<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Madagascar</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 15:30:37 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>MADAGASCAR: The “less is more” philosophy of rice production</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311157000396t.jpg" />]]>TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest.</description><body><![CDATA[TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest. 

A decade ago the Dutch priest, Ed Mulderink, promised him that adopting the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) would substantially increase his rice yield, but warned it would also be more labour intensive. 

“When you replant the rice, you have very small plants, and they need to be planted individually in rows [with SRI]. The others [traditional rice farmers] just take bunches of plants, beat the roots against their feet to get the soil off, and replant them. It takes them one hour to replant their field, while it takes me two days. People don’t want to use that much time,” Rakotoarivony told IRIN. 

Other farmers were skeptical of the “less is more” approach to rice production. “They think that the more plants they put in the field, the more rice they’ll have. But the opposite is true. Even if they just used some parts of the method, like controlling the water, or not beating the plant roots, it would help,” he said. 

“There were people who laughed at me, until they saw the harvest,” said Rakotoarivony, who was approached by the priest when he was earning his living as a bread vendor. “The priest asked me to work with him, using SRI. So we worked on my family land together, and we managed to double the yield, just as he had promised.” 

During the lean season Rakotoarivony produces vegetables and now has enough cash to buy seed and fertilizer every three years. Although some of his family have adopted SRI, relatively few others in the area have, despite the best efforts of the priest preaching the benefits of the practice. 

Rice is the staple for Madagascar’s 20 million people, and the average annual consumption is about 102kg per person; about 75 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. 

Production has declined from 4.7 million tons in 2010 to 4.3 million in 2011 and prices have doubled in two years to about US$1 per kilogram. In the 1970s Madagascar was a rice exporter but has since become a rice importer, a consequence of outdated farming methods and poor infrastructure, but farmers still produce 80 percent of the country’s national rice requirement. 

Development of SRI 

The SRI method was developed in the 1980s by the French Jesuit priest Henri de Laulanié, who challenged accepted norms of rice production. Traditional farmers flood their rice fields and plant bunches of mature rice plants, while SRI farmers transplant young seedlings with greater spacing on soil that is moist but not flooded. Proponents of SRI claim this system uses 25-50 percent less water, requires 80-90 percent fewer seeds, and can sometimes double or even triple the yields. 

SRI has been promoted locally by NGO Tefy Saina (Change you Mentality, established by De Laulanié) and internationally, through the Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development (CIIFAD). 

“The method has really taken off in Asia and is now practised in more than 30 countries. However, it has not been adopted on a wide scale in Africa or in Madagascar itself,” Winifred Fitzgerald, adviser to the Better U Foundation, told IRIN. 

The Better U Foundation, funded by the Canadian actor Jim Carrey, has assisted in SRI’s implementation and dissemination at grassroots, institutional and policy levels. 

However, there remains conjecture as to whether SRI methods are outpacing traditional methods. A 2005 report by Cornell University entitled Does the System of Rice Intensification Outperform Conventional Best Management? A Synopsis of the Empirical Record, says: “Aside from one set of experiments in Madagascar where SRI more than doubled rice productivity with respect to Best Management Practices, we found no evidence of a systematic or even occasional yield advantage of this magnitude elsewhere.” 

In Asian countries, these researchers found, there could even be a negative impact when the system is used, the report said. 

“This is a method that was discovered in the field, not in a laboratory. Some want to promote other systems. But I think that there is no competition. Some places are better for SRI than others,” said Better U adviser Rames Abhukara. 

A recent progress report of the Better U Foundation cites the results of an evaluation with its partner, Catholic Relief Service (CRS) - an international faith-based NGO working in the Vakinankaratra highland region of Madagascar. In a sample of 120 households out of 600 beneficiary families, the average yields with SRI were 3.28 tons per hectare, compared to 2.87 tons per hectare prior to the project’s implementation. The regional average of rice production is two tons per hectare. 

The study showed that families’ food stocks lasted on average 54 days longer as a result of their increased harvest, and helped to decrease vulnerability during the lean season. 

Resistance to change 

“For some farmers, they don’t see why they should change the way their fathers and grandfathers grew rice. To minimize risk, they may start practising SRI in one corner of the rice field,” Fitzgerald explained. “Others are interested in the method, but do not know how to start or have received insufficient training, so partners are working to address these gaps.” 

“We don’t tell them to do this. We tell them: If you think it’s useful, we can help you with it,” Abhukara added. 

At the institutional level, the Better U Foundation helped to create an association known as the Groupement SRI de Madagascar (GSRI). 

GSRI has 267 members, including local and international NGOs, research institutes and private sector entities. In June 2011, the Ministry of Agriculture included SRI in its national strategy for rice development for the first time. 

“We were also quite pleased that the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, in his preliminary conclusions cited SRI as an important agro-ecological method that could contribute to the country’s food security,” Fitzgerald said. 

Apart from increased productivity for farmers, the method has environmental benefits, its proponents claim. With increased yields and improved incomes, there is less pressure for farmers to cut down forests for agriculture purposes. SRI also contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gases, especially methane, because the rice fields are not continuously flooded as in traditional rice cultivation. 

“Just producing more rice is not enough. For an effective SRI dissemination strategy, you have to consider the whole rice chain, such as farmers’ access to micro-finance as well as the storage, transportation and marketing of rice,” Abhukara said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94764</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311157000396t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TALATA 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ernest Rakotoarivony, 45, was teased by some members of the Talata community, a small town 30km north of Madagascar’s capital Antananarivo, after breaking with traditional rice cultivation methods and employing a technique taught to him by a Jesuit priest.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Illegal rosewood trade continues</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191331510590t.jpg" />]]>ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.  

Following the 2009 coup d’état which brought current Malagasy President Andry Rajoelina to power, donors suspended most aid, including for environmental funding, and timber traders took advantage of the chaos to invade forests world-renowned for their unique flora and fauna.  

A September 2009 government decree legalizing the export of unprocessed rosewood, an endangered hardwood, further fuelled the trade and caused a wave of international criticism. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87978 ]  

A report [ http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/library/mada_report_261010.pdf ] by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Global Witness (GW) in 2010 found that collusion between timber traders and government officials was contributing to the felling of more than 200 rare hardwood trees a day in the months following the coup.  

The Malagasy government has since reverted to banning all exports of precious wood and Andrea Johnson of the EIA said there had been some instances of the ban actually being enforced. In July 2011, for example, authorities confiscated six containers of rosewood logs worth up to US$600,000 from a port in the northwest of the country.  

The government also turned to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to help regulate 91 species of rosewood and ebony.  

The World Bank recently approved a one-off US$52 million loan to help finance conservation efforts in Madagascar, emphasizing that the financing did not represent a re-engagement with the Malagasy authorities, but a recognition of the importance of Madagascar’s environment.  

These measures have eased the immediate crisis, but not solved the problem. “We believe that exports have diminished, and there have been some good examples of enforcement activity, but we believe timber is still going out," said Johnson.  

Christopher Holmes, country director of the Conservation Society, an international NGO which has been working in Madagascar for over 20 years, described the current system as having many holes. “It is legal to cut wood in concessions, so traders can obtain a license by saying that their wood came from such a place.”  

Most of the illegally cut wood is exported to China to supply the growing demand for hardwood furniture. A smaller quantity is shipped to Europe and the USA where it is turned into musical instruments. The US guitar maker Gibson is under investigation for the use of illegal wood from Madagascar.  

Stockpiles  

The issue of what to do with existing stockpiles of illegally-logged timber continues to be debated, with the government in favour of selling the wood and environmentalists pointing out that this would only encourage more illegal logging.  

Recently President Rajoelina told the BBC that the Malagasy “do not need rosewood, they need funding”. In the interview Rajoelina scorned the idea of developing value-added industries for rosewood within Madagascar, saying that this would take too long, and stated his support for exporting the illegally-cut wood.  

The international community is exploring ways of helping Madagascar to sell its existing timber stockpiles and then using the proceeds to finance conservation efforts, but some conservationists argue that a better approach would be to sell the timber off slowly, over time.  

Masoala  

Preserving what remains of the forests has become more important than ever. Marie Helene Kam Hyo, a pharmacist based in Antalaha, a small town in the east of Madagascar next to the Masoala National Park, is attempting to recreate the fast disappearing rainforest on a hillside she owns.  

Since 2003, she has planted 30,000 trees and introduced many of the other plants that grow in Masoala, one of Madagascar's largest natural reserves and one of the areas most affected by illegal rosewood logging.  

“Those who cut rosewood tell me that it will grow back, but that’s not true. Sure, the stumps will grow new shoots, but it will never be a tree. Rosewood takes up to 50 years to grow. I will not see the ones that we have planted now as grown trees,” she told IRIN.  

Kam Hyo has discovered new, unnamed plants and nocturnal lemurs living high in the trees on her terrain and has created a seed bank for the plants that grow in Masoala.  

While it is forbidden to replant in a protected area like Masoala itself, there are several other initiatives to replant in the surrounding area. For example, the Malagasy singer Razia Said organized an international concert in the area and used the proceeds to plant trees. Many people in Antalaha, however, are critical of such events. After the media have covered the planting, no one takes care of the saplings, and the plants usually die.  

“You need to know how to prepare the soil and then wait for the first rains," said Kam Hyo, who wants to extend her project so that others in the area can benefit. "The Malagasy have this habit of harvesting, but not planting. If we can make a fruit and arts and crafts market across the road, they will see how nature can help them.”  

Standard of living  

The country's political turmoil has scared off most of the tourists who were a major source of income for people in Antalaha, and environmentalists agree that Masoala can only be saved if the standard of living in the area around the park improves. “The inhabitants of these villages here all cut wood. Before, they used to work as tour guides or in the hotels. What are they supposed to do, now that the tourists have gone?” said one local guide.  

Holmes of the Conservation Society sees economic development as the only lasting solution to the problem of illegal logging in the area. “As long as people can earn money by cutting wood, they will do so," he said.  

"The inhabitants of Masoala need to see that there is more value to the forest than just the price of timber. A rainforest attracts tourists, but it also protects from erosion and provides drinking water. You can’t protect nature by building a fence around it and keeping everybody out. You need to address the needs of the people."  

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94682</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191331510590t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTALAHA 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Environmentalists and the international community are trying to find ways of limiting the damage caused by an explosion in the illegal logging of precious hardwoods in Madagascar since a major political crisis began there nearly three years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Legal aid clinics help rural women</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg" />]]>MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</description><body><![CDATA[MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar's current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country's ailing judicial system. 
 
 In the southeast of Madagascar, women's rights used to be defended in special village councils, called 'anakavy amin-dreny' (the “sisters and mothers”). Although the village chief was always male, he was obliged to discuss issues with the head woman and the “sisters and mothers” had the authority to punish abusive husbands or male relatives who refused to share inherited land. 
 
 While these traditional structures still exist, in modern Madagascar they have no real power to protect women from abuses and the official judicial system has done little to address the gap. While the country’s laws put women on an equal status with men, legal institutions lacked resources to implement legislation even before the crisis. 
 
 An assessment by the Women’s Legal Rights Initiative, a US Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded programme, described Madagascar's justice sector as plagued by poverty and corruption: "There are not enough personnel, let alone trained personnel, or resources in the judicial system. There is only one forensic laboratory for the entire country; some police stations have neither paper nor typewriters." 
 
 The situation has deteriorated further since Andry Rajoelina's ousting of President Marc Ravalomanana in 2009. During two years of political deadlock, the police and the courts have virtually stopped functioning in some provinces due to lack of funding. The country is served by just 35 courts which are difficult for people in rural areas to reach. With illiteracy rates as high as 80 percent among rural women, even those who can make it to a court have difficulty understand the proceedings. 
 
 Local chiefs not the answer 
 
 Armandine Razanapako, 50, an inhabitant of Mananjary on the south-east coast, is a case in point. After she separated from her husband in 2006, he refused to pay child support for their three children. “I don’t have a job, and I had to pay school fees,” she said. 
 
 In Mananjary people usually turn to local chiefs to mediate in disputes, but in Razanapako’s case, they were not very helpful. “These men are good in resolving family quarrels, where everybody attends a meeting and talks. But when it comes to making a husband pay, he will have to take the family of the husband into consideration, so there was no concrete result,” she recalled. 
 
 Razanapako and her children tried to survive by walking 11km out of town to cut cloves during the weekends. Razanapako also washed clothes for neighbours and sold charcoal on the street. Finally, the head of her `fokotano' or neighbourhood advised her to go to Trano Arozo, a legal aid clinic housed in a cramped building next to the central market, where groups of women try to make a living selling vegetables. 
 
