<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Laos</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 01 Dec 2012 09:00:31 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>How to: Map sexual networks</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”. 

Networking analysis involves getting intimate details from people who are most at risk of HIV infection to slow the spread of sexually transmitted infections. 

Parker, a 48-year-old former prison inmate in the US with a stocky frame and husky laugh, has no academic degrees or knowledge of “fancy math”. But what he does know is how to approach strangers in public places, hang out with them over weeks, gain their trust, and then, talk sex. 

A researcher in an upcoming study by Georgia State University on the spread of HIV in Tanzania, Parker said whether in the US or Tanzania, the method is the same: “I’ll talk to anyone and everyone, the same way I always do. I’ll build a rapport with people who gather in places where men have sex with men (MSM). Then I’ll tell people I want to talk to men in this group -and their sexual partners, too - about how they’re connected socially so we can home in on their social networks and work to stop the spread of HIV.” 

Parker, who has never done field work overseas before, is part of the small but growing field of sexual network mappers, which explores the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) through socio-geographic factors (such as places, people and practices) instead of looking only at a person’s sexual behaviour independent of community factors. 

Experts say this decades-old but rarely used approach could help address - and eventually slow - the spread of STIs. But first, its advocates must overcome stubborn obstacles, such as the extra time and expertise required, as well as concerns of privacy invasion and confidentiality breaches that have prevented sexual network mapping from being more widely utilized until recently. 

Targeting at-risk groups 

Sexual network mapping identifies and targets groups at high risk of STIs because they frequent a particular place (such as a certain nightclub), belong to a particular at-risk group (such as MSM and sex workers), and/or engage in risky behaviours (injecting drugs and sharing needles with men infected with HIV). 

This data collection method started in the late 1970s, when health workers in Colorado Springs, a small city in the western US, were studying the STIs, gonorrhoea and syphilis. “We noticed that some people who were very sexually active never got infected, while others who were less promiscuous contracted disease more frequently,” said John Potterat, an epidemiologist formerly with the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention who was involved in this early research. 

When Potterat and his colleagues started asking people who had STIs about personal behaviours, they made a surprising discovery: of the 300-odd night spots in Colorado Springs, six were associated with half of total infections. “We learned it was geography or where people hooked up that determined their STI risk,” said Potterat. 

The Colorado Springs team began doing “contact tracing”, which included asking STI-positive people to reveal the names of their partners in order to find others at risk. Name by name, Potterat and his colleagues mapped out the “network” of people who were transmitting STIs in relation to the town’s six hot spots. Then, they offered safe-sex counselling and pamphlets to people connected to this network - anyone who was having sex with someone attending one of the six night clubs. Over the course of 15 years, they helped lower rates of STI infection by 25 to 40 percent in the city. 

This was the same research method that revealed how HIV was spread in the US in the early 1980s through gay men living primarily in San Francisco and New York City [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6608269 ].

Zooming in 

Today, “sexual network mapping” and “network-informed methodology” are used as umbrella terms to describe several different forms of STI research: contract tracing of people who test positive for STIs to show how infection started and who is at risk; tracking sexual interaction within communities; tracing behaviours and locations related to STI transmission (called “affiliation mapping”); and doing mathematical modelling based on assumptions such as how many partners subjects have and how infectious an STI is. 

These approaches typically involve creating “name trees” - with respondents leading researchers to people with whom they have had sexual contact - or other types of “maps” that identify infectious disease “hotspots”. The goal is to create roadmaps that can direct health workers to people at risk of STIs in order to offer them disease prevention and treatment services. 

Supporters of these methods say their biggest advantage is they allow scientists to examine the spread of disease in more detail than commonly used approaches like modelling and projections, which have a higher risk of inaccuracy and offer less detail than network studies. 

“You can look not just at individual-level characteristics, but at where and when someone appears in a network, how many connections they have to other network members, and how rapidly those connections develop,” said Christopher Hurt, an assistant professor at the University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine who recently published a sexual network mapping study on African-American MSM in North Carolina in the US [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972020 ].

“You can also look at how disease moves through the network,” added Potterat. “Does it start out slow, then spread quickly? Does it do the reverse? Or just inch steadily along?” 

By answering these questions and studying the resulting cartography of disease, researchers can explain why two people may have the same risky behaviour, yet one is much more likely to become infected by a sexually-transmitted disease. 

The method identifies at-risk people who would otherwise go undetected, such as the wife of a man who hides the fact he has sex with men in a Dar es Salaam nightclub. 

Bringing STI prevention strategies to at-risk network members - identified through interviews - not only saves people’s health and lives, but also ensures limited resources (such as condoms and counsellors) are best used, say health researchers. 

“The dream is to capture data in real time and counsel clients based on their predicted risk,” says Hurt. “This could take years to develop, but it’s a very real possibility.” 

Confidentiality issue 

The downside of sexual network mapping is that compared to alternative methods of study, it requires more time, teamwork and skills, including knowledge of epidemiology as well as applied mathematics (the “fancy math” that Kelvin Parker’s team members do after he provides them with preliminary data). 

But even more importantly, it requires absolute confidentiality. Contract tracing, one technique involved, is particularly controversial because it potentially exposes people whose identities are revealed by study subjects, unless researchers are careful to keep names anonymous and replace them with “dummy identifiers” that maintain privacy. 

This is one main problem with contact-tracing, said Clifton Cortez, a human-rights trained lawyer who has worked for two decades in HIV response and is now UN Development Programme’s (UNDP) Asia-Pacific practice leader for HIV, Health and Development. 

“Violation of people’s confidentiality, especially by health sector workers, occurs so often in most countries… Even if they [researchers] could maintain confidentiality in the research phase, how could they ensure confidentiality would become the norm were such programmes to be more broadly rolled out?” 

Such breaches can be fatal for persons exposed to HIV through male-to-male sex, Cortez added, citing homophobia and punitive laws against homosexuals. “Individuals and their families continue to be ostracized, discriminated against, and in extreme cases in some parts of the world, still beaten or murdered because they are HIV-positive.” 

Institutional review boards (IRBs, which ensure studies do not harm their subjects) have traditionally frowned on obtaining identities of subjects’ sexual partners without first getting permission from those partners. 

“To do this work, you must have your IRB give you a waiver so you can get subjects to identify their partners and get those partners to identify others, too,” said Richard Rothenberg, a public health professor at Georgia State University who will oversee Kelvin Parker’s work in Tanzania. 

Before launching field research in Dar es Salaam in February 2013, Rothenberg, Parker and their colleagues must gain approval from three separate IRBs: one in their home state of Georgia, one in neighbouring North Carolina (where their research partner, Family Health International, is located) and the IRB in Tanzania. 

In the field, they must find well-established HIV study participant recruiters who can help Parker recruit study subjects. 

“Not just anyone can do this type of work,” said Margaret Hellard, an epidemiologist and the director of Melbourne’s Burnet Institute, which in 2011 did a contract-tracing study on HIV in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. “Recruiters asking these questions have to be people with whom subjects can relate. They need to ensure subjects don’t hear about infidelities that could provoke jealousy or retribution. They need to be respectful and careful, never revealing to one subject what another person has said in private.” 

Because sexual network mapping studies are so intensive, they typically take two to four years, requiring double the time - and often double the expenses [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95507/HEALTH-Cost-of-clinical-trials-worries-donors ] - of other STI field research. 

Only about 100 studies that involve some form of sexual network analysis have been published in peer-reviewed, major journals in the past 30 years. Fewer than a dozen of these have drawn what Rothenberg called “complete socio-metric pictures of a sexual group”. 

New tools 

However, researchers hope new tools will hasten data analysis. “Producing network maps used to be very time-consuming,” said Hurt from UNC. “But new computer software has made graphing much easier.” 

Mobile phones and social networking sites (including Facebook) enable researchers to identify, recruit and track network members. 

As the Georgia State team gears up for Tanzania and Burnet researchers prepare to bring HIV prevention strategies to Laos, advocates of sexual network mapping say this method holds promise. 

“Today, influencing social networks is at the forefront of behaviour change thinking, and better understanding of these [sexual network mapping] tools is increasingly informing the AIDS response,” said Michael Bartos, chief of the Science for Action Division of the Geneva-based Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

One hope is that this type of research can help lower HIV infection rates in the populations at greatest risk. 

“Why is HIV/AIDS striking hard in certain populations in Africa?” asked the epidemiologist Potterat. “Why is it concentrated in the eastern and southern part of the continent? Network mapping can help us find answers to questions like these - then take steps to stop infection.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96941/How-to-Map-sexual-networks</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107261234070199t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK CITY 30 November 2012 (IRIN) - With whom did you last have sex? When? Where? How? At crowded food stalls and in dimly lit bars, Kelvin Parker carries out what HIV researchers call “sexual networking mapping”.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southeast Asia wasting too much food</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore. 

Possible solutions include redistributing edible wasted food to people; turning it into energy and agriculture inputs; and developing new technology to separate food waste from other rubbish. Policymakers need to take a “total supply chain approach” or else risk breaking Southeast Asia’s fragile food system, said the experts. 

“It is likely that the region wastes approximately 33 percent of food, but accurate estimates are not available due to a dearth of quantitative information.” 

Increasing urbanization means food will tend to travel farther, something that could exacerbate the food waste problem. Governments need to better fund the tracking of food waste (especially fish, vegetables and rice), they said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96485/In-Brief-Southeast-Asia-wasting-too-much-food</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Tackling the information void</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf ].

“Those parts [that] are worst covered are some of the most disaster prone regions where the most vulnerable live,” said Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch. “There is a big disconnectedness between [scientists] who know and those who need to know. [They are] the farmers, the health workers, the water managers [and] the vulnerable communities.” 

