<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Latin America and Caribbean</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 13:00:38 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>FILM: Heroes of HIV: The Prison Educator</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112011434460766t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - The latest chapter in our Heroes of HIV film series follows former prisoner Jean Julux Alusma as he works to increase awareness and understanding of HIV/AIDS among inmates of Haiti’s jails. </description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - The latest chapter in our Heroes of HIV film series follows former prisoner Jean Julux Alusma as he works to increase awareness and understanding of HIV/AIDS among inmates of Haiti’s jails. 
 
 “In Haiti, 120,000 people are living with AIDS, of which 67,000 are women, who are always more at risk,” says Alusma. Today, Haiti has the highest HIV/AIDS rate in the Caribbean, with 2.2 percent of adults estimated to be HIV positive. Young women are more than twice as likely to be infected as young men.  
 
 In Haiti’s only women’s prison, Alusma trains a select group of peer educators, who in turn pass on the information to other prisoners.
 
 “When prisoners are exposed to other prisoners teaching them about HIV, they are much more willing to accept an HIV test, more willing to access medical care and more eager to take their medications and enter into treatment,” says John May of Health Through Walls, an NGO.
 In Haiti, stigma, discrimination, a weak health care system and extreme poverty greatly increase the impact of HIV/AIDS.
 
 According to one of Alusma’s trainees, “in Haiti, most women don’t have jobs and depend on men for clothes and food… to keep that relationship they have to have sex with them. I've learnt a lot here and when I get out, I'm going to be passing on the information to my son and daughter.”
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94362</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112011434460766t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - The latest chapter in our Heroes of HIV film series follows former prisoner Jean Julux Alusma as he works to increase awareness and understanding of HIV/AIDS among inmates of Haiti’s jails. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FILM: Haiti&apos;s Rape Survivors</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111041227140188t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - More than 18 months since the earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, women and girls living in makeshift camps remain vulnerable to sexual violence. </description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - More than 18 months since the earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, women and girls living in makeshift camps remain vulnerable to sexual violence. 
 
 IRIN's latest film follows a survivor of rape, Shirley Christoff, as she attempts to rebuild her life in a rundown informal settlement in Port-au-Prince. Christoff, together with thousands of other women, lives in constant fear for her safety. 

View the film: Haiti's Rape Survivors [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4832 ]
 
 According to human rights organizations, continued lack of security is one of the main factors contributing to high levels of rape in and around the internal displacement camps. More than 250 cases of rape were reported in several camps in the first 150 days after the earthquake, according to Amnesty International. 
 
 Sexual violence and other forms of gender-based violence were widespread in Haiti even before the earthquake. In the 1990s, Human Rights Watch (HRW) documented the use of rape as a form of oppression during the regime of Raoul Cédras. From 2004 to 2006, the UN Security Council estimated that 35,000 women and girls were subjected to rape and sexual violence. 
 
 "After you have been raped, you have nowhere to go, you have to return to the camp and face the person who raped you," says Christoff. As police stations and courts were reduced to rubble during the earthquake, the few protection mechanisms that did exist were destroyed. 
 
 According to Amnesty and HRW, the post-earthquake humanitarian and government response to gender-based violence has been wholly inadequate. While effort was being invested to ensure basic needs were met, little to no attention has been paid to the rights of women and girls to be protected from sexual violence. Survivors of sexual violence have taken matters into their own hands, with two grassroots organizations providing support to thousands of women. The first emergency response system dedicated to sexual violence was set up in October and a call centre has already recorded 400 cases of rape. 
 
 This film is the 10th in a series of films about displacement, Forced to Flee. Others in the series include Bolivia’s Changing Climate [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4263 ], Israel’s African Migrants [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4262 ] and Haiti’s Homeless Hotel [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4100 ].
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94118</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111041227140188t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - More than 18 months since the earthquake struck Haiti in January 2010, women and girls living in makeshift camps remain vulnerable to sexual violence. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: New risk index helps identify vulnerability</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106190631010812t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - A new disaster risk index launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help donors and aid organizations better understand why some countries are more at risk of calamity than others, and shape their responses when disaster strikes.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - With the media spotlight on the drought and famine in the Horn of Africa, governments and aid organizations have come under fire for their lack of a developmental approach, but a new tool launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help them better understand vulnerability in the longer term. 
 
 The World Risk Index (WRI), explained Jörn Birkmann, scientific head of the WRI project at the UN institute, is unique in defining risk as the interaction between a natural hazard and the vulnerability of a particular community. 
 
 WRI takes into account social, political, economic and ecological factors to determine the capacity of an affected community to respond. It looks at four main components, which in turn take into account at least 28 variables. 
 
 1. Exposure to a natural hazard (sudden as well as slow-onset natural disasters like droughts). 
 
 2. Susceptibility, which is understood as the likelihood of society and ecosystems to be damaged should a natural hazard occur. Existing economic, infrastructure, nutrition and housing conditions are taken into account. 
 
 3. The capacity to cope, which looks at the state of governance, disaster preparedness and early warning systems, medical services, and social and material security levels. "Governance is a critical issue as it is politically sensitive which is why it is overlooked by many similar indices, but the fact is you need a stable government that has the capacity to deliver to help people become resilient," said Birkmann. He illustrated his point by contrasting the impact of the recent earthquakes in Haiti and Japan. "Owing to higher coping and adaptive capacities, such as building laws, there were significantly fewer victims in Japan." 
 
 4. Adaptation strategies - implying the capacities and strategies which help communities address the expected negative consequences of natural hazards and climate change. 
 
 “Information on coping capacities is relevant for short-term responses, but where long-term programmes and planning is concerned, it is useful for NGOs to know about the area’s adaptation capacity,” said Peter Mucke, managing director of Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (Alliance Development Works), a consortium of five German NGOs which worked with the UN University on the study. "So while we come to know which countries need short-term responses like food, at the same time we need know where we have to provide food-for-work programmes or strategies to provide water in the long term." 
 
 Afghan example 
 
 Afghanistan, which according to the WRI has the world’s poorest adaptive capacity and the second lowest coping capacity, tops the list of countries most vulnerable to disasters. 
 
 The tool is uncomplicated. “The index gives you all that information at a glance - showing the strength of a particular area’s capacity to adapt or cope in percentages, which is useful to communicate the strengths and weakness of a particular area when you are seeking funding from donors,” said Birkmann. 
 
 For instance, Afghanistan's lack of capacity to cope is shown at 93.4 percent; its adaptation capacity 73.55 percent; and vulnerability 76.19 percent. WRI uses the various percentages, and also factors in sea-level rise predictions, to calculate an overall risk figure: The Pacific island of Vanuatu comes out as the country most at risk of a disaster. 
 
 No risk index can be flawless: In the case of Vanuatu, people will only be at risk of a metre-rise in sea level in 100 years - by which time the country’s population may have changed considerably from the 2005 figures used by WRI. 
 
 WRI is dependent on the availability and quality of the data it uses. It covers 173 out of 192 countries. Somalia is not included. 
 
 WRI’s methodology could be used to focus in on any community of any size in the world. 
 
 jk/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93658</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106190631010812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - A new disaster risk index launched by the UN University Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn could help donors and aid organizations better understand why some countries are more at risk of calamity than others, and shape their responses when disaster strikes.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GLOBAL-HAITI: Search and rescue standards turn 20</title><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191314230870t.jpg" />]]>GENEVA 10 January 2011 (IRIN) - When Mexico City was hit by a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in 1985, disaster response teams searched the same buildings over and over again. During search and rescue efforts for the 1986 El Salvador earthquake, two European rescue teams clashed over the appropriate approach. Twenty years ago, international search and rescue was &quot;very chaotic indeed&quot;, said Joe Bishop, an emergency management consultant. &quot;It was a free-for-all, there was no commonality at all... the tools were totally inappropriate for the job, all to the detriment of the affected people.&quot;</description><body><![CDATA[GENEVA 10 January 2011 (IRIN) - When Mexico City was hit by a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in 1985, disaster response teams searched the same buildings over and over again. During search and rescue efforts for the 1986 El Salvador earthquake, two European rescue teams clashed over the appropriate approach. 
 
 Twenty years ago, international search and rescue was "very chaotic indeed", said Joe Bishop, an emergency management consultant. "It was a free-for-all, there was no commonality at all... the tools were totally inappropriate for the job, all to the detriment of the affected people." 
 
 That changed with the development of the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) 20 years ago in December. "I think there's still a lot to be done, but we've made major inroads since the earthquake in Mexico in 1985," said Bishop. 
 
 Jens Kristensen, a UN official who was rescued from the rubble five days after the 12 January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, agreed: "INSARAG has come a long way in 20 years." 
 
 The international response to the Haiti earthquake was the largest ever. "The best outcome," observed Kjell Larsson, a senior adviser to the Swedish government, "was that the USAR [urban search and rescue] teams saved more lives than any other earthquake response in the past 10, 20 years." 
 
 Nihan Erdogan, a humanitarian affairs officer with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and Haiti United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team member, said the search and rescue operation in Haiti "allowed INSARAG to learn significant lessons". 
 
 INSARAG held its first global meeting in Kobe, Japan, in September, linking up 200 participants, 79 countries and eight international organizations. Co-organized by OCHA, the meeting launched celebrations for INSARAG's 20th anniversary and commemorated the 15th anniversary of the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe. 
 
 Erdogan believes the main achievement of the meeting was the INSARAG Hyogo Declaration, which was adopted by all participating member states. 
 
 The next step, said Erdogan, will be the implementation of "a common understanding and common strategy [which] will make a big difference at the operational level". 
 
 Lessons learned 
 
 Erdogan suggested the biggest lesson for INSARAG over the years has been to have minimum international standards. Referring to her experiences in Haiti, she said: "It was challenging to coordinate the USAR operations while teams had completely different opinions and approaches to security measures." 
 
 On 16 December 2002, General Assembly Resolution 57/150 endorsed the establishment of international standards and USAR capacity-building with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of international search and rescue operations, but a remaining challenge has been the certification of qualified international USAR teams. 
 
 One measure that has already been introduced to address this gap is the INSARAG External Classification (IEC) process, established in 2005 to identify competent USAR teams. 
 
 "Haiti was the first big disaster using the classified teams," said Erdogan. In light of Haiti, "now we know very well that IEC worked very well". 
 
 Yet out of the 60 international USAR teams that responded to the Haiti earthquake, only eight were IEC-classified. Larsson noted that "it's a fairly costly process ... and it's a fairly slow process". 
 
 It can take years for an international USAR team to complete the classification process, Erdogan said, and the queue to qualify for IEC classification extends to 2014. 
 
 Once a team has been classified, "we speak the same language and do the same thing", Erdogan said. 
 
 Mariusz Feltynowski, leader of a USAR Poland classified team, said in a review of the Haiti response that "cooperation with other certified teams was almost faultless. This happened because teams worked with the same standards, similar equipment and mainly because they knew each other." 
 
