<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Lesotho</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 14:30:34 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Floods leave Angolan returnees stranded</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. 
 
 “At least 50,000 people - 24,000 of them returnees - in 10 villages in Uige Province [northeastern Angola near border with DRC] have been affected by the flooding, rains and hailstorms in the past four months,” said Antonio Maiandi, head of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Angola, which has been trying to help those affected. The rainy season here tends to be longer than elsewhere in Angola. 
 
 “It is still pouring hard. At least 1,142 houses have been destroyed by the rains. Each family with shelter is now hosting other families,” said Maiandi, adding that the returnees, who had sought refuge from the civil war in Angola which ended in 2002, were putting enormous pressure on locals, and organizations such as his. 
 
 “The local population who are mostly farmers have been severely affected. Their cassava [staple food in Angola] and groundnut crops have been destroyed, so there is not enough food to go round.” 
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) restarted formal repatriation of Angolans in November 2011 after logistical and other problems forced the process to stop in 2007. DRC is home to some 80,000 Angolans refugees, according to UNHCR. 
 
 The new return initiative comes after a UNHCR survey in 2010 found that 43,000 wanted to return home, and following a tripartite agreement between Angola, DRC and UNHCR (signed in June 2011), around 20,000 people signed up for help to return. The agreement came about after years of tense relations between the two countries: Angolan and Congolese nationals have been expelled from the two countries regularly. [  http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93004 ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90906 ]
 
 “The local population is extremely poor and unable to support the returnees,” and “people are still coming in every day,” said Maiandi. 
 
 UNHCR in Angola told IRIN they took a break in December 2011 and would resume formal repatriation on 17 January, but did not have an update on the number of people who had already arrived. 
 
 According to aid workers, increasing instability in the DRC following the recent disputed elections could be prompting more people to leave. 
 
 Maiandi said the returnees had not received adequate support from the authorities and church organizations had limited resources. 
 
 Meteorologists for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have predicted normal to above normal rains for most of the region from January to March 2012 largely because of the continuing effects of the 2011 La Niña event. [ http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91746 ] Thousands of people in the region were displaced and scores killed in early 2011 as a result of heavy rains and flooding associated with La Niña. 
 
 Zimbabwe 
 
 As the rainy season begins here, aid workers and disaster prevention teams are closely monitoring water levels in the all-important Zambezi river, the continent's fourth largest. 
 
 The authorities have issued a flood alert after being forced to release water from the swollen Kariba Dam on the Zambezi earlier than usual in the rainy season. 
 
 The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) which usually opens the spillway gates of Lake Kariba in the last two weeks of January was forced to open one of the gates on 3 January. It has advised people living downstream to evacuate their homes. 
 
 Zambia 
 
 Zambia is in for a mixed season. Dominicano Mulenga, national coordinator of Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, said a plan had been drawn up to help 368,953 people likely to be affected by rain and dry spells. While northwestern and western parts of the country had seen heavy rain, southern, eastern and parts of central Zambia were likely to receive little or no rain, he said. 
 
 The water level in the Zambezi was higher than at the same time in 2011, he added. “We have had three seasons of heavy rainfall and the ground is saturated with water, making it more prone to flooding.” 
 
 Namibia 
 
 Namibians, currently experiencing a heat wave, are eager for rain, said Guido van Langehove, chief of the Namibia Hydrological Services. Southern African Development Community (SADC) meteorologists have forecast normal to above normal rains for Namibia over the next three months. “It was the same forecast last year and we recorded three times the normal rain,” van Langehove pointed out. 
 
 The Caprivi Region, Namibia’s poorest area, is prone to annual flooding. 
 
 Japhet Itenge, director of Disaster Risk Management in the Office of the Prime Minister, said they were prepositioning essential commodities and relief tools as part of their contingency plans. 
 
 Lesotho 
 
 Lesotho has not received adequate rainfall in the past few months, a spokesman for the country’s meteorological services told IRIN. “SADC has forecast heavy rains for Lesotho in the coming weeks. We are worried it can cause early frost and destroy crops that have already been planted,” he said. 
 
 Lesotho and Namibia have food insecurity levels greater than their five-year averages due to the severe flooding experienced during the last growing season, according to FEWSNET. 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 The Mozambican authorities have begun to release water from the Cahora Bassa Dam on the Zambezi. People living mainly along the lower Zambezi basin and in Buzi, Save, and Pungue basins, including Beira city, are on alert. 
 
 Sofala Province in central Mozambique is currently distributing items such as bicycles, stretchers, masks, gloves, megaphones and boats, according to the Mozambique Red Cross; and members of seven local disaster risk management committees established in Beira City are cleaning the drainage system. 
 
 The National Institute of Disaster Management (INGC) is monitoring the rivers Montepuez, Licungo, Mutamba, Pungué, Buzi, Save, and Maputo, said FEWSNET. In the Zambezi and Limpopo river basins, FEWSNET warned of a near-average-to-high probability of flooding. 
 
 João Bobotela, CARE’s emergency response coordinator in Mozambique, said INGC and local authorities had been running flood simulation exercises since November 2011 to prepare communities for sudden evacuations. 
 
 Botswana 
 
 Arid Botswana has not received good rains in the past few months. “We are expecting average rains which might help crops,” said a spokesman for the Botswana Meteorological Services. 
 
 Malawi 
 
 More rains have been forecast for southern Malawi, where land adjacent to the River Shire, one of the most food-insecure parts of the country, is prone to flooding. Parts of the region, which has seen an outbreak of foot and mouth disease and a hike in food prices, are in crisis mode, warned FEWSNET. 
 
 South Africa 
 
 Much-needed rain has fallen in South Africa’s major maize-producing northern Free State area in the past few weeks. The government and USAID’s Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET) say the country has adequate supplies, but global maize stocks are low, putting considerable upward price pressure on South African white maize. 
 
 
 jk-dd/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94598</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008111111t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several thousand Angolan returnees from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are stranded by floods in northeastern Angola. They are among the first casualties of what promises to be a very wet rainy season in parts of southern Africa. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Counter-trafficking measures trail commitments</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity. 
 
 Southern Africa has many of the conditions traffickers capitalize on: endemic poverty and unemployment that create a demand for better opportunities, and high rates of regular and irregular migration that mask the movements of traffickers and their victims. 
 
 The region has no shortage of protocols, frameworks and action plans for dealing with human trafficking, but the net result of all these agreements has been no more than a handful of prosecutions. 
 
 "African countries are more than happy to sign documents and attend conferences, but step out of the room and they're happy to have lunch and forget about it," said Ottilia Maunganidze, a researcher on the International Crime in Africa Programme at the Institute for Security Studies in Pretoria. 
 
 Maunganidze was addressing a roomful of experts and government officials mainly from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) who gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, recently to look at ways of turning commitments to counter human trafficking into action. 
 
 The key international framework for combating this crime is the 2000 UN protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, also known as the Palermo Protocol [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocoltraffic.htm ]. Its lengthy definition of human trafficking includes “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception…for the purpose of exploitation.” Twelve of the SADC's 15 member states have ratified the protocol, which committed them to enact legislation to make human trafficking a criminal offence. 
 
 More than a decade later, only six have passed comprehensive laws. Several others have partial laws or, in the case of South Africa, bills waiting to be passed [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportId=93104 ], while five countries lack any specific legislation. 
 
 "If trafficking is not a crime in your country, everything else is symptomatic," warned Johan Kruger of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 
 
 Maunganidze pointed out that merely passing legislation is not enough. Mozambique has passed legislation, but has never prosecuted a case. "Criminalisation has to happen in practice," she told the meeting. 
 
 This means developing national action plans that involve social workers, medical professionals, public prosecutors and the police; establishing a central anti-trafficking unit; allocating resources to assisting victims; and signing bilateral and multilateral agreements with the countries victims originate from and pass through. 
 
 SADC countries adopted a 10-year strategic plan of action to combat trafficking in persons in 2009 that incorporates many of these measures. There is also a protocol on gender and development with a deadline of 2015 to put in place measures to eradicate trafficking. Maunganidze says this is "probably very idealistic", and cites the difficulty of identifying and addressing some of the root causes of trafficking, as well as the limited resources and political will so far devoted to responses. 
 
 Most trafficking in southern Africa is for the purpose of sexual exploitation, but trafficking for forced labour is growing and is even more hidden, according to Bernardo Mariano-Joaquim, regional representative of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). 
 
 Criminal syndicates are usually engaged in these activities, and many people still lack a clear understanding of what trafficking is, adding to the difficulty of detection and prosecution. "Organized crime can't be prosecuted in the same fashion as other crimes," said Kruger. "You have to connect the dots, you need proactive intelligence and international cooperation." 
 
 "In Africa, we're making some progress in creating an environment to assist victims, but where we need more work is prosecutions," Mariano-Joaquim told IRIN. "Prosecution is lagging behind the identification of victims, and even prevention." 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94445</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904301438440990t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - At any given time, an estimated 130,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa are engaged in forced labour as a result of trafficking. It is a fraction of the global figure, which the International Labour Organization (ILO) puts at 2.5 million, but this highly lucrative and concealed crime is on the rise in Africa and traffickers usually operate with impunity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: A deadly funding crisis</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding. 
 
 That money for HIV/AIDS efforts is not as plentiful as in previous years hardly comes as a surprise. UNAIDS notes that the global economic crisis appears to have put an end to a decade of funding increases by donors - after flattening out in 2009 for the first time, international AIDS assistance fell by 10 percent in 2010. [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93521 ] 
 
 Nandini Oomman, director of the HIV/AIDS Monitor, which tracks AIDS spending at the Washington-based Centre for Global Development, admits that “we are in a bad situation” and faced with “less money and more [health] priorities”. Moreover, non-communicable diseases have overtaken HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death worldwide. Global and national leaders are now confronted with a “set of tough choices”, she noted. 
 
 Zimbabwe’s Minister of Health, Dr Henry Madzorera, believes it is still too early to gauge the full impact of the global funding decline. “We do anticipate that [this] will have a negative impact on our universal access goal… that the consequences of this global economic meltdown will be catastrophic to our programmes… [and] will take us back many years,” he told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 The big squeeze 
 
 As the world’s largest donor to HIV/AIDS efforts, the United States contributes 54 percent of international AIDS financing, but the Centre for Global Development warns that in America’s current political and fiscal climate, this level of support for AIDS funding may have reached a “tipping point” and “will be increasingly difficult to maintain in coming years”. 
 
 Oomman pointed out that the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was protected by legislation until 2013, so cuts in the funding mechanism may not be as deep as feared. “The real questions [about the future of PEPFAR] will open up in two years, when the US is faced with reauthorizing PEPFAR,” she noted. 
 
 In the meantime, the US global AIDS budget has been cut for the second year running - funding for PEPFAR in 2012 will be US$90 million less than the current allocation - and support for the Global Fund has flat-lined. 
 
 The cost implications are huge, particularly for countries such as Uganda that rely heavily on PEPFAR. According to Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), less than half of the people needing treatment in Uganda get it, and PEPFAR currently supports 75 percent of all patients receiving ARVs in the country. International donors are increasingly requesting that Uganda look for domestic funds to support its response. 
 