 “I wasn’t afraid to go there, as I was only asking for the rights of my children,” she said. “I went on 17 June and on 20 June I got money.” Now, when neighbours in similar situations ask her what she did to make her husband pay up, she sends them to Trano Arozo. 
 
 Set up by local NGO Fiantso in 2007 with funding from the UN Development Programme, the Netherlands-based Inter-church Organization for Development (ICCO), and the Ministry of Justice, Trano Arozo was southeastern Madagascar's first legal aid clinic. 
 
 In 2008, Fiantso set up two more such clinics in Manakara and Farafangana and in 2010, three more were opened in the south of the country with funding from the European Union. The clinics are under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice, but managed by Fiantso. 
 
 Justice within reach 
 
 According to Amélie Razafindrahasy of Fiantso, the purpose of the clinics is to ensure that justice is within reach, especially for women. “Victims are often poor, and don’t have the means to travel far to reach authorities. As they are scared, they often prefer to stay silent. The clinics help them on their way,” she said. 
 
 Getting fathers to pay child support is one of the main tasks of the Legal Aid Clinic in Mananjary where about 75 percent of clients are women. “The problem is that the men don’t have a lot of money either. We negotiate with them about how much they can pay; once they agree, they both sign,” Ratsimbaharisoa explained. “If he signs, and doesn’t pay up, we’ll send them on to the real court, but this rarely happens.” 
 
 The clinic's legal advisers serve about 50 clients a month and deal with marital problems as well as disputes over land rights and unpaid loans. Staff also do outreach programmes in the local community, organizing meetings at schools and villages and informing people about their legal rights. 
 
 "People don't know their rights, but they change when they get the right information, " Ratsimbaharisoa said. 
 
 “These institutions have become the road to take for the poor...They contribute to peace in the rural communities and help people to overcome their fear of stepping into an office.” 
 
 ar/ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94519</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Counter-trafficking measures trail commitments</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity. 
 
 Southern Africa has many of the conditions traffickers capitalize on: endemic poverty and unemployment that create a demand for better opportunities, and high rates of regular and irregular migration that mask the movements of traffickers and their victims. 
 
 The region has no shortage of protocols, frameworks and action plans for dealing with human trafficking, but the net result of all these agreements has been no more than a handful of prosecutions. 
 
 "African countries are more than happy to sign documents and attend conferences, but step out of the room and they're happy to have lunch and forget about it," said Ottilia Maunganidze, a researcher on the International Crime in Africa Programme at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria. 
 
 Maunganidze was addressing a roomful of experts and government officials mainly from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, recently to look at ways of turning commitments to counter human trafficking into action. 
 
 The key international framework for combating this crime is the 2000 UN protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, also known as the Palermo Protocol [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocoltraffic.htm ]. Its lengthy definition of human trafficking includes “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception…for the purpose of exploitation.” Twelve of the SADC's 15 member states have ratified the protocol, which committed them to enact legislation to make human trafficking a criminal offence. 
 
 More than a decade later, only six have passed comprehensive laws. Several others have partial laws or, in the case of South Africa, bills waiting to be passed [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=93104 ], while five countries lack any specific legislation. 
 
 "If trafficking is not a crime in your country, everything else is symptomatic," warned Johan Kruger of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 
 
 Maunganidze pointed out that merely passing legislation is not enough. Mozambique has passed legislation, but has never prosecuted a case. "Criminalisation has to happen in practice," she told the meeting. 
 
 This means developing national action plans that involve social workers, medical professionals, public prosecutors and the police; establishing a central anti-trafficking unit; allocating resources to assisting victims; and signing bilateral and multilateral agreements with the countries victims originate from and pass through. 
 
 SADC countries adopted a 10-year strategic plan of action to combat trafficking in persons in 2009 that incorporates many of these measures. There is also a protocol on gender and development with a deadline of 2015 to put in place measures to eradicate trafficking. Maunganidze says this is "probably very idealistic", and cites the difficulty of identifying and addressing some of the root causes of trafficking, as well as the limited resources and political will so far devoted to responses. 
 
 Most trafficking in southern Africa is for the purpose of sexual exploitation, but trafficking for forced labour is growing and is even more hidden, according to Bernardo Mariano-Joaquim, regional representative of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Criminal syndicates are usually engaged in these activities, and many people still lack a clear understanding of what trafficking is, adding to the difficulty of detection and prosecution. "Organized crime can't be prosecuted in the same fashion as other crimes," said Kruger. "You have to connect the dots, you need proactive intelligence and international cooperation." 
 
 "In Africa, we're making some progress in creating an environment to assist victims, but where we need more work is prosecutions," Mariano-Joaquim told IRIN. "Prosecution is lagging behind the identification of victims, and even prevention." 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94445</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Donors deliver despite sanctions</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106161437130748t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - After more than two years of political crisis, Madagascar finally appears to be moving towards the restoration of democracy. A new prime minister has been appointed, and elections are planned for 2012. Donors who suspended aid to the impoverished island nation are watching these developments closely.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - After more than two years of political crisis, Madagascar finally appears to be moving towards the restoration of democracy. A new prime minister has been appointed, and elections are planned for 2012. Donors who suspended aid to the impoverished island nation are watching these developments closely. 
 
 "I think no one will be coming out of the woodwork unless they see that the Malagasy are serious about their transition," said USAID Country Director Rudolph Thomas, who underscored the need for free, fair and transparent elections. 
 
 After Andry Rajoelina's ousting of President Marc Ravalomanana was branded a coup in 2009, many foreign donors suspended all but emergency aid to the country. The European Union (EU) halted programmes and froze all development aid channelled through the government. 
 
 The United States followed suit by shelving the African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA), its preferential trade agreement with Madagascar [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88224 ], as well as plans to make the country the first beneficiary of its bilateral aid agency, the Millennium Challenge Corporation. 
 
 Many aid workers expected the sanctions to be as short-lived as the crisis. "At the beginning, we had to make a clear statement that we don't like coups," Thomas said. "If we did nothing, it would have seemed like an endorsement." 
 
 More than two years later, Rajoelina remains in power and the sanctions remain in force. The effects have been disastrous in a country dependent on foreign aid for 70 percent of its national budget. Work on infrastructure and environmental protection has come to a halt, suspension from AGOA has resulted in exports being cut by half, and at least 50,000 people, mainly textile factory workers, have lost their jobs. 
 
 When the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier de Schutter, visited Madagascar in July 2011, he declared that "all food security indicators are in the red", with food insecurity affecting at least half the population. One of the highest levels of child malnutrition in the world made him urge the international community to reconsider the sanctions. 
 
 However, donors remain cautious. Some programmes have been allowed to run their course but few have been renewed. The Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), for example, decided to cut Madagascar as one of its partner countries in 2010. Although some reduced programme funding will continue, its rural development programme, SAHA (Sahan'Asa Hampandrosoana ny eny Ambanivohitra), will end in 2012. 
 
 "In any programme there is a moment when the donor thinks it's been enough. Programme SAHA has basically reached its goal, although the development process... is not finished, of course. Follow-up and up-scaling work will now continue through a partnership of NGOs," said Nicolette Matthijsen of Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation, a Swiss NGO specializing in agricultural development and good governance, that implements SAHA. 
 
 Aid to the government remains suspended, but many NGOs report that they have increased their budgets in response to the worsening humanitarian situation in Madagascar. USAID's spending increased from US$57 million in 2008 to over $80 million in 2010. "We're doing more than before the crisis and have emerged as the biggest bilateral donor," Thomas said. 
 
 The Netherlands-based Inter-church Organization for Development (ICCO), which supports the national land reform programme, one of the projects expected to benefit from the US Millennium Challenge Corporation, has also expanded its programme. 
 
 "We do our own fundraising, so while we receive less money from the Dutch government, we managed to double our budget here in Madagascar," said the ICCO's Peter Egging. 
 
 He noted that the Millennium Challenge withdrawal had "taken the wind out of the sails" of the national land reform programme, sections of which had to be closed down, but that several organizations, including the ICCO, had increased their support and the land reform programme was now working in 30 municipalities. 
 
 As public expenditures on health and education nosedived during the crisis, aid organizations stepped in to keep social services functioning. When the budget for education dropped from $82 to a little over $14 million, for example, UNICEF jumped in with $37 million to pay teachers’ salaries and fund schools [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ]. The agency provided similar support to the public health sector after 214 health centres closed at the beginning of 2011, mostly due to lack of personnel. 
 
 “As a result of the crisis, development aid has been frozen and funding lost,” commented UNICEF Country Representative, Bruno Maes. "However, UNICEF succeeded in securing significant funding, in order to save, for example, primary school children from the negative impact of the crisis." 
 
 The sanctions mean aid organizations have had to walk a fine line when working with the authorities. "In general, the collaboration with ministries at technical level is accepted by donor organizations. On the other hand, an institution such as the EU isn't allowed to finance development projects in communes with a government-appointed PDS [Président de la Délégation Spéciale - regional leader], if the work dictates that the implementing organization has to work with him," said Egging. 
 
 Some aid agencies have seen their budgets increase because of ongoing international programmes. At USAID, for example, budget increases are mainly linked to the President's Malaria Initiative, of which Madagascar is one of 15 participating countries in Africa. Similarly, the Humanitarian Aid department of the European Commission has provided funding through its international programme for disaster preparedness. 
 
 NGOs are also trying to tap into the private sector for extra funding or assistance. Telecommunication companies, for instance, provide free helplines to UNICEF, while cement factories have donated building materials. In return, UNICEF helps them develop child-friendly business practices. 
 
 "There are all kinds of ways to find extra money. We have a fund from a Swiss commune, which we use to aid a project for street children. If you have a good plan, you'll find money," said Matthijsen. 
 
 Some organizations have circumvented the sanctions by channelling their funding directly into projects. Maes said that UNICEF had managed to uphold basic education services during the crisis "by targeting the beneficiaries directly". 
 
 Although this approach is often successful, it may not be sustainable in the long term. "You need to work with the authorities, as you want your projects to upscale," Matthijsen said. 
 
 A SAHA programme to promote the cultivation of yams, a nutritious food regarded by Malagasy as being for the very poor, took off only after the national nutrition organization spread the word about the value of growing yams, and farmers start planting and eating them. 
 
 As Matthijsen pointed out, "A government can say: 'We want everyone to do this.' As a project, you can't do that." 
 
 ar/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94351</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106161437130748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - After more than two years of political crisis, Madagascar finally appears to be moving towards the restoration of democracy. A new prime minister has been appointed, and elections are planned for 2012. Donors who suspended aid to the impoverished island nation are watching these developments closely.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Sub-Saharan sanitation targets “two centuries away”</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector. [ http://www.wateraid.org/ ]
 
 Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are being sidelined as governments concentrate on health and education, says the WaterAid report. Meanwhile, people’s lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation services is holding back social and economic development in the region, costing around 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) every year. 
  
 Loss higher than development aid
 
 Inadequate WASH services cost sub-Saharan Africa more than the whole continent receives in development aid - US$47.6 billion in 2009 - according to WaterAid. 
  
 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the financial impact of inadequate WASH facilities by looking at the health issues linked to poor hygiene, child mortality, waterborne tropical diseases, the time people spend collecting water; and reductions in educational achievement due to illness and girls’ attendance rates at schools. 
  
 “Diarrhoea, 90 percent of which is attributable to inadequate sanitation and dirty water, is the single biggest killer of children in Africa, and yet sanitation targets are off-track,” Tom Slaymaker, one of the report’s authors, told IRIN.
 
 Every day, 2,000 children die from diarrhoea in sub-Saharan Africa. Four out of 10 people do not have access to safe water, while seven out of 10 do not have appropriate sanitation facilities. 
  
 The disparity between rich and poor is stark. Poor people in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to practice open defecation due to inadequate or poorly maintained toilets. 
  
 “Unless this changes, we won't see educational progress and it will hold back progress on child health. If you look at development in industrialized countries, sanitation has been key to enabling economic growth and achieving acceptable living standards,” said Slaymaker.
 
 Ministries not powerful
 
 Progress has been slow partly because WASH is not “sexy”, he commented. “On one level it's just a question of political will. Sanitation is not a sexy topic - politicians much prefer to say they're opening a hospital or school, rather than building some toilets.” 
  
 Most policy-makers in charge of WASH “have access to clean water and good sanitation, so they may not be motivated to address it in a distant rural part of the country,” said WaterAid senior policy analyst John Garret. 
  
 Slaymaker noted that “The water ministry is generally less powerful relative to the education and health ministries - which [tend to] have more civil servants and more leverage with the ministry of finance during and after the budget process - [so] in the scramble for funds, the water ministry and sanitation organizations lose out. This all contributes to the sector being a low priority."
 
