returned home in the last few years say the absence of quality education feels more acute after spending time at Jalozai.

“There are just no good schools here. We have moved to Khar [the principal city of Bajaur Agency, FATA] so my children could get a decent education, since schools in our village are very poor,” said Muhammad Saleemullah, a father of three.

But he complained that many teachers had left Bajaur to escape fighting, and that standards were poor. He feared his 12-year-old son would drop out as he found it “useless”.

“He and my two younger children miss the far better school they attended at Jalozai, where we lived for three years, till late 2011,” Saleemullah said.

Owais Khan fled conflict in Bajaur Agency in 2004, and ended up in Jalozai. There, his two daughters, now 13 and 15, started school. Khan returned to his village last year.

“There was no school beyond primary level in our village. My daughters are bright and so keen to learn; I sent them to Peshawar to live with my sister, gain an education and have a better future,” he said.

He added that “most girls who come back from camp schools give up learning”, at least in Bajaur, where he said the few available schools are of very poor quality.

But while parents like Saleemullah and Khan are disappointed by the schools at home, they say living in the camps has given them a stronger appreciation of education.

“I know families from FATA areas who had previously not enrolled [their] children in schools, choosing to do so once they return from Jalozai,” said Muhammad Sadiq, a volunteer teacher at the camp.

“One child I began teaching in 2006 has just done very well in his school-leaving exams in Kurram Agency, and will be going to college in Kohat [a town in KP], so camp education does influence lives, in some cases at least. This boy, Hakim, will have a better future,” Sadiq said.

FATA: bottom of the class

“The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded the pace of growth in education sector,” said a 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [ http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf ] carried out by the FATA Secretariat, with support from the government and UN agencies.

“Bearing in mind FATA has a traditional society, with low economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority,” it said.

Primary level enrolment rates in FATA stand at 46.3 percent - 64.8 percent for boys and 26.8 percent for girls - while national primary enrolment for both genders stands at over 90 percent, according to government data.

Not only are communities often isolated and undeveloped, but some schools have been targeted by fighters in the area.

A September 2012 media report [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/students-left-behind-pakistans-tribal-regions ] said: “Schools are a popular target for militants, often because they educate girls or because their curriculum is not considered Islamic enough for the Pakistani Taliban, which wields significant influence in the region.”

An estimated one in every 10 schools in FATA has been destroyed since 2008, according to information from the FATA Secretariat. The school that remain are often without teachers, many of whom have fled. And parents fear sending their children to schools that could end up being attacked.

School registration at Jalozai camp was suspended after a bomb attack on 21 March, but with 35 to 40 percent of the camp’s 60,000 residents [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/D927619B0A8659BB802570A7004BDA56?OpenDocument ] under the age of 18, education services are considered paramount, and schools resumed after three days.

“It is amazing when children come to school for the first time and begin to discover small marks on paper mean something,” said Sadiq.

There are currently 25 schools running at Jalozai, 13 for boys and 12 for girls, with a total 7,000 children in attendance. The smaller Togh Sarai camp in Hangu District, KP Province - population 5,800 - has two schools run by the local government and UNICEF, with 800 children enrolled.

Sadiq told IRIN that children who came from schools in many FATA areas were often surprised that they were “not beaten or treated unkindly at schools here and loved learning in a pleasant environment.”

“I believe the exposure to better quality education helps parents realize its value.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Fighting in Pakistan’s Tirah Valley displaces 40,000 people</title><pubDate>Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002141124320636t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 01 April 2013 (IRIN) - Around 40,000 residents of Pakistan’s Tirah Valley, close to the border with Afghanistan, have fled their homes after renewed fighting in the last few days, according to the Disaster Management Authority in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FDMA).</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 01 April 2013 (IRIN) - Around 40,000 residents of Pakistan’s Tirah Valley, close to the border with Afghanistan, have fled their homes after renewed fighting in the last few weeks, according to the Disaster Management Authority in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FDMA).

Most of the refugees from the Khyber Agency are heading towards Kohat, Hangu and Peshawar districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province or to the Kurram Agency in the tribal belt.

“My wife, my elderly mother and my two brothers walked for over 14 hours to reach safety,” said Abdullah Khan, 30. He is now staying with relatives in Peshawar.

He said his wife, seven months pregnant, was “suffering severe stomach cramps.” He and his brothers had carried their mother until they found a truck to give them a lift, as “she is quite frail and unable to walk for more than 30 minutes or so”.

Aid agencies have given similarly harrowing accounts. The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) said many had walked for hours “without any access to basic services, such as shelter and water” [ http://www.nrc.no/?did=9672322 ].

The government provided some transport to those fleeing.

“People have suffered tremendously, escaping the violence and struggling for their lives. Most of them left their homes and their livelihood behind without being able to bring any belongings but the bare minimum to sustain the journey out of the valley,” said Saeed Ullah Khan, country director of NRC.

Escalating hostilities

According to the Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, some 750,000 persons are already internally displaced in Pakistan due to conflict and natural disasters [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/D927619B0A8659BB802570A7004BDA56?OpenDocument ].

The “escalation of hostilities in [the] Bagh Maidan area of Tirah Valley in Khyber Agency has resulted in the displacement of over 5,200 families (40,600 individuals). The displacements started mid-last week. Most of the IDPs [internally displaced people] are children (46 per cent) and women (32 per cent),” according to an update by the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), citing information from the FDMA.

Fighting between government soldiers and militants in Tirah Valley, which has strategically important routes into Afghanistan, has been underway for several months, but intensified recently with militants seizing control of key areas [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/527310/fall-of-tirah-valley/ ].

The conflict is a complicated one, involving at least three militant groups that also have internal divisions.

The humanitarian community is setting up operations to register the 40,000 IDPs and provide assistance at the New Durrani, Jalozai and Togh Sarai IDP camps, said Jean-Luc Siblot, the Acting Humanitarian Coordinator for aid agencies in Pakistan and the World Food Programme’s country representative.

“Expectations are that the caseload is likely to grow and for tensions to continue. Agencies are monitoring the situation closely”, he said.

Security concerns hamper aid

Those fleeing have not always ended up in safer places. A car bomb blast at a food distribution point at the Jalozai Camp last week left 17 dead [ http://dawn.com/2013/03/22/car-bomb-kills-17-in-jalozai-camp/ ] and many others injured.

The district police officer, Muhammad Hussain, told IRIN, “We believe the blast may have been carried out by militants targeting tribespeople who opposed them and fled their villages as they moved in to capture these areas.”

The security threat is making it more difficult for humanitarian groups to provide aid.

“The humanitarian community is monitoring the situation and stands ready to start humanitarian assistance to the IDPs as soon as the government puts in place the security mitigation measures,” said the OCHA update.

IDPs, meanwhile, continue to struggle.

“We have received no help at all, and don’t know what to do. We could bring nothing with us, and have no clothing, food, documents or cash,” said Abdullah Khan, who is also trying to seek urgent medical attention for his ailing wife and work out what to do next.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97760/Fighting-in-Pakistan-s-Tirah-Valley-displaces-40-000-people</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002141124320636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 01 April 2013 (IRIN) - Around 40,000 residents of Pakistan’s Tirah Valley, close to the border with Afghanistan, have fled their homes after renewed fighting in the last few days, according to the Disaster Management Authority in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FDMA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Battling militants’ ban on polio vaccines in Pakistan’s North Waziristan</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303280748410869t.jpg" />]]>BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.

Abdul Hassan* emerged recently from the district hospital in Bannu, just outside North Waziristan, clutching his toddler son and niece. Their 100km bus ride from Miranshah, the administrative centre of North Waziristan, was well worth it, he said, because he was able to get the children vaccinated.

“The children have received polio drops, which they had not received for over a year, and that is a relief,” he told IRIN.

Militants in the area banned [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/394962/cover-for-us-spies-n-waziristan-warlord-bans-polio-vaccination/ ] all polio vaccinations in June 2012, to protest the killing of civilians by drones.

Around “200,000 children have been missed [by polio immunization drives] as a result of the ban in North and South Waziristan”, said Mazhar Nisar, health education adviser at the Prime Minister’s Polio Monitoring and Coordination Cell in Islamabad.

He said this “of course meant greater chances of the virus spreading and endangering more children.”

Despite eradication efforts, polio remains endemic in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria.

Battling the ban

The government is trying a carrot-and-stick approach to get the ban reversed.

“We are making what efforts we can to bring [the ban] to an end, so the anti-polio campaign can resume,” said Fawad Khan, health director at the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Secretariat in Peshawar.
Nisar told IRIN that the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, officials at the FATA Secretariat and the political agent - a representative of the federal government - in North Waziristan were “all attempting to talk to tribal elders and sort out matters so anti-polio drives could resume.”

In addition to the negotiations, they are also using colonial-era legislation to impose collective punishment on the areas.

In December 2012, using powers available to him under the Frontier Crimes Regulation of 1901 [ http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/frontier-crimes-regulation-fcr-1901 ], the political agent for North Waziristan put in place measures [ http://dawn.com/2012/12/18/north-waziristan-tribes-lose-perks-for-not-supporting-anti-polio-drive/ ] that included denying tribal people of North Waziristan passports, national identity cards and other official documentation if community leaders don’t overturn the ban.

A small honorarium to tribal elders was also stopped and development work in some areas has been suspended.

The steps were taken after the Wazir and Dawar tribes declined to back the anti-polio programme, Political Agent Siraj Ahmed Khan said.

Militants had also imposed a polio vaccination ban in South Waziristan [ http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-7-116727-Taliban-ban-anti-polio-campaign-in-South-Waziristan ] but Nisar said this had since been “somewhat relaxed.”

A doctor, who asked not to be identified, at the hospital in Wana, the administrative centre of South Waziristan, told IRIN, “Generally people are allowed to bring people into the hospital to receive anti-polio drops, but teams are not permitted to move in the field to deliver them.”

So far, the government’s tactics in North Wazirstan have not led to a relaxation of the unofficial community ban.

Parents act to protect their children

“Our children are still not receiving drops. We are scared for them,” Amina Bibi*, from near Miranshah, told IRIN.

Bibi said she had seen “adults who had suffered polio,” and “was scared of what could happen if the children are not protected.”

Other parents with similar concerns are taking matters into their own hands.

Some “take their children to larger towns like Peshawar or Bannu to receive the polio drops”, said journalist Ayesha Hasan. Peshawar is about 285km from Miranshah.

“My infant son is too young to travel, so I went to Bannu and brought back some vaccines. Doctors there put it in a plastic bottle, packed ice around it and I hid it in a tin of dried milk,” Hazir Gul*, 30, told IRIN.

“They told me how to give the drops, and I also brought home enough for two neighbours with small children,” he said. “I was really scared the militants would discover what I was doing.”

Javed Khan, who works at a clinic in Peshawar, the capital of KP province, told IRIN, “At least a dozen or so families have come to me over the past six months or so and taken vaccine home.”

Distrust, misinformation

An administrative official in Miranshah, who asked not to be named, said, “Yes we know parents are bringing in vaccine. They are desperate, and we try to help discreetly.”

These actions take considerable courage as they expose the parents to potential violence from the anti-polio vaccine militants. The militants in North Waziristan have campaigned vigorously against the polio vaccine, and, according to Hasan, “planted in the minds of people the idea that it may be harmful for their children in some way.”

She said that even people who had previously served as polio immunization workers have voiced suspicions that the vaccine could affect reproduction or be harmful in other ways.

A polio vaccination centre in Bannu District, close to the border of North Waziristan, is a popular choice for parents hunting for the vaccine.