 Although South Africa is better resourced and funds more than 80 percent of its treatment costs, it still receives substantial amounts from foreign donors. PEPFAR’s shift from direct service provision to technical assistance has caused hospices and institutions that were providing ARVs to close down, and patients have been referred to a public health system that is overstretched and poorly equipped to deal with the growing numbers, Nokhwezi Hoboyi, district coordinator for the Treatment Action Campaign, told journalists at a press briefing. 
 
 The UK’s Department for International Development (DfID) is also cutting bilateral aid for HIV/AIDS projects in developing countries by 32 percent, from £59.9 million ($92 million) to £41 million ($64million), between now and 2015. 
 
 Bailing out of the Fund? 
 
 With many donor countries preoccupied with the economic crises on their doorsteps and slowly starting to reduce their HIV/AIDS funding, the Global Fund remains a crucial player despite its latest setback. The amount of money that the multilateral body has made available since it was created in 2001 was “absolutely unprecedented” said Dr Eric Goemaere, head of MSF South Africa’s medical unit. 
 
 On 28 November, MSF warned that many low-income countries with a high HIV/AIDS burden were relying heavily on money from the Global Fund to continue providing treatment as well as to scale up their programmes. Some countries have been unable to implement the most recent World Health Organization guidelines, which call for earlier initiation of treatment and better first-line drugs. 
 
 The Global Fund has also been hit by a crisis in confidence in recent months, after reports of grant mismanagement found by the Fund’s Office of the Inspector General and the findings of a high-level independent review panel that recommended major changes to its accountability structures. 
 
 Oomman told IRIN/PlusNews that rather than “buckling down” to fix the Global Fund model, however, donors were “bailing out” by failing to live up to their commitments. “This doesn’t absolve the Fund of the responsibility to fix itself and reform… but it was created by the donors and should be fixed by the donors,” she commented. 
 
 High-burden nations need to do more 
 
 With its future at stake, the Global Fund has been encouraging emerging markets to pick up the baton, but the reality is that financial backing from traditional donors such as America and the European countries is still vitally important. “If I were an emerging market government, would I put my money in [an organization] which Western donors are pulling out of?” Oomman asked. 
 
 Activists agree that although some countries with high HIV prevalence rates still can’t afford to put a lot of money into their AIDS response, they cannot be completely absolved. 
 
 “Sustainability depends on domestic funding. Even in this hard economic environment, countries can at least lay down the enabling instruments that will grow over time and take over from donor funds when these funds dry up,” Zimbabwe’s Madzorera acknowledged. 
 
 “African governments are not doing enough at this stage,” he said, “and it cannot be allowed to be ‘business as usual’ in the face of this global economic crisis.” 

Read more on the impact of the HIV/AIDS funding crunch: http://www.plusnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?Indepthid=93&amp;reportid=94341
 
 kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94354</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070412t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - This World AIDS Day on 1 Dec should have been a much more joyous event: the global HIV/AIDS response has turned a significant corner, with record numbers of people on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and fewer new HIV infections. But the announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria, cancelling its next funding round, has cast a shadow over any celebrations and highlighted the precarious nature of HIV/AIDS funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Pastoralists fear land “modernization” act</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910211522220009t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Livestock herders in Lesotho are suspicious of the government’s motives for “modernizing” the land tenure system, fearing it will bring about a radical change in their way of life and deprive them of their birthright to land.</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Livestock herders in Lesotho are suspicious of the government’s motives for “modernizing” the land tenure system, fearing it will bring about a radical change in their way of life and deprive them of their birthright to land. 
 
 “This land act is not for us, it’s for people sitting in the highest seats of government and in the fancy chairs in the city,” Khotso Lehloka, secretary general of the Lesotho Herders Association (LHA), which represents between 17,000 and 20,000 livestock herders, told IRIN. 
 
 About three-quarters of Lesotho’s 1.8 million people derive their livelihood from agriculture, although only around 10 percent of the land is suitable for arable farming. 
 
 Constitutionally, all the land belongs to King Letsie III and is held in trust by all Basotho males or heads of household. Land acts passed in 1968 and 1979 did not contain a formal lease-based tenure system because land was regarded as communal. 
 
 The 2010 Land Administration Authority Act [ http://www.laa.org.ls/AboutLAA/legislation/Land%20Act%202010.htm ] has broken from past practice by allowing security of tenure, in the hope of luring foreign direct investment to act as a stimulus for the rural economy. A growing population and land degradation are also putting greater pressure on a limited resource. 
 
 “The Land Act is part of an overall strategy to modernize the economy of Lesotho, so that investors can come, start a business and receive mortgage financing and insurance,” planning and finance minister Timothy Thahane told IRIN. “This is the kind of process that is necessary in a modern economy.” 
 
 The Human Development Index of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) ranks this mountainous country, which is completely surrounded by neighbouring South Africa, at 160 out of 180 nations. 
 
 Each year about 350,000 people routinely face food insecurity, [ http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/lesotho/en/ ] and falling food production necessitates importing between 60 and 70 percent of the national requirement. 
 
 The Act establishes the Land Administration Authority (LAA), an autonomous agency of the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftainship that will be responsible for record keeping, the regulation and allocation of land and rentals, and the approval of foreign ownership, which will now be permitted in partnership with a local national holding at least a 20 percent stake. 
 
 The goal of these measures is to provide “secure land tenure for all citizens and promote economic growth”. Section 77 of the LAA says “A citizen of Lesotho shall be entitled to the lease free of ground rent of land, which he leases and occupies for his own residential use.” 
 
 The Authority has conducted pilot projects in a few selected villages and LAA leasing director Letele Mosae says the system will start rolling out in 2012. 
 
 Tsoeu Petlane, a researcher who works in Maseru, capital of Lesotho, for the Johannesburg-based think-tank, South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), told IRIN the traditional communal system of land ownership had led to inefficient land management. 
 
 “Every male Basotho is entitled to inherit plots of land, but while families expand, land does not, so the plots kept getting smaller and smaller. Because this was all done informally, eventually there were a lot of disputes” he explained. 
 
 The government is constantly involved in resolving land disputes, and the Act will ensure property is surveyed and documented, along with foreign ownership boosting investment, but there are concerns about how the new system will affect pastoralists. 
 
 “There are some unresolved questions,” Petlane pointed out. “What happens to traditional grazing lands? If those formerly communal grazing lands are bought up, where will herders without land feed their cattle?” 
 
 A SAIIA report in September 2011, Implementing the ARPM [African Peer Review Mechanism] Views from Civil Society [ http://www.saiia.org.za/images/stories/research/aprm/aprm_lesotho_amp_report_sept_2011.pdf ], noted: “It remains unclear to what extent the new system will also address the conflict between chiefs and the state in regard to land allocation and management, as well as inter-communal conflict over land resources which are managed by chiefs.” 
 
 “Use it or lose it” 
 
 In a direct challenge to land as a Basotho birthright, the inclusion of a “use it or lose it” clause permits the authorities to take land that has not been cultivated for at least three years. 
 
 “Sometimes you cannot use land due to economic reasons - it’s not fair that it would be taken away from you just because of that. Governments are supposed to empower people to teach them to use the land to produce food more effectively, rather than enabling outsiders to come in and do it,” said Lehloka. 
 
 “The possibility of land being bought and sold, and the payment of ground rent, are highlighted as a possible cause of poverty and landlessness. Those who cannot afford the rent will be forced to sell, which will leave them landless and even more vulnerable. The ‘use it or lose it’ principle, which gives powers to authorities to dispossess lease holders of their right to land for not using it, is seen as another effect of the act that will promote poverty,” the SAIIA report said. 
 
 Mosae said it was wrong to term it a “use it or lose it” clause - it was a reference to “abandoned land”. 
 
 He said, “Where land is required for either public purpose or public interest, there is a stipulated procedure whereby, among others, the occupier of the land in question must be consulted and agreement must be reached. Thereafter, an amount of compensation must be agreed.” 
 
 News of the new land tenure system does not appear to have reached rural communities. Victor Letlaka, 33, a herder and subsistence farmer providing for his wife and five children, told IRIN he was unaware of the new Act and the changes it may bring. 
 
 “We were given this by our chief,” he said, pointing to his half-acre plot on the side of a hill in Mokhotlong, the main town in Mokhotlong Province, about 150km from Maseru. The local chief has the authority to dispossess Letlaka of his land at any time, but he is unconcerned. 
 
 “We are grateful that he gave us this piece of land. If we had to move we would probably get given another... I don’t think there’s a problem with how this happens, it works fine without Maseru government rules.” 
 
 The LHA intends to raise greater awareness of the Act. “The government didn’t do enough to talk to people when they were debating and signing the Land Act. People simply weren’t made aware of the Act and what its impact will be, so we feel the government may use these laws to hurt or take advantage of the very poor or marginalized.” Lehloka said. 
 
 “The herdboys feel like their autonomy and freedom is jeopardized by this formalizing process, but the reality is we need to coordinate grazing and land recovery better,” said minister Thahane. “Land issues cast against so many vested interests is always controversial, but it is necessary for Lesotho’s modernization.” 
 
 cm/go/he 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94364</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910211522220009t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Livestock herders in Lesotho are suspicious of the government’s motives for “modernizing” the land tenure system, fearing it will bring about a radical change in their way of life and deprive them of their birthright to land.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Textile industry gets a lifeline</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111241328110254t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Government plans to spend 100 million maloti (US$12.7 million) over the next two years in an effort to breathe life into the crucial textile industry.</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Government plans to spend 100 million maloti (US$12.7 million) over the next two years in an effort to breathe life into the crucial textile industry. 
 
 "The objective... is to stabilize employment in the textile industry and provide capital for companies so that they can take advantage of the global [economic] recovery," Dr Timothy Thahane, Minister of Finance and Development planning, told IRIN. "It's harder for African countries to stay competitive, but this industry is really important to the Lesotho economy, so we have to do what we can." 
 
 Lesotho's textile industry grew rapidly in the 1990s and early 2000s, thanks in large part to the African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) [ http://www.agoa.gov/ ], which gave 34 eligible countries in sub-Saharan Africa duty-free access to US markets, and the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) credit certification scheme that allowed textile-exporting companies to earn rebates on duties they paid on imports used for production. 
 
 However, the industry has been hit hard in the past few years: the SACU scheme ended in March 2010, while the flagging US economy has reduced exports. 
 
 In 2005, the textile industry comprised 45 factories and employed around 55,000 people, making it the largest formal sector employer in the country. Exports amounted to roughly $500 million per year. Today, 23 factories employ 33,000 workers - a decline in profits and employment of 40 percent - and exports amount to an estimated $300 million. 
 
 The industry still contributes close to 20 percent of Lesotho's annual gross domestic product, and is its largest employer in a country where the unemployment rate is around 40 percent. 
 
 "One textile worker can support four to five family members on their wage, so the impact of job losses in this sector across the entire country's economy is critical," said Thahane. 
 
 Minimum wages for textile workers are set at 778 maloti ($92) per month. 
 
 External factors 
 
 Many of the challenges facing the industry are beyond control of the garment companies or the government. 
 
 "Exports are down because of the US economy, the poor exchange rate, and the expiration of the SACU certification scheme" said Chin-Yi Lin, president of the Lesotho Textile Exporters Association (LTEA). "We need the US economy to recover, and the exchange rate to become more favourable in order for our industry to bounce back." 
 