 Water and sanitation is not an easy sector to reform, given it is usually spread across different ministries, and there is often “no single unified voice in the national budget process for sanitation”, he added.
 
 “Last chance”
 
 WaterAid calls on donors to double the global aid flow to WASH with an additional $10 billion per year in the run-up to 2015, the deadline for achieving the MDGs.  
  
 African governments need to commit at least 3.5 percent of GDP to sanitation and water to get back on track, Slaymaker told IRIN. Only Lesotho, Kenya, Niger and Tanzania are currently spending more than 0.9 percent of GDP on WASH. In Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and Zambia, the most recent expenditure figures fall well below the original 2009 commitment of 0.5 percent of GDP. 
  
 “Despite all the political commitments, we haven't seen the finances to back it up,” Slaymaker told IRIN. African heads of state met in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, earlier in 2011, and although many of their governments had made a commitment in 2009 to spend 0.5 percent of the annual budget on sanitation, “only one or two countries… realized that,” he said. 
  
 Despite this challenge, Slaymaker still thinks the MDG goal can be met if politicians drastically change course. “This is the last chance to make an effort to get back on track,” he told IRIN. “It's a question of… concerted partnership between donors, governments and the private sector. What's lacking at the moment is that concerted drive.”
 
 jl/aj/he 
  
  
 FACT BOX
 
 Over one billion people will miss the global MDG sanitation target if things continue unchanged 
  
 In Asia, India will not reach its MDG on sanitation before 2047, while Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal will not achieve the target before 2028. 
  
 Lack of access to water and sanitation costs African and Asian countries up to 6 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) each year. 
  
 In India the shortfall in water and sanitation services cost the economy around 6.4 percent of GDP - the equivalent of US$53.8 billion in 2006, according to the World Bank.
 
 In Ethiopia, 193,000 deaths per year are WASH-related, and 71.4 million people have no access to sanitation facilities.
  
 Similar figures apply to Mali, Niger, Benin, Ghana and Congo, where 194,000 deaths a year are WASH-related and 49.5 million people have no access to sanitation facilities. 
  
 According to WaterAid, the Côte d'Ivoire administration targeted 0.06 percent of its GDP to water and sanitation, Ghana spent 0.29 percent, Liberia 0.28 percent, Madagascar 0.28 percent, Nigeria 0.18 percent, Uganda 0.41 percent and Zambia 0.56 percent.
 
 (Sources: World Bank; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2010; national government documents 2008-2010; WaterAid) 
  
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94241</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Twins taboo splits a community</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021315170485t.jpg" />]]>MANANJARY 03 November 2011 (IRIN) - A centuries old practice of putting newborn twins up for adoption is dividing residents in the Madagascan coastal town of Mananjary as surely as the siblings are separated from their parents. It is said that twins bring bad luck and violence to parents and the community.</description><body><![CDATA[MANANJARY 03 November 2011 (IRIN) - A centuries old practice of putting newborn twins up for adoption is dividing residents in the Madagascan coastal town of Mananjary as surely as the siblings are separated from their parents. It is said that twins bring bad luck and violence to parents and the community.

The belief that twins should not remain with their biological parents is perpetuated by descendants of the Mpanjakas, a local royal family whose 10 elected chiefs reinforce their cultural authority. The taboo against twins is based on a cultural perception of historical misfortune. 
 
The elders of Mananjary blame the failure of the 1947 revolt against the French colonial authorities on twins as an example of the curse. It is said a queen fled the fighting but forgot one of her twins. She sent soldiers back to fetch the child and they were all massacred. There is no historical proof of the event. 
 
“There is really no reason at all for this custom, and if I could decide again I would have kept the children,” Marie Louise Zisllene, a local school director, told IRIN. Her twins were adopted by a Canadian family in 1988 and she has had no contact with them since then, but says they have probably had a better education than they would have received in Madagascar. 
 
Prof Ignace Rakoto, co-author with Gracy Fernandes and Nelly Ranaivo Rabetokotany of a recent study on the town’s rejection of twins, Les jumeaux de Mananjary, entre abandon et protection, [ http://www.unicef.org/madagascar/6413_6640.html ], told IRIN that “The taboo causes great suffering among the families”. He belongs to a clan that does not practice the twins curse.

“I grew up in this area without knowing this [giving twins up for adoption] was happening, as no one ever talked about twins. Some people became very upset when we started investigating,” Rakoto said. “They asked us why we wanted to talk about these things in the press.” 
 
Rakoto, who is also a former education minister, said the chiefs see the taboo as “part of their identity - I try to tell them that you can’t build your identity around a tradition that is wrong”.

When Voangy Razafy, 31, gave birth to twins she tried to convince the family that she should be allowed to keep the children, but Razafy’s grandfather, a chief of the local Antambahoaka clan, refused to break with tradition.

“In the end even my mother turned against me and told me to leave,” she said. The cost of defying the taboo meant Razafy had to move to another part of the town, where she lives in penury, ostracized by her family. “They said that my children would turn against their parents when they were big.” 
 
Twins are conceived either when multiple eggs are released during ovulation, or a single egg divides, and incidence varies greatly. In Central Africa the incidence of twins is estimated at 6 percent, while in the US it is 3.2 percent. 
 
In and around Mananjary, twins occur slightly less often than the national average of about 2.8 percent of all births in Madagascar, according to Rakoto, but this may be a reflection of the area’s taboo, which may discourage birth registrations of twins. 
 
The belief that twins bring misfortune upon communities is mainly prevalent in the Vatovavy-Fitovinany region in the southeast of the country, from the north of Manakara to Mananjary, which has a population of about 233,697.

The tradition demands that twins be abandoned at birth and left to die; the lucky ones are found and taken in by others. In the town, abandoned twins are put up for adoption and the practice can cause deep divisions. 
 
“There was this one case where the children had been found next to a garbage dump. A family of another ethnic background took one of the girls in. Years later, when the biological parents saw her, they wanted to take her back, but she refused. Even now, as an adult, she doesn’t want any contact with her real family,” the authors noted. 
 
In 1987 the Catja Adoption Centre for Abandoned Twins was established, but it was greeted with resentment by some members of the community. “When we just opened the centre, the neighbours complained that the wind, which was blowing over our house, was making them sick. So we had to move to this place, far away from the town,” Julie Rasoarinanana, who runs the centre, told IRIN.

Some members of her family also disapproved of her work and warned her that she would be barred from entering the royal huts, known as the Tranobe, because “I touched twins”. 
 
The centre has arranged the adoption of 300 pairs of twins since it opened, and has had to navigate tougher adoption rules after the authorities imposed stricter regulations to deter child traffickers. 
 
It is now overflowing with 96 children because some street children have also sought refuge there and single mothers work at the centre in exchange for board and accommodation. 
 
In Mananjary, which has a population of about 27,000, it is becoming more common for birth parents to keep their twins, but many others still abide by the tradition and attitudes in the surrounding villages have not changed much. 
 
Looking for answers 
 
The centre distributes boxes, food and blankets through its network in outlying villages to help twins given up by their parents to survive the journey to the centre. “It’s mostly the midwives and friends who bring them, because parents are still afraid to travel with twins,” Rasoarinanana said. 
 
The Mpanjakas are still seen as figures of authority and the arbiters of custom and tradition. They decide who participates in traditional ceremonies and who is permitted into family tombs to visit their deceased ancestors. Access to the Tranobe is also seen as essential, as it is the forum where disputes are resolved and decisions affecting the community taken.  
 
Rakoto is forming an association to fight against the custom. He suggests the use of “both the carrot and the stick, but more carrots than sticks” in attempting to lift the taboo, and believes it would only make matters worse if the authorities forced parents to abandon the tradition of the twins curse.

He would like to see financial assistance for the parents of twins and training for midwives and doctors. “The most important decision is taken at birth. It will help the parents to decide if there is already a package with extra milk, clothes and blankets available right there. Because, on top of having to defy tradition, the parents have the additional cost of caring for two children at once.”

School director Zisllene, who plans to join Rakoto’s association, sees the need for showing the mothers of twins an alternative. “What we need are concrete examples,” she says. “Women should not only keep their children, but they should also bring them to the ceremonies. They shouldn’t be so timid about it. This way others can see that it’s possible.”

There may be a solution. The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), working closely with the researchers, is looking to a neighbouring community where the chiefs arranged a special ceremony for lifting the taboo on twins. 
 
“It was a real cultural liberation,” Rakoto said.” When I went there, the mothers were walking proudly through the village, one child in each arm.”

ab/go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94124</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021315170485t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANANJARY 03 November 2011 (IRIN) - A centuries old practice of putting newborn twins up for adoption is dividing residents in the Madagascan coastal town of Mananjary as surely as the siblings are separated from their parents. It is said that twins bring bad luck and violence to parents and the community.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Women tackle population growth</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120907200000t.jpg" />]]>ANTALAHA 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Daniel Soadava and Samoela Razafindramboho are known as &quot;the mean women&quot; in Antalaha, a small town on the east coast of Madagascar. &quot;Men complain that we are always saying bad things about them,&quot; they laugh.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTALAHA 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Daniel Soadava and Samoela Razafindramboho are known as "the mean women" in Antalaha, a small town on the east coast of Madagascar. "Men complain that we are always saying bad things about them," they laugh. 
 
 After forming an association with other women, called Femmes Interessee au Development de Antalaha (FIDA), Soadava, a dentist, and Razafindramboho, a teacher, soon learned that women in their region were desperately in need of more information about reproductive health and better access to contraceptives. 
 
 "Women in the villages are often forbidden to use contraceptives," said Soadava. "Men want the women to have their children, [but] once the children are born the husbands don't want to take care of them." 
 
 Madagascar is one of 12 developing countries receiving support to improve access to contraceptives through the UN Population Fund's (UNFPA) Global Programme to Enhance Reproductive Health Commodity Security, and has been described as a success story. According to UNFPA, the percentage of women using contraceptives rose by 11 percent between 2004 and 2009 to reach 29 percent. 
 
 Despite this increase, birth control is still not always available, even in urban areas, and one in four births occurs less than 24 months after the preceding one. This means Madagascar is facing rapid population growth. By 2050 the population is expected to more than double, from 19.5 million to 42.3 million, according to the World Bank. 
 
 In Antalaha, FIDA's volunteers met with husbands and discovered that their negative attitudes towards family planning were preventing even those women who could get contraceptives from their local clinic from using them. "The men said that children are a gift of God; others don't want their wives to take contraceptives because it would give them too much sexual freedom. Some believe that the pill will make women sick," Soadava said. "So we held separate meetings with the men to inform them of the benefits of smaller families." 
 
 The women in greatest need of FIDA's help were teenage girls. In Madagascar the minimum legal age for women to marry is 14 years, and girls under the age of 18 can be married without giving their consent, providing their parents agree. A 2004 UN report estimated that 34 percent of Malagasy girls between 15 and 19 were married, divorced or widowed, and more than a quarter had at least one child. 
 
 "We met a girl in a village who was 18 years old and already had three children. They were from different fathers and none of these men had stayed," Soadava said. "In all, we counted 300 girls in the district who gave birth before they were 18." 
 
 With World Bank funding, FIDA has set up a centre where the volunteers give girls information and advice, and even accompany those afraid to go to a doctor by themselves, or to report sexual abuse and violence. 
 
 After learning that early pregnancy was often the result of a lack of information, the organization also started broadcasting a radio programme aimed at educating women about their reproductive health and legal rights. 
 
 "We broadcast one radio programme about rape, and afterwards three families came to see us," said Soadava. "They knew who had raped their daughters but were scared to sue them. People here are easily intimidated by authorities. We went with them and talked to the prosecutor; now these rapists are behind bars." 
 
 Razafindramboho said a faltering school system resulted in some girls giving up on school and falling pregnant, while even those girls who made it to secondary school were vulnerable to the attentions of older men. 
 
 "Every day when the Lycee (high school) goes out, you see rich guys in cars waiting for 14-year-old girls. These girls soon have expensive mobile phones, famous brand clothes, and in the end they stop studying. It totally destroys them," she said. 
 
 "We try to talk to these men in the radio programme, to tell them that they're corrupting girls who are the same age as their own children, but it doesn't stop," Soadava added. 
 
 FIDA also disseminates information on how to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). According to the World Bank, Madagascar has a national HIV prevalence of less than one percent and is considered an anomaly in a region that has been devastated by the HIV epidemic, but other STIs, such as syphilis, are very common. Some cities, like the coastal town of Tamatave, have a syphilis infection rate of nearly 17 percent, among the highest in Africa. The volunteers educate local people about the risk factors - starting sexual relations at a young age, having many sexual partners, and not using condoms consistently - and try to counter the common misconception that STIs are not a serious health problem. 
 