In May 2011the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) endorsed the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to increase and improve interactions between climate service providers - those who research, gather, interpret and diffuse information about the climate - and those who make use of the information [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/gfcs/documents/GFCS_IP_EN.pdf ].

The goal is to boost “tailor-made” climate services, especially for the most vulnerable. Initial priority will be given to food security, water management, disaster risk reduction and health sectors. 

If the people most vulnerable to the dangers of climate change are not provided with information to prepare, natural disasters will claim more lives, warned Egeland. 

One way is for governments to boost investments in services that provide information on climate variability such as satellites, high-speed telecommunications, supercomputers and other scientific innovations. 

In India, farmers receive recommendations via text message of what crops to plant in their regions - in their chosen languages. 

Ahead of a recent meeting among users in Africa of satellite-based weather forecasting and climate applications from the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) [ http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/News/CorporateNews/823015?l=en ], the African Union Commission, African regional economic communities, and the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States issued a declaration supporting GCFS [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/documents/addisx.pdf ].

Meanwhile, implementation of GFCS in Africa will be on the agenda of an upcoming African ministerial conference on meteorology to be held on 15-19 October in Zimbabwe, and is expected to adapt a continent-wide strategy on meteorology. 

While efforts continue to expand the reach of climate services, many parts of the world still have no services or woefully inadequate ones. These are the places where a climate information void is most deadly, noted Egeland. 

Information disparity linked to income 

According to WMO, six countries currently have no meteorological and climate services; 65 have very inadequate services; 57 have essential services; 40 have “full” to “pretty good” services; and another 23 nations are very advanced. 

Egeland highlighted how this information disparity is linked to income, where the richest countries have the most scientific services on climate - and ways to diffuse that information - while the poorest countries with anaemic economies that produce fewer greenhouse gases are hardest hit by the effects of climate change. 

Scientists say climate change brought about by greenhouse gas emissions will bring with it more extreme weather leading to more natural disasters. 

Suppakorn Chinvanno, a researcher from the Bangkok-based Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, which develops scientific socioeconomic ways to address the impacts of environmental change in Southeast Asia, said climate services need to be localized. “We have to think about climate [change from the] perspective of different communities.” 

The World Meteorological Congress (WMO’s decision making entity) is meeting on 29-31 October to decide how to implement GFCS as well as its governance. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96493/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Tackling-the-information-void</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Insect farms run into trouble</title><pubDate>Wed, 03 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210031001010619t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 03 October 2012 (IRIN) - Promoting consumption of edible insects in Laos may help boost protein-anaemic diets, say health experts trying to create regional health standards for insect production, harvesting and consumption.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 03 October 2012 (IRIN) - Promoting consumption of edible insects in Laos may help boost protein-anaemic diets, say health experts trying to create regional health standards for insect production, harvesting and consumption. 

Working with the Laotian Health Ministry, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) launched an “edible insects project” in Laos in 2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89469/LAOS-Critter-cuisine-could-feed-a-nation ] with a two-year budget of US$475,000 to boost insect production and harvesting for consumption. 

Scheduled to end in April 2013, the project aims to provide poor households with an affordable, culturally-acceptable, protein-rich food complement. It has trained 120 farmers to breed house crickets, weaver ants and palm weevils (common edible insects of choice among Laotians), as well as mealworms which had only been used as animal feed but FAO now wants to introduce as human food. 

Weaver ants are semi-bred on trees before they are fed additional food, while the other insects are bred inside special containers at the National University of Laos in the capital Vientiane. 

Data poor 

However, there has been a problem with data collection, said Vansilalom Viengxay, acting head of the food and control division in the country’s Health Ministry. “The Ministry of Health has very few data on the edible insect project because FAO is the owner and the relevant body on the edible insects’ project.” 

If enough data is gathered about edible insects (from the project, nationwide, or other edible insect projects worldwide) ministry representatives will present the information at the FAO/World Health Organization Coordinating Committee for Asia (CCASIA) [ http://ccasia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=37 ] meeting due to take place in Tokyo on 5-9 November 2012. The committee recommends international standards [ http://www.codexalimentarius.org/ ] to the two UN agencies on “products of interest to the region” that may have an international market. 

Nationwide data on edible insects are scarce, said Purushottam Mudbhary, FAO’s representative in Laos. “There is no codex alimentarius [international food standards] for insects yet and the problem is that there are not enough data on insect trade because most insect trade is informal.” 

Protein rich 

FAO studies have shown insects are a protein-rich digestible source of food for people as well as feed for chickens and fish, said Paul Vantomme, senior forestry officer at FAO’s Forest Products and Industries division in Rome. 

One hundred grams of grasshopper meat contains 20g of protein, which is only 7g less than an equivalent portion of beef, while 100g of the common house cricket contain four times more protein than the same amount of chicken, according to FAO. 

Based on the most recent government figures available from 2009, almost half of children under five and 56 percent of pregnant women in Laos had anaemia - most commonly caused by iron deficiency - qualifying the situation as a “severe” public health emergency, according to the UN Children’s Fund. 

Insect nutrition depends on “what insect is being eaten, the manner in which the insects are cooked and the daily requirements needed for the individual based on size and age,” said Patrick Durst with FAO’s regional office for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok. 

In Asia insects are not eaten as a regular and substantive source of protein - as with chicken, fish or tofu - but more commonly as snacks, he added. 

Weaver ant eggs, crickets, grasshoppers and cicadas are the most frequently consumed insects in Laos, according to FAO. [ http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1380e/i1380e00.pdf ] A 2010 national survey by the Vientiane-based Institut de la francophonie pour la médecine tropicale said [ http://www.ifmt.auf.org/article.php3?id_article=407 ] 95 percent of Laotians surveyed reported eating insects harvested in the wild and some 87 percent said they would eat more insects if available. 

Next steps 

The Lao government has no plans to continue the project once FAO funding ends, Somchit Akkhavon, deputy director-general in the Health Ministry’s Department of Hygiene and Prevention as well as project director of the edible insects’ project, told IRIN. 

“Edible insects are not a priority for the Ministry of Health or for the Ministry of Agriculture. Keeping the knowledge and the tradition are important, but there are no plans for taking over the project. While some [insect] farms might continue to operate on their own terms, others might have to shut down due to the end of funding.” 

As interest and cash wane in Laos for edible insects, academic interest elsewhere in entomophagy (the consumption of insects) grows. A group of biologists from Imperial College London recently formed a group called Bugsforlife “to understand the potential of edible insects as an environmentally friendly solution to malnutrition in impoverished regions,” wrote one of its members, Mariangela Veronesi. 

The group recently completed fundraising [ http://www.indiegogo.com/edibleinsectsbenin ] to work with the Wama community in the West African country of Benin “to understand how they traditionally gather, sell, cook and consume insects… In addition, to avoid the risk of over-exploiting natural stocks of edible insects in the case of the expansion of this practice, we shall devise methods for insect breeding that can be applied locally and in other communities.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96438/LAOS-Insect-farms-run-into-trouble</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210031001010619t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 03 October 2012 (IRIN) - Promoting consumption of edible insects in Laos may help boost protein-anaemic diets, say health experts trying to create regional health standards for insect production, harvesting and consumption.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Asia fails to take up rotavirus vaccine</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209070934180240t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.

“Timely vaccination with one of the two effective rotavirus vaccines [Rotarix and Rotateq] can prevent many cases of [rotavirus] illness and hospitalizations,” WHO’s Manila office said in an email to IRIN on 7 September. “WHO recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization schedules of all countries.”

According to WHO, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children, with more than 500,000 children under the age of five dying worldwide each year. Highly contagious, the virus causes vomiting and severe diarrhoea that can lead to dehydration and potential death. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87899/AFRICA-Rotavirus-data-must-propel-immunization-experts ]

Children aged six months to two years are particularly vulnerable to infection. Worldwide, rotavirus accounts for 37 percent of all diarrhoea deaths in children under five with 95 percent of those deaths occurring in developing countries. [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/publications/gavi-fact-sheets ] 

While the virus is treatable by providing fluids and salts, health experts note that it has a devastating and deadly impact in areas where people cannot access medical care. There are no antibiotics or any other drug to fight the infection and since 2009 WHO has recommended the global use of the rotavirus vaccine. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/84764/GLOBAL-WHO-move-boosts-fight-against-fatal-diarrhoea ]

“For rotavirus vaccine the main aim is to prevent or reduce the severity of the first one or two infections in young children,” Tony Nelson, professor of paediatrics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and member of the Rotavirus Organization of Technical Allies (ROTA council), told IRIN. “It is these first infections that are the most severe and most likely to cause life-threatening dehydration.”

The international health NGO PATH [ http://www.path.org/publications/detail.php?i=2197 ] reports that in Asia 42 percent of all hospital admissions of children under five with diarrhoea are the result of rotavirus, while 188,000 children under five die each year. 

“As many of these deaths and admissions could be prevented by vaccination, it is sad that very few countries in Asia have announced plans to include rotavirus vaccines in their NIPs,” Nelson said. 

As of September 2012, 41 countries worldwide have introduced rotavirus vaccines in their NIPs. [ http://rotacouncil.org/rotavirus-burden-vaccine-introduction-map ] Four African countries - Botswana, Ghana, Rwanda and Sudan - have fully introduced the oral vaccine in their NIPs, while South Africa and Zambia introduced rotavirus vaccination on a regional basis. [ http://rotacouncil.org/national-and-regional-rotavirus-introductions/ ]

However, only two countries in Asia - Philippines and Thailand - are vaccinating (or are about to) children against rotavirus: “Price continues to be an important barrier to introducing rotavirus vaccine,” WHO explained. 