 The industry is also facing increasing competition from Asia, where production costs are much lower, partly because textile companies can source raw materials locally. "Our lack of economies of scale, the fact that we have to buy goods from far away and bring them to Lesotho, is a competitive disadvantage," said Thahane. 
 
 Lesotho's currency, the maloti, which is tied to the South African rand, continues to strengthen against the dollar, rising more than 8 percent in 2010 and exacerbating the situation by driving up the costs of exports to American buyers. 
 
 Potential "catastrophe" 
 
 Until recently, the AGOA agreement and the SACU certification scheme could offset any competitive disadvantages Lesotho-based companies had. The SACU scheme enabled companies to import fabric and other supplies cheaply from Asia, but it expired after concerns that it was being abused by those who were using it to import items from Asia unrelated to textile production. 
 
 No announcement has been made about plans for a replacement incentive and AGOA is set to expire in 2015, a development that Johnny Lin, executive secretary of the LTEA, described as "a catastrophe for Lesotho and other African AGOA beneficiary countries". 
 
 "Textile manufacturers will not be able to compete against Asian countries in both price and lead time. A couple of factories might survive this change, but most of them would have to shut down their operations in Lesotho because of higher production costs," he predicted. 
 
 However, Thahane pointed out that US President Barack Obama’s administration has expressed its intention to extend the agreement. At a State Department briefing earlier this year, Deputy US Trade Representative Demetrios Marantis said his department was working towards "a seamless renewal of AGOA when it expires in 2015." [ http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2011/06/20110601180037su0.9821218.html#axzz1ebyTJ1cV ] 
 
 Thahane did not divulge details of the plan, which is still being formulated, but said the aim of the $12.7 million capital injection is to keep the textile industry afloat until the global economy bounces back and Americans start buying bigger quantities of jeans and t-shirts again. 
 
 "There's not much we can do about the US markets or the exchange rates,” Thahane said. “But we can make sure we are ready for the recovery." 
 
 cm/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94302</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111241328110254t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Government plans to spend 100 million maloti (US$12.7 million) over the next two years in an effort to breathe life into the crucial textile industry.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Boys quit school to become men</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161108120421t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - A lack of legislation stipulating a minimum age at which boys in Lesotho can attend an initiation school and be circumcised has seen some as young as 12 dropping out of school and heading for the mountains.</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - A lack of legislation stipulating a minimum age at which boys in Lesotho can attend an initiation school and be circumcised has seen boys as young as 12 dropping out of school and heading for the mountains. 
 
 Mojalefa Molikoe, 16, has been out of school for more than two years now and spends his days herding the family’s animals in Ha Rabotsoa, 56 km from Maseru, the capital. After undergoing a traditional initiation, he considered himself a man and capable of making the decision to drop out of school independently of his parents. 
 
 He does not regret it. “Things were not going so well for me at school; I was bored,” yet Molikoe says he is disturbed that his family have allowed his younger brother, Motjope, who is only 12 years old, to succumb to peer pressure and go to initiation school. 
 
 The Lesotho government introduced free primary school education in 2000 as a key strategy in achieving its goal of education for all. Enrolment rates increased rapidly and 82 percent of primary school aged children (80 percent of boys; 84 percent of girls) are now attending school, according to UNICEF. 
 
 However, there has also been an increase in the number of boys enrolling at traditional Sotho initiation schools. Starting in July, they usually spend three to four months in the mountains, preparing to be circumcised. After returning, they rarely continue their education, partly because they are culturally viewed as men, but also because they are often indebted to the initiation schools and forced to work to repay them. 
 
 The spike in initiation school enrolment coincided with the release, five years ago, of widely reported research that men could significantly reduce their risk of HIV infection by being circumcised. Lesotho has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world and several government-backed organizations began offering clinical male circumcision, but many Basotho still opt to be circumcised traditionally. 
 
 Malefetsane Liau, chairperson of the Council of Traditional Healers and one of the country’s best-known herbalists, explained that initiation schools were not merely about preventing HIV, but offered boys an awareness and understanding of their culture that the formal education system could not provide. 
 
 “For a long time, the NGOs and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare have promoted circumcision without considering some deep cultural implications,” he told IRIN. However, he and other traditional healers are “totally against kids leaving school before completing their studies”. 
 
 Children in Lesotho are supposed to complete primary school and start high school at the age of 12, but in rural areas where young children may not be up to walking long distances to reach the nearest school, and boys often miss a year to help their families look after livestock, it is not unusual to find children as old as 15 or 16 still attending primary school. Students can be well over 18 years old before they complete high school. 
 
 Chief Education Officer-Primary Thuto Nt’sekhe-Mokhehle said the ministry of education and training is aware that some initiation schools discourage learners from finishing their education, but other than continuing to conduct awareness campaigns about the importance of allowing children to go to school, “there is nothing we can do”. Although the Council of Traditional Healers recommends a minimum age of 17 to enrol in initiation school, the absence of a law banning school-going children makes it difficult to prevent much younger children from attending. 
 
 Phakiso Sekaleli, a primary school teacher, lost two of his brightest learners to initiation schools this year. “It’s really sad to see such highly gifted learners leaving school when they are on the verge of completing their primary school,” he said. Without the input of parents, efforts to persuade the students to return to school had failed. 
 
 While some parents support the Sotho tradition of sending all male children to initiation school, others are opposed to it, but have no say. 
 
 Masello Moseme has two sons, aged 12 and 18, who dropped out of school without the permission of their parents to attend an initiation school at Mokema, 30 km from Maseru. “I am deeply hurt,” she told IRIN. “After I paid for everything at school, they just decided to drop everything and pursue their own thing. Only three weeks were left before the eldest one had to write his final examinations.” 
 
 The “class” her sons attend is one of the largest in the area - over 115 initiates - most of whom were students at nearby primary and secondary schools. The traditional healers’ council stipulates that no initiation school should have more than 50 initiates, but some are recruiting as many as 300, and the lack of regulations governing how the schools are run means there is no limit to the fees they can charge. 
 
 In the more remote, mountainous areas of Lesotho, some initiation schools charge as little as 100 maloti (US$14) per person while others, especially those in the more populous lowlands, charge 500 maloti ($71). 
 
 The families are also expected to supply enough food to feed their sons during their months in the mountains, as well as a blanket and other accessories to be worn during the graduation ceremony. “We are proud of our culture but we simply can’t afford some things,” lamented one parent. 
 
 If initiates are unable to pay the full amount, school owners will feed and clothe them until graduation, but the initiates are then expected to work for them for a year or more, in many cases herding animals, to repay the debt. 
 
 Seabata, a former initiate, complained that some of the traditional healers operating initiation schools were “too business-oriented’ and gave others a bad name. He regrets dropping out of school to go to initiation school at the age of 14 and then spending a year herding animals to repay his debt. 
 
 “I was ill-informed when I went there,” he told IRIN. “Imagine looking after animals for the whole year and getting nothing in the end.” 
 
 ms/ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94228</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161108120421t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - A lack of legislation stipulating a minimum age at which boys in Lesotho can attend an initiation school and be circumcised has seen some as young as 12 dropping out of school and heading for the mountains.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Dam-building continues despite controversy</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091231350501t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 11 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) is building a third major dam, despite concerns about the welfare of thousands of villagers who lost their homes or land after the first dams were built in return for what many feel is inadequate compensation.</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 11 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) is building a third major dam, despite concerns about the welfare of thousands of villagers who lost their homes or land after the first dams were built in return for what many feel is inadequate compensation. 

"Lesotho continues to sell natural resources that their own people need," said Mabusetsa Lenka, head of the water, justice and environmental programmes at Transformation Resource Centre (TRC) a human rights and social justice NGO based in the capital, Maseru. 

"These people lived off the water and land by the river for a long time until suddenly the LHDA took it away from them and gave them a small amount of cash. Now [contrary to promises made] they lack running water and electricity and they aren't even allowed to touch the water in the man-made lakes that are right next to their villages." 

The agreement to build Polihali Dam, signed in August 2011 by the Lesotho and South African governments, formally kicks off the second phase of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. 

It is an ambitious 30-year, US$16 billion bilateral venture that envisions building five or six large dams in Lesotho to supply neighbouring South Africa's rapidly increasing industrial demand for water and electricity. The largest water infrastructure project on the African continent, when completed it will transfer over 70 cubic metres of water per second to South Africa. 

The first two dams - Katse, completed in 1998, followed by Mohale in 2002 - yielded a profit of $64 million to Lesotho's government in the past year, and $340 million between 1998 and 2009, but civil society organizations point out that the over 27,000 villagers directly affected by construction of the dams have experienced more losses than benefits. 

"No more dams should even be on the drawing board until the social and environmental problems created by the first dams are resolved," said Lori Pottinger, an African specialist at International Rivers (IR), an environmental and human rights NGO based in Berkeley, California. 

Destroyed livelihoods 

Several villages were partially or completely submerged when the Katse and Mohale dams were built on the Senqunyane River in southern Lesotho's Thabaputsoa mountain range, forcing the resettlement of 467 households. 

However, many more households were affected by the damage or loss of arable and grazing lands. Villagers within a two to five kilometre radius of the dams were given new houses, a communal water tap, pit latrines, and annual compensation averaging $650 per household, which they are supposed to receive for the next 50 years. 

But the villagers IRIN spoke to said the soil of the land where they were resettled, higher up in the mountains, is much poorer than where they farmed before, the plots they were given are much smaller, and the compensation money is not enough to live on. Although they were given some choice about where to resettle, Lenka said the options were limited and ill-informed “and in some instances, the choice was influenced by LHDA officials”. 

The LHDA Chief Executive Officer, Peter Makuta, insists that the compensation has been more than fair, and claims that the bigger problems are the dependency the payments have created among the farmers, and their inability to adapt. 
 
"The rates that we've compensated them are some of the best in the world, I promise you. The big problem is that our policy replaces their livestock and land with hard cash, and these farmers are not used to living off money. We've introduced these people to a completely different way of life," he told IRIN. 

Phakiso Hlotsi, 34, who lived in Haralifate, a village that now lies beneath the water of the Mohale dam, said he would prefer good land to an insufficient handout. 

"Life is more difficult now than it used to be when we were along the river," he told IRIN. "I used to be able to support my whole family farming maize, wheat and vegetables on a plot of land three times the size of what we have now." 

Hlotsi, his wife and two children were resettled in 1996 at Ha-Tsiu, a village on the side of a mountain. 

Hlotsi's sister has since passed away, so they now care for her three children as well. “If I had good land then I would be able to feed my family and sell my extra produce for cash...I can't last the entire year on 5,000 maloti ($650)." 

A community leader from Likalaneng village, a few kilometres from the dam, who gave her name only as Mpeoane, agreed that the resettlement package had not been enough to compensate villagers for the loss of their land. 

"The houses are good quality and the sanitation and communal water source have been positive, but just getting money that isn’t enough to live off, while not having land to produce food isn’t a good situation," she said. 

The LHDA did not reveal the total amount it has spent on compensation, but its annual report shows that in 2006, the most recent year for which figures are available $859,000 was paid to 2,237 affected households as cash compensation and $950,000 went on lump sum payments for the loss of arable land. 

Corruption 

Allegations of corruption and embezzlement have dogged the compensation process. 

Villages receive communal compensation annually, based on how many households have resettled there as a result of the dams. Locally selected committees are supposed to invest the money in projects that benefit the whole community, but many villagers said they have never seen any of the money 

The latest report by the LHWP Panel of Experts examining the communities affected by the Katse Dam, notes that there has been an "increasing rate of embezzlement of communal compensation" by local committees. 