 The biggest problem FIDA now faces is lack of funding. The World Bank only covers 60 percent of the organization's costs. "We were supposed to find 40 percent ourselves, but we couldn't. We have some NGOs and associations that help us... but it's not enough," said Razafindramboho. 
 
 Madagascar's deepening economic crisis has made funding even harder to come by, but the authorities have not responded to the women's pleas for help. Soadava said, "Until now, they haven't even answered us, when in fact we're doing their job." 
 
 ar/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93946</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120907200000t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTALAHA 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Daniel Soadava and Samoela Razafindramboho are known as &quot;the mean women&quot; in Antalaha, a small town on the east coast of Madagascar. &quot;Men complain that we are always saying bad things about them,&quot; they laugh.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Leprosy making a comeback</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109261157200857t.jpg" />]]>ANTALAHA 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Mamysoa realized she had a problem after she stepped too close to the fire. “I burned my foot quite badly, but it hardly hurt at all,” she recalled. The 20-year-old housekeeper recently became one of five new cases of leprosy that Abdoul Zamandrahengo detects every month from his tiny public clinic in Antalaha, a small town on Madagascar’s east coast.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTALAHA 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Mamysoa realized she had a problem after she stepped too close to the fire. “I burned my foot quite badly, but it hardly hurt at all,” she recalled. The 20-year-old housekeeper recently became one of five new cases of leprosy that Abdoul Zamandrahengo detects every month from his tiny public clinic in Antalaha, a small town on Madagascar’s east coast. 
 
 Zamandrahengo’s clinic has become a centre for the treatment of leprosy in the region. “It’s my own fault,” he told IRIN. “When I came here, I was told there were no new cases. Then I trained environmental workers...to look for signs. These rangers go far into the forest and to the remote villages. They tell potential patients as far as 200km away to come to Antalaha and see me.” 
 
 Leprosy is often called the disease of the poor, as healthy, well-fed people are rarely affected. It is caused by the bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae, which are transmitted via droplets, from the nose and mouth. 
 
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the disease is not highly infectious but can be spread by living in close quarters with someone who has gone untreated. A weakened immune system caused by poor nutrition and health care can make someone who has been exposed more vulnerable. Without treatment, the disease can cause progressive and permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes. 
 
 A surge in new leprosy cases in this remote region of Madagascar could not have come at a worse time. Once a prosperous vanilla-exporting town, Antalaha has suffered the economic consequences of two years of political instability that began with the March 2009 coup in which Andry Rajoelina, with the support of the military, deposed President Marc Ravalomanana. Numerous foreign aid and trade benefits on which the country was heavily reliant, particularly for the funding of social sectors, have since been suspended. 
 
 “There is no security, so vanilla planters had their vanilla stolen from their fields. These thieves sold the beans for low prices,” said a mayor of one of the communes outside Antalaha who declined to be named. “On the other hand, the price of rice has been going up. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93693 ] One `kapok’ of rice now costs 2,000 ariary [US$1 for a small tin-full]. Poor people can’t afford this.” 
 
 While people are becoming poorer and more susceptible to illness, the public healthcare system is receiving less money from the government. According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), government spending for health dropped to $2 a person in 2010, compared to $5 in 2009 and $8 in 2008 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ]. Clinics in remote places like Antalaha are the most likely to suffer from shortages of drugs and medical supplies. 
 
 Six to 12 months of treatment with multidrug therapy - a combination of two antibiotics and an anti-inflammatory (medicines that WHO distributes for free) - stops the disease from spreading, but there are other obstacles to overcome. 
 
 Eradicated? 
 
 The main one, according to medical workers, is that the Malagasy authorities declared that leprosy had been eradicated from the country in 2010, a decision that makes Zamandrahengo fume with frustration. 
 
 “This is the work of someone who is behind a desk. Everyone here in the field knows that there are new cases,” he told IRIN. “Instead of helping us, they say that I don’t know how to diagnose leprosy and that I hand out too much medicine.” 
 
 Diagnosing the illness can be tricky in a tropical climate that causes many dermatological problems. Another of Zamandrahengo’s patients, a 26-year-old farmer presented with a skin problem that initially looked more like a symptom of syphilis, said the doctor. “But he also had bumps around the earlobes and that is a typical sign of leprosy." 
 
 At a small dispensary outside town, another health worker who did not wish to be named displayed a school notebook in which he had also recorded leprosy cases. Last year, he referred five new patients to Zamandrahengo. This year, there are already nine. “Please don’t write that I said there are new cases here because officially, there aren’t any,” he said. 
 
 Official figures notwithstanding, WHO continues to send drugs to treat the disease to the provinces. “The problem is that they only send the exact amount of treatment for existing cases,” said Gregoire Detoeuf of the Foullereau Foundation, an NGO that works to help leprosy patients all over the country. “So often it takes time for treatment to reach the new patients.” 
 
 Although the treatment stops the disease from spreading, many leprosy patients need care for the rest of their lives. After losing feeling in affected limbs, people with leprosy often end up with severe wounds on their hands and feet. “A woman who is cooking will just pick up the pot from the fire and burn her hands without noticing,” Detoeuf said. “A man who is walking home can step on sticks and rocks and hurt his feet.” 
 
 Boiled cloth for a bandage 
 
 In addition to medicine to treat the disease, leprosy patients need bandages to dress their wounds. But these basic items are often lacking in health centres. “We went into the villages to show health workers how to dress wounds,” said Odile Valat, a French nurse who volunteers for three months a year in the region. “We told them to cut one piece of gauze into eight parts, but they didn’t even have one gauze. So then we started with boiling pieces of cloth.” 
 
 Traditionally, leprosy patients have been housed in special villages and taken care of by local NGOs. “People here know what leprosy is, and they used to ostracize the lepers,” said Valat. Now that there is treatment that also prevents patients from infecting others, this policy has changed and newer patients stay in their own villages and receive treatment at home. 
 
 This shift in approach has been accompanied by its own set of problems. While the patients in the two remaining leprosy villages in Antalaha enjoy free health care and schooling for their children and grandchildren - and earn a living by working in the village plant nurseries, all supported by local aid workers - the newer patients often struggle with the consequences of their disease without any assistance. Families may lack the means to support a non-productive member of the household and patients with families of their own, cannot support them. 
 
 One of Zamandrahengo's patients, an elderly man, can no longer work as a result of his leprosy. “He has 10 children and can’t afford school fees for them," said the doctor. "I try to get money from anybody who visits here to help him out. It’s hard work, to help all of these people.” 
 
 ar/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93824</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109261157200857t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTALAHA 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Mamysoa realized she had a problem after she stepped too close to the fire. “I burned my foot quite badly, but it hardly hurt at all,” she recalled. The 20-year-old housekeeper recently became one of five new cases of leprosy that Abdoul Zamandrahengo detects every month from his tiny public clinic in Antalaha, a small town on Madagascar’s east coast.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Rice production slips again</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109091401490309t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 09 September 2011 (IRIN) - Production of Madagascar’s staple, rice, is expected to be down 10 percent on last year and slip by 400,000 tons, according to preliminary findings by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 09 September 2011 (IRIN) - Production of Madagascar’s staple, rice, is expected to be down 10 percent on last year and slip by 400,000 tons, according to preliminary findings by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP). 
 
 David Orr, WFP spokesperson for East and Southern Africa, told IRIN local rice production had decreased from 4.7 million tons in 2010 to 4.3 million tons this year. 
 
 “This decrease is mainly due to delayed rainfall in the country's main rice producing areas, namely the Alaotra [east-central] and the Vakinankaratra [Highlands] regions,” he said. 
 
 In the 1970s Madagascar was a rice exporter but has since become a rice importer, a consequence of outdated farming methods and poor infrastructure, but farmers still produce 80 percent of the country’s national rice requirement. 
 
 The squeeze on rice comes during the lean season, between January and March, and in the first quarter of 2011 the staple threatened to become “luxury food” after its price doubled in two years to about US$1 per kg. 
 
 About 70 percent of the country’s 20 million people live on US$1 a day or less and up to 45 percent of a family’s income goes on food, Alexandre Huynh, FAO emergency and rehabilitation coordinator in Madagascar, told IRIN. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of families have been exposed to chronic food insecurity in recent years through the increasing cost of food, he added. 
 
 He said one of world’s poorest countries was susceptible to natural disasters “and recurrent climate-related shocks have weakened the resilience of small-scale farmers in cyclone and drought-prone areas, making them more reliant on emergency assistance.” 
 
 However, field and pilot projects had illustrated “solutions were readily available to enhance food security… [but] would need to be scaled up to have an impact at the national level,” Huynh said. 
 
 “Numerous households in the main cities and particularly [the capital] Antananarivo largely depend on farming to make it through the current difficult economic context and do require external support,” he said. 
 
 In the first quarter of 2011 President Andry Rajoelina’s government, which has been ostracized by the international community after coming to power in March 2009 with the backing of the military, waived duty and taxes on rice imports to suppress prices until the end of the lean season. 
 
 WFP’s Orr said a worsening food security situation was expected during the upcoming lean season. 
 
 Cash-strapped 
 
 Since April 2011, international rice prices have been rising. This makes it more expensive for the cash-strapped government to dampen the price of the staple during the lean season. 
 
 Hundreds of millions of dollars of donor assistance have been frozen in recent years in response to Rajoelina’s “illegal” transfer of power from former president Marc Ravalomanana. 
 
 John Uniack Davis, country director for Care International, told IRIN: “Since the harvest period around April [2011], rice prices steadily rose to about 1,400 ariary [70 US cents] a kilogramme up to last month [August], but they seem to be levelling off or dropping slightly as farmers in zones with two annual harvests, such as Ambatondrazaka [the district east of Antananarivo] on Lac Alaotra, begin bringing more rice to market.” 
 
 The sale of state-subsidized rice through the `tsena mora’ programme, where the staple was sold at reduced prices in shops in poor urban neighbourhoods, was also recently suspended, Davis said. 
 
 L'Observatoire du Riz, a state-funded organization which monitors the price of rice, said in its August 2011 newsletter: “This year’s rice market is marked by higher prices compared to the previous year.” The organization estimated that rice so far this year had gone up by 100-200 ariary (5-10 US cents) per kg. 
 
 The FAO Cereal Price Index released on 8 September 2011noted that the rice index rose 4 percent in August, and was 36 percent higher than in August 2010. 
 
 The increase was attributed by FAO to the world’s largest exporter of rice, Thailand, and its decision “to increase the purchasing price from farmers to above market levels”. 
 
 Blame it on Thailand 
 
 Concepción Calpe, a senior economist at FAO’s Intergovernmental Group on Rice, said: “Madagascar is facing food inflation and even rice prices appear on an upward trend, although this seems rather related to prospects for only average production this year… 
 
 “The high producer price policy conducted in Thailand is impacting negatively on all major importing countries, especially as such policy is pushing up the prices of other exporters too, in particular Viet Nam,” she said. 
 
 “The rise [in the price of rice] is mainly policy related, even though the tightness that is prevailing in other cereal markets also contributes,” Calpe said. “Unless Thailand drops its current policy stance, world prices are likely to remain high.” 
 
 The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) said in its July-September 2011 Rice Today briefing entitled The Search for Direction: [ http://irri.org/knowledge/publications/rice-today/rice-facts/the-search-for-direction ] “The FAO food price index in recent months [and prior to Thailand’s decision] has exceeded the level it reached in 2008, but the number of hungry people is estimated to have risen by only 44 million compared with 100 million during the 2008 food crisis. 
 
 “Interestingly, the lower rice prices have kept a lid on the rise in the number of hungry people during the current food price spike - a shining example of the importance of keeping rice prices affordable for the one billion hungry people in the world,” the briefing said. 
 
 go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93693</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109091401490309t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 09 September 2011 (IRIN) - Production of Madagascar’s staple, rice, is expected to be down 10 percent on last year and slip by 400,000 tons, according to preliminary findings by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Raw sewage kills</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108080846300637t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - About a third of Madagascar’s 20 million people do not have access to water for washing and most of the rest share unsanitary toilet facilities, according to a July 2011 World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) report. The threat of diarrhoea and other diseases is particularly acute in some of the poorer suburbs of the capital Antananarivo.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - About a third of Madagascar’s 20 million people do not have access to water for washing and most of the rest share unsanitary toilet facilities, according to a July 2011 World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) report. The threat of diarrhoea and other diseases is particularly acute in some of the poorer suburbs of the capital Antananarivo. 
 