But, as Gul said, “It is not easy to move long distances with children, and the militants could find out where we are going.” He added, “So far whatever measures the government is taking seem to have had no impact here.”

*not real names

kh/jj/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97743/Battling-militants-ban-on-polio-vaccines-in-Pakistan-s-North-Waziristan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303280748410869t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Building flash flood resilience in Pakistan’s mountainous regions</title><pubDate>Thu, 07 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/211252t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 07 March 2013 (IRIN) - In his village near Muzaffarabad, capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Nazeer Butt, 40, points to his ruined house on a steep mountainside.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 07 March 2013 (IRIN) - In his village near Muzaffarabad, capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Nazeer Butt, 40, points to his ruined house on a steep mountainside.

“Three outer walls caved in and the roof was damaged when a torrent raced down the hill and hit it last month,” Butt told IRIN.

He is currently living with a neighbour, while he attempts to rebuild the house. He has sent his family of five to live with relatives.

Flash floods in February caused damage over a wide area, killing “29 people in various areas”, according to Adnan Khan, spokesman for the Provincial Disaster Management Authority in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KP).

They tend to be much more destructive than regular flooding because of the element of surprise, and the force of the water, which carries far more boulders and other debris, destroying infrastructure like roads, dams and irrigation systems.

A new report [ http://lib.icimod.org/record/27767/files/Case-study-on%20%20FFRM.pdf ] by the Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) [ http://www.icimod.org/ ] says a “growing body of evidence indicates that the frequency and intensity of flash floods are increasing in the countries of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region.”

The cause

ICIMOD works in eight countries in this region, to help communities understand and adapt to the impact of human development and climate change.

Flash floods can be created when glacial lakes, bodies of water created by retreated glaciers, burst their banks. 

An ICIMOD survey identified 5,000 glaciers in Pakistan, of which 52 look to pose a risk of triggering flash floods.

Sudden heavy rainfall during the monsoon can also trigger flash flooding: In September 2012 the hilly Jaffarabad and Naseerabad districts of Balochistan were badly hit [ http://forpakistan.org/fpdata/army-and-fc-carry-rescue-operations-in-flood-affected-areas-of-baluchistan/ ]. Over 7,000 people were affected, according to the Balochistan government focal person on floods, Akbar Hussain Durrani, and he says some are still struggling to rebuild their lives. 

Rainfall in the region is frequently heavy and localized, a phenomenon sometimes called a cloudburst, which can cause a sudden flood of water that surprises downstream villages which may not have had any rain at all.

“My home was washed away, so were my lands. I have no money to rebuild them,” said Afzal Baloch, currently living with his family in a makeshift shack along a road leading out of the town of Dera Murad Jamali in Balochistan’s Naseerabad District.

“The sight of entire rivers of water sweeping down the hillside and washing away homes and everything else was just horrific. I will never forget it.”

Preparing for the unexpected

These are some of the poorest parts of Pakistan and hill villagers feel they have little choice but to accept the risks.

But although flash floods are classed as unexpected extreme weather events, communities are by no means powerless and several measures can be taken to build resilience.

“Flash floods are fairly common. We try to raise awareness within communities about minimizing damage,” said Khan of the KP Disaster Management Authority.

In KP’s Chitral District a project was started in 2008 to set up an Early Warning System to provide people with a few minutes of warning in advance of the flooding, by using mosque loudspeakers and text messaging.

Around 90 percent of the district is at risk of flash flooding, according to ICIMOD.

Community leaders have taken part in workshops on how to help them reduce the damage floods cause, and manage such disasters when they happen.

Villages also carried out “dry runs” of disaster management strategies, and established evacuation routes and safe areas of ground that residents can escape to.

Volunteers from mountain villagers are now organized in Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) by NGO FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance [ http://www.akdn.org/FOCUS ], the implementing partner used by ICIMOD. These volunteers are the first responders in the event of a flash flood. 

“Some basic response equipment [is] provided to them in order to prepare them locally,” said Salmanuddin Shah, programme manager of FOCUS.

“So far there are around 120 CERTs across Pakistan and they have been able to respond to many local disasters, saving many lives and properties.”

Using satellite imagery to identify the areas most at risk of flash floods, community leaders can work out how to reduce risks and prepare for such emergencies.

“The emphasis was on making us aware about how to lessen the damage caused by floods by, for example, preserving pastures so that the plantations growing on them could help stop flash floods pouring down hillsides,” said Hammed Uddin, a participant from the village of Zaith in Chitral, one of four selected for the ICIMOD/FOCUS flash flood programme in the area to the west of the Yarkhun river.

The centre of Zaith village is at the point where two streams coming from different directions meet, and so is particularly vulnerable to flash floods.

CERT training workshops give information on reducing damage when flash floods come, basic rescue techniques and practical things villages can do to reduce the likelihood of flash floods in the future.

Tree planting and gabion boxes

Tree-planting is encouraged as a way to stop erosion, slow down water run-off, and also slow down the decline of glaciers.

“Human activity and interference with the natural environment, such as overgrazing in the upper catchment and deforestation, compound the problem, as lack of vegetation causes direct runoff which can trigger a flash flood. This, together with climate change, is contributing to increases in the frequency and magnitude of flash floods in the study area,” says the ICIMOD report on resilience programmes. 

Water channels, check dams and gabion retaining walls made from packing stones in a wire frame have also been built in some of the villages as part of the structural mitigation programmes implemented in collaboration with the government.

Potentially life-saving equipment and supplies are also stockpiled in case of emergency.

Scaling up

There is no definitive data so far on how many lives such initiatives have saved, though volunteers have put their skills into action on several occasions since 2010 to help families affected by flash floods.

Hundreds have died in the past 50 years in these villages, and “flash floods and debris flow are the dominant hazards in Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral,” said Shah from FOCUS.

But a wider question is how successfully such initiatives can be scaled-up from providing training and equipment to a handful of villages, to building region-wide resilience. 

Pakistan does not yet have a national strategy that specifically plans for dealing with flash flooding, but in late February the country’s National Disaster Management Committee approved a new Disaster Risk Reduction policy [ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/news_room.php#drrpolicy_21_02_2013 ] to help the country build resilience to extreme climate events like floods, avalanches and landslides.

It recommends the wide application of solutions similar to those seen in the flash flood-prone valleys of KP.

"The fact that Pakistan experiences a range of regularly occurring hazards provides a strong rationale for investing in multi-hazard Early Warning Systems that provide advance warnings to both decision-makers and communities,” says the policy.

kh/jj/cb

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Building resilience

A series of articles exploring what resilience means for vulnerable communities, and its impact on the architecture of aid
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97606/Building-flash-flood-resilience-in-Pakistan-s-mountainous-regions</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/211252t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 07 March 2013 (IRIN) - In his village near Muzaffarabad, capital of Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Nazeer Butt, 40, points to his ruined house on a steep mountainside.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How best to serve Pakistan’s 750,000 IDPs?</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303011007410342t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Residents escaping the latest round of fighting in Khyber Agency in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) say they did not even have time to bury their dead before leaving their homes in the Tirah valley.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Residents escaping the latest round of fighting in Khyber Agency in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) say they did not even have time to bury their dead before leaving their homes in the Tirah valley.

They are the latest of hundreds of thousands of people who have fled their homes in the tribal belt close to Pakistan’s border with Afghanistan over the past five years of Pakistani military operations.

Conflict is not the only cause of displacement - natural disasters have also played a role, creating what humanitarians call a “complex emergency”.

But despite the existence of camps set up for internally displaced persons (IDPs) where the government and humanitarian organizations provide assistance, most choose to flee elsewhere - creating a challenge for those wanting to help these vulnerable communities.

Over 75,000 people live in three established IDP camps (such as Jalozai, a half-hour drive from Peshawar) which house families in tents or makeshift structures, and provide food aid, medical facilities and drinking water. They also serve as a central registration point for families arriving from areas hit by conflict or natural disaster.

Large though these camps are, they only account for 10 percent of the three-quarters of a million IDPs, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%2BHumanitarian%2BBulletin%2BJanuary%2B2013_FINAL_31%2BJanuary%2B2013.pdf ].

Humanitarian agencies are increasingly being pushed to take care of those who prefer to live elsewhere; often in Peshawar, the capital of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KP), and elsewhere in KP.

NGOs and the UN working in Pakistan carry out so-called IDP vulnerability assessment and profiling (IVAP) surveys to gather information on where off-camp IDPs are, and the type of support they need - from shelter and food to health care and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) assistance.

They also gather information about what IDPs say they will need on returning to their homes, generally in FATA - with housing, security and agriculture of particular concern to families.

IVAP findings are then passed to humanitarian partners in an effort to ensure that assistance is targeted where there is the greatest need.

The European Commission-funded IVAP project recommends that aid agencies prioritize assistance for off-camp families, 82 percent of whom have to pay rent and live in difficult, cramped conditions [ http://www.ivap.org.pk/MultiClusterFindings.aspx ].

IDPs outside the camps

Providing humanitarian services outside of the camp environment can be challenging.

IDPs have direct access to facilities at camps, but tribal customs, perceptions of camp life and a preference to stay with relatives and friends, mean a large number of IDPs choose to live outside the camps, making it more difficult for the authorities and humanitarian organizations to keep track of them and offer assistance.

Those providing aid, and the IDPs receiving it, would be better served if distribution was decentralized, said Sobat Khan Afridi, chairman of the Tehreek-e-Mutasireen Khyber Agency, an NGO set up by different political parties to assist IDPs.

“It is easier for larger organizations, especially international NGOs, to operate from the camp as it is easier to manage for them. The problem is that it is still difficult for all the families not living at the camp to reach Jalozai and get aid,” said Afridi.

“It would be better if they set up distribution points across Peshawar in the areas where a lot of IDPs live. That would mean less stress for the authorities at Jalozai, and less problems for off-camp IDPs too.”

Yar Mohammed, 29, arrived in Peshawar from Tirah in January after walking with his family for five days, much of the journey through heavy snow. He says going to Jalozai was not an option.

“I spoke to some people who told me the facilities at Jalozai are not enough. They were going to give just one tent to us, and that will not do for 10 people.”

Instead, Mohammed stayed with his cousin until he found a three-room mud house in the Scheme Chowk area of Peshawar. He pays 4,000 Pakistan rupees (US$41) a month, and hopes to move his family to a better house soon.

“The movement of off-camp families, especially those from Khyber, is very volatile. Sometimes they are living with relatives. If they can afford it, they rent a house of their own. We try our best to register all of them, but it is a challenge,” said Faiz Muhammad, the KP government’s chief coordinator for IDPs.

Efforts are made to keep in touch with families who choose to live among relatives or rent property. The government uses mobile phone numbers to register families living off-camp, and officials try to reach families that are not registered in this way during monthly food distributions at designated points, he added.

“Even if they are not staying at camp, most of them visit the food distribution points and that allows us to get information from them, give them information and assess the situation.”

Humanitarian organizations and the government have identified areas in and around Peshawar with a high concentration of IDPs, and some assistance, such as medical care, is also provided in those areas.

"Identifying off-camp families was a challenge because of the reluctance of many IDP families to register, as well as humanitarian organizations’ own security concerns. That was overcome to some extent by mapping families initially based on information from IDPs living in camps, and then expanding the effort to surveys of off-camp families in host communities,” said an aid worker with Save the Children in Pakistan who preferred anonymity.

Moving on

Khalid Shah from Khyber Agency lives in Sufaid Dheri, a Peshawar neighbourhood that is home to an estimated 250 displaced families. Two years ago, worried about the safety of his children as fighting escalated in the town of Bara, he boarded up his small shop and left home. His first stop was Jalozai.