In July, Philippines [ http://vad.createsend1.com/t/ViewEmail/r/680743A8ADBDDBE1/E38B11B8894CC5F54BD7C9066BE4161D ] started vaccinating an estimated 700,000 children each year aged 1.5-3.5 months from the poorest communities.

In the same month Thailand [ http://rotacouncil.org/news/botswana-yemen-launch-rotavirus-vaccines-nationally/ ] announced it will vaccinate regionally, but has yet to provide an actual launch date.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96259/HEALTH-Asia-fails-to-take-up-rotavirus-vaccine</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209070934180240t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: “Gene chip technology” deployed in fight against malaria</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia. 

Researchers from the US University of Notre Dame’s Eck Institute for Global Health [ http://globalhealth.nd.edu/ ] are developing a “gene chip” which could contribute to identifying drug resistance in blood samples. [ http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/30101-notre-dame-researchers-using-novel-method-to-combat-malaria-drug-resistance/ ] 

The goal is to “see resistance as it is emerging, respond in real time and modify strategies to save a drug, such as protecting it with new formulations and combinations tailored to the specific location of emergence,” said the lead researcher, Michael Ferdig. “We now have markers for emerging resistance and new hypotheses that we will use to track down the resistance mechanism.” 

Genetic markers or “signposts” are any alteration in the DNA that helps to identify the presence of a specific disease. 

Artemisinin is a natural plant product that represents the first-line treatment for malaria, after resistance to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] Growing resistance to artemisinin in the greater Mekong sub-region - including Cambodia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92516/MYANMAR-Anti-malarial-drug-resistance-hotspots-identified ] Thailand and Viet Nam - means treatment is taking longer to clear parasites. 

“Southeast Asia, and in particular western Cambodia, is the region where all resistances in [the parasite] plasmodium falciparum have emerged,” said Francois Nosten, director of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit along the Thai-Myanmar border, a region which has reported longer treatment times in the past eight years for patients taking artemisinin-based drugs to cure malaria. 

However, experts warn that gene chip technology is years away from practical application. 

“The gene chip is only at the stage of being developed and not there yet,” said Nosten. “Several groups are competing to find the molecular markers of resistance to artemisinin, but it will take several years before something is usable in the field and we do not have this time to waste.” 

According to the World Health Organization, [ http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section21/Section340_4018.htm ] four out 10 people globally who are at risk of becoming infected with malaria live in Southeast Asia. 

Migration from highly endemic malarial areas, counterfeit anti-malarial drugs, and the misuse of artemisinin have all contributed to worsening drug resistance, says the agency. [ http://whothailand.healthrepository.org/bitstream/123456789/713/1/MAL_2010.pdf ] 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96197/HEALTH-Gene-chip-technology-deployed-in-fight-against-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Diversifying crops to cope with climate change</title><pubDate>Mon, 13 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121449040463t.jpg" />]]>LUANG PRABANG 13 August 2012 (IRIN) - Lemons and sweet bamboo may not be associated with frontline efforts to adapt to climate change in most parts of the world, but in Kioutaloun village in northern Laos, rice farmers hit by landslides, land erosion and severe flooding are looking to different crops.</description><body><![CDATA[LUANG PRABANG 13 August 2012 (IRIN) - Lemons and sweet bamboo may not be associated with frontline efforts to adapt to climate change in most parts of the world, but in Kioutaloun village in northern Laos, rice farmers hit by landslides, land erosion and severe flooding are looking to different crops. 

“When the farmer starts planting upland rice he needs rain for fast growth. If there is no rain within a month, then it’s not good,” said Ki Her, head of Kioutaloun village, where mostly the Hmong ethnic group live. 

Khamphone Mounlamai, of the National Agricultural Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, told IRIN that the villagers are noticing shorter, but more intense rainy seasons, followed by longer dry seasons. 

Rice has long been the country’s most important crop, with some 95 percent of the population in the north growing it. After an unusually heavy monsoon season [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93672/LAOS-Floods-highlight-disaster-preparedness-needs ] flooded the Mekong River Basin, especially in the central and southern areas, national rice production in 2011 is estimated at three million tons, [ http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=LAO ] some 4 percent below the bumper season in 2010. 

Rice production is on the rebound this year but farmers are struggling to figure out when is the best time to plant. Three-quarters of Laotians live in rural areas, and half of the children under five years old in rural areas lack life-saving nutrients, also known as chronic malnutrition. 

Lemons 

Tai On and his family started planting alternative crops on their farm in Kioutaloun after a trip to Thailand three years ago, where he saw farmers earning money from lemons. He now has a lemon orchard on more than half his land. “The lemon trees now have fruit all year round. I use the lemons for cooking and to sell at the market,” he said. 

He can get 25 US cents per kilogramme for his lemons during the rainy season and three times as much in the dry season, when lemon production in the lowlands drops. Farmers in the village have begun to buy lemon seedlings from Tai On. He is also planting sweet bamboo, which he discovered grows easily, prevents soil erosion and, like lemons, can be sold at the market all year round. 

Manfred Staab of UN Development Programme (UNDP), who is advising NAFRI on a four-year programme to improve the resilience of the agriculture sector to climate change, says crop diversification is the key to countering erratic rains. “If you have more options than one, then, if something happens to you, you are not as easily derailed from your main source of income, or your food security is not as easily in danger.” 

The Kioutaloun community, along with three other villages, received US$50,000 in 2011 from the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme, implemented by UNDP, to plant non-rice crops to cope with changing weather patterns. 

A report [ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/about-us/single-view/news/turning_tables_on_climate_change_indigenous_assessments_of_impacts_and_adapt/ ] by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in June 2012 highlighted the importance of traditional knowledge in helping communities cope with climate change. 

The project in Kioutaloun is looking into the beneficial exploitation of local knowledge about household crops like lemons and sweet bamboo, because in recent years villagers have often found them to be more profitable and reliable than rice. 

tf/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96088/LAOS-Diversifying-crops-to-cope-with-climate-change</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121449040463t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUANG PRABANG 13 August 2012 (IRIN) - Lemons and sweet bamboo may not be associated with frontline efforts to adapt to climate change in most parts of the world, but in Kioutaloun village in northern Laos, rice farmers hit by landslides, land erosion and severe flooding are looking to different crops.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Household air pollution fuels pneumonia</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206251020380399t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 26 June 2012 (IRIN) - More than 95 percent of the Lao population use solid fuels for cooking, but the smoke produced by burning them contributes to the high number of child deaths from pneumonia, particularly among the poorest families, say health experts.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 26 June 2012 (IRIN) - More than 95 percent of the Lao population use solid fuels for cooking, but the smoke produced by burning them contributes to the high number of child deaths from pneumonia, particularly among the poorest families, say health experts. 

World Health Organization (WHO) statistics show that in 2010, the latest year for which there are figures, 1,777 children under the age of five died from pneumonia in Laos, but health experts believe the number could be significantly higher. 

A report by WHO and the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in November 2009 [ http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/energyaccesssituation/en/index.html ] noted that 1,200 of the 1,777 deaths could be directly attributed to solid fuel use. 

Burning wood, crop waste, charcoal and animal dung indoors for cooking and heating results in high levels of air pollution inside the living space, where small soot particles and other pollutants are inhaled and enter the lungs of young children. WHO warns that such exposure more than doubles the risk of pneumonia for children. 

Reducing this risk could be easy. “We know that when Lao people get richer the smoke issue goes down. If you look in Vientiane [the capital] - how do they cook? Out[side]… the back door. So they found a Lao solution, and it works absolutely fine, just by going outside,” said Edward Allen, a technical advisor to the Lao Institute for Renewable Energy (LIRE), a non-profit organization based in Vientiane, who also advises the government. 

Allen thinks an awareness campaign to inform people about the safest places to cook, particularly targeting women because they do most of the household cooking, would reduce household pollution levels significantly. 

Another prevention measure gaining attention is the development of improved cook stoves (ICS), which are designed to be more efficient by burning hotter and using less fuel, said Bastiaan Teune of SNV, a Netherlands-based development NGO. [ http://www.snvworld.org/en/regions/world/about-us ] 

SNV and the World Bank are working with the Lao government to set up large-scale ICS programmes in the landlocked Southeast Asia nation. A prototype stove has been developed, with initial results showing that it uses about 20 percent less fuel, Teune said. SNV plans to produce about 420,000 ICS in the next eight years. 

While the ICS could potentially reduce the incidence of pneumonia cases, in the mountainous and cooler north of Laos, the poorest parts of the country, solid fuels are not only burned for cooking but also for heating. 

Ensuring adequate treatment for pneumonia is available to northern communities is essential to bringing down the number of pneumonia cases. A United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report released on 8 June 2012 [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_62592.html ] showed that among the poorest 20 percent of the Lao population, only 28 percent seek medical care for suspected pneumonia. 

Viorica Berdaga, the chief of the health and nutrition section at UNICEF in Laos, [ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/laopdr.html ] noted that a number of obstacles prevent effective pneumonia treatment in the poorest communities, which are found mainly in the north. 

A lack of knowledge about the symptoms and danger signs of the disease is common, and the use of traditional remedies is widespread. 

“The second important barrier is geographical access, financial access, social access, meaning the ability to speak the same language, share the same culture,” she said. There are 49 officially recognized ethnic groups in Laos, many of whom speak their own language and live in the most remote areas of northern Laos. 

The final difficulty is the availability of qualified care and the quality of services in health centres, Berdaga said. 