 “There is no formal waste disposal for the moment in Antananarivo,” Sylvie Ramanantsoa, a representative from Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) [ http://www.wsup.com/intro/index.htm ] in Madagascar, told IRIN, and raw sewerage tends to end up downstream in the Ikopa river, the country’s second largest. 
 
 The problem was exacerbated by the city’s water table being about one metre below the surface, which makes waste treatment “a big public health issue”, she said. 
 
 A network of canals, storm water drains and channels criss-crossing the city are choked with rubbish, causing flooding in low-lying areas during the March to November rainy season. 
 
 In April 2011, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reported [ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/madagascar_58308.html ] a worrying rise in pneumonic plague - spread by fleas carried on rodents and linked to poor sanitation - in Antananarivo and in the town of Talatavolonondry, 27km to the north: The Health Ministry reported more than 310 cases of plague and 49 deaths by the end of March. UNICEF responded with a mass disinfection campaign that targeted more than 28,000 families in the most exposed areas of the capital and surrounding towns. 
 
 Dadou Andriambolanirina, who works as a toilet attendant in the city for the equivalent of US$27 a month, said a canal in his neighbourhood of Isotry, one of the poorest in the capital, was blocked this year, causing a proliferation of rats, and three people were infected with pneumonic plague. Andriambolanirina shares a pit latrine with 60 other families in the neighbourhood. 
 
 Many people cannot afford the equivalent of five US cents Andriambolanirina charges for the use of a public toilet, one of 15 built or repaired by NGO Care International, and nearby Lake Anosy, though picturesque from afar, serves as the capital’s largest toilet. 
 
 Open defecation occurs everywhere in Antananarivo where there are patches of open land, particularly after sunset, but Lake Anosy’s location near the city centre, where there are a shortage of such places, means it is frequently used by those who lack toilets and cannot afford the fee to use a public toilet. 
 
 NGOs say almost 70 percent of toilets in the capital are pit latrines, making the city a “timebomb for water borne-diseases”, such as cholera. 
 
 “An outbreak [of cholera] would be devastating here. As it is now, in the neighbourhoods we’ve been visiting in the lowlands of this region [around the capital], most people get diarrhoea at least two or three times a month, and that’s just a repeated assault by faecal pathogens on people’s insides,” said Virginia Gardner, designer of Loowatt, [ http://www.loowatt.com/ ] a waterless portable toilet which turns waste into fertilizer. 
 
 The WSP report said poor water and sanitation was costing the country about US$100 million annually, or 1 percent of its gross domestic product, and that at least 1.5 million toilets were needed to resolve the country’s water and sanitation needs. 
 
 More than 10,000 people, of whom two thirds are children under five, die prematurely from diarrhoea annually, according to the World Health Organization, which attributes 88 percent of these cases to poor quality water and sanitation. 
 
 Some positives 
 
 A cash for work scheme sponsored by UNICEF in 67 Hectares, one of the city’s most deprived neighbourhoods, built communal toilets for 67,000 people and installed 375 metres of drains. 
 
 Solofo Nirina, head of the local community, said before the clean-up: “People on this side of the canal didn’t used to be able to open their doors due to bad smells… The risk of contamination from disease was enormous as all the rubbish and human waste was thrown there.” 
 
 There are also hopes that with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Gardner’s Loowatt concept will be piloted in Madagascar in 2012. 
 
 hm/go/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93471</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108080846300637t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - About a third of Madagascar’s 20 million people do not have access to water for washing and most of the rest share unsanitary toilet facilities, according to a July 2011 World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) report. The threat of diarrhoea and other diseases is particularly acute in some of the poorer suburbs of the capital Antananarivo.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Sex for school fees</title><pubDate>Mon, 01 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011337230137t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 01 August 2011 (IRIN) - The ambition of 16-year-old Madagascan schoolgirl Nadine* is to open a clothes boutique after completing a college course in textile design, but in the meantime, along with eight of her friends, she has turned to sex work to pay her tuition fees. Charging up to US$7 a time, she works in the poor Antananarivo suburb of 67 Hectares.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 01 August 2011 (IRIN) - The ambition of 16-year-old Madagascan schoolgirl Nadine* is to open a clothes boutique after completing a college course in textile design, but in the meantime, along with eight of her friends, she has turned to sex work to pay her tuition fees. Charging up to US$7 a time, she works in the poor Antananarivo suburb of 67 Hectares. 
 
 “The reason I sought money is because my parents were in financial difficulty. They have difficulties and I can help them. It’s me who’s paid my school fees since I was 13 years old. I was scared but I made an effort because of my parents’ money problems,” she told IRIN. 
 
 “Most of them [my friends] are like me; they are looking after their parents [through sex work]”, she said. 
 
 Anecdotal evidence of the increasing numbers of commercial sex workers and growing homelessness in Madagascar’s capital, Antananarivo, is providing a snapshot of a country’s descent into deeper poverty. 
 
 More than three years after Andry Rajoelina deposed President Marc Ravalomanana with the help of the military, the imposition of international sanctions, the cancellation of preferential trade agreements and the withdrawal of international aid are driving up the social indicators of desperation. 
 
 Health and social workers are reporting a “worrying” increase in the levels of sex work, particularly among children who use the proceeds to pay for their education, while a local NGO, Ankanifitahiana (Family by God), that provides education for homeless children is reporting increased enrolments. 
 
 “I’m always a bit scared, but the room I rent for $5 a day has security,” said Nadine. Despite using condoms, she is till concerned about becoming pregnant, as happened to a class colleague of hers. 
 
 About half of the $60 a month she gets goes on private school fees; the rest she gives to her parents, who think she works as a waitress. Both her parents lost their $50-per-month pay after the closure of textile factories. 
 
 About 150,000 people in the capital working directly and indirectly for textile factories became unemployed after the USA cancelled the country’s membership of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) on 31 December 2009, following Rajoelina’s coup. 
 
 AGOA, which effectively supported almost half of Madagascar’s $600m textile industry in 2008, gave the country duty-free access to US markets. 
 
 More child sex workers 
 
 Hanitra Rakotoarimanga who heads a basic healthcare centre in Isotry, another of the city’s poor neighbourhoods, told IRIN: “In March 2011 the Ministry of Health carried out a survey on HIV prevalence and we recruited 300 sex workers to do the HIV/AIDS test, and from that moment on we noticed that there was at least a 30 percent increase in new cases of sex workers.” 
 
 Women over 18 are issued with special medical cards which allow for free testing for sexually transmitted diseases, and condoms, but staff at the centre said they were increasingly working with underage girls “off the books”. 
 
 Miroarisoa Rakotoarivelo, head of the Groupe Développement Madagascar (GDM, an NGO working against the sexual exploitation of minors in Isotry, 67 Hectares and two other downtown neighbourhoods), said a recent survey of 129 sex workers indicated a growing number of children among them. 
 
 “It’s increased, and the proof I can give you is the January-April 2011 statistics we’ve got,” he told IRIN, adding that almost half of the sex workers sampled were under 18. 
 
 GDM targets children of poorer families but has also observed daughters of lower middle class families turning to sex work. 
 
 In Isotry, sex workers charge as little as 25 US cents “or just a plate of rice”, Rakotoarivelo said, while in the city centre charges can start at $12. 
 
 Bernadette Ramanantohasa, 47, has been working as a sex worker in Isotry since becoming a widow in 2002, to supplement her income from hawking vegetables. Her deceased husband used to work as a night watchman at a primary school and earned $7.50 a month for their 11 children, four of whom have died of diarrhoea-related illnesses. 
 
 Sex work earns Ramanantohasa about US$15 a month, as she charges between 75 US cents and $3. Four of her teenage daughters have also become sex workers. 
 
 “Now we are up against all types of people in this job because so many are looking for money. You even find young girls of 10, 12 and 13. Children are already putting themselves out there,” she said. 
 
 Voluntary street social worker Christine Rahantamalala has worked with 2,000 sex workers since 1997, but in the last few months, she told IRIN, she has registered 200 new sex workers, a quarter of whom are under 18. 
 
 Sanctions 
 
 UN special rapporteur on the right to food Olivier de Schutter said on a recent visit to Madagascar that sanctions on the country should be reassessed.
  
 "The situation is extremely alarming and should be a wake-up call for the international community because one of the reasons this country is on the brink of a major humanitarian crisis is the sanctions that have slowed the country's economic life," De Schutter said, according to an international news service. 
 
 An international aid worker, who declined to be identified, told IRIN the rationale for imposing blanket sanctions and punitive economic measures was the expectation that it would lead to the collapse of Rajoelina’s administration within a few months of his taking power in 2009, but this did not occur and remained unlikely. 
 
 Poverty rates increased 9 percent between 2008 and 2010, according to a UN-supported five-yearly household review. 
 
 Homelessness 
 
 Alix Heinvelona, founder of the Ankanifitahiana centre which provides education to children of street families, told IRIN enrolments had been gradually increasing since the crisis began three years ago. 
 
 “In 2009 we had 225 learners; in 2010 this went up to 255; and now (2011) we have 305 in the school,” he told IRIN. 
 
 The school, established in 2004, is a collection of wooden huts on a plot of land the size of a tennis court beside open sewers in the Ankorondrano neighbourhood. 
 
 “Poverty was bad in 2004,” he said, “but now it is very big.” 
 
 The children are helped by families in the neighbourhood, and the school’s food is donated by the UN Food and Agricultural Organization which procures some of the food from a project that supports 1,000 unemployed people with agricultural equipment and seeds. 
 
 *not her real name 
 
 hm/go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93390</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011337230137t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 01 August 2011 (IRIN) - The ambition of 16-year-old Madagascan schoolgirl Nadine* is to open a clothes boutique after completing a college course in textile design, but in the meantime, along with eight of her friends, she has turned to sex work to pay her tuition fees. Charging up to US$7 a time, she works in the poor Antananarivo suburb of 67 Hectares.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Small steps towards treating hydrocephalus</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107200700300681t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - The bandage covering Olida Soanirina’s eye does not disguise the ravages of hydrocephalus as the three-month-old recovers from an operation at the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital (HJRA) in the capital Antananarivo.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - The bandage covering Olida Soanirina’s eye does not disguise the ravages of hydrocephalus as the three-month-old recovers from an operation at the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital (HJRA) in the capital Antananarivo. 
 
 A few days after she was born, her head swelled and her constant tears were soon replaced by blood seeping from her eyes, which prompted her farmer parents from the port city of Toamasina, 215km east of Antananarivo, to seek medical help. 
 
 “I’ve never seen or heard of this type of thing. I thought her eye was going to grow and grow until it exploded”, the 30-year-old mother of two, Nordina, told IRIN. “We don’t know what we would have done if no one had helped us and brought us here. We don’t have money. What we grow is what we eat and that’s it.” 
 
 The doctor diagnosed the condition as hydrocephalus, otherwise known as “water on the brain” and sent a photo to neurosurgeon and paediatrician Nazaraly Nour’Aly in Antananarivo. 
 
 Hydrocephalus is caused by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain’s ventricles, with those who suffer from it producing up to seven spoonfuls an hour while the average person produces one. Left untreated, the condition causes the head to swell as pressure increases, leading to disability and a painful death. 
 
 Treatment in the developing world is difficult because of the high cost of neurosurgery operations which put a valve or “shunt” under the skin to drain excess fluid from the brain to the stomach. 
 
 The Brussels-based International Federation for Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus (IFSBH) has assisted Nour’Aly to reduce the cost of each valve from US$333 to $50, by including his order of 150-180 a year for Madagascar in an Africa-wide batch sourced from India. 
 
 “If no-one treats them - if they don’t know where they need to go, especially people who live in the bush or rural areas - then from that moment they start to die, or they become completely handicapped and they die in atrocious suffering within a year maximum,” Nour’ Aly told IRIN. 
 
 Sight problems 
 
 In the same hospital is 13-month-old Lina Razakamaniny, who is vomiting some of the fluid being directed to her stomach after surgery; her head still disproportionately large. 
 
 Her mother Nadia, also a farmer from Toamasina, contacted Nour’Aly when Lina was six months old and could no longer move. Sight problems are also associated with hydrocephalus as the immense pressure pushes the eyeballs down, but as Lina moves her eyes the flecks of brown coming from the whites of her eyes means she will soon be able to see again. 
 
 Prior to 2004, there was no treatment available for those suffering from hydrocephalus, and for those that could afford it medical care was sought from the Indian Ocean islands of La Réunion and Mauritius. 
 
 Nour’Aly established the NGO Global Medical Centre in 2004 after assisting UN agencies in a country-wide three-year polio vaccination programme in the late 1980s that saw him visit thousands of medical centres and encounter numerous cases of hydrocephalus. 
 
 “It’s too expensive and we don’t have the means”, was the response he got from parents and doctors as to why children suffering from hydrocephalus were left untreated. 
 
