<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Natural Disasters</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 08:01:45 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Aid agencies hike emergency appeal for Mindanao </title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202030735400191t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The UN and its partners have revised upwards their emergency appeal for storm-affected Mindanao to US$39 million from the original $28.4 million. 
</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The UN and its partners have revised upwards their emergency appeal for storm-affected Mindanao [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Press%20Release%2C%20launch%20of%20the%20Revised%20Flash%20Appeal%2C%203%20Feb.pdf ] to US$39 million from the original $28.4 million. 

The second emergency revision of the Humanitarian Action Plan for Mindanao (HAP) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2012%20revised%20HAP-%20Philippines%20with%20new%20ER%20response%20plan%20_1_.pdf ] was revised on 3 February, [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/full_report_141.pdf ], allowing for continued vital assistance to more than 300,000 people over a six-month period. 

"We focused on the immediate evacuation in the early days... We now need to ensure that we accelerate the safe, voluntary and early return and relocation of the displaced," David Carden, country head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/PhilippinesCountryProfile/tabid/4261/Default.aspx ] , told IRIN in Manila. 

The move comes in response to what has been described as a "dramatic increase of needs" more than a month after tropical storm Washi struck northern parts of the island. 

More than 1,200 people lost their lives and another million were affected when Washi struck on 16-18 December [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94554 ], triggering flash floods and landslides. 

Worst affected were the two major cities, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, in the north of the island, along with hundreds of villages in the area, according to the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ]. 

Tens of thousands were driven into hastily erected evacuation centres, many of them schools [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94613 ], where they were provided with basic needs such as food, clothing, medicine and shelter after the government and aid organizations launched a large-scale relief operation for more than 400,000 people. 

According to OCHA, about $9.6 million (or 25 percent) of the initial appeal, including $3 million disbursed from the Central Emergency Fund (CERF) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/cerf ], has been provided to date; however, outside bilateral donations from various governments amounting to $22 million had also helped significantly in the humanitarian effort. 

But while donations continue to come in, the challenge in reaching those living in hard-to-reach communities remains. 

"There are people in some remote rural areas who are still quite vulnerable, who certainly are in need of humanitarian assistance," Carden said, citing the pressing need for shelter [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94658 ]. 

In a statement on 3 February, the UN said: "Sustained assistance is needed given that hundreds of thousands of people remain without homes and livelihoods." 

Under the revised appeal, priority will be given to all affected, including the displaced in evacuation centres and transitional sites as well as people seeking refuge in makeshift shelters and with relatives in areas where their houses stood prior to the disaster and host communities themselves. 

"Many lives have been saved through our interventions to date," Jacqui Badcock, the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Philippines, said. "But, unless this assistance is sustained and adequate shelter solutions are provided to all the displaced, many will remain vulnerable and unable to sustain themselves and their families." 

Malnutrition 

Underscoring those needs further, on 1 February [ http://reliefweb.int/node/474255 ], the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) expressed concern over acute malnutrition rates in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan. 

"Malnutrition is an especially serious concern for Mindanao, where a significant number of children are already undernourished," Abdul Alim, acting UNICEF country representative, said, describing this as an additional blow to these children's health. 

During a recent screening supported by UNICEF, 207 children were found to be acutely malnourished - a 50 percent increase compared with a screening carried out at the beginning of the emergency. 

It said the children diagnosed were afflicted with "wasting" - when muscles and fat waste away. "A child has a 30 percent chance of dying if it is left untreated," UNICEF warned. 

fz/ds/mw 
]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94784</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202030735400191t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The UN and its partners have revised upwards their emergency appeal for storm-affected Mindanao to US$39 million from the original $28.4 million. 
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Weather data for all</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007100511t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Disaster risk reduction officials planning emergency responses now have the option to consult a new online international weather, climate and water system operated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Disaster risk reduction officials planning emergency responses now have the option to consult a new online international weather, climate and water system [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/WIS/GISCs.html ] operated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 

The system contains raw weather data and is aimed at professionals who have some familiarity with it, says Stephen Foreman, head of data representation, metadata and monitoring for the new WMO tool. “Weather information [collated by WMO from the various national meteorological services] at the moment is shared by a closed club - we all seem to be working in our silos.” 

The new resource is designed to help professionals working on climate change forecasts; speed up collation and interpretation of global weather data; and provide information on when weather information for any global location will be available. Researchers and experts on food security, water management, disaster risk reduction and health could benefit by exploiting the new tool. 

Separate servers and data collection centres in China, Japan and Germany give the system greater robustness - and the network of these global portals is set to grow. 

jk/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94774</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007100511t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Disaster risk reduction officials planning emergency responses now have the option to consult a new online international weather, climate and water system operated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Authorities boost flood-control measures</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say. 

The US$9.6 billion measure was announced on 20 January as a first step, ahead of the annual May-October rainy season, at a flood forum organized by the National Economic and Social Development Board and the Asian Development Bank. 

"If the same amount of water comes to Bangkok this year [as in 2011], the situation will be improved," Chusit Apiramanekal, a water resource management specialist in the Climate Risk Management Department of the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/ ] in Bangkok, told IRIN. 

While no specific timeline is yet in place, the government will soon produce a master plan for flood risk reduction activities, including canal drenching, cleaning drainage systems and excavation to prevent the recurrence of last year's damage, when "most of the waterways and drainages were not functioning properly", said Ti Le Huu, former chief of water security for the Environment and Development Division at the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) [ http://www.unescap.org/ ]. 

The severity of the 2011 floods, brought on by unusually high rainfall after several storms and typhoons, has underscored the need for stronger prevention efforts. 

More than 675 people died and millions were affected in what has since been described as the worst flooding to strike the Thai kingdom in 50 years. 

The government's 2012 Action Plan includes a budget of $3.9 billion for the construction of flood ways and flood diversion channels, which will allow 1,500 million cubic metres to flow out per second, according to ADPC. Immediate work this year would include the improvement of dykes, sluice gates and canals. 

In addition, almost $2 billion will go towards converting 324,000 hectares of Chao Phraya farmland north of Bangkok into land that can retain up to 10 billion cubic metres of water to prevent the flooding of areas downstream. 

Preparedness key 

The damage last year was exacerbated by the "lack of preparedness of people living in the affected areas, partly due to a lack of an effective communication system to share information, especially of flood forecasts", said Le Huu. 

But Le Huu downplayed the risk of similar flooding in 2012. Similarly, ADPC says there is little chance that there will be a repeat of 2011's "extraordinary" precipitation, which was 40 percent above national averages at 70,000 million cubic metres of water, according to Chusit. 

"When the dams tried to release the water, the provinces downstream were already flooded. When operators tried to control it, a tropical storm hit Thailand, forcing them to release it fully," he said. 

The total volume of floodwater has been confirmed at 14,000 million cubic metres by the government's Strategic Committee for Flood Reconstruction and Development, according to Le Huu. 

Dam fears 

While fears about the dams bursting are rampant in local media [ http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/276343/water-levels-in-dams-cary ], Deltares [ http://www.deltares.nl/en ], a Dutch think-tank assisting the Thai government in an advisory role to the Flood Relief Operation Center (FROC), says dams are now operating at a lower level to mitigate flood risks. 

"During 2011 the dams were full, up to the operational limit, and dam operators had to release water at the wrong time. Latest news is that they decided to operate at a lower level, give less priority to agricultural and energy use, in favour of downstream flood protection. Hence a lower risk for dam breaks," Tjitte Nauta, Deltares' integrated water management specialist for Southeast Asia, said. 

According to local media reports, dam waters have dropped from 91 percent of capacity to about 84 percent in two weeks. 

Of the more than two dozen dams in the Chao Phraya River basin constructed since the 1950s, the two largest - Bhumipol and Sirikit - are located on Ping and Nang river in the northern Tak and Uttaradit provinces, and control 22 percent of all water runoff from the Chao Phraya river basin. 

But policymakers need to coordinate better to improve planning and flood response, said Nauta. 

"The recent floods made very clear that the governance structure for water management is too complicated and during such a national crisis one single command authority would be strongly recommended," he said. 

"The challenge is to maintain the momentum of work, interest, and commitment in flood management at the top level of government," added Le Huu. 

dm/ds/mw 


Read more on Thai Floods:

SLIDESHOW: Counting the cost of Thailand's floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94474 ]
 
THAILAND: Two days in the life of an urban flood expert [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94367 ] 

THAILAND: Throwing mud at flood water [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ]

THAILAND: Hospitals fear floods will hit drug supplies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94110 ] 

MYANMAR-THAILAND: Undocumented workers exploited post-floods [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94162 ] 
 
ASIA: Natural disasters becoming costlier than ever [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94563 ]

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94770</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161215010937t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - The Thai government is pressing ahead with efforts to mitigate the risk of flooding during the upcoming rainy season, but greater coordination is still needed, flood experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Geo-hazard maps go public</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has made geo-hazard maps, which outline areas prone to natural disasters, publicly available in a bid to reduce vulnerability at community level.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has made geo-hazard maps, which outline areas prone to natural disasters, publicly available [ http://www.mgb.gov.ph/lhmp.aspx ] in a bid to reduce vulnerability at community level. 

The geo-hazard map developed by the Mines and Geosciences Bureau of the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources (MGB-DENR) uses colour to classify areas as either low, moderately or highly susceptible to floods, flash floods and landslides. Some areas are marked as being prone to riverbank erosion. These codes are superimposed on the topographic map of the Philippines. 

"Every square unit of the country was covered. We identified disaster-prone areas with the help of base maps, satellite imagery and fieldwork. Historical accounts [of past disasters] were also taken into consideration," MGB director Leo Jasareno told IRIN. 

Tips on handling emergencies in the event of natural disasters are also part of the information on the geo-hazard map. 

Previously, such mapping was distributed to local government units and used primarily for land-use planning and zoning guidelines. 

However, recent natural disasters, including tropical storm Washi [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94658 ], have prompted the MGB to find ways to make the geo-hazard maps available to the public. 