 Capacity-building 
 
 Another lesson that has emerged is the need to strengthen capacity at local, national and international levels. Because of time and distance issues, at least 48 hours can pass before an international rescue team arrives at an emergency. 
 
 "If we can spread out the methodology through all levels and layers of response, we can save more lives," said Larsson. "If the national teams are trained, they can come together and work better with the international teams in a rescue operation." 
 
 INSARAG now aims to classify national teams. 
 
 Toni Frisch, INSARAG chairman, noted that "[w]hile the benefits of the INSARAG External Classification process in ensuring minimum international operational standards and matching needs to capacity were amply demonstrated in Haiti, the importance of introducing similar minimum standards and methodology at the national level became abundantly clear as a key to better preparedness for earthquake response". 
 
 "Beyond the rubble" 
 
 Yet another lesson addressed at the global meeting in Kobe was the "beyond the rubble" concept. 
 
 Using the analogy of a local fire and the response carried out by a local fire department, Larsson noted that the firefighters do not simply show up, put out the fire and then leave. There are procedures in place for after the fire, such as relocating victims, dealing with trauma, and so on. He said there was room for improvement in this post-disaster phase. 
 
 During this period in Haiti, the expanding role of the USAR teams was seen to add value to overall humanitarian assistance. They assessed the safety of vital public buildings, recovery of damaged equipment and collection of the deceased. 
 
 The recognition of this reconstruction "beyond the rubble" has become an important aspect of how USAR teams will think about future responses to disasters. 
 
 International USAR 
 
 A typical international USAR team includes search, rescue and medical components as well as administrative and logistical support and can be deployed within eight hours of notification of an emergency. A medium team consists of 20-60 people and a large international deployment can comprise 80 to 100-plus. 
 
 "Dogs spearhead most of the search operations," said Bishop, but structural engineers, vets and medics are also needed. 
 
 A team can remain in operation for 10 to 14 days before being resupplied, but the operational effectiveness for life-saving has a limited window of about four days. "The survival rate dramatically drops after four days," he said. 
 
 "Ninety percent of the rescues are done by locals, [while] international teams deal with deep penetration protracted rescues." 
 
 Political feedback 
 
 A senior humanitarian official said it was "crystal clear" that nations gained positive visibility in the media from their USAR teams. In addition, it was a good way to hone skills and develop the "real-life" experience for use at home. 
 
 Yet as Bishop pointed out, "These teams deploy gratis. It doesn't cost the affected country a single cent. The prime mover is that they are doing humanitarian relief. 
 
 "The investment that they are making in vulnerable countries is the right investment," said Bishop. "Equipment, training and maintenance costs would be unsustainable in many countries." 
 
 And while there is "nothing stopping a do-gooder or a nice john from showing up with a dog and a shovel... the INSARAG family is working toward filtering [out 'disaster tourism']," added Bishop. 
 
 kz/bp/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91584</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191314230870t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GENEVA 10 January 2011 (IRIN) - When Mexico City was hit by a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in 1985, disaster response teams searched the same buildings over and over again. During search and rescue efforts for the 1986 El Salvador earthquake, two European rescue teams clashed over the appropriate approach. Twenty years ago, international search and rescue was &quot;very chaotic indeed&quot;, said Joe Bishop, an emergency management consultant. &quot;It was a free-for-all, there was no commonality at all... the tools were totally inappropriate for the job, all to the detriment of the affected people.&quot;</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: HIV-positive people especially vulnerable to cholera</title><pubDate>Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011040952360035t.jpg" />]]>PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 November 2010 (IRIN) - As the death toll from the cholera epidemic sweeping through Haiti surpasses 1,000, with more than 19,000 confirmed cases, officials say people living with HIV are especially vulnerable.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 November 2010 (IRIN) - As the death toll from the cholera epidemic sweeping through Haiti surpasses 1,000, with more than 19,000 confirmed cases, health officials say people living with HIV are especially vulnerable. 
 
 Only about 25 percent of people infected with cholera develop symptoms - mainly watery diarrhoea and vomiting - but people already weakened by illness, malnutrition or pregnancy are particularly at risk. 
 
 "[People living with HIV] are very much at risk because they already have a weakened immune system," explained Hanz Legagneur, director of the Ministry of Public Health in the country's West Department. 
 
 Cholera can be easily treated with oral rehydration salts that replenish the body's water and electrolytes, but can be deadly for people who fall ill quickly and lose too much water before obtaining assistance. 
 
 People living with HIV are often too poor to pay for transport to health facilities, which can prove deadly when time is short. 
 
 "Anyone can die within four hours without treatment or oral rehydration salts; [for] someone infected with HIV it will be even less - it can be two or three hours," said Reginald Dupont of SeroVIE, an NGO for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered Haitians living with HIV. 
 
 Haiti - with an HIV prevalence of 2.2 percent - has approximately 120,000 HIV-positive people. Like much of the population, many are living in tents following January's earthquake, with little access to potable water or clean toilets. 
 
 Health workers have been overwhelmed by the cholera epidemic and have not yet released numbers of HIV-positive people who have contracted the water-borne disease. But according to Dupont, people infected with HIV often lack adequate access to healthcare and due to stigma, may not receive appropriate medical attention. 
 
 The UN Population Fund (UNFPA) [ http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/6897 ] has distributed nearly 7,000 hygiene-cholera kits since 1 November to pregnant women and people living with HIV. The kits contain soap, a toothbrush and a bucket, as well as chlorine to prevent infection. 
 
 National and international organizations are also working to raise awareness about cholera prevention measures. According to Marie Jose Salomon, the HIV focal point for the UNFPA in Haiti, radio spots explaining the risks of cholera to people with HIV are set to be released soon. 
 
 Although cholera treatment centres have been set up nationwide, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs [ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MCOI-8BECGJ?OpenDocument&RSS20&RSS20=FS ] has estimated that only 10 percent of the money, supplies and skills needed to adequately address the epidemic have so far been made available. 
 
 ag/kr/ks/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91152</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011040952360035t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 November 2010 (IRIN) - As the death toll from the cholera epidemic sweeping through Haiti surpasses 1,000, with more than 19,000 confirmed cases, officials say people living with HIV are especially vulnerable.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Combating TB in Port-au-Prince&apos;s tent cities</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg" />]]>PORT-AU-PRINCE 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Health workers in Haiti are concerned about the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in the tent cities that have housed more than one million people since the massive earthquake in January.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT-AU-PRINCE 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Health workers in Haiti are concerned about the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in the tent cities that have housed more than one million people since the massive earthquake in January.
 
 "With the quake this became an emergency," said Macarthur Charles, a doctor with Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), [ http://www.gheskio.org ] one of the largest HIV- and TB-focused NGOs in Haiti.
 
 "The main TB hospital, the sanatorium here in Port-au-Prince, collapsed and [the GHESKIO] hospital in Leogane [about 29km west of Port-au-Prince] for treating multi-drug resistant TB [MDR-TB] also collapsed."
 
 GHESKIO suffered losses to its health infrastructure worth an estimated US$10 million, and the two government TB sanatoriums were also destroyed by the quake.
 
 "TB is an extremely important situation because transmission is facilitated by the situation of people living under tents," said Jean William Pape, director and founder of GHESKIO.
 
Across the capital, people are crammed into tiny tents, with 6-10 people sharing a single tent made for two people, while others live in six-by-six or ten-by-ten metre tents.
 
 "There is a delay in care. There is the issue of malnutrition or of having untreated HIV that allows you to have more TB, and then there's the question of you being in small areas with other people," said Megan Coffee, a US infectious diseases specialist who has been running an expanded TB ward at Port-au-Prince's General Hospital since January.
 
 The spread of MDR-TB is also a concern. The condition often develops as a result of patients on first-line TB drugs not completing the initial course of treatment. Treating MDR-TB can cost 50-200 times more than first-line treatment. An estimated 2 percent of newly diagnosed TB patients and 12 percent of previously treated TB patients in Haiti have MDR-TB, according to the UN World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 After the earthquake, GHESKIO was able to trace all its MDR-TB patients and continue their medication; some are being treated as outpatients while others are being housed in isolation tents in the capital. GHESKIO is building a new 30-bed centre for patients with MDR-TB, and is strengthening its laboratory capacity to improve TB surveillance.
 
 Shortly after the quake, health workers saw a spike in TB cases, but some think this could have been as a result of increased screening by volunteer organizations. "A lot of the foreigners who came to Haiti to help, they had TB on their mind, they were screening for it... I think that drove the referrals we saw early on, and now I think we've gone down because there is less active screening," said Charles. 
 
 A pre-existing epidemic 
 
 While the earthquake has destroyed TB infrastructure, stretched limited health resources and worsened living conditions, the disease is not new to Haiti. According to a new WHO report on TB, [ http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2010/en/index.html ] the current prevalence in Haiti is 312 cases per 100,000 people, by far the highest in the western hemisphere. Like much of the developing world, it is closely linked to HIV; Haiti's HIV rate is 2.2 percent. With 30 percent of the global HIV positive population likely to contract TB in their lifetime, the joint TB and HIV burden in Haiti is heavy. 
 
 "Living conditions for those in tents are visible now, but they existed long before the earthquake. I would say 60 percent of people now living in tents lived in the same conditions before," said Anany Gretchko Prosper, head of medical operations for Partners in Health, another long-standing health NGO. 
 
 "The patients I've been seeing in the aftermath of the earthquake had nothing to do with the earthquake - there's no way that TB developed in two weeks," said Coffee. 
 
 Ahead of Hurricane Tomas in October, the expanded TB ward Coffee runs was transferred from tents to a room in the hospital, with 27 beds for in-patient care; hundreds of outpatients also frequent the clinic. About 25 percent of Coffee's patients are HIV-positive and some 40 percent of in-patients are HIV-positive. 
 
 However, GHESKIO's Charles acknowledged that these new centres could quickly reach capacity, and providing adequate treatment and care would remain "a challenge". 
 
 Following the quake, UNAIDS released a situation assessment [ http://data.unaids.org/pub/FactSheet/2010/20100226_haiti_aidsresponse_en.pdf ] which named some of the priority areas for action in Haiti as: rebuilding the health system, restoring networks for people living with HIV, and protecting internally displaced people from HIV. It noted that a new national strategic plan for HIV would be needed, taking into account the country's new realities. 
 
 ag/kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91113</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT-AU-PRINCE 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Health workers in Haiti are concerned about the spread of tuberculosis (TB) in the tent cities that have housed more than one million people since the massive earthquake in January.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Unarmed in the fight against cholera </title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011040950060019t.jpg" />]]>ARTIBONITE 04 November 2010 (IRIN) - A colourful cholera prevention poster in Haiti has images of smiling people getting water from a tap, a man using a sturdy latrine and people walking a sick boy to a health centre. But these vital tools for fighting the infectious bacterial disease are absent in most communities.</description><body><![CDATA[ARTIBONITE 04 November 2010 (IRIN) - A colourful cholera prevention poster in Haiti has images of smiling people getting water from a tap, a man using a sturdy latrine and people walking a sick boy to a health centre. [ http://new.paho.org/disasters/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1380&Itemid ]

But these vital tools for fighting the infectious bacterial disease - which by 3 November had killed at least 442 people in Haiti and infected more than 6,742 - are absent in most communities, such as the village of Deslandes in the Petite Rivière d’Artibonite District. 