“Everyone told me that going to the camp was the best idea. It was safe and there was food and shelter. But after a couple of months, I couldn’t take it any more,” Shah, 42, said.

He started commuting from Jalozai to Sufaid Dheri, where he would earn a daily wage loading and unloading goods in a market. Today, he lives in a two-room apartment in the same neighbourhood with his family. He remains registered with the Jalozai authorities, and often travels to the camp if he requires assistance.

“I have managed to move here, but my brother and his family are still in Jalozai. He works here with me but stays registered there. You never know,” said Shah. The brothers also take turns visiting their land and their shop in Bara every month.

For many families, pessimistic about the prospects of peace in their villages and towns, the next step is to plan for a new life away from Khyber. Many have sold their land to buy property in and around Peshawar. Those with the money have set up businesses too.

“The day I am convinced Bara is peaceful, I am going back,” said Shah.

However, those without even modest financial resources are the real challenge for policymakers in terms of a return strategy. The poorest of the IDPs have no option but to register and live in camps like Jalozai, where the services provided are far superior to what they could hope for back home.

“The ones in the camps are the most vulnerable. They have no other means or resources to set up something else for themselves. They get health, education and food at the camp,” said Faiz Muhammad of the KP government.

“It’s an obvious question: why would they go back?” 

Security fears

Pakistani officials say return plans cannot be successful until peace is established in the affected areas.

“We can only begin working on a return programme for IDPs after the government and the military determine that the affected area is safe,” said Faiz Muhammad.

In a refugee camp on the outskirts of Pakistan’s capital Islamabad, home to many families displaced by the conflict on the border with Afghanistan, Sher Mohammed, from the Mohmand Agency in FATA, says the military has cleared his village, but his family members that visited still fear militant attacks.

“My cousins went back last summer and they had to come back because it was still dangerous there. I can’t afford to go back unless it is absolutely safe. It costs 50,000 rupees to take my family back. If it’s not safe, I’ll have to spend another 50,000 rupees to come back here,” said the 40-year-old. “I don’t have that kind of money.”

rc/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97570/How-best-to-serve-Pakistan-s-750-000-IDPs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303011007410342t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Residents escaping the latest round of fighting in Khyber Agency in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) say they did not even have time to bury their dead before leaving their homes in the Tirah valley.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How justice works in Pakistan’s tribal areas and beyond</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207050724420908t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan&apos;s tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan's tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.

Talking to IRIN from the town of Khar in Bajaur, he said “tribal justice” was practised in the country, and killings had been carried out following verdicts delivered by `jirgas’ (gatherings of unelected tribal elders).

He did not see these as extra-judicial killings or a violation of the law, saying: “We have our own means to keep order here… Yes, over the years, killings have been carried out on `jirga’ orders - for murder, adultery or other offences.”

Traditional justice is strong in many of these areas - but that comes at the expense of universally accepted legal rights, say campaigners.

“The `jirga’ may offer justice in some cases, but there are flaws and there is evidence that the will of powerful tribal elders holds sway over the less influential,” Asad Jamal, a Lahore-based lawyer, told IRIN. The less influential, he said, “would include women”.

The `jirga’ courts are a community-based form of justice, deciding right and wrong in areas where national official judicial structures are out of reach.

Their power is particularly strong in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which are only covered by limited parts of the Pakistan Penal Code and the 1973 constitution.

Instead, FATA operates under the Frontier Crimes Regulation [ http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/fcr_2011.pdf ] (FCR) of 1901: colonial-era laws that condone collective punishments and lack a right of appeal or trial by jury.

Those who campaign against the justice of `jirgas’, say they often deliver injustice, in part because women have so little power over their decisions.

“Since women are not represented on the `jirgas’, verdicts often go against them,” Samar Minallah Khan, a human rights activist and documentary film-maker who has worked extensively in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), told IRIN from Islamabad.

Far-reaching influence

The hold of tradition and “traditional justice” extends beyond the more legally autonomous tribal belts.

Minallah said women in KP were “frequently produced before jirgas”, most often in cases of `swara’ [ http://www.khyber.org/articles/zafar/SwaraThePriceofHonour.shtml ] or “marriages of exchange”, where they were handed over to an aggrieved party to settle a dispute, including murder or other crime. “Under-age girls are often produced before jirgas by their fathers in such cases,” Minallah said.

The `jirgas’ often help reinforce discrimination against women, which can be particularly acute in rural areas in the north.

In the remote Kohistan District of KP where, technically speaking at least, national law applies, three men were shot dead in January this year as a result of a long-standing tribal feud [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/493163/kohistan-video-case-police-arrests-remaining-suspects-in-triple-murders/ ] involving allegations their brothers had mingled with unrelated women.

“In Kohistan, the ease with which people are willing to kill women, often on `jirga’ orders, is shocking. It is just something completely acceptable to them,” said Farzana Bari, chairperson of the Women’s Study Centre at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad and a well-known women’s rights activist who headed a Supreme Court inquiry into the case.

“In our culture men and women unrelated to each other are not permitted to mingle at all,” Nazir Kohistani, a businessman who now lives in Peshawar but has origins in Besham, Kohistan, told IRIN. He said he had moved to Peshawar when his three daughters were infants “so they could be educated and lead a normal life.”

Women’s rights curtailed

Maryum Bibi, head of the Peshawar-based NGO Khwendo Kor (Sisters’ Home, in Pashto), which promotes the education and empowerment of women, told IRIN: “Such traditions, and the power of `jirgas’ hold back women - preventing even their education, as well as other rights.”

A survey by the Islamabad-based NGO Sustainable Policy Development Institute (SDPI) conducted in six KP districts and Punjab Province, the results of which were released to the media last month [ http://dawn.com/2013/01/31/survey-results-highlight-violence-against-women/ ], found a large proportion of men in both provinces believed that there were situations in which it was necessary to use physical violence against women, and that banning violence was a “Western concept”.

Nevertheless, SDPI’s monitoring and evaluation team said that traditional `jirga’ courts still had a degree of popularity in the surveyed areas.

“It is difficult to change established ways,” said Shandana Bibi* who now lives in Peshawar, but hails from Mohmand Agency. “We as women can only try, but despite my efforts I have been unable to persuade my husband to allow our two daughters to study beyond grade five.”

She says she will need to “fight hard” to allow her daughters to receive even vocational training in sewing or embroidery, and the right to leave their home to receive the training.

Businessman Kohistani says he has come up against the same issues. He told IRIN: “In areas such as ours, there are women who never, ever leave the four walls of their home, simply moving from the home of their parents to that of their husbands. I did not want my daughters, or my two sons, to grow up in such a culture, and therefore I escaped it.”

However, escape is not possible for most. Nor do they necessarily wish to abandon old ways.

“We live as are grandfathers and great grandfathers did, we keep to our own ways as tribesmen; we believe life must follow tradition so we preserve our culture - and we are proud of the morality that comes with this,” said Javaid Khan from Bajaur.

He says his main concern is to “keep change away since it will worsen, not improve our lives, ruining morality, especially for women, who need to be modest and kept away from public life.”
 
*not a real name

kh/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97511/How-justice-works-in-Pakistan-s-tribal-areas-and-beyond</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207050724420908t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan&apos;s tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WFP food ration cuts hit IDPs in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302141155310791t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 14 February 2013 (IRIN) - Salim Mehsud, from Pakistan’s South Waziristan tribal agency, was first displaced by conflict.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 14 February 2013 (IRIN) - Salim Mehsud, from Pakistan’s South Waziristan tribal agency, was first displaced by conflict.

For over three years he lived at a camp in the town of Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province, after the military launched an operation [ http://www.criticalthreats.org/pakistan/war-warizistan-operation-rah-e-nijat-week-1-analysis ] against militants in his home area.

Now he has moved again - this time to Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa’s capital, Peshawar - for entirely different reasons. 

“I had no choice. My four small children were literally starving because the ration of wheat flour given to us was cut… and this made it impossible to fill stomachs,” he told IRIN. “I couldn’t bear to watch my children suffer.” He is currently living with relatives and looking for a job.

In January, the World Food Programme (WFP) cut the ration size of its food basket for about one million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 700,000 people affected by floods because of a funding shortfall. It is now giving each family 40kg of wheat flour per month, instead of 80kg. Other commodities are not affected by the cuts. 

To continue distributing full rations for the rest of the year, it needs an additional US$103 million. 

In the towns of D.I.Khan and Tank, where most IDPs from South Waziristan are based, there have been angry protests [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/497079/two-days-on-mehsud-idps-continue-protest-against-reduced-food-rations/ ] over the ration cuts.

Some of these protests, by Mehsud tribesmen, are continuing, according to the South Waziristan coordinator for the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Disaster Management Authority, Syed Umar. 

“We are talking to Mehsud elders, because tribesmen have in some cases blocked distribution centres, refusing to accept the reduced food ration or allow others to do so,” he told IRIN from D.I.Khan.

WFP spokesperson Amjad Jamal said the government, together with WFP’s implementing partners, are discussing the situation with IDP elders, and “in many areas, the situation is normalizing.”

But he warned:

“The ongoing conflict in parts of FATA has already impacted food intake among IDP families. They have no means of livelihood other than relief assistance from WFP, other UN agencies and the government. This cut will further impact their health, especially that of children and women.”

IDPs and aid workers fear the reduced supply will now become the norm. 

“Where will funds come from? The IDPs have no choice but to take what they can get, so they are taking the lesser amount, although this is simply not enough to manage,” Abdul Ghazi, a volunteer from the charitable Khidmat Foundation, told IRIN.

Jamal is more optimistic, pointing out that renewed funding in July last year allowed the full ration to be restored, after a similar cut was made.

But for now, this is only a hope, and in the meantime, Ghazi said, families are “desperate”. 

kh/jj/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97477/WFP-food-ration-cuts-hit-IDPs-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302141155310791t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 14 February 2013 (IRIN) - Salim Mehsud, from Pakistan’s South Waziristan tribal agency, was first displaced by conflict.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Growing risks for aid workers in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301071010160150t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 07 January 2013 (IRIN) - Attacks on polio campaign and other aid workers push security threats to “an all-time high”.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 07 January 2013 (IRIN) - There was no warning when gunmen killed seven aid workers with local NGO Support With Working Solution (SWWS) [ http://www.swwspk.org/ ] in the Swabi District of Pakistan’s Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province on 1 January.

“We had never received a direct threat, since we began work in the early 1990s,” Javed Akhter, executive director of SWWS, told IRIN, adding however that “other NGOs in the Swabi area have felt a sense of intimidation.”

Chris Cork, country security adviser for the UK-headquartered Abaseen Foundation, an NGO working chiefly in KP, told IRIN: “NGO security threats are at an all-time high. I have never in almost 20 years known things as bad as this.”

Over the past few weeks there has been an upsurge in attacks on aid workers, many of them linked to a national polio eradication campaign in one of the world’s last three countries where the disease remains endemic.

In December 2012 the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) suspended [ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/unicef-who-suspend-pakistan-polio-campaign-after-more-killings/article6552542/ ] their anti-polio vaccination campaign after nine workers were killed in attacks in Karachi and KP [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97071/In-Brief-Attack-halts-polio-drive-in-Pakistani-province ].

Polio workers, including those working for the UN, were also targeted [ http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/18-Jul-2012/un-polio-doctor-driver-shot-in-karachi ] earlier in 2012.

Beyond the polio campaign, aid workers in general are starting to feel more hostility to their work.

In an attack on 5 January [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/two-pakistan-charity-workers-shot-dead-police ], two aid workers with Al-Khidmat Foundation, an NGO working in education, were shot dead in the northwestern city of Charsadda.