"We were supposed to buy medicinal plants, like aloe, that everyone in the village could use. But the committee just pocketed that money," said Hlotsi. "Every time we confront the committees there are fights but there's nothing we can do." 

Many villagers also say that the individual annual compensation they received was "inconsistent and often delayed", while others say they have never received compensation from the LHDA for land they lost during the resettlement. 

"The agreement we signed was for 50 years, but sometimes the money doesn't come, so a lot of us don't really trust them," said one of the resettled villagers. 

The TRC is planning to take several cases of non-payment of compensation to court. "We hope to have our first case in court next month," said Lerato Rabatho, a TRC lawyer. "Our expectation is that a positive ruling in this case would have an effect on all the other compensation cases that we have waiting." 

Lessons learned? 

A 2010 paper published in African Study Monographs that examined the success of resettlement caused by the Mohale Dam concluded that while support to resettlers for income-generating and agricultural activities was well-intentioned and well-funded, “with few exceptions it was ineffectual”. 

“The majority of the project-affected people who were resettled or relocated have had a portion of their livelihoods restored through compensation but from their own perspectives largely are worse off they were before the project began,” write the authors. 

Phase II of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which is expected to be completed by 2018 at an estimated total cost of $1.9 billion, will displace 17 villages and affect the grazing land of 72 more, impacting the livelihoods of roughly 4,000 households. 

Construction of the road system, a 38km underground tunnel, and telecommunications infrastructure needed to build the 163.5m wall of the Polihali Dam are already underway, but water experts and rights activists are questioning whether lessons have been learned from Phase I, and whether building more dams will benefit Lesotho's economic development. 

The completed project will divert 40 percent of the water in the Senqunyane River Basin to South Africa's Ash River. International Rivers warns that the long-term effects of such a drastic environmental shift are not yet fully understood. 

"The impacts of the dams, socially and environmentally, are much more far-reaching than the 60 kilometres downstream that they [LHDA] look at," said Pottinger. 

Opposition to the Polihali project has emerged during community consultations, but the Lesotho Highlands Water Commission argues that it will benefit the local economy by creating thousands of jobs for local communities and generating profits from tourism. 

"The way we are implementing Phase II will be different from previous approaches," Makuta said, although he did not specify how. 

cm/ks/he/am 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94169</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111091231350501t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 11 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) is building a third major dam, despite concerns about the welfare of thousands of villagers who lost their homes or land after the first dams were built in return for what many feel is inadequate compensation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Public health services in decline</title><pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 03 October 2011 (IRIN) - Matebello Makhanya* left her village of Ramabanta early in the morning and travelled 60km to Maseru, Lesotho&apos;s capital, in the hope of seeing a dentist at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, the largest hospital in the country - only to be told that the hospital was about to be closed and dental services were no longer provided there.</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 03 October 2011 (IRIN) - Matebello Makhanya* left her village of Ramabanta early in the morning and travelled 60km to Maseru, Lesotho's capital, in the hope of seeing a dentist at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, the largest hospital in the country - only to be told that the hospital was about to be closed and dental services were no longer provided there. 
 
 “I am very disappointed,” she said from her place in a queue outside a small private clinic in the city centre, explaining that she had initially been referred from her local clinic to a hospital about 20km away. “Upon arriving at that hospital I was told that there is no dental anaesthesia and that the dentist is on leave.” 
 
 Makhanya’s story is echoed by many patients who have resorted to private clinics and pharmacies after struggling to get service at both government health facilities and those run by the Christian Health Association of Lesotho (CHAL), an organization made up of six different churches that provides 40 percent of health care in the country. 
 
 Thabo* was forced to go to a private doctor after failing to get drugs or a medical examination at government or CHAL health centres in Maseru. 
 
 “I went to the government clinic because I was going to pay only 15 maloti (US$2.14) but now I have to cough up 120 ($17.14),” he said. 
 
 Health centres under strain 
 
 In 2007, the government of Lesotho and CHAL, which runs 75 health centres and eight hospitals, many of them in rural areas where government health workers are reluctant to work, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the aim of making health services more accessible to ordinary Basotho who could not afford even the nominal fees that both state and CHAL-run health facilities charged. Patients would now get free medical services and drugs at health centres and subsidized medical care and drugs at hospitals. 
 
 However, the resulting influx of patients put a huge strain on health centres and their supply of drugs and many over-burdened government and CHAL health centres have taken to referring patients to private clinics and pharmacies. 
 
 Head of pharmacy in the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare ‘Masoko Nt’sekhe described the situation as “very unfortunate”, particularly in the context of a country where about 60 percent of the population lives below the poverty line, but insisted that she had not received any official reports of drug shortages in hospitals. She added that late ordering of drugs and poor budgeting were more often to blame for drug shortages than a shortage of funds, and that stock-outs were more likely to occur in CHAL-run health facilities where the government had no direct control. 
 
 But an official at CHAL’s headquarters in Maseru, who declined to be named, said government hospitals were also experiencing drug shortages and that most of the funding her organization received from the government is spent on salaries and operating costs, leaving little over to buy drugs and other medical supplies. CHAL relies on the government to make up 80 percent of its annual budget, with the remaining 20 percent coming from its six member churches, but according to the official, requests for payment were sometimes ignored. 
 
 Nt’sekhe said Lesotho’s current financial crisis - the result of the global economic slowdown combined with a sharp decline in crucial revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) - had not affected public health services in any way. In fact, while other government ministries have faced budget cuts, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare received a small increase in the 2011/2012 financial year and new posts have been created to employ more nurses and pharmacists. 
 
 Closure sparks protests 
 
 The closure of Queen Elizabeth II Hospital (commonly known as Queen II) on 1 October is likely to further stretch services at the country’s remaining hospitals, although 'Mateboho Mosebekoa, a public relations officer with the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare denied rumours that patients would be sent home to be cared for by their relatives. She said patients needing in-patient care would either be transferred to T’sepong Hospital, a new referral facility outside Maseru’s city centre, or to other district hospitals. “Only fully recovered patients will be discharged,” she said. 
 
 Unlike the new referral hospital however, Queen II served many outpatients and its closure has sparked protests among city residents who worry it will contribute to the gap in affordable health services. 
 
 Poor Basotho in rural areas have been the hardest hit by the decline in affordable health services. Mpho Makhobalo*, 22, told IRIN that the local CHAL clinic in her village of Nazareth, 43km from Maseru, had become little more than a place for patients living with HIV to collect their antiretroviral drugs (ARVs). “It no longer qualifies as a clinic,” she said. “The nurses who work there only tell those patients who are their friends when drugs are available and when other people go there they are told that the drugs are finished.” 
 
 A private clinic and pharmacy have opened in one of the area’s abandoned buildings in response to the demand for drugs while some locals are selling medications from their homes. 
 
 “Though this private clinic is expensive, it’s much better than our local clinic,” said another resident. 
 
 *Not real names 
 
 ms/ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93873</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 03 October 2011 (IRIN) - Matebello Makhanya* left her village of Ramabanta early in the morning and travelled 60km to Maseru, Lesotho&apos;s capital, in the hope of seeing a dentist at Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, the largest hospital in the country - only to be told that the hospital was about to be closed and dental services were no longer provided there.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Taking the risk out of subsistence farming</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months. 
 
 Thousands of small-scale farmers are faced with this scenario after heavy rains fell across much of the region between mid-December 2010 and February 2011. Government and NGO assistance could take months to reach them, if at all, and many will struggle even to afford seed for the next planting season. 
 
 Farmers in the developed world insure their crops against multiple hazards, including extreme weather, but in Africa insurance premiums are beyond the means of most small-scale farmers. Insurers are also reluctant to take on the cost and complexity of designing suitable policies and assessing claims in often remote areas. 
 
 But what if the premiums were affordable, and insurers did not have to investigate each individual claim but could rely on meteorological data to trigger payouts? 
 
 Weather index-based insurance, a form of micro-insurance, has been generating a buzz in development circles because it has the potential to provide a level of social protection to farmers and their families in flood- and drought-prone developing countries. 
 
 Unlike traditional insurance, which requires evidence that a crop has been damaged or destroyed, index-based insurance automatically pays out according to a pre-determined meteorological measure, such as a certain number of days without rain. 
 
 "We thought, ‘How can we take away the risk of drought so banks lend to farmers so that they can increase inputs and yield?’" said Richard Leftley, CEO of MicroEnsure, a UK-based company that started offering weather-index insurance in partnership with the World Bank, to groundnut farmers in Malawi in 2004. 
 
 The results were impressive. Having insurance allowed the groundnut farmers to secure small loans, making it possible for them to buy better seeds and fertilizer, and eventually increase their yields by as much as 300 percent. 
 
 Initially the insurance payouts were triggered by rainfall levels, but as drought is not primarily determined by how much rain has fallen, but by how many days crops have received no rain, farmers started being compensated after a certain number of "dry days". 
 
 More weather stations needed 
 
 Index-based insurance relies on weather data to process claims, so farmers have to live within 20 km of a weather station to be insured. 
 
 MicroEnsure now runs index-based micro-insurance schemes in Tanzania, Rwanda, India and the Philippines, but a scarcity of functioning weather stations in Malawi has prevented it from reaching more than about 850 farmers, or from expanding to other countries in the region. 
 
 The only country in the region with a large number of weather stations and a well developed insurance sector is South Africa, but Shadreck Mapfumo, MicroEnsure's vice-president for agricultural insurance, said most farming there was done by commercial farmers and there was little demand for micro-insurance. 
 
 "There's phenomenal demand in other countries in the region, but… [they do not have] the infrastructure," said Mapfumo. 
 
 Governments were often willing to build more weather stations but lacked funding. Even when donor funding was secured and more weather stations had been built, three to four years of data were required before an index-based insurance product could be designed and sold. 
 
 "Part of the solution... would be a combination of weather stations plus some form of satellite data," said Mapfumo. Index-based insurance schemes in other countries, such as the Philippines and Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91176 ], used information from satellites. 
 
 Affordability 
 
 Persuading small-scale farmers to pay even very low premiums for insurance they might never use was another challenge, said Leftley. 
 Policies typically cost about 10 percent of the value of the insured crop, but after finding that most subsistence farmers were only willing to pay 3 percent to 5 percent, MicroEnsure redesigned its products to cover farmers only during the crucial planting and harvesting seasons. 
 
 The low cost of policies means that MicroEnsure has to keep overheads to a minimum by partnering with banks, micro-finance organizations and NGOs to act as its sales arm. The company also has funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has eased the pressure on its weather-index insurance to generate an immediate profit. 
 
 In developed countries agricultural insurance is usually subsidized by government. Doubell Chamberlain, of the Centre for Financial Regulation and Inclusion, a non-profit think-tank based in Cape Town, said most micro-insurance schemes for farmers in Africa were subsidized by NGOs, credit providers, or the distributors of agricultural inputs such as fertilizer. 
 
 Leftley is hopeful that micro-insurance for farmers in disaster-prone developing countries could be recognized as a way of adapting to the effects of climate change, allowing access to funding set aside for mitigation to build more weather stations and subsidise premiums. 
 