Here, there is one well for 600 people that rarely functions, the village has no toilets and reaching the nearest health centre requires crossing a river. Most people use the River Artibonite - thought to be the source of the epidemic - as their primary source of drinking, bathing and laundry water. 

“Everyone uses the river,” resident Melinda Sineas told IRIN. “But the river is dangerous now.” 

It has been decades since Haiti last saw cholera, but with the country’s abysmal water and sanitation conditions diarrhoeal disease is common. 

“The lack of water and sanitation infrastructure in Haiti made it very difficult to imagine we would not have a major diarrhoea outbreak as a consequence of the earthquake,” said Joia Mukherjee, chief medical officer with Partners in Health (PIH), a Boston-based NGO which has worked in Haiti for over 20 years. 

Haiti is one of the few countries in the world where sanitation coverage for urban dwellers decreased between 1990 and 2006, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization.
[ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmpfinal.pdf ]

Open defecation 

Rural areas like Deslandes are badly off as well. Open defecation is the rule - a practice that is all the more dangerous when cholera is present. Less than 40 percent of Haitians have access to toilets, according to UNICEF-Haiti. 

“When people get sick they relieve themselves in the woods like all of us,” Deslandes resident Ovid Floville, 50, told IRIN. “[Once they are too weak] and cannot stand any more, they stay at home and their whole body gets covered in diarrhoea.” 

He said people scrub their homes with river water. NGOs have brought bleach and other supplies to nearby villages but Deslandes is isolated and access difficult, noted local pastor Solomon Tomas. 

“People talk a lot about prevention,” PIH’s Mukherjee told IRIN. “But you have prevention [messages] against a backdrop of extreme privation. It is tough for people to avail themselves of the tools to prevent infection.” 

Still, even in the absence of a sound water and sanitation system, some interim measures make a significant difference, she said. “There are things you can do in the absence of proper infrastructure [that will be effective] - for example, handing out soap, handing out water purification tablets. It does not completely prevent the problem but it is still worth doing these things.” 

Medical care a boat ride away 

If prevention is difficult in places like Deslandes, so is treatment. While some 80 percent of cholera cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration salts, if they are not on hand one must get to a health post.

"There is a health centre in [the town of] La Chapelle but it can't deal with the number of people who are sick," the pastor said. "It can take two or three hours to get to the hospital."

When Smith Lorine, 47, came down with vomiting and diarrhoea, family and friends worried, having seen many Deslandes residents with similar symptoms dying in the days before. 

It was midnight and Lorine and his son first had to wake the man who transports people across the river. After the canoe journey, Lorine - still vomiting - got a ride on a motorcycle to the hospital in the nearest city, Mirebalais. 

“I couldn’t handle it but I had to go on,” he told IRIN. 

After treatment Lorine was sent home from hospital with two gallons of purified water. When he runs out he plans to go back for more. If the hospital stops giving out water, the small-scale farmer is committed to finding it himself. 

“I don’t have the means to buy water, but I will have to find a way. I never want to drink river water again.” 

In cholera-endemic areas, such as in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, people can be carriers and not fall ill, Mukherjee said. “Here in Haiti [where diarrhoeal disease is common], you’re adding a new strain amid an already weak - I won’t even say ‘system’ - a complete lack of infrastructure.” 

PIH and three other institutions in 2008 published a report about the widespread lack of access to clean water in Haiti. This lack, the report said, “ranks as one of Haiti’s most significant obstacles when it comes to meeting basic human rights standards. Historical legacies of inequality, disempowered or corrupt governance, and persistent levels of extreme poverty have all contributed to the Haitian government’s systemic inability to deliver clean water to its people.” [ http://parthealth.3cdn.net/0badc680352663967e_v6m6b1ayx.pdf ]

Mukherjee said developing a water and sanitation system must be the job of government. Since the January 2010 earthquake PIH has been wary about how little funding the government has received, she said. “The infrastructure cannot be done by an NGO. It’s important to assist the government in getting some of the resources coming in - that’s critical.” 

ag/np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90979</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011040950060019t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARTIBONITE 04 November 2010 (IRIN) - A colourful cholera prevention poster in Haiti has images of smiling people getting water from a tap, a man using a sturdy latrine and people walking a sick boy to a health centre. But these vital tools for fighting the infectious bacterial disease are absent in most communities.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Are humanitarians learning the lessons from Haiti?</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051229450281t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 28 October 2010 (IRIN) - Listen to locals, tap into existing capacity, coordinate needs assessments, find strong leaders and provide transitional shelter - not just tents. These are some of the lessons to have emerged from the 2007 tsunami evaluation, numerous earthquake responses and the latest Haiti real-time evaluation, begging the question: when will the humanitarian community start applying these lessons learned.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 28 October 2010 (IRIN) - Listen to locals, tap into existing capacity, coordinate needs assessments, find strong leaders and provide transitional shelter - not just tents. These are some of the lessons to have emerged from the 2007 tsunami evaluation, numerous earthquake responses and the latest Haiti real-time evaluation, begging the question: when will the humanitarian community start applying these lessons learned. [ http://www.alnap.org/resource/5536.aspx; http://www.urd.org/spip.php?article458; http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=87825 ]

“There is still a tendency not only to reinvent the wheel, but also to turn it the wrong way,” notes the Haiti Real Time Evaluation (RTE), written in August 2010 but just published in October.

What worked

Some things did go right in Haiti, say both the RTE and Sir John Holmes, former under-secretary general for humanitarian response at the UN, and currently director of the Ditchley Foundation. [ http://www.ditchley.co.uk/ ]

At a Haiti applying lessons-learned forum hosted by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) on 26 October, Holmes outlined some relative successes. Search and rescue teams worked efficiently; medical care, with a major contribution from Médecins Sans Frontières, was strong, as were the World Health Organization’s disease control efforts; water distributions were prioritized, with thousands of cubic litres distributed by May 2010; organization of food assistance, after initial hiccups, meant food aid reached 3.5 million people; and emergency education efforts were good. Further, some 57 percent of the US$1.5 billion revised humanitarian flash appeal was funded. 

It is easy to criticize, said Holmes and important to remember the extreme challenges such large-scale crises pose. “There is a glib narrative that the humanitarian community doesn’t apply the lessons it learns, but it is important to remember there are some things that are just hard to get right,” he said.

Flaws

But at the operational level repeat problems emerged. Needs assessments were incomplete and duplicative; transitional - as in medium-term - shelter was not provided at scale; [ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/lib.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-86NQ3X/$file/alnap-innovationcasestudyno5-shelter-jun2010.pdf?openelement ] sanitation solutions were inadequate; and the overall protection response- particularly to sexual and gender based violence - was weak. 

Process-wise, few agencies informed local communities of what they were doing or why they were there; and while they coordinated closely at first with what was left of the national authorities, this coordination dwindled over time, according to the RTE. 

Most coordination meetings for each sector, or “cluster”, took place in English, marginalizing locals who spoke only French or Creole; and many national staff were barred due to too-tight security measures, says the RTE.

Perhaps most frustrating, after the stress laid on improving leadership in the humanitarian sector over recent years, was the poor leadership exhibited at the top of the UN system, but also among cluster heads. It took several weeks for the UN to decide whether to appoint a humanitarian and recovery head or to merge it all under one leader; and to appoint the right person for the post.

The UN humanitarian country team was only convened a full three weeks after the disaster hit, notes the RTE.

“Mega-disaster” constraints

However, observers must not overlook the major challenges unique to the Haiti context, pointed out all three speakers at the ODI forum. The scale of destruction made Haiti a “mega-disaster” said Linda Poteat, director of disaster response at US NGO network Interaction, with government officials killed, rubble-strewn streets and few suitable buildings to hold meetings in. Thirteen out of 16 ministries were destroyed.

This was a disaster in which the responders were also the victims, she pointed out - “National staff had lost their homes and lost family members - they had to make sure they were okay while being called on to work 16-hour days; many skilled ministry staff were dead - including the chief, government-NGO liaison.”

Rather than being put to work, some staff should have been sent away immediately, given the levels of trauma they were experiencing, Holmes told IRIN.

The urban locus of the Haiti disaster posed a huge challenge to the humanitarian community, which is still geared up primarily for rural response, and is only now beginning to address urbanization challenges, said Ross Mountain, director of independent group, Development Assistance Research Associates (DARA). [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90825 ]

“You can’t dig a latrine in the middle of a city,” said Poteat. “Camps are hard to secure in urban spaces. Populations kept on moving around - from camps to villages and back, so it was hard to keep track of them.”

Urban crisis response is the focus of the latest World Disasters Report. [ http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2010/index.asp ]

Further, widespread media attention brought hundreds of small NGOs to Haiti to try to help out, many with little emergency experience; in addition to the hundreds of reporters seeking instant stories and a strong US military presence, said Holmes. “There were even more actors there than usual... This can further hamper coordination efforts... We didn’t get leadership quite right, but it was not as wrong as some think,” he said.

Amid this chaos, and amid reports that the already-weak government was struggling to respond amid heavy staff losses, many aid agencies bypassed local structures, said Holmes. “Yes, we should involve local actors more, but at the same time - it is hard to get that right,” he said. 

Improving leadership

Agencies need to be more “ruthless” when it comes to appointing the right people to leadership roles, said Holmes. “It doesn’t always matter if someone has the right local knowledge - if they are not used to large-scale disaster response, then they must be replaced,” he told IRIN.

Mountain agrees humanitarian leaders need to be tougher. “You have to sometimes be unpopular and take risks - you cannot be guaranteed success,” he told IRIN. “There is no robust-enough system in the UN to address this dimension of leadership.”

Appointing and training the right leaders has been at the forefront of humanitarian reform over the past few years, but the wide-scale impact is yet to be felt, implies the RTE. Stronger surge capacity rosters - which NGOs and UN agencies are getting better at setting up in advance - should be developed at a wider scale, said Mountain.

On the coordination front, clusters need to shift from simply sharing information, to setting strategy, said Poteat. This has long-time been a recommendation in humanitarian response, yet is still not practised across the board. One sector to do this well was shelter, she said.  

And while coordinating with military actors may be difficult for humanitarians, they have to face up to the challenge, said Holmes. In Haiti, the US military was looking for a strong humanitarian-led coordination structure, yet this was slow to emerge. “We need more policies and scenario-planning done ahead of time when it comes to CIMIC [civil-military-coordination],” he told aid workers at the ODI. 