An August 2011 health workers reach index, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/search?publication=Health+Workers+Reach+Index ] published by the international NGO, Save the Children, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/ ] ranked Laos at 159 out of 161 countries - just above Chad and Somalia - as the worst countries for a child to fall sick in. The index took into account indicators such as health worker density and vaccination coverage. 

UNICEF said in its report that the child survival gap within and between countries could be closed if proven and cost-effective interventions for pneumonia were scaled up to reach the most disadvantaged children. 

According to WHO, pneumonia kills an estimated 1.4 million children under the age of five worldwide every year - more than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. 

tf/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95730/LAOS-Household-air-pollution-fuels-pneumonia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206251020380399t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 26 June 2012 (IRIN) - More than 95 percent of the Lao population use solid fuels for cooking, but the smoke produced by burning them contributes to the high number of child deaths from pneumonia, particularly among the poorest families, say health experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Aiming to leave least developed country list</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205170834150862t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 17 May 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Laos has taken the unique step of stating its ambition to graduate from the UN list of Least Developed Countries (LDC) by 2020.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 17 May 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Laos has taken the unique step of stating its ambition to graduate from the UN list of Least Developed Countries (LDC) by 2020. [ http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/least_developed_countries.htm ] 

LDCs represent the poorest and weakest segment of the international community, according to the United Nations, and include more than 880 million people (about 12 percent of the world population), but with less than 2 percent of global GDP and about 1 percent of the trade. 

Philippe Hein, a member of the UN Committee for Development Policy (CDP), [ http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/index.shtml ] who reviews the LDC group, says this is unprecedented. “Our experience is that all of those countries so far who have been identified as potential candidates for LDC graduation have resisted this,” he told IRIN. 

The main concerns for countries exiting LDC status are a potential reduction in overseas development assistance (ODA) and preferential trade treatment, Hein said. In 2010 Laos received US$413.79 million in ODA, the Organization for Economic Development and Co-operation and Development (OECD) reported. [ http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=TABLE2A ] 

One-quarter of the $15 billion budget for the government’s 2011-2015 development plan is to be funded by donors and development partners. 

Adjustment process 

To help countries adjust, the UN General Assembly introduced a three-year transition period in 2004. 

Minh Pham, UN Resident Coordinator and Resident Representative of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Laos, said the fact that the country has both volunteered itself for graduation and set a fixed date highlights its ambitions to become a middle-income country. 

But doing so will prove a challenge, say experts. The World Bank notes that 27.6 percent of the country’s 6.5 million inhabitants live below the poverty line. 

UN criteria for moving beyond LDC status include a per capita income threshold; a human assets index measured by health and education indicators; and a strong economy that can withstand shocks, such as natural disasters. A country must meet two of the three criteria to be eligible for graduation. 

Only three countries - Botswana, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/49795/BOTSWANA-EU-promises-better-access-to-markets ] Cape Verde [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82783/CAPE-VERDE-More-developed-and-more-vulnerable ] and Maldives - have achieved this since the list was established in 1971. 

Learning from their experiences could prove vital. At a UN meeting to discuss the transition process in New York on 26 March 2012, the Maldives expressed their concerns that they had failed to maintain levels of developmental assistance and access to concessionary finance. 

A statement by Jeffrey Salim Waheed, Maldives First Secretary to the UN, [ http://www.unohrlls.org/UserFiles/File/LDC%20Documents/AHWG%20on%20smooth%20transition/Maldives%20statement%2026%20Mar%202012_doc.pdf ] said this had “led to massive shortfalls and the formation of risky economic policies, some of which have proven to be harmful to the nation’s economic stability.” 

However, Pham believes Laos could avoid such a situation. “We are confident that, given the build up of foreign direct investment in the country over the years, particularly in hydropower energy, the revenues generated in this investment will more than make up for any phasing out of development assistance.” 

Hein said the implications of graduation must be looked at on an individual country basis. “Cape Verde is an interesting case - some donors left but ODA has now increased.” 

Net ODA disbursements for Cape Verde went up from $195.6 million in 2009 to $336.76 million in 2010, according to OECD , which Hein attributes partly to the country’s reputation for aid effectiveness and good governance. 

The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) [ http://unctad.org/en/Pages/Home.aspx ] estimates that at its current rate of progress, Laos could potentially meet all three criteria by 2015. It would then need to repeat this at the next review, three years later, to be eligible for graduation. 

The Fourth UN Conference on the Least Developed Countries in Istanbul, in May 2011, [ http://www.un.org/wcm/webdav/site/ldc/shared/documents/LDC4_Brochure_EN.pdf ] adopted a programme of action that aims to graduate half of the 48 LDCs by 2020. At prevailing levels of development this will be a distinct challenge. 

“Nobody wants to stay an LDC, but when the time comes to graduate they say, ‘We are going to lose something.’ They are worried. The attitude here in Laos is quite different - the way it’s going, the others have to learn from Laos,” said Hein. 

Laos is planning the first steps in developing a strategy for LDC graduation at a two-day conference with over 150 participants, government officials, and experts in Vientiane, the capital, on 16 and 17 May. 

tf/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95470/LAOS-Aiming-to-leave-least-developed-country-list</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201205170834150862t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 17 May 2012 (IRIN) - The government of Laos has taken the unique step of stating its ambition to graduate from the UN list of Least Developed Countries (LDC) by 2020.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Communal land titles could save more than forests</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204160617530409t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers. 

“It’s very important because the communal land titles can give communities the right to access and harvest natural resources, and overcome land concessions to companies,” Souvanpheng Phommasane, an advisor for SNV Netherlands Development Organization [ http://www.snvworld.org/ ] told IRIN. 

The title deeds cover an area of 2,189 hectares of bamboo-producing forest. After a two-year process the land was finally handed over to the five villages in Sangthong District, 50km west of the capital, Vientiane, in February. 

Hanna Saarinen, coordinator for the Land Issues Working Group [ http://www.laolandissues.org/ ], which represents 40 concerned civil society organizations, says the issue of land ownership is becoming more urgent. 

“In the last five to 10 years there have been more and more competing interests [seeking control] over natural resources,” she said. Private sector companies as well as communities “have been using the same land, the same forest for years”. 

The government’s 2011-2015 development plan [ http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/initiatives/ldcs/laos.pdf ] sets a target of at least 8 percent annual economic growth, driven primarily by extractive industries, such as mining, hydropower and plantation agriculture. All these activities require significant land allocation, while slash-and-burn agriculture and logging further diminish forested areas. 

Trees once spread across 70 percent of Laos, but in 2010 the Department of Forestry estimated that this has now been reduced to just 40 percent. The decline in forest cover not only has wide environmental impacts but also affects rural incomes. 

Per capita income stands at just over US$1,000 per year, the World Bank reports, and 75 percent of the country’s workforce earns a livelihood from agriculture. 

Government statistics note that non-timber forest products, such as bamboo, contribute about 40 percent of rural income. 

A bamboo trade association in Sangthong District, set up in 2007, designs and produces furniture and handicrafts made from local bamboo. The district administration states that households involved in the project can earn an additional 2 million Lao Kip ($250) a month - a significant amount for villagers living in one of the 46 districts designated by the government as the poorest in the country. 

Salongsay Mixay, the head of Na Po village, says the local forests were under threat before the land titles were granted. 

“There were different cases. A big truck comes from somewhere - no one knows where, maybe the city - and they cut [bamboo] and went away. The second case is the investor who talks to the villagers and says, ‘I want to cut this much [bamboo],’ and pays a little amount of money, and leaves.” 

Replicating the land-grant model across this Southeast Asian nation may not be straightforward. “In Sangthong it was a specific case because they had this bamboo project - they were already managing the bamboo areas, they had a forest management plan - but there are no clear guidelines or manuals, so the districts do not know how to do it in practice,” said Saarinen. 

Support from a number of development organizations, with funding through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme, and implementation by the United Nations Development Programme, helped the Sangthong District administration to tackle the procedures needed to apply for and eventually be granted the title deeds to the land. 

Phommasane from SNV Netherlands believes that if other districts receive similar support they could also get communal land titles. The government is carrying out a land policy review that is expected to formalize the procedures for granting communal land titles. 

Giving ownership of more of the land to the villagers who earn their living from it could be critical to the government’s stated ambition of restoring forest cover to 65 percent of the country by 2015. 

Khamoon Tiengthila, the Sangthong District deputy governor, says he is proud of what his district has achieved. “It’s a small project that contributes to preserving the world’s environment. The forest is important for development and the economy.” 

tf/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95295/LAOS-Communal-land-titles-could-save-more-than-forests</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204160617530409t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Will pressure make Chinese aid more transparent?</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need. 

In Southeast Asia, Chinese-funded projects have become ubiquitous in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, countries once passed over by traditional donors. 

In river-rich Laos, a government development plan [ http://www.poweringprogress.org//download//Electric_Power_Plants_in_Laos_as_of_January_2009.pdf ] calls for 55 new dams to generate hydroelectric power, many of them funded by Chinese state-owned companies. Laotian media reported that China’s government recently signed five agreements pledging more than US$30 million to build government offices [ http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=28048 ]. 

Cambodia’s Prime Minister, Hun Sen, inaugurated one of the largest Chinese construction projects in the country in December 2011, a dam in fertile Kampot Province in the southeast. [ http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2012/01/25/China-pervasive-in-Cambodia-but-US-welcome.aspx ] This project comes on top of $1.2 billion the Chinese government pledged to Laos in 2010 - more than any other bilateral or multilateral donor. 

Officials also welcomed Chinese aid in August 2011, when the World Bank suspended new loans to the country after finding that a Bank-financed land-titling project failed to secure property rights for residents facing eviction. 