 Nour’Aly said “their children were condemned to die” at home in awful conditions, with increasing pressure on the spinal chord causing agonizing pain from “the least movement”. 
 
 Madagascar’s Health Ministry has no statistics on hydrocephalus. 
 
 Nour’Aly’s NGO negotiated with the government for 24 beds in an Antananarivo public hospital and access to an operating table and he would then pay about US$700 per child for treatment expenses. 
 
 Hydrocephalus cannot be cured, but the pressure on the brain can be relieved by medical procedures and through it “these children can grow up normally, go to school and play non-violent sports”, with a life expectancy of up to 30 years, Nour’Aly said. 
 
 Since 2004, Global Medical Fund has treated 1,001 children up to the age of six in Antananarivo, and 34 other children in Madagascar’s second largest city Fianarantsoa since 2008. Forty-one children have died from cancerous tumours the operation could not remove. 
 
 Although the causes of hydrocephalus are not completely understood, medical experts estimate that it affects about one in every 500 children, and is the most common brain operation among children in the USA. 
 
 Nour’Aly believes about 60 percent of cases he has treated were from meningitis infections; 20 percent were congenital; and 20 percent were from the effects of malnutrition. 
 
 IFSBH says scientific evidence dating back to 1986 showed folic acid deficiency during pregnancy was linked to the condition and has lobbied for foods to be fortified with foliates, especially in developing countries. 
 
 Malnutrition 
 
 According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), more than 50 percent of children in Madagascar are stunted from chronic malnutrition, and the country has one of the world’s highest malnutrition rates. The staple food ( rice) is supplemented, if at all, with a few bits of vegetable. 
 
 Nour’Aly distributes alfalfa, a dietary supplement high in vitamins A and D and packed with nutrients, through Madagascar’s Office of National Nutrition (ONN). 
 
 However, he told IRIN the government was profiting from the alfalfa, which was sourced for free from donors in France, but then taxed to the tune of US$1,400 a ton. 
 
 “Women must be vaccinated during pregnancy and babies, especially for meningitis” and dietary supplements made more available, Nour’Aly said. 
 
 Sanctions were imposed on Madagascar after the 2009 illegal transfer of power saw Andry Rajoelina, with the support of the military, depose President Marc Ravalomanana. By some estimates 80 percent of those living in rural areas earn US$1 a day or less, while health spending has decreased from US$8 a head to US$2 since 2009. 
 
 Nour’Aly is scheduled to visit the USA in 2012 to raise awareness and funding for the treatment of hydrocephalus in Madagascar. 
 
 “I’m 82 now, and with the work that I do, I have to be conscious of who will carry it on, so I’m going to try and set up a foundation to take over and fund Global Medical Centre.” 
 
 hm/go/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93268</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107200700300681t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 19 July 2011 (IRIN) - The bandage covering Olida Soanirina’s eye does not disguise the ravages of hydrocephalus as the three-month-old recovers from an operation at the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital (HJRA) in the capital Antananarivo.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Poverty and malnutrition on sisal plantations</title><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106231115000998t.jpg" />]]>AMBOASARY SUD 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - At the Centre for Treatment of Acute Malnutrition with Complications (CRENI) in the town of Amboasary Sud in the Anosy region of southeastern Madagascar, Samina Tahiaritsoa, 20, cradles her son, Lambo, 3, who still weighs less than six kilograms after 10 days at the centre.</description><body><![CDATA[AMBOASARY SUD 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - At the Centre for Treatment of Acute Malnutrition with Complications (CRENI) in the town of Amboasary Sud in the Anosy region of southeastern Madagascar, Samina Tahiaritsoa, 20, cradles her son, Lambo, 3, who still weighs less than six kilograms after 10 days at the centre. 
 
 According to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), two out of three Malagasy live in poverty and 50 percent of children younger than five have stunted growth due to malnutrition. 
 
 Tahiaritsoa is nine months pregnant with her third child, but has only a tiny bump to show for it. Her US$15 salary from working 10 days a month on a local sisal plantation must support the 20 members of her household, who get by on one small bowl of corn each a day and eat meat just once a month when she gets paid. 
 
 Already one of the world's poorest nations, Madagascar’s protracted political crisis has deepened poverty [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92236 ]. In the drought-prone south, the increasingly unpredictable climate is pushing the risk of acute malnutrition among children even higher, particularly during the "lean season" between October and March when food is scarce. 
 
 "When you have a drought, an emergency, prices of food go up and a child doesn't get fed, or gets fed very little over a short period of time," said Shantha Bloemen, UNICEF Africa's communications chief. 
 
 Prices of cattle and goats fall during a drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89330 ], as households sell off their livestock and eventually resort to consuming seeds and tamarind mixed with ash to survive. 
 
 UNICEF supports 49 centres for treating severe malnutrition across the island. A chart at the CRENI in Amboasary Sud shows that around a third of the 130 admissions in 2010 occurred between March and May (the end of the lean season), but local doctors say drought is a cyclical problem affecting the region every few years, while other longstanding social and economic problems are a constant threat to food security. 
 
 Children are admitted to the CRENI after weight-for-height measurements determine they are suffering from acute malnutrition. Another centre for acute malnutrition without complications (CRENAS) is attached to the health clinic in Amboasary Sud. 
 
 Bloemen said chronic malnutrition is usually caused by poor feeding practices over a period of time, like not exclusively breastfeeding for the first two years of a child's life, or a lack of protein and other nutritious foods in their diet. 
 
 "They'll grow, they won't die, but they basically won't ever grow to their proper full size, and it can affect their mental development," she said. 
 
 "Above all, it's the poverty that's causing this," said CRENI's head doctor, Samuel Rasaivaonirina, adding that most wage earners support an average household of 10 people on just $10 a month. 
 
 They usually earn this paltry living either from small-scale farming or working on the sisal plantation that stretches for kilometres outside the town and has remained in the hands of its French owners since Madagascar gained independence from France in 1960. In an area with over 220,000 people, the plantation takes up 80 percent of arable land in five of the 16 communes (villages). 
 
 "The people in these five communes are always poor, always in difficulty. Even in prosperous times for the rest of our region, they are food insecure," said district doctor Andry Rabetsivahiny. "The proof is that in our CRENAS, almost 70 percent of the children admitted come from the sisal-growing areas." 
 
 Clinic staff and community health workers trained to identify malnutrition refer children to the CRENAS, from where the most severe cases and those with complications are sent to the CRENI. Rasaivaonirina said children normally spent 10 days in the CRENI and after gaining sufficient weight, were moved back to CRENAS, where mothers and children are provided with support and education. 
 
 They also receive supplies of Plumpy'nut [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=72897 ] - a ready-to-use therapeutic food - to take home. This highly nutritious peanut paste containing micronutrients plays a vital role in an area where 60 percent of the people live more than 5km from the nearest health centre. 
 
 Lambo’s severely malnourished state has made him vulnerable to a diarrhoeal infection and he has lost weight since entering the CRENI nine days ago. He will need a course of antibiotics before he can make progress and be discharged. Such complications, which are common in children whose immune systems have been weakened by malnutrition, can quickly lead to death if left untreated. 
 
 Rabetsivahiny noted that local "fady", or taboos relating to eating certain foods, has contributed to widespread protein deficiency in an area where meat is an unaffordable luxury for most. 
 
 "Children are forbidden from eating eggs and chicken, and sweet potatoes can only be eaten as soon as they are dug up," he said. Chickens are considered "dirty", and eggs are believed to make women and children mute. 
 
 He added that men in the area often have numerous partners and are considered wealthy according to how many children they father. The result is large families, often headed by single mothers who struggle to earn enough money to support their children [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89292 ]. 
 
 Tahiaritsoa was only able to breastfeed Lambo and her other child for two months before going back to work at the plantation. Now, with another child on the way, it seems even less likely she will be able to feed her ever-expanding family. 
 
 hm/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93050</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106231115000998t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMBOASARY SUD 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - At the Centre for Treatment of Acute Malnutrition with Complications (CRENI) in the town of Amboasary Sud in the Anosy region of southeastern Madagascar, Samina Tahiaritsoa, 20, cradles her son, Lambo, 3, who still weighs less than six kilograms after 10 days at the centre.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Health care by hovercraft</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106171232000421t.jpg" />]]>ANKAVANDRA 17 June 2011 (IRIN) - Ankavandra is a one-car town in western Madagascar, so when the all-terrain 4x4 vehicle arrived recently it did a lap of honour around the sports field, watched by scores of applauding residents.</description><body><![CDATA[ANKAVANDRA 17 June 2011 (IRIN) - Ankavandra is a one-car town in western Madagascar, so when the all-terrain 4x4 vehicle arrived recently it did a lap of honour around the sports field, watched by scores of applauding residents. 
 
 The arrival of a car in a town that has become almost disconnected from the Madagascan capital, Antananarivo, about 230km to the east, briefly disrupted the training of a local militia being raised by the gendarmerie to help combat the increasing incidents of stock theft in the district. 
 
 It was also cause for celebration after Air Madagascar’s twice-weekly flights - which used to land on a rough airstrip an hour’s walk from town and a ferry ride by pirogue, a shallow-draft canoe, across the Manambolo River - ended in July 2010, leaving people in the area with a sense of having been abandoned. 
 
 Although the flight was unaffordable for most residents in desperately poor Ankavandra, with its rutted roads, and no electricity, sanitation or reticulated water, it provided a lifeline for medical supplies during the rainy season from December to April, when the region’s main town is effectively cut off. 
 
 Ankavandra’s only general practitioner, Dr Simone Rasoanjanahary, who is responsible for the healthcare of about 13,000 people, told IRIN that public health services had largely remained unchanged since March 2009, when Andry Rajoelina, with the support of the military, deposed President Marc Ravalomanana in an illegal transfer of power. 
 
 “Because of transportation links there is a lack of medicines - in the rainy season it is most acute,” she said. “This year a truck was meant to come in April, but because the rains finished late, it only arrived in May.” Among the stock-outs were anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy drugs, penicillin and painkillers. 
 
 Ankavandra sits at the base of Madagascar’s central plateau. The contour road to the east - built by the French colonial government to ascend the central plateau that rises more than 1,000 metres and transport the coffee crop to Antananarivo - was long ago consumed by landslides. A plan to rehabilitate the road in 2007 never got off the drawing board. 
 
 To the west, the Manambolo River hems the town in and the absence of any bridges makes crossing it during the wet season treacherous. The only land route from Antananarivo to Ankavandra is a circuitous 500km road through Beravina, of which the last 100km or so are dirt roads that become all but impassable during the rains. 
 
 Rasoanjanahary admits her surgical skills are limited to stitching small wounds, so anything more serious - from infected crocodile bites to injuries resulting from overturned ox-carts - requires evacuation. 
 
 “In the old days we used the plane [for patients], but now there are no more planes. If there is a truck [delivering supplies to the town] they might be able to take them, or it means carrying a person by stretcher to Tsiroanomandidy [about 80km west on the plateau], which takes about 48 to 52 hours,” Rasoanjanahary said. 
 
 In such circumstances a case of appendicitis is, more often than not, fatal, but for one woman a visit by Hoveraid, the only NGO that operates in the Ankavandra area, it was little more than a brief medical procedure in a traditional society that still places great store in the power of amulets. 
 
 Peter van Buuren, the country representative of Hoveraid, a faith-based organisation whose motto is “reaching the unreachable”, told IRIN the poor local communication infrastructure was not only a problem for its residents, but also for relief organizations. 
 
 The NGO uses hovercraft to navigate the country’s rivers, which are not suited to conventional boats because shifting sand bars and shallows often make them impassable. 
 
 Nevertheless, Van Buuren said, “there are only a few areas where hovercraft are suitable”, but around the world, from Madagascar to Papua New Guinea, there are 30-50 million people in need of assistance in such environments, and during wide-scale flooding the vehicle has few peers. 
 
 Hoveraid is mainly a facilitator enabling health workers to provide treatment and has also assisted other relief organizations, such as Oxfam and World Vision, to reach remote areas using hovercraft. 
 
 In conjunction with another faith-based organization, Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF), flying in the medical teams into remote areas, Hoveraid provides medical assistance to isolated communities using local doctors from Antananarivo. 
 
 Van Buuren said the NGO visited Ankavandra about four times a year for five-day stints, but “this is more like an emergency operation than development.” 
 
 The organization provides similar medical assistance in Beroroha, situated along the Mangoky River in the south, where it estimates about 90,000 people live with practically no access to health care, as well as in Anjabetrongo on the southwest coast, Sahakevo in the west and Ampansinambo in the east. 
 
