<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Lebanon</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 07:30:57 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Arab cities aim to build resilience to natural disasters</title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008101236340196t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.

“We react to disasters without any planning; we just go for the response, and you know that without any planning you can’t do the proper things,” Abdulmalek Al-Jolahy, first deputy minister at Yemen’s Ministry of Public Works and Highways, told IRIN.

But disaster prevention experts say the region took a step in the right direction this month, with the official finalization of the Aqaba Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Cities. [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/31093_aqabadeclarationenglishfinaldraft.pdf ]

“We want some modest, achievable targets for improving DRR [disaster risk reduction] in Arab cities,” said Zubair Murshed, a DRR regional adviser with the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Cairo, speaking at last month’s first ever regional conference [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97685/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-in-the-Arab-world ] on the subject in Aqaba, Jordan.

City mayors and representatives from some 40 cities and towns in the region, including Aqaba, Gaza, Mogadishu and Tunis, drew up a provisional agreement on non-binding commitments over the next five years at March’s Aqaba conference, a document which this month became final following further consultations.

The targets include devoting at least 1 percent of cities’ annual budgets to DRR, preparing a risk assessment report to guide urban development planning, and implementing at least one law to improve safety.

The Arab officials agreed to meet in 2015 to review their performance, though otherwise there is no formal mechanism to monitor progress.

If officials follow through on their agreement it would be an important step in reducing risk - including from flash floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, sandstorms and tropical cyclones - for the region’s inhabitants, over 55 percent of whom live in urban areas.

Rapid urban growth

Population growth in the Arab region is among the highest in the world, with the urban population more than quadrupling since 1970 and expected to double again by 2050, according to UN-Habitat’s State of Arab Cities 2012 report. [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3320 ]

“The region’s environment and wealth are increasingly concentrated in a small number of highly vulnerable cities and many such communities are at risk from multiple hazards,” said Djillali Benouar, director of the Built Environment Research Laboratory at the University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in Algeria.

“Many recent disasters in the last decades had their main impact in urban areas where there is a large concentration of people with a heavy dependency on infrastructure and services.”

The problem has been exacerbated by the influx of people displaced by conflict who often settle on sub-prime land - either flood prone lowlands or unstable hills, and with 87 percent of the region classed as desert, urban centres play a vital role in the economy - making any disaster in a major city a national catastrophe.

“Many of these cities are almost equal to the country - Djibouti for example. Take Cairo and Beirut as well. You only have one major civil airport in Lebanon and it’s in Beirut,” said UNDP’s Murshed, adding that many of these Arab cities were sitting on major seismic fault lines.

The past destruction of cities like Damascus, Aleppo, Beirut, Algiers and Alexandria is an indication of the potential threat from earthquakes alone.

Disaster risk experts say the Arab region has been relatively lucky in the last century, but even so, there have been more than 270 disasters, [ http://www.emdat.be/ ] and at least 150,000 deaths in the past three decades.

Natural hazards may be impossible to avoid, but good DRR can make the difference between an event that destroys growth for many years to come, or simply knocks the city back for a few months.

“If cities and local governments decide to tackle these issues then they will really reduce global risk,” said Margareta Wahlstrom, special representative of the UN Secretary-General for DRR.

The motto: Be prepared

Natural hazards become disasters especially when they hit ill-prepared vulnerable communities, but cities can do more to be better prepared - from setting up early warning systems, building the institutions and infrastructure to better handle disasters, to gathering an accurate picture of the risks they face.

The Jordanian port city of Aqaba was recognized last month as the UN’s first “role model city for DRR” and has implemented a number of measures to reduce risk.

In a corner of the Aqaba Secondary School for Boys a shipping container provides a base for the city’s Neighbourhoods Disaster Volunteers. Inside shelves are lined with first aid kits, pick axes, power tools, reflective jackets, among other things, all regularly inspected by the volunteers.

“In this team, we have to be prepared 24 hours a day to help people and reduce the effects of disasters. By being prepared, we can manage any disaster,” said Nouh Al Khattab, one of the volunteers.

They perform regular drills to practice disaster response, says Khaled Abu Aisha, head of the DRR unit at the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA).

“The volunteers are normal people just like you and I - living in the neighbourhood; women, men, young, small, normal employees. We meet twice a month.”

Jordan’s three main cities (Amman, Zarqa and Irbid) - with more than 70 percent of the population - are 30km or less from the Dead Sea Transform fault line which divides the African and Arabian tectonic plates.

Aqaba sits close to the fault line as well, and a 7.3 earthquake in 1995 killed at least eight people and damaged buildings throughout the city. Over the last 2,500 years, the area has seen some 50 serious earthquakes.

In 2006-7 UNDP helped ASEZA carry out a seismic risk assessment of the city to determine vulnerabilities.

While earthquakes may be a natural phenomenon unlinked to human activity, construction norms can make a big difference to the scale of the disaster. As Jalal Al Dabeek, director of the Urban Planning and DRR Centre at An Najah National University, Palestine, says, “Buildings kill people, not earthquakes.”

“Until now the problem is that the minimum requirements are not there yet. We are facing an Arab reality that construction in the Arab world is a long way from the minimum requirements.”

Engineers and officials are drawing up a regional Arab building code, but even when it is agreed, the regulations will need implementing and enforcing in practice.

Meanwhile, risk experts fear most Arab cities continue to be almost completely unprepared.

“We are definitely worried. Many cities like Aqaba are prepared but at the same time there are others which are not really prepared, and this is a worrying thing,” Shahira Wahbi, head of Sustainable Development and International Cooperation at the League of Arab States, told IRIN.

Flash floods

The danger of uncontrolled construction on wadis was highlighted during the 2009 floods in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, when more than 150 people were killed after a sudden downpour (90mm of rainfall in four hours - twice the average yearly rainfall).

Many of those who died in Jeddah were migrant workers living in slums build in the wadis. A highway junction built in one of the wadis was also submerged killing drivers and creating widespread destruction.

The Al-Shallalah community in Aqaba, built near a dry wadi, was hit by flash floods in 2010 causing several deaths. ASEZA decided to move the 5,000 residents from the area: 700 families went to a new development in Al-Karamah, while the rest were given vacant land and compensation.

Flooding prevention can often require major expenditure. In Al Mukalla, the capital of Yemen’s Hadhramaut Governorate, three river valleys converge on the port city creating frequent floods. Residents dug a 600-metre channel through the city centre to allow the waters to flow unhindered into the ocean.

Resilient cities

To encourage cities to better prepare, the UN Office for DRR (UNISDR) [ http://www.unisdr.org/ ] in 2010 launched the Making Cities Resilient campaign, encouraging local municipalities to establish DRR programmes.

Of the 1,419 cities and towns that have joined the scheme, around 270 are in the Arab world, almost all of them in Lebanon where 87 percent of the population lives in urban areas. In February, Nablus became the first Palestinian city to join the resilience campaign.

But overall, DRR experts say most Arab cities continue to prioritize other more palpable issues like water shortages and security, and are almost completely unprepared for major disasters like earthquakes, despite the devastating impact they can have.

“The people are not prepared. Nobody talks about that. It will be panic. People will be killed, not just by the earthquake and things falling down, but from the panic because they don’t know what to do,” Benouar from the university of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene in Algeria, told IRIN.

jj/cb


]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97941/Arab-cities-aim-to-build-resilience-to-natural-disasters</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201008101236340196t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 29 April 2013 (IRIN) - Prevention may be better than a cure, but for the authorities in Arab cities and towns, natural disasters up to now have been largely about coping with them after they have taken place.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Promised aid funding for Syria reaches half-way point</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181456150982t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly three months ago, donors pledged $1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis. Today, Kuwait announced the transfer of its pledge of $300 million to international aid agencies and with that, half of the pledges have been fulfilled. IRIN takes a look at the status of the remaining pledges made in Kuwait, as aid agencies threaten to suspend their work for lack of funding.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - UN officials are lauding as a “big achievement” today’s announcement that Kuwait has officially allocated $300 million promised for humanitarian aid in Syria. 

Only once before has a Gulf country contributed such a large amount of money through multilateral channels - when Saudi Arabia made a $500 million contribution to the World Food Programme (WFP) in 2008, the single largest cash donation ever made to a UN agency. 

Kuwait’s announcement is a follow-through of the pledge it made at a major international conference on 30 January, in Kuwait, which saw more than US $1.5 billion in aid promised [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97376/Donors-pledge-1-5-billion-in-aid-to-Syria-while-demanding-more-access ]; it was one of the largest and most successful fundraising events in UN history (See the full list of pledges here) [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97395/Breakdown-of-Syria-aid-pledges-in-Kuwait ]. Yet hundreds of millions of dollars pledged at the conference by other donors have yet to materialize, and aid agencies in Syria are threatening to cut programming because of funding shortages. 

Kuwait has already begun handing over $275 million in cheques to UN agencies, with another $25 million going to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). 

“We are … matching our words with our deeds,” Dharar Abdul-Razzak Razzooqi, Kuwaiti ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, told journalists at a press conference today [ http://webtv.un.org/watch/kuwaits-contribution-to-the-humanitarian-situation-in-syria-press-conference/2308918834001/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter#full-text ].

With Kuwait’s allocations, about half of the $1.5 billion has been committed or contributed, meaning the donor has provided details of the amount each recipient agency will receive or has actually transferred the money. 

“Without the Kuwait timely contribution now, we would all be in extreme difficulties, immediately,” Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, said at the press conference. “This gives us the breathing space to allow [us] to wait for other countries to commit themselves as Kuwait did and to make their pledges transformed into reality.” 

In December 2012, the UN appealed for $1.5 billion to help people both inside and outside Syria in the first six months of 2013, through two UN-coordinated response plans. As of 18 April, aid agencies had received approximately $810 million towards those appeals - or about 52 percent of the requested funding.

While the January conference was meant to meet those financial needs, not all the $1.5 billion pledged at the event will go towards the $1.5 billion needed for the response plans, with some donors choosing to fund project through other channels. 

FTS has so far tracked $336 million committed for humanitarian aid towards the Syrian crisis in 2013 outside of the two appeals [ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AusGu5uwbtt-dEp0eHRzcWdVd2hBQmpBVWwxUHRjcUE&single=true&gid=0&output=html ].

Revised UN-coordinated plans, including the financial costs of aid programs for the second half of the year, will be presented at the end of May. Guterres said the number of refugees by year end could easily be triple the number accounted for in the current plans. 

Gulf donors 

The bulk of the money pledged at the conference came from Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. 

Several sources told IRIN the Emirati government is unlikely to channel much or any of its promised funding through the UN, instead spending the money through Emirati channels, including the UAE Red Crescent Authority, the Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation and the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development. 

The UAE Red Crescent Authority is running a new camp for Syrian refugees, which opened in Jordan last week and was described by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) as “five-star”. Ahmad Al Mazrouie, chairman of the Authority, told a local newspaper that the camp was “strong proof” of the commitment made at the January conference, with the Authority having spent more than 50 million Emirati dirham ($13.6 million) so far [ http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-funded-camp-offers-refuge-to-fleeing-syrians ].

Sulaiman Al-Turki, of the Saudi Ministry of Finance’s department of international financial affairs, told IRIN that Saudi Arabia’s contribution has already been allocated to UN agencies and the Saudi Relief Committees and Campaigns, a local NGO active in the countries hosting Syrian refugees. The National Campaign for Syria has already received some of the funding, Al-Turki said, disbursed on an “as-needed basis, according to the National Campaign assessment.” 

A group of Gulf NGOs, which pledged an additional $183 million at the conference, has yet to raise the full amount promised, according to Suleiman Shamsaldeen, general manager of the International Islamic Charitable Organization, one of the organizations in the coalition. The commitment made in January, he told IRIN, was to raise and spend that amount by the end of 2013.

“They are trying to finalize the formulation…“The way it works is that these societies and NGOs commit themselves, but it doesn’t mean… they [already] have money in their pockets,” he said. 

However, Gulf NGOs have already started implementing projects, said Othman al-Haggi, head of relief at the Kuwait Relief Society, which is coordinating the efforts. A complete action plan - aimed in part at supporting fundraising efforts, focused around the Muslim holy month of Ramadan - will be published by the end of the month, he said. 

Separate from the conference, Qatar announced it would give $100 million to the opposition Syrian National Coalition’s humanitarian aid arm, the Assistance Coordination Unit. 

Other donors 

After the Gulf donors, the next largest pledges at the Kuwait conference came from the US, the European Commission’s humanitarian arm ECHO and the UK, each of which have fully allocated their funds. (The UK’s full commitment, finalized today, has yet to be reflected on FTS)

Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Malta, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Poland and Slovakia have also completely paid off their pledges, though many countries had planned their funding in advance in order to announce it at the summit. 

There are also other sources of funding for UN agencies and NGOs working on the Syria crisis, including the UN-managed Central Emergency Response Fund, which just approved $20.5 million for use by UN agencies.

The separate Emergency Response Fund (ERF) for Syria, established last June, has received $36 million in funding, of which $10 million remains available for use, awaiting project proposals from NGOs. (The ERF only funds small short-term projects to a maximum of $500,000, which must meet certain criteria. Many local NGOs do not have the awareness or the skills to submit proper proposals).

Funding machinery 

Massive bureaucratic machinery is involved in the funding of humanitarian responses to crises. Contracts have to be negotiated, signed and counter-signed, often both in the field and at the headquarters level. Depending on the amount of money involved and the sophistication, funding cycles and bureaucracy of the donor, it can take days - or months - from the moment funding is authorized to when the money is transferred to a bank account. 

Aid agencies rarely have any guarantee that promised funding will come through on any given day. Many donors, like ECHO, have separate mechanisms in place to fund emergencies, meant to speed up the process. 

However, pledging conferences, like the one in January, are almost never fulfilled completely, according to donor transparency groups.

For example, according to an analysis done by the Office of the Special Envoy for Haiti, of $9 billion pledged for Haiti at a conference in March 2010, after the 7.0-magnitude (Mw) earthquake struck the island nation, $3.9 billion had been recovered by the end of 2010. By 2012, $6.4 billion had been received. (However, many pledges were multi-year commitments) [ http://www.lessonsfromhaiti.org/download/International_Assistance/5-ny-pledge-total.pdf ].

On average, from 2000-2012, year-long UN humanitarian appeals have been funded at 66 percent [ http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/gha-CAP-2013-analysis-1412121.pdf ].

While awaiting funds at the initial stages of the Syria emergency, many large operational UN agencies tapped into financial reserves from their headquarters, “at times taking some risks,” Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria Radhouane Nouicer told IRIN. Even with these funds, UN agencies are now overstretched. “This practice has limitations and cannot accommodate all urgent needs,” Nouicer said. 

“If fresh funding does not come urgently,” he added, “the response will be seriously disturbed.”

Growing needs 

Inside Syria, at least four million people are displaced; millions more have lost their jobs and are struggling with increasing food prices [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97036/SYRIA-Bread-shortages-rising ], and unavailable healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97011/SYRIA-Healthcare-system-crumbling ].

UNHCR has registered more than 1.4 million Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, and the unofficial number of refugees is thought to be much higher. In addition to their growing needs, refugees are also placing a massive burden on their host communities in Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, with the potential to undermine stability in the entire region. 

During the press conference, Guterres lobbied for a special fund through which governments could more sustainably support Syrian refugees and their host countries. “This is not a crisis like any other. The dimension, the intensity, the level of suffering, the level of destruction are such that this cannot be funded with usual humanitarian aid budgets,” he said. 

Funding is not the only constraint for the aid operation in Syria. Insecurity, a lack of information, and layers of required clearances from both the government and UN have also limited aid delivery. But inadequate funding has played a significant role. 

“We are precariously close, perhaps within weeks, to suspending some humanitarian support,” the heads of five UN agencies responding to the crisis said in an editorial in the New York Times this week [ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/opinion/global/a-un-appeal-to-save-syria.html?_r=0 ].

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has already announced that without additional funding “in the coming days and weeks”, it will have to cut certain aid programmes inside Syria, including vaccination efforts, mobile health teams, water provision [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97518/Diseases-spreading-in-Syria-as-WASH-systems-collapse ] and recreational activities for children. In neighbouring countries, UNICEF will no longer be able to provide water for drinking, showering or latrines for tens of thousands of refugees, and will have to cut off education for tens of thousands of Syrian children studying in Jordanian and Lebanese schools.

UNHCR is struggling to afford simple things like lighting and blankets in some of the refugee camps, let alone sufficient security measures in the increasingly insecure Za’atari camp in northern Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97778/Despite-new-police-presence-security-concerns-persist-at-Syrian-refugee-camp ]. Without new funding, UNHCR said it will have to reduce the healthcare coverage it provides to current refugees. It will also become “simply impossible” for UN agencies to provide food, clean water, schooling, shelter and healthcare for new refugees who keep streaming in, it said [ http://www.unhcr.org/516576b66.html ].

WFP has in the past had to cut food rations for people inside Syria due to lack of funding in the pipeline. It recently warned it would have to stop providing food vouchers to 400,000 refugees in Lebanon in one month and reduce the value of food vouchers for 175,000 refugees in Jordan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-says-81-million-urgently-needed-food-relief-35-million-syrians ].

“We heard [about] the huge generosity announced in Kuwait. We’d like to see it materialized now,” Panos Moumtzis, UNHCR’s regional coordinator for Syrian refugees, told IRIN. “The needs are more than what we are able to respond [to]. We don’t know how much longer we will be able to continue, unless a miracle happens with significant contributions.” 

Julie Thompson, who tracks donor commitments for FTS, also urged donors and recipients to inform FTS of money flows, “so we can help identify the gaps and direct resources where they are most needed”. 

af/ha/rz

*This article was amended on 19 April to correct Kuwait's allocation to UN agencies from $285 to $275 million. 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97877/Promised-aid-funding-for-Syria-reaches-half-way-point</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181456150982t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly three months ago, donors pledged $1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis. Today, Kuwait announced the transfer of its pledge of $300 million to international aid agencies and with that, half of the pledges have been fulfilled. IRIN takes a look at the status of the remaining pledges made in Kuwait, as aid agencies threaten to suspend their work for lack of funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Syria’s brain drain – another twist to the country’s crisis</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303261537210207t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - The exodus of educated and skilled Syrians is increasingly depleting the country’s workforce and the quality of its health services, already strained by two years of conflict. IRIN spoke to professionals inside and outside Syria about the difficult choice they faced and the impacts of their decisions to stay or leave - both on themselves and their country.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - The exodus of educated and skilled Syrians is increasingly depleting the country’s workforce and the quality of its health services, already strained by two years of conflict.   

“The phenomenon is ongoing and growing,” said regional humanitarian coordinator Radhouane Nouicer. The flight of professionals has affected the bureaucracy, educational institutions and factories - but nowhere is the impact felt more than in the medical sector. 

Late last year, the World Health Organization said all of the country’s nine psychiatrists and more than half the doctors in Homs had left the country [ http://www.who.int/hac/crises/syr/Syria_WCOreport_27Nov2012.pdf ]. Clinics run by the Syrian Arab Red Crescent are short of surgeons and other medical experts. 

This month, as the Syrian conflict entered its third year, the number of refugees surpassed one million. Observers worry the “brain drain” will affect Syria’s long-term future.  

“These skills are much needed for rebuilding Syria tomorrow,” Nouicer told IRIN.  

While Syria has been affected by the departure of educated people for decades due to the lack of economic opportunities and political freedom, the conflict has increased the shortages of doctors, engineers, teachers and lawyers to unprecedented levels.  

“One of the most alarming features of the conflict has been the use of medical care as a tactic of war,” the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Syria wrote in a report this month [ http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/PeriodicUpdate11March2013_en.pdf ]. “Medical personnel and hospitals have been deliberately targeted and are treated by parties to the conflict as military objectives.”   

Many professionals have had difficulty getting visas to Europe and the Gulf states, and have instead ended up in refugee camps in neighbouring countries, where aid agencies are trying to make use of their skills through community mobilization and cash-for-work programmes in the camps’ schools and health centres. Others have decided to stay to try to address the needs in their country.  

IRIN spoke to highly skilled professionals both inside and outside Syria about the difficult choice they faced and the impacts of their decisions - both on themselves and their country. 

Bayan*, civil engineer from Homs: 

“I will never leave Syria because I have a vision for my country. We are working on building the future of Syria, so I have a responsibility to stay. I have asked my wife to leave because it’s not safe here, but she doesn’t want to go anywhere else either. She’s a teacher; I’m a civil engineer. I haven’t been to my office for almost two years. Instead, I’ve founded a group called the Free Syrian Engineers so that we can gather the competence of experts who are still inside Syria. Our group includes about 70 engineers in Homs, from all branches, electrical, civil, mechanical and computer engineers.  

“We’re organizing in order to work on whatever task comes up, from cleaning the streets to repairing electrical lines. We’re also working on studies on rebuilding Syria after the conflict. I know it sounds theoretical now, but it will be very important to be prepared when the time comes. Even though none of us is working in their normal jobs right now, there’s still a lot to do on the ground, in medical, relief or media work, for example. There’s a need for everything. Life is difficult, but I am happy to be here. There was a lot of work for me in Homs before the war, and there will be even more afterwards.” 

Mohamed Alkhateb, 27, teacher from Palmyra: 

“I used to teach English at a local school to children between six and 12. I was arrested in February 2012 and imprisoned for six months because I was an activist. In prison, they hit me so badly they broke my ribs. I left Syria right after they released me because I knew that if I stayed, they’d come for me again. The school has now been closed because of the shelling. Before the conflict, there were between 20 and 25 teachers in that school. About six of them joined the protest movement, and they’ve all left the country by now. It’s hard for the children. No classes, no learning. I feel sorry for them.  

“I’ve rented an apartment in Cairo that I am sharing with friends who are also refugees from Syria. I have managed to get an administrative job at a pilot training school, but it’s hard to get by. My salary is only US$200 a month, but I need $300-400 to survive. So my family has to send me some extra money. I really miss Syria, my city and my friends, but I cannot return. Life in Egypt is tough. I wanted could go to Europe, but no country would give us a visa. For the time being, I’m stuck.” 

Anwar*, 44, professional football player from Latakia: 

“I left Syria in 2012 simply because I couldn’t find a job. It had nothing to do with political reasons. I used to be a football player. Now I am working as a football coach in Dubai. It’s a good position, and people really respect me. I have never had a good job in Syria. That’s why I’ve spent a large part of my life abroad. In 2003, I was asked to return to Syria and work on a study on the state of football in the country, but that didn’t work out. Nobody listened to what I had to say.  