 In the meantime, a programme led by the World Bank's International Finance Corporation (IFC) has helped expand access to index-based insurance for farmers in Kenya and Rwanda, and is currently conducting a feasibility study in Zambia. 
 
 Mapfumo cautioned that the insurance did not protect small-scale farmers from other risks, such as low prices for their maize crops, which could prevent them from repaying loans. 
 
 "For weather-index schemes to really work well, you have to make sure farmers are getting other assistance," he told IRIN. "In years where you don't have drought, farmers might still not do well because they don't know how to properly look after their crop." 
 
 ks/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92136</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 08 March 2011 (IRIN) - Farming is a risky business anywhere in the world, but especially if you are a subsistence farmer in southern Africa, where a few weeks of too much or too little rain can wipe out your one hectare of maize and your ability to feed your family in the coming months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Ex-mineworkers search for new livelihoods</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161154090781t.jpg" />]]>MOHALE’S HOEK 24 February 2011 (IRIN) - Communities in Lesotho are struggling to find new livelihoods as the number of local men employed in South African mines continues to dwindle.</description><body><![CDATA[MOHALE’S HOEK 24 February 2011 (IRIN) - Communities in Lesotho are struggling to find new livelihoods as the number of local men employed in South African mines continues to dwindle. 
 
 With few domestic resources or job opportunities, Basotho men have been migrating to neighbouring South Africa to work in the country’s gold and platinum mines for generations. In the 1990s, the money they sent back to their families accounted for as much as 67 percent of Lesotho’s GDP, according to the World Bank. 
 
 But a shift towards less labour-intensive forms of mining, higher production costs, the global economic slowdown, and the strength of the South African Rand against the US dollar have resulted in more and more migrant mineworkers being sent home over the last 15 years. 
 
 From a peak of about 125,000 Basotho men working in South African mines in the late 1980s (almost 20 percent of the Lesotho’s total work force), by 2010 the sector only employed about 35,000, according to mine recruitment agency TEBA Ltd. 
 
 The loss of remittances from mineworkers has had a major impact on the economy of this tiny, mountain kingdom, which is completely surrounded by South Africa. Remittances had dropped to 28 percent of GDP by 2008 and, according to Malineo Nkhasi of the Mineworkers Development Agency (MDA), even the country's food production levels have been negatively affected. 
 
 "Food security in Lesotho has dropped tremendously because the ex-mineworkers were people who were able to hire tractors for ploughing their fields and since they’ve been retrenched they can’t afford to do so," she told IRIN. 
 
 She added that many of the laid-off mineworkers had returned with health conditions such as tuberculosis, silicosis and HIV that limited their ability to farm. 
 
 Skills training, small loans 
 
 The MDA, which was established as the development wing of South Africa's National Union of Mineworkers, runs programmes in four of Lesotho's 10 districts aimed at helping ex-mineworkers and their families find new ways to make a living. Participants receive skills training and small loans to help them set up businesses. 
 
 "We give people skills which can help them to be employed or self-employed," said Nkhasi. "Some of the former mineworkers have opened cafes, mini-supermarkets, or gone into the taxi business." 
 
 The MDA also has a food security programme which provides households with seedlings from its nursery that can be used to start a vegetable garden or plant a field. 
 
 In Lesotho’s southern Mohale’s Hoek District, the development arm of TEBA Ltd is running a similar programme. 
 
 According to Mabokang Mxakaza, coordinator of the project, the average mineworker supports seven people. The loss of that income often forces other family members to migrate to South Africa or Lesotho's capital, Maseru, for low-paying employment on farms and in factories. 
 
 "It has a very bad impact," she told IRIN. "They often come home sick with HIV and end up leaving behind orphans. Human trafficking is also very common because people are so desperate for jobs that whatever comes their way, they take it." 
 
 Food security programme 
 
 Alexis Mokhehle, one of the beneficiaries of TEBA's food security programme, was laid off from a South African gold mine 13 years ago and has not held a job since, but he still considers himself the breadwinner for his family of 10. None of his children are employed and his wife died in 2001 after going to Maseru to look for a job in one of the factories. 
 
 With seeds and training from TEBA, he is now growing enough vegetables from a keyhole garden (small, raised-bed garden) behind his house in the village of Kopialena to feed his family and sell the surplus, generating a small income to cover some of their other needs. 
 
 TEBA’s Mxakaza explained that keyhole gardens retain more moisture meaning that vegetables can be grown year-round. About 65 percent of the participants are earning a small revenue from their gardens which some invest in community income-generating projects. 
 
 Every month, Mokhehle contributes 15 maloti (US$2.12) towards a community bakery and 30 maloti ($4.24) towards a piggery from which he will eventually receive a pair of pigs that can be bred for an additional income. 
 
 In Mokhehle's village of about 200 households, TEBA is assisting only 47 of the most vulnerable through the food security project. "That doesn't mean we're addressing the need," said Mxakaza, explaining that funding for the programme, which comes from South African mining giant AngloGold Ashanti, only allows them to help a maximum of 400 households a year. 
 
 With funding from the Kellogg Foundation, MDA's skills training, micro-credit and food security programmes have a wider reach, with about 4,150 beneficiaries, 630 of which are running small businesses. 
 
 At the age of 72, Mokhehle seems happy leaning over his lush vegetable garden, watering his tomato plants, but Mxakaza said families often take time to adjust to their new situation and the programme, now only in its third year, will take time to lift many of them out of poverty. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92027</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161154090781t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOHALE’S HOEK 24 February 2011 (IRIN) - Communities in Lesotho are struggling to find new livelihoods as the number of local men employed in South African mines continues to dwindle.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Better coordination could save lives of mothers</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161202010500t.jpg" />]]>THABA-TSEKA 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - A new joint programme is changing the way the Lesotho government and its development partners deliver aid by getting different government departments, UN agencies and civil society organizations working together to help mothers and their families.</description><body><![CDATA[THABA-TSEKA 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - A new joint programme is changing the way the Lesotho government and its development partners deliver aid by getting different government departments, UN agencies and civil society organizations working together to help mothers and their families. 
 
 Tens of thousands of Basotho already depend on food [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=86910 ] and agricultural assistance as well as free HIV/AIDS treatment, but the country is no closer to achieving a number of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and progress on some has reversed. 
 
 Over half the population lives in extreme poverty, an estimated 23 percent of adults are infected with HIV, and for every 100,000 live births, 1,155 women died during or after delivery in 2009; up from 762 in 2004. 
 
 “Because we’re looking at negative trends in these areas, we discussed with the government and I think there was consensus that there was something we weren’t doing right," said Ahunna Eziakonwa-Onochie, the UN resident coordinator in Lesotho. 
 
 Starting in June 2010, the joint programme began targeting the four worst performing MDGs - those relating to the eradication of poverty and hunger, to reducing child and maternal mortality and combating HIV - in the four worst performing of Lesotho's 10 districts. The best chance of success, everyone agreed, was to focus interventions on helping mothers. Research has shown that improving their lives has a knock-on effect on other family members. 
 
 The programme also tries to address the lack of coordination and wasted resources that have plagued aid delivery in the past. 
 
 Joint assessments 
 
 Take for example Mphu Mopeli*, who is seven months pregnant with her fifth child and living with HIV. Her only income comes from collecting and selling firewood to her neighbours and the small amount her two sons earn working as herd boys. Like many others in her district of Thaba-Tseka, one of Lesotho’s most remote and impoverished areas, she might not make it without outside help. 
 
 Previously, that help would have come, if it came at all, from various sources - the local clinic, the UN World Food Programme (WFP), and extension officers from the Ministry of Agriculture. Mopeli may have been listed as a beneficiary by all of these organizations who would have visited her in separate vehicles, asked her similar questions and never shared her responses with one another. 
 
 Now various UN agencies and government departments are teaming up to carry out joint assessments and agree on the same group of beneficiaries to receive a comprehensive set of services. 
 
 The health department is working with partners including the World Health Organization and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) to identify pregnant, breast-feeding and HIV-positive mothers and their infants who are in need of food rations from the WFP. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) together with the Ministry of Agriculture makes sure the same women receive seeds, tools and advice on how to grow vegetables and raise chickens that may eventually eradicate the need for food assistance. 
 
 Eventually, some of the women will receive training on how to start small businesses that could permanently lift them and their families out of poverty. 
 
 "The concentration of complementary activities in a given location for a given population is something we’ve never attempted in a development context," said the UN’s Eziakonwa-Onochie. "The goal is to have greater impact because when you programme in bits and pieces, you miss important components and it's not sustainable or complete." 
 
 More efficient 
 
 She added that the new approach was also more efficient because it allowed for the sharing of skills and resources. In Thaba-Tseka, officials from the ministries of agriculture and health, as well as from the FAO, WFP and NGO Caritas have formed a nutrition team. 
 
 "We've tried to mix people from different backgrounds," explained Washi Mokati, WFP head of office for the district. "Previously, different organizations were building keyhole gardens [small raised vegetable gardens] in different styles; now we're bringing similar practices together." 
 
 Mokati added that the programme is still in its infancy and faces challenges. The new level of coordination requires "lots of meetings and not everyone attends". 
 
 In charge of coordinating those meetings, both at national and district level, is the Food and Nutrition Coordination Office (FNCO), a government entity that previously had an uncertain role as one of many government departments dealing with nutrition. 
 
 "This programme has reaffirmed our coordinating role," said FNCO director Masekonyela Sebotsa. "Our role is bringing everyone together so we work as a team, because often in government each ministry is doing its own work. 
 
 "Now you might see [officials from] the Ministry of Health and [the Ministry of] Agriculture travelling in one car; now we work as one." 
 
 Although the UN is funding the programme until December 2012 as part of its "Delivering as One" initiative aimed at encouraging UN agencies to deliver development assistance in a more coordinated way, Eziakonwa-Onochie said their role had mainly be "catalytical". 
 
 By 2012, the programme should have yielded enough results and best practices for government to decide whether to take over and replicate it in other districts. 
 
 "It needs to be rooted in a national budget," Eziakonwa-Onochie told IRIN, "otherwise we run the risk of starting something that fizzles out." 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 kr/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92002</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161202010500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">THABA-TSEKA 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - A new joint programme is changing the way the Lesotho government and its development partners deliver aid by getting different government departments, UN agencies and civil society organizations working together to help mothers and their families.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Learning to do more with less</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902051t.jpg" />]]>MASERU 18 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho government has warned its citizens to prepare for a difficult year ahead as the tiny, land-locked country absorbs the effects of the global economic slowdown, including a sharp decline in crucial revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).</description><body><![CDATA[MASERU 18 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho government has warned its citizens to prepare for a difficult year ahead as the tiny, land-locked country absorbs the effects of the global economic slowdown, including a sharp decline in crucial revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). 
 
 For years, Lesotho has depended on receipts from SACU - a 100-year-old customs union made up of Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Lesotho - for up to 60 percent of its budget. 
 
 The global economic crisis saw Lesotho's share of SACU revenue decline by about 50 percent in the 2010-11 financial year and while those revenues are expected to recover somewhat this financial year, the amount entering the national coffers will continue to decrease as the government repays a deficit owed to the Union. 
 
 “The scenario is bad because the country is dependent to a great extent on external sources like SACU which is not very healthy," said Alka Bhatia, an economic adviser with the UN Development Programme in Lesotho. 
 