Recommendations

The RTE recommends aid agencies hone their approach to large-scale natural disasters in urban settings. “We will see more of these disasters - the Haitis, the Pakistans, linked to climate change - in the future,” said Mountain, “and we do not have the tools we need to deal with them. This is a warning that we need to prepare,” he said.

Other recommendations include vastly improving protection and water and sanitation responses in crises; to use new technology more effectively - for instance using SMS applications to distribute cash, or satellite imagery in needs-assessments. As Mountain told IRIN: “Everyone talks about satellite imagery being available to map needs, but where is it? Whenever I’m on the ground, I can’t access it.” 

Holmes posed the question that in scenarios where thousands of aid agencies are turning up, “maybe the NGO community needs to put more effort into certification [of quality players] and even amalgamation in some cases.”

And in terms of approach, agencies should finally try to grasp the lesson that taking an inclusive, participatory approach does not necessarily slow down response, but can indeed make it quicker, said the RTE.

These lessons are not necessarily new - the challenge is how to apply them. Holmes suggested an independently-run follow-up matrix outlining actions aid agencies must adopt in the next disaster, so they can be held to account. Poteat suggests more future-oriented scenario planning - for instance for a large-scale megalopolis-centred disaster. “Rather than always looking backwards, we need to prepare for the future,” she said.

Following the discussion, UN humanitarian sector heads and aid agency representatives in Geneva met in Geneva to discuss how to turn the evaluation’s findings into actions.

aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90910</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051229450281t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 28 October 2010 (IRIN) - Listen to locals, tap into existing capacity, coordinate needs assessments, find strong leaders and provide transitional shelter - not just tents. These are some of the lessons to have emerged from the 2007 tsunami evaluation, numerous earthquake responses and the latest Haiti real-time evaluation, begging the question: when will the humanitarian community start applying these lessons learned.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FUNDING: Unravelling the conundrum of US aid to Haiti</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908051332480217t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 21 October 2010 (IRIN) - In reporting that “not a cent” of the US$1.15 billion the US promised for Haiti reconstruction at the UN donors’ conference in March had reached the stricken nation, the Associated Press largely cast the blame on a single senator - Tom Coburn, a conservative Republican from Oklahoma who had objected to a minor provision in the legislation that authorized the spending.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 21 October 2010 (IRIN) - In reporting that “not a cent” of the US$1.15 billion the US promised for Haiti reconstruction at the UN donors’ conference in March had reached the stricken nation, the Associated Press largely cast the blame on a single senator - Tom Coburn, a conservative Republican from Oklahoma who had objected to a minor provision in the legislation that authorized the spending.
 
 Coburn had “anonymously pulled” the legislation until his concerns could be addressed, the wire service reported on 28 September, [ http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5idZiVQhHcyG1gpBjzXaAmmk4_OtAD9IHE5BO1?docId=D9IHE5BO1 ] and the senator was swiftly vilified by prominent liberals for sacrificing the poor of Haiti on the altar of his ongoing campaign for fiscal prudence. Comedian Jon Stewart called him an “international a**hole of mystery”, for placing a “secret hold” on the bill. MSNBC broadcaster Keith Olbermann said Coburn was “committing an atrocity against the people of Haiti and doing so in the name of ‘We the People’ of the United States.”
 
 It is true that Coburn has placed a hold on much-needed funds for Haiti - $500 million in fact - but he is not holding up the $1.15 billion that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised to a round of applause at the UN donors’ conference.
 
 That money was included in a supplemental spending bill that passed both houses of congress, after months of bureaucratic back and forth, and was signed by President Barack Obama on 29 July 2010. The Obama administration had asked congress for a total of $2.8 billion for Haiti assistance, but the final version of the legislation (H.R. 4899, P.L. 111-212) included a total of $2.93 billion for Haiti. The money was divided into three categories: $1.642 billion was earmarked for relief; $1.140 billion for recovery and reconstruction (the money Clinton promised); and $147 million for diplomatic operations, according to a Congressional Research Service report on 6 August 2010. [ http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/R41232.pdf ]
 
 As of September, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) reported [ http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/haiti/template/fs_sr/fy2010/haiti_eq_fs70_09-03-2010.pdf ] that more than $1.1 billion of the $1.642 billion for Haiti relief had been spent since the earthquake. But the $1.140 billion for recovery and reconstruction has remained in the US treasury because the vast proportion of this assistance cannot be disbursed until the secretary of state reports to various congressional committees on exactly how the money will be spent and how its oversight will be managed. Senator Coburn has nothing to do with the obstruction of this money.
 
 According to a state department spokesman, Clinton has just begun the process of meeting the requirements set by the legislation. The administration “is still working with the appropriate committees on these issues,” he said. “We have been conducting numerous briefings on the Hill to ensure coordination and consultation.” In the meantime, the US government has reprogrammed “approximately $300 million for Haiti’s initial recovery phase… to lay the foundation for long-term sustainable development.”
 
 He added: “We expect to start obligating our reconstruction assistance soon.”
 
 In responding to the outcry that his hold generated, Coburn pointed out that it was the Obama administration that was responsible for the delay in reconstruction funds, pointing to the tangle of “executive branch bureaucracy” for the hold-up. “Despite the fact that more than 10 weeks have passed since this bill was passed into law, the secretary of state appears to have fulfilled that condition only this week,” he wrote on 7 October.
 
 Two objections
 
 But this does not change the fact that Coburn is holding up $500 million intended for Haiti, part of a different piece of legislation, the Haiti Empowerment, Assistance, and Rebuilding Act, which passed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 25 May. The Oklahoma senator had two objections to the bill. He believes that the creation of a senior policy coordinator to advise and coordinate US policy would duplicate tasks already undertaken by the US ambassador to Haiti. He also says the $500 million in the legislation “must be paid for with cuts to lower priority programmes elsewhere within the federal government’s bloated $3.7 trillion annual budget.” [ http://coburn.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/rightnow?ContentRecord_id=32b1abcc-55bb-47b4-b775-52c57f91dd33 ]
 
 “It is irresponsible to authorize any new spending that is not paid for because the end result will be a lower standard of living for the United States and an inability for our nation to assist others when disasters and other crises occur in the future,” he wrote.
 
 A staffer on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee told IRIN that negotiations were under way with Coburn to achieve a resolution. “We have confidence that we will be able to find a way forward,” he said.
 
 In the meantime, Haiti continues to struggle. Other countries have also delayed sending reconstruction assistance. Less than 15 percent of the money promised at the donors’ conference for 2010-11 has been received. “US procrastination in delivering assistance… sets a negative precedent,” said Dan Beeton of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington D.C. “It could discourage other countries - some of which certainly have far less money available, but which might otherwise be inclined to share more anyway - from supporting Haiti in its hour of greatest need.”
 
 pd/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90835</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908051332480217t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 21 October 2010 (IRIN) - In reporting that “not a cent” of the US$1.15 billion the US promised for Haiti reconstruction at the UN donors’ conference in March had reached the stricken nation, the Associated Press largely cast the blame on a single senator - Tom Coburn, a conservative Republican from Oklahoma who had objected to a minor provision in the legislation that authorized the spending.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Reducing the risk in slums</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009201401370390t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 September 2010 (IRIN) - The disproportionately high risk of disaster faced by a billion slum-dwellers across the world could be significantly reduced with prudent investment, states a new report.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 September 2010 (IRIN) - The disproportionately high risk of disaster faced by a billion slum-dwellers across the world could be significantly reduced with prudent investment, states a new report. 
 
 "We cannot stop urbanization but we shouldn't be naïve; a trend does not mean destiny, disasters can be prevented," Matthias Schmale, the Under-Secretary-General of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), said in Nairobi at the global launch of the 2010 edition of the World Disasters Report. 
 
 Schmale said solutions for disaster risk reduction and preparedness "need to be found in dialogue with the affected people; moving from the bottom upwards". 
 
 The World Disasters Report 2010 [ http://www.ifrc.org/publicat/wdr2010/index.asp?navid=09_03 ] focuses on urban risk, with the IFRC warning that 2.57 billion urban dwellers living in low- and middle-income nations are vulnerable to unacceptable levels of risk fuelled by rapid urbanization, poor local governance, population growth, poor health services and a rising tide of urban violence. 
 
 The estimated one billion urban dwellers now living in crowded slums will rise to 1.4 billion by 2020, the report says, adding that Africa, which is often considered predominantly rural, "now has an urban population (412 million) larger than North America (286 million)". 
 
 "Urban is the new rural," Schmale said. "We know that it is better to give seeds than food... we should invest more in preparedness as shown by the recent disasters in Haiti and Chile where the magnitude was worse in Chile but the impact was worse in Haiti." 
 
 According to IFRC, urban poverty and disaster risk are often closely intertwined and the links between them will be increased by climate change. 
 
 "In any given year, more than 50,000 people can die as a result of earthquakes and 100 million can be affected by floods and the worst-affected are most often vulnerable city dwellers," IFRC said. 
 
 Leadership 
 
 James Kisia, deputy secretary-general of the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS), said there was a need to rethink the definition of social development. 
 
 "The average African man in a rural area will not live in a single room with his children but this is increasingly becoming the norm in informal settlements in urban areas; we seem to have left such social issues at the mercy of economic development," he said. "Leadership cannot be left to the government alone, we must partner together to create an enabling environment for social development." 
 
 Good urban governance is a recurring theme in the World Disasters Report 2010, with the IFRC stressing that it is essential to ensure that people are empowered and engaged in the development of their urban environment and are "not marginalized or left exposed to disasters, climate change, violence and ill health". 
 
 IFRC quoted David Satterthwaite, lead writer of the report and senior fellow at the International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED), as saying: "The crisis of urban poverty, rapidly growing informal settlements and growing numbers of urban disasters arises from the failure of governments to adapt their institutions to urbanization. 
 
 "It stems also in part from the failure of aid agencies to help them [governments] to do so - most aid agencies have inadequate or no urban policies and have long been reluctant to support urban development at a sufficient scale." 
 
 js/am/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90542</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009201401370390t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 September 2010 (IRIN) - The disproportionately high risk of disaster faced by a billion slum-dwellers across the world could be significantly reduced with prudent investment, states a new report.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Emergency sheds light on needs of pre-quake disabled</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003311653310230t.jpg" />]]>PORT-AU-PRINCE 15 September 2010 (IRIN) - A man who had a leg amputated after being shot during political unrest in 2004 recently came to an emergency clinic for earthquake victims in Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince, hoping to get help.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT-AU-PRINCE 15 September 2010 (IRIN) - A man who had a leg amputated after being shot during political unrest in 2004 recently came to an emergency clinic for earthquake victims in Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince, hoping to get help. 

Many people with physical disabilities pre-dating the 12 January 2010 earthquake are identifying themselves as direct quake victims so they can access services, according to Kate Gerry, physical therapist with Handicap International (HI). 

“He is on a waiting list,” Gerry said of the gunshot-wound amputee. “He is someone who would benefit a lot from prosthesis; we can’t just turn him away.” HI’s current official remit, however, is to help quake victims only. 