Last month Birgitta Almeby, a 71-year-old Swedish charity worker, who had worked in the country for 38 years for the church-based Full Gospel Assemblies, died in a Stockholm hospital after being shot [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/479650/killing-the-healer-swedish-charity-worker-almeby-dies/ ] in the eastern city of Lahore.

In April 2012 Khalil Dale, a British Muslim health worker employed with the International Committee of the Red Cross, was found beheaded after being kidnapped in Quetta, leading the organization to “reduce” [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2012/pakistan-news-2012-08-28.htm ] activities in the country for several months.

Calls for more state protection

Cork of the Abaseen Foundation said due to the current “febrile environment field workers are going to die in increasing numbers as the state is unable in some cases and unwilling in others to offer protection. Until the state is willing to fulfil its side of the social contract, all workers in the field, particularly women in health and education, are at an elevated level of risk.”

The KP government says it is doing its best to protect aid workers.

“We oppose militancy, and are ready to do everything possible to ensure people in need receive the help they need - whether this is to deliver polio drops, education or other assistance,” Mian Iftikhar Hussain, the information minister for the KP provincial government, told IRIN.

The attacks are making aid workers feel vulnerable: On a recent three-day anti-polio drive [ http://dawn.com/2013/01/03/polio-drive-ends-peacefully-in-bajaur-2/ ] run by the local health department in Bajaur Tribal Agency, a doctor, who asked to remain anonymous, told IRIN: “Several local female workers refused to go into the field due to fear,” though the campaign turned out to be peaceful.

Meanwhile, the president of the paramedical association of Mansehra District in KP, Khalid Khan, has sought protection for anti-polio workers. Khan told the media [ http://dawn.com/2013/01/03/polio-drive-ends-peacefully-in-bajaur-2/ ] that until the polio workers were given protection they could not perform their duties.

In Pakistan’s fractious society, aid workers operate in a highly contested space and are not always welcome.

A recent report by the Pakistan Humanitarian Forum, an umbrella organization for over 40 NGOs engaged in relief work, identified a worsening climate for international aid workers with more visa restrictions [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20December%202012.pdf ] for those seeking to enter or stay in Pakistan.

From January to September 2012, a reduction of 60 international aid workers was observed across international NGOs, mainly due to delays in obtaining or extending visas.

Mian Iftikhar Hussain denied any knowledge of this, but an official at the Foreign Office in Islamabad who asked not to be named, told IRIN: “Every time a foreign aid worker is injured, kidnapped or killed in Pakistan it is an embarrassment for the government. For this reason, there may be a reluctance to allow more to come in.”

Origins of hostility

While humanitarian principles [ http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/OOM_HumPrinciple_English.pdf ] of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and operational independence may seem unthreatening, aid workers have found themselves caught up in political, ethnic and religious tensions.

The Foreign Office official told IRIN: “Militants’ fear that NGO or health workers could be spies, may be spreading into other realms,” an allegation that predates 2011, but which was reinforced by the death of former Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden in May of that year.

In 2011 Shakil Afridi, a government-employed doctor, collected DNA samples from a residential house in Abbotabad which helped the US Central Intelligence Agency identify the whereabouts of Bin Laden, who was killed in a US raid. It is alleged that Afridi, since sentenced to 33 years in jail, masqueraded in his native Khyber Agency as a polio vaccinator in order to collect the samples.

Ehsanullah Ehsan, a spokesman for militant group Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, told IRIN: “Afridi was a traitor and naturally people now suspect all anti-polio workers of being US agents.”

Health worker Shahida Bibi, 40, who works in the Mardan District of KP and has regularly participated in anti-polio campaigns, told IRIN: “this is certainly a factor in recent attacks on polio workers.”

She also said other notions, like the “myth sometimes spread by clerics that polio drops cause sterility and are a `Western conspiracy’ to reduce Muslims in the world”, sometimes accounted for hostility and refusals by parents to have children vaccinated.

Security concerns look set to hamper efforts to deliver aid, and eradicate polio in particular. In 2011, Pakistan had 198 cases - more than anywhere else in the world, according to WHO.

kh/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97186/Growing-risks-for-aid-workers-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301071010160150t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 07 January 2013 (IRIN) - Attacks on polio campaign and other aid workers push security threats to “an all-time high”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Measles kills over 200 in Pakistan’s Sindh Province</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301031017170584t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Measles has killed 210 children in Pakistan’s Sindh Province over the past year, and health officials and experts say further deaths are likely.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Measles has killed 210 children in Pakistan’s Sindh Province over the past year, and health officials and experts say further deaths are likely.

A World Health Organization (WHO) report handed to the Pakistan government this week, but not made public, says the death toll in 2012 was more than 300 nationwide.

Reports of measles deaths have been increasing in the last quarter of 2012 with around 50 children in Sindh dying of the disease in December, particularly in the Kandhkot and Shikarpur districts.

“The intensity of the outbreak as well the cases of measles have been five times more this year compared to 2011 and it is very much under-reported,” said Iqbal Memon, president of Pakistan Paediatricians’ Association. He said he had warned the government last March about the risks of an outbreak given the low levels of vaccination in the province.

“About 70 percent of children who died of measles in the affected districts were not vaccinated,” he added.

“There has been an outbreak of the measles in upper Sindh [Province] where eight of its districts are affected badly,” Sagheer Ahmed, the provincial health minister, told IRIN by phone.

The minister said some 2,500 cases of measles were reported in the last two months in government hospitals in the districts of Sukkur, Shikarpur, Ghotki, Larkana, Qambar Shahdad Kot, Jacobabad, Salehpat and Kashmor.

But official statistics do not tell the whole story.

“I have visited the government hospital and there are no cases of measles there,” said Tashkeer Muqeem Osto, a Jacobabad-based journalist.

“In the cities they [sick families] are consulting the private medical practitioners whereas in the sub-districts of the city there was no vaccination at all and people have not been informed about the disease,” Osto said.

Immunization drive

Sindh provincial health minister Ahmed said an aggressive immunization campaign has been launched in the affected areas and the age ranges of children targeted for vaccinations would be enlarged.

“We began our vaccination from Saulehpat where it broke out; “2.9 million children ranging from nine months to 10 years would be covered under the current immunization campaign,” he told IRIN.

Pakistan is one of the priority countries targeted by WHO and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) for accelerated sustainable measles mortality reduction.

“Most of the immunization programme staff are engaged in the polio campaign so measles get a secondary priority,” said Memon.

The WHO report handed to the government said the primary reason for the outbreak was a failure to complete the immunization programme. It said 53 percent of children in the province had not received the vaccine.

An initial dose of the vaccine provides 60-70 percent immunity, though a second dose is required to reach 95 percent immunity levels.

Other causes

Health officials attribute the epidemic to socioeconomic conditions in the province, though other sources linked the outbreak to a third year of severe monsoon flooding [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97136/PAKISTAN-Struggling-to-provide-for-flood-victims ].

WHO says the “huge difference of Routine Immunization coverage between provinces, districts and cities is at the root of the current measles outbreaks.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/WHO_Statement_Jan2013.pdf ]

“Malnutrition as well as under-nutrition severely affect children’s immune systems rendering them highly vulnerable to the measles,” said provincial health minister Ahmed.

Illiteracy, lack of awareness, and inefficient vaccination facilities in government hospitals were also key reasons for the outbreak, said Memom, adding: “From January till April the epidemic could turn very dangerous as those months are very crucial as measles become more contagious in such weather.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97166/Measles-kills-over-200-in-Pakistan-s-Sindh-Province</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301031017170584t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 03 January 2013 (IRIN) - Measles has killed 210 children in Pakistan’s Sindh Province over the past year, and health officials and experts say further deaths are likely.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Struggling to provide for flood victims</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212271232430137t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of thousands of people displaced by September monsoon flooding in Pakistan have not yet moved back into their homes, according to aid groups.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of thousands of people displaced by September monsoon flooding in Pakistan have not yet moved back into their homes, according to aid groups.

Three of Pakistan’s four provinces were hit, affecting over 4.8 million people and damaging over 630,000 houses, according to the latest situation report by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) [ http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Documents/monsoon/2012/damages/december/damages_details_19_12_2012.pdf ].

Three months after the floods, 97 percent of those displaced have returned to their towns and villages. Nearly all of them, however, continue to live in makeshift shelters next to damaged homes.

Aid groups and government officials say [ http://pakresponse.info/Portals/0/Emergencies/Monsoon%202012/Sitreps/Pakistan%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20December%202012%20_Final.pdf ] they still need critical assistance to help them through the winter. 

In the absence of adequate shelter and provisions, aid workers say, the cold weather in flood-hit areas is likely to put the affected population under more stress.

“The temperature is dropping, and that is causing an increase in respiratory problems and other health conditions,” said Stacey Winston, spokesperson in Pakistan for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

This is the third year of severe monsoon flooding, but unlike in previous years, the government did not decree a national emergency when large parts of the country were submerged. 

Over 485,620 hectares of cropland were inundated, a significant blow to a country where agriculture is one of the biggest sectors of the economy, employing 45 percent [ http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_12/02-Agriculture.pdf ] of the labour force. The floods have left almost 860,000 people in need of food aid and more than a million requiring farm inputs.


The UN has already expressed concern [ http://pakresponse.info/Portals/0/Emergencies/Monsoon%202012/Sitreps/Pakistan%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20December%202012%20_Final.pdf ] that communities that depend on agriculture will miss an entire season because of flood damage in their areas.

Funding shortfall

Funding this assistance is a major challenge. The humanitarian response for the 2012 floods requires US$168.5 million, according to the UN’s latest bulletin [ http://pakresponse.info/Portals/0/Emergencies/Monsoon%202012/Sitreps/Pakistan%20Hum%20Dashboard%2012%20Dec%202012_ver2.pdf ], but just $86 million (51 percent) has been pledged. Of that, only $49 million, or 29 percent of the total required amount, has been committed.

Aid workers and administrators say that with the global economic downturn, foreign assistance budgets in donor countries are stretched.

“There are so many humanitarian crises going on around the world for which government budgets are allocated. Some are chronic, long-term. Some have become bigger, like Syria,” said OCHA’s Winston.

Hundreds of thousands are at risk because of this shortfall - the lack of adequate housing, food, clean water and medical assistance feeds a vicious circle where those deprived of basic resources are more prone to disease and other complications from malnutrition and cold weather. 

Yet funding for the nutrition cluster stands at 28 percent; WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) at 8 percent, health at 6 percent, and shelter at just 5 percent [ http://pakresponse.info/Portals/0/Emergencies/Monsoon%202012/Sitreps/Pakistan%20Hum%20Dashboard%2012%20Dec%202012_ver2.pdf ].

Without the rehabilitation of livelihoods and cropland, local economies will take even longer to revive, and the poorest will suffer the most, aid workers say.

Better prepared?

The Pakistan government faced intense criticism for its response to flooding in 2011, when funding gaps and a lack of both resources and planning [ http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011-11-09/aid-agencies-forced-close-programs-funds-pakistan-floods ] threatened humanitarian services to millions.

Despite similar shortfalls reappearing this year, officials insist they have learned from the last two years and are better prepared for the next bout of severe weather.

“Pakistan is the kind of country where different types of natural disasters can hit at any time. These last few years have been a big learning process for us, and we have tried to ensure that past mistakes are not repeated,” said NDMA spokesman Irshad Bhatti.

“Natural disasters will hit any country hard, like the storms in America or the tsunami in Japan. Those are developed countries, with more resources. So in our position, we have to plan ahead and improve the way we prepare for such disasters. Our aim is to be as self-sufficient as possible. Outside help should be the last resort.”