“I have tried to live in Syria, but I did not see any opportunities. There was no room for new ideas. There are many Syrians working in high positions abroad who were facing the same problems. It’s almost like they don’t want qualified people like us. However, I feel bad every day for not being there. I am very popular back home because of my football career, and people need something to be proud of. If I’d get any job, I’d go back tomorrow.”  

Abu Adnan*, 30, dentist from Deir-ez-Zor: 

“I have thought a lot about moving to a different country. Everybody wants a peaceful life. I’m longing for simple things, taking a stroll or having coffee in the garden. I am a dentist, but I haven’t been able to work in my profession for over a year. My clinic was completely destroyed by the shelling. I love my work, and I miss it a lot. I specialized in bridges and partial dentures. My wife is also a dentist; she has taken refuge in a town outside of Deir-ez-Zor. Our one-year-old daughter is with her.  

“There used to be thousands of doctors in Deir-ez-Zor. Now, there are only about 10 of them left. I help out in a field clinic now, suturing wounds or giving injections. We often have to amputate limbs because we don’t have the means necessary to treat the injuries. I don’t think my future will be good. Everything is destroyed. It will take decades to rebuild Syria. My wife keeps begging me to take the family outside of Syria. She is very scared; she is crying all the time. Of course, I don’t want my daughter to grow up like this. But it’s not easy to leave the city you’ve grown up in.”  

Talal Hoshan, 49, judge from Hama Governorate: 

“I left Syria because I wasn’t able to stand the regime’s war crimes any longer. I fled with my family right after the massacre in Qubair, a town near Hama, in June 2012. I saw the corpses of four children and two women, and it was clear they had been executed. As the local director of public prosecution, I had to examine the dead. While I was doing that, I cursed the regime under my breath because I had information that they were responsible. One soldier heard me and told me to keep quiet. The next day, I contacted the [rebel] Free Syrian Army. They helped us escape across the border to Turkey.  

“We used to have a big, beautiful apartment. The one we’re renting in southern Turkey is much smaller. I have no job and no income. We’ve sold our car, and our friends are helping us out. We’re better off than most refugees, but I worry about my children. I have four girls and two boys, both of whom are very sick. They are suffering from a heart disease, and they haven’t seen a doctor for a long time. I would like to take my family to Sweden because they have a very advanced treatment for that disease there. I have called the Swedish consulate, but they refused to give us visas. I don’t care about myself, but my family really needs help. My children’s condition is getting worse every day.” 

Dlshad Othman, 26, computer technician from Qamishli: 

“I left Syria in December 2011. As a Kurd, I’ve always been critical of the regime. I used to work for an internet provider in Damascus, but they only gave me menial tasks, and my salary was bad. When the uprising started, I lost my job because of my political views. Then I joined an NGO in Damascus documenting violence against journalists. I was developing ways for activists to be safe online.  

“In October 2011, I gave an on-camera interview to a British journalist. He was arrested with the footage on his laptop. I was warned by a friend, and I escaped across the border to Lebanon because I knew the security forces were looking for me. It was easy for me to find a job in the US and get a visa. I was lucky because there are a lot of opportunities for people with computer skills.  

“I don’t miss Syria at all because there was no respect, no job security, no professionalism in the work world. Here in Washington, it’s different. As a professional, I am happy here. I have a great job, a good income, insurance. I don’t know if I’ll ever go back. Here, I can actually do something: I am working for an NGO advocating internet freedom, not only in Syria, but everywhere in the world. I can also help out my family financially. 

“What do I imagine my future to be like? I don’t see my future right now. That part of my life is still missing. I hope I will find the answer to that question someday.” 

*not a real name  

gmk/af/ha/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97736/Syria-s-brain-drain-another-twist-to-the-country-s-crisis</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303261537210207t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - The exodus of educated and skilled Syrians is increasingly depleting the country’s workforce and the quality of its health services, already strained by two years of conflict. IRIN spoke to professionals inside and outside Syria about the difficult choice they faced and the impacts of their decisions to stay or leave - both on themselves and their country.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Disaster Risk Reduction in the Arab world</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).

In the last three decades more than 164,000 people in the region have been killed by natural hazards, which caused damage estimated at US$19.2 billion, according to new figures for the region from the Belgium-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED).

“All the people who are here now - they’ve been waiting for this for a few years. The conference has been scheduled and rescheduled, so there’s a pent up wish to discuss and tackle issues upfront,” Margareta Wahlstrom, special representative of the UN Secretary-General for DRR, told IRIN, blaming the Arab Spring for the delays.

The week of meetings is being held in Jordan’s coastal port, Aqaba, recognized as a leader in disaster preparedness in the region and one of many urban centres built on one of the four main regional fault lines - the Dead Sea Transform Fault, the Taurus-Zagros fault, the Nubia-Eurasia plate boundary in Maghreb and the NU-Aegean Sea and NU-Anatolia in Eastern Mediterranean region.

Conference speakers acknowledge that the region has been “lucky” in recent years to escape major natural hazard events, but historic records show cities like Beirut, Damascus and Alexandria have all been destroyed by earthquakes.

While the natural hazards may not be new, the risks have been aggravated in recent years by the nature of human development.

“In a relatively short period a number of crucial factors have magnified the exposure and vulnerability of cities in the Arab region to disaster and its aftermath,” said Princess Sumaya bint El Hassan, president of the Jordanian Royal Scientific Society.

“The explosive increase in urban populations in recent decades, coupled with poor planning in land use, has expanded the potential of hazard to cause havoc in our cities.”

Around 55 percent of the population in the Arab world lives in cities, a figure predicted to reach 68 percent by 2050.

Prevention not cure

Disaster experts at the conference credit the Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster of 2004 with opening eyes internationally to the importance of preparing in advance for natural hazards.

Previously, Wahlstrom told IRIN, such disasters were thought of as things over which you had little control: “you deal with the immediate consequences, you rebuild, you pay for it and you move on.”

But she says governments increasingly realize that natural disasters happen when natural hazard events meet vulnerable and unprepared populations.

“You actually have to plan for it; you can mitigate the impact, and you can mitigate the costs.”

In early 2005, countries around the world signed up to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), which set five priorities over the 10-year period to 2015 for countries to strengthen institutional responses, set-up early warning systems, identify risks and build resilience at all levels.

It was the world’s first attempt to coordinate who should be in charge of what in a disaster.

Sometimes experience has shown itself to be the best teacher; Algeria improved building regulations for schools and hospitals after damage caused by the 2003 earthquake, while Lebanon - a regional leader on DRR - set-out to improve disaster management coordination after a recent plane crash saw four emergency operations rooms set up in the first four hours, but without any coordination between them.

Results

This is the first Arab conference on DRR, and the region is the last to meet ahead of a global DRR conference in Geneva in May, at which countries will plan the post-2015 strategies for resilience when the current Hyogo framework will need replacing.

What changes all this will have on the ground will depend on implementation, and so far Arab countries have been slow to put in place measures to improve preparedness; only nine of the region’s 22 countries have set up, or are setting up, a national loss database, while just 10 have submitted their HFA country reports to the UN Office for DRR (UNISDR).

“To be very honest with you, I share your fear that many of these things are paper products,” said Wahlstrom at the event’s press conference. “But when I look back at the conferences that we’ve had over the years, I see a very high level of coherence between the recommendations and commitments, and what people actually do.”

Funding prevention

Disaster experts at the conference stress that investing in prevention is a way to save money in the country; that a dollar spent on prevention is worth at least four after a crisis.

Natural disasters are often extraordinarily expensive - the floods that hit Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 2008 and 2009, for example, cost about $1.3 billion.

In addition, unprepared countries face far longer recovery times and affected cities and regions can be set back by years.

The Lebanese government’s decision to prioritize preparedness dates back to the destruction caused by the earthquake in Haiti, which was witnessed first-hand by officials from the prime minister’s office.

“The challenge is to convince governments to pay for what is not yet tangible, but which will become tangible in the coming years,” said Wahlstrom.

Just published figures [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ] from CRED show natural hazards have cost the world more than $100 billion a year for the past three years. 

The Arab League has led the adoption of DRR in the region, and in 2012 it produced a strategy adopted by regional heads of state.

But Fatma Al-Mallah, DRR advisor and member of the Global High Level Advisory Group on HFA2, says more engagement is needed.

“This is not enough - there should be a political commitment from each government. We should have more political courage in our countries when we have problems.”

She warned governments that natural hazards such as drought were frequently an underlying cause of political unrest, citing Darfur and the Arab Spring as examples, and said that a lack of good governance on these issues risked bringing instability at the lowest levels of society.

Jordan Ryan, director of the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery at the UN Development Programme, said natural disasters invariably affect the most vulnerable.

“Forest fires in Lebanon and earthquakes in Algeria are all reminders of how vulnerable this region is. As in other parts of the world, we know who suffers the most - the poor.”

He said 95 percent of the 1.3 million disaster fatalities around the globe in the past two decades were the poor.

“Weak systems for disaster preparedness are as much to blame as the natural disasters that cause them,” said Ryan.

jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97685/Disaster-Risk-Reduction-in-the-Arab-world</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 20 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 300 government officials, scientists, aid workers and activists from across the Arab world are working together in Jordan to draw up the first joint regional platform for disaster risk reduction (DRR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Export oil, import water – the Middle East’s risky economics</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110181249250031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - The world’s driest region, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is getting drier at an alarming rate.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - The world’s driest region, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is getting drier at an alarming rate.

And yet, despite massive population growth (the Middle East’s population grew 61 percent from 1990 to 2010 to 205 million people)* [ http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf ] predictions of so-called “water wars” have failed to materialize.

So how has a region that water experts say ceased to have enough water for its strategic needs in1970 proved so resilient to water scarcity?

“Trade is the first means of being resilient; it’s the process that enables an economy to be resilient. The ability to trade effectively depends on the strength and diversity of the economy,” Anthony Allan from King’s College London and the School of Oriental and African Studies told IRIN.

That does not literally mean that countries import water directly; it is rather that because so much water is used, not for drinking, but for agriculture (around 90 percent), by importing food staples like wheat you are in effect importing water, something Allan calls “virtual water”.

As a result, the region’s growing population imports around a third of its food - a figure that shoots up in the Gulf states where arable land is negligible.

But while such resilience may “miraculously” solve extreme water scarcity and make life that exists today possible in the Middle East, it can create its own vulnerabilities; countries need economies that can generate enough foreign currency to pay for imports.

That may be easy in oil-rich countries with small populations like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar, but it is far more difficult in places like Egypt, which struggles to find the reserves to pay for wheat imports for its 84 million citizens in a context of declining crude oil exports and a slump in tourism.

Such trade “resilience” is also largely unaffordable in a place like Yemen - the region’s poorest country, which has 25 million people in an extremely water scarce (and hence food scarce) environment.

Each Yemeni only has access to about 140 cubic metres of water annually and the capital, Sana’a, is on track to be the first in the world without a viable water supply.

An uncertain future

While trade, an abundance of historically cheap food on international markets, and for some oil - sold at high prices - have combined to create an unexpected resilience in the face of water scarcity, such lessons may not travel well in the developing world.

Trade may have reduced dependency on local water supplies, but it has shifted dependency to international markets and exposed people to fluctuating world prices.

It has also hidden the gravity of the water scarcity situation in the Middle East and made it easier to neglect the development of other solutions to a problem that shows no sign of going away.

A recent study [ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Grace/news/grace20130212.html ] of NASA satellite data published last month found that parts of Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran along the Tigris and Euphrates river basins had lost 144 cubic kilometres of water from 2003 to 2009 - roughly equivalent to the volume of the Dead Sea.

An analysis of the data published in the Water Resources Research journal [ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-7973 ] attributes about 60 percent of the loss to the pumping of groundwater from underground reservoirs - reserves people fall back on when rivers dry up.

Underground reserves can only last so long, and importing ever increasing amounts of food to feed a growing population is not an option for poorer countries.

Resilience and efficiency

Nevertheless, there are other lessons in water scarcity resilience from the Middle East - either measures that have been shown to build resilience, or that water experts have come to understand would improve the strength of the system to further shocks if they were broadly implemented.

Some of these solutions are not new.

For a start, though the region may be drying, it has been dry for a long time.

“Water scarcity is not new to the region,” Hamed Assaf, a water resource management specialist at the American University of Sharjah in the UAE, told IRIN. “It has been the norm for thousands of years and people have adapted their survival strategies to changes in rainfall and temperature,” he told IRIN.

With scientist predicting an increase in extreme weather events, adaptability has become increasingly important. It is also true that there remains a degree of unpredictability in the system, particularly in Egypt where it is not clear if future rainfall will increase or decrease.

Resilience is about being strong in the face of whatever happens. And in any situation, strong water systems make the most of what they have - including through treating and reusing waste water like at the Al Gabal Asfar water treatment plant in Egypt.

Rainwater harvesting

One old technique is rainwater harvesting. “In Jordan there are indications of early water harvesting structures believed to have been constructed over 9,000 years ago,” Rida Al-Adamat, director of the Water, Environment and Arid Regions Research Centre at Jordan’s al-Bayt University, told IRIN.

Jordan harvests 400-420 million cubic metres of water annually, according to Ministry of Water and Irrigation spokesperson Omar Salameh.

“We have 10 major dams with a total capacity of 325 million cubic metres, in addition to hundreds of sand dams in different locations to develop local communities and recharge groundwater.”

Water harvesting can be done at the household level especially in areas that get enough rainfall during the rainy season. “If your area gets 500mm of rain per year, you can collect enough water for household use,” said Assaf.

“In Lebanon, people used to build ponds to collect water during winter and use it later on for irrigation and breeding animals,” said Assaf.

“The main idea of water harvesting is to increase green water or soil moisture… Farmers in the region used to build small sand barriers on slopes to prevent the water from going down and thus recharge the area. Then they used to plant in the areas behind the barriers,” he added.

Data collection

A key aspect of efficient water use is data collection - important for sound water management at the country level.

“As the saying goes: what you cannot measure you cannot manage,” Heba Yaken, water and sanitation operation analyst at the World Bank office in Cairo, told IRIN. “It is important to know how much you are consuming in order to manage it in a good way.”

Jordan, which some say has one of the most monitored water scarcity situations in the world, has gained widespread recognition for its data collection.

“Jordan’s data is relatively well organized, especially when it comes to agriculture. The volume of water consumption is precisely known in every area. They have installed measuring tools in every area so they know what kinds of crops are being cultivated and the amount of water they consume,” Hiba Hariri from the Arab Water Council told IRIN.

Data-sharing in the region is limited, according to Yaken. “Countries are not as transparent as they should be,” she said.

Other solutions

A whole range of solutions are being piloted and recommended in the Middle East.

In Egypt, the Arab Spring has encouraged farmers to become more outspoken in demanding their water rights, says Yaken from the World Bank.

Farmers have come together in “water users’ associations” to help manage supplies and become more aware of water scarcity issues.

“Farmers are now responsible for the `mesqas’ [canals]”, Yaken told IRIN.

“People at the tail of the `mesqa’ don’t get as much water as the people upstream. People are receiving much more training so that they can manage those disputes between the different farmers, and different demands,” she said.

Elsewhere, capacity building is being carried out by the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), which is running a climate change adaptation scheme designed to help Arab states climate-proof water systems [ http://www.water-energy-food.org/en/practice/view__1108/adaptation-to-climate-change-in-the-water-sector-in-the-mena-region-accwam.html ].

While trade provides substitutes for much agricultural water use, the remaining 10 percent of water needs are increasingly being met by desalination, half of which globally is carried out in the Middle East.

Recent years have seen a large increase in desalination, clearly useful in a region without any landlocked countries, but it is an energy-intensive phenomenon almost entirely powered by fossil fuel power, which raises other environmental concerns.

Saudi Arabia uses 1.5 million barrels of oil a day to power its desalination plants [ http://hir.harvard.edu/pressing-change/saudi-arabia-and-desalination-0 ], although it is looking to develop solar-powered plants.

Solar is a largely unexplored option for desalination, but also for increasing the efficiency of water systems, through technologies like solar-powered water pumps.

Consumption

But although desalination may become an increasingly affordable, and renewable, solution, water experts say it can only be used as part of wider reforms [ http://water.worldbank.org/publications/seawater-and-brackish-water-desalination-middle-east-north-africa-and-central-asia-rev-1 ].

A more resilient water system will also need adaptions on the demand side, including more efficient consumption of water, as well as cooperation between countries on the sustainable use of current resources.

“The problem is that we have short-term plans that change with the change of personnel or ministers,” said Hariri from the Arab Water Council.

As climate change and population growth increase pressure on water systems, the MENA region will need to be increasingly efficient in its use of water - and may have lessons for other parts of the world.

*The definition of Middle East used in the OECD/World Bank figures is Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, but not Israel or OPT.

dvh/jj/cb

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Building resilience

A series of articles exploring what resilience means for vulnerable communities, and its impact on the architecture of aid
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97596/Export-oil-import-water-the-Middle-East-s-risky-economics</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110181249250031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - The world’s driest region, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), is getting drier at an alarming rate.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Why southern Lebanon still matters</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151209110166t.jpg" />]]>WAZZANI 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Southern Lebanon has been the scene of occupation and conflict for decades. Now, it is experiencing what might be the calmest period in its history. This provides a chance to finally sustainably develop the area and stabilize the border with Israel. But are donors, UN agencies and the government interested?</description><body><![CDATA[WAZZANI 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Time has forgotten parts of southern Lebanon, even if war and occupation have not.

Like in other parts of the south, the lack of development in Wazzani, a tiny Bedouin village on the Israeli-Lebanese border, goes back decades.

Historically tied to Jerusalem more than to Beirut, the area suffered isolation after the creation of Israel in 1948. That was followed by an influx of Palestinian militias, 22 years of Israeli occupation, the subsequent dominance of the militant and political resistance group Hezbollah, and the 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah.

“This place died in 1948,” said one UN peacekeeper in the region. “It was never able to recover.”

The result is an area with little government presence - there is just one government-run school which shut down years ago and a health clinic that opens twice a week and doesn’t always have pain relievers.

And there has been little progress since the end of the war: Shepherds graze their sheep just as they did years ago - on land without enough forage. Empty houses are now used to shelter animals - three-quarters of the population left during the Israeli occupation, the mayor of Wazzani said, and never came back.

The south is not alone in its neglect. All of Lebanon’s peripheries are underdeveloped, and in fact, the north and east of the country - now sheltering tens of thousands of Syrian refugees - are even worse off.

But the south’s history of war and instability makes it a special case, argue the UN Resident Coordinator’s Office (RCO) and the 12,000-strong UN peacekeeping force (UNIFIL) mandated to monitor the cessation of hostilities between Lebanon and Israel.

“It’s a very fragile part of the country,” said Robert Watkins, UN resident and humanitarian coordinator. “We ignore it at our own risk.”

The past few years have brought an unprecedented period of calm to the south - residents hesitate to call it stability - and the UN leadership here sees this as an opportunity to sustainably engage the area after decades of abandonment by trying to increase government services and economic development.

But as the Syrian refugee crisis in northern and eastern parts of the country has distracted donors, aid workers and the government alike, the pleas in this remote and delicate part of the country are falling - for the most part - on deaf ears.

Construction boom

Following the 2006 war, hundreds of millions of dollars of aid poured into the razed towns of southern Lebanon, prompting a construction boom that provided employment and gave residents a new sense of hope.

But much of the money was misspent - either through corruption or a lack of long-term vision, creating what one UN peacekeeper called many “white elephants” and “parachute projects”.

“The aid didn’t build enough of a foundation… it just gave us a bit of a taste,” civil society activist Ali Dia told IRIN in the southeastern border district of Marja’ayoun. “It’s like they descended a bucket into the well, but cut the rope half-way down.”

Then, around 2009 and 2010, the impact of the global financial crisis set in; the south’s post-conflict recovery was considered more or less complete; crises appeared elsewhere; and the money stopped flowing. UN agencies packed up and left for other parts of the country.

“For the last four years, we have been with a minimum UN agency presence in the south,” said Svjetlana Jovic of UNIFIL’s civil affairs unit, which guides so-called “quick-impact” projects as part of its peace-keeping activities. “There was this trend of thinking: ‘UNIFIL is there. UNIFIL can take care of it… As peacekeepers, we do small projects, but we cannot rebuild government authority or provide services… This gap can be felt now. We cannot do it alone.”

Government presence

In the meantime, more than a decade after the Israeli withdrawal, the government has failed to establish itself here.

In Marja’ayoun, at the far end of a mountain strip that was once the so-called security zone occupied by Israel from 1978-2000, the Social Development Centre of the Ministry of Social Affairs is meant to help the most vulnerable - the poor, the elderly, those with special needs; to provide computer training and run children’s camps; to offer some health services.

But with a staff of seven and a budget that barely covers salaries; the centre’s young, inexperienced manager feels her hands are tied.

“The [support] from the Ministry is very, very poor,” Maya Hasban told IRIN. “In five years, the Ministry hasn’t designed a single activity for us. They’re not able. They can’t even pay us our salaries on time.”

Most of her projects are run on donations from aid agencies, and as such are unsustainable.

The Ministry of Social Affairs says services are available: the roughly 1,000sqkm of Lebanon’s two southern governorates are home to 46 health centres and eight government hospitals, for example.

“I think that’s more than enough,” said Adnan Nassreddine, who manages the Social Development Centres at the Ministry in the capital, Beirut. “The state cannot open a health centre in every village.”

But Hasban is not alone in her complaints. Anis Slika, the mayor of the small Druze village of al-Fardis, jokes that he is both clerk and police because he cannot afford to pay either.

Instead, most people in the south access services offered by political parties, like Hezbollah, and at a cost.

“Someone from Hezbollah may come to your door and say, ‘We treated you at our hospital recently. I hope you’ll remember that on Election Day’,” one local explained.

The fear is that the longer the government stays away from the south, the stronger Hezbollah’s dominance becomes. And the longer youth have no jobs here, the greater the chance of radicalization.

A study [ http://www.un.org.lb/Library/Files/Human%20Security%20In%20South%20Lebanon%20Sept%202012.pdf ] commissioned last year by the UN to assess human security in the south found high outmigration, regular protests over lack of basic services, and risks of drug use, radicalization and criminal activity due to youth unemployment.