Assistance to Haitians wounded and disabled by the quake has underscored the challenges of carrying out an aid response in a country where pressing socio-economic problems existed long before the quake. 

Some 60 percent of Haitians lack access to basic healthcare services, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). But most aid funding is strictly for quake response. 

“You need to keep the priorities as [the donors are setting out],” Faiz Rahman, HI prosthetics and orthotics project manager, told IRIN. He acknowledged there is “frustration” among people who are disabled but were not directly affected by the earthquake. 

It is a delicate balance, Gerry said. “There are [funding constraints] and then there’s also the ethics - that there are people who really need [help]. Who cares how they lost their limbs?” 

Local NGO J’aime Haiti estimates that just 5 percent of disabled Haitians had access to health and social services pre-earthquake. Haiti ranks 149 out of 182 countries in the UN’s latest Human Development Index. 

A paper by Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP) sets out the context of the quake response, noting that most Haitians survive in the informal sector, with no guarantee of income or access to capital. [ http://www.alnap.org/pool/files/haiti-context-analysis-final.pdf ] 

“In a place like Haiti, where poverty was extreme even before the earthquake, aid agencies are unable to meet all the needs of the population,” Sarah Wilson with Christian Aid’s Haiti emergency assessment team told IRIN. “But our development work does not stop because of the earthquake; the emergency relief continues alongside the development work.” 

New amputees 

The earthquake added 3,000 to 4,000 amputees to Haiti’s disabled population of about 800,000 (out of a population of 10 million), according to the Haitian secretariat for the integration of disabled people. It also destroyed most facilities dedicated to services for the disabled community. 

HI has its main clinic in Port-au-Prince where earthquake survivors can be fitted with prostheses and orthoses, and can get physical therapy and psychosocial support. HI also has people stationed in camps for displaced people - in Port-au-Prince, Petit-Goave and Gonaives - to facilitate access to services. Given the level of destruction, mobile clinics and accessible services are essential, HI says. 

“The thing we can’t simulate here [at the clinic] is that when you go into the community… some people are living in tents on steep hills with rubble all around,” said HI’s Gerry, adding that disabled people not only have to adjust to a new prosthetic limb, but also have to learn to navigate Port-au-Prince’s chaotic traffic and rubble-strewn streets. 

Hopes for the future 

The disaster worsened conditions for the disabled but at the same time brought international attention to the disabled community’s situation, said Gerard Oriol, founder of J’aime Haiti. 

The attention on Haiti is a chance to highlight how stigma attached to physical disability has long hampered disabled people’s development, he said. 

“Generally one thinks of a handicap as a medical problem, but in fact it’s more of a social problem. If we could eliminate the social and cultural barriers, there’s no reason a handicapped person couldn’t integrate into society.” 

Oriol sees the earthquake as opening a door to better services, which he said had already begun to improve in recent years with the 2006 creation of the secretariat for the integration of disabled people, and laws affirming the rights of people with disabilities. 

ag/np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90484</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003311653310230t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT-AU-PRINCE 15 September 2010 (IRIN) - A man who had a leg amputated after being shot during political unrest in 2004 recently came to an emergency clinic for earthquake victims in Haiti’s capital Port-au-Prince, hoping to get help.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: SMS-ing preparedness </title><pubDate>Sat, 28 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008272203360573t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 28 August 2010 (IRIN) - “Are the canals and trenches around your home clean and free of rubbish?” Hundreds of thousands Haitians are receiving this message by SMS in the morning, followed in the afternoon by advice about clearing out debris, as part of a project this week by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 28 August 2010 (IRIN) - “Are the canals and trenches around your home clean and free of rubbish?” 

Hundreds of thousands Haitians are receiving this message by SMS in the morning, followed in the afternoon by advice about clearing out debris, as part of a project by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). 

Now common in disaster response, SMS was widely used in Haiti just after the 12 January 2010 earthquake to locate trapped people and save lives. Later, aid agencies began sending out messages about distributions of food and relief supplies. 

“Now we are using it for preparedness,” Sharon Reader of IFRC in Haiti told IRIN. 

Haiti, prone to catastrophic storms and flooding, is approaching the peak of the hurricane season. 

Other question in IFRC’s week-long preparedness series - sent in the local Creole language - include: “Have you noticed what areas of your neighbourhood flood?” and “Where can you get information before, during and after emergencies?” “Do you know what causes landslides?” Each is followed a few hours later by advice, which takes into account people still living in tents: "If you live in a tent, secure ropes, tarpaulins and areas exposed to wind and rain." 

Landslides remain a huge risk for some 1.3 million still living in tents and other temporary housing in the capital. People living in camps are extremely vulnerable to floods and landslides, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Haiti says in its latest bulletin, 17 August. 
[http://oneresponse.info/Disasters/Haiti/Coordination/publicdocuments/OCHA%20Haiti%20Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20No%209.pdf]

The preparedness messages - which began on 24 August - are sent out to all Voila mobile phone subscribers through a platform that has been developed specifically for the Red Cross, according to IFRC. Voila is one of Haiti’s largest telecommunications providers and has developed a web-based platform that allows the Red Cross to send SMS through their country-wide network. 

The International Organization for Migration, which leads camp management, and the Haiti Department of Civil Protection are planning to extend the SMS preparedness campaign, according to OCHA. 

In March IFRC sent SMS messages to millions of people to announce a measles, diphtheria and tetanus vaccination campaign. One upgrade IFRC and the mobile provider are working on will enable IFRC to pinpoint a spot on a map and reach people within a certain distance, Reader said. 

“This is really important, using this means to reach people,” Reginald Barbier, a student in the capital Port-au-Prince, told IRIN. 

“Generally we’ve gotten information like this on TV and radio, but some people do not always have access to that. But just about every Haitian has a mobile phone.” 

In the final message in the week-long preparedness series, IFRC provides a free line - *733 - "for more information on how you and your family can prepare for emergencies". The line gives recorded messages, changed periodically, about preparedness, health, hygiene and other subjects, Reader said. She said currently the line receives about 500 calls per day. 

Other NGOs, including Oxfam, have set up phone lines for questions and feedback. Oxfam received over 1,400 calls between March and May on a line it has set up for Haitians go give feedback on relief efforts, according to the NGO's Julie Schindall. 

“It is open to everyone... Anybody can call it, and remain anonymous if need be,” she told IRIN. “We put up signs in camps where we work, publicizing the number and encouraging people to call with feedback or questions.” 

Land searches 

IFRC is also using SMS to help tackle what aid workers say is one of the greatest challenges in Haiti’s clean-up and recovery: land shortages. 

“The biggest challenge for agencies [providing shelter] continues to be the lack of available land on which to build, either because land is blocked by debris or because of land ownership issues,” OCHA said. 

IFRC is doing the first-ever SMS assessment for shelter, Reader said. A series of questions and answers via SMS will identify people who own land and who have space for a shelter. 

“This project will not only help decongest a camp but alleviate tensions by directing those without land to a free Red Cross information line which will provide information about shelter plans within the camp.” 

She said the two-way SMS assessments will yield a list of people and contacts for carrying out a more detailed investigation. 

“It does not remove the need to eventually meet with people and see the land and ownership documents,” Reader said. “But it speeds things up - rather than going tent to tent with a clipboard.” 

Reader said while high-tech is great, for effective communications it’s about finding the best approach for the situation. “If that’s a town meeting or a bulletin board, that’s great too.” 

np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90319</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008272203360573t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 28 August 2010 (IRIN) - “Are the canals and trenches around your home clean and free of rubbish?” Hundreds of thousands Haitians are receiving this message by SMS in the morning, followed in the afternoon by advice about clearing out debris, as part of a project this week by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Fish nets join mosquito nets against malaria </title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. 
 
 "Healing powers for one of the world's deadliest diseases may lie within sponges, sea worms and other underwater creatures," said an internal publication by the University of Central Florida (UCF) after a study of samples collected off the Florida coast in the United States with the help of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Fort Pierce, Florida. 
 
 "So far we have a hit rate of over 10 percent," said Debopam Chakrabarti, Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at UCF, who is leading the research. He was "quite enthused by the promise of the project", but warned that "early promise does not always materialize" into a usable drug. 
 
 Chakrabarti has spent over 20 years researching treatments for the mosquito-borne illness, and turned to the largely unexplored biological potential of the ocean because "[current] drugs are becoming increasingly less effective and [malaria] is still killing," he told IRIN. 
 
 The UN World Health Organization has noted that about 3.3 billion people - half of the world's population - are at risk of malaria, and around 1 million people worldwide are killed by it every year. 
 
 tdm/he
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89701</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: &quot;We are again exposed to catastrophe&quot; </title><pubDate>Fri, 04 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051229450281t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 04 June 2010 (IRIN) - The rain and winds signalling the start of Haiti’s storm season are already taking a toll on the makeshift shelters housing people displaced by the January earthquake, and aid agencies warn that there could be worse to come.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 04 June 2010 (IRIN) - The rain and winds signalling the start of Haiti’s storm season are already taking a toll on the makeshift shelters housing people displaced by the January earthquake, and aid agencies warn that there could be worse to come. 

"Tarpaulins are generally holding up better than tents, but even the best tarpaulin or best tent is not a good place to live during the rainy or hurricane season," Timo Lüge, communications officer of the interagency group overseeing shelter, told IRIN. "Many camps get flooded each time it rains, and living conditions are dire." 

Some 1.5 million displaced people are living in camps. 

Aid agencies are working to build sturdier, portable housing with raised floors as quickly as possible; 1,873 of a planned 120,000 transitional shelters have been built – enough to house 9,365 people – but completing 120,000 could take about one year, Lüge said. 

Funding and materials are on hand, but land tenure issues and rubble removal are hampering the process. "It will take many months to secure land, buy the required materials, transport them and finish construction," he said. 

"With building materials for over 7,000 transitional shelters in country, the biggest challenge for shelter cluster [the interagency group handling shelter] members is a lack of available land on which to build," the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Haiti said in its 24 May bulletin. 

In the meantime aid agencies are distributing wood, nails, rope and other materials and disseminating guidance, including in a poster in Creole, on how to reinforce and waterproof existing shelters, Lüge said. 

In a recent survey of 28 sites international relief agency Oxfam found that "extreme overcrowding" and poor drainage raised the risk of flooding and disease. The OCHA bulletin said there was not enough water for washing, which compromised hygiene. Cases of diarrhoeal disease were low, but skin diseases from lack of water were frequent. 

Catastrophe 

The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has predicted an "active to extremely active" hurricane season in the Atlantic Basin. OCHA said in a 1 June communiqué: "With so many people still so vulnerable after the recent earthquake, a serious hurricane this year could be devastating." Haiti's Department of Civil Defence has been identifying buildings, such as schools, that could serve as communal hurricane shelters. 