"By making these geo-hazard maps available to anyone for free, we hope to give every community or individual access to information needed for assessing flooding and landslide risks," said Jasareno. 

Working around limitations 

At present, the MGB's website is only able to support a low-resolution version of the 700 maps [ http://www.mgb.gov.ph/Maps/Geohazard/Metro%20Manila%20Flood%20Hazard%20Map_40kVLS.jpg ]. 

The MGB has entered into a partnership with the Environmental Science for Social Change (ESSC) [ http://www.essc.org.ph/ ], an NGO that promotes environmental sustainability and social justice, to make high-resolution versions of the geo-hazard maps easier to search and download. 

"We are working on ways to optimize usage, search and retrieval of these maps on our website. Adding a search optimization so that a user will not have to search through voluminous files just to find his area, is one such improvement," Sylvia Miclat, ESSC executive director, said. 

The high-resolution version of the geo-hazard maps is expected to be available for downloading soon. 

Other improvements 

The geo-hazard map is just the first in a number of government initiatives to enhance and promote disaster preparedness in this nation of more than 100 million. 

The MGB is looking at making more detailed geo-hazard maps. At present, the maps are on a scale of 1:50,000 (1cm= 500m). Village boundaries are not clearly indicated and users can only approximate their area. The MGB hopes to complete magnifying the maps to a scale of 1:10,000 (1cm=100m on the ground) by 2014. 

Developing models to predict the impact of disasters brought about by climate change is another project the MGB is considering. 

The Philippines is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire and ranks as one of the most disaster-prone areas in the world. 

According to the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) [ http://www.unisdr.org/ ], an estimated 33 natural disasters struck the Philippine archipelago in 2011. 

as/ds/mw 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94761</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government has made geo-hazard maps, which outline areas prone to natural disasters, publicly available in a bid to reduce vulnerability at community level.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Mozambique storms’ death toll rises to 40</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January [ http://ochaonline.un.org/rosea/HumanitarianSituations/FloodsCyclonesSituationUpdates/FloodsCyclones20112012/tabid/7784/language/en-US/Default.aspx ], according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 

Tropical Cyclone Funso struck northern Mozambique, “affecting about 64,663 people and causing floods and damage of houses, schools and health centres. In southern Mozambique, high river flows from upstream countries… combined with heavy rainfall due to tropical storm Dando, affected about 51,670 people,” it said on 27 January. 

“There is a possibility that in-country pre-positioned shelter material will not be enough to respond to the emerging needs,” it said, adding that there were indications that 94,919 hectares of cropland had been affected in Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane, Sofala and Zambézia provinces. 

World Food Programme country representative Lola Castro told IRIN it appeared the affected cropland was “a write-off”. She said floodwater in the south and north was subsiding; issues of health, water, sanitation and shelter were being addressed in partnership with the government. 

go/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94759</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301444360306t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 40 people have died and more than 100,000 are affected by twin storms that struck Mozambique 18-26 January, according to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Disabled by the 2005 quake and still out of school</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.
 
His three younger siblings spend their day in school, and Jawad, a top student in his grade till a year ago, assists them with revision and homework. He has himself refused to go to school for over a year as the new private school set up in the area lacks a ramp to accommodate his wheelchair.
 
Jawad lost both legs after he was trapped for over two hours under the rubble of his public school during the devastating quake of 2005 which killed at least 73,000 people in parts of KP (then known as the North West Frontier Province) and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
 
That school is still to be built, and Jawad says he “feels too embarrassed” to be carried into his classroom. To add to his problems, his wheelchair, donated soon after his legs were amputated when he was nine, has also virtually fallen apart. “My family cannot afford a new one,” he told IRIN.
 
According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the 2005 quake left 23,000 children disabled. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/269151 ] UNICEF itself is building “child friendly” [ http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/reallives_4676.htm ] schools across the quake zone, complete with facilities for the disabled, and last year opened 16 more such schools. [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/176113/improving-education-unicef-opens-16-schools-in-azad-kashmir/ ]
 
"At the Child Friendly Schools UNICEF is building, we try to mainstream disabled children. Ramps are provided when needed, but issues like access to schools for children in remote areas are huge ones,” Jan Madad, an education specialist at UNICEF, told IRIN.
 
But the 165 schools UNICEF has agreed to build cannot cater for the needs of all the quake-affected children.
 
According to the Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation Authority, set up by the government immediately after the quake, 5,751 educational institutions damaged or destroyed by the quake needed to be reconstructed [ http://www.erra.pk/sectors/education.asp ]. Some 73 percent had been completed by the start of September 2011. Work continues on others, but this still means many children have lacked access to school. Some still do, while for the disabled it is sometimes impossible to go back to inaccessible classrooms.
 
Difficult terrain
 
Apart from school design, the terrain where the quake struck affects this. Ali Khan, now 12, lives in the Allai administrative unit of Battagram District. With his legs damaged during the quake, he can only hobble about on crutches. But the 4km walk down a steep mountain path to the school nearest his village is too arduous for him to make.
 
Ali, who once dreamt of becoming an engineer, told IRIN: “This is fate. I have to live with it, and I just help my father the best I can around our farm. This is all that is left for me know.”
 
Scattered across the quake zone, other children are in a similar situation. The 5km distance along a rickety path in her village near Bagh in Kashmir cannot be negotiated in the wheelchair used by Asma Sharif, 13, and she receives only occasional lessons at home from her uncle. “He is too busy to help any more, but at least I have kept up some of the studies I had begun before the quake,” Asma told IRIN from Bagh.
 
Zahoor Uddin, a doctor at the Islamabad-based Hashoo Foundation NGO, which has worked with quake victims since 2005, told IRIN: “The problems are exacerbated because wheelchairs wear out quickly in that terrain, and the victims have no funds to replace them.” In some cases he said tutors had been arranged for children unable to reach school.
 
Carried to school
 
The problems for many children are acute. “I have a nine-year-old pupil, Gul Muhammad, who is carried to school on his father’s back. His friends help him to the toilet, and the hard chairs are uncomfortable for him as he has a back problem. I feel sorry to see him and wish our school had better facilities,” said Alimuddin Ali, 35, a school teacher in Battagram. 
 
He told IRIN he knew of disabled children in other villages with no access to school - either because of distance or the way schools were designed. 
 
“I have read of education by radio in some areas of the world for children in remote communities. Perhaps we can use FM radio to offer them broadcasted lessons,” he suggested.
 
“The thing is these children need to go to schools. Radio can’t help them. My son is growing, I am getting older, and I worry about how long I can carry him to school,” said Gul’s father, Hakim Uddin.
 
kh/eo/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94752</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFGHANISTAN: Time running out for displaced farmers</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110050932140974t.jpg" />]]>MAZAR-I-SHARIF 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Much of Dawood Boy’s village in northern Afghanistan is empty.
 
More than 1,000 families from Alburz in Balkh Province abandoned it 4-6 months ago after a drought affecting nearly half the country left 2.8 million people in need of food assistance, according to the World Food Programme.</description><body><![CDATA[MAZAR-I-SHARIF 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Much of Dawood Boy’s village in northern Afghanistan is empty.
 
More than 1,000 families from Alburz in Balkh Province abandoned it 4-6 months ago after a drought affecting nearly half the country left 2.8 million people in need of food assistance, according to the World Food Programme.
 
The drought destroyed the crops Boy had planted, killed his livestock which no longer had animal feed, and left his family without seeds for next season.
 
“We lost everything,” he told IRIN.
 
Now he, his two wives and 11 children live on the outskirts of Mazar-i-Sharif, some 85km away, in rented homes without water or electricity.
 
In this community, families displaced by the drought live four or five to a home, with only a tarpaulin covering the mud floor, and sheets covering the holes meant for windows. Young children walk around barefoot in sub-zero temperatures and do not go to school.
 
In each family one man tries to find casual work in the city. If he is lucky, he earns 200 Afghanis a day (US$4) with which to feed his entire family. Newly arrived families received tarps and blankets from the International Organization for Migration (IOM), as well as a three-month food ration, but some say they are still very much in need.
 
Their situation is unlikely to change for the better in the near future. Boy says he and his people are happy to return to Alburz in Chimtal District to cultivate, but do not have seeds to plant. Unless they get their hands on some in the next few weeks, they will lose next year’s harvest too.
 
“We will remain vulnerable,” Boy said, from inside one of the low-ceiling mud homes in the neighbourhood. “It is a cycle we cannot change… We are really confused and don’t know what to do.”
 
IOM says more than 6,000 families - 42,000 people - have been displaced across Afghanistan due to the 2011 drought. Those who stayed behind are in many cases more vulnerable, because they do not have the means to relocate and pay rent. But the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) says it is concerned some displaced farmers could end up in what the deputy head of the Afghanistan office, Joseph Inganji, calls a “vicious circle”.
 
Given that the planting season is almost over, if they do not receive seeds “right now”, they will have no crops to harvest come summer, leaving them without a livelihood to return home to, and in need of assistance. They could then form part of the increasingly protracted displacements across the country.
 
There are already more than 450,000 people displaced by conflict in Afghanistan, of whom 289,000 have been displaced for more than one year, according to the UN, putting a stress on government and aid agencies in a country already heavily dependent on international aid.
 
Seed distributions
 
The Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and other aid agencies have distributed some 1,450 tons of seeds to people affected by the drought in Balkh Province, one of the most affected, according to government and FAO officials. FAO plans to distribute at least another 100 tons as soon as it can assure the quality of the fertilizer.
 
But none of those distributions have specifically targeted displaced people.
 
The government distributed improved wheat seeds (which produce higher yields than traditional seeds from the market), as well as rice and wheat with which to make flour, to 15,000 drought-affected farmers still living on their farms, Kateb Shams, head of the provincial agriculture department, told IRIN.
 
FAO distributed packages of seeds and fertilizer at a subsidized price, reaching 10,000 families, including those displaced people who met the criteria of owning land, according to Ahmad Zia Aria, head of the FAO office in Mazar-i-Sharif, covering the northern region. But even 2,000 Afghanis ($41) may be too much for some of the displaced who can barely afford their rent. FAO plans to reinvest the proceeds of the seeds into drought-affected communities.
 