Cambodian leaders - including the prime minister - have repeatedly stated they are not worried about losing World Bank loans (which currently total $131 million [ https://finances.worldbank.org/Loan-and-Credit-Administration/Cambodia-Active-Grants/uugh-35eg ]) because they prefer “no strings” Chinese aid. 

Elsewhere in the region, local media have reported ongoing talks between the Burmese government and the China Power Investment Corporation to restart construction of the US$3.6 million Myitsone Dam, which Burmese president Thein Sein suspended in September 2011 over concerns about transparency and environmental damage. [ http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/6741-china-burma-talks-underway-on-myitsone-dam-project.html ] 

Despite the chronic tensions between China and Myanmar over drug trafficking, refugee outflows and ethnic conflicts along their shared border, the Chinese government is one of Myanmar’s largest investors, according to Burmese government statistics. [ http://www.csostat.gov.mm/ ] 

In 2008 there already were some 90 Chinese-funded hydropower and extractive industry projects, according to a survey by the US-based EarthRights International NGO. [ http://www.earthrights.org/publication/china-burma-increasing-investment-chinese-multinational-corporations-burmas-hydropower-o ] 

“China's aid is focused on infrastructure, which is badly needed in developing countries,” said Wang Yong, director of the Centre for International Political Economy at Peking University in Beijing. “By comparison, US aid is more driven by strategic and political objectives.” 

With almost no information available about China-funded projects in the public domain – including their potential environmental impact – EarthRights relied on company press releases and government statements. Other NGOs in the region have complained that environmental impact assessments are often not open to local communities or there is too little time to comment. 

Chinese aid is disbursed in line with its policy of staying out of other countries’ governance, as laid out in its April 2011 aid position paper [ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-04/22/content_12373944.htm ]. 

“It might interfere in other ways, like currying favour and obtaining sweetheart deals for its companies…Their Ministry of Commerce determines the aid, which tells you just what's driving their considerations,” said Sophal Ear, a California-based political economist specializing in aid and governance. 

China’s estimated $3.18 trillion in foreign exchange reserves [ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-13/china-foreign-exchange-reserves-drop-for-first-quarter-in-more-than-decade.html ] can be “enormously” transformative for poor countries, Ear added. 

Pressure pitfalls 

Aid watchdog NGOs like the London-based Publish What You Pay Fund (PWYP) use publicity to urge China to be more forthcoming with its aid figures, hoping such scrutiny will help money get to the people who need it most. 

The NGO lists China as “very poor” in aid transparency, ranking it the third least transparent donor out of 58 it listed in 2011 [ http://www.publishwhatyoufund.org/resources/index/ ]. 

Its position was determined by 38 indicators, such as the passage of freedom of information laws and participation in the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), a London-based group of donors and NGOs that have set aid disclosure standards. 

“The problem is that China is not systematically releasing its information,” said Karin Christiansen, PWYP’s director. 

While transparency is a good route to achieving aid effectiveness, pressure may not work, said Ear. “The culture is about face-saving: give them respect and they will be more open to listening.” 

Strong-arming China into transparency will lead to a “backlash” of even less transparency, he added. “They value their sovereignty more than most countries. They see it [as] inviolable.” 

Still, said Christiansen, the group’s approach is credible because it does not require “changing what they [China] are actually doing, but about becoming more transparent on the approaches they are already taking.” 

South-South rules 

The country is increasing aid transparency at its own pace, say observers. On 1 December 2011, China publicly declared transparency a principle it upholds when it signed an agreement at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in Busan, South Korea. [ http://www.aideffectiveness.org/busanhlf4/images/stories/hlf4/OUTCOME_DOCUMENT_-_FINAL_EN.pdf ] 

The word “transparency” appears four times in the document, which includes a pledge of “zero tolerance for all corrupt practices”. It also notes that “the nature, modalities and responsibilities that apply to South-South cooperation differ from those that apply to North-South cooperation”, and the complexity of “new actors”, who may still face poverty at home but want to share lessons and experiences along the way. 

Unfavourable attention may have prompted China to become more public about its aid policy, said Wang. “The Chinese government does care about its international image and the international media.” 

Even with the will to boost aid transparency, China still faces a “diplomatic dilemma” in enforcing it: to meet compliance both sides must be willing and able, and recipient countries with weak governments often have poor aid oversight. 

“To carry out this principle [transparency] is not so easy in practice because it is influenced by circumstances of the governance structures of recipient countries and diplomacy, sometimes requiring some form of confidence,” Wang said. 

Labelling the Chinese government as a “rogue donor” is disparaging and inaccurate [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=93749 ], noted Germany-based researchers in their study of determinants of China’s aid in October 2011. [ https://ncgg.princeton.edu/IPES/2011/papers/F1120_rm3.pdf ] 

The researchers concluded that contrary to reigning perceptions of Chinese aid, the country is not a “rogue donor” - it disburses grants within national interests, as do other government donors. 

Countries that do not recognize Taiwan as an independent country, and vote in line with China in the UN General Assembly, receive more aid, for example. 

In 1950 during the Chinese Civil War a breakaway faction fled to Taiwan and established a separate government known as the Republic of China, but the People’s Republic of China on the mainland does not recognize the island state and continues to assert itself as the sole government over both the mainland and the island in what it calls the “One China” policy. 

Criticism of aid transparency is not directed at China alone - PWYP lists the US Department of Treasury as “very poor” in aid transparency, with a ranking of 49 out of 58, only six slots above China - but China has further to go in aid governance than most, Joshua Kurlantzick, Southeast Asia fellow at the US-based Council on Foreign Relations, told IRIN. [ http://www.cfr.org/experts/asia-southeast-asia-democracy-human-rights/joshua-kurlantzick/b15522 ] 

Most US government agencies have an inspector general, strong requirements under the Freedom of Information Act, and “release most of what they do to Congress [parliament]. You can't say the same for China,” Kurlantzick said. 

Ear commented: “China surely understands that its aid policy is a work in progress.” 

gc/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95158/AID-POLICY-Will-pressure-make-Chinese-aid-more-transparent</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Indigenous groups - stateless and sick</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys. 

Indigenous peoples [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf ] - defined by the UN as people with ancestral ties to a geographical region who retain "distinct characteristics" from other parts of the population - rank disproportionately high in most indicators of poor health, according to the UN Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP_web.pdf ]. 

"It is very regrettable that governments and their offices are reluctant to, or unable to, reveal the state of health of their indigenous populations," Michael Gracey, co-author of a 2009 medical study on indigenous health [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960914-4/abstract ], told IRIN. 

Approximately two-thirds of the world's estimated 300 million indigenous people live in Asia (207 million), according to 2011 estimates by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 

STIs 

Lack of education, geographic isolation and prejudice marginalize Asia's indigenous populations, boosting their risk for preventable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

More than 40 percent of hill tribe women and girls in Thailand who migrate to cities for work end up in the sex industry, according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [ http://operations.ifad.org/web/guest/topic/statistics/tags/indigenous%20peoples ]. 

In the Greater Mekong region, home to 95 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, health education is often not conducted in native languages, said David Feingold, coordinator for the Bangkok-based Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Project at the UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

"No information guarantees bad choices, so it's not surprising that the Greater Mekong minorities are disproportionately represented amongst HIV-positive populations." 

In part because of poor hygiene conditions in Vietnam's northern Ha Giang Province, gynaecological infections remain a persistent problem for women from the Hmong, Dao, Tay, and Nung groups who live in Hoang Su Phi District, according to the Thailand-based NGO, Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP). 

Only 24 percent of households in the district have potable water and almost no households have latrines or toilets, reported AIPP. "Even if there are health services available, they are of poor quality," said Shimreichon Luithi Erni, the coordinator for women's issues at AIPP. 

Stateless and sick 

Statelessness worsens the chances an indigenous person can afford healthcare, according to UNESCO. Almost four out of 10 hill tribe people in Thailand are not citizens and are, therefore, ineligible for national healthcare and formal employment, said Feingold. 

In addition, resettlement increases health vulnerabilities, according to the UK-based indigenous rights NGO, Survival International. 

"To tribal peoples, the connection to their land is so fundamental and central to their wellbeing that removal from it is almost inevitably devastating, nutritionally, psychologically and physiologically," said Sophie Grig, Survival's senior campaigner. 

But without more health data, it is hard to know which problems to tackle. "There is insufficient disaggregation of data on indigenous people's health that could be used to advocate for specific interventions targeting their needs," said Anne Harmer, UNFPA's socio-cultural technical adviser for Asia. 

dm/or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94816/ASIA-Indigenous-groups-stateless-and-sick</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Breaking down legal barriers to HIV information access</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials. 

"No matter how good our laws are, the effectiveness of them is in the will of those implementing them," said Fiji's President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau at a recent UN-convened meeting in Bangkok on addressing legal barriers to HIV care and prevention. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/ ] 

Almost all countries in the region still have at least one "punitive law" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] - a policy or practice that impedes access to HIV services - according to a recent report from UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20110826_APGettingToZero_en.pdf ]. 

Laws that criminalize same-sex relations and sex work or restrict travel for HIV-positive people make it difficult to provide information and care for people most at risk of HIV infection, officials say. 

Progress to scrap such laws has been mixed in the region - even within one country. 

Fiji, for example, eliminated laws restricting travel of people infected with HIV in 2011 [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/august/20110826cfiji/ ] and became the first country in the Pacific region to decriminalize sex between men in 2010. [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2010/march/20100304fiji/ ] 

But at the same time, in February 2010, prostitution was criminalized, giving police the right to arrest and charge people who operate as sex workers. 