Jean-Ferdinand Jean-Jacques, who lives with his wife and children in Caremaga camp, in the Maïs-Gaté 2 area of the capital, Port-au-Prince, said damage from early storms had been considerable. "Most tents are flooded as we speak; they are rotting from the bottom up. People are working on putting sandbags at the base of their tents." 

Harold Desaugustes, a member of the Caremaga camp committee, told IRIN: "Already, the winds and rain have destroyed temporary shelters of people who do not have proper tents. With the storms starting, we are again exposed to catastrophe." 

He said many people, including his family, live in rudimentary shelters of plastic sheeting and poles. "Sometimes, in the middle of the night, the structure crashes in from the rain and winds." He recently bought a second piece of plastic sheeting after the first was blown away by the wind. 

Desaugustes's household consists of 16 people, including five children under the age of six. "We generally ask other camp residents who have tents to allow our children to sleep there – a couple of the kids here, a couple there." 

np/he]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89376</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051229450281t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 04 June 2010 (IRIN) - The rain and winds signalling the start of Haiti’s storm season are already taking a toll on the makeshift shelters housing people displaced by the January earthquake, and aid agencies warn that there could be worse to come.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: NGO wins award but &quot;still so much to do&quot;</title><pubDate>Wed, 19 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 19 May 2010 (IRIN) - When the earthquake hit Port au Prince on 12 January, Bill Pape and the rest of the staff of GHESKIO, the country&apos;s largest HIV NGO, were unprepared.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 19 May 2010 (IRIN) - When the earthquake hit Port au Prince on 12 January, Bill Pape and the rest of the staff of GHESKIO, the country's largest HIV NGO, were unprepared. 
 
 "We were ready for political instability, hurricanes - the types of crises we were used to seeing in Haiti; we were certainly not ready for an earthquake," Pape, doctor and founder of [http://www.gheskio.org] the Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO), told IRIN/PlusNews. 
 
 Nevertheless, he added, [http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=88377] "Because we are always prepared for any disaster, all our HIV and TB patients are given two weeks’ [worth of] additional medication in case they are unable to make it for their regular appointments." 
 
 Founded in 1982, GHESKIO is one of the world's oldest HIV-dedicated NGOs; it provides life-prolonging antiretroviral medication to 55 percent - an estimated 13,500 people - of all Haitians on HIV treatment. 
 
 "After the earthquake, we were able to contact our patients by phone, we sent field workers to them and made radio announcements letting people know where they could access medication," Pape said. "In three weeks, we were able to locate 94 percent of our patients; 211 were confirmed dead in the earthquake." 
 
 Gates Award 
 
 This significant reach convinced the judges of the 2010 Gates Award for Global Health [http://web.globalhealth.org/conference_2010/view_top.php3?id=1063] to award GHESKIO a US$1 million prize in recognition of its years of research, clinical service and training in the field of HIV. 
 
 "The prize is awarded to organizations which have made a long-term impact in saving lives in the developing world, that have set an example for others to emulate," Jeffrey Sturchio, president of the Global Health Council [http://www.globalhealth.org/], an alliance of public health organizations that oversees the Gates Award, told IRIN/PlusNews. "GHESKIO has been a global leader in HIV despite being in a developing country - it has been instrumental in halting the spread of HIV in Haiti. 
 
 "The organization shows what is possible under the most difficult circumstances; GHESKIO is a world class institution that has remained rooted in the community," he added. 
 
 For Pape and his staff, the prize money will come in very handy; the organization suffered an estimated $10 million in structural damage, including major damage to the organization's TB care centre and laboratory. 
 
 Tent city 
 
 After the earthquake, thousands of injured people sought refuge at GHESKIO's main site, which became a temporary field hospital and virtual "tent city". 
 
 "I saw some of the worst cases of broken bones and lesions I have ever seen in my career," Pape said. "We immediately started providing water, food, vaccination and sanitation services." 
 
 More than 7,000 people were later moved to a new site on higher ground with the support of the Haitian and US governments, UN and NGOs, but there are fears that as the rainy season continues and hurricane season approaches, more permanent accommodation requirements are becoming more urgent. 
 
 "The Haitian government urgently needs more help to relocate people and rebuild infrastructure, schools and so on... the need is tremendous," he added. 
 
 “So much to do” 
 
 "Donors are becoming less generous in light of the economic crisis and the fact that there seems to be some waste in HIV spending - for instance, we know that there are two new infections for every person put on treatment... you can see how donors can get discouraged," Pape noted. 
 
 "Our goal will be to find ways to become more efficient in HIV prevention, to do more work in diseases related to HIV, such as HPV [human papillomavirus], which is very common in Haiti, and to become more focused on TB - diagnosis is still poor and treatment is still very toxic and expensive," he added. "There is still so much to do." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89182</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 19 May 2010 (IRIN) - When the earthquake hit Port au Prince on 12 January, Bill Pape and the rest of the staff of GHESKIO, the country&apos;s largest HIV NGO, were unprepared.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI-US: Washington aid policy may be shifting</title><pubDate>Mon, 19 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051309210546t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 19 April 2010 (IRIN) - Former US President Bill Clinton, now a UN Special Envoy to Haiti, has pledged to foster the country&apos;s self-sufficiency after expressing regret for implementing policies during his administration that damaged its agricultural capacity and ability to feed itself. </description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 19 April 2010 (IRIN) - Former US President Bill Clinton, now a UN Special Envoy to Haiti, has pledged to foster the country's self-sufficiency after expressing regret for implementing policies during his administration that damaged its agricultural capacity and ability to feed itself. 
 
 "That's what we're doing now," he said on 31 March, pointing to efforts to spur coffee and mango production. It was a hopeful sign for those who have long advocated changes in the way the US government delivers food to developing countries. 
 
 Clinton told the US Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 10 March about his administration's role in exporting US-subsidized foodstuffs to Haiti, taking advantage of lower tariffs set as a condition on loans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank. 
 
 Among the items was US rice, which was cheaper than the home-grown variety and contributed to the collapse of the Haitian rice industry: 47 percent of Haiti's rice supply was domestically produced in 1988; in 2008 it had plummeted to 15 percent. 
 
 Agricultural capacity was also harmed by the flood of food aid sent to cope with humanitarian crises, some of which wound up in local markets. "It was a mistake ... I was a party to ... I have to live every day with the consequences of the lost capacity to produce a rice crop in Haiti to feed those people, because of what I did - nobody else," Clinton told the committee chaired by Senator John F. Kerry.
 
 Clinton described the policy as an effort to "free those places to ... skip agricultural development and go straight into the industrial era", but said it had "failed everywhere it's been tried ... you just can't take the food chain out of production ... it also undermines a lot of the culture, the fabric of life, the sense of self-determination," he told reporters at an international donors' conference at the UN on 31 March.
 
 Significant
 
 "I think it's hugely significant," Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Washington-based Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), said of Clinton's comments. "It's very rare that a former president will apologize for anything he did."
 
 CEPR has called on the international community to buy the entire Haitian rice crop over the next two years, which would account for 2.35 percent of total current committed aid funds [http://www.cepr.net/index.php/publications/reports/using-food-aid-to-support-haiti/] 
 
 However, "these purchases at the producer level" should not disrupt existing distribution networks, the CEPR said. "Fortunately, many of Haiti's farmers are organized into co-operatives, networks, and other organizations. International donors could, and should, work with these organizations and farmers to develop a plan for buying up the locally produced rice and distributing it as food aid."
 
 Gerald Murray, an anthropologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville who has studied Haitian agriculture, noted that the distribution of free food was necessary during times of humanitarian crisis, but said Clinton's comments reflected a greater awareness "that the agricultural economy has to be supported, and you don't do that by flooding the country with free food" unless it was purchased from local farmers.
 
 "I think it's a huge opening," said Neil Watkins, director of policy and campaigns at ActionAid USA, of Clinton's mea culpa. "If nothing else, he has cast a spotlight on the urgent need for a change in US policy ... which has severely undermined local production in Haiti. We can help Haiti feed itself by making how we provide food assistance more flexible, which will help the country recover and rebuild in the long term."  
 
 Lobbying for change
 
 The US Congress is considering a proposal by the Barack Obama administration for $2.8 billion in aid for Haiti, and Watkins and the representatives of 33 development, human rights and faith-based organizations were lobbying to change the way the government delivered it. Nearly all US food aid is produced by American agribusinesses.  
 
 In a letter to congressional leaders on 12 April the lobby group asked for "greater flexibility in how we deliver food aid, by permitting local or regional purchase of emergency food aid for Haiti, and the use of emergency non-food assistance, including vouchers, cash transfers, or safety-net programmes." [http://ijdh.org/archives/11331]
 
 There are signs that US policy may be shifting. Watkins noted a small pilot programme in the 2007 Farm Bill that earmarked funds for the local and regional purchase of emergency food aid, and to a provision in a 2008 appropriations bill that allowed for similar procurements. "Both of these actions are precedent-setting," he said.
 
 All this is in keeping with the wishes of the Haitian government; President Rene Preval expressed the hope that emergency food aid from abroad would soon come to a halt, saying: "If food and water continues to be sent from abroad, that will undermine Haitian national production and Haitian trade." 
 
 pd/he/oa 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88857</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051309210546t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 19 April 2010 (IRIN) - Former US President Bill Clinton, now a UN Special Envoy to Haiti, has pledged to foster the country&apos;s self-sufficiency after expressing regret for implementing policies during his administration that damaged its agricultural capacity and ability to feed itself. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Humanitarian best practice - dignity, not just digits</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051620260765t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 09 April 2010 (IRIN) - As established standards of humanitarian response are being put to the test in Haiti, aid experts say safeguarding the dignity of those affected by January’s earthquake requires agencies to think beyond mere numerical benchmarks.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 09 April 2010 (IRIN) - As established standards of humanitarian response are being put to the test in Haiti, aid experts say safeguarding the dignity of those affected by January’s earthquake requires agencies to think beyond mere numerical benchmarks.
 
 Most commonly cited standards are enshrined in the Sphere Project, [http://www.sphereproject.org/] a collaboration of hundreds of NGOs, UN agencies and academics, which produced a handbook for humanitarian responders (currently under revision).
 
 A team of quality and accountability experts [http://hapinternational.org/projects/field/hap-in-haiti.aspx] is currently in Haiti to monitor adherence to Sphere by agencies providing water, food, shelter and sanitation facilities to around 1.5m people in the wake of what the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) described as “the biggest natural disaster in history”.
 
 Standards versus indicators
 
 While aid workers sometimes use the words “standards” and “indicators” interchangeably, in the context of Sphere they have distinct meanings. 
 
 Standards are qualitative. Of latrines, for example, the handbook says: “People should have adequate numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings, to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all times of the day and night.” 
 
 Indicators are more concrete and in many cases purely quantitative. “A maximum of 20 people use each toilet,” for example.
 
 “One of the things that concerned me [early on] in Haiti was that a lot of people were throwing up their hands and saying: ‘We can’t meet Sphere here’,” said Anne Lloyd, a consultant providing training and support in accountability and Sphere. 
 