Other agencies, like ActionAid, have focused on vulnerable families, including women-headed households in drought-hit areas.
 
Seeds are available for purchase from private companies, but FAO lacks the budget to buy more seeds and would not be able to procure and distribute them in time, Aria said.
 
Aid agencies warn that seed distribution at a time of desperation is tricky. To cope with their lack of income and food, farmers may sell their agricultural equipment or eat seeds instead of planting them. Seed distribution should thus be accompanied by food to carry them over until the harvest, and livestock to help rebuild livelihoods, OCHA said, as well as assistance to physically relocate.
 
ha/eo/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94735</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110050932140974t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAZAR-I-SHARIF 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Much of Dawood Boy’s village in northern Afghanistan is empty.
 
More than 1,000 families from Alburz in Balkh Province abandoned it 4-6 months ago after a drought affecting nearly half the country left 2.8 million people in need of food assistance, according to the World Food Programme.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Rescue effort for landslide survivors continues</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251323180932t.jpg" />]]>PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea&apos;s (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation&apos;s worst landslides ever.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea's (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation's worst landslides ever. 

"At this point, relief efforts are ongoing," Martin Mose, head of PNG's National Disaster Centre (NDC), [ http://www.pngndc.gov.pg/site/ ] told IRIN in Port Moresby on 25 January, describing the situation on the ground as "fluid". 

Characterized by high terrain and precipitous slopes, the remote region in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea is home to a controversial multi-billion dollar liquefied natural gas (LNG) project [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91810 ]. 

However, no direct link has been established between the landslide and the operational activities of the ExxonMobil project. 

Dozens of people are feared dead, with local rescuers estimating many are still buried under the debris, after the landslide in Komo Maggarima District struck in the early hours of 24 January, catching many residents off guard.

The landslide affected an area of more than 2km and spread along the Highland highway, which runs between the town of Tari and Mt Hagen. The affected stretch of road was completely covered in earth and debris and access to the LNG site was cut off, local observers say. 

Workers, vehicles and machinery were buried, with debris estimated to be up to 15m high in some places. Current estimates as to how many people have been affected remain unclear as a spontaneous settlement of people claiming to be landowners seeking compensation for the use of the quarry had recently formed below it. 

Moreover, many of those in the settlement were from other parts of the highlands and not known by locals. "Heavy rain in recent weeks caused part of the mountain to collapse and come down. The slip is about 2km long and 500m wide. This is a national disaster," Libe Parindali, chairman of the Hides Gas Development Corporation (HGDC), an umbrella company of the landowners, said. 

PNG is experiencing one of the worst wet seasons, which traditionally runs from December to May, ever, local authorities say. 

Prime Minister Peter O'Neill flew with Esso Highlands managing director Peter Graham and members of the National Disaster and Emergency Service to the Tari area on 25 January. 

"It looks very bad. I have instructed Chief Secretary to Government, Manasupe Zurenuoc, to take charge of emergency relief operations," O'Neill said before he left. 

Zurenuoc told IRIN that O'Neill was impressed with the relief and rescue operation that had already commenced and commended Esso Highlands, the developer of the LNG project. 

Esso Highlands, a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil, has taken the lead in the rescue and relief operation. Other companies and organizations have offered to provide assistance to survivors and dig for bodies.

Meanwhile, relatives are already in mourning, as they await news of those still missing. "I called and called her mobile phone and it kept ringing until it went dead. I know she is dead," Wendy Waimasi said of her sister. 

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), it is difficult to access the Hides area by road, thus necessitating air access to the affected area. 

The Australian government has reportedly offered logistics assistance to transport rescuers by helicopter to the site; however, as of the evening of 25 January, there had been no confirmation as to whether that offer has been accepted or not. A team led by the NDC, with representatives from AusAID and the Australian High Commission, is on the ground for a rapid assessment. Specific humanitarian needs will be known after it is released, on 26 or 27 January.

pk/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94725</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251323180932t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT MORESBY 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Rescue efforts are continuing in Papua New Guinea&apos;s (PNG) gas-rich Hela Province, a day after what officials have described as one of the Pacific nation&apos;s worst landslides ever.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MOZAMBIQUE: Twin storms leave 25 dead</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged. 

Tropical depression Dando, which made landfall on 16 January north of the capital Maputo, was the fiercest tropical storm to strike the area since Storm Domoina in 1984. A few days later Cyclone Funso veered from an expected landfall in the north of the country and headed back into the Mozambique Channel, but the effects of the weather system were still felt. 

Dulce Chilungo, Mozambique’s director of the Technical Council for Disaster Management, told a press briefing in Maputo on 25 January that 16 people had died in Zambézia and nine in Gaza Province. 

Dando has washed away about 60 metres of the main north-south road about 100km north of Maputo, where wind speeds of up to 70km/h and heavy rainfall led to flooding and damage to houses and schools, says a draft report by the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies obtained by IRIN. 

“The situation was exacerbated by the heavy rainfall in [neighbouring] South Africa and Swaziland which caused a steady increase of water levels in the Maputo, Umbeluzi and Incomati Basins, flooding low-lying areas in Magude and Chókwe,” the draft report said. 

Citing Mozambique’s National Disaster Management Institute (INGC), the draft report said that in Gaza Province flooding (caused by Dando) had affected 5,393 families, while in Zambézia about 2,571 families were affected by Funso up until 23 January 2012. 

INGC also forecast in the first quarter of 2012 “normal to above normal rainfall… throughout the country with the exception of Cabo Delgado, Nampula and part of the northern province of Zambézia”. 

Jorge Unamusse of Mozambique’s Red Cross told IRIN the southeastern province of Inhambane was also being monitored for flooding following continued heavy rain. 

Mozambique’s Technical Council of Disaster Management has been holding daily meetings with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Mozambique Red Cross since 16 January, and an Orange Alert has been declared, to ensure preparedness by all relevant agencies. 

Preparedness activities 

Preparedness activities include distribution of bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, and the cleaning out of storm drains. 

Unamusse said a temporary camp in Maputo for about 440 people had been set up for those displaced on the outskirts of the city by flooding caused, among other things, by poor maintenance of storm drains. 

In 2000 Cyclone Eline made landfall near the central Mozambique port city of Beira, accompanied by 260km/h winds, causing widespread flooding and the deaths of at least 700 people and the displacement of about a million others. 

INGC has been conducting flood simulation exercises since November 2011 and daily meetings were evaluating “the impact of the current rainy and cyclone seasons as well as monitoring the hydrological situation and the sequence of cyclones that are being formed in the Indian Ocean season.” 

Funso remains active in the Mozambique Channel and at 10am on 25 January was about 230km off the coast of Inhambane Province, Mozambique’s National Institute of Meteorology's chief forecaster Sergio Buque told IRIN. 

“Its intensity decreased from category four to category three with sustained winds exceeding 155km/h. Rain with thunderstorms and strong winds, above 70km/h, will continue to affect the Inhambane districts of Inharrime, Panda, Jangamo, Homoíne, Inhambane City, Maxixe, Morrumbene, Massinga Vilankulo and Inhassoro,” he added. 

go/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94722</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251347010920t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two tropical storms in quick succession in Mozambique in recent days have left at least 25 dead, tens of thousands affected by flooding, and communications infrastructure damaged.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Coping with climate change</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110240730340094t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding. 

In a review of its humanitarian operations (HERR), [ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/HERR.pdf ]
 the UK government was among the first donors to place resilience at the centre of its “approach both to longer-term development and to emergency response” and announced its intention to scale-up work on resilience. 

Aid experts and NGOs provide various reasons for the growing popularity and emergence of resilience as a concept. Some are sceptical. But they all agree it is a positive approach that will bring the worlds of development and humanitarian aid closer. 

What does resilience mean in the aid world? 

Some call it just another addition to the growing aid jargon. But mostly people call it a new approach, a “lens”, which has given new meaning to “sustainable development”. 

Maarten van Aalst, director of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre and co-ordinating lead author of the summary of the special report on Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change (SREX) produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2011 explains it thus: Under the conventional sustainable development approach, if a road had to be constructed in a rural area, benefits - such as the impact on the lives of the communities living alongside, creation of job opportunities from the maintenance of the road and development of markets for the farming community - would have been taken into consideration. 

This is what Peter Walker, a leading aid expert, calls the “linear” approach. The old development models “made projections into the future from recent trends and assumed that, all other things being equal, life would get better”. 

But with a resilience lens on, the government or aid agency responsible for the road will consider the possibility of external shocks or unexpected developments that might affect the road and people’s lives. “What if the area becomes prone to floods or if there is an earthquake, what if food prices increase because the contractors are better off than the local population? [These] would be some of the factors that the project would now consider,” explains Van Aalst. 

The SREX defines resilience as “the ability of a system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement of its essential basic structures and functions”. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94301 ]

A much simpler definition is offered by Simon Levine, a member of the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA), a consortium of NGOs and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), where he is a research fellow: “It is the ability [of people, systems] to maintain their well-being.” 

Paul Cook, Tearfund’s director of policy, says the climate change community in its efforts to integrate “resilience to climate change across all development sectors”, is seeking a definition of resilience or “strengthened development" that is broad and “ensures communities and ecosystems have the capacity to adapt to uncertain change”. 

Tom Mitchell, head of climate change at ODI and also an SREX co-ordinating lead author, agrees, suggesting that “the HERR’s decision to foreground resilience has helped to generate new conversations between those working on risks to development, meaning new connections are being made between conflict, disaster, financial and climate risk management that were not happening to anywhere near the same extent before the HERR came out. This can only be a good thing.” 

Why the focus on resilience now? 

Brian Walker, one of the world’s first resilience scientists, says the increasing realization that people are unable to control factors, such as earthquakes, or influence certain situations, such as long-running conflicts, or halt man-made climate change have forced them to consider this approach. 