Deterrent to investment

“The south was left out for so many years,” said UNIFIL spokesperson Andrea Tenenti. “Physical infrastructure has been rebuilt. Now it’s about trying to rebuild the economy.”

Despite the aid and construction boom post-war, longer-term investment in the industrial sector never kicked in. Investors are wary, like most of the residents here, that another war could be just around the corner.

Israel’s presence is always felt and ever more so. In 2012, it built a two-metre high wall along 1.3km in the south, to separate the Lebanese village of Kafr Kila from an Israeli settlement across the border and set up an intrusive video surveillance system that peers into Lebanese villages.

Shepherds are regularly detained when their sheep accidentally cross the often unmarked “blue line” which serves as the Israeli withdrawal line in the absence of an agreed border between Israel and Lebanon.

In 2010, the two countries almost went to war over the cutting of a tree branch (after a fatal border clash, UNIFIL was able to help return calm). There was another cross-border shooting last July. While they have agreed to a cessation of hostilities, there is still no permanent ceasefire - or in the words of one peacekeeper: “The absence of war does not mean peace.”

While the Lebanese Armed Forces are building up their strength and credibility in the area - under the tutelage of UNIFIL - they have yet to win the hearts and minds of the people here.

“Our main protection is Hezbollah,” said Dia, the civil society activist.

An opportunity for change

It is in this context that UNIFIL and the RCO are urging UN development agencies to re-examine their engagement with the south and help build an increased government presence there.

“Yes, there are other emergencies,” Jovic said, “but we cannot forget about the south.”

The more stable and economically developed the south is, the UN argues, the less likely it is to be drawn into another conflict.

“There will never be progress in the security of the region without development,” said Luca Renda, head of UNDP in Lebanon. “You cannot have peace and stability, if you don’t have jobs, economic opportunities, education, basic services.”

Late last month, all heads of UN agencies gathered at UNIFIL’s headquarters in Naqoura for the first time for a meeting aimed at impressing upon them the needs in the region, in a sign of increased cooperation between UNIFIL and UN agencies. They agreed to try to re-focus attention on three priority areas in the south: environmental sustainability, youth unemployment and strengthening local authorities.

[ For some ideas, see IRIN’s piece: Ten ways to develop southern Lebanon [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97488/Ten-ways-to-develop-southern-Lebanon ] ]

But so far, buy-in from donors, the government and UN agencies with humanitarian mandates is limited.

“The south, at this stage, for donors is not a priority as the urgency and impact of the Syria crisis on [poor areas of the north and the Beka’a Valley] need to be given significant attention in order to avoid any possible drawbacks of violence in the country,” said Soha Bsat Boustani, spokesperson of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Lebanon.

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97484/Why-southern-Lebanon-still-matters</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151209110166t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WAZZANI 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Southern Lebanon has been the scene of occupation and conflict for decades. Now, it is experiencing what might be the calmest period in its history. This provides a chance to finally sustainably develop the area and stabilize the border with Israel. But are donors, UN agencies and the government interested?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Ten ways to develop southern Lebanon</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151421510879t.jpg" />]]>TYRE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - For many residents of southern Lebanon, economic development in their region is a fool’s dream. The central government in Beirut, paralysed by political crisis, has done little to develop the peripheries of Lebanon, especially in the south, which is dominated by militant and political group Hezbollah.</description><body><![CDATA[TYRE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - For many residents of southern Lebanon, economic development in their region is a fool’s dream.

The central government in Beirut, paralysed by political crisis, has done little to develop the peripheries of Lebanon, especially in the south, which is dominated by militant and political group Hezbollah.

With Israel on its border and the possibility of renewed war ever-present, foreign investment is also limited here.

Donors, having poured money into the reconstruction of southern Lebanon after the 2006 war between Hezbollah and Israel, have since moved on.

“We don’t have aspirations to improve our lives,” says Abdullah Daakour, a Sunni leader from Sheba’a Farms, a poor strip of land at the nexus between Lebanon, Syria and Israel, most of which remains occupied by Israel. “We are just in survival mode day to day.”

See IRIN’s piece: Analysis: Why southern Lebanon still matters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97484/Analysis-Why-Southern-Lebanon-still-matters ]

But for the first time in decades, the UN says, there may be an opportunity to change that. The six years since the war may well represent the most stable period in south Lebanon’s history.

So given the constraints, what are some options for the sustainable development of southern Lebanon?

Integration:

A major solution for the stagnation of the south, the UN argues, is an expansion of government services in the area. “There is a complete absence of the central government here,” says Hassan Dbouk, mayor of Tyre, the hub of commercial activity in the south. Political parties like Hezbollah and Amal run hospitals, schools, even universities. “There is such a large Hezbollah presence that the government is very reluctant to take too strong a role,” says one high level UN official. “That is the key - to treat the south of Lebanon as any other part of Lebanon.” But, warns Sahar Atrache, analyst with the International Crisis Group, the approach must be thoughtful. “You cannot say to the community: ‘We think that what Hezbollah is doing is very dangerous and we want to replace what they are doing… People will get suspicious.” Instead, she said, efforts to increase government presence should be presented as complementary to what already exists.

Agricultural policies:

It is a sad irony that Lebanon imports food, given its south is flush with green mountains and agricultural land with olives, tobacco, citrus fruit and bananas. The agriculture industry has much potential, but is not sufficiently supported. In a small village called al-Fardis, for example, farmers want things as simple as gravel roads to make access to their fields easier. Observers say the Ministry of Agriculture could be using vacant government land to grow forage, which is currently lacking. Farmers also want central policies, like setting up national marketing boards, to help them access international markets (One farmer at a local weekly market told IRIN there was no one left to sell to - many of the south’s residents have abandoned it for jobs in the capital or abroad). The mayor of Fardis calls for a policy banning the entry of Syrian olive oil, which, at a lower cost, is dangerous competition for Lebanese farmers. The agro-food industry is beginning to take hold on some land, but locals complain it is run by and employs foreigners, leaves them with no benefit and, they say, has diminished their grazing land. A UN Development Programme (UNDP) study in 2010 found other areas of useful intervention: encouraging the diversification of crops, including crops requiring less irrigation, and capacity-building for farmers.

No more charity:

“The south doesn’t need donations,” said one UN peacekeeper in the south who requested anonymity. “It needs sustained economic development.” People have already become dependent on the UN peacekeeping force (UNIFIL) - mandated to monitor the cessation of hostilities between Lebanon and Israel. Its non-military component implements “quick-impact projects” like gravelling roads and providing veterinary services and its troops contribute most of the purchasing power for the economy. “It’s become almost parasitical,” the peacekeeper said. “Development should not be donor-driven… This area needs integration; strategic development; agricultural investment.”

Decentralization:

Mayors and local officials complain that they have no authority to make spending decisions, nor the money to spend in the first place. Some municipalities do not even have computers. “Give us the authority and the capacity,” says Dbouk. “And then increase the monitoring and accountability from the central government. But give us the freedom to work.” As it stands, municipalities are mandated to fulfil quite a few functions, but are given few financial resources or capable staff. UNDP is working with the Ministry of Interior to draft a new decentralization law to change this. “The strengthening of the role of the local government is absolutely key,” says Luca Renda, head of UNDP in Lebanon. So far, decentralization has been more of an idea than practice. “It has been left to local initiative and is not a coherent policy from central government,” Renda said.

Expat investment:

Drive through Lebanon’s south and you will find village after village with palatial-looking villas built after the war, many of them empty. “This is the contradiction that you see in the south,” says Samir Daher, economic adviser to the prime minister. “You see no economic development, but in fact you see considerable booming and blooming of real estate.” Part of the Lebanese diaspora, living in Africa, North America and elsewhere, is extremely wealthy, and those who have the means should “think internally” about this “schizophrenia”, Daher says. “How come people build million dollar houses there but they are not willing to invest in businesses?”

Attracting tourism:

Southern Lebanon’s landscape is visually stunning and is home to many ruins, including a coastline castle from the Crusaders’ time. Some see that while businessmen may be wary of making long-term investments, shorter-term tourism could be encouraged in the relative periods of calm. Abdel Majid Saleh, a member of parliament from Tyre, says the south has to work on its branding. “Tourists think the south is all rockets and explosions and violence. We’re the calmest part of the Middle East,” he says over breakfast on his balcony, which overlooks a magnificent Hippodrome from Roman times. The south is still considered a military zone and foreigners require permission from army intelligence to travel there. But, Dbouk says, the groundwork must be laid now, even if tourists are not yet comfortable coming to southern Lebanon.

Create an investment-friendly environment

Hezbollah’s dominance of the area is another deterrent to investment, according to Hasan Charif, who used to head the Sustainable Development and Productivity Division of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), based in Beirut. He says Hezbollah or Amal - the other dominant political party in the south - take a cut of 30-50 percent of any investment “depending on your ties to them… If you don’t pay protection `dues’, someone will come blow you up.” Any investment in the region must be approved by the political parties there, and shops that sell alcohol are also routinely attacked.

Job creation:

What the south needs most is jobs. The UN has played a role in this in the past by providing micro-credit, assets, and training to small and medium-sized businesses and industrialists, who then went on to create jobs for others. One of the main problems, according to Ziad El-Sayegh, chief of staff for the minister of labour, is the absence of a labour or employment policy in Lebanon. The International Labour Organization is now working with the Ministry of Labour to develop one. The Ministry’s National Employment Office has also just launched a first-time job-seekers programme for youth in collaboration with the World Bank. It has a National Employment Office in Saida, the capital of the South Governorate, which should be strengthened, El-Sayegh said. Every year, there are 25,000 new university graduates entering the labour market nationally, and Lebanon can only offer 6,000 jobs, Daher, the economic adviser, said.

Natural gas:

An estimated 25 trillion cubic feet of natural gas lie beneath Lebanese waters, off the southern coast. Lebanon’s Daily Star newspaper valued the reserves at US$300-700 billion. But the process for exploration has been slowed by divisions in parliament. The government is meant to start issuing bids for gas and oil exploration this year, and despite the risks, 40 international companies are reportedly interested. If and when exploration and production gear up, companies will have to set up offices in Tyre, which could be a big job creator, says Walid Khadduri, former director of information and international relations at the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC). “This is the one promise for the south.”

Make a clear plan:

“We are suffering from a lack of a long-term strategic plan for the region,” says Dbouk, the mayor of Tyre. IRIN spoke to three government officials in Beirut at the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Prime Minister’s Office; none had specific development plans for the south. “There is no plan at the government level on this,” says Adnan Nassreddine of the Ministry of Social Affairs. “There is no coordination between all the ministries working on development.” Nor do municipalities always have a clear idea of what they need, with some decisions made by mayors on a whim without statistics or popular input.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97488/Ten-ways-to-develop-southern-Lebanon</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151421510879t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TYRE 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - For many residents of southern Lebanon, economic development in their region is a fool’s dream. The central government in Beirut, paralysed by political crisis, has done little to develop the peripheries of Lebanon, especially in the south, which is dominated by militant and political group Hezbollah.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Lack of funds hits refugee health care in Lebanon</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301071238270975t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - A new report by Médecins Sans Frontières paints an alarming picture of the living and health conditions of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. The Lebanese government and UN Refugee Agency say they are trying to scale up their assistance to hundreds of thousands of refugees but are hampered by a lack of funds.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - The Lebanese government and UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) say they are trying to scale up their assistance to hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees but are hampered by a lack of funds. 

On 7 February Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) released a report [ http://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/misery-beyond-war-zone-life-syrian-refugees-and-displaced-populations-lebanon ], entitled Misery Beyond the War Zone, which painted an alarming picture of the living and health conditions of refugees in Lebanon and called on both the UN and the government to increase registration and aid.

In December, MSF surveyed 2,100 refugees in three areas of Lebanon and found more than half of those interviewed, whether they were officially registered or not, were housed in substandard structures and could not afford medical care, with nearly one-third of them having suspended treatment already under way because it was too expensive. 

“Something has to be done. We can't accept that someone who is fleeing a war has to negotiate with NGOs to get medical assistance,” Fabio Forgione, head of mission for MSF Lebanon, told IRIN.

Aid agencies in Lebanon are facing growing difficulty keeping up with worsening conditions, as the number of refugees increases and the financial situation of those already present degrades.

There are 163,036 Syrian refugees registered with UNHCR in Lebanon, another 74,587 awaiting registration, and a further 50,000 unregistered refugees, according to MSF estimates, though others have given much higher figures. 

In November, IRIN visited dusty Muqayble village in the remote Wadi Khaled area of northeastern Lebanon. One of the most widespread needs refugees expressed was medicine. UNHCR covers 85 percent of medical expenses, in line with the Lebanese government’s coverage for its own citizens. But so high is the need, that for some, even this is not enough. 

“Where do we get the remaining 15 percent, if we are unemployed?” asked Mohammad*, a refugee from Homs. He lived in a school sheltering 100 refugees. Only two of them had work. 

In one of the unfinished homes nearby, Latifah*, in her sixties, lay on a mattress in the corridor. She suffered from high blood pressure and rheumatism, but said she has received nothing but an anti-inflammatory drug in the six months she had been there. Instead, refugees and host communities had been collecting money among themselves to pay for medical expenses. 

Problem with the registration system?

According to the MSF report, the most vulnerable refugees are the ones who are not registered with UNHCR. While some NGOs do specifically target unregistered refugees with assistance, 63 percent of the unregistered refugees interviewed by MSF said they had not received any assistance. 

“There is a lack in the organization and the delay to be registered is too long,” Forgione said. “In the meantime, the unregistered refugees don't get sufficient assistance.” 

MSF, which will increase its own activities in Lebanon, called on the Lebanese government and UNHCR to scale up their registration system, set up transit sites for new refugees, and help unregistered refugees.

Ninette Kalley, UNHCR representative in Lebanon, acknowledged the delays but said the organization is constantly scaling up. It has increased staffing levels from around 60 at the start of the crisis to more than 250 today. 

“We have double shifts in some of our centres. New registration centres will be opened in Beka’a and Tyre this month. We are also working to increase registration capacity in Beirut, where waiting periods are longest,” she told IRIN.

In January, UNHCR registered 38,000 refugees, compared with 24,000 in December.

“We have agreements with several NGOs to help any refugee, even the unregistered ones and we're expanding these partnerships,” she added. 

UNHCR said it is working with the Lebanese government to identify transit sites, focused around Beka’a and the north of Lebanon. This would allow for identification of vulnerable persons in the unregistered population, and rapid assistance in a situation of increased influx.

Urgent need for new funds

Nevertheless, UNHCR and its partners in Lebanon have received less than 15 percent of the funding needed for aid work until June, as part of the Regional Response Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/syria-regional-response-plan-january-june-2013 ] for Syrian refugees. 

“This necessitates the prioritization of activities,” Kalley said. “The first priority is saving lives. From this point, there are competing priorities for shelter, food, health care, cash assistance.” 

On 30 January, donors pledged [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97395/Breakdown-of-Syria-aid-pledges-in-Kuwait ] more than $1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for Syrian refugees and those in need inside Syria, but aid agencies are worried nonetheless. 

“We don't know when the money promised will be sent. The situation cannot wait,” Forgione, of MSF, said. 

To face this emergency situation, the Lebanese government announced in December a plan - now updated to seek $370 million - to be able to help refugees.

“Lebanon is now sounding the alarm,” Lebanese President Michel Sleiman told donors in Kuwait.

Last week, Hala El Helou, emergency coordinator at the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs, told IRIN the government had only received a few in-kind donations from Saudi Arabia, Iran and China, some financial contributions from the UN to do capacity-building, as well as $700,000 from Norway, and around a $1 million grant to be channelled through the World Bank.

“We’ve had some pledges and we’ve had some promises. Very few have so far provided us with actual funds,” she said.

The government had received no contributions for the health sector of its plan, “which is one of our most crucial at this point...

“We have a huge lack of medication at the centres of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Public Health. The medication we have is barely enough for the Lebanese,” she said.

According to UNHCR, the number of refugees fleeing Syria to neighbouring countries could top one million by June 2013. 

*not a real name 

ag/ar/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97438/Lack-of-funds-hits-refugee-health-care-in-Lebanon</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301071238270975t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 08 February 2013 (IRIN) - A new report by Médecins Sans Frontières paints an alarming picture of the living and health conditions of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. The Lebanese government and UN Refugee Agency say they are trying to scale up their assistance to hundreds of thousands of refugees but are hampered by a lack of funds.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Breakdown of Syria aid pledges in Kuwait</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg" />]]>KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:</description><body><![CDATA[KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:

The Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan [ http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-syria-1-january-30-june-2013 ] requires $519 million for distributions of food, medicine and hygiene kits, rehabilitation of shelters, and other activities for displaced and needy people inside Syria.

The Regional Response Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/syria-regional-response-plan-january-june-2013 ] requires a further $1 billion to help the 700,000-plus refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt.

So where did the pledged money come from and where will it go? Here is a breakdown:

Kuwait: The host of the conference, the Kuwaiti emir, pledged $300 million, to be channelled through UN agencies, according to the Kuwaiti information minister. A coalition of Kuwaiti NGOs pledged a further $183 million, but as both donors and implementers, these NGOs (including the International Islamic Charity Organization) are unlikely to channel the funds to the UN response plans.

Saudi Arabia: Since the beginning of the Syrian crisis, the Saudi government and people have raised more than $345 million in aid money, Saudi Minister of Finance Ibrahim Abdulazziz Al-Assaf told the pledging conference. Of that, $123 million had already been disbursed “through various channels” in coordination with a number of UN agencies and organizations. That leaves $222 million, to which the Kingdom added $78 million during the conference, for a total of $300 million to be allocated in humanitarian aid. “This sum will be delivered in assistance to countries helping Syrians and to various UN agencies,” the minister said. Members of the Saudi delegation later told IRIN that “all options are on the table,” in terms of how to channel the money - including through the Saudi Relief Committees and Campaigns, a local group which implements projects on the ground, or even through the opposition umbrella group, the Syrian National Coalition which has a humanitarian aid arm. Saudi Arabia has already given the Coalition $100 million in aid.

United Arab Emirates also pledged $300 million, but it was unclear how the money would be channelled.

USA announced $155 million in additional funding (including the $10 million recently announced during the visit of a US delegation to the region), bringing its total contribution in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis to $365 million. The new money will go towards “UN and partners and other NGOs with which we are working” to provide flour to bakeries, fund emergency healthcare supplies in field hospitals, provide winter supplies to those in communal shelters, help Palestinian refugees in Syria, and help refugees and their host communities in neighbouring countries. “We’ve very committed to ensuring that we are pursuing all channels to ensure the assistance reaches directly to the people of Syria,” said Nancy Lindborg, assistant administrator of the US Agency for International Development. “The UN continues to be a critical part of the solution.”

European Commission: Apart from pledges by member countries, the European Commission pledged $136 million in new funding, bringing its total contribution so far to $270 million. According to its Commissioner for international cooperation, humanitarian aid and crisis response, Kristalina Georgieva, most of the new funding will go towards the two UN appeals, but a small amount may also go to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), she said.

UK pledged 50 million pounds ($79.18 million) in new funding towards the UN appeals, bringing its total contribution so far to 139.5 million pounds. Justine Greening, secretary of state for international development, did however say: “We must ensure that coordinated aid reaches people across Syria, including agreed cross-line and cross-border work,” suggesting that the UK would also be open to funding projects outside the UN’s response plans, which do not include aid delivery from the northern Turkish border.

Japan announced a new pledge of $65 million to support Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), to be spent in coordination with UN agencies and NGOs. Toshiro Suzuki, ambassador in charge of Syrian Affairs at the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, emphasized in particular the importance of supporting host communities in Lebanon, Jordan and other neighbouring countries “to avoid any further destabilization in the region”.

Norway pledged an additional $38 million to be channelled through the UN’s Regional Response Plan.

Italy pledged 22 million euro ($30.06 million) for 2013, in addition to 7.5 million euro disbursed in 2012.

Canada pledged $25 million for “food, protection and support to those affected by the conflict”. In 2012, it pledged $23.5 million for food, water and other basic needs both inside and outside Syria.

Sweden pledged $23 million to support the core budgets of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the World Food Programme (WFP), the Relief Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) and the Central Emergency Response Fund. In 2012, it gave $37 million. It is also the largest recipient of Syrian refugees in Europe.

Bahrain: The Crown Prince announced $20 million in pledges, in addition to $5 million given earlier to build four schools and 500 houses for refugees.

Germany announced $13.5 million in new funding for UNHCR activities in Lebanon and Jordan, UNRWA activities helping Palestinian refugees who fled Syria for Lebanon; and projects both in and outside Syria in cooperation with German humanitarian organizations. Last year, it gave $72 million in humanitarian assistance, including $16 million to the Emergency Response Fund for Syria (the latter sum is currently still available); as well as $67 million in “structural and bilateral assistance”.

Switzerland: Switzerland’s pledge of 10 million Swiss francs ($11 million), in addition to 20 million francs spent earlier in the crisis, will go towards the UN response plans, the ICRC and “bilateral efforts”.

France: Despite its very public stance in support of the Syrian opposition, France was not at the top of the list of humanitarian pledges, announcing a total of 7.5 million euros (slightly over $10 million), to be allocated as follows: 3.5 million euros to UNHCR and WFP projects in the response plan; 1.5 million to ICRC and 2.5 million to Syrian organizations in coordination with opposition umbrella group the Syrian National Coalition. Eric Chevallier, French ambassador to Syria, said his country hopes to announce additional funding for UNRWA in the future. In 2012, France provided 13 million euros to the UN, NGOs, host countries and to Syrian organizations like the Union of Syrian Medical Relief Organizations (UOSSM). It has also assisted “solidarity networks”, like the Local Coordination Committees, the network of peaceful activists who started the protests in Syria in 2011, as well as the Assistance Coordination Unit of the Syrian National Coalition.

Iraq: Already hosting 80,000 Syrian refugees, Iraq pledged $10 million, likely to be channelled through UNHCR, its delegation said, to help refugees in Lebanon and Jordan. Two months ago, it gave another $10 million for IDPs inside Syria and refugees in Lebanon and Jordan, coordinated by the Iraqi Red Crescent.

Denmark pledged $10 million in humanitarian support, in addition to $27 million in 2012, $10 million of which was given in December to the UN.