The government is now reviewing HIV legislation and punitive laws. 

Elsewhere in the region, the national AIDS programme manager of Myanmar's Health Ministry, Khin Ohnmar San, told IRIN Burmese police forces had been informed of a 2007 order that "condoms must not be used as material witness to arrest sex workers". 

But that has done little to assuage sex workers' fears in Myanmar, said Kay Thi Win, programme manager with a Yangon-based NGO that informs sex workers about HIV prevention and their legal rights. 

Many sex workers "are still afraid to carry condoms because of the police", she added. 

Andrew Hunter, president of the Bangkok-based Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW) [ http://sexwork.asia/ ] said regionally, women are still arrested on the suspicion of working in the sex industry, which is outlawed, if they are carrying condoms. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] 

"Everyone pleads guilty because experience shows that fighting cases in court leads to longer jail sentences." 

APNSW provides support to sex workers in 22 countries in the region. 

Hunter added: "There is a scale of what sex worker advocates can do across the Asia Pacific, from Myanmar, where advocacy must be done quietly and behind the scenes, to India where sex workers are able to take to the streets to protest." 

In India, which accounts for almost half of those infected with HIV in the region, there are efforts to update police officers about HIV prevention and all policies regarding treatment, said Tejdeep Kaur Menon, a director-general of police forces in the city of Hyderabad in the country's southeast. 

Home to 60 percent of the world's population, the regional death toll from AIDS in 2010 (some 310,000 people) is second only to that of sub-Saharan Africa. [ http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/progress_report2011/regional_facts/en/index1.html ] 

or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94817/ASIA-Breaking-down-legal-barriers-to-HIV-information-access</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Looming threat of &quot;catching up&quot; on HIV prevalence</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021127290798t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government. 
 
Out of a total population of 6.3 million, the national prevalence of 0.2 percent among 15-49-year-olds puts the 8,500 reported HIV/AIDS cases in Laos nearly a decade behind that of its neighbours. 
 
 As reported by governments, Thailand's HIV prevalence is at 1.3 percent, or more than half a million people living with HIV; Cambodia's is estimated at 0.6 percent [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries/cambodia_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ], translating to nearly 70,000 people living with HIV. 
 
 "The goal is to stay 10 years behind in the AIDS epidemic," said Chansy Phimphachanh, director of the Centre for HIV/AIDS/STI (sexually transmitted infections) in the Ministry of Health. 
 
 According to the Laotian government's National Strategic and Action Plan on HIV/AIDS/STI Control and Prevention for 2011 to 2015 [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/NSAP_2011_15_English_Final.pdf ], overall HIV prevalence among sex workers is an estimated 0.43 percent; among their clients, mainly electricity workers, it is 0.8 percent. 
 
 Border breakdown 
 
 But as the socialist country increasingly opens its borders, health workers are bracing for a potential concentrated, "catastrophic" outbreak in a country where HIV prevention is not yet a priority. 
 
 "What was protecting the country is not there any more," said Pascal Stenier, country coordinator for UNAIDS, referring to Laos' previously closed borders and economy, which is now increasingly global and growing by about 8 percent annually, according to the World Bank. 
 
 Among men who have sex with men and sex workers in concentrated areas like Vientiane, the reported prevalence is above 5 percent. "The figures are small now, which is why it is worth investing in prevention. If we don't, we will have an increase," Stenier said. 
 
 The concern is an emerging epidemic among these at-risk populations. 
 
 Nationwide, there are at least 11,000 high-frequency sex workers, 50,000 men who have sex with men and 40,000 amphetamine-type stimulant users, including 1,600 injecting drug users, according to the government. 
 
 Hot spots are not only in the capital, Vientiane, but also in remote areas, such as across the border from Vietnam, with a reported 45 percent prevalence of HIV/AIDS among drug users. Reaching these populations is not only essential, but also expensive, said Stenier. 
 
 Programme financing 
 
 But the global recession has left health workers wondering what will happen to the country's US$43 million Global Fund HIV/AIDS grant, $24 million of which has been disbursed since 2003 to the government. 
 
 The HIV grant in Laos is up for review in June 2012, according to the Global Fund. [ http://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Country/Index/LAO ] 
 
 Because of donor cuts, the fund will finance only essential services for ongoing programmes that end before 2014, [ http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/mediacenter/pressreleases/2011-11-23_The_Global_Fund_adopts_new_strategy_to_save_10_million_lives_by_2016/ ] after which eligible countries can apply for continued support. 
 
 Other countries may have more bleak figures than Laos, but this is exactly why Laos should be a funding priority, said Katharine Bagshaw, an HIV officer with UNAIDS. 
 
 "This is an opportunity to prevent the same thing from happening in yet another country. We know what can happen," she said. 
 
 Regardless of the relatively low prevalence, the impact is as real as any other sizeable epidemic, said Phongdeth. 
 
 Now the director of the Lao Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS [ http://www.lnpplus.com/ ], Phongdeth was part of what is referred to as the first wave of infections in Laos, resulting from migrant workers returning home. 
 
 He said he contracted the virus after working in a Bangkok nightclub for 10 years as a singer and sex worker. 
 
 "It is true that in Laos there are not so many people living with HIV and AIDS, but we are still people and we need help," he said. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94374/LAOS-Looming-threat-of-quot-catching-up-quot-on-HIV-prevalence</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021127290798t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94233/ASIA-Boosting-cities-apos-food-resilience</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Bridging culture to promote maternal health</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161027200625t.jpg" />]]>LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country&apos;s women are not used to visiting health workers.</description><body><![CDATA[LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country's women are not used to visiting health workers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91339 ] 
 
 Only 34 percent of women in Laos seek the advice of medical professionals; even fewer see one when they are pregnant, according to government data from 2009-2010. 
 
 At Luang Prabang's regional hospital, some 200km north of the capital Vientiane, Magdalen Muraa [ http://www.irinnews.org/hovreport.aspx?reportid=94215 ], a UN Volunteer with UN Population Fund (UNFPA) is training 20 midwives for graduation in February 2012. 
 
 Malaipon, 24, who like many Laotians goes by one name, travelled 1km to the regional hospital for one of her four recommended pre-natal check-ups. "This is my first time at the hospital and I was nervous to come," she said. 
 
 On average, the midwifery students see 60 mothers a day and facilitate 100 deliveries a month, Muraa said. 
 
 Though the numbers are low for a hospital serving thousands, it is a relative success compared with the often empty wards in outer areas, said Della Sherratt, UNFPA's international skilled birth attendant coordinator, based in Vientiane. 
 
 Sherratt arrived in Laos in 2009 to work with the government to train more midwives to help improve the country's abysmal record of infant and maternal deaths. 
 
 The historical lack of attention paid to maternal health has contributed to Laos being the third-worst out of 161 countries with reliable health data for a child to fall ill, according to the most recent Health Workers Reach Index by Save the Children, which measures not only the number of health workers, but also their impact. [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_3.pdf ] 
 
 The rankings take into account a woman's access to emergency care during childbirth and place this peaceful, socialist nation only behind Chad and Somalia, two countries with health infrastructures largely crippled by decades of conflict. 
 
 Maternal mortality was 405 deaths per 100,000 live births and infant mortality 70 deaths per 1,000 in 2005, the most recent year for which data is available. [ http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_lao_en.pdf ] 
 
 Rural reality 
 
 By contrast to Luang Prabang, 14km from the health centre in the northern province, Oudomxay, a group of women and men IRIN interviewed from the village of Moonmeuang said they did not know what a midwife was. 
 
 Most delivered their babies by themselves or with the help of their mothers. Many have lost at least one baby, some five. "I have four babies," said Hom, 36, who also goes by one name. "I only went to the hospital because the last one died before it was born." 
 
 In this and other hard-to-access mountain villages, women are accustomed to delivering their babies alone. And, like Hom, women typically go to the health centre, in the village's one car, once they encounter severe complications or find their baby is dead. These healthcare centres see on average 10-30 women a week, said Muraa. 
 
 According to the 2005 census, 73 percent of Laos's 6.3 million people live in similarly remote areas. 
 
 Visibility 
 
 Efforts to promote midwifery to people who do not have a word for it include dressing the students in bright pink uniforms and an eight-week community placement as part of the training. Teachers encourage the students to visit the dozen villages they oversee, door-to-door, hut-to-hut. 
 
 "This is not a quick-fix business and we shouldn't pretend it is," Sherratt said of the effort to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates in Laos, adding that the effort required passion. 
 
 "If you teach in the right way, you can teach that passion," she said. 
 
 But overcoming cultural traditions - for example, grandmotherly advice to give birth at home alone - can be a delicate matter, Muraa said. 
 
 "We have to be gentle about how we incorporate healthcare into culture," she said. "But if our midwives just sit at the health centre and wait for mothers to come, it won't work." 
 
 Laos has 859 health centres and the government is aiming to place a midwife in every facility by 2015. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94213/LAOS-Bridging-culture-to-promote-maternal-health</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161027200625t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country&apos;s women are not used to visiting health workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Magdalen Muraa, &quot;I started asking myself, &apos;Why did I come here?&apos;&quot;</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161030120140t.jpg" />]]>LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign.</description><body><![CDATA[LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94213 ]. 
 
 Magdalen Muraa, mother of three and a UN Volunteer from Uganda, arrives at Luang Prabang's regional hospital every morning at 7am to help train the future midwives. She had previously worked in a Laotian village in the northeast, the only African there. 
 
 "After being a nurse for three years in Uganda, I wanted to become a midwife because it is a joyful thing. I then trained for two years and worked as a midwife and trainer for 10 years. When I saw the posting for a nurse midwife clinical trainer in Laos I thought, 'Why don't I give that a try?' 
 