“The world leaders and the global institutions we have at present are simply unable to slow down the changes in greenhouse gases, growing antibiotic resistance, ocean acidification, loss of forests, etc,” he wrote in an email to IRIN. 

The development and humanitarian community of the 1970s and 1980s were optimistic, believing that given enough time and money for innovation, all the problems in the world could be fixed, says Peter Walker, who heads the Feinstein International Center at Tufts University. But that optimism has been ebbing in the past few years, fuelled by unresolved conflicts such as in Afghanistan. 

“As we come to understand the complexity of systems more and as we have evidence that we control only a small part of how these systems evolve, planners’ goals shift from ‘forcing’ systems along a path they determine, to seeking ways to nudge systems into states that will withstand shock.” 

But others like Tom Bigg, a development policy expert at the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), see the reason for the shift as partly political and to do with basic rights. He thinks the resilience approach is about looking for solutions within (a person, system or a country) that make it more empowering than the previous development approach where “people were passive victims for whom change was determined externally”. 

Richard Klein, a scientist at the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), who is leading the work on adaptation for the IPCC’s next assessment, says the increasing use of the word resilience “has to do with the positive connotation it has. ‘Enhancing resilience' sounds better as a policy objective than 'reducing vulnerability', although by and large they would involve the same activities.” 

Where does the concept fit into an aid system? 

The resilience theory developed in 1973 by Buzz Holling, an ecologist, exists in all disciplines – economists look at how markets reorganize themselves after shocks, political scientists consider how fragile countries recover after war and so on. The study of resilience is a multi-disciplinary science. 

It is difficult to trap resilience in a silo of its own, says ODI’s Levine. Its usefulness lies in the fact that it has built bridges between the worlds of development, relief and disaster risk reduction – as the goal of all these sectors is to produce individuals, communities, countries or any system able to withstand shocks, he said. 

Its application differs. 

Some view it as similar to the participatory, consultative approach - where existing communities’ capacity and expectations to cope and recover are taken into account when planning disaster risk reduction programmes. NGOs such as the Red Cross/Red Crescent have been working with this approach for the last few years. 

The UK Department for International Development (DFID) has developed projects that enhance resilience to disasters. For instance, in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) that covers 7.8 million people in Ethiopia by providing regular and predictable cash and food transfers, DFID has introduced a new risk financing mechanism. This allows the programme to expand in times of shock such as a particularly long dry season, for longer periods or to cover more people. 

In the past five years there have been increased efforts to integrate adaptation and disaster risk reduction as both "aim to reduce the impacts of shocks by anticipating risks and addressing vulnerabilities". IPCC’s SREX was an attempt to do that. Then there have also been efforts to integrate the two into development planning and practice, says Van Aalst. “Resilience is often used as a convenient umbrella concept that captures some of this integration.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85372 ]

Funding issues 

There is no separate funding for resilience. But a specific project within a single sector like the risk financing mechanism in Ethiopia’s PSNP could possibly find openings. DFID has started looking at it from a disaster resilience and conflict perspective. According to Tearfund’s Cook, “It will obviously be challenging to try to channel money for building up resilience across the whole range of sectors in a coherent way but, for us, it would seem counterproductive to establish stand-alone resilience initiatives,” he added. After all it is a concept that looks at things in totality. 

Partners in Resilience is a five-year project run in five countries which integrates risk-reduction, adaptation and environmental protection using resilience as an umbrella, bringing NGOs such as the Netherlands Red Cross, Care, Wetlands International, CORDAID and the Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre together. But the project raised the money by aligning its objectives with that of the Netherlands Development Aid – in this case it was poverty alleviation, civil society building and so on. 

The problems 

Van Aalst raises two concerns. The real problem around implementation concerns capacity and scale. “It is easy to run pilot projects and try to influence change but initiatives like these need to be scaled-up to make a difference. And if you want to scale-up you need capacity and you need to keep the objectives simple and not confuse people on the ground with yet another term." He suggested being realistic about the kind of outcomes sought from a project. 

The other problem was the word might hide the underlying causes of vulnerability, particularly inequalities, he said. "The causes of vulnerability are often closely related to development decisions that create vulnerability." For instance, the creation of urban slums in areas exposed to environmental risks such as river banks. 

Ultimately, as Klein points out, "I don't believe in the possibility of rationally calculating the optimal level of preparedness/adaptation/resilience of society. There is no such thing as zero risk; the level of risk a society is exposed to is a social and political decision." 

jk/mw 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94714</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110240730340094t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the past five years, “resilience” (the ability to absorb shocks and recover) has become quite a buzzword in the aid community. Discussions on adapting to a changing climate are increasingly peppered with the “need to build resilience” of people, infrastructure and governments in the face of shocks such as soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, severe storms and flooding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Agriculture in a changing environment</title><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102140732020812t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83763 ] to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.

Some at the talks see a more dominant role for agriculture - an emitter of major greenhouses gases such as nitrous oxide and methane - in reducing global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates agricultural emissions account for 13.5 percent of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions. 

At the same time, poor countries want more money and better technology to help farmers adapt to the impact of climate change such as frequent droughts, flooding and increased salinity. 

“It is really a bad split for agriculture,” said John Beddington, the UK’s chief scientific adviser, and one of the authors of a paper calling for a more integrated approach, combining mitigation and adaptation efforts. 

The paper, published in the current edition of Science [ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/335/6066/289.summary ]with contributions from several scientists, calls for a better understanding of agricultural practices with the aim of delivering multiple benefits - reducing emissions, helping agriculture to adapt, and using limited resources (like water) efficiently. 

One model to emulate could be Denmark, where one of the world’s strictest agriculture control systems is in place - including, for example, the use of environmentally friendly practices such as substituting pig slurry (pig waste and water) for artificial fertilizers. The country has managed not only to reduce emissions from agriculture by 28 percent but also increase productivity. 

This kind of win-win agriculture would attract more funding from a wider range of sources, said Beddington. 

Climate change’s impact is likely to be greatest in low and middle-income tropical regions, where pressure will mount to produce more food because of population and income growth, says agricultural economist Christopher Barrett, who teaches at Cornell University. The global focus, therefore, has to be on helping agriculture in those regions adapt, and not just produce more or reduce emissions. “And that agenda needs to encompass post-harvest storage, distribution and transformation.” 

Despite growing support for an integrated approach to agriculture encompassing adaptation and mitigation efforts, policy actions have been slow to materialize in most countries and at the UN climate change talks, the paper says. 

A first step, say the scientists, is to get commonly agreed definitions of concepts like “climate-smart agriculture” and “sustainable intensification”, which integrate the two approaches. 

The authors of the paper include ecologist Bob Scholes of South Africa’s Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Mohammad Asaduzzaman, research director of the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies; and Judi Wakhungu, executive director of the African Centre for Technology Studies in Kenya. 

“Climate-smart” 

The “climate-smart” concept as developed by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) advocates practices which generate both adaptation and mitigation benefits such as the efficient use of organic fertilizers; the development of efficient seed systems which produce crops naturally resilient to climatic shifts; the harvesting of water for irrigation; the production of biogas from livestock manure; and greater reliance on forage from maize crops to feed animals. 

Such initiatives would not only improve food production but also reduce harmful gas emissions, says FAO. 

About 70 percent of agriculture-related emissions are associated with the manufacture and use of nitrogen-based fertilizers -in large part through the emission of nitrous oxide - according to a 2011 review by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). [ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01342.x/abstract ]

The livestock sector generates 65 percent of human-related nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide. Most of this comes from manure. 

Belching cows, goats and sheep emit 80 million tons of methane into the atmosphere every year. Though methane remains in the atmosphere for a short time (9-15 years), it has 23 times the GWP of carbon dioxide. Irrigated rice farming is another major source of methane emissions. 

Soil carbon sequestration 

But the “climate-smart” concept was given another interpretation at the Durban climate change talks in December: The World Bank announced it had launched a “climate-smart agriculture” pilot project in Kenya. The project (which is still running) aims to get small farmers to adopt agricultural practices such as low-tillage, which trap carbon in the soil in such a way that it is not re-emitted into the atmosphere (soil carbon sequestration). The carbon is then sold as credits in carbon markets. 

Think-tanks like the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), and scientists at BBSRC, point out that sustainable agriculture can increase the sequestration of carbon in the soil but it is difficult and costly to measure. 

IATP’s senior policy analyst, Steve Suppan, said the very high transaction costs of converting Kenyan farmers’ work into carbon credits would be better spent on more rapidly adapting Kenya’s agriculture to climate change. 

“Because the project's transaction costs are nearly half of the project budget, the main project co-benefit is not for the farmers but for the carbon accounting methodology that the Bank wishes to sell globally.” 

Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Africa’s chief negotiator at the climate talks, who had been lobbying for a stronger presence for agriculture in the adaptation track, said they wanted predictable funds for agriculture, and not from shaky carbon markets, which in this case - for credits based on soil carbon sequestration - did not exist. “Our farmers will also be told to grow certain crops which sequester more carbon rather than what the farmers need, compromising their security.” 

NGOs like ActionAid warn of the possibility of “soil grabs” in developing countries by big business to offset their emissions. Mitigation cannot be the predominant objective of any project aimed at benefiting agriculture, said ActionAid’s Harjeet Singh. 

“Mitigation projects in agriculture need to begin in industrialized agriculture and land-clearing for agribusiness. The agro-ecological techniques of climate-smart agriculture should be deployed for adaptation, not in the service of carbon derivatives markets,” said Suppan. 

Beddington said linking “climate smart agricultural practices” with carbon markets was “unfortunate”. The Science paper he co-authored calls for unpacking the term in such a way that addresses concerns that it might be giving more weight to agriculture’s role in reducing emissions, rather than focusing on improving production and ways to adapt. 

Leslie Lipper, a senior environmental economist with FAO, said soil carbon sequestration is one example of an integrated approach but she was not against sourcing finance from carbon markets. “Identifying, crediting and financing mitigation co-benefits that can be generated from improving agricultural systems offers the potential to open a new and additional source of finance to help meet the investment gap” in agriculture. 