 In a budget speech [ http://www.finance.gov.ls/news/budget_speech_2011_12.pdf ] on 14 February, Finance Minister Timothy Thahane summarized Lesotho's dire financial situation. Not only have government revenues declined, he said, but "Lesotho’s economic growth has shrunk; unemployment, especially among the youth, has increased; our exports have contracted; and, Basotho mine workers in South Africa have been retrenched… This turmoil has placed Lesotho and its people between a rock and a hard place. We must make hard choices." 
 
 Analysts fear those choices may include cuts in social spending which would be particularly devastating for a country where about 60 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and 23 percent of adults are infected with HIV. 
 
 Speaking to IRIN just ahead of the budget speech, head of economic policy in the Ministry of Finance Motena Ts'olo said expenditure cuts would not include reductions in health and education budgets. Nor would public sector jobs be cut as they have in Swaziland, [ http://www.irinnews.org/PrintReport.aspx?ReportID=91609 ] another country struggling to come to terms with its heavy reliance on SACU receipts. 
 
 "Obviously, when there's not enough revenue resources, you can't do things as quickly as you want to do them," said Ts'olo. 
 
 She added that significant damage to crops and infrastructure resulting from recent heavy rains [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91925 ] is likely to compound the country's financial problems over the coming year. The Disaster Management Authority has estimated the cost of responding to the flood damage at US$68.5 million. 
 
 In his budget speech, Thahane said the social protection budget would actually increase by 7 percent and public servants would receive a 5 percent salary increase, although there would be a freeze on all new public service posts. 
 
 Progress halted on MDGs 
 
 Thahane acknowledged that the lack of resources resulting from the global economic crisis had halted Lesotho's progress on some of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly those relating to reductions in child and maternal mortality, combating HIV and TB and eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. 
 
 Noting that this year's budget had been the most difficult the government had ever had to put together, he said: "The time has come when we must all learn to do more with less for the sake of our country." 
 
 Earlier this month, the government announced that it was about to begin the process of developing a National Strategic Development Plan that will come into effect in April 2012 and run for five years. 
 
 In part, the plan will aim to wake the country up from what Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili described as the "deep slumber" that SACU revenue had lulled it into. 
 
 "[We] need to move away from this dependency on the SACU revenue towards internally generated revenue," said Ts'olo. 
 
 She added that the country was also too dependent on the textile industry, which employed over 45,000 Basotho but had suffered significant losses in recent years due to the economic crisis and lowered demand from its sole market - the USA. 
 
 "We need to diversify away from textiles into other areas," she said, suggesting that tourism was one sector that could be expanded and the export of local products like sandstone was another. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91968</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200902051t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MASERU 18 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Lesotho government has warned its citizens to prepare for a difficult year ahead as the tiny, land-locked country absorbs the effects of the global economic slowdown, including a sharp decline in crucial revenue from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LESOTHO: Floods take heavy toll</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg" />]]>THABA-TSEKA 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - From a distance, the fields of maize that cover almost every hillside in Lesotho’s Thaba-Tseka District look green and lush. On closer inspection, the plants have a sickly yellowish hue and the heads of corn that should be ripening in time for the April harvest are nowhere to be seen.</description><body><![CDATA[THABA-TSEKA 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - From a distance, the fields of maize that cover almost every hillside in Lesotho’s Thaba-Tseka District look green and lush. On closer inspection, the plants have a sickly yellowish hue and the heads of corn that should be ripening in time for the April harvest are nowhere to be seen. 
 
 For most of the farmers in this remote, mountainous district, and in many other parts of Lesotho, there will be no harvest this season. Heavy rains which started in December and are expected to continue through much of February have washed away top soil and nutrients and left fields waterlogged and weed infested. 
 
 The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in some of the worst hit districts up to 60 percent of crops have been destroyed while nationally at least 4,700 livestock, mainly sheep and goats, have died. [ http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/50394/icode/ ] 
 
 Lesotho’s mountainous topography and erratic weather mean it already produces only enough grain to meet about 30 percent of its needs. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=86910 ] The country had increased its production of maize - the main cereal crop - and sorghum during 2010, but the heavy rains are likely to reverse those gains. 
 
 “It’s going to affect food security in the worst way because Lesotho doesn’t produce enough food as it is,” Matsiliso Mmojaki, head of the national Disaster Management Authority (DMA), told IRIN. 
 
 Out of a population of just over two million, Mmojaki estimated 250,000 will need food assistance in the coming months. 
 
 Not a disaster? 
 
 In the village of Phaila, in Thaba-Tseka District, Tsepo Phaila, 31, watched one afternoon in early January as a river of water swept down a hillside, tearing up the trees he and his family had planted for firewood, and flooding their maize field. By the time the water receded, only a few broken stalks poked up from the mud. 
 
 "We can't plant there any more because the topsoil has washed away," Phaila said. 
 
 The family has one other smaller field where maize plants are still standing but are too rain-damaged to produce a harvest. "There's nothing we can do right now," said Phaila, explaining that the maize and the firewood provided the only source of income to support himself and nine other family members. 
 
 Many other households in the village and across northern Lesotho are facing a similar predicament, but the government has yet to declare the situation a disaster. 
 
 "Should we say because the government hasn't declared it a disaster, it's not a disaster?" asked Teboho Chalane, the Ministry of Agriculture's extension officer for Thaba-Tseka District. "A lot of people have been affected; there will be no maize for them, so we need to do something to make sure they get something to eat." 
 
 He added that if seeds could be distributed quickly, there was still time for affected households to grow vegetables before the start of winter. In the longer term, said Chalane, communities needed to become less reliant on maize and start keeping livestock such as poultry and pigs that could be bred and sold. 
 
 As for the fields of stunted maize plants, his advice to farmers was: "Take a scythe and cut them all down." 
 
 Costly response 
 
 Like many parts of Southern Africa, Lesotho had been warned to expect a heavier than usual rainy season due to the La Niña phenomenon, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90980 ] but Mmojaki of the DMA said "the intensity [of the rains] was just beyond our imagination; it has never really happened here." 
 
 A rapid assessment of the damage conducted in January found that in addition to the extensive crop losses, a number of roads had been washed away making some health facilities unreachable. Stocks of essential medicines, including antiretrovirals (ARVs) and drugs to treat diarrhoea, an outbreak of which had spread across the country, were running low. 
 
 The DMA has developed a contingency plan and submitted it to the government for approval. It includes urgent repairs to roads, bridges and water supply systems as well as assistance to farmers in the form of subsidies, seeds and fertilizers. 
 
 The plan comes with a price tag of US$68.5 million, an amount that economic policy head in the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Motena Ts'olo said the government would struggle to raise at a time when the global economic slowdown and reduced revenues from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90208 ] were already straining the national budget. 
 
 "The rain has created even more pressure and I don't know how we'll manage, but somehow we'll have to," she told IRIN. 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91925</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102151216030968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">THABA-TSEKA 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - From a distance, the fields of maize that cover almost every hillside in Lesotho’s Thaba-Tseka District look green and lush. On closer inspection, the plants have a sickly yellowish hue and the heads of corn that should be ripening in time for the April harvest are nowhere to be seen.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Risk of food insecurity in wake of floods</title><pubDate>Thu, 10 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910301524260639t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 10 February 2011 (IRIN) - Above average rainfall across many parts of Southern Africa is prompting concern &quot;about the food security of the affected population in the poorer parts of the sub-region over the coming months,&quot; the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a new report.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 10 February 2011 (IRIN) - Above average rainfall across many parts of Southern Africa is prompting concern "about the food security of the affected population in the poorer parts of the sub-region over the coming months," the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a new report. 
 
 "With the rainy season still only halfway through, and with the cyclone season [in the Indian Ocean] due to peak in February, several agricultural areas along the rivers in southern African countries remain at high risk of flooding, including portions of Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa," said the report, published on 7 February. 
 
 Cindy Holleman, FAO Regional Emergency Coordinator for Southern Africa, told IRIN that crops were being destroyed by floodwater, and also by excessive rainfall in areas not affected by floods. 
 
 Although some usually arid parts had received good rainfall, it was too early to gauge how much the increased food production in these areas would compensate for losses across the region. 
 
 "Food insecurity levels are already critical in the affected areas of some of these countries, and floods will only further worsen the ability of poor farmers to cope and feed their families in the coming months," Holleman said. 
 
 "Precipitation is likely to exceed 50mm over the northern areas of Mozambique and Zambia, and parts of Angola. Zambia, Malawi and Angola are forecast to continue observing moderate to locally heavy rainfall," the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in an update on the floods, published on 9 February. 
 
 "These same areas are predicted to be affected the following week (15-21 February 2011), but with lower probabilities. Based on this forecast, it is expected that localized flooding will continue to occur across the region, especially in Mozambique and Madagascar." 
 
 South Africa experienced riverine flooding that killed 91 people and caused damage estimated by the government at more than US$138 million. 
 Swaziland's dams are almost full for the first time in five years, and floods have occurred in eastern Botswana as well as the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar. 
 
 The worst affected countries so far are Mozambique, Lesotho and Namibia's most northerly province, Caprivi, which has a very poor and vulnerable population. 
 
 OCHA said the Zambezi was still rising, albeit more slowly, and was "expected to reach 6m at Katima Mulilo, [provincial capital of Caprivi]. As at 8 February 2011, the Zambezi River at Katima Mulilo stands at 4.58m, compared to the average level of 1.80m for this time of year." 
 
 In parts of southern Africa where there were already poor nutritional levels, the effects of flooding on food security were exacerbated by the regional predominance of the single-harvest maize crop, and FAO was continuing to stress the importance of food producers diversifying the crop regime, she said. 
 
 An FAO assessment in Lesotho, a mountainous landlocked country surrounded by South Africa, found that in "some of the flooded areas up to 60 percent of harvests have been lost and over 4,700 livestock, mainly sheep and goats, are dead." 
 
 Food production in Zimbabwe and Zambia has so far been affected to a lesser extent, said a recent survey by the US-based Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET), but poor rainfall in some areas during the current wet season meant about 1.7 million people could face food insecurity. 
 
 Even though food was available on the market in urban areas, "limited purchasing power continues to restrict the ability of very poor and poor households to access enough food", the network said. 
 
 Social unrest 
 
 Holleman said the "knock-on effects" of disruptive weather on the food producing season could see higher food prices causing "social unrest" in urban areas such as the Mozambican capital, Maputo, where an estimated 60 percent of the city's about 1.5 million people live in poverty 
 
 Riots in Maputo over food prices in early September 2010 killed at least 10 people and injured hundreds of others, after the government instituted a range of price hikes on basic foods and services. 
 
 President Armando Guebuza reversed the price hikes by agreeing to subsidies, although economists warned that this would increase inflation, devalue the local currency, and prove unaffordable. Global economic factors have already exerted added pressure, with oil prices breaking the US$100 a barrel level in 2011, and food inflation on the march worldwide. 
 
 OCHA noted in its flood update that "23,632 families [in Mozambique] have been affected by floods and around 20,000 hectares of crops damaged," which represents about 0.72 percent of the country’s total planted area. 
 
 Madagascar remained vulnerable, with February regarded as the high point of the cyclone season, but so far these weather systems have been absent in 2011. Heavy rains on the Indian Ocean island have been blamed for 15 deaths, and an "estimated 1,625 houses have been damaged, with 105 houses completely destroyed, and around 2,000 people displaced," OCHA said. 
 