Australia pledged an additional $10 million for UNHCR’s support to refugees in neighbouring countries, WFP’s activities inside Syria and “other international organizations providing emergency health and medical assistance in Syria”. That brings its total contribution to $41.5 million since June 2011.

Belgium pledged 6.5 million euros principally for the Emergency Response Fund (ERF), but also for WFP’s work inside Syria, and UNHCR’s work in Jordan. Peter Moors, head of the directorate for development, cooperation and humanitarian aid at Belgium’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, called on aid to be delivered to Syrians whatever their location, “regardless of the authorization by the Syrian regime”. Belgium’s contribution in 2012 was around $3.3 million.

Ireland announced $6.2 million for UNHCR, WFP, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UNRWA and ICRC, bringing its total contribution to $9.46 million.

Finland pledged 3.5 million euros ($4.7 million), as follows: one million euros for the Regional Response Plan, one million euros for WFP’s work both inside Syria and in neighbouring countries, 1.5 million euros for ICRC, and 250,000 euros to Finnish Church Aid, which is working in Jordan’s Za’atari camp for Syrian refugees.

Morocco announced $4 million, without specifying its destination. It is also establishing a field hospital in Za’atari camp in Jordan and hosting thousands of refugees itself.

Spain: Similarly, Spain announced $4 million to go towards the protection, food security and health sectors of both UN response plans.

Luxembourg pledged three million euros ($4 million), adding to more than two million euros spent in 2012 through UNHCR, ICRC, NGOs and direct in-kind donations of medical equipment to Jordan. Its minister of foreign affairs said it was also ready to deploy several emergency telecommunications systems if needed.

The Republic of Korea pledged an additional $3 million, in addition to $2 million given so far.

Russia did not announce a pledge at the conference, but told IRIN it plans to give WFP $3 million, adding to its contributions in 2012: more than $1 million to ICRC, $4.5 million to WFP, 1.5 million to the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), and 200 tons of tents, medicine and other items bilaterally to Syria.

China said it had “recently” made a decision to give $1 million to UNHCR and $200,000 to the International Organization for Migration, though it was unclear whether the money was already given before the conference. In the past, it has given $2 million to ICRC and $5 million in emergency supplies to refugees in Lebanon and Jordan.

Mauritania: Currently dealing with an influx of refugees from Mali, Mauritania pledged $1 million “to mitigate the suffering that hundreds of thousands of refugees are facing, especially under these extreme weather conditions”.

Poland pledged $500,000 in new funding for the first half of 2013, in addition to $1.4 million in humanitarian aid in 2012, channelled through OCHA, UNHCR and Polish NGOs working in Lebanon and Jordan.

Croatia pledged 330,000 euros ($447,000) for 2013, saying it “would like to do more” but was facing financial constraints. Previously, it had given 50,000 euros to UNHCR, $50,000 to the Turkish government, 130,000 euros to help feed IDPs in the rebel-controlled camp in Atma, northern Syria, and 175,000 euros for the construction of a hospital and kindergarten in an undisclosed Syrian city.

Estonia will give 300,000 euros ($410,160) towards the Regional Response Plan, 100,000 of which has already been transferred to UNHCR. Last year, it gave 200,000 euros to UNHCR, OCHA and ICRC.

Hungary will provide $160,000 to UNRWA, UNICEF, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and ICRC. A Hungarian company will give an additional $100,000 as part of its corporate social responsibility programme. In 2012, Syria was the biggest recipient of Hungarian humanitarian aid, mostly channelled through UN agencies, but also through Hungarian organizations working in the field. It also assisted the Turkish government directly at the end of last year.

Brazil will give $250,000 to UNHCR, in addition to $360,000 given to UNHCR in 2012.

Bulgaria pledged 150,000 euros ($205,000) towards the Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan for aid inside Syria, especially that of WFP. Last year, it gave 100,000 euros towards the Regional Response Plan.

Romania pledged $100,000.

Slovakia will give 50,000 euros ($68,341) to UNICEF “to alleviate the plight of Syrian children,” in addition to $200,000 given last year in financial and in-kind assistance.

Greece will give 50,000 euros ($68,341) for the Regional Response Plan, in addition to 150,000 euros given in the past.

Botswana: The only sub-Saharan African country to pledge at the conference, Botswana offered $50,000.

Malta pledged 30,000 euros ($41,007)

Lithuania pledged $27,000.

Cyprus offered $20,000 in pharmaceuticals.

Qatar did not pledge new funds but said its governmental humanitarian donations for the Syrian crisis have exceeded $326 million, channelled through charitable organizations and Red Crescent societies, in addition to several contributions from the Qatar Red Crescent to refugees in neighbouring countries and to IDPs inside Syria, the minister of state for foreign affairs said, bringing Qatar’s total contribution to nearly $421 million.

The Netherlands did not announce new funding, but gave UNHCR five million euros at the beginning of January, in addition to 23.5 million euros in 2012, including 10 million euros in December for UNHCR’s winterization programme.

Austria did not announce new money, but gave the UN 800,000 euros at the end of last year, in addition to 2.9 million euros earlier in the year.

Iran’s speech listed the help it has provided, despite sanctions, including sending more than $200 million of food, medicine, clothes and flour to Syria; and supplying 100 tons of gas-oil; 20,000 tons of liquefied petroleum gas; helping reconstruct power plants; equipping Syrian hospitals and ambulances in cooperation with the government; sending through its Red Crescent Society 30,000 relief packages to refugees in Lebanon and 20,000 packages for Palestinians inside Syria; supplying $1 billion as a financial credit line to support “basic necessities and technical and engineer services”. It said it will contribute to the “special fund” set up by UN secretary-general, but did not specify how much.

Turkey did not donate to the response plans, but said it has spent more than $500 million hosting and taking care of the health, food and education needs of close to 170,000 refugees in 16 camps along the border. It has also delivered $100 million of aid at the border, where Syrians pick it up and distribute it to those in need across the border. The government launched a campaign, raising $10 million in donations from the Turkish public, which will be channelled towards IDPs, said Erdogan Iscan, director-general for multilateral political affairs. Turkey is also shipping $20 million worth of supplies like diesel fuel to Syria.

Other countries, including Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya and Algeria did not pledge funds but are hosting, and in many regards, financially supporting, thousands of refugees on their soil.

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97395/Breakdown-of-Syria-aid-pledges-in-Kuwait</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUWAIT CITY 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - The international community pledged more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid to Syria on 30 January, in the most successful fundraising conference in UN history - meant to meet the needs of two UN appeals:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Donors pledge $1.5 billion in aid to Syria while demanding more access</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212270916150026t.jpg" />]]>KUWAIT CITY 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - In the largest ever fundraising conference in UN history, the international community pledged today more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the people of Syria. But donors said financial resources were not enough: they called for more humanitarian access and respect for the neutrality and safety of aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[KUWAIT CITY 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - In the largest ever fundraising conference in UN history, the international community pledged today more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the people of Syria. 

“What we saw in today’s conference is the entire world coming together in order to show solidarity with the Syrian people and alleviate its suffering,” Sheikh Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, foreign minister of Kuwait, which hosted the conference, said in a press conference after the event. “This is what we can do right now in addition to the political track.” 

The largest donors were the Gulf states (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates each pledged $300 million), the United States ($155 million) and the European Union ($136 million), though donors from as far as Iran, China and Botswana also made contributions. The final tally is still being calculated. 

Most of the money will go towards the UN’s  Regional Response Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/jordan/syria-regional-response-plan-january-june-2013 ] for more than 700,000 Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries and its Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan [ http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-syria-1-january-30-june-2013 ] for aid within Syria, but some contributions will also go through the International Committee of the Red Cross and NGOs from the donor countries, while others have yet to be allocated. 

The conference represented a big shift in the focus of major international players, who for months, aid workers argued, were more focused on political and security aspects of the conflict, while appeals to address its humanitarian impact went unheeded [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96336/Analysis-Donors-not-walking-the-talk-on-humanitarian-aid-to-Syria ].

“It is important, even as major political issues are debated and we try to devise a strategy on the way forward, that we not forget the humanitarian crisis which has unfolded inside Syria and along its borders - which has gotten much worse,” Robert Ford, the US ambassador to Syria, said. 

At least two million people are displaced within Syria, with more than 700,000 others having registered as refugees in neighbouring countries, where the capacity of their hosts to respond has reached its limit. 

Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, said there was “no light at the end of the tunnel” with the UN expecting the number of refugees to surpass one million by June. 

Within Syria, one quarter of schools and one third of public hospitals are not functioning and 40 percent of ambulances have been damaged. There are shortages of bread and medicine, and hundreds of thousands of already vulnerable Palestinian refugees are now further in need. 

But donors said aid in Syria was not only a question of funding, pointing to limits on humanitarian access and respect of international humanitarian law. 

They repeatedly raised concerns about aid reaching all areas of the country, with some calling for more cross-border aid to enter from Turkey and others insisting that the UN find ways of reaching more people. 

“I give you my pledge,” UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon told them. “The United Nations will make sure that these resources are used in the most effective way possible to deliver life-saving aid to the people in need.” 

Some donors said they were also supporting other channels to deliver assistance. 

“We are prepared to fund any channel that allows help to get to people," Kristalina Georgieva, European Commissioner for international cooperation, humanitarian aid and crisis response, told IRIN. “If there is protection, security for humanitarian organizations to do good work in opposition-controlled areas, we are funding them already.” 

Others, like the US, have called for more coordination with the opposition groups. 

“We believe the Syrian opposition coalition can help facilitate reliable access to areas outside government control so professional humanitarian organizations can reach those in need,” said Anne Richard, assistant secretary of state at the US Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration. 

UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Valerie Amos agreed the UN needs to further strengthen ties with opposition groups who control militias on the ground, as well as with the humanitarian aid arm of the opposition umbrella group, the Syrian National Coalition, known as the Assistance Coordination Unit. 

This month, the Coalition accused the UN of “giving” the Syrian government money through its humanitarian response plan - an allegation categorically denied by the UN, which has emphasized its neutrality. 

“We do not give aid to the Syrian government; we give aid to the Syrian people,” Amos told journalists. 

She said more aid reaches opposition-controlled areas than is popularly realized. For example, half of the aid from the World Food Programme goes to areas controlled or disputed by rebels, but noted that there is nearly no city in Syria that is clearly controlled by one side or the other. 

Still, aid workers face massive challenges, with hundreds of armed groups on the ground which do not necessarily coordinate. 

Amos cited one case late last year in which the UN tried to send a convoy of supplies to the central city of Homs. They had to pass 21 checkpoints on the way from the capital Damascus. They negotiated their way through 20, but were turned back at the last one. 

Diplomatic delegations said humanitarian aid would only ever be a band aid and urged the Security Council to find a political resolution to the conflict. 

Nabil El Araby, secretary-general of the Arab League, called for an international meeting to agree on a ceasefire, with the quick dispatch of a peacekeeping force. 

“I urge, again, members of the Security Council to feel the sense of responsibility to humanity and history,”  Ban said. “We cannot go on this way.” 

But, he said, the ultimate responsibility to end the killing fell on the Syrian government.

ha/oa

*This article was amended on 1 February to reflect the fact that the European Commission is not currently funding any cross-border aid operations in Syria.

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97376/Donors-pledge-1-5-billion-in-aid-to-Syria-while-demanding-more-access</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212270916150026t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUWAIT CITY 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - In the largest ever fundraising conference in UN history, the international community pledged today more than US$1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the people of Syria. But donors said financial resources were not enough: they called for more humanitarian access and respect for the neutrality and safety of aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Syrian refugees head to Lebanon’s Shia south</title><pubDate>Tue, 29 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg" />]]>TYRE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Initially concentrated in Lebanon’s northern and eastern areas along the border with Syria, Syrian refugees (mostly Sunnis) are increasingly settling further south, in Lebanon’s Shia heartland, dominated by the political and militant group Hezbollah, a long-time ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.</description><body><![CDATA[TYRE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Initially concentrated in Lebanon’s northern and eastern areas along the border with Syria, Syrian refugees (mostly Sunnis) are increasingly settling further south, in Lebanon’s Shia heartland, dominated by the political and militant group Hezbollah, a long-time ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.

Manal Tayyar fled to Lebanon after fighting erupted in her neighbourhood of Tadamun, on the outskirts of the Syrian capital Damascus last July. Neighbours tended to an injured person in her apartment; she left it stained with blood.

She followed her husband, who had been working in Lebanon before the Syrian crisis began, to live in the southern coastal city of Tyre in a room with a leaking ceiling, where the water and electricity are cut for days at a time. She sold her gold earrings to pay rent to an unsympathetic landlord, and then welcomed her mother, sisters, nieces, nephews and brother-in-law in the same room when they fled a few months later.

“And our whole family will follow us,” her mother Khidra Hamad told IRIN. “No one will stay in Syria under the bombs.”

Aid workers are yet to fully understand what is driving people south, given the sectarian sensitivities in a polarized Lebanon, but reckon it could be one of a few things:

Like Tayyar’s husband, there were many Syrian migrants working in Lebanon before the war who have since brought their families. Others estimate that the poor towns and villages of the north have reached their absorption capacity, and that refugees may believe they have more chances of finding work in the south.

In addition, Lebanon’s south - for decades the scene of war and occupation - is now one of the safer parts of the country, so far shielded from the problems that have engulfed places like the northern border city of Tripoli or even the capital Beirut, where a spillover of the Syrian conflict has led to fatal clashes and kidnappings between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government.

Worries

Some southerners are concerned, however.

On 23 January, the mayor of Tyre called a meeting with aid workers to discuss the growing needs.

“The [Syrian refugees] are increasing day by day,” Hassan Dbouk told IRIN after the meeting. “We are very worried about the future problems that may result by their presence here - at all levels: economic, social, security.”

In the past two months, he said, Tyre has seen an increase in commercial sex work, petty theft, children begging and even the disappearance of laundry from clotheslines. He said the timing of the increase suggested Syrians were involved, but there was no direct evidence of the link.

“The level of incidents is still low, but we are very worried about the future,” he added. “Human beings are human beings. If they become hungry, robbery will increase, crime will increase, begging will increase, the social problems will increase.”

He also referred to increased job competition in an area with already high levels of unemployment; and the public health implications of overcrowding.

Need for More Aid

Unlike in the northern district of Akkar and the eastern Beka’a Valley, where a large-scale humanitarian operation has been under way since 2011, aid agencies only began ramping up aid in the south late last year.

So far, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has registered 10,612 Syrians living in Lebanon’s two southern governorates, with another 22,300 awaiting registration meetings.

The Social, Humanitarian, Economical Intervention for Local Development (SHEILD), a local NGO which has been tracking new arrivals, says there are at least 20,000 families in southern Lebanon who have not registered. (SHEILD transports refugees who want to register by bus to UNHCR’s nearest office in Sidon, a one-hour drive north of Tyre and even longer for those coming from rural villages.)

Many of the unregistered cross the border illegally - fearing any contact with Lebanese intelligence (with whom foreigners in southern Lebanon are obliged to register) - and live quietly in remote rural villages along the Israeli border where “the situation for them is very miserable,” according to Rima Khayat, SHEILD’s project manager.

Some Syrians in those areas live in abandoned schools, tents or - in the case of one family - in the engine room of an elevator shaft, Khayat said. At least 2,000 of the unregistered refugee families have not received any assistance, she said, though some international NGOs are hoping to reach them soon.

But locals say the aid in the south is limited: “Refugees in the south don’t have anything - there is little NGO presence here,” said Anis Slika, the mayor of the small southern village of Al-Fardis, north of the Syrian-Israeli border.

“Everyone is working in the north and in the Beka’a,” Khayat told IRIN. “We’re working with very limited resources.”

Even in the main city of Tyre, where most agencies have offices, assistance to some refugees has been slow.

Tayyar has been waiting two months for a registration meeting. Insufficient staffing has led to a backlog and UNHCR says the wait for registration at the Sidon office is three months on average. (It prioritizes registration for cases in need of urgent assistance; and several NGOs provide aid to those who are not yet registered).

Aid agencies recognize the increasing needs and are scaling up.

The World Food Programme (WFP) began distributions in December and the UNHCR is set to open a second southern office in Tyre in the coming weeks to speed up registration. (UNHCR’s national staffing levels have increased from around 60 at the start of the crisis to more than 250 today). The Lebanese civil society portal Daleel Madani [ http://daleel-madani.org ] advertises many vacancies for aid workers in the south.

Possible tensions

While the limited aid has so far been justified by the much smaller number of refugees in the south, the stakes here may well be higher.

“In the south, you have a community that is mostly pro-Bashar,” said Sahar Atrache, an analyst with the International Crisis Group, referring to the Syrian president, who has been accused of heinous crimes against a mostly Sunni opposition.

“Probably those [refugees] who go south are not as aligned with the opposition,” she told IRIN. “But some people [in southern Lebanon] are so extreme, saying things like ‘Let Bashar kill them all and finish with it,’ so this could cause problems.”

By all accounts, sect has not been an issue so far.

Tayyar’s family said they had not had any problems in this regard, and the mayor of Tyre is quick to point out that “nobody asks the Syrian refugees if they are Sunni or Shia, with or against the Syrian government… We believe that Syrians are from the same origin - we are [all] Arabs.

“The problem [between sects] in Lebanon is a political fight; not a social fight.”

Shia Lebanese have been welcoming Sunni refugees in the Beka’a Valley, for example, since the beginning of the crisis.

But there are potential trigger points.

Already in the north, where majority Sunni Lebanese are hosting Sunni “brothers”, resentment [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97354/UN-To-avoid-tensions-with-refugees-Lebanese-hosts-need-support ] is beginning to build between the impoverished locals and their guests who are perceived to be receiving all the aid. Aid workers are increasingly stressing the need for donors to fund programmes for both Syrians and their host communities to avoid such tensions.

“The south is the most sensitive area,” Atrache said. “If there is an overload [of refugees] there, the resentment you saw in the north, you’ll see it also in the south. But then you have the political and sectarian problem; the problem will become much more acute.”

Avoiding a crisis on its territory may be one of the reasons Hezbollah has also assisted refugees, Atrache said. The group has made a point of publicly differentiating between its political positions and its humanitarian aid. But, Atrache said, the aid may also be a way for Hezbollah to “control the refugees”, amid rising fears.

“There is fear that the number of Syrians will increase and they will end up staying forever,” said Abdel Majid Saleh, a member of parliament from Tyre with the Amal Movement, a Shia party belonging to the ruling March 8 alliance. “We took in the Palestinians on the basis that it would be 10 or 15 days, one month, two months; 64 years later, the Palestinians are only increasing.

“The fear is that Lebanon’s demographics will be shaken,” Saleh told IRIN, referring specifically to Christians becoming more of a minority, and a possible influx of Sunni extremists or Syrian opposition figures with a security-related agenda in Lebanon. “It is our right to be cautious.”

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97355/Syrian-refugees-head-to-Lebanon-s-Shia-south</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301290618240173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TYRE 29 January 2013 (IRIN) - Initially concentrated in Lebanon’s northern and eastern areas along the border with Syria, Syrian refugees (mostly Sunnis) are increasingly settling further south, in Lebanon’s Shia heartland, dominated by the political and militant group Hezbollah, a long-time ally of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UN: To avoid tensions with refugees, Lebanese hosts need support</title><pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301281530060660t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - On 30 January, world leaders will meet in Kuwait to pledge financial support for aid operations in Syria and for hundreds of thousands of refugees who have fled to neighbouring countries. But aid workers and government officials in Lebanon warn that donors must also channel funds towards assisting poor Lebanese communities, to diffuse rising tensions between the refugees and their hosts.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - Donors channelling funds towards Syrian refugees in Lebanon must also assist their poor Lebanese hosts to diffuse rising tensions, aid workers and a government official said ahead of an international pledging conference for humanitarian aid to Syria and its neighbours.

“We have seen a growing sense of resentment among the Lebanese host communities that see assistance going to refugees and not to them,” Robert Watkins, humanitarian coordinator in Lebanon, told IRIN. “It is causing some tensions.”

Most of the more than 220,000 Syrian refugees who fled to Lebanon have settled in the poorest parts of the country, in districts like Akkar in the north and Ba’albek or Hermel in the eastern Beka’a Valley.

The North Governorate is home to 20 percent of Lebanon’s population but 40 percent of its poor, with more than half the people living under US$4 a day, according to a 2005 study [ http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCCountryStudy13.pdf ].

Despite their poverty, people of the north have been undeniably welcoming to refugees, taking them into their homes for months and covering their food, water and electricity needs, aid workers said.

Nearly two years later, more than 60 percent of the refugees are now renting their own homes. But their presence - in some 550 villages across the country - has depleted government-provided supplies in pharmacies, increased competition for jobs, raised the price of housing, and, in some cases, more than doubled the population of the town or village.

“Changing winds of opinion”

“We are reaching the point of suffocation for Lebanon,” said Hala El Helou, emergency coordinator at the Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs, which is responsible for helping the refugees.

“There have been many reports by the security forces of an increased number of security incidents that include Syrians,” both as aggressors and as victims, she told IRIN, pointing to killings, beatings and thefts. Reports of forced prostitution, early marriage and child begging have also increased, she said. “It’s a reflection of the social and economic situation.”

One of the early incidents was the October launching of a Molotov cocktail into a municipal building hosting refugee families in a village in Akka’rs Wadi Khaled area. No one was injured.

“It was simply a sign of the changing winds of opinion whereby the period of unrestricted hospitality and generosity was beginning to change,” said one aid worker who preferred anonymity.

In a more recent incident [ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2013/Jan-15/202285-blast-at-syrian-refugees-spot-in-north-lebanon.ashx#axzz2JGfkQu2C ] this month, explosives blew off the roof of a house sheltering refugee families near the town of Aidamoun, also in Akkar.

Sahar Atrache, an analyst with the International Crisis Group in Lebanon, said Syrians are now taking an unfair share of the blame for all the ills in society: “Whenever you have a robbery, a rape, it’s because of the Syrians, as if Lebanese don’t do these things.”

“The initial reaction of the Lebanese community was different,” explained Dana Sleiman, spokesperson of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Lebanon. “They were even picking up Syrians from the border. But 20 months have passed since then.”

Implications for aid

This tension has also had implications for aid workers.

One Western researcher said locals near Qobayat Village in Akkar initially “welcomed” aid workers there with stones, a sign of the indignation at the aid delivered only to Syrians in a region historically neglected by the Lebanese government.

Some locals have also tried to exploit the situation to their advantage.