 “Sphere is more than just numbers. Rather than thinking of Sphere as numbers and saying ‘we can’t meet these here, full stop’, the approach [must be] looking at Sphere overall and at how we can achieve these and what happens if we can’t achieve them."
 
 “Conditions [in Port-au-Prince] are difficult,” Lloyd said. “There is not a lot of space. We are talking primarily about an urban area which was very overcrowded in the first place and suddenly people are all tumbled out of their houses and on tiny squares in city centres...
 
 “When agencies say it’s so difficult to do Sphere here, I agree. It’s incredibly difficult to follow those standards and indicators in that environment. However, don’t throw it out completely. Have a look at it… What is Sphere about? Sphere is about people having rights to a life with dignity,” she said, adding that effective disaster response requires paying attention to Sphere common standards, [http://www.sphereproject.org/dmdocuments/handbook/hdbkpdf/hdbk_c1.pdf] which cover such aspects as beneficiary participation, monitoring of response actions and aid worker responsibilities.
 
 Médecins Sans Frontières emergency desk officer Mego Terzian cautioned that any kind of benchmarks can be troublesome. “The problem with Sphere as with any standards is that they are not adapted to the particular situation in Haiti. And NGOs can find it difficult to move away from these to adapt their responses to the specific needs at hand.”
 
 Gauging effectiveness
 
 For some NGOs, such as Oxfam-Great Britain, the local context is integral to aid activities in Haiti and the evaluation in terms of adherence to Sphere.
 
 “The overall success of the humanitarian community in ensuring attainment of Sphere should never be judged simply by reference to [generic] quantitative indicators,” said Nicholas Brooks, who coordinates the agency’s water sanitation and hygiene activities in Haiti.
 
 “For example, we measure our WASH [water, sanitation, hygiene] achievements not only through records of litres of water supplied to camps and numbers of latrines, but also through water use surveys and sanitation monitoring, which frequently indicate practices of returning to original homes to access alternative water supplies and more familiar toilet facilities.”
 
 The WASH cluster in Haiti has a strategy for gradually improving sanitation, Brooks said, by reducing the ratio of people per latrine from 100:1 for the first three months of the crisis to 50:1 for the next three months, and to 20:1 after a year. 
 
 Vivian Paulsen, IFRC communications coordinator in Haiti, said while NGOs are not reaching Sphere’s water and sanitation indicators due to the scale of the disaster, the situation is improving. “In the beginning humanitarian organizations provided five litres of water per person per day. That has now increased to approximately 10 litres.”
 
 np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88752</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051620260765t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 09 April 2010 (IRIN) - As established standards of humanitarian response are being put to the test in Haiti, aid experts say safeguarding the dignity of those affected by January’s earthquake requires agencies to think beyond mere numerical benchmarks.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Dying to get out</title><pubDate>Thu, 08 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051433480015t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 08 April 2010 (IRIN) - The US government allows foreign citizens into the US in significant numbers “for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit”. In the past, the beneficiaries of this so-called “humanitarian parole” have been thousands of refugees from Indochina, Cuba and other countries during the cold war, most fleeing communist regimes.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 08 April 2010 (IRIN) - The US government allows foreign citizens into the US in significant numbers “for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit”. In the past, the beneficiaries of this so-called “humanitarian parole” have been thousands of refugees from Indochina, Cuba and other countries during the cold war, most fleeing communist regimes. 
 
 So far, however, the government has been far less generous in granting humanitarian parole to Haitians recovering from the 12 January earthquake. 
 
 On 18 January, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced it would extend humanitarian parole on a case-by-base basis to children already in the process of being adopted by US citizens. 
 
 Parole status has also been approved for a small number of Haitians with dire medical needs, most prominently perhaps Jenny Alexis, a two-month-old baby found in the rubble of a Port-au-Prince flat four days after the earthquake. She was airlifted to Miami – without US government permission - where doctors restored her to health. Her parents were later granted humanitarian parole to be with her. [http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/03/18/1534814/next-for-miracle-baby-girl-a-reunion.html] In total, about 1,000 Haitians have been given parole status since the quake. 
 
 “The numbers are ridiculously small given the scale of the calamity,” said Ira Kurzban, a Miami-based attorney who has been involved in Haitian affairs since the 1970s.
 
 In February, legislation was introduced in both houses of Congress that would extend humanitarian parole to 55,000 Haitians whose immigration applications were approved before the earthquake but who face the prospect of waiting years before gaining entry. 
 
 Rep. Yvette Clarke, the sponsor in the House of Representatives, told IRIN she had heard complaints “for years” from her Haitian constituents in Brooklyn about the need to expedite the immigration process. The bills were introduced even though Congressional approval does not appear to be necessary for the Obama administration to act. In fact, on 8 March, eight members of Congress wrote to Janet Napolitano, President Barack Obama’s secretary of the DHS, to ask that the department “consider using its parole authority” in the case of the 55,000 Haitians. 
 
 Help with reconstruction
 
 The Haitians would be able to contribute to the reconstruction of their country by sending remittances. “You can put this into motion without a dime being spent by the US government,” said Steve Forester of the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. “It will put money into the hands of probably 500,000 people in Haiti. A Haitian working here supports as many as 10 people in Haiti, sometimes less, sometimes more. A major goal is to speed the recovery. Shouldn’t we use all means at our disposal?”
 
 “We just don’t see the logic in having them stay five or 10 years in Haiti when it is a disaster situation,” said Shaina Aber, associate advocacy director for the Jesuit Refugee Service in Washington DC. “Their strength would be in providing remittances to Haiti.”
 
 The matter was raised with Vice-President Joe Biden after a meeting with Haitian-American community leaders in Miami on 5 April . “I went to him afterwards and told him that it was one of the most efficient ways that the Obama administration can help in the recovery process,” said Marleine Bastien, founder and executive director of Fanm Ayisyen Miyami (Haitian Women of Miami), a community organization. She said Biden was interested to learn that the proposal had support from both Republican and Democratic members of Congress from south Florida. “He said, ‘I will be sure to look into it’,” Bastien said. “He was very cautious. Hopefully we will hear something.”
 
 Haiti advocates are also pushing for a more generous humanitarian parole policy for those in life-threatening circumstances, a classification that admittedly could include hundreds of thousands of people. Jayne Fleming, a human rights lawyer from San Francisco, travelled to Haiti in March with a team of lawyers and doctors to interview those who might qualify. They spoke to widows unable to feed their children, orphans with relatives in the US, individuals with “extreme” medical needs, and a frightening number of rape survivors. She is returning to Haiti later in the month to finalize parole applications for 52 of them. 
 
 “There are people in Haiti right now who will die if they don’t get out,” she said. “Those are the ones we see as eligible for humanitarian parole.” 
 
 pd/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88736</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004051433480015t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 08 April 2010 (IRIN) - The US government allows foreign citizens into the US in significant numbers “for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit”. In the past, the beneficiaries of this so-called “humanitarian parole” have been thousands of refugees from Indochina, Cuba and other countries during the cold war, most fleeing communist regimes.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: A blueprint for redevelopment</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - With US$5.3 billion pledged over the next two years to Haiti - far exceeding expectations - and a further $9 billion for longer-term needs, the means exist for what UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hopes will be a “sweeping exercise in nation-building on a scale and scope not seen in generations”.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - With US$5.3 billion pledged over the next two years to Haiti - far exceeding expectations - and a further $9 billion for longer-term needs, the means exist for what UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hopes will be a “sweeping exercise in nation-building on a scale and scope not seen in generations”.

The “Action Plan for National Recovery and Development of Haiti”, presented at the International Donors’ Conference in New York on 31 March, to plot the rebuilding of the country after the 12 January earthquake, has powerful backers.

They include US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Secretary-General Ki-moon, World Bank president Robert Zoellick, the International Monetary Fund's managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Luis Alberto Moreno, president of the Inter-American Development Bank, and UN Special Envoy to Haiti Bill Clinton. More than a hundred countries participated in the conference. 

Some observers had worried, in the words of Haiti analyst Mark Schuller, that the conference would turn out to be “the same ritual of rubber stamping a rushed, foreign-led, top-down process”. [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mark-schuller/tectonic-shifts-the-upcom_b_512532.html] 

Myra de Bruijn of ActionAid in Haiti said the creation of the Haitian government plan “was not transparent and did not involve consultation with ordinary people. ActionAid is concerned about the sustainability of such a long-term strategy that is not carried out by and for the Haitian people.” 

Yet throughout the day speakers emphasized the importance of working with the Haitian government and the Haitian people in achieving the plan’s goals. Haitians, according to Helen Clark, administrator of the UN Development Programme, “must be in the driver’s seat” of the recovery effort. Michele Montas, a former UN spokeswoman, presented the assembly with the results of 156 discussion groups held throughout Haiti to gauge the feelings of the people. “[They] demand a say in the development of their regions,” she said. 

Leading the plan

Catherine Ashton, the EU’s foreign affairs chief, announced to President René Preval that he would lead the undertaking. “Mr President,” she said, “it is your country.” 

As presented, the plan has two phases – an 18-month period that focuses on emergency needs and a 10-year period of “genuine renewal”. [http://researchforhaiti.typepad.com/files/pdna_english-1.pdf] 

After the basic needs of the country are met, improvements in infrastructure, education, water and land management, economic development, and medical care can then be attempted. For example, the blueprint not only calls for the rehabilitation and extension of the Port-au-Prince airport but also the creation of two more international airports in Cap-Haïtien and Les Cayes. This is part of its emphasis on “decentralization”. 

“There is a consensus on the relevance of spreading the population more evenly throughout the country,” the plan states. “Towns to become development centres must benefit from major urban renovation work to fulfil their new vocations and provide opportunities for economic development, job creation and quality of life for the population to keep them in the region.”

A newly formed Interim Haiti Recovery Commission, to be headed by former President Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, will have broad powers to coordinate and implement the plan. In his comments, Clinton emphasized the importance of having a centralizing structure to organize the actions of the many aid organizations working in the country, although this feature has raised some opposition in the aid community. After Sam Worthington of InterAction, speaking on behalf of American NGOs, voiced support for the idea, Clinton noted that it was a “historic day because for decades NGOs have worked independently in Haiti”. Now they would be working together on a cohesive strategy. 

Conference participants emphasised the pressing needs of the Haitian people. The rainy season would be starting soon and a million or so Haitians living in tents or shacks could be further threatened. Many also noted that the Haitian story had faded from the headlines and donations had thus begun to slow. “The sense of urgency must be maintained,” said Percival James Patterson, former prime minister of Jamaica, who was representing the Caribbean Community, known as CARICOM. 