 Preparations 
 
 About a month before the medical team arrives, local administrators are informed using the short-wave network - there are no cellphone networks - and patients are drawn from a wide area through word of mouth. 
 
 A family of four - Hasina, 38, his wife, Mitezusou, 25, their one-year-old child and four-year-old daughter, Pelamina, who has a lipoma (a benign fatty tumour) on her back - walked for 31 hours to get medical help. 
 
 “In Ampasibe [a village of about 700 people] there is no nurse, no midwife or doctor. Pelamina has had this growth since she started crawling,” Hasina told IRIN. 
 
 Like many other patients arriving at the clinic, Pelamina wears an amulet around her neck, provided by local healers to ward off evil spirits. The 30-minute operation under general anaesthetic to remove the lipoma is a success and now the accusations of sorcery by her peers and their parents will end. 
 
 Jean-Louis Solohery, 28, arrived in Ankavandra from Soalaka, about a six-hour walk away, but just under an hour by hovercraft. For the past year an infection of the scrotum, probably bilharzia related, has caused it to swell to the size of a small football, but he has also been treated. 
 
 In the four and half days the clinic is held, the six-person medical team, including surgeons, dentists, student doctors and an anaesthetist, perform 114 surgeries and a further 301 consultations. Fewer surgeries - 50 to 60 - were performed during their visit in December 2010. 
 
 “There were many hernia operations on children and this was because there was insufficient protein in their diet, causing poor muscle development,” Dr Helivah Rajaobelison, 25, a trainee surgeon, told IRIN. 
 
 Solar panels provide power for the clinic, held in the town’s tuberculosis (TB) centre, where surgical operations often proceed late into the night. Smaller surgeries are performed the next day using daylight while the batteries recharge. 
 
 Dr Sylvain Rasolofonirina, a retired general surgeon heading the medical team, told IRIN that “the operating conditions are fair but not good. There is a big need for surgery, as it is a remote area and the level of medical expertise is limited.” 
 
 All the necessary medicines, such as drugs for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - which ran out in the first few days - intravenous drips, operating equipment and a sonar scanner are flown in with the team. 
 
 Although they can perform a variety of procedures, from circumcisions to repairing a botched year-old hysterectomy, there are limits. A 70-year-old man, his lower lip disfigured to the size of a kilogram of raw meat and displaying all the signs of cancer, was one patient that the medical team could not assist. 
 
 “The kind of surgery we can perform is only of a certain level,” Rasolofonirina said. “It is not the same as we can perform in Antananarivo. We are here to help people and we know the risks of surgery. We could not operate on the old man [with a cancerous lip], as we cannot do blood transfusions and he could die on the operating table.” 
 
 Another woman, her stomach grossly distended, was diagnosed as having either cancer of the stomach or a TB infection, but the medical team was unable to make a precise evaluation, as they did not have the facilities to perform a biopsy. 
 
 “The consultations take time - it is not only about giving medicine, it is also about talking to people about prevention,” said Dr Clement Ralison, a member of the medical team. 
 
 Among the common ailments in Ankavandra are schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia), anaemia, malaria, respiratory infections and tapeworm infestation, caused by poor hygiene and undercooked meat. Cattle and pigs roam the streets and although boreholes have been dug, many people still draw water from the Manambolo River. 
 
 Left untreated, cysts from the tapeworms - essentially larvae - can lodge in the brain, causing debilitating headaches, convulsions and death, Ralison said. 
 
 Community workshops are held to stress the importance of regular hand washing, cooking meat thoroughly, using mosquito nets, and providing information on how to prevent STIs. 
 
 go/he 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93002</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106171232000421t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANKAVANDRA 17 June 2011 (IRIN) - Ankavandra is a one-car town in western Madagascar, so when the all-terrain 4x4 vehicle arrived recently it did a lap of honour around the sports field, watched by scores of applauding residents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Schoolgirls catch gold fever</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106090833430901t.jpg" />]]>ANKAVANDRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - There is a touch of gold fever in the small western Madagascan town of Ankavandra and schoolgirls are being affected.</description><body><![CDATA[ANKAVANDRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - There is a touch of gold fever in the small western Madagascan town of Ankavandra and schoolgirls are being affected. 
 
 Rural poverty coupled with record world gold prices is proving an irresistible pull for young girls in and around Ankavandra who are being lured away from class and into the foothills of the central plateau area by the promise of a few flecks of gold. 
 
 Nearly every day a group of five girls, all-related and aged 8-15, wake at dawn to begin a two-hour brisk walk up steep goat tracks to one of the many tributaries of the River Manambolo. As they draw closer to their destination their numbers swell to about 20 people, as parents with young children and other groups of girls, some appearing to be as young as five, join them. 
 
 On their heads - and to protect them from the scorching sun - they place the gold-panning bowls, which are made locally of wood and cost the equivalent of about US$5 each. 
 
 Cattle thieves (`Dahalo’) in search of `zebu’, Madagascar’s distinctive hump-backed cattle, frequent these hills, but so far there have been no reports of them switching into the gold-panning trade. 
 
 The girls, who asked not be named, told IRIN they were by no means the only ones from the district engaged in gold panning. “Girls do this because the boys usually have to look after the `zebu’,” they said. 
 
 The work is physically demanding. The sides of the river bank are hacked out with shovels and iron bars and the soil and rocks piled onto the wooden bowls, which are then taken to the nearby stream to be panned. 
 
 During the couple of hours IRIN spent with the girls, they probably dug out a couple of hundred kilograms of mud each, and never stopped for a break. They spend about six hours a day panning, and with the travelling time that makes for a more than 10-hour working day. They brought no food with them. 
 
 Mining permits 
 
 According to Madagascar’s mining code, gold panners have to purchase an annual permit for a few dollars, while gold dealers collecting the gold pay about US$50 for an annual permit. These taxes are supposed to go into district coffers for the improvement of local services, but the girls IRIN spoke to said they had never paid any dues. 
 
 The website of Paris-based mineral exploration company Zamarat Mining, which has established a local subsidiary, Zamarat Mining Madagascar, estimates there are about 150,000 gold panners in the country, producing 3-4 tons of gold annually, although it acknowledged “gold smuggling is a major problem.” 
 
 The UN Development Programme Human Development Index, which ranks Madagascar at 135 out of 169 countries, estimates nearly 70 percent of the island’s 20 million people live on US$1.25 a day or less. 
 
 In their best week in the past few years the girls made about US$14 each, working a six day week - more than double what they could have earned doing other menial tasks like washing clothes. 
 
 The girls say they do the work with their parents’ blessing and the proceeds are used to buy clothes and food. 
 
 A gold fragment half the size of a rice grain still arouses great excitement among the panners. The gold is sold at general trading stores in Ankavandra for 70,000 Malagasy ariary (US$36.50) a gram; the minimum quantity they can sell is one tenth of a gram. 
 
 go/cb 
  
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92938</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106090833430901t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANKAVANDRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - There is a touch of gold fever in the small western Madagascan town of Ankavandra and schoolgirls are being affected.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Vaccination efforts pay off</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106061011240488t.jpg" />]]>ANKAREIRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - Tahiri and her baby daughter have joined a courtyard full of women sheltering their babies from the midday sun at a health centre in Ankareira, near Madagascar&apos;s southern tip.</description><body><![CDATA[ANKAREIRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - Tahiri and her baby daughter have joined a courtyard full of women sheltering their babies from the midday sun at a health centre in Ankareira, near Madagascar's southern tip. 
 
 "I had a two-year-old and a three-year-old child and they both got sick and then died, one after the other," she said. 
 
 Tahiri, who grows rice and manioc in one of the poorest, most drought-affected regions of the country, does not know what illnesses killed her first two children, but she has brought her daughter to the clinic to be vaccinated because she wants to give her the best chance "to have good health". 
 
 Madagascar has reduced its under-five child mortality rate by more than 60 percent over the last decade. Part of that success has been down to increased vaccine coverage, with the World Health Organization and UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) estimating that 78 percent of the country's children were immunized in 2009, compared to 57 percent in 2000. 
 
 That increase was made possible partly as a result of funding from the Global Alliance of Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), a public-private partnership launched in 2000 to improve access to vaccines in developing countries such as Madagascar, where it has contributed US$56.5 million. 
 
 GAVI says its support to NGO and public health programmes which deliver vaccines has saved five million children from premature death over the last decade, and that it can save four million more over the next four years by doubling the number it helps immunize to half a billion and introducing two new vaccines. 
 
 To do this GAVI estimates it will need $6.8 billion, but so far donors have only promised to fund about half that amount. GAVI hopes to raise the remaining $3.7 billion at a pledging conference in London on 13 June. 
 
 Cost-effective 
 
 "For a long time vaccines were unavailable in the developing world, in countries such as Madagascar, either because the appropriate vaccines for these kinds of countries and conditions didn't exist, or because they were too expensive," said GAVI spokesman Ed Harris on a recent visit to Madagascar. 
 
 Harris said that while countries like Madagascar clearly needed development in many sectors, vaccines were one of the most cost-effective interventions. 
 
 His comments are supported by findings from two studies conducted at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore published in the June issue of Health Affairs. [ http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/30/6.toc ] Both studies project that boosting efforts to develop and deliver vaccines could not only save the lives of 6.4 million children but save $6.2 billion in treatment costs, and achieve $145 billion in long-term economic gains by avoiding the lost productivity resulting from premature death. 
 
 UNICEF Madagascar representative Bruno Maes said now more than ever, support from organizations like GAVI was vital as Madagascar continues to feel the effects of a protracted political and economic crisis which started in 2008 and has caused poverty levels to increase and government spending on health to drop from $8 to $2 per person. 
 
 "This is a drastic reduction for essential services for children, and we are very concerned about their vulnerability," said Maes. 
 
 According to UNICEF, which was one of GAVI's founding partners, 38,000 Malagasy children under the age of five still die every year and under-funding of the health sector has started to reverse some of the country's immunization gains. Coverage for measles vaccination, for example, has fallen from 2007 levels of 81 percent to 64 percent in 2010. 
 
 Marie-Josephine Hantomalala, head of the clinic in Ankareira which does vaccinations twice a week, is worried she will have to turn away the crowd of women and their children waiting outside, many of whom left their homes at dawn to reach the clinic by foot. 
 
 "The fridge for the vaccines has broken down and the temperature has dropped to 19 degrees," she said, adding that a vaccines expert in the nearest city, over two hours drive away, could not respond to her call for assistance because he lacked petrol. 
 
 In addition to providing affordable vaccines to Madagascar, GAVI has spent almost $10 million on strengthening the health system to deliver them in remote rural clinics that often lack the kerosene to run fridges needed for vaccine storage. 
 
 District Doctor Andriatsararanto Rabetsivahiny, who works in the Amboasary-Sud region of southeastern Madagascar, said in an area where over 130,000 people live more than 5km from the nearest health centre, initiatives to increase vaccine coverage had greatly helped reduce child mortality. 
 
 While malaria and diarrhoea were still major causes of deaths in children, deaths from measles were much less common than previously. He added that the biggest killer was malnutrition as undernourished children were vulnerable to attack from a number of diseases and often too weak to survive them. 
 
 He said in an area with little cultivatable land and high unemployment, "in times of difficulty people live off tamarind mixed with ash and water - morning, noon and night, just to survive". 
 
 Two new vaccines in pipeline 
 
 Manjarasoa, 18, has walked for an hour with her one-year-old baby to reach the Ankareira clinic. 
 
 "It's been five days since he's had diarrhoea. I've been feeding him herbal tea but it just hasn't stopped," she said. 
 
 Since 2001, GAVI has helped immunize children against tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitus B and pertussis (whooping cough) using the tetravalent vaccine. The introduction of the pentavalent vaccine in 2008 added protection against Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib). 
 
 Now GAVI, along with UNICEF and other partners, wants to help developing countries introduce two new vaccines. The first would protect children from pneumococcal disease, the leading cause of pneumonia, and the second would provide protection from rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhoea. Pneumonia and diarrhoea are the two leading killers of children under the age of five, causing nearly 40 percent of all childhood deaths. 
 
 "Children in rich countries don't die from diarrhoea," pointed out Shanta Bloemen from UNICEF South Africa, while children in the poorest most remote areas who could not easily be reached with treatment were vulnerable. 
 
 "If every child is vaccinated you're giving them the primary foundation to survive the first few years of life when they are most vulnerable to disease and have weak immune systems, and in Madagascar... almost half the children are malnourished so they are vulnerable," she told IRIN. 
 