“Some Lebanese landlords attracted Syrians into their houses to have them [the houses] rehabilitated,” said Mads Almass, country director for the Norwegian Refugee Council, which gives landlords funding to make their homes more fit to shelter refugees. “When they got told that their houses didn’t meet our criteria, we received threats to expose us to the media.”

Watkins said the aid community has seen this shift in the feeling of host communities and tried to design programmes accordingly, focusing on improving the overall conditions and services in these areas to benefit both refugees and their hosts. These include programmes that would buy drugs to replenish pharmacies, inject cash into the economy by offering cash-for-work projects for Lebanese people, and provide credit to help small businesses start up.

“But these [kinds of programmes] are, unfortunately, very difficult to find donors attracted to,” Watkins said.

“Conceptually, [donors] understand how important that is,” he continued, “but if they are told they have a limited amount of resources and they will choose between injecting cash into the Lebanese economy to help the Lebanese population or injecting cash into a relief operation which is providing food and shelter to refugees who are bereft of both, they generally opt for the latter.

“But there are tensions, and those tensions will only get worse.”

Donor interest?

An international conference [ http://www.unocha.org/syria-humanitarian-pledging-conference ] to take place on 30 January in Kuwait aims to garner funding for aid projects inside Syria [ http://www.unocha.org/cap/appeals/humanitarian-assistance-response-plan-syria-1-january-30-june-2013 ] and in neighbouring countries hosting nearly 700,000 registered refugees. The appeals amount to more than $1.5 billion, but donors have given less than $50 million since they were launched in December.

UNHCR has implemented so-called quick-impact projects - such as equipping mosque halls, opening a public library, and supporting agricultural co-operatives - after holding sessions with Lebanese communities at which residents expressed their village’s needs as they saw them.

The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has also done similar projects in Wadi Khaled and in the Beka’a Valley’s Arsal town, both home to many refugees. Country Director Luca Renda said he hopes to expand these kinds of programmes across the country and is in contact with many donors on this issue: “We hope the Kuwait meeting will yield results,” he told IRIN.

The Regional Response Plan, spearheaded by UNHCR, includes projects supporting host communities, as does the Lebanese government’s separate appeal for $180 million, which was launched in December and is currently being revised in line with the constantly growing refugee numbers.

Observers say the government’s capacity to deal with the mounting refugee crisis is limited, given the economic problems the country is facing and its polarized politics. Lebanon is the only country in which refugees are not housed in camps, but rather are living in towns and cities with the support of local people.

The Minister of Social Affairs, Wael Aboufaour, recently told [ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2013/Jan-26/203817-abu-faour-refugee-camps-inevitable.ashx#axzz2JFXVg6FL ] the Lebanese newspaper The Daily Star that camps may soon be the only solution.

One quarter of population

El Helou said there were 811,000 Syrians in Lebanon - including refugees, migrants and visitors. Added to a Palestinian refugee population of at least 450,000, the foreign “guests” are equivalent to a quarter of the Lebanese population. The UN expects the number of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, already equivalent to five percent of the population, to increase to at least 300,000 by June.

“Without additional support, Lebanon cannot handle that,” El Helou said. “Lebanon has reached the limit.”

At all levels, observers say, the government has become consumed by the Syrian crisis and its impact on Lebanese soil.

As a result of upheaval in the region, the Lebanese government has downgraded economic growth estimates for 2013 from 4 percent to 1.5 to 2 percent, Sami El-Daher, adviser to the prime minister on economic affairs and development, told IRIN. The crisis has hit Lebanon’s exports through Syria, border trade with Syria and tourism industry.

Aid agencies have already tried to tailor their programmes accordingly. Instead of distributing food, for example, the World Food Programme (WFP) gives refugees vouchers to redeem food at local shops with which it has signed contracts. Instead of creating jobs for Syrians specifically, UNHCR is trying to regularize the status of those refugees who entered illegally to make it easier for them to move around freely and access the common job market. The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is rehabilitating schools in which both Syrian and Lebanese students study in an effort to ensure that its emergency work for Syrian refugees feeds into long-term development of the region.

ag/ha/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97354/UN-To-avoid-tensions-with-refugees-Lebanese-hosts-need-support</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301281530060660t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - On 30 January, world leaders will meet in Kuwait to pledge financial support for aid operations in Syria and for hundreds of thousands of refugees who have fled to neighbouring countries. But aid workers and government officials in Lebanon warn that donors must also channel funds towards assisting poor Lebanese communities, to diffuse rising tensions between the refugees and their hosts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Syria&apos;s rising displacement crisis</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212270916150026t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - &quot;There is no safe place in Syria any more.&quot;

The words of one displaced man may be a bit of an exaggeration, but they are symptomatic of how many Syrians feel after nearly two years of conflict.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - "There is no safe place in Syria any more."

The words of one displaced man may be a bit of an exaggeration, but they are symptomatic of how many Syrians feel after nearly two years of conflict.

More than half a million Syrians have fled their country; registering with the UN Refugee Agency in Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, even Iraq - living in difficult conditions in tented camps or with families that have taken them in. The better-off have left for North Africa, the Gulf and Europe.

Others affected by the violence do not make it out - either unable or reluctant to cross international borders. At least two million are displaced from their homes - living in thousands of schools and unfinished public buildings in Syria, subject to the elements and struggling to find food for their families.

Aid agencies expect the number of people seeking refuge abroad to double in the next six months, surpassing one million, as the conflict continues to ruin people's lives.

View slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Default.aspx?id=78 ]

ha/cb


Read more

FILM: Where the war still echoes - Syrian refugees in Jordan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4906/Syrian-refugees-in-Jordan ]

Syria: Nowhere to run
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97126/SYRIA-Nowhere-to-run ]

Syria: IDPs brace for winter in rebel-controlled camps
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97086/SYRIA-IDPs-brace-for-winter-in-rebel-controlled-camps ]

Analysis: Not-so-open borders for Syrian refugees?
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96629/Analysis-Not-so-open-borders-for-Syrian-refugees ]

Briefing: The mounting refugee crisis
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96136/Briefing-The-mounting-Syrian-refugee-crisis ]

Turkey: Syrian refugees choosing to work risk exploitation
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97125/TURKEY-Syrian-refugees-choosing-to-work-risk-exploitation ]

Jordan: Syrian child refugees who work - culture or coping mechanism?
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97062/JORDAN-Syrian-child-refugees-who-work-culture-or-coping-mechanism ]

Lebanon-Syria: The refugee minefield
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96232/LEBANON-SYRIA-The-refugee-minefield ]

Iraq-Syria: Iraqi Kurdistan welcomes brethren, for now
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96077/IRAQ-SYRIA-Iraqi-Kurdistan-welcomes-Syrian-brethren-for-now ]

In Brief: How (not) to build a refugee camp in the desert
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96619/In-Brief-How-not-to-build-a-refugee-camp-in-the-desert ]

Syria: Turkey opens up to international aid in camps
[ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96794/SYRIA-Turkey-opens-up-to-international-aid-in-camps ]

Lebanon-Syria: No school today - Why Syrian refugee children miss out on education [http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96053/LEBANON-SYRIA-No-school-today-Why-Syrian-refugee-children-miss-out-on-education ]

Syria: Fighting in capital adds to growing displacement challenge [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95914/SYRIA-Fighting-in-capital-adds-to-growing-displacement-challenge ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97154/SLIDESHOW-Syria-apos-s-rising-displacement-crisis</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212270916150026t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - &quot;There is no safe place in Syria any more.&quot;

The words of one displaced man may be a bit of an exaggeration, but they are symptomatic of how many Syrians feel after nearly two years of conflict.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: 2012 - a year of continuing turmoil</title><pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212271204360637t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - While much of the world has been consumed by quickly changing political and security developments in the Middle East this year, longer-term humanitarian issues have also been simmering under the surface – and sometimes in plain – but neglected – view. Here are 10 stories IRIN brought you in 2012. </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The Middle East continued to boil in Year 2 of what was once an Arab “Spring” with the ever-worsening conflict in Syria, toxic spillover into Lebanon, deadly clashes in Egypt, proliferation of weapons in Libya, assassinations and bomb blasts in Yemen, emboldened insurgents in Iraq and continued protests in Jordan. 

While much of the world has been consumed by quickly changing political and security developments in the region, longer-term humanitarian issues have also been simmering under the surface - and sometimes in plain - but neglected - view. 

Here are 10 of the main issues IRIN highlighted this year: 

Syria’s refugee crisis: The number of Syrians registered as refugees in neighbourhing countries skyrocketed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96136/Briefing-The-mounting-Syrian-refugee-crisis ] from 10,000 at the beginning of the year, to half a million today, despite some borders being less than open [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96629/Analysis-Not-so-open-borders-for-Syrian-refugees ]. The UN has launched appeal [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95149/MIDDLE-EAST-UN-asks-for-help-in-responding-to-Syrian-refugee-crisis ] after appeal to help the refugees living in basic conditions in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, even Iraq, and increasingly Egypt, but funding has consistently been insufficient to meet the rising needs - largely due to politics and donor fears [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96336/Analysis-Donors-not-walking-the-talk-on-humanitarian-aid-to-Syria ]. In the meantime, refugees have been vulnerable to harsh winters, labour exploitation [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97125/TURKEY-Syrian-refugees-choosing-to-work-risk-exploitation ]; child work [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97062/JORDAN-Syrian-child-refugees-who-work-culture-or-coping-mechanism ]; early marriage [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95902/JORDAN-Early-marriage-a-coping-mechanism-for-Syrian-refugees ] and political tensions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96232/LEBANON-SYRIA-The-refugee-minefield ].

The humanitarian toll in Syria: Syria has made the headlines daily in the past year, but most news reports have focused on rebel advances or diplomatic efforts to end the nearly two-year conflict. Meanwhile, the quality of daily life inside the country has spiralled downwards - and fast. In early 2012, alarm bells [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94914/Analysis-Worrying-signs-for-food-security-in-Syria ] rang over food security; by year end, even in the capital Damascus people were having a hard time finding bread [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97036/SYRIA-Bread-shortages-rising ]. Farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94888/SYRIA-Insecurity-makes-drought-hit-farmers-even-more-vulnerable ] have been especially hard-hit. At least two million people are now internally displaced [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97126/SYRIA-Nowhere-to-run ], and the problem was exacerbated in July when fighting hit Damascus [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95914/SYRIA-Fighting-in-capital-adds-to-growing-displacement-challenge ]. Winter [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97086/SYRIA-IDPs-brace-for-winter-in-rebel-controlled-camps ] has brought a whole new series of challenges for the displaced. Healthcare is hard to access [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97011/SYRIA-Healthcare-system-crumbling ]. Many people forget that Syria was home to more than 1.5 million refugees - mostly Palestinians [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96202/Analysis-Palestinian-refugees-from-Syria-feel-abandoned ] and Iraqis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95336/Analysis-Syria-s-forgotten-refugees ] - who have become more vulnerable because of the crisis. With millions of people affected, the aid operation has struggled to keep up with the quick increase in needs because of insecurity [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96952/SYRIA-UN-shrinks-staff-and-movement-amid-insecurity ], a lack of funding [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96336/Analysis-Donors-not-walking-the-talk-on-humanitarian-aid-to-Syria ], drawn-out initial negotiations with the government over access [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95606/Analysis-Principles-or-pragmatism-Negotiating-access-in-Syria ], and questions around the capacity and impartiality of the major player in the response, the Syrian Arab Red Crescent [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95204/Analysis-Syrian-Red-Crescent-fighting-perceptions-of-partiality ]. The result is a new kind of humanitarianism [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95209/AID-POLICY-A-new-humanitarianism-at-play-in-Syrian-crisis ] - through local activists and illegal cross-border aid, which has raised some eyebrows in the aid community.

Regional spillover: The Syrian crisis took on regional implications this year, as Lebanese sects with Syrian alliances shot at each other [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95724/Analysis-Bound-by-conflict-the-Syrian-Lebanon-crisis ]; Kurds [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96007/IRAQ-SYRIA-As-Kurds-enter-the-fray-risk-of-conflict-grows ] in Turkey, Iraq and Syria sought a piece of the pie; and Syrian shells hit southern Turkey. The US military even sent troops to Jordan to prepare for a possible widening of the conflict. The Iraqi government says the conflict in Syria has emboldened insurgents at home [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95999/Briefing-Why-is-Iraq-still-so-dangerous ]; increased the flow of weapons across the border; and heightened sectarian tensions. Some analysts have predicted a Sunni-Shia war [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/94633/Analysis-2012-The-Year-of-Crisis-in-the-Middle-East ] that would draw in Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, armed groups in the occupied Palestinian territory and engulf the entire region. 

A forgotten crisis in Yemen: Meanwhile, the poorest country in the Arab world slid further into crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95429/YEMEN-Alarm-bells-over-worsening-humanitarian-crisis ] this year. A crumbling economy [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95499/YEMEN-Struggling-to-get-by ] has driven more and more people to the point of desperation [ http://www.irinnews.org/HOV/96856/YEMEN-Ali-Abdullah-al-Moudai-Community-liaison-officer-Yemen ]. If they were not already, the numbers are now staggering: The UN estimates that more than 13 million people - over half the population of 24 million - need humanitarian assistance. More than 10 million people do not have secure access to food; 13 million do not have access to safe water [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96093/YEMEN-Time-running-out-for-solution-to-water-crisis ] and sanitation; and nearly one million children are acutely malnourished. After Arab Spring protests in 2011, a new government was born in 2012, ending the 22-year-rule of Ali Abdullah Saleh, but many complain of little change in Yemen. The new government has faced innumerable challenges [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94956/YEMEN-Challenges-aplenty-for-new-president ] in its first year, including the demands of minority groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95324/YEMEN-Akhdam-community-angered-by-government-neglect ], lingering corruption [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96524/YEMEN-Sheikhs-and-shekels-the-real-cost-of-patronage ], and political divisions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96716/Analysis-Dialogue-and-divisions-in-Yemen ], as remnants of the old regime try to cling to power [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96052/Analysis-Patronage-stalls-Yemen-s-transition ].

These more recent challenges add to Yemen’s long-standing threats: Houthi rebels in the north, al-Qaeda-linked militants in the south [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95176/YEMEN-Behind-militia-lines-in-Jaar ] and a southern secessionist movement. Despite these deterrents, 2012 saw record numbers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97097/DJIBOUTI-ETHIOPIA-Irregular-migration-continues-unabated ] of refugees and migrants head to Yemen, where - rather than refuge - they often found more trouble [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95051/YEMEN-Tortured-for-ransom ].

Sectarian clashes in the north [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94763/YEMEN-Fighting-in-north-leads-to-fresh-displacements ] and military operations in the south brought the number of internally displaced people [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95092/YEMEN-Cramped-shelter-conditions-for-Abyan-IDPs ] to nearly half a million. The government declared in June that it had rooted out militants [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95876/YEMEN-Abyan-Governorate-emerges-from-war ] who had taken control of parts of the south, but people have struggled to return to their homes due to landmines [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95752/YEMEN-Landmines-stall-IDP-returns-in-south ], limited basic services, including health care [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96165/YEMEN-Women-die-as-violence-impedes-antenatal-care-in-Abyan ], and continued insecurity. Access for aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96774/YEMEN-New-challenges-for-aid-worker-security ] to former conflict areas has increased, but funding is not yet fully secured [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96407/Analysis-Where-will-Yemen-s-aid-money-go ]. Yemen is in desperate need of immediate assistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/2013_Yemen_Humanitarian_Response_Plan.pdf ] to avoid becoming the next Somalia.

Continued violence in Iraq: Iraq slipped out of the headlines as the US pulled out its troops at the end of 2011, ending a nearly nine-year occupation. But 2012 was no less violent [ http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/ ] for civilians. A surge of violence in January, in the weeks after the withdrawal, had many Iraqis reconsidering their options [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94677/IRAQ-People-consider-fleeing-as-violence-increases ]. Insurgent dynamics have changed post-withdrawal; Shia groups have become less active, while Sunni groups appear to have resurged, with several high-profile coordinated bombings across the country throughout the year. But the main driver of violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95999/Briefing-Why-is-Iraq-still-so-dangerous ] continues to be dysfunctional and polarized politics. The situation is likely to get worse in the lead-up to elections in 2013 and 2014, and as the situation in neighbouring Syria deteriorates further. Hundreds of thousands of people remain displaced [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96240/IRAQ-Still-no-clear-policy-to-tackle-displacement ] by the war, and tens of thousands of Iraqi refugees returning from Syria could further destabilize [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95964/IRAQ-Returnees-from-Syria-a-humanitarian-crisis-in-the-making ] the country. 

The stalling of Libya’s transition: Libya held its first democratic elections [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95884/LIBYA-What-the-analysts-are-saying-post-elections ] since the ousting of former leader Muammar Gaddafi, but a power struggle [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94981/LIBYA-What-the-analysts-are-saying ] between Libya’s budding new government and a web of revolution-era militias continued to plague Libya’s transition to stability after the toppling of Gaddafi in late 2011. Tens of thousands of Libyans remained displaced [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95389/LIBYA-Thousands-still-afraid-to-return-home ] months after the fighting ended, afraid to return home because of lingering ethnic tensions. Clashes in southern tribal areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95446/LIBYA-Uneasy-calm-in-Sebha-after-clashes ] rocked the country in the early months of the year; and many minorities were unsure if the revolution would finally bring them more rights [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95524/Analysis-Libyan-minority-rights-at-a-crossroads ]. Libya’s policy towards migrants [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95403/LIBYA-Detained-migrants-face-harsh-conditions-legal-limbo ], who were violently targeted in the months following the revolution, remained harsh. Many of them, along with Libyan refugees and failed asylum seekers, are still stranded on the Egyptian border [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95839/EGYPT-LIBYA-Misery-for-stranded-refugees ].

The price of Egypt’s revolution: It has been another gripping year in Egyptian politics, as debate and controversy surrounded the withdrawal from power of the ruling military council; the election of a new president [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95729/Briefing-The-Egyptian-revolution-undone ], the disbanding of parliament, and the drafting of a new constitution [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96045/Briefing-What-is-at-stake-in-Egypt-s-upcoming-constitution ]. Increased polarization within Egyptian society led once more to a series of fatal clashes on the streets throughout the year. The political turmoil has prevented the much-hoped-for economic revival, with foreign currency reserves dropping by more than half, unemployment rising, poverty increasing, and the budget deficit at US$27.5 billion and growing. The poor have been the hardest hit [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97118/EGYPT-Poor-hit-hardest-as-political-tensions-persist ]. In the short term, the revolution has yet to bring tangible gains [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94836/Briefing-The-Egyptian-revolution-one-year-on ]; on the contrary, it has led to fears of rising malnutrition [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95040/EGYPT-Fears-of-rising-malnutrition-amid-increasing-poverty ]; fuel shortages [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95222/EGYPT-Fuel-shortage-threatens-bread-supplies ]; child abductions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95271/EGYPT-Rising-tide-of-child-abductions ]; and a rise in religious extremism [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97033/EGYPT-Fresh-worries-for-religious-minorities ]. The new constitution was passed in a referendum at the end of the year, but opposition remains high. Next year is likely to be as unpredictable as the past two. 

Never-ending challenges for Palestinians: Changes in Egyptian politics raised hopes [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96155/Analysis-A-tunnel-free-future-for-Gaza ] in the Gaza Strip that a five-year blockade by Egypt and Israel would be eased. (New Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood movement is close to the Islamist rulers of Gaza, Hamas). But significant changes have yet to take effect, with Gazans continuing to depend on underground tunnels [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96734/OPT-Tunnel-closures-exacerbate-Gaza-housing-crisis ] to smuggle in supplies. This has left Palestinians continuing to face food insecurity [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94740/OPT-Boosting-protection-and-tackling-food-insecurity ], an aid-dependent economy  [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94606/Analysis-Visions-for-a-healthier-West-Bank-economy ], and Israeli settlement expansions in the West Bank [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95445/Analysis-Israeli-government-challenges-the-law-to-embrace-illegal-settler-outposts ]. This year, Gaza had the added misery of a severe fuel shortage and related energy crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94909/OPT-Gaza-s-energy-crisis-close-to-tipping-point ], with the UN predicting in August that Gaza could be uninhabitable by 2016 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96209/OPT-Gaza-s-water-could-be-undrinkable-by-2016 ]. It was in this context that in November, Israel launched (with the stated aim of halting rocket-fire from Gaza into Israel) large-scale air attacks [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96814/OPT-In-the-line-of-fire ] which killed dozens of civilians, displaced thousands [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97005/In-Brief-Gaza-operation-over-but-emergency-remains ] of others, and left communities on both sides of the border reeling [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96807/ISRAEL-OPT-Border-communities-prepare-for-the-worst ]. The legacy of the eight-day military operation is still not clear [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97014/OPT-Call-for-freer-access-to-Gaza-land-and-sea ]; at the end of December, Israeli officials said they would start allowing construction materials to enter Gaza daily via the Kerem Shalom crossing. Despite the high needs, aid agencies have traditionally struggled to provide aid amid tight Israeli restrictions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94750/AID-POLICY-Islamic-agencies-battle-the-odds-in-Gaza ]; but this year, aid agencies in oPt began resisting the status quo [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95954/OPT-EU-pressure-for-aid-change-in-Area-C ].

Migrants in Israel: Throughout 2012, Israel hardened its stance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96800/In-Depth-Migration-policy-bites-hard ] towards migrants. In January, it introduced a new law [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94620/ISRAEL-New-law-designed-to-stop-infiltrators ] designed to stop what it calls “infiltrators” and by spring, public opinion had significantly shifted against migrants, leading to attacks involving Molotov cocktails [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95472/ISRAEL-Growing-tensions-between-locals-and-migrants ], mob beatings [ http://www.irinnews.org/HOV/95555/ISRAEL-Abraham-Alu-We-have-to-move-but-there-s-nowhere-to-go ] and police crackdowns [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95685/SOUTH-SUDAN-ISRAEL-Returnees-complain-of-harsh-treatment-in-Israel ]. In April, Israel began deporting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95174/ISRAEL-Deportation-looms-for-South-Sudan-migrants ] South Sudanese asylum seekers who previously had protected status in Israel. 