Officials from the NDMA and other ministries have lobbied the federal and provincial governments to make special allocations of Rs 20 billion ($205 million) for floods and natural disasters in their annual budgets. Precise figures on what was finally allocated were not immediately available.

Despite the stated objective of the government to ensure the highest possible level of preparedness, short-term problems remain, with millions in need of assistance.

“There is no doubt that there are problems; we are still learning. But the response situation, preparedness, awareness, and coordination are much better,” said Bhatti. “But attitudes need to change. This is a long road.”

rc/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97136/PAKISTAN-Struggling-to-provide-for-flood-victims</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212271232430137t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of thousands of people displaced by September monsoon flooding in Pakistan have not yet moved back into their homes, according to aid groups.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Attack halts polio drive in Pakistani province</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909081147070343t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Sindh Province in Pakistan has called off its polio vaccination campaign after unidentified militants carried out coordinated attacks today on vaccination teams in three different parts of Karachi, killing four women and injuring two men.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Sindh Province in Pakistan has called off its polio vaccination campaign after unidentified militants carried out coordinated attacks today on vaccination teams in three different parts of Karachi, killing four women and injuring two men.

“After the sad demise of the four of our women workers it is not possible to carry on the campaign,” Saghir Ahmed, the provincial health minister, told IRIN. “[The attackers] are the people who have a peculiar and closed mindset and they sabotaged this vital campaign which ensures eradication of this menace.”

Elsewhere, media reports said a 14-year-old girl, who was volunteering with the polio campaign in the northern city of Peshawar (Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province), was shot dead by gunmen on a motorcycle.

Early this year Taliban commanders in the North Waziristan tribal agency declared a ban on polio vaccinations [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95894/PAKISTAN-Taliban-block-polio-efforts ]. Despite eradication efforts, polio remains endemic in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria.

ak/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97071/In-Brief-Attack-halts-polio-drive-in-Pakistani-province</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909081147070343t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Sindh Province in Pakistan has called off its polio vaccination campaign after unidentified militants carried out coordinated attacks today on vaccination teams in three different parts of Karachi, killing four women and injuring two men.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Asia’s 2012 figures and trends</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents. 

“Cities are growing. There will be even more people and factories. If you think we have a problem now, we will have even more in the future,” said Jerry Velasquez, head of the Asia-Pacific office for the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). The agency estimates the number of people living in flood-prone urban areas in East Asia may reach 67 million by 2060.

The Belgian-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains a database of natural disasters worldwide [ http://www.emdat.be/ ], called for more regional cooperation on disaster data gathering, more work translating science for policymakers and the public [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96965/Analysis-When-lack-of-early-warning-becomes-manslaughter ], and more grassroots research on the needs of those affected, especially farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96054/SRI-LANKA-Better-weather-warnings-needed ]. 

Below are 10 highlights from the preliminary 2012 data on natural disasters in 28 Asian countries, released by UNISDR and CRED on 11 December. 

1. Countries in the region reported 83 disasters - mostly floods - in 2012. The disasters killed some 3,100 people, affected 64.5 million and left behind US$15 billion in damage.

2. Worldwide, 231 disasters killed some 5,400 people, affected 87 million and caused $44.6 billion in damage.

3. From 1950 to 2011, nine out of 10 people affected by disasters worldwide were in Asia.

4. One of the region’s hardest-hit countries this year (and this past decade) was the Philippines. Since 2002, the country has had 182 recorded disasters, which killed almost 11,000 people. This figure does not include the storm that hit the country’s south [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97010/PHILIPPINES-Still-struggling-to-reach-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors ] on 4 December; more than 600 were killed in that event, and some 800 are still reported missing. 

5. Of the top five disasters that created the most damage this year, three were in China, and the other two were in Pakistan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96194/PAKISTAN-Preparedness-doubts-as-monsoon-claims-first-victims ] and Iran. Cumulatively, these events resulted in an estimated $13.3 billion in damage.

6. China led the list of most disasters in 2012 (18), followed by Philippines (16), Indonesia (10), Afghanistan (9) and India (5).

7. China was the only “multi-hazard”-prone country. In the others, including Pakistan, 85 percent of damage came from one event, calling into question efforts to cultivate “multi-hazard” resiliency, said CRED.

8. Two-hazard countries included Afghanistan (drought and flood); Bangladesh and Vietnam (flood and storm); and India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (flood and earthquake). 

9. In the past decade, Indonesia and the Philippines have had many disasters but relatively few affected people, while Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96706/BANGLADESH-Government-urges-stronger-aid-coordination ] and Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] have had fewer disasters and more affected, while Pakistan and Vietnam fell in between the two categories. These numbers offer a sign of how prepared these respective countries were [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95602/INDONESIA-Report-card-on-disaster-preparedness ] to face emergencies, researchers noted.

10. Pakistan suffered large-scale loss of life from floods for the third successive year; from August to October, 480 people died in floods. June-July floods in China affected over 17 million people and caused the most economic loss in the region - $4.8 billion.

pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Rashid Minhas – Driver, Pakistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221424530728t.jpg" />]]>PUNJAB 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Rashid Minhas, a 35-year-old father of four living in a remote village in Pakistan’s Punjab Province, sees prices rising while his income is static. He worries about educating his four daughters, and believes times will get harder.</description><body><![CDATA[PUNJAB 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Rashid Minhas, a 35-year-old father of four living in a remote village in Pakistan’s Punjab Province, sees prices rising while his income is static. He worries about educating his four daughters, and believes times will get harder. 

“My father owns about 18 acres of agricultural land but it is a rain-dependent land. We get a crop if it rains at the right time and if it doesn’t, we suffer losses. So we have stopped cultivating it after suffering heavy losses two years ago.

“After that I got a job as a driver. I drive a pick-up van to transport people and goods. I am paid Rs 8,000 [$84] by the owner of the vehicle. This is not a good amount but there is nothing else that I can do. I am not educated. Our father did not send us to school. Actually when we were of school-going age, the village school remained shut for many years due to a feud between our tribe and another one which lasted for many years and in which many people lost their lives. 

“I have four daughters. The eldest is about 10 and the youngest is only four months. I have never sent them to school. I do want them to study but I simply cannot afford it. If they were boys, I could have managed because a boy can go to school even if he is not wearing a shirt. But a girl needs to be properly dressed. So there are additional expenses for girls and I cannot afford even the primary expenses in the form of school fees, books and uniform, etc. I don’t mind having girls. But sometimes I complain to God that if he had given me daughters then he should have also given me the resources to bring them up properly. 

“Good news? I have heard no good news recently. I am lucky that I don’t have to pay any rent because I own the house I live in. But it is in such a dilapidated condition that often I just want to tear it down. It was built generations ago. But I know I can never build a new one in its place. 

“I am not in a position to buy new clothes and shoes for my family even on occasions such as Eid. I and my wife have been wearing the same old clothes and shoes for years. But last Eid, I borrowed money to buy some clothes for my daughters. My heart aches when I cannot do anything for my family. My father and my brother always help us. Whenever they go out they would bring something for my family also. I don’t know what would happen if they stop helping us in this way. 

“I am not a slacker. I am a very hard-working man, but the problem is there is no work available apart from the one I am doing. I don’t know what would happen if I die today or become incapacitated in an accident or something. I have no backup. My children are growing up, expenses are increasing but my resources remain stagnant. I can foresee only worse days ahead.”

kh/ha/cb


Name: Rashid Minhas

Age: 35

Location: Banni Afghanan, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan

Does your spouse/partner live with you? Yes she lives with me.

What is your primary job? Driver on a pick-up truck.

What is your monthly salary? US$84

What is your household’s total income – including your partner’s salary, and any additional sources? $84 My brother and father help us with food and other items.

How many people are living in your household – what is their relationship to you? Myself, my wife and four daughters

How many are dependent on you/your partner's income – what is their relationship to you? Five - my wife and four daughters.

How much do you spend each month on food? $63-74. 

What is your main staple - how much does it cost each month? Wheat $16 for 25kg; rice $10.5 for 15kg

How much do you spend on rent? I live in a dilapidated family house, so I do not pay rent.

How much on transport? Depending on how many times you have to leave the village, it varies between $8-16.

How much do you spend on educating your children each month? Nil as I don’t send my daughters to school. Just can’t afford it.

After you have paid all your bills each month, how much is left? The only utility is electricity; the average bill for a month is $5. So I’m left with about $79 after paying the bill.

Have you or any member of the household been forced to skip meals or reduce portion sizes in the last three months? Not really, but you have to manage as per your income and situation. We never had enough money to eat proper meals, and manage with just one lentil dish, a `roti’ [flat bread] or something similar.

Have you been forced to borrow money (or food) in the last three months to cover basic household needs? Yes it happens almost every month.

-----------------------------
For more Survivor stories, please visit our In-Depth Our Lives [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96695/98/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96860/PAKISTAN-Rashid-Minhas-Driver-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221424530728t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PUNJAB 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Rashid Minhas, a 35-year-old father of four living in a remote village in Pakistan’s Punjab Province, sees prices rising while his income is static. He worries about educating his four daughters, and believes times will get harder.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH-KENYA: Our Lives - A survivors&apos; guide to hard times</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Our Lives - A survivors' guide to hard times

In-Depth Global Reports

Our Lives is a new IRIN series following 20 people in 10 countries as they try to get by in these testing times. The men and women featured - from teachers to truck drivers - describe how they cope with the rising cost of living, and explain their hopes for the future. This series will be regularly updated.

Survivors

Bangladesh
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96869/98/ ] Samir Uddin – Street hawker
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96870/98/ ] Wliar Rahman – School teacher

Kenya
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96886/98/ ] Jane Njeri – Displaced person
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96908/98/ ] Millicent Wanyama – Breadcrumb seller

Lesotho
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96896/98/ ] ‘Mammuso Lebakeng – Crafts trader
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96692/98/ ] Moloantoa Mokhomphatha – Builder

Liberia
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96863/98/ ] John Tamba – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96862/98/ ] Lorpu Kah – Single mum

Madagascar
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96857/98/ ] Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa – Trainee teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96859/98/ ] Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo – Cook

Mali
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96864/98/ ] Chaka Dagnoko – Mechanic
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96865/98/ ] Tembely Coulibaly – Restaurateur

Nepal
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96868/98/ ] Kumari Magar – Maid
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96871/98/ ] Manbahadur Tamang – Farmer

Pakistan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96861/98/ ] Aslam Rehmat – Dental assistant
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96860/98/ ] Rashid Minhas – Driver

South Sudan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96961/98/ ] Grace Taban Genova – Home-brewer
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96866/98/ ] Kenyi Chaplain Paul – Security guard

Yemen
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96855/98/ ] Adel Aklin – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96856/98/ ] Ali Abdullah al-Moudai – Community liaison officer


IRIN Films – Food for thought

Cassava in Cote di”ivoire [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4773/FOO/Food-Security/Cassava-in-C%C3%B4te-d-Ivoire ]
Wheat in India [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4700/Wheat-in-India ]
Lentils in Nepal [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4701/Lentils-in-Nepal ]
Rice in Madagascar [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4769/Rice-in-Madagascar ]
Kenya’s Unga revolution [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4882/Kenya-s-Unga-Revolution ]
A question of dignity [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4757/A-Question-of-Dignity ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96695/BANGLADESH-KENYA-Our-Lives-A-survivors-apos-guide-to-hard-times</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Aslam Rehmat – Dental assistant, Pakistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221535240393t.jpg" />]]>LAHORE 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - For most of his adult life, Aslam Rehmat, 53, a dental assistant in Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, has struggled to educate his children and put food on the table. Despite his efforts, life is getting harder as inflation hits. Higher education costs are a fresh burden on the family.</description><body><![CDATA[LAHORE 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - For most of his adult life, Aslam Rehmat, 53, a dental assistant in Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, has struggled to educate his children and put food on the table. Despite his efforts, life is getting harder as inflation hits. Higher education costs are a fresh burden on the family. 