 "At home, in Uganda, we have so many midwives and I felt that I could help. 
 
 "I took a one-week intensive course in Laos language training when I arrived in 2010 and I moved to a rural part of Xiengkhouang Province in the northeast of Laos. 
 
 "I lived under stress. As an African, everyone in the village was always saying 'Come and see, come and see!' They wanted to touch my skin and see me up close. I would get so humiliated and at the end of it, I would stay indoors. I would just go to work from 6am to 9pm and then go home. My only colleague was my TV. 
 
 "And I started asking myself, 'Why did I come here?' 
 
 "But I came as an expatriate to be able to transmit information and when I thought about it, people were really kind. Even though I lived in this intense situation, I learned and I never worried about my safety. And one thing is, I have never met arrogance in this country. 
 
 "Here they have many impractical ideas about maternal health. They only allow new mothers to eat rice, and they cannot drink water. For one or two weeks after the baby is born, everyone comes to visit the family, at a time when the baby and mother have weak immune systems. 
 
 "These are things we have to change. But we have to know the culture and respect it, while we try to also show new ways to the community. 
 
 "Midwifery takes maternal health to a higher level. You can have midwives, but if they don't have passion, then it's not going to work. 
 
 "Now that I am in Luang Prabang, I am much more at ease than when in the village. I will go back to my family in Uganda in a few months and it will have been two years for me as an African in Laos." 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94215/LAOS-Magdalen-Muraa-quot-I-started-asking-myself-apos-Why-did-I-come-here-apos-quot</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161030120140t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Poor farmers need alternatives to opium</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021157370735t.jpg" />]]>MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say. 
 
 Opium production was rising in Laos, formerly the third-largest producer in the world after Afghanistan and Myanmar, until the government slashed poppy plots from 26,800ha to 1,500ha between 1998 and 2006. 
 
 But since 2007 opium farming has doubled to 3,000ha and the upward trend is still continuing, according to the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91358 ]
 
 The increase has led some to characterize the previous reduction in poppy growing as a fragile success as some poverty-stricken farmers may yet relapse when left with few livelihood options. 
 
 "With no assistance people will grow [poppies]. If they have no regular work or livelihood, then it's opium, because this is what they know how to do," said Edna Legaspi, project manager for UNODC in the country's northern province, Oudomxay. 
 
 Most vulnerable are the country's poorest regions easily accessible from neighbouring countries. Oudomxay, at the regional crossroads of the Laos opium trade and only hours by road to China, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, is among the most at-risk communities, according to UNODC. 
 
 "Opium is causing problems in this district because people do not have alternatives and because of a remoteness due to a lack of road access," said Khamen Phomally, deputy district governor of Xay District in Oudomxay and chairman of the local committee on drug control. "But those who have access to other options and roads forget opium." 
 
 New cash crops such as fruit, corn and rice have helped turn most farmers away from poppy cultivation. But the struggle is constant. From pests to pruning techniques, these crops, which take well to the region's rugged mountainous terrain but typically earn less, demand different skills and knowledge than opium. 
 
 Alternatives 
 
 Sychan Vakongxiong, a secondary-school mathematics teacher, who struggled to feed a family of six, turned to poppy cultivation in 1993. After nearly a decade of perfecting the practice, the government told her to stop growing the illegal crop. 
 
 "I did not know opium was used for making drugs, I thought it was for medication," she said, adding the same was true for many fellow Hmong farmers. 
 
 At first the peach trees she turned to did well, but she quickly realized she did not know the orchard business like she knew opium. 
 
 While Vakongxiong later benefited from training by UNODC, and the Thai government-backed Royal Project Foundation and Highland Research and Development Institute in vegetable gardening and new crops, including grapes, she said her income was still not enough to support her family. 
 
 Her peach trees initially earned as much as 2ha of poppies had (about US$125) but pests destroyed her crop. Limes, vegetables, peaches and fish now fill her farm - but so far no business has lasted as long or been as steady as opium, she said. 
 
 Demand 
 
 A farmer now earns up to $3,200 per kilogramme of poppies versus corn, which brings in $150, said Houmphanh Bouphakham, director of the Oudomxay Provincial Department on Drug Control. 
 
 Before government crackdowns on poppy cultivation over the past decade, farmers earned only $80 per kilogramme of opium in 2000. 
 
 Opium cultivation has been on the decline in the region, but heroin is still the drug of choice in places like Laos, Singapore and Vietnam, according to UNODC's 2011 World Drug Report [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf ]. 
 
 Half the farmers who quit poppy production during the decade-long crackdown could return, warns the government's National Drug Control Master Plan for 2009 to 2013. 
 
 And if the relapse is due to failed promises of other income opportunities, farmers could distrust eradication efforts, making it harder to wipe out opium crops a second time. [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/National_Drug_Control_Master_Plan_2009-2013_A_Five_Year_Strategy_to_Address_the_Illicit_Drug_Control_Problem_in_the_Lao_PDR._UNODC_(2010).pdf ] 
 
 UNODC is working with the government to expand irrigation and introduce new rice varieties in 30 villages in Oudomxay, including Moonmeuang. 
 
 Before UNODC programming in 2009 the average annual household income in these villages was $572. In 2010 this increased to $1,400, according to the agency's calculations. Some residents attribute the boost to bigger and more frequent harvests of cash crops, especially rice. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94121/LAOS-Poor-farmers-need-alternatives-to-opium</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021157370735t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Disaster &quot;is imminent and inevitable&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand's capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government's flood relief operation centre on 26 October.

"Floods will hit every area of Bangkok, but each area will see different levels of water," said the director of the centre, Pracha Promnok, as quoted in local media.

Run-off from flooding in the north and a seasonal high tide are expected to push water levels in Bangkok's largest river above the city's 2.5m-high embankment.

The size of the population - more than eight million residents - coupled with the run-off, has made for an unprecedented and atypical emergency, said Kirsten Mildren, information officer for Southeast Asia at the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), who has worked in disasters for almost a decade.

"I cannot think of another emergency where I have seen it like this, where you have got the authorities and emergency services really battling to get the water to move around a city of this size. It is really incredible."

The government's irrigation department has been trying to spare the city by pumping the deluge around the city's perimeter through canals and selectively opening flood gates.

While the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) in a 23 October flood update requested residents not to panic, it did little to assuage fears: "Upon assessing the situation with all indicators, BMA would like to inform that a rather serious upcoming [disaster] is very imminent and inevitable."

These types of warnings have only amplified public uncertainty, said Bhichit Rattakul, a former governor of Bangkok and now executive director of the Bangkok-based NGO Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC).

Nationwide, 28 of 76 provinces have been flooded in this year's monsoon that started in late July; six of the country's major dams are at 99 percent capacity or higher, according to the national relief centre.

The airport where the centre operates has been closed, with two terminals under 80cm of water and all flights grounded.

As of 26 October, there have been 821 flood-related deaths in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines, where more than eight million people continue to be affected by severe flooding, according to the governments.

pt/es/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94085/THAILAND-Disaster-quot-is-imminent-and-inevitable-quot</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93939/DISASTERS-A-bigger-role-for-Asia-in-humanitarian-response</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: How space technology aids a flood response</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110110802130703t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.

Space technology has become a critical tool in protecting people from disasters in countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, where more than 6.5 million people have been affected by recent flooding and at least 500 have died. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/451703 ]

The images the satellites snap and transmit back to Earth are analyzed to pinpoint and predict flooding - information that can be used to direct resources and issue evacuation orders.

It is only recently that developing countries have been able to consistently access such high-tech and costly technology, thanks to international resource-sharing, said Craig Williams, a regional information management officer with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

"Technology is not really a major limiting factor any more - it's what we do with it," Williams said.

In Bangkok, now under high alert for heavy rain and overflowing rivers, a satellite data "war room" has been set up to monitor flooding that has claimed at least 269 lives nationwide and affected about 2.3 million people in 30 provinces since 25 July.

Meanwhile, this week analysts at the Geneva-based UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) were developing a baseline map that shows the extent of Thailand's flooding - the worst the country has faced in decades.

A common starting point

The maps from UNITAR's Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT), [ http://www.unitar.org/unosat/ ] which are developed with street data from Google and Open StreetMap, [ http://www.openstreetmap.org/ ] provide national, regional and local agencies with a starting point. Relief groups can then overlay other information, such as population data. Doing so allows them to more quickly and accurately estimate the number of affected children in a specific area, for example, and allocate resources accordingly.

"Then everybody has the same emergency information, so that increases the coordination," said Einar Bjorgo, head of UNOSAT's rapid mapping unit.

Satellite maps, from agencies such as the Geo-Informatic and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA) [ http://flood.gistda.or.th/ ] in Thailand, are often available to the public online. UNOSAT also offers podcasts [ http://www.unitar.org/unosat/podcasts ] - what Bjorgo calls "audio maps" - that explain key messages.

In the hands of individuals, such information could revolutionize how communities that now rely on rain-gauge alert systems get and share critical emergency information. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91095 ] The data also gives the public a way to verify government warnings that they may otherwise shrug off, said Chusit Apirumanekul of the Asia Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/? ]

Bjorgo said what UNOSAT is doing is not new, but how it is being used, is.

"What is changing, to the positive, is that there are more and more local, national and regional actors who have the capacity [expertise] to use the data that we derive from the satellites, in multiple ways," he said.

Thailand is using the data to determine which households should receive flood victims assistance, said Paranat Kerdpol, a spokeswoman for GISTDA, [ http://www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=2 ] which is operating the satellite "war room" in Bangkok.