 Similar weather patterns occurred in 2000, when tropical Cyclone Eline made landfall near Beira, Mozambique, on 22 February, and in concert 
 with already water-logged fields and high river levels brought wide-scale flooding to the country’s mainly central provinces. More than 700 people were killed and large swathes of crops were destroyed, causing subsequent food insecurity. 
 
 "Saturation levels across the region are still very high, meaning that even moderate levels of rainfall could lead to flooding. The development of cyclones over the Indian Ocean is also still a very real possibility, which could cause major damage in Madagascar and along the Mozambican coast, depending on strength and trajectory," OCHA said. 
 
 River management 
 
 Kenneth Msibi, a water policy and strategy expert at the Southern African Development Community (SADC), based at the regional body’s secretariat in the Botswana capital, Gaborone, told IRIN that since 2000, river management "mitigating" against flooding had vastly improved, as had the proactive evacuation of people living in flood-prone areas. 
 
 The Zambezi River, the continent's fourth largest, rises in Zambia and flows through Angola, along the borders of Namibia and Botswana, and into Zambia again, then along the Zimbabwean border and through Mozambique, where it reaches the Indian Ocean about 150km north of the port city of Beira. 
 
 The Kariba dam, which straddles Zimbabwe and Zambia, and the Cahora Bassa dam lower downstream in Mozambique, are used to regulate water flows to minimize flood impact, but Msibi said there were other considerations. 
 
 OCHA said "the Cahora Bassa dam was releasing about 6,300 m3/s [cubic metres per second]", and "as a result of the increase almost all stations along the Zambezi River are reporting above alert water levels. The current water inflow for this time of year is similar to what was observed in 2007 and 2001, which caused the inundation of large areas." 
 
 Water releases from the dams also had to take into account the structural integrity of dam walls to prevent the pressure of the reservoir bursting the barrage, while the operators of hydro-electric facilities had to preserve water for the winter’s dry months to ensure consistent power generation. 
 
 Msibi said SADC was currently considering recommendations, including additional instruments and infrastructure developments, to improve data collection on the river’s flow, and management of the water. 
 
 go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91881</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910301524260639t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 10 February 2011 (IRIN) - Above average rainfall across many parts of Southern Africa is prompting concern &quot;about the food security of the affected population in the poorer parts of the sub-region over the coming months,&quot; the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a new report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Heavy rain puts relief agencies on alert</title><pubDate>Fri, 21 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009032418t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 January 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains and localized flooding across southern Africa from Angola to Madagascar are raising fears that the devastating floods of 2000 will be repeated. Then, thousands of people were plucked from rooftops by helicopter, several hundred died, and Mozambique’s agricultural production was severely impacted.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 January 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains and localized flooding across southern Africa from Angola to Madagascar are raising fears that the devastating floods of 2000 will be repeated. Then, thousands of people were plucked from rooftops by helicopter, several hundred died, and Mozambique’s agricultural production was severely impacted. 
 
 "All countries in contiguous southern Africa are expected to receive normal to above-normal rainfall between January and March 2011 - northern Zimbabwe, central Zambia, southern Malawi, central Mozambique and most of Madagascar are expected to receive above-normal rainfall," said an update by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), published on 20 January. 
 
 Hein Zeelie, an OCHA humanitarian affairs officer based in Johannesburg, South Africa, told IRIN that across the region water levels in rivers were "very high", but at this stage "you cannot compare the current situation to previous flooding in Mozambique." 
 
 In the past decade, "a lot had changed" in southern Africa, he said. There was greater coordination between governments, and countries were much more prepared for dealing with flooding. 
 
 Part of these precautions was the regular release of water from the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River in Zimbabwe, and the Cahora Bassa Dam further down the river in Mozambique, to reduce the risk associated with suddenly having to discharge a large volume of water. The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) was planning to open "two spillway gates of Lake Kariba on 22 January 2011", OCHA noted in its flood update. 
 
 "This ... may result in rising water levels and, in time, possible flooding further downstream. The Zambian government has already issued flood warnings to districts adjacent to the lower Zambezi River, and district disaster managers are alerting communities and preparing for possible flooding. Zambian authorities have informed those in Mozambique of this decision," OCHA said. 
 
 The Zambezi River, the continent's fourth largest, rises in Zambia and flows through Angola, along the borders of Namibia and Botswana, and into Zambia again, then along the Zimbabwean border and through Mozambique, where it reaches the Indian Ocean about 150km north of the port city of Beira. 
 
 Cyclone season 
 
 Zeelie said the cyclone season, which begins in January and runs through to March, was an added threat. So far there had been no cyclones, but these weather systems "usually pick up in February", and "they [cyclones] are the main drivers of devastation." 
 
 In 2000, torrential rains had been falling across Mozambique since 8 February when tropical Cyclone Eline made landfall near Beira on 22 February. Five days later flash floods overwhelmed low-lying farmlands and there was wide-scale flooding in the capital, Maputo. 
 
 "Historically, the rainfall will increase during the period of end-January to end-February (March in some countries), and this is when major rivers increase their levels and flood low-lying areas, mainly the most productive agricultural areas," the southern Africa office of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) noted in a recent report. 
 
 "Lessons from the Mozambique floods in 2000 are relevant, as most of those floods were caused by flash water released through the major regional rivers. Monitoring the situation and strengthening disaster prevention measures in the next six weeks is critical ... to prevent a possible escalation of floods into a regional disaster," the report warned. 
 
 "Tens of thousands of people could be displaced or evacuated, and hundreds of thousands more could be affected by damage to crops and shelter." 
 
 Farid Abdulkadir, Disaster Management Coordinator at IFRC, told IRIN that volunteers had been placed on high alert, and emergency stocks, including shelter, blankets, chlorine tablets and mobile water purification plants, had been prepositioned throughout the region. 
 
 "Compared to 2000 the [disaster response] system is much better prepared, but we fear the situation will be quite intense.” 
 
 Unlike other countries in the region, Abdulkadir said, Mozambique faced "triple disasters occurring at the same time", with water flowing down rivers – such as the Zambezi and Limpopo, which disgorges into the sea near Xai-Xai – as well as rainfall over the country and cyclones from the sea. 
 
 Heavy regional rains 
 
 In South Africa, weather-related incidents, including floods, lightning strikes and tornadoes, are thought to have killed 40 people 
 between mid-December 2010 and 17 January 2011, and more than 6,000 people had been displaced, according to the National Disaster Management Centre. 
 
 Heavy rains in Lesotho caused crop damage, and four people died in a landslide. In Madagascar, local reports said heavy rainfall in the 
 southern city of Tulear on 6 January 2011 resulted in the death of two people. 
 
 The Angolan media reported that 11 people died in flash floods in the northern province of Luanda, and said more heavy rain was expected. 
 
 OCHA Zambia Disaster Management Team met recently "to discuss the flood situation, and will be providing a brief on preparedness activities shortly. These activities will include mitigating the chances of cholera outbreaks." 
 
 In the past two weeks, heavy rains have fallen across Zimbabwe, and "there have been isolated reports of flash floods in some parts of the country, but no major floods as yet," OCHA said in its report. 
 
 However, "There are indications that water levels in most rivers and dams are rising, and that many dams, particularly in the north, are nearing capacity." 
 
 go/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91698</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009032418t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 January 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains and localized flooding across southern Africa from Angola to Madagascar are raising fears that the devastating floods of 2000 will be repeated. Then, thousands of people were plucked from rooftops by helicopter, several hundred died, and Mozambique’s agricultural production was severely impacted.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Serious about food</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency. 

Shortly after Malawian president Bingu wa Mutharika became AU chair in 2010, he announced a plan to make Africa food secure in the next five years. 

Martin Bwalya, head of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) said the AU’s seven-year roadmap to put the spotlight on farming so as to promote food security and economic growth, and reduce poverty, had been set in motion five years ago. 

By the end of 2010, the agriculture development plans of 18 African countries had undergone a rigorous independent technical review and were being rolled out. 

Over 60 percent of Africa’s people live in rural areas and most depend on farming for food and income. Agriculture contributes between 20 percent and 60 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) to national coffers. 

In a document called The African Food Basket, Mutharika spelt out the details of his plan, which requires countries to allocate a substantial portion of their budget to agriculture, provide farming input subsidies, and make available affordable information and communications technology. 

This would be possible with the help of a new strategic partnership between countries, donors, aid agencies and the private sector. 

CAADP, initiated in 2003, covers all the main aspects of Mutharika’s plan, including the commitment to devote at least 10 percent of their budgets to agriculture. 

Under the programme, countries draw up comprehensive investment plans that include the four CAADP pillars: sustainable land and water management; improved market access and integration; increased food supplies and reduced hunger; and research, technology generation and dissemination. 

“We expect the countries to contribute at least 10 percent of the annual expenditure budget demonstrating local ownership and responsibility…”, said Bwalya. 

He added while development aid financing remained important, it was also crucial that countries consider measures to attract direct private sector financing to agriculture.

Uganda, one of the 18 states to undergo the review process, has accounted for about 65 percent of its funding requirements from its own budget. 

The AU’s development agency, the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), which runs CAADP, helps countries to mobilize funds. 

Is achieving food self-sufficiency in five years a realistic goal? It would be a tough call said Ousmane Badiane, director for Africa at the US-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 

He noted that the AU had 53 members with varying degrees of agriculture investment, development and needs, and some countries did not have the structural capacity to reach the target of food self-sufficiency for many reasons including civil conflicts. 

Going regional 

A more realistic option, Badiane said, would be for countries with the potential to improve food production to produce enough to feed their less productive neighbours. This called for expanding regional trade and investment in transportation, including ports, railways and highways linking countries. 

AU members have begun to take regional economic integration “seriously”, noted Calestous Juma, professor of international development at Harvard University in his recently released book, The New Harvest. 

He lists regional markets as one of the three opportunities that could fortify Africa’s food security against the rising threat of climate change. 

There are at least eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) “that are recognized by the AU as building blocks for pan-African economic integration”. However, “regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead." 

Regions could become food secure “by capitalizing on the different growing seasons in different countries and making products available in all areas for longer periods of time”, he wrote. 

Both Mutharika and CAADP emphasize the development of regional markets. Mutharika listed 12 regional trade corridors identified by the various RECs and suggested the AU draw up an institutional framework for each corridor. 

Science and technology 

In his book Juma lists advances in science and technology as another factor that could propel Africa towards food self-sufficiency, and called for more investment in the creation of regional hubs of research and innovation. 

Research is being carried out by groups created under NEPAD, such as the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network (BecANet), which has been leading research on food crops, including banana, teff, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes. More investment in networks, especially agriculture-related ones, could produce far-reaching results. 

Subsidies 

Underuse of fertilizers has often been cited as a major cause of low production in Africa. Only four countries – Egypt, Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa – have exceeded the 50 kg per hectare target set by the AU, Mutharika noted in his plan. 

Fertilizer use in Africa accounts for less than 10 percent of the world average of 100 kg per hectare, “Just five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria) account for about two-thirds of the fertilizer applied in Africa,” Juma said. 

Mutharika, who promoted the provision of subsidised fertilizer in Malawi, makes a strong case for this approach. At present 19 African countries are implementing various programmes providing fertilizer. 

Juma sees leaders like Mutharika, who has prioritized food security as the third factor that could set Africa on the path to food security. The Malawian government devotes 16 percent of its national budget to agriculture. 