“It was probably the happiest moment of my life when I got the news that my elder son had been admitted to a private university to pursue his Master of Philosophy degree. But my happiness turned into a nightmare when I learned how much I would have to pay for his fees - and in advance for the whole year. At one point I lost hope and thought it was impossible for me to fund his studies but then my wife encouraged me to look for all possible options. I had to deposit Rs 400,000 [$4,211] for the first year. I will have to deposit the same amount for the two years after that. 

“At almost the same time my younger son was admitted to a college where I had to deposit Rs 150,000 [$1,579] for his first year of study. I had to take out all what I had saved and I also took one advance salary and a loan against my provident fund from my office. Similarly my wife secured a loan from her employer and we also borrowed money from relatives. I am not sure how I will manage next year; I can’t see things improving. I am looking for extra work and have asked my elder son to find work too. 

“We have cut down on meat and fruit but still barely manage. Next month we have to attend three weddings in our extended family. Weddings are a happy occasion but this is already sending a chill down my spine because attending these functions will cost me a lot of money. Due to our social set-up, I need to attend.

“I am lucky I share a small family house and I don’t have to pay rent.

“I buy foodstuff and daily use items in bulk for the whole month. This saves some money. Each time my wife hands me the shopping list, I strike out many items. With each passing month, the number of items I strike off the list increases; this is where we are heading. 

“People like us have the same limited resources while expenditures keep increasing constantly. Those doing their own business may be able to manage but for the salaried class it is simply unbearable. I worry all the time about my children’s education. The sacrifices we have made for this will brighten their futures - and that is the vision I cling on to.”

kh/ha/cb


Name: Aslam Rehmat

Age: 53 years

Location: Lahore, Pakistan

Does your spouse/partner live with you? Yes, she lives with me.

What is your primary job? My primary job is “junior technician” at Dental College, Lahore [a government-run institution]

What is your monthly salary? My gross monthly salary is $232 and after deductions, I take home $189. [The deductions include tax, group insurance, medical, loan installment, advance salary installment, etc]

What is your household’s total income - including your partner’s salary, and any additional sources? My wife works as a domestic help at a house from where she gets $95 per month. This brings our total monthly income to $284.

How many people are living in your household - what is their relationship to you? My wife and our four children live with me in the same house. My parents also share a portion of the house. So the number of residents would come to eight in our house.

How many are dependent on you/your partner's income - what is their relationship to you? My wife and children [two daughters and two sons] are directly dependent on me and my wife’s incomes. I also try to pay some amount to my parents on a regular basis though they are not directly dependent on my income.

How much do you spend each month on food? Earlier we used to spend $42-53 on our food, but this month it shot up to $74, partially due to inflation affecting gram lentils, milk and cooking oil. We have also bought more, so that food supplies last through the month, as in the past we have run into difficulties as the month draws to an end.

What is your main staple - how much does it cost each month? Our main staples are wheat and rice. Wheat costs us about $10.50 for 20kg and rice costs us $21for 30kg

How much do you spend on rent? I own a small inherited house in a locality of Lahore, so I don’t have to pay any rent.

How much on transport? My minimum expenditure on transport is $1 per day, i.e., $32 per month.

How much do you spend on educating your children each month? The biggest chunk of our income goes to the education of my children. This year it will cost me over $421 on average per month. 

After you have paid all your bills each month, how much is left? Our utility bills for the house are 7,000-8,000 rupees each month. So after paying the bills we are left with something between Rs 19,000 and 20,000 [$200-210] every month.

Have you or any member of the household been forced to skip meals or reduce portion sizes in the last three months? We have not skipped any meal but we have definitely cut down on meat and fruits etc. 

Have you been forced to borrow money (or food) in the last three months to cover basic household needs? We have to borrow money almost every month. 

-----------------------------
For more Survivor stories, please visit our In-Depth Our Lives [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96695/98/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96861/PAKISTAN-Aslam-Rehmat-Dental-assistant-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211221535240393t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LAHORE 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - For most of his adult life, Aslam Rehmat, 53, a dental assistant in Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore, has struggled to educate his children and put food on the table. Despite his efforts, life is getting harder as inflation hits. Higher education costs are a fresh burden on the family.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Tackling Pakistan’s population time bomb</title><pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212051030200645t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - A high birth rate is not making life any easier for Pakistan’s 180 million people, already affected by political instability, economic stagnation and natural disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - A high birth rate is not making life any easier for Pakistan’s 180 million people, already affected by political instability, economic stagnation and natural disasters.

Internal pressures in the country with the world’s sixth largest population are likely to get worse before they get better: At 2.03 percent Pakistan has the highest population growth rate in South Asia, and its total fertility rate, or the number of children born per woman, is also the highest in the region, at 3.5 percent.

By 2030, the government projects that Pakistan’s population will exceed 242 million [ http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_12/12-PopulationLabourForceAndEmployment.pdf ].

The failure to adequately manage demographic growth puts further pressure on the current population, who already lack widespread basic services and social development.

Pakistan’s health and education infrastructures are poorly funded, and experts have questioned the quality of what is being provided with existing budgets. With a weak economy and low growth, food insecurity and unemployment present further challenges.

“The problem is that if you have a population that is illiterate and does not have proper training, a large segment cannot participate meaningfully in the economy,” said economist Shahid Kardar, a former governor of the State Bank of Pakistan.

“[Based on Pakistan’s population trends], you need a GDP growth rate of 8 percent to employ them.” Pakistan’s GDP growth rate has not exceeded 3.7 percent in the last five years [ http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_12/01-GrowthAndStabilization.pdf ].

If population growth is not managed, experts say, it will exacerbate these negative trends as resources are stretched and improvements in service delivery fail to keep up with demand.

Low use of contraception

A further problem is the low awareness and availability of birth control.

The contraceptive prevalence rate is only 27 percent, and only 19 percent employ modern methods, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).

While demand for contraception has been rising, at least a quarter of that demand remains unmet [ http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/EN-SWP2012_Report.pdf ].

“The main effort is a long-term one, to ensure the availability of contraceptives. There is a rising demand for contraceptives, and there is unmet demand. Many couples want to use contraceptives but don’t know about them or can’t access them,” said Shahnaz Wazir Ali, social sector adviser to the prime minister.

“So the main priority, with an effort by the public and private sectors, has been to ensure that people know about family planning and can access contraceptives.”

Precise data on the participation of the private sector in providing contraceptives and family planning services was not available, but a senior official at Pakistan’s Ministry of Population Welfare put the public-private ratio at 70 percent to 30 percent. “The private sector is a significant player, and its help is necessary in improving population planning,” the official said, requesting anonymity as he is not authorized to speak to the media.

Lack of awareness of family planning techniques

A lack of awareness has cost Mohammed Ghafoor, a 30-year-old taxi driver in Rawalpindi. He is worried about the health of his 10-day-old daughter, and has brought her to the Holy Family Hospital for tests. The newborn daughter is the couple’s fourth child, and their eldest is only six years old.

“I drive my taxi from dawn to midnight, and with rising fuel costs, I usually take home around 200 rupees [just over US$2] every night. Now there is another mouth to feed,” Ghafoor said. “We have moved here from Sialkot and don’t have family here, so my wife can’t go to the hospital herself. I didn’t have the time to take her to the doctor.”

Ghafoor and his wife do not want more children, and their last two pregnancies were unplanned. They have sought family planning guidance, but another addition to the family has compounded their misery.

Every third pregnancy in Pakistan is unplanned, according to a 2011 Wilson Center report on the country’s population issues [ http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ReapingtheDividendFINAL.pdf ].

“I’ve had to pull my eldest child out of school because I can’t afford it. He cries every day, says he wants to go to school. I tell him we can either eat or he can go to school, and he says he’d rather starve,” said Ghafoor. “How do I make him understand? How do I make this right?”

Population growth increasing poverty

It is this decision ordinary families must make every day in Pakistan that perpetuates the knock-on effect of population growth in a country where economic opportunities are limited.

“There is a close association between population and poverty. All evidence points to the fact that if you look at households that are big, there is a strong chance that these households will be poor,” said Rabbi Royan, UNFPA's country representative in Pakistan.

“Parents’ resources will have to be spread out for many more children. In a smaller household, they can spend more on fewer children, so there is a better quality of health and education,” he said.

“It provides an opportunity for poverty reduction to take place, and reduce the chance of the intergenerational transmission of poverty.”

Seven million children of primary school age do not go to school, and the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) says 30 percent of Pakistanis are in a state of “extreme educational poverty” - receiving less than two years of education.

The country’s health infrastructure is also struggling to cope with demand, with not enough doctors and a lack of critical facilities in many areas.

Only 45 percent of births, for example, were attended by skilled personnel, according to the UNFPA 2012 report on the state of the world’s population [ http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/EN-SWP2012_Report.pdf ].

A demographic dividend?

Pakistan’s failure to adequately manage its population growth and reduce its fertility rate has meant that over the last few decades, the country has become younger.

Today, two-thirds of Pakistanis are under the age of 30, and it is one of the largest youth populations in the world. Several senior government officials have described this as a “demographic dividend”, and expressed the hope that this young population can spark growth and bring prosperity to Pakistan.

"The prerequisite for a demographic dividend is a decline in the fertility rate. With a fertility rate decline, the ratio of the dependent population to the population that is working gets smaller, so more can be invested into generating growth,” UNFPA’s Royan told IRIN.

“If I’m spending less on the education and other needs of my children, I’m saving, which accumulates into the overall saving in the country. That can help spur investment and thus economic growth."

Reaping a demographic dividend, experts say, requires significant investments in education, health and infrastructure. Without these efforts, such a population increase can have the opposite effect, with growing frustration and resentment in the segments of the population deprived of basic services and opportunities.

“There are very serious, adverse consequences of unplanned, rapid population growth. The resources of the state are limited, and already under pressure; with unplanned growth, demands will be enormous,” said prime ministerial adviser Shahnaz Wazir Ali.

“There will be economic consequences, as resources are stretched beyond realistic limits, for housing, food, education, health, jobs and all the infrastructure that goes with it. Despair and frustration among the young can lead to criminal, violent and anti-state activity.”

Risk of extremism?

The Wilson Center’s 2011 study on Pakistan’s population issues echoes this concern, highlighting the country’s failures in education and rising economic disparities as two major factors that contribute to a rise in extremist activity.

Stretched resources, increasing demand, a rising population and the instability that comes with it are forcing Pakistan into a vicious circle.

“I keep hearing this nonsense about a demographic dividend and a young population. But what have we given this young population? Have we given them a stake in the economy and society?” said economist Kardar. “They look at what’s happening around them and they get frustrated and angry.”

“Our demographic dividend is the Taliban.”

rc/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96969/Analysis-Tackling-Pakistan-s-population-time-bomb</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212051030200645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - A high birth rate is not making life any easier for Pakistan’s 180 million people, already affected by political instability, economic stagnation and natural disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: Local government law sparks unrest, violence in Sindh Province</title><pubDate>Tue, 04 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211220702590553t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 04 December 2012 (IRIN) - A new local government law is causing tension, protests and fresh violence in Pakistan’s mega-city of Karachi and elsewhere in Sindh Province.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 04 December 2012 (IRIN) - A new local government law is causing tension, protests and fresh violence in Pakistan’s mega-city of Karachi and elsewhere in Sindh Province.