The coordination of humanitarian aid: When Valerie Amos became UN under-secretary general for humanitarian affairs in 2010, one of her priorities was to increase partnerships between the UN and other players in the field. After years of mistrust between the mainstream humanitarian system and aid agencies in the Arab and Muslim worlds [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94010/Analysis-Arab-and-Muslim-aid-and-the-West-two-china-elephants ], the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in 2012 signed memorandums of understanding with Qatar and Kuwait. OCHA’s liaison office in the Gulf has set up a new web portal [ http://www.arabhum.net/ ] as a link between Gulf donors and the UN, and Gulf countries are moving towards increased coordination [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96352/Analysis-Towards-more-coordination-of-aid-in-the-Gulf ] in aid and emergency preparedness among themselves. Aid agencies in the Muslim world are also trying to make better use [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95567/AID-POLICY-Making-Muslim-aid-more-effective ] of the billions of dollars [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95564/Analysis-A-faith-based-aid-revolution-in-the-Muslim-world ] given in alms and charity every year. 

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97155/MIDDLE-EAST-2012-a-year-of-continuing-turmoil</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212271204360637t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - While much of the world has been consumed by quickly changing political and security developments in the Middle East this year, longer-term humanitarian issues have also been simmering under the surface – and sometimes in plain – but neglected – view. Here are 10 stories IRIN brought you in 2012. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON: Meagre job prospects for Syrian refugees in Lebanon</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212240735330541t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - For the roughly 120,000 registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon winter means not just freezing temperatures but also fewer jobs, especially in rural areas.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - For the roughly 120,000 registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon winter means not just freezing temperatures but also fewer jobs, especially in rural areas.

"In October we had work for about five days in total. Last month, I only worked one day," said Jaffan*, 23, who (with his wife and three children) is a refugee close to Zahle in the Bekaa valley. They fled Damascus four months ago.

In October, only about 20 percent of refugee families were able to find employment, according to research by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) and Save the Children published by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/LivelihoodsAssessment_Lebanon_Save_IRC_Oct2012.pdf ].

The report says casual work opportunities fall by half in winter.

All Syrians are allowed to work in the six months following legal entry into Lebanon; however they do not have access to welfare benefits which require an official work permit costing up to $10,000 for a year.

Registered Syrian refugees can live and work in Lebanon indefinitely and although in theory they would need to pay for the work permit to get access to social security, UNHCR is currently negotiating with the Lebanese government to have these fees reduced.

Before the crisis, there were an estimated 300,000 Syrians living in Lebanon, many of them migrating for seasonal agricultural work. 

Since the start of the crisis, the number of Syrians has swelled with 120,000 registered refugees, and an additional 40,000 in contact with UNHCR and waiting to be registered [ http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122 ].

The true number of those who have fled the crisis may be twice this number of official refugees, according to Catholic charity Caritas: many say they fear persecution if they register. 

Fleeing the crisis, looking for work

Wael*, 24, fled Damascus because of the crisis, though he says he has not registered as a refugee because he fears it would put him in danger after he fled military service in Syria. He works helping to repair cars at a garage in Mar Mikhael, an industrial hub in east Beirut. The work is sporadic and pays him no more than US$100 per month.

Those seeking work frequently move to the cities, especially now the winter season has started.

“I’m working as an electrician to make US$200 a month despite my degree in veterinary science,” said Taufic*, 31, from Tartus, who is now a refugee in the Lebanese capital Beirut. In Syria, he worked as a vet at a private clinic. Many of his Syrian refugee friends are unemployed.

Some refugees work for payment in kind. Ali*, 25, originally from Homs, cleans the reception and stairs of a building in the Shia area of Dahya every day. In exchange, he lives in the rooftop - a home of sorts, but which lacks furnishings, windows, electricity and running water.

In the south of Lebanon, many Syrian refugees find jobs working on construction sites.

“But even with some work, most of them have to rely on food aid from the World Food Programme (WFP) to feed their families,” a humanitarian worker in Tyre told IRIN. Each registered refugee receives a $30 per month voucher to buy basic items from local stores.

The IRC/Save the Children report says unemployment is pushing Syrian families to send their children to work - and also take on debt, frequently with their passports or identity papers as a guarantee.

Nascent tensions

The influx of refugees is placing strains on a Lebanon that was already struggling to provide employment and housing to Lebanese citizens [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96293/LEBANON-Refugee-hosts-feeling-the-pinch ].

Overall youth unemployment is estimated at 19 percent, while even for those who are employed, more than two thirds are in the informal sector [ http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2012/Mar-13/166420-high-youth-unemployment-hampers-lebanon-development.ashx#axzz2FVR20lnA ].

“Because there are so many Syrians in Lebanon now, it is more difficult for Lebanese to work too. We learnt of cases of Lebanese associations in the Bekaa asking city mayors not to allow Syrians to open businesses here,” said Shombi Sharp, UNDP's deputy country director in Lebanon.

UNDP says it is aware of nascent community tensions and supports conflict prevention projects and training on the handling of disputes.

“If you are worried about the refugees you have to worry too about the Lebanese host community”, said Sharp. 

*not a real name

cm/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97113/LEBANON-Meagre-job-prospects-for-Syrian-refugees-in-Lebanon</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212240735330541t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - For the roughly 120,000 registered Syrian refugees in Lebanon winter means not just freezing temperatures but also fewer jobs, especially in rural areas.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: In the Arab world, building fridges to live in an oven</title><pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg" />]]>DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters [ http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/12/05/facing-up-to-the-threat-of-climate-change-in-the-arab-world ].

The disasters of the last three decades have cost at least US$12 billion, according to the report. “This number does not really account for other enormous losses which unfold over a period of time,” said Junaid Kamal Ahmad, the World Bank’s sustainable development head.

And even this could be a gross underestimate. “The costs of damages are reported for only 17 percent of disasters and rarely capture the suffering that follows the loss of lives and livelihoods,” Ahmad said. 

Drought and flood victims account for 98 percent of all people affected by climate-related disasters in the region, according to the report. 

Dire predictions

The long-term climate-change trends are foreboding, according to the report. Temperatures are projected to rise by three to four degrees Celsius in the Arab world - which includes countries in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa - by the end of the century. Such an increase would be 1.5 times faster than the global average, meaning people in the region would be regularly living with temperatures around of 54 to 55 degrees Celsius.

2010 was already the warmest year since records began in the late 1800s, with 19 countries setting new highs. Five of these were Arab countries, including Kuwait, which set a new record at 52.6 degrees Celsius that year; it was topped by 2011’s high of 53.5 degrees Celsius. 

The region is home to the world's biggest per capita emitters of greenhouse gas: Qatar and Saudi Arabia.

“Someone mentioned we will have to build fridges to live in the oven,” quipped Rachel Kyte, World Bank Vice president for sustainable development, during the Doha press conference announcing the report’s release. 

Authors of the report - a scientific study with input from academics in the region - hope it informs the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth assessment of climate change science, which is expected to be released in 2013-14. 

Kyte said they hope the report also informs discussions on losses and damages caused by climate change. Such discussions have stalled at the current UN climate change talks taking place in Doha; the issue being left for political leaders, who arrived on 4 December, to resolve [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96867/CLIMATE-CHANGE-When-the-damage-is-done ].

Agriculture and water

Rising temperatures are bad news for agriculture, and the nearly 40 percent of employed people with agriculture-related jobs. 

The region is already extremely water stressed, but with higher temperatures, the amount of water available for irrigation will to drop dramatically. By 2050, water runoff from rains, which feed rivers, is expected to decrease by 10 percent. The gains in agricultural productivity made over the past two decades may slow, or even decline, after about 2050. 

Regional agricultural production comes largely from the 10 percent of the land with a Mediterranean climate. Irrigation is the only option for growing crops in some countries; this irrigated land covers only 2 percent of the region’s land but provides 17 percent of the production. 

Urbanization

Currently, 56 percent of Arab people live in urban centres. But by 2050, this proportion is expected to increase to 75 percent, due in part to droughts, which have been shown to increase rural-to-urban migration in the region.

A recent multi-year drought in Syria is estimated to have led to the migration of about one million people to informal settlements around the major cities.

Flash floods

Not only will the region’s people have to contend with high temperatures, they will also have to brace themselves against the increasing threat of flash floods. Contributing to this risk are more intense rainfall events; ubiquitous concrete surfaces, which that do not absorb water; inadequate and blocked drainage systems; and increased construction in low-lying areas and wadis.

The impact of flash floods is already increasing. In the decade starting from 2000, the number of people in the region affected by flash floods rose to half a million, compared to only 100,000 in the previous decade.

If no measures to build resilience are taken in the next 30 to 40 years, climate change could lead to a cumulative reduction in household incomes of about 7 percent in Syria and Tunisia, the report indicates. Yemen - because of the expected the declines in agriculture - could suffer an income reduction of 24 percent. 

“While not addressed directly in this report, the impact of the ongoing conflict in Syria would likely add greater welfare losses and make the adaptation process even more difficult,” said the report.

Building resilience

World Bank’s Ahmad told IRIN that governments in the region have begun to ask the right questions about identifying vulnerable populations and regions and have begun talking about resilience. He also said that improving people’s adaptive capacity does not always involve money; governments need to educate people about the problems ahead. They also needed to invest in more social protection measures.

The necessity of such measures was already on display. At an earlier press briefing by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Mohammed Mukhier, head of community preparedness and disaster response, said the group would be unable to raise adequate funding to keep up with the number of frequent and intense natural disasters unfolding.

jk/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96974/CLIMATE-CHANGE-In-the-Arab-world-building-fridges-to-live-in-an-oven</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002011218290693t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DOHA 05 December 2012 (IRIN) - In the last three decades, 50 million people in the Arab world have been affected by natural disasters, many of them extreme climate events, according to a new report by the World Bank. The report projects the horrific scenario of temperatures regularly rising to over 50 degrees Celsius by the turn of the century, which experts fear could lead to countless more disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON: Concern for Syrian refugees as winter approaches</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211210712130765t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT/TAALABAYA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Winter is approaching fast for Syrian refugees in Lebanon, who are facing night-time temperatures that regularly dip below zero.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT/TAALABAYA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Winter is approaching fast for Syrian refugees in Lebanon, who are facing night-time temperatures that regularly dip below zero.

Lana, 21, from the suburbs of Damascus, worries about her three-month-old baby.

She fled Syria when the child was 10 days old, afraid for her daughter’s security when her home city started to be bombed. She has been living for the past two months in Taalabaya in Lebanon’s Bekaa valley region.

"I don't know how things will be in the winter for my baby, it's getting colder and colder," she said.

She had been three times to the Caritas centre in the town looking for assistance but has not yet received a blanket or heater.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and local NGO partners have started preparing, but things are going slowly amid worries about the lack of shelter and heating for the current 110,000 Syrian refugees (registered or waiting for registration), according UNHCR estimates [ http://www.unhcr.org/508671c36.html ].

“Winterization is our priority now,” the UNHCR’s public information associate in Beirut, Dana Sleiman, told IRIN.

Some of the public buildings and schools where Syrian families are staying have windows without glass and lack doors, something UNHCR is working to fix in the coming weeks.

The overall plan includes the distribution of mattresses, blankets, warm clothes, stoves for heating and fuel, implemented with partners including Caritas, the World Food Programme, the Danish Refugee Council, World Vision, the UN Population Fund and the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

Humanitarian organizations fear the most difficult conditions will be for those refugees being hosted by poor Lebanese families in the north and in the Bekaa Valley regions - the coldest parts of the country. Temperatures in Bekaa at night are already around eight degrees Celsius now and in the coming months will drop below zero.

“There are not enough apartments for people to rent and they are too expensive. We have found families living in garages in conditions that are not healthy at all,” said Maria Abou Diwan, a social worker with Caritas in Taalabaya.

Some 50 refugees (registered as refugees or waiting for documents from UNHCR) register at the centre every day to receive food and hygiene kits. They leave phone numbers and addresses and later get a home visit from the NGO to evaluate their living conditions.

No camps, many tents

It is common for refugee families to live more than five to a room or sleep on makeshift mats on the floor in public buildings or schools.

Drinking water is rare and toilet conditions are not for the faint-hearted.

A growing number of Syrian refugees in Lebanon rent small apartments paying US$100-300 a month.

Those being hosted by Lebanese families are increasingly being asked to contribute to the rent.

The Lebanese government wants to avoid setting up official camps for Syrian refugees, but the number of tented sites is rapidly growing in the Bekaa. Local landlords are erecting the tents as a business, and selling them for $300-700, or renting them out for about $200 a month, said Maria.

In Torbol, a district of Taalabaya, more than 200 families are living in tents without electricity, sewerage, water or paved roads. “We have nothing,” said a young refugee girl with long black braids who showed us her family tent. Inside, there were only mattresses and a few carpets.

When IRIN visited the site, Caritas was distributing blankets for 100 registered families. An old man started arguing loudly with social workers, complaining that he had only been given two blankets, when there were seven people in his family.

“Caritas and other charities promised us many things, but so far, they have done little,” said Abu Majed, 25, a Syrian refugee from Homs. He has been living in a tent with his wife and two children for six months.

“It is very hard living in Lebanon, everything is too expensive and we can’t find jobs. And now I’m worried about the winter. We don’t have blankets, gas or heaters,” he said.

Maria, from Caritas, told IRIN: “We still need a lot of money to buy food, clothes, fuel and stoves.”

Last month, the NGO said in an online press release [ http://www.caritas.org/activities/emergencies/SyriansInLebanon.html ]: “Unfortunately, Caritas Lebanon is unable to provide any shelter assistance at the moment, due to a lack of funds.”

UNHCR has also said before that the scattered nature of the Syrian refugee population in Lebanon poses challenges in providing assistance in remote areas.

“Our biggest challenge now is shelter”, said Sleiman.

Increasing influx

The continuing stream of Syrian refugees into Lebanon will only make things harder.

“We need to be prepared to assist a rising number of refugees. The influx of people is stable right now. By December we could pass the 120,000 mark,” said Sleiman.

In October, UNHCR said Lebanon had become the third country in the region to see its population of registered Syrian refugees and people waiting for registration exceed the 100,000 mark.

However, Caritas estimates [ http://www.caritas.org/activities/emergencies/ToughTimesAhead.html ] that there is more than double that number in Lebanon that are not yet registered, especially in the south of the country.

"Turkey and Jordan already have refugee populations in excess of this figure, and region-wide the number has climbed to more than 358,000. Governments in states bordering Syria estimate there are tens of thousands more Syrians who have not yet registered," UNHCR's chief spokesperson, Melissa Fleming, told journalists in Geneva last month.

The UN recently issued an appeal for nearly $488 million to assist almost 300,000 Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq and Turkey. The latest UNHCR statistics estimate that the refugee total could reach 700,000 in a few months.

In early October, Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati met Derek Plumbly, UN special coordinator for Lebanon, to discuss financial and humanitarian arrangements for the growing number of Syrian refugees, as winter closes in.

“The coordination between the government, the UN and NGOs in addressing the needs of the refugees is close,” Plumbly told reporters after his meeting with the premier.

cm/jj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96834/LEBANON-Concern-for-Syrian-refugees-as-winter-approaches</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211210712130765t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT/TAALABAYA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - Winter is approaching fast for Syrian refugees in Lebanon, who are facing night-time temperatures that regularly dip below zero.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Catch-22 for Syrian migrants in Lebanon</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200812175t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - Syrians in Lebanon are increasingly coming under attack as lingering anti-Syrian sentiment intensifies amid the current conflict next door.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - Syrians in Lebanon are increasingly coming under attack as lingering anti-Syrian sentiment intensifies amid the current conflict next door.

The Syrian imbroglio has polarized various sects and factions in Lebanon. While Sunni Lebanese in the north have welcomed tens of thousands of Syrian refugees in the last year and a half, Lebanese of other sects and in other parts of the county are less welcoming. 

On the streets of Beirut’s Christian neighbourhood of Geitawi, a stronghold of the Lebanese Christian right, their intolerance of Syrian migrants, who have worked in Lebanon for years, is palpable:

“Syrians ruled us for 30 years, how can we like them?” protested Kamal Sa’ad, 48. “God willing, the war will kill them all. They’re an Arab people; we [Lebanese Christians] are Europeans.”

Residents of the neighbourhood have gathered around 60 signatures demanding the governor of Beirut take “the necessary security and legal measures” against Syrian workers who are perceived to pose a threat. 

“We are sending this letter to warn the authorities that if they don’t intervene, we will organize ourselves and solve the situation through violence,” warned Cesar, a local butcher who preferred not to divulge his second name.

“Drunken Syrian workers are always around harassing women at night,” said Charbal Issa, 29. “You know what we will do? [Impose] a 6pm curfew for Syrians, so that they work and sleep - nothing else.” 

Military raids and mob violence

The estimated 300,000 Syrian seasonal workers in Lebanon before the Syrian uprising began in March 2011 were often the object of anti-Syrian sentiment - a legacy of Syria’s 29-year occupation of Lebanon, starting in the 1970s.

“Following the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon [in 2005], each bombing blamed on the Syrian regime was followed by the beating of some Syrian workers,” said Yara Chehayed, a member of the Beirut-based Anti-Racism Movement. 

But since the conflict in neighbouring Syria, when Syrians started fleeing to Lebanon in large numbers, fears that the Syrian opposition will use Lebanon as a base for its own struggle - the way Palestinians did in the lead-up to the Lebanese civil war - have intensified pre-existing xenophobia. Military raids are now increasingly replacing the usual mob violence. 

On 7 October, the Lebanese Army raided the apartments of around 70 Syrian, Egyptian and Sudanese workers living in Geitawi and another Christian neighbourhood in Beirut, Mar Mikhael, late at night. One week earlier, on 1 October, soldiers stormed a construction site where migrants worked and slept in the adjacent Ashrafieyeh neighbourhood, according to residents who told [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/10/lebanon-investigate-and-punish-army-attacks-migrants ] Human Rights Watch (HRW) they “heard screams from the building”. Several `mukhtars’, administrators of the neighbourhood, reportedly issued a statement [ http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArchiveDetails.aspx?ID=445097 ] encouraging more such raids.

On 17 October, in the coastal neighbourhood of Ramlet al-Baydah, a mob of more than 20 Lebanese men attacked Syrian workers with knives and sticks, injuring 10 people. 

Targeting Syrian Sunni dissidents? 

The military defended its operation in Geitawi, claiming it was responding to increased complaints about sexual harassment and crimes committed by foreign workers. Lebanese residents in the area blame Syrian workers for thefts, sexual harassment, fights and even murders.

But according to HRW, the evidence against them is scarce and the military operation looked more like collective punishment than proper policing. 

“No clear investigation has been carried out. Why didn’t the army look for specific suspects?” said Beirut-based Nadim Houry, deputy director of the Middle Eastern division of HRW. “We advocate the rule of law and police enforcement, not this kind of mob violence.” 

The army also argued it was checking work permits, but Syrians are allowed to work in Lebanon without papers, as per a longstanding unwritten agreement. 

Ahmad*, a Syrian tailor in his thirties, who arrived from Hama several years ago, said not a single Syrian was arrested on specific charges. Instead, he said, soldiers beat the Syrians, including minors, for nearly five hours, using electric shock batons until 2am. “They didn’t allow us to talk and started beating us straight away,” he said. He still bears the scars of the beating, a large haematoma covering half of his back.

Sectarian motives?

Syrians say they believe they were victims of a factional and sectarian army. 

“While they were beating us, they asked us: ‘Don’t you know these punishments from the time you served in the Syrian army? Or are you with the [rebel] Free Syrian Army?’” said Ahmad. “They even checked our names to single out the Sunnis and, judging from their dialect, we suspect they were Alawis from Jebel Mohsen,” he said, referring to a neighbourhood in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli inhabited by people of the same sect as Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. 

“The Lebanese military [intelligence] leadership is controlled by Christians and Shias and both sects are worried by the growing presence of the Syrian Sunni opposition in Lebanon,” explained Khaled*, a Syrian activist from Hama, who arrived at the building just after the 7 October raid to check on friends. “The operation was a message to Syrians: ‘Don’t think you’re protected; we know where you are’.” 

Ahmad said the army took notes about where the migrants worked and for whom. “The army came with the intention of recording our names and checking if there was someone wanted in Syria,” he suggested. 

“Politics are always behind these aggressions, even if they tell you it was all about harassments,” said Chehayed, of the Anti-Racism Movement. She compared it to an incident last November, when Lebanese Armenians assaulted Syrian Kurds in an Armenian majority neighbourhood in the suburbs of Beirut for their role, she said, in the Armenian genocide under the Ottomans.

Others dispute this version of events, saying the army did indeed round up suspects and ask Lebanese women to identify those who were guilty of harassment. 

The army said it detained 11 people, but HRW only witnessed the arrest of African migrants who presumably did not have legal residency documents. The army has not confirmed who was arrested or why. 

Nevertheless, observers are more hesitant to confirm a political agenda. “Two months ago we documented an instance where the army rounded up Syrian workers, looking for someone who had purchased a satellite device,” admitted HRW’s Houry, “but I think in Geitawi, it was more of a provocation than a political interrogation: if it was purely political they wouldn’t have rounded up also Egyptians and Sudanese.” 

The Syrians, Ahmad and Khaled, disagreed, saying the round-up of other nationalities was “a cover for the real aim of the operation.” 

Double-victims

Some residents of Geitawi show no prejudice against Syrians and they reject the fabrication of an easy scapegoat. 

“There is no problem with Syrians. The scoundrels [responsible for theft and harassment] come from all sorts of countries: Sudan, Sri Lanka, Egypt,” said Rami al-Abyad, a barber in his sixties. “Not all the migrants are bullies.” 

Even Ahmad, the Syrian tailor who was beaten, pointed to the good relations he has always had with his Lebanese landlords: “The house-owners were upset by the military operation and they even hid some Egyptians in their apartments.” Others don’t conceal their politically biased racism against Syrians.

“The irony is that many of these workers support the Syrian opposition,” said HRW’s Houry. “They have always been double victims: the regime didn’t offer them job opportunities and in Lebanon they were seen as part of the Syrian occupation, even if Beirut has been rebuilt on cheap Syrian labour.” 

Local landlords are also profiting from the increased Syrian presence, Lebanese residents admitted. 

The untouchable army

HRW is calling for a transparent investigation into the 7 October raid, but the army said any possible violation would be dealt with internally. The Ministry of Defence did not respond to IRIN’s request for information. 

“There is a [lack of] accountability of all security forces, including the army,” said Houry. As the only respected security force in Lebanon amid many sectarian militias, the army is considered something of a sacred, less-easily criticized institution.