Yet IFPRI’s Badiane sounded a note of caution on subsidies and cited the case of Senegal. After independence the West African country put in place an agriculture subsidy programme in the 1960s that was even more comprehensive than Malawi’s. “It had a dramatic effect on agriculture in Senegal, but by 1979 one of its [agriculture] agencies had worked up a deficit amounting to 98 percent of the national budget.” 

Carefully managed subsidies, run for a short term, and aimed at strengthening existing markets and agricultural infrastructure, were a lot more effective, he said. 

The Rwandan government provided free fertilizer to farmers for four years after 1994. In 1998 it wanted to hand over importing and distribution to the private sector, which unfortunately lacked capacity, so the government continued to procure and import fertilizer but left distribution and selling to the private sector. 

Since then, aid from financial institutions has helped the private sector build capacity to import, and at least 20 bodies now import several hundred tonnes of fertilizer, Badiane said. 

Way forward 

The AU’s plans for agriculture also tackle other major issues affecting food security, such as irrigation (only four percent of Africa’s crop area is irrigated, compared to 39 percent in South Asia); improving soil fertility (more than three percent of agricultural GDP in Africa is lost annually as a direct result of soil and nutrient loss); post-harvest storage loss (sub-Saharan Africa loses about 40 percent of its harvest per year, against one percent in Europe); setting up databanks to share early warning information and energy. 

There is a high level of engagement between countries on agriculture. “They meet regularly and we support them in building evidence-based information,” CAADP’s Bwalya noted. 

If they stayed the course in implementing CAADP, Badiane said in five years a large number of African countries, if not food secure, would be in a much better position to feed themselves. 

jk/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2010</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005190857270708t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - The crises in Zimbabwe and Madagascar were a major focus of IRIN’s Southern Africa coverage, though riots over food and fuel prices in early September 2010 in Mozambique managed to grab the headlines for a while.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - The crises in Zimbabwe and Madagascar were a major focus of IRIN’s Southern Africa coverage, though riots over food and fuel prices in early September 2010 in Mozambique managed to grab the headlines for a while. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90618 ] 
 
 Civil rights activists warned of a possible surge of violence if elections - hinted at by President Robert Mugabe - go ahead in 2011. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90852 ] Major donors have said that if elections are not free and fair the level of their engagement and support will be affected. [ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/12/153649.htm ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91461 ] 
 
 Donor support to get essential services up and running after the devastating cholera outbreak of 2008/2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87828 ] is paying off. IRIN reported health services had improved but poor salaries have kept staff morale low. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91283 ] 
 
 With a poorly paid civil service, allegations of corruption are commonplace. IRIN took a closer look at the ability of ordinary Zimbabweans to access identity documents and found that a passport could cost up to US$300. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90953 ] 
 
 Zimbabwean migrants in neighbouring South Africa were desperate to get hold of passports as the government announced it would resume deportation of undocumented Zimbabweans from 1 January 2011. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?Reportid=90391 ] At least a million Zimbabweans are estimated to be living in South Africa and were victims of xenophobic attacks. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88052 ] 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 The prospects for the Indian Ocean island state of Madagascar - now run by former radio DJ Andry Rajoelina who seized power from President Marc Ravalomanana in 2009 with the backing of the army - worsened when some soldiers attempted to seize control in November 2010. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91128 ] The coup attempt coincided with a referendum on constitutional reforms which made Rajoelina eligible to stand for election. 
 
 Donors suspended all but emergency assistance to the financially dependent country of 20 million people after Rajoelina took office, and the USA ended the preferential access enjoyed by Madagascar's textile industry to its markets under the African Growth and Opportunities Act. This has had a devastating impact on livelihoods. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88224 ] 
 
 IRIN also wrote about how Madagascar's transitional government was beginning to export illegally harvested precious hardwoods to generate revenue. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=87978 ] 
 
 Nosy Be, an island off the northwest coast of Madagascar, was the focus of an IRIN report on community efforts to combat sex tourism. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91197 ]
 
 Angola grabbed the spotlight when it continued to violently expel Democratic Republic of Congo nationals from its territory. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90906 ]. The Cabindan separatist movement in Angola denied that the conflict had ended (interview with IRIN). [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89930 ]. 
 
 Women's rights in Swaziland received a setback when its highest court reversed a ruling which allowed married women to register property in their own name. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89510 ] 
 
 Other IRIN reports covered the increasing strains on a century-old, five-nation Southern African Customs Union funded largely by 1.15 percent of South Africa's gross domestic product; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90208 ] social transfer programmes which help to reduce poverty in Africa; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90514 ] and World Bank cash transfers in Malawi indicating that unconditional transfers can have the same effect as conditional transfers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90045 ] 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91506</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005190857270708t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 December 2010 (IRIN) - The crises in Zimbabwe and Madagascar were a major focus of IRIN’s Southern Africa coverage, though riots over food and fuel prices in early September 2010 in Mozambique managed to grab the headlines for a while.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Heavy rain, flood warnings</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008103113t.jpg" />]]>HARARE/JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) staffed jointly by officials from Zambia and Zimbabwe, says one of the two major dams on the river between the two countries will open its flood gates in early 2011, meaning that communities may have to be relocated.</description><body><![CDATA[HARARE/JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) staffed jointly by officials from Zambia and Zimbabwe, says one of the two major dams on the river between the two countries will open its flood gates in early 2011, meaning that communities may have to be relocated. 
 
 "ZRA has issued the alert, but they have not yet informed us of the dates on when they will open the gates," said Patrick Kangwa, head of operations at Zambia's Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit. 
 
 The ZRA manages Kariba Dam situated between northwestern Zimbabwe and southeastern Zambia. The opening of the gates can cause flooding and the evacuation of communities. 
 
 An official with Zimbabwe's Meteorological Services told IRIN that parts of Zimbabwe could see flooding as early as next week. "There are real fears that some areas will experience flooding and we have received some reports that some areas are experiencing too much rain," he said. 
 
 Evert Scholtz, a forecaster with the South African Weather Services, told IRIN that heavy rain was expected over Angola, central South Africa, parts of Botswana and northern Namibia over the next five days. 
 
 Parts of South Africa experienced heavy floods in the second week of December, displacing at least 1,200 families, according to state media. 
 
 Taking note of the well-established La Niña influence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90980 ], the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in their latest climate outlook for December 2010 to February 2011 [ http://www.sadc.int/attachment/download/file/482 ] forecast a "wetter than normal season" for most of the region. 
 
 SADC has predicted normal to heavy rains for the Democratic Republic of Congo, most of Angola, Zambia, the southwestern half of Tanzania, Malawi, and most of Zimbabwe and Mozambique. 
 
 La Niña is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, and is usually associated with more rain in Southern Africa. But meteorologists maintain it is very difficult to predict the impact, as this could vary within the African region and from one La Niña event to another. 
 
 The US Agency for International Development's Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS-NET) has warned of possible flooding along some of the major rivers such as the Zambezi, which flows through seven southern African countries, and more cyclones in the Indian Ocean, which would affect Mozambique and Madagascar. 
 
 dd/jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91491</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008103113t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARARE/JOHANNESBURG 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) staffed jointly by officials from Zambia and Zimbabwe, says one of the two major dams on the river between the two countries will open its flood gates in early 2011, meaning that communities may have to be relocated.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: HIV prevention for youth - it&apos;s complicated</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710267t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - When it comes to understanding what drives HIV infections among young people in southern Africa, the epicentre of the global AIDS pandemic, why not ask young people themselves?</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - When it comes to understanding what drives HIV infections among young people in southern Africa, the epicentre of the global AIDS pandemic, why not ask young people themselves? 
 
 A five-country study by the Southern African AIDS Trust (SAT) in partnership with the Health Economics and AIDS Research Division (HEARD) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal did just that, and the picture that has emerged is more complex than many prevention programmes targeting youth have allowed for. 
 
 “Life is complicated so our prevention interventions need to find ways to engage with these complexities,” Jo Vearey, who is coordinating the regional research project, told delegates at the HIV/AIDS in the Workplace Research Conference in Johannesburg on 10 November. 
 
 While a growing number of children who were born with HIV are surviving into adolescence, the majority of young people acquire the virus through sex, and young women are at particular risk. The overall prevalence of HIV among youth (aged 15-24) in southern Africa is about 1 percent in males and 3 percent in females, but in some countries it is much higher. 
 
 In general, efforts to reduce HIV infections in young people in the region have not succeeded, said Vearey. “We need to acknowledge that, take a deep breath and move forward.” 
 
 “Key drivers” 
 
 According to a 2006 Think Tank Meeting on HIV prevention held by the Southern African Development Community, the “key drivers” of HIV transmission in southern Africa are multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships (MCPs), intergenerational sex, and low levels of male circumcision in the context of infrequent and inconsistent condom use. 
 
 The aim of the SAT study was to find out whether knowledge of these key drivers has filtered down to community-based organizations and the young people they work with. Local research teams talked to over 400 young people in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe as well as organizations providing HIV prevention programming in their communities. 
 
 “We didn’t ask questions around sexual behavior; we asked broad questions about what they thought was driving HIV and that came through,” Vearey told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 Most of the young people did not know the term MCPs, but had their own words such as “small house”, “casa2” and “ATM” for a practice that was common across countries and tended to encompass intergenerational sexual relationships. 
 
 Extra-marital sex was described by the youth as one of the leading causes of HIV in their communities, especially relationships between young girls and older married men. Peer pressure was cited as a factor that encouraged young people to have sex, and in some cases to have sex in order to access material goods such as clothes and cell phones. 
 
 Young people identified unemployment and a lack of financial security as reasons why young women in particular made unsafe sexual decisions, but also made links between their desire to explore their sexuality and HIV risk. 
 
 Vearey pointed out that much of the discourse around HIV prevention has positioned young women as vulnerable and disempowered. “We’re seeing a different discourse presented by women themselves and we need to listen to them,” she said. “Young women described how they made decisions to have sexual relationships, often with older men with money… They might not have all the choices they’d like to have, but they still make a choice. We need to tap into that agency and help women make safer decisions.” 
 
 The research also brought up the need to address some of the misconceptions and myths that young people have around HIV. For example, some believed that condoms contained worms and others that male circumcision provided total immunity from HIV. 
 
 Knowing your epidemic 
 
 Young people’s knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the decisions they made about sex were influenced by a whole range of factors including age, gender, education level and geography. 
 
 While young people in all five countries used condoms inconsistently, the reasons they gave were different. For example, young Zimbabwean women said they feared being caught carrying condoms and preferred the pill because they were more concerned about pregnancy. Meanwhile, young people in Mozambique said they used condoms depending on the availability of their preferred flavoured brand. 
 
 The study findings underscore the message drummed home by UNAIDS in recent years, to "know your epidemic" and tailor prevention programmes according to a detailed understanding of local context. 
 
 "We know that one size fits all doesn't work," said Vearey. "I think we should be looking [at developing] skeleton programmes and then incorporating particular issues on the ground." 
 
 Vearey and her colleagues are currently engaged in a second round of research that is trying to better understand the decisions young people make around sex. "So far the research has raised more questions than answers," she said. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91138</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710267t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - When it comes to understanding what drives HIV infections among young people in southern Africa, the epicentre of the global AIDS pandemic, why not ask young people themselves?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