 Madagascar has been earmarked among the developing countries which could benefit from GAVI funding for pneumococcal and rotavirus vaccines, but the availability of financing will depend largely on the success of the pledging conference and on the price of the vaccines coming down. In response to a recent tender by UNICEF, which procures the majority of vaccines funded by GAVI, Merck & Co and GlaxoSmithKline have significantly reduced the price of their rotavirus vaccines. 
 
 With a child dying every 20 seconds from a vaccine-preventable disease, Harris said: "At stake on 13 June are potentially millions of lives." 
 
 hm/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106061011240488t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANKAREIRA 09 June 2011 (IRIN) - Tahiri and her baby daughter have joined a courtyard full of women sheltering their babies from the midday sun at a health centre in Ankareira, near Madagascar&apos;s southern tip.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Cancer treatment for the lucky few</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005281143130999t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - Hospital patients in Madagascar are used to paying for everything from surgeon’s gloves and gauze to drips and syringes, but a protracted political and economic crisis has further weakened the public health sector and put cancer treatment out of reach for all but the lucky few.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - Hospital patients in Madagascar are used to paying for everything from surgeon’s gloves and gauze to drips and syringes, but a protracted political and economic crisis has further weakened the public health sector and put cancer treatment out of reach for all but the lucky few. 
 
 Currently, just one cancer ward with 60 beds at the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital (HJRA) in the capital Antananarivo, is serving the entire population of nearly 20 million, and treatment there is well beyond the means of the majority of Malagasy, nearly 70 percent of whom live below the poverty line. 
 
 The March 2009 coup in which Andry Rajoelina, with the support of the military, deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, led to the suspension of numerous foreign aid and trade benefits on which the country was heavily reliant, particularly for the funding of social sectors. According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the government has also significantly reduced its spending on health just as the economic crisis has depleted many families’ ability to pay for health care. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92236 ] 
 
 “The majority of people here can’t pay [for treatment]; they are farmers, or unemployed,” said Melanie Anton, a child psychologist at HJRA. 
 
 A state fund which is supposed to provide free drugs and medical supplies for those unable to pay for health care covers a fraction of the need, according to social workers at HJRA, and patients' fears of running up medical bills they cannot afford means many abandon treatment early, or never seek it in the first place. 
 
 “Parents are worried about not being able to pay for medicines, so they pull their kids out of hospital before treatment or surgery is completed and take them back home,” Anton confirmed. 
 
 The problem is particularly common for cancer treatment, with medicine prices on the rise and chemotherapy sessions costing up to two million ariary (US$1,000), according to HRJA’s head of oncology, Florine Rafaramino. 
 
 Costly trips to the capital 
 
 Rafaramino said patients often lost precious time and money travelling to the capital. “It’s catastrophic for them, especially those who come from the countryside. People come and sometimes just leave again as their money has gone,” she told IRIN. 
 
 The parents of three-year-old Marosia travelled over 500km to bring their daughter to HJRA after doctors in their home region of Sava failed to diagnose her stomach pain as a tumour. 
 
 “Before coming here, we went round a lot of hospitals and everyone told us to come here,” said her father Teddy Tombotam, who works in the vanilla trade. 
 
 His wife has given up work to be with Marosia while Tombotam returns to Antananarivo every 15 days to spend a couple of days with his daughter. Despite being significantly better off than the majority of Malagasys, getting treatment for their daughter has been financially crippling. 
 
 “It’s difficult for a small trader but what can I do? It’s my daughter, my only daughter,” said Tombotam, adding that if Marosia needed more than the estimated three chemotherapy treatments “we’ll be bankrupt”. 
 
 Broken equipment 
 
 Even making it to the capital in time and having the means to pay for treatment does not guarantee it. Medicine stock-outs are common and the hospital's one radiotherapy machine, which is needed to treat 8 percent of cancer cases, has been broken for over a year. 
 
 “We have one machine for over 20 million people that doesn’t work," said Rafaramino, who noted that the World Health Organization recommends a minimum of one radiotherapy machine per one million inhabitants. 
 
 While several charities provide funding to cover the costs of treating certain cancers and age groups, staff are unable to help those patients who do not tick the right boxes and cannot meet costs themselves. 
 
 “The guilt is awful if you see a child die,” said Rafaramino, adding that many patients died in discomfort at their homes. 
 
 NGO plans new clinics 
 
 Some of the difficulties in accessing cancer treatment may be alleviated by the plans of local charity, 4aWOMAN, to set up three new cancer clinics in Antananarivo, in Madagascar’s second biggest city Fianarantsoa to the south, and in the city of Mahajunga in the northwest. 
 
 4aWOMAN, a project of the Akbaraly Foundation set up by Cinzia Akbaraly, the wife of one of Madagascar’s most successful businessmen, targets breast and gynaecological cancers which account for 52 percent of cancer cases in Madagascar. 
 
 Project Manager Jacques Schmitt said funding for the clinics would cover the cost of radiotherapy machines and staff training, but that a culture that prevents many women from getting screened for such cancers also needed to be tackled. 
 
 "The problem of culture means that many women, especially in rural areas where there is a lack of awareness or stigma about gynaecological examinations, don’t get diagnosed," he told IRIN. “That means that often we’re dealing with diagnoses where death is almost certain.” 
 
 hm/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92843</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005281143130999t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - Hospital patients in Madagascar are used to paying for everything from surgeon’s gloves and gauze to drips and syringes, but a protracted political and economic crisis has further weakened the public health sector and put cancer treatment out of reach for all but the lucky few.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: New climate change and adaptation films</title><pubDate>Tue, 10 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105100649070547t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 10 May 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN Films is pleased to announce the launch of two more chapters of The Gathering Storm, our award-winning series of short films highlighting the human cost of climate change.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 10 May 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN Films is pleased to announce the launch of two more chapters of The Gathering Storm, our award-winning series of short films highlighting the human cost of climate change.
 
 This series has addressed the impact of climate change in Africa and Asia; now we turn the spotlight on Madagascar, the fourth-largest island in the world and one of its poorest nations.
 
 In Madagascar, an estimated 65 percent of the population of 19 million live on little more than US$1 a day and the country has long been plagued by political crises. Climate change adds insult to injury.
 
 According to the World Bank, Madagascar has seen a 10 percent increase in temperature and a 10 percent decrease in rainfall in the past 50 years, with a devastating impact on the farming and fishing communities.
 Years of drought in the south of the country have left people there facing chronic hunger and high rates of malnutrition.
 
 In the first of these films, we look at the charcoal industry in the south, and discover how the prolonged drought has driven farmers - whose barren fields can no longer support them - into the forests in search of a livelihood. In a country that relies almost exclusively on charcoal as a cooking fuel, wood is one of the few resources left for them to exploit.
 
 As a consequence, areas such as the Afaty forest are forests in name
 only.    
 
 Farther south, communities are under siege from the relentless march of sand; dunes sweep in on the wind and claim the void left by farmland choked dry by years of drought.
 
 In villages such as Androka, the sand and floods have forced hundreds of people to flee. Some have taken refuge in new towns, but remain hostage to the ravages of climate. Just outside New Androka, a farmer sweats over the rather pathetic looking maize crop that he has managed to coax out of the sand.
 
 "The soil here used to be firm and we could grow crops," he said. "But these days I'm lucky to get any maize at all. If the rain doesn't come soon, we will be forced to move again."
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92666</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105100649070547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 10 May 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN Films is pleased to announce the launch of two more chapters of The Gathering Storm, our award-winning series of short films highlighting the human cost of climate change.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: No more free primary schooling</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008072332t.jpg" />]]>ANTANANARIVO 18 March 2011 (IRIN) - The burden of paying for education in Madagascar has shifted to the poor after donor funding was frozen in the wake of a coup on 17 March 2009.</description><body><![CDATA[ANTANANARIVO 18 March 2011 (IRIN) - The burden of paying for education in Madagascar has shifted to the poor after donor funding was frozen in the wake of a coup on 17 March 2009. 
 
 About 70 percent of the education sector had been funded by donor countries, but since Andry Rajoelina seized power from former President Marc Ravalomanana with the backing of the military, state financial support to the education sector has become erratic. 
 
 "The question is what we have lost… over these years; how much damage has been done by vulnerable families having to pick up the bill for their children's education," said Margarita Focas Licht, the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) head of education in Madagascar. 
 
 She said the government had not allocated any funds to the education sector in the 2009/10 academic year, which begins in October, but had begun transfers for 2010/11. However, it had not been established how much the state was paying per learner. In the past, the annual subsidy had been US$1.50 each for of the about 4.3 million primary school pupils. 
 
 According to 2008 estimates by the Ministry of Education, the average Malagasy has less than five years’ education and only 60 percent of learners completed primary school, which is considered low by regional standards. 
 
 The government's failure to fund the education sector in the 2009/10 school year has led to the effective demise of free primary school education, with public schools demanding registration fees to compensate for the loss of income. 
 
 There is no uniformity in the registration fees. Some schools in the capital, Antananarivo, have been asking as much as $13 in a country where about three-quarters of the 20 million population live below the poverty line. An average class has about 50 learners, but some classes have as many as 100 learners. 
 
 Marie-Angele Ramanandraitsiory, principal of the Manakambahiny public primary school in Antananarivo, told IRIN the $4 registration fee her school charged was the cheapest of the city's 92 public primary schools. 
 
 The money is being used to help pay the salaries of "community teachers", who have no formal training but account for about two-thirds of the country's roughly 70,000 primary school teachers. The government usually paid them, but not in the previous school year. The salaries of formally trained teachers had not been affected. 
 
 "We ask for things everywhere. We know that we don't have enough money, but we work with the available means as we have to try and get all the kids to study, with or without funding," Ramanandraitsiory said. But the money does not stretch to repairing roof leaks in some classrooms, which have become unusable because of knee-deep water. 
 
 School food 
 
 "There are many children who can't come to school if there is no subsidized food. If they eat, and if parents receive help and starter packs for their children, they will come. If not, the children will be kept at home, or sent out to the streets to beg or work," she said. 
 
 Starter packs include stationery items like pens, notebooks and rulers, but the supply of these has also become inconsistent. 
 
 A $730 grant from the education ministry fed the school’s 580 learners beyond the prescribed 60 days and reduced absenteeism, Ramanandraitsiory said. Four of the 12 educators at Manakambahiny primary are community teachers 
 
 In 2008 there was a proposal to provide training to all community teachers, but this has yet to materialize. Focas Licht said the ministry of education used to have the capacity to train about 2,800 teachers annually, but the teacher training system was "dysfunctional at the moment". 
 
 "The local coping mechanism is to hire community teachers locally and pay them," Focas Licht said, and this was why public schools had instituted registration fees, effectively ending free primary school education. "There would be a serious risk of sector collapse if two-thirds of the primary school teachers were no longer paid," she said. 
 
 After donors froze funding in the wake of the 17 March 2009 coup, UNICEF assumed management of the $64 million Education For All - Fast Track Initiative, previously the domain of government under supervision of the World Bank, which still maintains its supervisory 
 role. 
 
 In the 2009/10 school year 15$ million was used, in the 2010/11 academic year $22 million will be spent and $26 million remains for the 2011/12 school year, but beyond that no funding has been allocated. 
 
 Focas Licht said the money was being used to pay community teachers, maintain school feeding schemes with the assistance of the World Food Programme (WFP) in the food insecure south of the island, fund school construction projects in partnership with the International Labour Organization, and reduce disparities in schools. 
 
 Last year the only money that 10,000 schools in 10 regions of Madagascar received was sourced from the Education For All Initiative. 
 
 The WFP supports 1,200 school canteens in the southern rural areas of Madagascar, feeding 215,000 beneficiaries in the drought-affected regions of Anosy, Androy and Atsimo Andrefana. UNICEF has a separate $13 million budget for supporting schools in seven other regions. 
 
 Fewer enrolments 
 
 Although there is no formal data available, Focas Licht said spot checks by UNICEF at schools in October 2010 indicated that enrolments were experiencing a downward trend. 
 
 "What we are noticing… on weekly visits to the poorest neighbourhoods, is that the number of families that are no longer in a position to pay enrolment costs for their children in public primary schools is increasing," Céline Guillaud, coordinator of Graines de Bitume (Pavement Seeds), an NGO in Antananarivo supporting poor and homeless children, told IRIN. 
 
 The NGO provides day care centres, assists in enrolment of primary school children and helps with school equipment, meals and medical expenses. 
 
 Although the NGO usually focused on families living on the streets, she said "non-single parented families, living in proper houses, where both parents work but can't meet the expenses linked to schooling for their children," were now seeking their help. 
 
 hn/go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92235</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008072332t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ANTANANARIVO 18 March 2011 (IRIN) - The burden of paying for education in Madagascar has shifted to the poor after donor funding was frozen in the wake of a coup on 17 March 2009.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