Passed in five minutes by the Sindh Provincial Assembly, the Sindh Peoples Local Bodies Ordinance (SPLGO) envisages a reorganization of local government, and has led to violent protests that have put local government work on hold: rubbish is piling up on the sweltering streets of Karachi, and overflowing sewage pipes are not being repaired.

Protests by different Sindh nationalists under the umbrella of Sindh Bachao Tehreek (Protect Sindh Movement), which began in September, have seen strikes outside the main cities.

Vehicles have been smashed; trucks, buses and tyres have been burned; and several protests have let to violent clashes.

In the worst incident in October, unidentified gunmen opened fire on a Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) rally in Khairpur in support of the law, killing seven people.

IRIN has recently reported on sectarian killings [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96383/Analysis-Understanding-Karachi-s-killing-fields ] in Karachi, a fragile water supply system [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96186/PAKISTAN-Water-pipeline-rupture-makes-waves ] and educational woes [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96628/PAKISTAN-Madrasas-fill-education-gap-in-Karachi-hotspot ], and now looks at why the new act is making waves.

Who is opposed to the law?

Opposition politicians, mainly from Sindh nationalist parties, say SPLGO is an attempt to undermine the sovereignty of the Sindh provincial authorities.

Some 60 percent of the province’s population is estimated to be Sindhi, with the rest mainly Urdu-speakers.

“We believe that whoever is the supporter of the [SPLGO] law, he or she is the traitor of Sindh,” Ayaz Palejo, chief of Awami Tehreek, told IRIN. Palejo heads the Sindhi Nationalist Party, and leads an alliance of nationalist parties.

“This is a conspiracy to divide Sindh,” he said. “We will not sit idle unless it [the law] is reverted.”

What’s the purpose of the law?

Those in favour of the law, say it will create more accountable local government councils leading to better services for ordinary people.

“Even getting a birth certificate we have to run pillar to post, as officialdom is so corrupt and inefficient,” said Zahoor Ahmed, a street hawker who sells vegetables in a middle class neighbourhood of Karachi.

“But it is easier for us to push an elected councillor… and he is easily accessible to us,” Ahmed, 50, told IRIN.

Currently, local government is struggling to provide even basic health and sanitation services.

An acrid stench has been emanating from piles of rubbish beside Karachi’s famous Urdu Bazar for weeks now, as the municipal authorities have not had sufficient funds to buy fuel for the trucks which normally collect garbage.

“We’ve offered bribes to an official in the area but he turned down our offer and we have to endure this for weeks,” a local shopkeeper told IRIN.

But Sindhi nationalist parties say the real purpose of the act is political - to help out the Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM - currently the fourth largest party and a key ally of PPP), which draws its support from urban Sindh.

A committee comprising elected representatives from PPP and MQM in the regional parliament aims to transfer resources and power from the provincial government to lower levels of authority.

“This concept in not unique in Pakistan; decentralization is a global phenomenon that ensures more effective and efficient service delivery,” said Mustafa Kamal, who served as Karachi’s mayor from 2005 to 2010.

SPLGO transfers almost all services - including education, health, water, roads, sewerage and sanitation, fire services, parks and playgrounds, culture and sports, and street services to the city, district, town or even `tehsil’ (smaller than town) authorities - from the provincial, to lower levels.

The law creates new “metropolitan corporations” in Karachi, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Larkana, Mirpurkhas, and Khairpur. (Previously only Karachi and Hyderabad had such status). The remaining areas of Sindh come under 25 district councils.

Why are Sindh nationalists worried?

The major concern of Sindh nationalists is that the system of metropolitan corporations and district councils effectively divides the province in two.

The move is seen as a PPP concession to MQM; the two parties are presumed to be planning to fight the 2013 general election (no date fixed yet) together, and are likely to control the metropolitan corporations, allowing them to effectively control urban parts of the province.

The newly-allied 18-member opposition in the 167-member provincial assembly is concerned that the law will divide the province’s Sindh- and Urdu-speaking residents.

The Sindhi nationalists distrust the new law: “We are not able to understand the criteria of declaring a city as metropolitan,” said Qadir Magsi, a doctor who heads Jeaye Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party (STPP), one of the leading Sindh nationalist parties.

“It is not clear whether the level of urbanization or the size of population were the basis,” said Magsi, who also queried the new status of Khairpur, the home town of chief minister Qaim Ali Shah.

Other nationalists question the redrawing of Karachi’s city boundaries, which they believe would benefit MQM, the urban rival of the rural-based nationalist parties.

“The division of Karachi reflects bigotry and it is designed to outnumber the Sindh and Balochi population in the electoral constituency,” said Zamir Ghumro, who is leading an alliance of Sindh nationalist parties called the Sindh Dost Rabbita Council.

“So this is a clear plot to divide urban and rural Sindh which we would not tolerate,” Ghumro said.

However, one of the conceivers of the original law in the Musharraf era disagrees. “The municipal system throughout the province is almost the same and uniform, and there is no duality I see in the new law,” said Daniyal Aziz, a technocrat who served as chairman of the National Reconstruction Bureau in the Musharraf regime, and a staunch supporter of local government.

ak/jj/cb

Major Sindh nationalist parties opposed to the SPLGO

Awami Tehreek
Sindh Bachao Committee (Committee to protect Sindh)
Sindhi Nationalist Party
Sindh Tarrqi (Progressive) Pasand Party
Sindh United Party
Jeaye Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party
Jeaye Sindh Tehreek
Jeaye Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
Sindh Dost Rabita Council

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96958/Briefing-Local-government-law-sparks-unrest-violence-in-Sindh-Province</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211220702590553t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 04 December 2012 (IRIN) - A new local government law is causing tension, protests and fresh violence in Pakistan’s mega-city of Karachi and elsewhere in Sindh Province.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Australia&apos;s offshore asylum process</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110310939490345t.jpg" />]]>MELBOURNE 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - Activists in Australia have expressed concern over a recent decision by the government to reinstate the processing of asylum seekers offshore.</description><body><![CDATA[MELBOURNE 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - Activists in Australia have expressed concern over a recent decision by the government to reinstate the processing of asylum seekers offshore.

“This policy will see asylum seekers sent to Nauru [in the Pacific] or Manus Island [Papua New Guinea (PNG)] before having their refugee status assessed in a move Australia hopes will circumvent its international human rights obligations,” Benjamin Pynt, the director of Humanitarian Research Partners [ http://www.humanitarianresearchpartners.org/ ], based in Australia, told IRIN.

“It will deny asylum seekers the right to claim protection in Australia and exclude these people from the justice system.”

Currently 386 people are awaiting processing of their claims on Nauru, with another 47, including 16 children, on Manus Island, which reopened its doors on 21 November.

Most asylum seekers on Manus are Sri Lankan and Iranian, while Nauru has mainly people from Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Pakistan, with smaller numbers from Iraq and Iran.

On 15 August, the government returned to offshore processing in both locations after abandoning it in 2007, following heavy criticism by human rights groups.

Close to 1,500 asylum seekers were processed on Nauru under the previous government’s Pacific Solution [ http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2012-2013/PacificSolution#_Toc334509642 ], with another 365 on Manus.

Inhumane conditions

However, conditions in the two facilities are far from good.

According to a 23 November report [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA42/002/2012/en/33cb74aa-5d53-4ed2-80a4-df9d4965485e/asa420022012en.pdf ] by Amnesty International, researchers on a recent three-day inspection of the facility in Nauru found a “toxic mix of uncertainty, unlawful detention and inhumane conditions creating an increasingly volatile situation on Nauru, with the Australian Government spectacularly failing in its duty of care to asylum seekers.”

Described as “totally inappropriate and ill-equipped”, the facility reportedly had hundreds of men crammed into five rows of leaking tents and suffering from physical and mental ailments.

Current capacity in Manus and Nauru is 500 people on each island. However, upon completion, the combined capacity will exceed 2,000, the government says.

“Offshore processing on Nauru and Manus Island will only serve to break vulnerable people in these ill-conceived limbo camps, who have fled unimaginable circumstances,” said Graham Thom, the national refugee coordinator at Amnesty International Australia.

The watchdog group has called on the government to immediately cease transfers to Nauru - a move it sees as penalizing people for seeking asylum.

“These people are taken to a country, detained, and told if they don’t like it they can go home,” Thom said, recalling the story of one Iraqi man who, if returned to Iraq, would have no choice but to flee to Turkey with his family.

“There is no option for most of these people,” the Amnesty official said.

"No Advantage" principle

According to Canberra, the government’s recent policy response to an issue that has preoccupied officials and the public for years is simply an attempt to tackle the growing problem of boat arrivals.

More than 30,000 people have made their way to Australia by boat since 1976, according to Australia’s Department of Immigration and Citizenship [ http://www.immi.gov.au/ ].

Each year scores of people travelling in overcrowded, dilapidated boats lose their lives on the high seas in an effort to reach Australia, often just off the coast of Indonesia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95714/INDONESIA-Asylum-seekers-take-to-boats-out-of-frustration ].

In 2011, 69 boats carrying 4,565 passengers arrived in the country, while as of 30 November, 256 boats carrying 15,910 passengers had arrived in 2012, the immigration department reported.

Since 2010, the government of Prime Minister Julia Gillard has sought to renew an offshore processing system for boat refugees and introduced the prospect of swapping refugees with other countries in the region.

In 2011 the High Court ruled against the Malaysia Solution where Australia would effectively send 800 boat arrivals to Malaysia in exchange for accepting 4,000 refugees currently in Malaysia over the next four years.

When the return to offshore processing was announced in August, Chris Bowen, Australia’s minister for immigration and citizenship, said the policy would “discourage irregular and dangerous maritime voyages,” and “promote the maintenance of a fair and orderly refugee programme”.

Under the policy, the government adopted the “no advantage” principle, which effectively means all asylum applications will be processed in the same time period as those elsewhere, including those in neighbouring Indonesia, and regardless of whether they had arrived in Australia or not.

“People arriving by boat are subject to this `no advantage’ principle, whether that means being transferred offshore to have their claims processed, remaining in detention, or being placed in the community,” Bowen said in a statement.

“Consistent with `no advantage’, people from this cohort going on to bridging visas will have no work rights and will receive only basic accommodation assistance, and limited financial support,” Bowen said.

Activists concern

But despite the government’s position, activists remain concerned.

“The Australian government must remain focused on building a regional refugee protection framework and it must meet its responsibilities as a signatory to the Refugee Convention,” Paul Power, chief executive officer of the Australian Refugee Council, told IRIN, saying the recent changes to the country’s asylum policy were “disheartening, unfair and set a poor example for refugee protection in the Asia region”.

More than 7,000 asylum seekers are in immigration detention facilities and alternative places of detention in the country, including hundreds of children, the country’s Department of Immigration reported.

“The government claimed all asylum seekers would be treated the same, but a small number are being sent to Manus Island and they are being persecuted with different detention and conditions to those asylum seekers released in Australia,” said Ian Rintoul, a spokesman for the Refugee Action Coalition in Sydney.

Meanwhile, Human Rights Watch (HRW) says the transfer of children for offshore processing of refugee status needs to be addressed immediately. Australia’s policy violates its obligations to children under the Convention of the Rights of the Child, which protects all children in Australia’s jurisdiction, including children of non-citizens, it said.

“Migrant children are often survivors of traumatic journeys to reach Australia,” said Alice Farmer, a children’s rights researcher with HRW.

“Australia is callously disregarding their best interests and failing to provide them an opportunity for refuge when it pushes them out of Australian territory.”

Refugee rights

And then there is the whole question of legality.