Syrian workers who appeared on TV to comment on the raid say they have been threatened by the military, but feel they have no recourse, given the links between large parts of the Lebanese government and their ally in Damascus. 

“Since the revolution started, no one defends us and I cannot go to the Syrian embassy to complain about what happened,” said Ahmad. 

*not a real name

ag/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96679/Analysis-Catch-22-for-Syrian-migrants-in-Lebanon</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200812175t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - Syrians in Lebanon are increasingly coming under attack as lingering anti-Syrian sentiment intensifies amid the current conflict next door.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Not-so-open borders for Syrian refugees?</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241311370293t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies, human rights organizations and local government officials are increasingly concerned about thousands of people who have fled violence in Syria only to end up stuck at border crossings waiting to enter countries to seek asylum.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies, human rights organizations and local government officials are increasingly concerned about thousands of people who have fled violence in Syria only to end up stuck at border crossings waiting to enter countries to seek asylum.

According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), local authorities in Turkey report that more than 10,000 Syrians [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-situation-regional-roundup ] are located at various points on the Syrian side of the border, many of them waiting to enter Turkey. 

Except for medical emergencies, the border crossing between Syria and Iraq’s border district of al-Qa’im has been closed since 21 October, according to an Iraqi deputy minister, a district official and a UNHCR representative stationed at the border. 

Syrian activist Rima Flihan, a member of the local coordination committees (LCC) who now lives in Jordan, told IRIN Syrian civilians have also been turned back by Jordanian authorities at the border and at the airport. She said Syrians have had similar trouble entering Libya. 

“There are many countries preventing Syrian people from entering their countries,” she said.

In some countries on the Eastern edge of the European Union (EU), rejection rates for Syrians turning up at their borders are more than 50 per cent, according to UNHCR.

“In addition, some countries are more likely to give Syrians a tolerated stay rather than actual protection,” spokesperson Adrian Edwards told a press briefing [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/syria-crisis-continues-unhcr-urges-eu-states-uphold-common-asylum-system ] in Geneva on 16 October. “There is therefore a risk that people in need of protection will be denied the rights to which they are entitled under EU or international law.”

Limited capacity

Turkey is already home to more than 100,000 Syrian refugees in camps and an estimated 70,000 elsewhere in the country. Iraq is struggling to contain violence on its own territory, as it recovers from civil war. Both governments say they are restricting the number of refugees they admit every day because of limited capacity to host them. 

Some 7,600 refugees are living in two refugee camps in Iraq’s al-Qa’im District, in addition to public buildings, including schools. 

“But both camps are totally over-capacity,” said Haider Al-Fahad, officer-in-charge for UNHCR in al-Qa’im. UNHCR is currently levelling the ground for a third camp, which will have an initial capacity of 5,000 and eventually 20,000 people, but Al-Fahad said it would likely be three weeks before it could begin welcoming people. 

In the meantime, the government is only allowing what it calls emergency or “humanitarian cases”: people who are sick, elderly or injured. But Iraqi deputy minister for migration and the displaced, Salam Dawood Al Khafagy, insisted to IRIN that, subject to cabinet approval, "the Iraqi government will open the border for everyone in case of an emergency to save their lives.” 

Even before the recent closure, Iraq admitted only 100-120 refugees a day because it “makes it easier for us to control the situation and to make sure each of them receives the needed support,” Al Khafagy said. The Iraqi cabinet has ordered that Syrian men aged 15-50 not be allowed in “for security reasons”, he added. 

Mahmoud Shakir, al-Qaim District’s deputy director of Syrian refugee affairs, estimates there are about 1,000 displaced Syrians in the closest Syrian village of Albu Kamal, wanting to cross into Iraq, but currently living with relatives or out in the open. (Observers question whether they are displaced Syrians or simply residents of Albu Kamal who want to re-unite with relatives belonging to the same tribe on the other side of the border.) 

Al-Fahad said community and religious leaders used to organize lists of 120 candidates to cross every day, in accordance with the government limit. But in recent days, he said, people have stopped approaching the border because they know it is now closed. 

The presence of people at the border also fluctuates based on the situation in Syria: “People appear when there is shelling,” said Niyazi Maharramov, operations manager for UNHCR in Iraq. “When there is no shelling, there are no people.” He said he was at the border on 22 October and found “nobody” on the other side. 

In Turkey, which had previously referred to 100,000 as a psychological limit on the number of refugees it can accept, the government has been admitting an average of about 500 new arrivals a day, according to UN updates [ http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents_search.php?Page=1&Country=224&Region=&Settlement=0&Category=2 ].

In addition to 14 Turkish camps already up and running in seven provinces, a new camp in Sanliurfa Province is opening soon with a capacity of 11,000. In the meantime, the Turkish Red Crescent Society began dropping off [ http://www.afetacil.gov.tr/Ingilizce_Site/haber_ing/haber_detay.asp?haberID=254 ] basic assistance at the demarcation line dividing Turkey and Syria in August. 

Protection

The delay in admitting the asylum seekers has prompted protests from various sides.

A 14 October report [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/14/iraqturkey-open-borders-all-syrian-refugees-0 ] by Human Rights Watch (HRW) called on the Iraqi and Turkish governments to immediately open their border crossings to those waiting, saying failure to do so was a breach of international law.

“Over 10,000 desperate Syrians fleeing the terror of aerial bombardment and shelling are stuck on the Iraqi and Turkish borders, many living in miserable conditions,” Gerry Simpson, senior refugees researcher at Human Rights Watch, said in the statement. 

HRW said some Syrians have been staying in an olive grove near the Bab-al-Hawa crossing (leading to Turkey’s Hatay Province) for weeks, at times under heavy rain. At the Bab al-Salam crossing (into Turkey’s Kilis Province), Syrians told HRW they have regularly protested at the border fence, begging to enter Turkey. 

“We should find a solution to the number of people waiting on the border,” said Idil Eser, the coordinator of psychological support projects to refugees in Turkey through the Helsinki Citizens Assembly, an Istanbul-based human rights organization. “It looks as if the number of people will increase… Winter is coming. Those people waiting on the border are getting weaker and weaker. They are not as well-nourished as the [ones who arrived before them].”

She suggested some kind of buffer zone was necessary to give aid workers the safety and security needed to assist those on the other side of the border. But some aid groups are already crossing the border to help people on the other side.

The Foundation for Human Rights and Freedoms and Humanitarian Relief (IHH), a Turkish aid group, has been providing food and medical aid to Syrians waiting at Bab-al-Hawa and Bab-al-Salam, where cholera and other diseases were on the verge of breaking out, according to Durmus Aydin, IHH vice-president for communications. 

But the UN says some of those on the Syrian side have no desire to enter Turkey: “They find the border areas safer than their villages and because of the assistance provided at zero point they prefer to travel back and forth between the borders and their villages,” a 6 October update [ http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/download.php?id=869 ] said. Dozens of refugees in Turkey, sometimes more than 200, return to Syria voluntarily every day. 

Funding 

Shakir, the local official at al-Qaim, said the Iraqi government’s policy raised concerns.

“We hear the sound of bombs very clearly every day,” he told IRIN. He said there was bombardment in Albu Kamal, 15-20km from the Iraqi border, on 23 October, but others at the border said there had been no sound of shelling that day. 

"An urgent solution must be found quickly to save Syrian refugees who are still on the other side. Otherwise more people will be killed because of the bombs,” Shakir said. 

Maharramov, of UNHCR Iraq, said people may be at risk of shelling in Syrian villages, but that there was no shelling of people gathered at the border. Still, he said UNHCR plans to raise the issue of limited admissions at the highest levels of the Iraqi government. 

UNHCR spokesperson Ron Redmond said neighbouring countries, which he said have already been extremely generous in welcoming refugees, have a right to ensure the safety of their borders, by conducting detailed interviews and screening measures which may slow the admission process. But those measures, he insisted, must be consistent with international law. 

“The security situation in the region is certainly not optimal. They have to watch their borders. It’s their right,” he told IRIN. “But we want to work with them in seeking the kinds of solutions that ensure that everyone in need of protection gets it, while also meeting their legitimate security concerns. Our priority is keeping borders open.” 

He urged more funding to support neighbouring countries in taking in Syrian refugees. The UN appeal for US$488 million to help Syrian refugees is about one third funded. 

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96629/Analysis-Not-so-open-borders-for-Syrian-refugees</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210241311370293t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies, human rights organizations and local government officials are increasingly concerned about thousands of people who have fled violence in Syria only to end up stuck at border crossings waiting to enter countries to seek asylum.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Syria and the regional food chain</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181334150737t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Syrian crisis has disrupted food imports and exports in the region, raising food prices in Jordan, Iraq and Turkey, but governments have so far been able to contain the impact on consumers by finding new trade routes and absorbing some of the increased cost, according to food vendors, truck drivers and analysts.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Syrian crisis has disrupted food imports and exports in the region, raising food prices in Jordan, Iraq and Turkey, but governments have so far been able to contain the impact on consumers by finding new trade routes and absorbing some of the increased cost, according to food vendors, truck drivers and analysts. 

Arab countries import at least half of the food they consume, according to the World Bank [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMENA/Resources/FoodSecfinal.pdf ], with trade moving from agricultural breadbaskets such as Turkey, Lebanon and Syria to more arid countries such as Jordan, Iraq and the Gulf countries. 

Before the crisis, Syrian farmers were suppliers of vegetables, fruit and other food products – exporting nearly 2 million tons of vegetable products and 212,000 tons of animal products in 2010, according to the Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics [ http://www.cbssyr.org/trade/tab3.htm ]. Up to one fifth of that went to Turkey and Iraq alone, according to Ayesha Sabavala, a Syria analyst with the Economist Intelligence Unit. 

But as the conflict drags on, exports are slowing, with violence reducing agricultural production, shutting down businesses, and disrupting trade routes. 

“The fighting has prevented food supplies from crossing into other countries,” Sabavala told IRIN. “A lot of the transportation infrastructure has been hit quite badly. Even though there are some regions that are continuing to produce things like bread, transporting them to the rest of the country is proving to be a challenge.” 

Syria is also a thoroughfare for many trade routes in the region, now hampered by insecure border crossings, sometimes the scene of clashes between government and opposition forces.

More than 300,000 Syrians who have flooded into neighbouring countries have also increased the demand for food in local markets. 

Iraq: imports down; potential destabilization 

At one of the main food markets in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 51-year-old Muhammad al-Noaimy is selling potatoes and onions at twice their usual price. 

“The situation in Syria has reduced business between both countries. The expenses of trucks that bring in the food have increased because of the bad security. The border is a problem,” he told IRIN. 

Before the Syrian conflict, Iraq used to receive one third of Syria’s exports; bilateral trade between the two countries topped US$4 billion in 2010. 

But Al-Qa’im border crossing, one of the major supply routes across the Middle East, has been closed to commercial traffic for more than a year, and in the past few months, the other two crossings - Al-Waleed southward and Rabi’a up north - have been closed repeatedly, making the arrival of Syrian merchandise unpredictable. 

Food prices in Iraq increased by 1.2 percent between August and September 2012, an increase of 7.8 percent over the year, according to the Iraqi Central Organization for Statistics [ http://cosit.gov.iq/english/press_CPI_e.php ]. It noted a particular increase in the cost of yoghurt, cheese, eggs and fruit. 

“The crisis in Syria is the main reason for the increase in the price of fruit and vegetables in Iraq,” said Jabar Obaid, a member of the Iraqi parliament’s agricultural committee. 

Sultan Shehab has been driving the Syria-Iraq route for seven years with his truck. 

“It is not an easy job but it’s also good money. After what started in my country and the violence, my job became risky.” 

He said drivers have had to adapt their route - sometimes taking longer, harder routes through Iraq or Jordan, or having to wait in Iraq for days until the border re-opens - “it all depends on how the security situation is on that day.” 

Iraq is increasingly turning to Turkey, Iran and Jordan for food imports, and securing wheat and rice from a more diversified set of countries. 

So far, prices of staple items have been mostly stable in the region because of subsidies by governments, said Abeer Etefa, senior public information officer for the Near East at the UN World Food Programme (WFP). 

“What people pay for the food may not increase, but it is eating into government budgets,” warned Monika Tothova, an economist at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Jordan: refugees increase demand 

Although most fruit and vegetables are still available in the Jordanian capital Amman, shopkeepers complain that vegetable imports from Syria have dropped, leading prices to soar. 

"Prices normally go up in summer, especially with Ramadan and expatriates returning to Jordan, but never like this,” Abu Ali, a fruit seller in east Amman, told IRIN in September. “I used to buy a box of cauliflower for three Jordanian dinars, but this summer it has gone up as high as 14. This is insane!”

According to a report by the Jordanian Department of Statistics [ http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/archive/inflation/2012/CPI_sep.pdf ], the price of vegetables rose by 32.1 percent between July 2011 and July 2012.

The government has blamed the surge in demand on the arrival of - by its count - 200,000 Syrian refugees (only 105,000 are registered or awaiting registration with the UN Refugee Agency as of early October), heavily increasing the demand for food. 

"I have so many customers walking into my shop. I would say it is a 20 percent increase with so many Syrians living here now,” said Khaled Ahmad, a shopkeeper in Mafraq, a border town now home tens of thousands of Syrians. 

“The refugees put a lot of pressure on the regional system,” Tothova, the FAO economist, told IRIN. 

But analysts warn it is difficult to isolate the Syrian crisis as the cause of the rising prices, which could also be linked to rising food prices globally. The shortages are also linked to a poor vegetable harvest in Jordan this year, owing to an especially hot and dry summer. Jordan’s limited production has also increasingly been exported to Iraq and the Gulf, to help fill the gap left by decreasing Syrian exports, according to Ahmad Murad, a vegetable seller in west Amman.

Turkey: higher prices along the border 

Turkey closed its Syrian border to commercial traffic in July.

Nationally, food prices in Turkey have remained stable, but in the border regions, some food normally imported from Syria has quadrupled in price, according to Veysel Ayhan, a professor at Abant Izzet Baysal University, whose think-tank, the International Middle East Peace Research Center (IMPR), has just published a report [ http://www.impr.org.tr/en/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/rapor-SON_HATAY_ANTEP.pdf ] on the economic impact of the Syrian crisis in the border region. 

One kilogram of meat, for example, has risen from five Turkish lira ($2.77) before the crisis to 20 now, in the southern Turkish province of Hatay, Ayhan told IRIN. Tea, sugar and olive oil are also far more expensive. 

Turkish sanctions on Syrian oil have also had an impact, he said. Oil needed for tractors and water pumps has become unaffordable for many farmers, who have had to reduce their wheat production. As a result, family incomes have dropped. 

Exports of lemons, apples and other products from Hatay to Syria have also dropped by 75 percent, IMEPR found. Neighbouring Gaziantep province’s $120 million trade with Syria “is finished”, Ayhan added. 

According to Oytun Orhan, Middle East researcher at the Turkish Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM), national trade has remained steady, with exports somehow finding a route. But transportation costs have more than tripled, Ayhan said. 

In Hatay, the impact has been much more severe. 

“People have started selling their houses, their cars,” Ayhan told IRIN. “Within six or seven months, the situation in the Antakya area [Hatay Province] will be very difficult. Many will migrate to Mersin and other parts of Turkey to try to earn a living.” 

As tensions between Turkey and Syria rise, analysts warn that this could lead to more price shocks. 

Lebanon: exports down 

The vast majority of Lebanon's agricultural exports are normally routed through Syria by land to the Arab region, with Iraq receiving items like apples and onions, according to vendors there. 

At the Masna’a crossing between Lebanon and Syria, Turkish and Lebanese trucks can be seen lining up at the checkpoint as usual. A 15-year veteran driver who declined to give his name said there were no problems on his Damascus-Beirut route, except for delays at Syrian customs. 

The route is still functional and has even seen its traffic increase thanks to the opening of a new ferry line between Tripoli in Lebanon and Mersin in Turkey (near northern Syria), meant to reroute traffic outside of some of Syria’s more dangerous areas.

Still, Lebanese media have reported trucks being seized, looted, or shot at; as well as protests by agricultural exporters about insecurity on the routes. Many insurance companies have reportedly ceased cover for convoys passing through Syria, while those that still provide insurance have raised their fees substantially. 

Several closures of the main border crossings between Syria and Lebanon, as well as gunfire and looting, have affected exports. 

Lebanese exports have dropped, from $2.2 billion in the second quarter of 2011 to $1.78 billion over the same period this year, according to the Lebanese Customs Department [ http://www.customs.gov.lb/customs/trade_statistics/Indicators.asp ].

But until now, the impact has been limited: “For the moment at least, I am not seriously concerned about the livelihoods of Lebanese farmers,” Solange Matta-Saddé, FAO assistant representative in Lebanon, told IRIN. 

The Lebanese government is setting up a new maritime route for farmers to ship their produce by ferry from Beirut to Jordan or Egypt, in order to bypass Syria. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96583/Analysis-Syria-and-the-regional-food-chain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181334150737t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 18 October 2012 (IRIN) - The Syrian crisis has disrupted food imports and exports in the region, raising food prices in Jordan, Iraq and Turkey, but governments have so far been able to contain the impact on consumers by finding new trade routes and absorbing some of the increased cost, according to food vendors, truck drivers and analysts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON-OPT: Hidden health crisis facing Palestinian refugees</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208291442500494t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - New research has uncovered the hidden health toll that refugee life in Lebanon has taken on more than 400,000 Palestinians.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - New research has uncovered the hidden health toll that refugee life in Lebanon has taken on more than 400,000 Palestinians.

UK medical journal The Lancet has published a series of abstracts drawn from a meeting of public health researchers, The Lancet-Palestine Health Alliance, in Beirut in March 2012 [ http://www.thelancet.com/health-in-the-occupied-palestinian-territory-2012 ]. The Alliance aims to "strengthen and expand the capacity of Palestinian scientists to study, report and advocate for the health of their own people," explained Richard Horton, The Lancet’s editor-in-chief.

While much of the research investigates the negative physical and mental health impacts of living in the occupied Palestinian territory, several studies also explore the health and well-being of Palestinians living in Lebanon, which has hosted Palestinian refugees for more than 60 years. 

Poor living conditions

According to one of the studies [ http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/palestine2012/palestine2012-1.pdf ], by researchers from the American University of Beirut, “discriminatory laws and decades of marginalisation” have left Palestinian refugees in Lebanon socially, politically and economically disadvantaged. Over half of them live in increasingly overcrowded camps, where “the provision of housing, water, electricity, refuse and other services are inadequate and contribute to poor health”. 

Out of 2,500 households surveyed, 42 percent had water leaking from their walls or roofs, and 8 percent lived in homes made of dangerous building materials such as asbestos. 

Hoda Samra, a spokesperson for the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) in Lebanon, said many refugees live in shelters lacking ventilation and daylight. While about 5,000 shelters are in need of rehabilitation, the agency has funding to repair only 730. Samra added that there is also a lack of funding to address rundown infrastructure in four out of 12 of the camps. 

Camp populations continue to grow but the land allocated for them has not; the resulting overcrowding has exacerbated public health problems.

“Some of the camps are growing vertically but not horizontally,” said Samra, noting that many of the structures were built haphazardly, too close together and without proper foundations. 

The study found a direct correlation between poor housing conditions and poor health among respondents; 31 percent had chronic illnesses and 24 percent had experienced acute illnesses in the previous six months. 

Poverty and illness

The researchers also found a strong link between poverty and ill health. Palestinian refugees living in Lebanon are ineligible for social services, including healthcare, and they are banned from some 50 professions. UNRWA and the International Labour Organization have lobbied the Lebanese government to ease employment restrictions, but amendments to labour legislation enacted in August 2010, which would make it easier for refugees to secure work permits, are still awaiting an implementation decree from the Department of Labour. 

According to another study in The Lancet series [ http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/palestine2012/palestine2012-4.pdf ], also by researchers from the University of Beirut, 59 percent of refugee households live below the national poverty line; 63 percent reported some food insecurity, while 13 percent were severely food insecure. Only the poorest - about 13 percent - qualify for food rations and small cash grants from UNRWA.

The combination of poor nutrition, unhealthy living conditions and feelings of hopelessness breed "all kinds of illnesses", said Samra. But while primary health care is freely available through UNRWA's clinics, and patients referred to UNRWA-contracted hospitals are treated free of charge, specialized care is only partially covered. Refugees in need of complex surgery or treatment must foot at least half of the bill themselves.

"This is a big, big challenge for them," said Samra. "They often find themselves unable to cover the rest of the bill and have to run up debts they can’t repay or simply forgo surgery or treatment."

She spoke of an 18-year-old in need of a liver transplant that costs US$95,000, which neither he nor UNRWA can afford. "We can't cover that. We're trying now to approach some private sector companies to collect the funds needed."

Need for mental health care

Lack of mental health services presents another challenge. A 2009 study by UNRWA, also published in The Lancet, found that mental disorders related to chronically harsh living conditions and long-term political instability, violence, and uncertainty were a public-health concern among Palestinian refugees living in Syria, Jordan and Lebanon. One of the recent University of Beirut studies found that 55 percent of respondents were "psychologically distressed". 

UNRWA offers only basic counselling services, referring refugees in need of psychosocial support to NGOs such as Médecins Sans Frontières. "We’re always pushing project proposals for mental health services to donors with the hope they get funded; there is a need," said Samra.

"When taken together,” writes Lancet editor Horton, “these data expose the hidden crisis facing Palestinian refugees, whose health needs have been sorely neglected.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96487/LEBANON-OPT-Hidden-health-crisis-facing-Palestinian-refugees</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208291442500494t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - New research has uncovered the hidden health toll that refugee life in Lebanon has taken on more than 400,000 Palestinians.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON: Refugee hosts feeling the pinch</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209121501290255t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 12 September 2012 (IRIN) - Fewer tourists, lower levels of investment by Gulf states and reduced opportunities for cross-border trade with Syria are adversely affecting Lebanon’s most vulnerable people, including the hosts of many of the tens of thousands of Syrian refugees.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 12 September 2012 (IRIN) - Fewer tourists, lower levels of investment by Gulf states and reduced opportunities for cross-border trade with Syria are adversely affecting Lebanon’s most vulnerable people, including the hosts of many of the tens of thousands of Syrian refugees.

Most of the refugees in Lebanon are hosted by private families in areas near the Syrian border in the north and in the Beqa’a Valley.