Images from low-earth orbit satellites capture higher-resolution images from about 500-800km away, and are used in combination with higher-level satellites that capture larger swathes of land. Satellites with radar sensors are used to penetrate cloud coverage.

Predicting floods with satellite information is a bit trickier, Williams said. It requires an analysis of topography, flood control systems such as dykes, river basins, and river characteristics.

"Even if you can predict it," Williams said, "do you have the capacity to act and mitigate it?"

Access but obstacles

In the event of a natural or man-made disaster, countries that lack sophisticated satellite capability can activate the International Charter, [ http://www.disasterscharter.org/web/charter/home ] which gives them access to national and commercial satellite products free of charge. Since the charter formed in 2000, it has been activated most often for floods - 136 times.

"Using that system, any country in the world, regardless of their economic capacity, can access the benefits of space technology," Williams said.

Some countries, such as Cambodia and Laos, lack the institutional knowledge to optimize the use of satellite imagery, said Chusit, a climate information application specialist at ADPC. Third parties such as the ADPC help, providing training and analysis.

But ultimately, data and analysis is not enough, he said. The information must be communicated to those who are preparing and responding to disasters, so that they consistently use it to better protect people.

"Right now, in Southeast Asia, we don't use this kind of information a lot on the decision-making level," Chusit said. "We still need to break that wall."

es/nb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93933/ASIA-How-space-technology-aids-a-flood-response</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110110802130703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Floods highlight disaster-preparedness needs</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109070412420968t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country&apos;s 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country's 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts. 
 
 Tropical storm Haima struck central and northern Laos on 24 June, with Nock-Ten hitting central and southern areas on 30 and 31 July. 
 
 More than 300,000 people were affected and 26 died in the two storms, which resulted in more than US$100 million in damages, the government's National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) [ http://ndmo.laopdr.org/ndmo.htm ] reported. 
 
 More than 37,000 hectares of rice fields were damaged at a time when farmers were planting for the new season. This will affect harvests this year, with aid workers warning of long-term food distribution needs. 
 
 "When the emergency struck, they [local communities] quickly mobilized, organized themselves and divided the roles and responsibilities to respond. However, this could have been much better had they been better prepared and planned beforehand," Ghulam Sherani, a programme specialist in disaster risk management for the UN Development Programme (UNDP), [ http://www.undplao.org/ ] told IRIN. 
 
 Sherani believes that lives, livestock and food stocks could have been saved had an improved early warning system been in place, noting that unlike earthquakes, where and when cyclones and typhoons strike is predictable. 
 
 "If we can translate that information to an understandable language for local communities then this will make a big difference," he said. 
 
 "We must strengthen the institutions related to disaster management and make sure that early warning is a priority and reaches the communities," Thanongdeth Insisiengmay, senior project manager for the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/ ] added. 
 
 Disaster management plan 
 
 Efforts to do just that are under way, with the country's first national disaster management plan for 2012-2015 being drafted by the NDMO, with financial and technical support from UNDP and the World Bank. 
 
 The NDMO was established in 1999 to work on disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. It functions as the secretariat for the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC), an inter-ministerial body responsible for formulating policy and coordination. 
 
 "We need to build the NDMO as an institution and the new disaster plan will help to formalize disaster preparedness planning as a cross-sector approach that includes all government ministries," Vilayphong Sisomvang, NDMO's deputy director, said. 
 
 Moreover, an empowered NDMO would be able to advise and influence different sectors to be better prepared, Sherani added. "For example, they can improve their work with the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology [ http://dmhlao.etllao.com/index.html ]. The department is studying the weather but is not mandated to [disseminate] that information to communities." 
 
 According to Insisiengmay, this is the gap that needs to be plugged. "If the typhoon starts in the Philippines, for example, then people need to be prepared that in three or four days it could come to Laos," he explained. 
 
 Emma Aguinot, programme director for emergencies at Save the Children [ http://www.savethechildren.org.au/where-we-work/lao-pdr.html ], believes the government, by its own admittance, has concentrated too much on response and is now seeing the importance of disaster preparedness and risk-reduction activities. "If you do this now it will reduce your costs by 100 or 80 percent in disaster response. The investment in contingency planning and in disaster risk reduction education is crucial," she said. 
 
 Sherani believes the new plan is an important development but that long-term behaviour change is also needed, "When you say disaster preparedness you are basically working with people to change their behaviour, whether it is a policy-maker or community person, so it takes time." 
 
 The ADPC is working with the NDMO and provincial authorities to build their understanding and knowledge to improve disaster preparedness. But Insisiengmay also believes that attitudes in terms of building a culture of safety will go a long way in furthering these efforts. "Sometimes you don't need to be really hi-tech or look for help from outside. They have to see how they can help themselves." 
 
 Laos is a signatory to the Hyogo Framework for Action [ http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa ], a 10-year plan running from 2005 to 2015 to make the world safer from natural hazards. 
 
 The UN predicts that the intensity and frequency of natural disasters in Lao PDR are likely to increase due to climate variation and change. Laos is prone to annual flooding during the May to October rainy season but the severity of such events has increased. 
 
 According to government statistics, this was the first time since 1962 that the northern province of Xieng Khouang flooded. In 2008, the Mekong River overflowed, severely affecting the capital, Vientiane, and the northern and central regions. The following year Typhoon Ketsana [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87589 ] hit southern Laos on 29 September, killing 28 and affecting close to 200,000. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93672/LAOS-Floods-highlight-disaster-preparedness-needs</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109070412420968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country&apos;s 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Villagers brace for relocation as dam project moves forward</title><pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107290933470106t.jpg" />]]>THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead.</description><body><![CDATA[THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead. 
 
 "I don't have any power over this decision," said Ting, 50, who like other Lao villagers, goes by only one name. He earns a living ferrying passengers across the Mekong River in a motorized skiff and lives in Pakmon, a village of 150 families just 30km upstream from the proposed US$3.8 billion dam in the impoverished Xayaburi Province. 
 
 In June, a Lao official came to Pakmon and said any families who lived below 275m - the projected height of the dam's reservoir - would be forced to relocate. 
 
 Now Ting and other villagers, many of whom earn no more than US$500 per year, are anxious to see if the dam will be built, and how their main livelihoods - fishing and farming - will be affected. 
 
 According to the US environmental group International Rivers [ http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/The%20Xayaburi%20Dam_Eng.pdf ], more than 2,100 people will be forcibly resettled and 200,000 people will be affected. 
 
 "Given the Laos government's legacy of poor planning and uncompensated losses, the communities that will be forcibly resettled by the dam are likely to suffer greatly," Ame Trandem, a spokesperson for International Rivers, told IRIN. 
 
 "Unchartered waters" 
 
 Plans to dam the lower stretch of the Mekong, the world's 12th-largest river, have put Laos on a collision course with its neighbours and environmentalists, who fear livelihoods, fish species and farmland could be destroyed, undermining the food security of thousands. 
 
 China, which borders Laos, already operates four dams on the upper stretch of the river. 
 
 In May, Khempheng Pholsena, chairwoman of the Laos National Mekong Committee, told reporters in Hanoi, Vietnam, that the Xayaburi dam would be "socially and environmentally sustainable". 
 
 This followed critical statements by Thai, Cambodian and Vietnamese diplomats about the Xayaburi proposal [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92529 ] in April, calling for more studies of the dam's trans-boundary impacts. 
 
 Then in an 8 June letter leaked to the media and addressed to Xayaburi Power Ltd, a subsidiary of Ch Karnchang, the Thai developer, the Lao Ministry of Energy and Mines claimed to have "completed" its obligation for prior consultation regarding the dam proposal under the 1995 Mekong Agreement [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/download/agreement95/agreement_procedure.pdf ], which established a non-binding process for reviewing mainstream dam proposals by any of the four lower Mekong River Countries (MRC): Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 
 
 Two weeks later, a group of MRC donors [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/partners_statement/joint-DP-statement-IDM2011-24Jun11.html ] asked Laos to clarify its position, but has yet to receive a response. 
 
 As of late May, the project appeared to be dead, presumably because Laos did not want to "lose face" by breaking with Vietnam, a close political ally that has expressed strong opposition to the proposed dam, said Ian Baird, a Laos expert at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. However, the leaked letter suggests a different scenario, he maintains. 
 
 "It is hard to believe that the Lao government is going ahead with this [dam] despite strong opposition in the region, including from the Vietnam government, but that would appear to be the case," he said. 
 
 "We are in unchartered waters on this one," Baird added. 
 
 Livelihoods in the balance 
 
 Laos claims the Mekong dams would lift its people out of poverty and help it achieve its stated goal of escaping "least developed country" status by 2020. 
 
 But an independent report [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/ish/SEA.htm ] warned in October 2010 that the proposed dams would have "permanent and irreversible" effects on downstream communities and ecosystems. 
 
 US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton echoed those concerns on 22 July [ http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/07/168948.htm ], warning at a conference in Bali that if one Mekong country built a dam, neighbouring countries would feel the environmental and social consequences. 
 
 Ch Karnchang has promised some villagers near the dam it will build them homes, a school and a hospital, and give them $250 in one-time loans for purchasing livestock, according to villagers. 
 
 Yet even if such benefits materialize, says David Blake, a UK-based Laos aquaculture expert, who has worked in Xayaburi Province, the villagers will have trouble finding places to grow lowland rice, a staple crop. 
 
 Villagers may be forced to give up farming and rely on handouts, Blake said, or else migrate to cities and "join the swelling ranks of urban, landless poor". 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93355/LAOS-Villagers-brace-for-relocation-as-dam-project-moves-forward</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107290933470106t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>