Legal experts say the recent decision to return to the offshore processing of refugees is a violation of the international conventions and treaties to which Australia is a signatory, including the UN Refugee Convention [ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49da0e466.html ].

“This is a total derogation of Australia’s responsibility as a signatory to the Refugee Convention and human rights treaties,” said Susan Kneebone, an international expert on refugee law based at Monash University, describing it as Australia’s lowest point in its treatment of refugees.

Last week, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) raised concerns over the government’s policy, calling for a “more compassionate and principled approach to the asylum debate in Australia…

“UNHCR is deeply troubled that as long as the focus remains primarily on deterrence, the humanitarian, ethical and legal basis of asylum, and the protection of refugees, will be seriously undermined,” said UNHCR regional representative Richard Towle on 23 November.

All asylum-seekers in Australia, including those transferred to PNG and Nauru, must be given a full, fair and expeditious assessment of their refugee claims as soon as possible, it said.

Those found to be refugees should be given basic human rights and the rights to which they are entitled under the Refugee Convention, including family reunion, work and freedom of movement. Those found not to need protection can be expected to leave the country, the statement said.

UNHCR is particularly concerned about the decision to transfer families, including children, to Manus Island, in the absence of any adequate legal framework, procedures or resources in PNG to assess their claims.

"The current movement of refugees and asylum-seekers raises many challenges for states but we encourage Australia to ensure a humanitarian approach that is fully compatible with the Refugee Convention,” Towle said.

UNHCR’s preference remains that all people arriving in Australia be assessed in Australia under fair, efficient and, as needed, robust asylum procedures.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96940/Analysis-Australia-apos-s-offshore-asylum-process</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110310939490345t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MELBOURNE 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - Activists in Australia have expressed concern over a recent decision by the government to reinstate the processing of asylum seekers offshore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Inflation hits food security</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211220730040255t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Despite efforts by the Pakistani government and international organizations, inflation, declining income, natural disasters and stagnating domestic productivity are hampering attempts to achieve food security for the country’s 180 million citizens.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Despite efforts by the Pakistani government and international organizations, inflation, declining income, natural disasters and stagnating domestic productivity are hampering attempts to achieve food security for the country’s 180 million citizens.

More than half of households are food insecure, according to the last major national nutrition survey [ http://pakresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=BY8AFPcHZQo%3D&tabid=117&mid=752 ].

The prices of staple grains like wheat and rice have been stable but are “significantly higher” than 2011, according to the World Food Programme’s (WFP) October 2012 Global Food Security Update [ http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp251749.pdf ].

A 25 percent rise in fuel prices has also pushed up the price of food, as it becomes increasingly expensive to transport. WFP says rising food prices in international markets recently may also lead to price hikes in Pakistan.

“Efforts have to be made to increase production, but in Pakistan, the problem of food security is mainly a problem of access. Over the last couple of years, Pakistan has officially been a food surplus country in terms of cereal production,” says Krishna Pahari, head of WFP’s Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping unit in Islamabad.

“But many households here don’t have access to that food. Many are marginal, deficit, subsistence farmers whose own production is not enough to meet their needs. You’re a farmer, but you have to buy food from the market because of insufficient production.”

Despite the concerns of officials and experts, some believe that because Pakistan’s primary food security issue is access, there are ways to handle it.

“This also provides an opportunity,” says Pahari. “It means that in terms of the national food situation, maybe Pakistan is OK. With good management, and by putting mechanisms in place to improve access, there is potential to ensure food security.”

Stagnant productivity

Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan’s economy, contributing 21 percent of the country’s GDP and employing 45 percent of the labour force. The lack of innovation and a failure to increase efficiency at farms across Pakistan, however, has led to stagnant productivity.

“In 1999, our production per acre of wheat was 1,040-1,090kg. Look at how much our population has increased in the last 13 years, but our production per acre for wheat today is the same,” said Ibrahim Mughal, chairman of the Pakistan Agri Forum, one of the country’s largest farmers’ organizations.

Many farms employ antiquated farming methods, and the inefficient use of water also contributes to poor productivity. Water availability in Pakistan, where a large percentage of agriculture relies on irrigation, has been dwindling. Experts say if water is not utilized more efficiently, production is likely to decline, and could dramatically impact food security.

The failure to boost domestic productivity has meant an increasing burden on what is harvested, with Pakistan’s population growing at the fastest rate in South Asia. Poor economic performance over the last five years means millions of Pakistanis have less to spend on increasingly expensive food.

Rising global grain prices have also adversely affected food security in Pakistan.

“International prices have gone up, but on the domestic level, farmers are getting a lower procurement price. So they’re not interested and may shift to other crops,” said Mughal. 

According to the Pakistan Agri Forum, based on the cultivation trend so far, the 2012-13 wheat production target of 26 million tons is unlikely to be realized.

Poor food security has a direct impact on the population, experts say, which leads to indirect consequences for the country’s already weak economy.

“Very serious nutrition outcomes”

“That the food security situation is very serious overall is reflected in the very poor, very serious nutrition outcomes,” said WFP’s Pahari. “If we look at [the number of children with low weight for their height], the rate in Pakistan is 15.1 percent for children under five. Any value above 15 is considered an emergency level by the WHO.”

“Children aren’t growing as they are supposed to.”

Outside a mosque in Islamabad, 30-year-old widow Rukayya Bibi begs people leaving after prayers to give her some money to buy wheat flour for her three children.

“How can I think about doing anything else with my life when I don’t have enough money to even feed my children?” she asks, holding her youngest child, a six-month old boy. “If I buy roti [bread], I have no money to buy anything else.”

Government aid

For people like Bibi, there is some assistance from the government under the Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) [ http://www.bisp.gov.pk/ ], a government-run social safety net scheme which started in 2008 and aims to provide the poorest households in Pakistan with monthly cash support. The programme is assisting 5.5 million families. 

“The immediate task is ensuring that the poorest do not suffer because of inflation, because that hits the entire chain from farms to markets,” says an official at Pakistan’s Ministry of Food Security and Research, requesting not to be named as he is not authorized to speak to the media.

“BISP has been a significant investment, but much more needs to be done about price controls across the sector. But we can only do so much; our fortunes fluctuate with global fuel prices.”

In Islamabad’s main agricultural produce market, vegetable seller Rasheed Khan says he is not likely to wait for the government to do something about the inflation and price fluctuations that have hit him hard.

“I’ve been selling vegetables for years, but have never had to deal with so much uncertainty and hardship,” said the 30-year-old, who wants to give up his vegetable stall to find work somewhere else.

“What is the point if I’m losing money? I might as well stop and do something that actually helps me feed my family.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96849/PAKISTAN-Inflation-hits-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211220730040255t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 22 November 2012 (IRIN) - Despite efforts by the Pakistani government and international organizations, inflation, declining income, natural disasters and stagnating domestic productivity are hampering attempts to achieve food security for the country’s 180 million citizens.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Madrasas fill education gap in Karachi hotspot</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241124320841t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - When ethnic riots erupt in Karachi, Qasba Colony is usually the worst affected: The violence has taken a dramatic toll on education and the main beneficiaries are Islamic religious schools, or madrasas.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - When ethnic riots erupt in Karachi, Qasba Colony is usually the worst affected: The violence has taken a dramatic toll on education and the main beneficiaries are Islamic religious schools, or madrasas.

Since June 2011 when the first wave of targeted killings and ethnic violence hit the area (deeply divided between Pashto-speaking Pathans and the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs), 30 government schools have closed permanently, some 400 teachers have stopped coming to the area, and the lives of 25,000 students are hanging in the balance.

Madrasas, are taking up the slack in this deprived area.

The road leading to Qasba suggests all is not well: A drugs den where teenagers flock to buy heroine or hashish here; a school wall pock-marked with bullet holes there; and three schools in ruins, with one of them used as a rubbish dump.

There was a time when Muhajir teachers could travel to Pathan localities and vice-versa, but not any more. Turf wars [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96383/Analysis-Understanding-Karachi-s-killing-fields ] between two political parties, the Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM - dominated by Urdu-speaking Muhajirs) and the Awami National Party (ANP - dominated by Pashto-speaking Pathans) have spread to this area too.

Largely unoccupied youths are resorting to crime. Every week 10-12 crimes are recorded in Qasba, according to a police official who preferred anonymity. "The closing down of schools may be one of the reasons for the increase in youth offenders," the officer told IRIN.

"Students who once went to school now roam the streets, waiting for a riot to erupt, for this is when they can pick pockets and indulge in petty crimes," said Sajid Hussain, a school teacher from the area.

Limited options

Local people are being left with two educational options: a costly private school or madrasas. The latter are popular because they provide two meals a day and a place to sleep during the night.

"The madrasa is an umbrella of sorts; the person who finds no shelter seeks shelter here. For this is where he finds food, education and a place to sleep," said Abdul Waheed Khattak, a civil society activist who lives in the area and has been campaigning for madrasa reform since 1996.

Khattak's tactic is to get into the madrasas as a volunteer and enter into dialogue with teachers to try to get them to run courses specified by the government. He also encouragesthe hiring of women teachers and the attendance of girls, but most schools are dominated by hardliners who endorse only the Darse Nizami, an 18th century syllabus.

"There is a madrasa in every other lane in Qasba and, except for one or two, all are unregistered. An estimated 15,000 students attend these institutions in Qasba alone," said local reform-minded teacher Ali*.

Unregistered madrasas risk closure and do not get any government funding.

In 2002, during Pervez Musharraf's premiership, the government attempted for the first time to regulate these religious schools, after Pakistan decided to support the USA's "War on Terror". The Madrasa Registration Ordinance (MRO) was passed.

"It was done to limit foreign control in madrasas which may lead to breeding terrorism," said Shakeel Auj, dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Karachi University.

Under MRO, all madrasas have to add English, Urdu, Maths and Science to their curriculum which normally consists of religious education only. Students and teachers from abroad are barred from entering a registered madrasa without a No-Objection Certificate from the Interior Ministry.

Fostering extremism?

However, today, it is widely believed that some of the madrasas are funded by countries like Saudi Arabia to promote more radical interpretations of Islam, like Wahabism.

Police say banned groups like the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan have been infiltrating some of the unregistered madrasas in Qasba.

In the 2011 Education Emergency Report, the Pakistan Education Taskforce, a group of governmental and NGO experts, said the increased influence of madrasas in the education system was a myth. According to them, only 6 percent of all Pakistani students attend madrasas.

Others see things differently: "Six percent of students enrolled in madrasas amounts to several hundred thousand students who are actually stationed inside these regimented institutions 24 hours a day. They grow up to lead a certain lifestyle. Enrolment in madrasas has increased by 2.1 percent in 2011 compared to previous years," said Jaffar Ahmed, chairman of the Pakistan Study Centre at Karachi University.

According to a report by the government and the US Agency for International Development, 1.7 million people were enrolled in madrasas in Pakistan in 2011.

The reason for the expansion of madrasas, Ahmed believes, is the vacuum left by the state in terms of the provision of food, shelter and education.

More often than not, madrasa graduates do not acquire the skills needed for a white-collar job. And some graduates do no see this as their goal in any case: "We are taught to serve Islam. Serving Islam means either building a mosque or madrasa, or becoming a teacher in a madrasa," said a graduate from Jamai Binoria, a degree-awarding madrasa in Karachi.

*not a real name

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96628/PAKISTAN-Madrasas-fill-education-gap-in-Karachi-hotspot</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241124320841t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - When ethnic riots erupt in Karachi, Qasba Colony is usually the worst affected: The violence has taken a dramatic toll on education and the main beneficiaries are Islamic religious schools, or madrasas.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>