“Sustainable intensification” 

In agriculture, the term “sustainable intensification” as defined by FAO, refers to an increase in production either by using more inputs such as labour, land, time, fertilizer, feed or cash; or the maintenance of production at a certain level with the effective use of smaller amounts of fertilizer, or mixed cropping in smaller fields. 

“Sustainable intensification”, said Scholes, focused more on increasing production not by physical expansion but the efficient use of inputs. 

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change [ http://unfccc.int/2860.php ] has called for views on agriculture within the climate change context to be submitted to its Subsidiary Body for Science and Technological Advice by 5 March 2012. 

jk/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94711</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102140732020812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Agriculture has been seen either as a cause or victim of global warming at the UN climate change talks over the past few years - something that has thwarted efforts to attract the investment it needs, say scientists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Red Cross to train 1.8 million volunteers</title><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201241250170228t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) hopes to train 1.8 million volunteers as part of its nationwide community-disaster preparedness efforts.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) [ http://www.redcross.org.ph/ ] hopes to train 1.8 million volunteers as part of its nationwide community-disaster preparedness efforts.  

Dubbed Red Cross 143 [ http://www.redcross.org.ph/143 ], the programme will train 44 volunteers in each of the country's 42,000 villages or barangays to act as an extension of the PNRC at community level.  

Volunteers are provided basic training in disaster preparedness and response, as well as first aid. They are also trained in monitoring and evaluation in times of disasters and emergencies.  

"The nature of disasters and calamities is that they happen anywhere," PNRC secretary-general Gwendolyn Pang told IRIN. "We need people on the ground to be our eyes and ears. They can give us immediate situation updates as they occur."  

Launched in 2009, the programme has already successfully trained volunteers in 60 percent of the targeted villages, according to Pang.  

Disaster-prone islands  

Home to more than 100 million inhabitants, the Philippines is ranked among one of the most disaster-prone areas in the world, experiencing on average 20 typhoons a year. Located in the so-called Pacific "Ring of Fire", the archipelago is also home to some 23 active volcanoes [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91240 ].  

According to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) [ http://www.emdat.be/ ] and the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) [ http://www.unisdr.org/ ], some 33 natural disasters struck the nation in 2011.  

"All the volunteers will be given an ID and a whistle to identify themselves as part of Red Cross 143. This is also so people will recognize them as our first responders for immediate relief and support to the community," Pang added.  

Benito Ramos, chief of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ] agreed with the need for additional manpower to cope with calamities.  

"We have more than 7,000 islands. Often, it is difficult to reach affected areas immediately. The people in the communities have to be empowered to act. But coordination with other key government agencies is key," Ramos said.  

Keeping calm  

Joy, 23, is a Red Cross 143 Volunteer from the city of Cagayan de Oro on the southern island of Mindanao.  Her village, Macasandig, was one of those severely flooded on 16-18 December when tropical storm Washi hit.  

According to the NDRRMC [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/413/2011%20top%2010%20Phil%20Tropical%20cyclones.pdf ] the floods killed more than 1,200 people, and affected another million, making Washi the most destructive disaster to strike the Philippines in 2011.  

As a registered nurse, Joy already had basic knowledge in first-aid training but says it was the disaster preparedness training under the Red Cross 143 programme that helped her as flood waters quickly rose.  

"Being taught how to keep calm and alert in times of a disaster prevented me from panicking, enabled me to do my job effectively and help others," Joy said.  

as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94710</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201241250170228t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC) hopes to train 1.8 million volunteers as part of its nationwide community-disaster preparedness efforts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Shelter key issue for Washi survivors</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221206520385t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - One month after tropical storm Washi pummelled parts of the southern island of Mindanao, shelter remains the key challenge facing tens of thousands of survivors.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - One month after tropical storm Washi pummelled parts of the southern island of Mindanao, shelter remains the key challenge facing tens of thousands of survivors.  

Tropical storm Washi hit two major cities, Cagayan de Oro and Iligan in northern Mindanao, and 800 neighbouring villages on 16-18 December, triggering large-scale flooding and landslides that affected more than one million people.  

With more than 50,000 houses damaged or destroyed, some 26,000 survivors remain in 56 overcrowded evacuation centres, the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported on 17 January [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/SitRep%20No.%2041%20re%20Effects%20of%20TS%20SENDONG%20as%20of%2017%20Jan%202012,%208AM.pdf ].  

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), another 200,000 are in makeshift shelters or staying with host families.  

"Our top priority at the moment is to ensure that shelter solutions are provided to all the displaced, including families from informal settlements and those living in areas deemed the danger zone," Jacqui Badcock, UN Humanitarian Coordinator for the Philippines, told IRIN.  

In the aftermath of the storm, the government declared strips of land within 20m of the Cagayan River, the country's longest, and its surrounding islets as "no-build zones". Many of the displaced lived in these areas.  

The government and aid groups are now working to identify available land that could be used as temporary relocation sites while permanent sites are being constructed.  

"We [the humanitarian community] are working closely with the government to ensure the relocations are voluntary, safe and dignified," Badcock added.  

Relocation is being done on a staggered basis. An initial 350 of the most vulnerable families, who were living along the riverbanks, have been moved to tents at a temporary relocation site in Cagayan de Oro. 

Permanent relocation sites for those who lost their homes and those who cannot return to their areas of origin (declared by the government as "no build" zones) are due to open in July 2012, according to OCHA; however, the exact number of people to be provided with shelter or shelter-repair assistance remains unconfirmed.  

Availability of land and property rights are an additional challenge, shelter experts say.  

"Although a few relocation sites have already been identified and are being prepared, acquiring land for temporary and permanent shelters is a huge challenge," Anna Pont, International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC) shelter cluster coordinator in Mindanao, said.  "The land secured should optimally be close to people's livelihoods or has to provide them with new livelihood opportunities," Pont said.  

Accessing remote areas  

Meanwhile, local government and aid agencies are still struggling to reach those outside evacuation centres, particularly in remote and isolated areas.  One month on, communities outside Iligan and in parts of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) remain cut off and accessible only by air. Already affected by internal conflict, Washi has aggravated the vulnerability of these areas, aid workers confirm.  

"The urgent needs [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_1585.pdf ] are food, clothing and shelter," Ben Aspera, head of the sub-office for the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Iligan, confirmed.  

Helicopters provided by the Philippine Army fly in supplies twice daily; however, their capacity is largely limited by both quantity and weight.  

"We are able to fly in food, clothing and sleeping supplies. We cannot bring in heavy shelter supplies at the moment," Aspera said.  

And while local and national authorities continue to work to clear roads to better access those affected, incessant rains are making that difficult.  

"We are continuously working on clearing the roads, but we are hampered by rains. We need to be careful because this area is prone to floods and landslides. Likewise, rains sometimes delay us from airlifting supplies," Benito Ramos, head of the NDRRMC, told IRIN.  

"Our immediate concern is to sustain these communities until they can be given permanent shelter," Ramos stressed.  

The government declared a state of national calamity in the most devastated areas on 20 December to hasten relief and rehabilitation efforts as well as facilitate international aid. [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/363/Proclamation%20No.%20303%20-%20DECLARING%20A%20STATE%20OF%20NATIONAL%20CALAMITY.pdf ]  

On 22 December [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/full_report_141.pdf ], the UN and humanitarian partners called for US$28.6 million to support the government.  

To date, $7.4 million (26 percent) has been provided for shelter, food, water, sanitation and hygiene and logistics. This includes a $3 million disbursement from the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/cerf ].  

An estimated $9 million is needed for shelter requirements alone, of which $2.7 million or 30 percent has been funded.  

as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94658</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221206520385t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - One month after tropical storm Washi pummelled parts of the southern island of Mindanao, shelter remains the key challenge facing tens of thousands of survivors.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFGHANISTAN: Avalanches cut off parts of drought-hit northeast</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902251t.jpg" />]]>KABUL 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - Avalanches in northeastern Afghanistan have cut off tens - if not hundreds - of thousands of people already at risk of hunger due to drought, opening the door to a potential humanitarian crisis if aid cannot reach them, says a provincial official.</description><body><![CDATA[KABUL 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - Avalanches in northeastern Afghanistan have cut off tens - if not hundreds - of thousands of people already at risk of hunger due to drought, opening the door to a potential humanitarian crisis if aid cannot reach them, says a provincial official.  

“If the snow continues to keep the roads to rural and remote districts closed and we don’t get any assistance, we would face a severe humanitarian crisis,” Abdul Maroof Rasekh, a government spokesperson from mountainous Badakhshan Province, told IRIN. 

The snow has cut off 14 of the province’s 28 districts from the provincial capital Faizabad, preventing people from accessing markets to get food for themselves and their cattle, he said.  

At least 70 families are trapped in their homes in Eshkashim District, where rescue teams are trying to help them, Rasekh added. Altogether, hundreds of families are trapped in different districts, he said. 

The heavy snow and avalanches have led to the deaths of at least 20 people, with 11 injured, Rasekh said. The cold weather and lack of animal feed in these areas also killed around 600 cattle. 

According to a report received by the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 150 people travelling in a convoy in Baghlan Province were found alive after surviving overnight in their cars, under two metres of snow.  

Poor roads and snow in winter mean it can take days to travel from one village to another in this a mainly Tajik-speaking province with an estimated population of one million, where most people are reliant on agriculture and livestock. 

Badakhshan was among the provinces hit by drought last year which, according to an assessment by the World Food Programme (WFP), led 2.8 million Afghans nationwide to require food assistance. 

Rasekh said there was a lack of food for people and fodder for their animals. “The Ministry of Agriculture only sent food assistance for 10,000 families before winter. Other than that, we haven’t got any assistance from the government or aid community,” he added. 

WFP aid 

But Sediq Hassani, head of policy at the Afghanistan National disaster Management Authority, said the government and its international partners, including WFP, had sent more than 70,000 tons of food and some non-food items to these areas months ago to help farmers affected by drought and feed people in case of emergency during the winter.  

The portion for drought was distributed upon arrival and provincial disaster management authorities are now deciding how to distribute the emergency rations, based on need, he said.  