Haitian President Rene Preval, however, allowed himself a degree of hope. “Let us dream,” he said, “of a new Haiti.”

pd/mw/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88647</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118410900t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - With US$5.3 billion pledged over the next two years to Haiti - far exceeding expectations - and a further $9 billion for longer-term needs, the means exist for what UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hopes will be a “sweeping exercise in nation-building on a scale and scope not seen in generations”.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Women demand role in reconstruction </title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002031223010724t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - Women&apos;s civil society groups were noticeable by their absence from the landmark Haiti donor conference on 31 March, which secured pledges of US$5.3 billion over the next two years to support the country’s post-quake recovery.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - Women's civil society groups were noticeable by their absence from the landmark Haiti donor conference on 31 March, which secured pledges of US$5.3 billion over the next two years to support the country’s post-quake recovery. 

Their lack of a presence at the meeting was indicative of a broader missing voice in Haiti’s long-term reconstruction prospects, gender activists argued. 

“Why are we not there right now, where are the women at this conference?” questioned Marie St. Cyr, a Haitian human rights advocate. “We still don’t have full participation and we certainly don’t have full inclusion. Haitian women are still being raped…they are supporting more than half of the households, and yet they are not being heard.” 

More than 20 women’s groups attended an alternative conference hosted by MADRE, a New York-based organization. St. Cyr said she had lobbied for the past month to join the donor meeting, but had not received a response from any of the various co-hosts, including the United Nations, the Haitian and the US governments.  

Bolder vision

Haitian-born Massachusetts State Representative Marie St. Fleur, who represented the diaspora community at the main conference, said she was not surprised to look across the room and see few other female faces. The text of the Haitian government’s Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA), a blueprint plan for recovery, offered a similar lack of gender diversity, she explained. 

“There needs to be a bolder vision for reconstruction, and right now, there isn’t a very clear place for women within that,” St. Fleur told IRIN. “But I think we make a mistake when we say that we have to have a place for women, because they must not placed in a corner like that. Women and girls must be integrated throughout this plan. And that doesn’t exist, right now.” 

The PDNA report divides reconstruction into eight main themes, including governance, infrastructure sectors, and environmental and disaster risk development. Women gain inclusion only in the “cross-cutting sector,” which also addresses youth and culture. 

The Haiti Gender Equality Collaborative, a coalition of civil society organizations, placed its own spin on the document, issuing a modified “gender shadow report” at the MADRE conference, hosted across the street from the United Nation Secretariat. It highlights the gender concerns absent from Haiti’s PDNA, and offers recommendations for gender-sensitive plans of action. 

Enabling the participation of gender equality experts in all sectors of reconstruction, and ensuring that funding streams include gender-specific allocations are among the alternative report’s proposals, according to Kathy Mangones, UNIFEM’s Haiti office representative. 


No time

Women in Haiti, however, do not have the luxury of waiting for action, St. Cyr noted. Before the earthquake, they were running half the households – and those numbers have now risen, with women taking in children from other families. 

The issue of sexual violence also remains an enormously grave, though largely undocumented one. 

Edmond Mulet, the acting head of the UN Mission in Haiti, known as MINUSTAH, said at a press conference last week that while the numbers are unknown, reports of sexual violence and rape are on the rise. The UN considers the matter “urgent,” he said, and plans on deploying an all-female Bangladesh Formed Police Unit (FPU) of military peacekeepers imminently. It will be the second-ever all-female FPU the UN has deployed, and Mulet anticipated their presence in the often cramped and poorly-lit displaced camps “would be extremely helpful.” 

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon noted in a closing press conference at the main donor meeting that he remained “painfully aware, in particular, of reports of sexual violence”. US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton and UNDP Administrator Helen Clark, among others, also spoke of the need to prioritize the needs of women. 

Yet without women at the table, the sentiment fell short, said St. Cyr. 

“We need to be heard because the system has failed us so miserably. These systematic failures have shown that our voices have not been taken into consideration or prioritized,” she said. “This is beyond words. It’s beyond laws that are not being implemented. It’s beyond dollars. It’s a country in degradation that is progressively being buried. The earthquake didn’t bury Haiti, Haiti has been continuously buried for years, and it’s time we help dig it out.” 

al/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88662</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002031223010724t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 01 April 2010 (IRIN) - Women&apos;s civil society groups were noticeable by their absence from the landmark Haiti donor conference on 31 March, which secured pledges of US$5.3 billion over the next two years to support the country’s post-quake recovery.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Children struggle in make-shift orphanage </title><pubDate>Mon, 22 Mar 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118030337t.jpg" />]]>PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 March 2010 (IRIN) - Mami George, a retired teacher, sits in a courtyard at the small orphanage she manages in San Marie, Port-au-Prince. The area, once home to 2,000 residents, now accommodates some 6,000 people who lost their homes in the January earthquake. </description><body><![CDATA[PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 March 2010 (IRIN) - Mami George, a retired teacher, sits in a courtyard at the small orphanage she manages in San Marie, Port-au-Prince. The area, once home to 2,000 residents, now accommodates some 6,000 people who lost their homes in the January earthquake. 
 
George began feeding the orphans living on the streets near the site and within days found herself caring for more than 50 children aged between three and 15. 
 
 Only 500 orphans have been registered with the different local and international agencies in Haiti since the quake, not including the ones living in orphanages before the disaster. According to local caretakers, most children who had one living relative were taken in by them, explaining the relatively low number of orphans. The children in George’s care, however, have no one. 
 
 In a small compound, living in tents donated by French volunteers, these children are cared for by a team of local helpers. Food is distributed daily by the UN World Food Programme (WFP) kitchen in the camp, with 1,300 calories crammed into each serving of porridge or rice and beans - enough to keep these children alive but not enough to drive away the hunger pangs. 
 
 Another 900 meals are distributed to school children on the site as part of a WFP food distribution scheme. It plans to provide hot meals to some 170,000 school children nationwide. State schools are closed until 1 April, but local NGOs operate makeshift schools in some areas. In the interim some 2.5 million children remain without access to classes. 
 
 More than two months after the quake, nobody has come to claim any of the children in Mami George’s care. 
 
 The children are stressed, says George, pointing to several mattresses drying on a nearby roof. The children have gone back to bed-wetting after the quake. 
 
 Volunteers from different countries visit the orphanage compound once or twice a week and are an instant attraction for the children. With no toys or playground, every visitor is a welcome distraction. “We cope with what we have, but we need plastic bed sheets, clothes, snacks, toys,” George told IRIN. 
 
 Nineteen volunteer caretakers work in 12-hour shifts, every day of the week, but are unable to address the children’s psychological needs, and local Haitian psychologists are a rarity. 
 
 The International Organization for Migration has opened a psycho-social cluster for NGOs dealing with post-traumatic stress but it is difficult to access 1.3 million people living in 400 temporary sites. The children will have to wait - for assistance, for clothes, for schools to re-open. 
 
 td/mw/oa 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88510</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003221118030337t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT-AU-PRINCE 22 March 2010 (IRIN) - Mami George, a retired teacher, sits in a courtyard at the small orphanage she manages in San Marie, Port-au-Prince. The area, once home to 2,000 residents, now accommodates some 6,000 people who lost their homes in the January earthquake. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Don&apos;t forget the elderly</title><pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003111338590140t.jpg" />]]>PORT-AU-PRINCE 12 March 2010 (IRIN) - Elderly people need more attention in the response to January&apos;s earthquake in Haiti and more appreciation of the role they can play in the relief effort, say aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[PORT-AU-PRINCE 12 March 2010 (IRIN) - Elderly people need more attention in the response to January's earthquake in Haiti and more appreciation of the role they can play in the relief effort, say aid workers.

Some 800,000 Haitians, or about 7 percent of the population, are over 60, says Help Age International [http://www.helpage.org/] and more than 200,000 elderly have been affected by the earthquake. 

"It's a population that has its own specific needs and can be very vulnerable - in some ways just as vulnerable as the under-five or infant population," Cynthia Powell of Help Age International told IRIN in the capital Port-au-Prince.

"At the same time they are adults who have had tremendously rich lives and have a lot of experience, a lot of potential to give back to society in some way."

A number of private and public nursing homes exist in the capital, Help Age says. But they are either damaged or do not have the capacity to absorb older people discharged from hospitals or needing special care after the earthquake.

As part of its efforts Help Age is working with the NGO Samaritan's Purse [http://www.samaritan.org/] on a food-for-training project in which women would be trained in elderly care. 

Depressed, disoriented

In camps for displaced families IRIN saw more than 60 people in various conditions - from a 90-year-old woman selling laundry detergent and hand soap to a 66-year-old man who since the quake has been disoriented and refuses to eat.

"I cannot get him to eat," his daughter Yolande Casimir told IRIN, as he lay on the floor of their tent, appearing to go in and out of sleep. "He wets and soils himself. He's depressed. He talks to himself. When he gets up to walk he just falls down." She said he was diabetic and had high blood pressure, but he was fine before the earthquake.

"He is just so stressed. All he's thinking about is the house and everything else that he lost. Could you tell me what I could do to help him a little bit so he won't lose his head completely?"

Several elderly people IRIN spoke to in camps for displaced families said they had suffered chest pains and head- and stomach-aches since the quake. Most said they had high blood pressure and were no longer taking their required medicines. 

"With diabetes and hypertension it's a double whammy," Help Age's Powell told IRIN. "After the quake there may have been an interruption in access to prescription medicines for chronic conditions like that, and both of those conditions are exacerbated by stress."

Rita Baptiste, 65, said she had an eye operation just before the earthquake and now her eyes were irritated and she could not see well. The hospital where she would have had a follow-up was destroyed, as were her glasses. 

For some elderly people in the camps - many of whom are alone, their children in the provinces or abroad - getting much-needed assistance is a challenge. Philomène Casimir, 70, told IRIN that one morning she received a card for a food distribution, but when she went to collect the food in the afternoon she was jostled by the crowds and left empty-handed. She said she dared not try again.

Special needs 

Help Age and other NGOs plan to set up dedicated zones in new IDP camps to be formed in the coming months to address such issues.

"We are advocating for a special needs area in those camps - not just for elderly but for amputees, people who are discharged from hospitals and handicapped," Michael Andreini of Help Age told IRIN. "So that health facilities are more accessible and so that [these groups'] security and protection is taken into consideration."

A member of the committee running one camp, who gave his name only as Harold, said the breakdown of communities since the disaster meant people who might previously have paid a visit to an elderly person to lend a hand in the house or give a bit of food or money, no longer did so.

Not all elderly people affected by the earthquake were in dire need, aid workers and camp residents pointed out. Many are active and simply need to be supported with healthcare, food and shelter so as not to slide into vulnerability. They are also great resources, Andreini said.

"These are people who have gone through a number of different regimes, who have [been part of] the history of Haiti, who understand what it has gone through and what its potential is," he said. "Some of the best people to help plan how to rebuild this country are people who have been here for a long time."

np/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88403</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003111338590140t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PORT-AU-PRINCE 12 March 2010 (IRIN) - Elderly people need more attention in the response to January&apos;s earthquake in Haiti and more appreciation of the role they can play in the relief effort, say aid workers.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