An as yet unpublished study by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) seen by IRIN, says this is putting a considerable economic strain on Lebanese hosts in areas which were among the country’s poorest even before the refugee influx.

According to the study, 69 percent of 300 surveyed households in the north, and 66 percent in the Beqa’a Valley, said they were hosting refugees.

While in the north many hosted relatives for no rent, in the Beqa’a 82 percent of households received at least some rental income. In the north families on average would host up to seven people (five in the Beqa’a); 33 percent of the respondents in the north have provided refuge for over a year now. Many of the refugees are women and children and economically dependent on their hosts.

The study also said 96.5 percent of the hosting families in the north said they felt burdened having to host refugees. The same applied to 43 percent of hosts in the Beqa'a where most refugees arrived four months ago. While some of the refugees have sufficient resources to rent their own apartments in cities, many poorer people have no choice but to stay in the border communities.

More than half of the surveyed households in the north told UNDP that their expenses had risen over 30 percent in the last year.

The influx of foreign money might have made things worse. With many aid organizations active in the border communities and some of them providing cash hand-outs to refugees, local inflation has increased, said the UNDP study. In the north, medicine prices have risen by 34 percent and food prices by 12 percent since the crisis started March 2011. In the Beqa’a food prices rose by 18 percent, education by 35 percent, and transport by 40 percent.

In the border areas, the Lebanese and the Syrian economy used to be highly interconnected. Many services that were cheaper on the Syrian side of the border, such as medical treatment and education, are no longer accessible to the Lebanese.

Smuggling restricted

The conflict in Syria has also affected cross-border trade. Smuggling, which used to be a major source of income for many, has become almost impossible. On the Syrian side the formerly porous border is now mined and more carefully guarded and even if people manage to cross, things like petrol and diesel, which used to be much cheaper in Syria, are now in short supply.

Hassan a former smuggler whom IRIN met at a refugee registration site in Wadi Khaled, near the border in the north, said: “We cannot go over the border any more, it’s too dangerous. I used to smuggle diesel, but now I am living on my savings.”

Ninety-one percent of all respondents in the UNDP study in the Beqa’a reported a cut in income since the border became difficult to cross after March 2011. The same was true for 89 percent in the north.

Finding work has also become more difficult, with stiff competition for low paid jobs from Syrian workers, who have been coming to Lebanon for decades to find employment.

Exports of farm produce, which many of Lebanon’s poor farmers relied on for an income, have also been hit. Mirna Sabbagh from the UNDP Crisis Prevention Unit told IRIN: “Many of the agricultural exports went through Syria to Iraq or Jordan. The situation is now heavily influencing the agricultural sector.” Perishable goods can no longer be exported.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96293/LEBANON-Refugee-hosts-feeling-the-pinch</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209121501290255t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 12 September 2012 (IRIN) - Fewer tourists, lower levels of investment by Gulf states and reduced opportunities for cross-border trade with Syria are adversely affecting Lebanon’s most vulnerable people, including the hosts of many of the tens of thousands of Syrian refugees.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON-SYRIA: The refugee minefield</title><pubDate>Mon, 03 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031325160916t.jpg" />]]>BEIRUT 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Progress in terms of providing more and better aid to the steady influx of Syrian refugees in Lebanon is being held back by government indecision stemming from fears that the ongoing violence in Syria may destabilize the country’s fragile politics.</description><body><![CDATA[BEIRUT 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Progress in terms of providing more and better aid to the steady influx of Syrian refugees in Lebanon is being held back by government indecision stemming from fears that the ongoing violence in Syria may destabilize the country’s fragile politics.

Sectarian clashes in the northern city of Tripoli in recent weeks have left at least 15 dead and 120 wounded, and while politicians on all sides have pleaded for calm, many view the refugees as a security threat.

Gen Ibrahim Bachir, secretary-general of the High Relief Commission (HRC), an aid agency in the prime minister’s office (originally set up to coordinate post-war reconstruction in 2006), said his first priority was “keeping this country safe”.

Tension in Lebanon is high: Michel Samaha, a former minister of information with close ties to Damascus, was arrested on 9 August on charges of plotting bomb attacks in the north, including one targeting the Maronite patriach. [ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/09/lebanese-assad-ally-held-beirut?newsfeed=true ]

Nevertheless, all major parties seem to have an interest in keeping the situation stable. Some analysts are even cautiously optimistic. Rami Khoury of the American University of Beirut told IRIN: “The major spillover from Syria has already happened, I do not expect much more. We have seen these effects from Syria, like the shootings and kidnappings and this will continue, but I do not think that things will get much worse.”

Syria, which withdrew its army from Lebanon only in 2005, has long treated Lebanon as a client state, and many Lebanese political factions can be characterized as either generally pro- or anti-Syrian government. The March 8th alliance is a coalition of pro-Syrian forces such as the Shiite Hizbullah and Amal and the mainly Christian Free Patriotic Movement led by Michel Aoun. On the other hand, the March 14th alliance, made up of the Sunni Future Movement, the Lebanese Forces and independents, is an anti-Syrian front.

The government has to steer a fine line when implementing its refugee support operations. “We prefer to deal with this problem smoothly and quietly without any problem that might create [a] new civil war in Lebanon,” Bachir said.

Providing refugees with official registration cards or setting up camps would be detrimental, Bachir told IRIN.

Aid workers who spoke to IRIN on condition of anonymity said areas where Syrian refugees are sheltering in the north are being shelled by the Syrian army (in retaliation for rebels firing on them at night). To enter these areas aid organizations need a permit from the Lebanese Armed Forces, indicating that the government’s priority may be to prevent Lebanese infiltration of the area and the arming of the refugees, rather than ensuring their safety.

Lebanon is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, so the country is not bound to recognize refugees, whom the government simply refers to as “visitors”. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) confirms that the government is undertaking its own relief efforts and that the border remains open to Syrian refugees.

Palestinian syndrome

No stranger to refugees, Lebanon already hosts 455,000 Palestinians in 12 camps. The influx of armed Palestinian groups in the 1970s changed the balance of power among sects and led to an arms race between the different militias, culminating into a bloody civil war (1975-1990) and leaving at least 150,000 dead. Even today, Palestinian refugees are deprived of many of their basic rights in Lebanon, and the refugee camps have grown into slums, reliant on basic services provided by the UN Palestinian refugee agency (UNRWA). Clashes between extremist groups from the camps and the Lebanese army occur regularly.

“The government is afraid that the same might happen with the Syrians, that it will become a lasting thing and people will not go back,” Simon Faddoul, president of Caritas Lebanon, told IRIN.

Many fear that the Palestinian refugee camps could be used as staging posts for the Syrian rebels.

Establishing official refugee camps might put the Lebanese government at odds with the Asad regime in Syria and would be a risk the March 8th government is not willing to take, Faddoul believes. Political interference is affecting relief efforts: until July HRC was not allowed to work in the Beqa’a valley which currently shelters many of the Syrian refugees.

Meanwhile, refugees have started to erect makeshift camps in some locations, but these lack proper sanitary facilities. Aid workers from an international NGO who preferred anonymity told IRIN that the discussion around alternatives to camps, i.e. putting up single non-permanent structures, is continuing - and decisions are needed as winter is approaching.

Wadi Khaled and the Beqa’a Valley, where most of the refugees reside, are among the coldest regions in Lebanon. Fifty-three percent of the refugees in the north have found shelter with Lebanese relatives or in other private houses, according to a recent assessment by the UN Development Programme. But in the Beqa’a, a predominantly Christian and Shiite area, the refugees (mainly Sunnis) do not have the same degree of family ties. While some refugees can afford to rent apartments and rooms in hotels, others live in derelict mosques and schools.

Caritas’s Faddoul told IRIN there could be serious accommodation problems if the refugee influx were to continue. “Numbers are growing very rapidly and space is getting scarce.”

Numbers game

UNHCR Lebanon has registered 41,949 refugees from Syria. However, HRC told IRIN these figures are not accurate, as many refugees came into the country to avoid the worst fighting, but went back, and that many of those registered have been in the country as seasonal workers for a long time. Faddoul also disputes the official numbers, saying many have not registered out of fear their names could be given to the Syrian authorities.

“We all know we have well over 150,000 refugees. We already had 300,000 Syrian seasonal workers in Lebanon before the war. How many of them come from the areas of Homs, Aleppo and Damascus, and how many have now called their families to come to Lebanon? There are thousands more who have rented hotels and apartments. They are not registered because they have the means to survive on their own. How many thousands have come and are living with their relatives? Whether we like it or not, we have to count these people as refugees,” said Faddoul.

HRC is trying to find alternative funding sources for its relief operation, as government money is tight and major international donors do not to channel their funds through HRC. There has been a debate as to whether, and how, the Ministry of Social Affairs might take over some aid efforts, but divisions within the government have thwarted any clear decisions so far, international aid officials told IRIN on condition of anonymity.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96232/LEBANON-SYRIA-The-refugee-minefield</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031325160916t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BEIRUT 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Progress in terms of providing more and better aid to the steady influx of Syrian refugees in Lebanon is being held back by government indecision stemming from fears that the ongoing violence in Syria may destabilize the country’s fragile politics.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Palestinian refugees from Syria feel abandoned</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208291442500494t.jpg" />]]>RAMTHA/BEIRUT/DUBAI 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - In Jordan and Lebanon, the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA) has registered nearly 5,000 Palestinian refugees from the 17-month conflict in Syria. As both countries are already home to large Palestinian refugee populations, the newly arrived have become a political issue - with Palestinians feeling they are treated unfairly.</description><body><![CDATA[RAMTHA/BEIRUT/DUBAI 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - In Jordan and Lebanon, the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA) has registered nearly 5,000 Palestinian refugees from the 17-month conflict in Syria. As both countries are already home to large Palestinian refugee populations, the newly arrived have become a political issue - with Palestinians feeling they are treated unfairly.

"It has been quite bad living like a prisoner, especially when you see other people come and go but you are trapped," said Samir, a Palestinian at a dormitory-style facility known as Cyber City, 90km north of the Jordanian capital Amman.

When Samir arrived in Jordan five months ago, Syrian refugees could move and work freely within Jordan with the signature of a Jordanian guarantor, while Palestinians, many of whom have family in Jordan, were prohibited from leaving the camp to visit or stay with relatives. This month, the Jordanian government discontinued the sponsorship system for Syrian refugees.

Samir's wife Hanah could have left the camp because she is Syrian. "Can you imagine such discrimination?" she asked IRIN. "I will not leave them."

Palestinians said they were not allowed to move more than 30m from the building. The camp is 12km from downtown Ramtha and is not served by public transport.

UNRWA told IRIN only 185 Palestinians without a valid visa - i.e. those who were smuggled over the border, or who had to leave their papers behind - have been sent to Cyber City, while another 770 live outside the camp. Refugees IRIN interviewed at the camp said Palestinians not holding Syrian or Jordanian nationality had been sent to the camp.

Palestinians at Cyber City told IRIN that family members trying to flee had been turned back at the Jordanian border, a phenomenon also noted by Human Rights Watch. [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/07/04/jordan-bias-syrian-border ]

Reacting to the allegations, Samih Maaytah, minister of state for media affairs and communications, told IRIN: "Each country has the right to protect its sovereignty. At some point, we did not allow some Syrians to enter Jordan via air, for example, because we have the right to check who is coming in. Jordan should not be questioned over its sovereignty rights. Turkey, for example, had recently said it needs to regulate how many Syrians are entering its borders. No one has given a reason for it or questioned it."

Most of those at the camp are Palestinian Jordanians who had their citizenship withdrawn years ago in a Jordanian attempt to discourage Israeli transfers of Palestinians from the West Bank to Jordan.

"I was born in Jordan, but moved with my family to Syria. In 1995, they withdrew my citizenship from me and my brother. Although it is my country, I cannot move freely inside along with other people," said Samir, who showed his Jordanian birth certificate to IRIN.

Maaytah told IRIN: "Whether it is Palestinians or not, those who came without Jordanian or Syrian nationalities. will be given basic rights but any additional benefits are not Jordan's responsibility. These people came to Jordan seeking security and Jordan gave it to them."

But Jordan's fears might go deeper. While Palestinians are estimated [ http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+jo0005) ] to make up more than half of Jordan's population, the Hashemite dynasty relies on its non-Palestinian tribal support base for power. Since "Black September" in 1970 when Jordanian and Palestine Liberation Organization forces battled for control over the kingdom, the issue of how many Palestinians reside in the country has become taboo. During the second Gulf war, when scores of Palestinian expat workers fled to Jordan, the country found itself in a similar position as today.

"Jordan has experienced 500,000 Palestinians coming from Kuwait in 1992. It changed the way our society functions. In a country of just three million people, 500,000 refugees [are a lot]," a government employee, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN in March. "As Jordanians we are worried for the interests of our country."

Lebanon

Similar dynamics are at play in Lebanon, which hosted 455,000 Palestinians before the Syrian crisis.

"The Lebanese have made it clear they don't want to see more than a certain number of people coming here," a high-ranking aid official told IRIN on condition of anonymity.

Some 4,000 Palestinians have registered with UNRWA in Lebanon, many of them in the last month. Many more may not have registered because of their "vulnerable" status there, said Roger Davies, acting director of UNRWA affairs in Lebanon.

According to Palestinian-Syrian journalist Nidal Bitari, the problem in receiving Palestinians is rooted in the Lebanese civil war and the long-standing tensions between the Lebanese government and Palestinian factions.

Most of the Palestinians fleeing from Syria to Lebanon have gone to one of the 12 Palestinian refugee camps, but the camps in Beirut are overcrowded slums. With limited opportunities for Palestinians to find jobs and leave, many of these settlements have become breeding grounds for extremism. Fear that the new refugees might be recruited by armed Palestinian fractions such as Fatah al-Islam is influencing government decisions, thinks Bitari.

Forced to pay

Officially both Jordan and Lebanon are keeping their borders open for all refugees from Syria. But unlike Syrians, who can freely enter Lebanon for up to six months, Palestinians receive only a one-week residency permit. Once that expires, they must pay 50,000 LBP (US$33) each month to renew it.

"There is a clear distinction between Palestinians from Syria and Syrians from Syria," said Davies.

For some of the Palestinians, the fee is hard to afford: "My son arrived on 18 July and is still here [without a permit]. Where do we get the money from?" said Umm al-Khayr, a sick woman in her sixties from Damascus. "Why don't they just give us six months like the Syrians?"

Corruption is also a problem: "I saw a Palestinian woman at the border, who did not know anyone in Lebanon and she was forced to pay $300 in bribes, $40 for each child," said Darim, a teenager from Damascus. Palestinians who want to leave Syria still need permission from the Syrian government. While UNRWA said the procedure has been eased, NGO worker Rawan Nassar told IRIN that people have been asked to deposit large sums of money to obtain permission from the Syrian authorities, or have even been forced into providing sexual favours by border officials.

According to Palestinian sources close to Fatah, Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas is expected to visit Lebanon shortly to negotiate better conditions with the government.

Costly, cramped camps

In Lebanon, already poor conditions in the camps are affecting the Palestinians. But even in these camps, rents remain high. Refugees complain that even when they pay $200, the rooms they get are in an awful condition. "In Sabra there is another family of 12 and they are all sleeping in one room without any mattress," said Abu Ahmad, an old man bearing the hallmarks of the Syrian intelligence's brutality: broken teeth and bullet wounds on his arms.

Jordan's Cyber City, visited by IRIN, houses about 400 refugees, both Palestinians and Syrians.

Families are given separate rooms; singles have to share. "The room is too small for a family. I feel awkward walking to the bathroom with so many strange men around. We are nearly 40 people on this floor," said Hanah.

Refugees who have to share kitchens and bathrooms with 30-40 people complained about unsanitary conditions in the camp.

"It is quite smelly here. Some of the mattresses had bugs. People caught skin infections and head lice," said Hanah.

Betrayed?

Many Palestinians feel betrayed, and blame the government and aid agencies. While Syrian refugees receive assistance from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), Palestinians fall under the mandate of UNRWA, with its smaller relief budget.

"UN agencies turned their backs on us," said a refugee in Jordan who did not give his name. Refugees in Lebanon had similar stories to tell: "There is a woman in her seventh month of pregnancy who arrived two weeks ago with four kids and so far she hasn't received anything from UNRWA," said Umm Ahmad, Darim's mother.

UNRWA Jordan told IRIN that while funds are limited "we acknowledge all Palestine refugees registered with the agency. Those who live in the agency's five areas of operations are eligible for its services."

UNRWA is providing primary health care free of charge, but has only limited additional funds for the new refugees. The extra strain that refugee children might put on UNRWA's schooling system is of special concern. UNRWA has appealed to donors for an additional $27.4 million for its consolidated regional plan, but so far has only received $4.71million.

"We do not know our future," said one of the refugees. "People come and take pictures and speak with us, but they all leave at the end."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96202/Analysis-Palestinian-refugees-from-Syria-feel-abandoned</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208291442500494t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RAMTHA/BEIRUT/DUBAI 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - In Jordan and Lebanon, the UN agency for Palestine refugees (UNRWA) has registered nearly 5,000 Palestinian refugees from the 17-month conflict in Syria. As both countries are already home to large Palestinian refugee populations, the newly arrived have become a political issue - with Palestinians feeling they are treated unfairly.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LEBANON-SYRIA: No school today - Why Syrian refugee children miss out on education</title><pubDate>Wed, 08 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208081330120984t.jpg" />]]>WADI KHALED 08 August 2012 (IRIN) - Hayat*, a dark-haired 12-year-old, searches for a familiar face among a circle of children playing a name game. She knows some of the kids. They have fled from the central Syrian city of Homs with their families, just as she has. Others are unknown to her; they are from the Lebanese border region of Wadi Khaled, where she and her family have found refuge.</description><body><![CDATA[WADI KHALED 08 August 2012 (IRIN) - Hayat*, a dark-haired 12-year-old, searches for a familiar face among a circle of children playing a name game. She knows some of the kids. They have fled from the central Syrian city of Homs with their families, just as she has. Others are unknown to her; they are from the Lebanese border region of Wadi Khaled, where she and her family have found refuge.

Hayat is lucky because she is one of the few children able to access a summer school and psychosocial support programme run by the NGO Save the Children, with support from the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), in the border regions of Lebanon.

Of the 33,871 refugees registered in the country by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), 51 percent are under the age of 18, and the majority of children face problems accessing education.

“The biggest problem is the language,” says Miled Abou Jaoude, Save the Children’s emergency coordinator in Lebanon. The Syrian school system is entirely run in Arabic, while Lebanese schools teach math and sciences in either English or French, which few Syrian refugees understand.

A recent assessment by UNICEF and Save the Children found that, as a result, many Syrian children are being placed in lower grades than the ones they attended in Syria. Additionally, the curriculum taught in Lebanon is different from that in Syria. Some educational experts, such as Abou Jaoude, say Lebanon’s is more advanced and difficult, making it even harder for the refugee children.

The support programmes from NGOs and UNICEF might help, but UNICEF says that such programmes currently cover only 5,450 children and that it still faces a funding gap of around US$1 million.

Protection issues

All Syrian refugees residing in Lebanon are theoretically able to enter the public school system. According to the UNICEF assessment, the Lebanese schools have the needed extra capacity. But many refugee parents are not aware of this option.

And school access will be delayed for more recent arrivals. The deadline to enrol in schools for the 2012 school year passed in December 2011. Refugee children who arrived after that date have to wait until September this year to attend. With many of children having been displaced several times already inside Syria, some have not gone to school for over a year.

Over 80 percent of the refugees arrived in Lebanon this year. Dana Sleiman, a public relations officer with UNHCR, told IRIN that only 20 percent of the registered children are currently enrolled in school. Many more are not even registered.

Many Syrian children over the age of 11 had dropped out of school before coming to Lebanon. They find it even harder now to re-enter the education system. Instead of going to school, many try to find jobs in agriculture or construction work.

At a UNHCR registration site in Wadi Khaled, Umar*, a 16-year-old from Homs, told IRIN: “I did not go to school in Syria. Why should I go here? I have worked in construction for a few years, and that’s what I would like to do again.”

According to Isabella Castrogiovanni, UNICEF’s chief of child protection programmes, both push and pull factors are responsible. “It’s an income factor for these refugee families, but you also have all these adolescents sitting at home doing nothing and getting bored. They have no chance to go to school or to take any other opportunity.”

And while reports of actual child recruitment are scarce, many male adolescents from Syria over the age of 15 said that people in host communities expect them to go back and fight, the UNICEF assessment said.

Legal and financial barriers

One major hurdle for Syrian children is the distance to the schools. Many of refugee parents, relieved to have made it safely to Lebanon, are afraid to let their children travel longer distances to school. Others would like to enrol their children but cannot afford the extra cost of around 100,000 Lebanese pounds (US$66) per month for transportation.

While Syrians can register their children at schools, taking the final exams in grade 9 and 10 is another problem. The Lebanese Ministry of Education announced that to enrol in exams, Syrian children will have to present proper certification from their schools in Syria proving that they have passed the required tests, but many refugees do not have these papers with them.

The ministry has suggested that refugees could approach the Syrian embassy in Beirut to receive the needed documents, but Dalia Aranki, with the Norwegian Refugee Council, told IRIN that many refugees are unwilling to do so, fearing repercussions from the Syrian regime. Many other refugees have entered the country illegally. While the Ministry of Education has issued a decree that allows enrolment independent of the legal status of the child, some school principals have decided not to implement this decision.

The joint Save the Children-UNICEF assessment also found that many Syrian students experience bullying by Lebanese children and teachers alike, perhaps due to the economic pressure many Lebanese host communities have come under.

In the summer school that Hayat is attending, she is able to learn French or English, which will help her follow along in class when school resumes. The programme, in which a quarter of participants are from the local community, will also help her to get to know some of her future Lebanese peers, aiding the transition back to school.

*not a real name

kb/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96053/LEBANON-SYRIA-No-school-today-Why-Syrian-refugee-children-miss-out-on-education</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208081330120984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WADI KHALED 08 August 2012 (IRIN) - Hayat*, a dark-haired 12-year-old, searches for a familiar face among a circle of children playing a name game. She knows some of the kids. They have fled from the central Syrian city of Homs with their families, just as she has. Others are unknown to her; they are from the Lebanese border region of Wadi Khaled, where she and her family have found refuge.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>