“In some provinces, they have already started distributing food, but in some other areas, due to heavy snowfall, they are not able to deliver food for the needy people and I think that is a bit of problem,” Hassani said. “But we are still trying.” 

WFP began distributing emergency food across drought-hit areas in December, and had been distributing food to chronically hungry people before that as part of its regular programs. 

Communities in these areas are accustomed to roads becoming impassable for six months every year, Mohammad Taher Shahim, who works with OCHA in neighbouring Kunduz Province, told IRIN. Government institutions, hospitals and food markets are present inside the districts, he said, and other needs are positioned there before the winter. These include equipment to keep roads open and help people if they get trapped, Hassani said. The districts cut off from Faizabad can also be accessed by aid agencies from Tajikistan, Shahim added.  

Still, “the relevant government departments are working very hard right now to open the roads and rescue those people who have been trapped in places like Badakhshan,” Hassani told IRIN, adding that snow had also closed roads to mountainous areas of the central provinces of Daykundi and Bamyan. 

The Aga Khan Foundation Network has already begun work clearing 6km of road on Palfill Slope in Baghlan Province, Shahim said. But there could be further problems ahead, he added, with a high probability of more avalanches this year. 

mp/ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94662</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902251t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KABUL 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - Avalanches in northeastern Afghanistan have cut off tens - if not hundreds - of thousands of people already at risk of hunger due to drought, opening the door to a potential humanitarian crisis if aid cannot reach them, says a provincial official.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GLOBAL: Why international disaster law matters</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200510150t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - More countries should follow international disaster law to ensure efficient delivery of international aid, say experts.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - More countries should follow international disaster law to ensure efficient delivery of international aid, say experts.  

"Too often, this life-saving assistance is delayed by bureaucratic bottlenecks [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87758 ]," Elyse Mosquini, a Geneva-based senior advocacy officer of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) [ http://www.ifrc.org/ ], told IRIN.  

International disaster law, the legal instruments that provide guidance on how disaster assistance should work, "is the closest thing we have to a rule book on how disaster response operations should be managed across borders", says Oliver Lacey-Hall, Asia head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) [ http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/idrl/latest-news/idrl-newsletter-december-2011/ifrc-and-ocha-sign-new-agreement-on-idrl/ ].  

The IFRC's International Disaster Response Laws, Rules and Principles (IDRL) programme [ http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/idrl/about-idrl/ ] developed the Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance, introduced in 2007.  

"The guidelines [ http://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/41203/introduction-guidelines-en.pdf ] aim to provide guidance to governments on how to reduce red tape and strengthen accountability," adds Lacey-Hall.  

But unfortunately countries do not think about needing external help until it becomes an immediate reality, experts say. Only nine countries have passed IDRL-based domestic legislation - Finland, Indonesia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Peru, the Philippines and US.  

Experts say more countries need to act fast and follow their examples.  

Lacey-Hall said the recent floods in the Philippines [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94524 ] showed that strong disaster laws [ http://www.ifrc.org/what-we-do/idrl/ ] meant response operations proceeded smoothly.  

"Sadly it seems that usually it requires a disaster to focus minds on putting such regulations into place," said. 

Mosquini urged states to move before the next disaster strikes.  

"One only has to look at the increasing number and scale of natural disasters over the past several years to recognize the urgency of action in this area," she warns.  

Among the stumbling blocks covered are issues such as visas for aid workers, customs and taxes, and an overall need for coordination.  

Visas  

"There have been a number of cases where visas have taken time to obtain," says Sarah Ireland, regional director for Oxfam East Asia.  

Myanmar notoriously refused to give visas to aid workers for weeks following Cyclone Nargis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85049 ] in 2008.  

"We want to bring in legitimate resources like people and goods quickly, to get these in within the first two weeks," Ireland said. 

Problems with visas can also arise once the immediate disaster response has passed: "It is often easier to get a visa during the first week of an emergency, but weeks into the response operations the procedures are not only back to basics, but the system is often clogged up by the many requests from international organizations," notes Jesper Lund, humanitarian affairs officer at the Emergency Services Branch of UN-OCHA, based in Geneva.  

The IDRL recommendations include granting or waiving visas and work permits for aid workers; recognizing driver's licences and qualifications of doctors, engineers; and making an effort to hire local staff as much as possible.  Customs and taxes  

"Stories of relief shipments delayed at customs processing points for months after they would have been useful are well known," Mosquini says.  

"There are two issues in customs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93339 ]," adds Ireland. "One is being allowed to bring in things, and sometimes you have to import things like vehicles and communications equipment, which can be sensitive. And then some of the challenges are with taxation - because sometimes taxes are 100 percent."  

"In Haiti, water trucks were parked for months because of the registration process in the country, which created substantial expenditures in renting local water trucks," says Isabelle Sechaud, IFRC's field logistics manager.  

The IDRL guidelines propose exempting relief shipments from customs and taxes; permitting re-exportation once they are no longer needed; temporarily recognizing foreign registered vehicles; and reducing barriers to import of communications equipment and medicines.  

Lack of coordination  

"A large part of the assistance in the first phase of a new emergency is donated with the heart rather than based on sound humanitarian needs assessments," says Lund.  

In 2004, many agencies sent inappropriate or even harmful items, such as expired food and medicines, in response to the Indian Ocean tsunami [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87534 ], according to Mosquini.  

"There was pretty much a free-for-all at the start of the aid operation," says Lacey-Hall, referring to the tsunami aftermath in Indonesia. "[Lack of coordination] meant there were no clear rules of engagement, that turf battles broke out between aid agencies on who worked where."  

The IDRL guidelines say affected states should have primary responsibility and sovereign rights to regulate relief operations, and the right to decide whether to invite in international assistance. International actors are advised to calculate aid priorities based on need alone, not interfere in internal affairs of the affected state and coordinate with domestic actors.  

ms/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94648</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200510150t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - More countries should follow international disaster law to ensure efficient delivery of international aid, say experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: New emergency powers aim to cut casualties</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104130553230621t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Philippine President Benigno Aquino has signed an executive order overhauling the country&apos;s rules on closing government offices and schools during natural disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Philippine President Benigno Aquino has signed an executive order overhauling the country's rules on closing government offices and schools during natural disasters.  

Signed on 11 January, Executive Order No. 66, a copy of which was obtained by IRIN, gives local authorities the power to decide to immediately cancel classes and work if they feel danger is imminent, even if the state weather forecaster has not yet raised storm alert warnings.  

However, in cases where the president himself decides to declare a "state of calamity", classes in both public and private schools, as well as work in government offices, can be suspended in areas affected by disasters other than storms, such as floods, earthquakes, tsunamis or massive fires.  

"This executive order is an assertion of the state's declared policy to institutionalize measures that will ensure that the general public, including students and state workers, will be safe from hazards and their lives and limbs will be safeguarded," Aquino's chief aide, Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa, said.  

It was also a recognition "of the local risk patterns across the country aimed at boosting disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities and resources at the regional and local levels", he said.  Approximately 20 typhoons hit the archipelago nation annually, triggering floods and deadly landslides.  

On 16 to 18 December, tropical storm Washi [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] brought heavy rains across parts of the southern island of Mindanao, causing flash floods in two coastal cities that had not seen such a disaster in recent history.  

According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), the floods killed more than 1,200 people, and affected more than a million, making Washi the most destructive disaster to strike the Philippines in 2011 [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/413/2011%20top%2010%20Phil%20Tropical%20cyclones.pdf ]. 

Almost a month later, some 24,000 people remain displaced in shelters, mostly schools, down from more than 69,000 in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/full_report_161.pdf ] reported on 12 January.  

"There had been cases in the past when school children were caught in the middle of disasters because the order to cancel classes and work came in too late," NDRRMC head Benito Ramos said.  "By giving local officials, such as town and city mayors, direct powers to now make their own determinations in calling off work and school, it will hopefully lessen casualties and reduce the risk of many casualties." 

 fv/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94637</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104130553230621t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Philippine President Benigno Aquino has signed an executive order overhauling the country&apos;s rules on closing government offices and schools during natural disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Artisanal mining compounds landslide risk</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201120813240068t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - A deadly landslide in the southern Philippines in early January underscores the dangers of unregulated, artisanal mining, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - A deadly landslide in the southern Philippines in early January underscores the dangers of unregulated, artisanal mining, experts say.  

"Aside from the unusually heavy rains, small-scale mining is one of the major triggers of landslides in the Philippines," Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) [ http://www.mgb.gov.ph/ ] director Leo Jasareno, confirmed. 

Although no exact figures are available, he estimated about 30 percent of the latest landslides were due in part to such mining.  

According to the International Labour Organization, artisanal miners employ rudimentary techniques for mineral extraction and often operate under hazardous, labour-intensive and illegal conditions.  

On 5 January, at least 35 miners and their families were killed, and dozens more left missing, when a landslide tore through a small-scale gold mining site in Pantukan Township in the Compostela Valley on the island of Mindanao, burying a 7,500 sqm area.  

The mountainside in Napnapan Village collapsed around 3am when most residents were asleep, sweeping away dozens of homes, shanties and other buildings, officials said.  

Government experts cite heavy rains, aggravated by unregulated gold mine tunnelling as the cause.  "The mayor of Pantukan has been instructed to padlock and close the tunnels that are unsafe and extremely high risk. We cannot afford another incident," Compostela Governor Arturo Uy told IRIN.  

On 11 January, authorities began demolishing upwards of 200 homes and shanties in high-risk areas.  There are nine mining towns in Compostela Valley in the Davao Region, an area that has long attracted individual prospectors.  

At least 30,000 small-scale miners operate in Pantukan, most of whom are outsiders, local media reports say. More than 70 percent of all gold in the country is extracted this way, government sources say.  

"Deadly mix"  

According to the MGB, up to 80 percent [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90967 ] of the Philippines is landslide prone, making the country the fourth most exposed to landslide risk after Indonesia, India and China.  

At the same time, the country is also among the richest in mineral resources, making for a particularly deadly mix. 

There are between 200,000 and 300,000 small-scale miners nationwide, Jasareno says.  

"Sixty to 80 percent of them don't have permits. They're not regulated and they don't follow rules," he said, noting that many small-scale miners are also using heavy equipment.  "Their operations certainly add pressure to the soil," the official added.  

According to the World Bank, an estimated 20 million men, women and children worldwide from over 50 developing countries are engaged in artisanal and small-scale mining, while a further 100 million depend on it for their livelihoods.  

These numbers are growing in line with higher prices and demand for minerals both in developed [ http://www.oecd.org/home/0,2987,en_2649_201185_1_1_1_1_1,00.html ] countries and emerging economies such as China and India.  

cf/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94629</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201120813240068t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - A deadly landslide in the southern Philippines in early January underscores the dangers of unregulated, artisanal mining, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Flood-affected schools re-open, but challenges remain</title><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201101107210758t.jpg" />]]>CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges. 
 
 "It is better to be in school rather than doing nothing in the evacuation centres. Going to school establishes a sense of normality amid this crisis," Department of Education (DepEd) regional director Luz Almeda told IRIN, referring to the 3 January opening. 
 
 "In times of disaster when many things have been rendered dysfunctional, showing that the education system is functioning again sends a positive message," Yul Olaya, an education officer with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), [ http://www.unicef.org/philippines/index.html ] agreed. 
 
 Tropical storm Washi pummelled northern Mindanao island, including the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, on 16-18 December, with flash floods as high as 4.3m washing away schools and damaging or destroying close to 52,000 homes. 
 
 According to government estimates, damage to infrastructure, agriculture and school buildings now exceeds US$30 million. 
 
 More than 1,250 people died in the storm, while 176 are still missing, the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported on 10 January. 
 [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/NDRRMC%20Update%20Sitrep%20No.34%20re%20TS%20Sendong%2010%20January%202011,%208AM.pdf ] 
 
 Some 24,500 people are still in 55 evacuation centres, many of them schools, down from almost 70,000 at Christmas time. 
 
 More than 200,000, however, are still staying with relatives or in makeshift shelters. 
 
 Figures released by the DepEd indicate that 49 schools in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan were damaged or used as evacuation centres, with two schools in Iligan City completely washed away by raging floodwaters. 
 
 At home in school 
 
 More than one million people were affected by Washi, which triggered flash floods and landslides and forced tens of thousands to seek shelter in evacuation centres. [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_1534.pdf ]. 
 
 Three weeks on, the basic needs remain shelter, food, water and sanitation/hygiene as well as health and psycho-social services, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 
 
 Among those displaced, 2,742 families took shelter in 10 schools, according to Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) welfare officer Primitio Rufin. 
 
 "We could not make them leave while we are still building alternative relocation sites for evacuees," said Rufin. 
 
 To cope, classrooms are being shared between evacuees and students. "The classrooms are used in the daytime by the students while the evacuees stay in the gym or covered courts. After classes, the evacuees go back to the classroom to sleep," Rufin explained. 
 
 In schools with large open fields, temporary tent cities have been set up. 
 
 "As of today, it is still a very small number of displaced who have been effectively relocated," admitted Araceli Solamilla, regional director of the DSWD [ http://www.dswd.gov.ph/ ]. "But we're working as fast as we can so that we can have the evacuees moved from the schools by the end of the month." 
 
 "We are continuously identifying areas suitable for relocation. But assessment and of course, building of permanent shelters, will take time," Solamilla added. 
 
 The DSWD hopes to have 70-80 percent of the displaced successfully relocated by end-March. 
 
 Incentives 
 
 Various aid and development agencies had to scramble to clear classrooms and make repairs in time for the 3 January opening, while incentives such as free backpacks with school supplies were given to children on opening day to entice them back to school. 
 
 On its fourth day of opening, the DepEd reported a student turnout rate of 42 percent in elementary and 16 percent in high schools in Cagayan de Oro. 
 
 But they hope this will steadily increase as other issues preventing the children from returning to school are addressed. 
 
 "Some of the children don't want to come to school because they have no uniforms. So many were left with nothing," Myrna Motomall, a DepEd school superintendent for Cagayan de Oro City, explained. 
 
 According to OCHA, initially, the agencies' aim was to help some 34,000 affected school-children in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan with early childhood care and development and basic education, strengthening child rights and protective mechanisms in learning institutions and enhancing capacities of teachers to conduct psycho-social support. 
 
 It has now been established that the number of children needing education assistance surpasses 210,000, 60 percent of whom are in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan cities. 
 
 as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94613</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201101107210758t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Mindanao hospitals on alert for Leptospirosis</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051247430266t.jpg" />]]>CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi.</description><body><![CDATA[CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi. 

"All hospital and clinic staff are on alert," Jose Llacuna Jr, Department of Health (DoH) assistant regional director for Northern Mindanao, confirmed on 5 January, citing 314 cases and eight deaths in flood-affected Cagayan de Oro City and Iligan.  

The two cities were pummelled by Washi, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94524 ] which struck northern parts of the southern Philippine island on 16 to 18 December, affecting some one million people. 

More than 1,250 people died in the storm, while some 100 are still missing, the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) said on 5 January [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/SITREP%2029%20SENDONG%2005%20JAN%202012.pdf ]; close to 38,000 people are still in 54 evacuation centres in the area.  

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Leptospirosis affects both humans and animals. It is brought about by exposure to water or soil infected by the urine and faeces of rodents.  

Common in slum areas, disasters such as typhoons can result in a spike in cases when residents are exposed to contaminated water.  

Leptospirosis can cause fever, internal bleeding, meningitis and in severe cases, organ failure and even death, health experts warn.  

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [ http://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/infection/index.html ], the time between exposure to a contaminated source and falling ill is two days to four weeks. 

Mostly males 

About 80 percent of reported cases in Mindanao diagnosed were among males, with a median age of 26, Llacuna said.  

"Men are left to clean up flooded homes and haul heavy objects. They are the ones exposed to infected flood waters," he explained. 

"Most of the cases were among those who live in Macasinding, one of the worst flood-affected communities," Jose Chan, chief of the hospital at the Northern Mindanao Medical Center, added.  

Residents who had not taken shelter in the evacuation centres were particularly vulnerable, he said.  "Those who are not in the evacuation centres cannot be tracked or given medication or treatment. They are also likely to have prolonged exposure to the flood waters," Chan said.  

But despite the outbreak, the levels of Leptospirosis are still nowhere near those reported during Typhoon Ketsana in 2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86779 ], when there were more than 2,000 cases and 167 reported deaths.  

There is, however, still reason to worry.  

"The accumulated mud is still a potential source of infection. It may still contain bacteria from the carcasses of rodents or their faeces and urine which remain in the soil," Brian Enriquez, focal point for Emerging Health Threats for the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), [ http://www.redcross.org.ph/ ] told IRIN.  

Moreover, clearing of certain areas will remain difficult as regular water service is not expected to resume before 22 January. District water supplies to both Cagayan de Oro City and Iligan were severely damaged by the flash floods.  

To date, only pipelines in certain parts of the cities are partially functional, while addressing lack of awareness is also a challenge.  

Rapid diagnostic kits are being deployed by the DoH to test early symptoms of the disease. The region is not known to be prone to typhoons, flash floods and landslides and many people were ill-prepared to cope with Washi's aftermath.  

"We're not used to this [flooding]," Ellen Satua, a local DoH official said. "People are easily worried that having a fever already means they have Leptospirosis. Rapid testing and diagnosis are part of reassuring them." 

as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94590</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201051247430266t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAGAYAN DE ORO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hospitals in Northern Mindanao are preparing for more cases of Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease spread by rodents, following tropical storm Washi.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Natural disasters becoming costlier than ever</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. &quot;Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific,&quot; Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. 
 
 "Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific," Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok. 
 
 Of the global US$270 billion of economic losses to natural disasters in 2011, 90 percent was in Asia, he said. 
 
 From earthquakes in New Zealand and Japan, to heavy flooding in Australia and Asia, economic losses in the first nine months of 2011 came to $259 billion, of which only about $52 billion was insured, according to Munich Re, [ http://www.munichre.com/en/homepage/default.aspx ] a global insurance company which covers natural disasters. 
 
 The $220 billion of damage caused by the earthquake and tsunami in Japan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92161 ] accounted for the bulk of the losses, according to Srivastana. 
 
 In addition, "the unprecedented flooding in South-East Asian countries this year is estimated to have caused a cumulative production loss of about $6.3 billion or 0.9 percent of the combined gross domestic product [GDP] of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam,” said a 9 December statement [ http://www.unescap.org/unis/press/2011/dec/g64.asp?print=true ] by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the UN’s regional development arm for the Asia-Pacific region. 
 
 "The costliest natural catastrophe [in Southeast Asia] may be the Thailand floods with overall economic losses in the billions," said Michael Able, a spokesman for Munich Re. See Thai Slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94021 ] 
 
 Yet less than 9 percent of costs in the Asia Pacific region were insured, his organization says. 
 
 While economic and human risks are high due to increasing urban populations, insurance coverage in many countries in the region remains too low to effectively protect against hazards. 
 
 "Most of the burden will fall on the state which will have to cover recovery and rehabilitation, including the pressure to address the challenge of reducing future risks," said Sanny Jegillos, the UN Development Programme's regional coordinator for disaster risk reduction. 
 
 Population increases 
 
 "With growth in population, continued urbanization in exposed areas and increasing wealth, we also expect economic losses to rise further," said Gerd Henghuber, a climate change and renewable energy specialist with Munich Re. 
 
 Forty-three percent of Asian populations are urban dwellers and the region is home to half of the world's largest cities. "The stark reality is that disaster impacts in urban settings are felt much more intensely than in the past," said the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center in its 2020 strategy report. [ http://www.adpc.net/udrm/strategy-asia-2020.htm ] 
 
 Moreover, economic losses in the region are likely to hit the poor hardest, said Srivastava. 
 
 "To date, the region has borne the brunt of natural catastrophe losses. There is an urgent need for wider natural catastrophe insurance coverage," said Henghuber. 
 
 At the same time, unless governments incorporate disaster risk reduction into development plans, economic losses will rise in the future, according to Jegillos, who added: "Investments in disaster risk reduction are investments in development." 
 
 dm/ds/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94563</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Natural disasters in Asia in 2011 could well prove to be the costliest ever, experts say. &quot;Never before has this world suffered so much economic loss due to natural disaster, most of which has been in Asia and the Pacific,&quot; Sanjay Srivastava, UN regional adviser for disaster risk reduction, told IRIN in Bangkok.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: More evacuations in flood-hit Mindanao</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112281104500188t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Ten days after tropical storm Washi caused severe flooding on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, leaving over 1,200 dead and thousands homeless, thousands more people have been evacuated from their homes following fresh flooding, officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Ten days after tropical storm Washi caused severe flooding on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, leaving over 1,200 dead and thousands homeless, thousands more people have been evacuated from their homes following fresh flooding, officials say. 
 
 Some 15,000 people have been evacuated from the towns of Barobo and Bislig (Surigao del Sur Province), San Francisco (Agusan del Sur Province), and Valencia (Bukidnon Province) over the past two days, after rivers burst their banks. 
 
 "We had to undertake pre-emptive evacuation. There were very heavy rains brought about by a low pressure area, adding to our problems in Mindanao," Benito Ramos, head of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/ ] told IRIN on 28 December. 
 
 In Valencia, 120km east of areas devastated by Washi, police and military rescue units used helicopters to pluck around 300 families from rooftops, the UN World Food Programme reported. 
 
 There have been no reports of further deaths, but Ramos and UN officials say the latest flooding is placing huge strains on the emergency services. 
 
 “The issue of further flooding is an obvious concern,” David Carden, country head of office for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). “We’re already overstretched, but we will respond to any humanitarian need provided resources and funds are available.” 
 
 Washi hit northern Mindanao on 16-18 December, with the coastal cities of Iligan and Cagayan de Oro worst affected. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] 
 
 According to Ramos, the death toll from Washi now stood at 1,249, with many more still missing. Over 700,000 people in 56 towns and eight cities were affected by the storm, more than half of whom needed relief assistance. 
 
 Some 54,000 people were in 53 evacuation centres around the affected area, while another 400,000 were staying with friends or relatives but still in need of assistance, the NDRRMC reported. 
 
 The search goes on 
 
 "We are continuing to search for more casualties. The fishermen are scouring shorelines, while scuba divers are struggling with murky waters in rivers because there might be bodies trapped beneath the debris," Ramos said, adding: "My heart breaks for people still looking for their loved ones. They always tell me: ‘There are still people in the rubble, many of them, please don't stop’." 
 
 Meanwhile, Cagayan de Oro city mayor Vicente Emano said schools in affected areas would reopen in February (many of them are currently being used as temporary evacuation centres). 
 
 Volunteers were constructing some 300 houses on a 10-hectare government-owned site and some people would be able to move there, but Emano said many others need relocating. 
 
 "Our relocation sites are not enough," he said, appealing for more aid. "The outpouring of assistance from the international community has been tremendous, but our biggest problem now is the transfer of these families whose houses were swept away." 
 
 Some families whose houses withstood the strong currents had returned to their homes in a bid to rebuild, he said, despite warnings that these areas remained off limits and prone to more flooding. 
 
 "The president has ordered that they be removed from high-risk areas and not allowed to go back to their homes," the mayor said, adding that after initial protests those who had gone back had been forced to abandon the area. 
 
 fv/ds/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94554</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112281104500188t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Ten days after tropical storm Washi caused severe flooding on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, leaving over 1,200 dead and thousands homeless, thousands more people have been evacuated from their homes following fresh flooding, officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, which killed more than 1,000 in December.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91599 ] and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94474 ] and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] which killed more than 1,000 in December. 
 
 In between, IRIN’s editors pushed the boundaries of disaster preparedness vocabulary to describe the constant vigilance and resilience required of people who have lived through one of the region’s most costly years for disaster relief. 
 
 “Gearing up”, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93957 ] “bracing for” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92161 ] and “preparing”[ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94109 ] - some agencies and residents had time to stock medicines, evacuate danger zones and seek safer ground. 
 
 But there were also the ones who did not make it, whose families posted announcements searching for them [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92203 ] in vain - and are still waiting. 
 
 The 11 March earthquake and tsunami which hit the Tohoku region along the Pacific coast of Japan was the fourth largest earthquake recorded globally and the largest in Japan’s history. 
 
 The subsequent tsunami resulted in 15,839 dead and another 3,642 missing or unaccounted for as of 17 November - and set off a chorus of “are we prepared?” in countries in and along the Pacific’s so called Ring of Fire. 
 
 In the increasingly rare moments when we were not covering a natural disaster, we tracked the quest for clean water from mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] to magic tree seeds [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91879 ]; considered the price of goodwill unchecked; [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94067 ] analyzed the role of blame in charitable giving; [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92756 ] and consulted scientists tracking hotspots of anti-malarial drug resistance. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92516 ] 
 
 Meanwhile, in Myanmar, donors and the political opposition cautiously celebrated the government’s pledges of reform, as analysts highlighted challenges, including sporadic violence in Kachin State, where only recently aid groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94544 ] have gained access, albeit limited. 
 
 In the Philippines, peace inched forward between spasms of violence and disaster for Mindanao, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94493 ] while in Sri Lanka a decades-long civil war - declared over in May 2009 - has left questions about reparations, accountability [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92586 ] and reconciliation. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94501 ] 
 
 pt/cb 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - Volcanic flooding (rain mixed with lava) greeted us at the start of 2011 in Indonesia and we wrapped up the year with billions of cubic metres of water bearing down on Thailand’s capital, and the southern Philippines caught off-guard by storms, which killed more than 1,000 in December.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SRI LANKA: Tsunami anniversary highlights early warning gaps</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112231030050268t.jpg" />]]>COLOMBO 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - Seven years after a devastating tsunami struck Sri Lanka, more work still needs to be done to secure an effective early-warning system, officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[COLOMBO 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - Seven years after a devastating tsunami struck Sri Lanka, more work still needs to be done to secure an effective early-warning system, officials say. 
 
 More than 30,000 Sri Lankans lost their lives in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 26 December 2004 that struck 13 countries and left more than 200,000 dead across the region. 
 
 "We need to improve communication between the agencies," Pradeep Kodippili, assistant director, early warning, at the government's Disaster Management Centre (DMC) [ http://www.dmc.gov.lk ] told IRIN in Colombo, the capital. 
 
 After the 2004 tsunami, Sri Lanka enacted the 2005 Disaster Management Act [ http://www.disastermin.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/DMACTNO13_E.pdf ], which established the DMC and provided mandates for monitoring and early warning systems. 
 
 Under the act, the DMC is tasked with releasing early warnings to the public issued by government agencies such as the Meteorological Department [ http://www.meteo.gov.lk/ ], Geological Survey and Mines Bureau [ http://www.gsmb.gov.lk/web/index.php ] and the Irrigation Department [ http://www.irrigation.gov.lk/ ]. 
 
 "We have to be sure that we learn from past events and make suitable adjustments. There are improvements to be made for sure," Kodippili conceded. 
 
 That opinion was borne out on 25 November, when heavy rains and gale-force winds struck the southern coast of the island nation, with little warning to residents. 
 
 According to the DMC [ http://www.dmc.gov.lk/situation%20report/reports-pdf/2011/Situation%20Report%20as%20at%202011-12-05%20at%201830%20hrs.pdf ], at least 29 people died and almost 10,000 homes were damaged or destroyed, with tens of thousands affected. 
 
 Better coordination needed 
 
 A recent report [ http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/srilanka_hpsl/docs/UNDAC_SL_Report_Final_Email.pdf ] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), released just days after the disaster, echoed the need for better coordination between state agencies. 
 
 "It is critical to the efficiency of the process that scenario development, early warning and related actions should not be considered in isolation but as an integrated process," the report said. 
 
 However, according to Kodippilli, the DMC received no warning of the storm from the Meteorological Department, mandated to issue warnings of severe weather conditions. 
 
 One of the worst-hit areas was the town of Weligama in the southern Matara District, where 14 were killed and close to a dozen reported missing, mostly fishermen out at sea. 
 
 "We never received any warning," Padmasiri Ediriweera, a fisherman and owner of two boats in Weligama, claimed. 
 
 In the past, the radio transmission tower at the local Kapparathota fisheries harbour in Weligama had received warnings, especially of cyclones. "This time there was no message so people went out to sea and were killed," he said. 
 
 Later, a top government minister also blamed the Meteorological Department for failing to issue a timely warning. 
 
 "They said there would not be such bad weather," Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Minister Rajitha Senarathana told parliament on 19 December, noting that the National Aquatic Researches and Resource Development Agency (NARA) had informed the Meteorological Department of the possibility of high winds, but the latter had failed to act on it. 
 
 Senarathana said NARA and his ministry would henceforth send out alerts directly to fishermen, without waiting for DMC or Meteorological Department alerts. 
 
 However, such a move would contravene the country's disaster management laws. Under the 2005 Act, only the DMC can issue warnings. 
 
 Capacity gap 
 
 According to the OCHA report, the Meteorological Department lacked the technical capacity to predict extreme and fast-moving weather patterns accurately. 
 
 "The Department of Meteorology of Sri Lanka does not have the capacity required to provide quantitative rain forecasts. Models currently used are assessed by the department as not fully reliable and the information issued by the department is not detailed." 
 
 The report added, however, that the department was in the process of upgrading its capacity with the installation of S-Band Doppler radar that would allow it to release more detailed updates. The new radar would give it the capacity to detect gale forces and updrafts, a common phenomenon in Sri Lanka. 
 
ap/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 26 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94536</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112231030050268t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COLOMBO 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - Seven years after a devastating tsunami struck Sri Lanka, more work still needs to be done to secure an effective early-warning system, officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
