<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Laos</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 07:30:44 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95358</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Communal land titles could save more than forests</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204160617530409t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers. 

“It’s very important because the communal land titles can give communities the right to access and harvest natural resources, and overcome land concessions to companies,” Souvanpheng Phommasane, an advisor for SNV Netherlands Development Organization [ http://www.snvworld.org/ ] told IRIN. 

The title deeds cover an area of 2,189 hectares of bamboo-producing forest. After a two-year process the land was finally handed over to the five villages in Sangthong District, 50km west of the capital, Vientiane, in February. 

Hanna Saarinen, coordinator for the Land Issues Working Group [ http://www.laolandissues.org/ ], which represents 40 concerned civil society organizations, says the issue of land ownership is becoming more urgent. 

“In the last five to 10 years there have been more and more competing interests [seeking control] over natural resources,” she said. Private sector companies as well as communities “have been using the same land, the same forest for years”. 

The government’s 2011-2015 development plan [ http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/initiatives/ldcs/laos.pdf ] sets a target of at least 8 percent annual economic growth, driven primarily by extractive industries, such as mining, hydropower and plantation agriculture. All these activities require significant land allocation, while slash-and-burn agriculture and logging further diminish forested areas. 

Trees once spread across 70 percent of Laos, but in 2010 the Department of Forestry estimated that this has now been reduced to just 40 percent. The decline in forest cover not only has wide environmental impacts but also affects rural incomes. 

Per capita income stands at just over US$1,000 per year, the World Bank reports, and 75 percent of the country’s workforce earns a livelihood from agriculture. 

Government statistics note that non-timber forest products, such as bamboo, contribute about 40 percent of rural income. 

A bamboo trade association in Sangthong District, set up in 2007, designs and produces furniture and handicrafts made from local bamboo. The district administration states that households involved in the project can earn an additional 2 million Lao Kip ($250) a month - a significant amount for villagers living in one of the 46 districts designated by the government as the poorest in the country. 

Salongsay Mixay, the head of Na Po village, says the local forests were under threat before the land titles were granted. 

“There were different cases. A big truck comes from somewhere - no one knows where, maybe the city - and they cut [bamboo] and went away. The second case is the investor who talks to the villagers and says, ‘I want to cut this much [bamboo],’ and pays a little amount of money, and leaves.” 

Replicating the land-grant model across this Southeast Asian nation may not be straightforward. “In Sangthong it was a specific case because they had this bamboo project - they were already managing the bamboo areas, they had a forest management plan - but there are no clear guidelines or manuals, so the districts do not know how to do it in practice,” said Saarinen. 

Support from a number of development organizations, with funding through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme, and implementation by the United Nations Development Programme, helped the Sangthong District administration to tackle the procedures needed to apply for and eventually be granted the title deeds to the land. 

Phommasane from SNV Netherlands believes that if other districts receive similar support they could also get communal land titles. The government is carrying out a land policy review that is expected to formalize the procedures for granting communal land titles. 

Giving ownership of more of the land to the villagers who earn their living from it could be critical to the government’s stated ambition of restoring forest cover to 65 percent of the country by 2015. 

Khamoon Tiengthila, the Sangthong District deputy governor, says he is proud of what his district has achieved. “It’s a small project that contributes to preserving the world’s environment. The forest is important for development and the economy.” 

tf/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95295</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204160617530409t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 16 April 2012 (IRIN) - With pressure on natural resources increasing in Laos, the first community land titles granted to five villages in Vientiane Province could provide a national model for environmental protection while safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Will pressure make Chinese aid more transparent?</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need. 

In Southeast Asia, Chinese-funded projects have become ubiquitous in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, countries once passed over by traditional donors. 

In river-rich Laos, a government development plan [ http://www.poweringprogress.org//download//Electric_Power_Plants_in_Laos_as_of_January_2009.pdf ] calls for 55 new dams to generate hydroelectric power, many of them funded by Chinese state-owned companies. Laotian media reported that China’s government recently signed five agreements pledging more than US$30 million to build government offices [ http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=28048 ]. 

Cambodia’s Prime Minister, Hun Sen, inaugurated one of the largest Chinese construction projects in the country in December 2011, a dam in fertile Kampot Province in the southeast. [ http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2012/01/25/China-pervasive-in-Cambodia-but-US-welcome.aspx ] This project comes on top of $1.2 billion the Chinese government pledged to Laos in 2010 - more than any other bilateral or multilateral donor. 

Officials also welcomed Chinese aid in August 2011, when the World Bank suspended new loans to the country after finding that a Bank-financed land-titling project failed to secure property rights for residents facing eviction. 

Cambodian leaders - including the prime minister - have repeatedly stated they are not worried about losing World Bank loans (which currently total $131 million [ https://finances.worldbank.org/Loan-and-Credit-Administration/Cambodia-Active-Grants/uugh-35eg ]) because they prefer “no strings” Chinese aid. 

Elsewhere in the region, local media have reported ongoing talks between the Burmese government and the China Power Investment Corporation to restart construction of the US$3.6 million Myitsone Dam, which Burmese president Thein Sein suspended in September 2011 over concerns about transparency and environmental damage. [ http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/6741-china-burma-talks-underway-on-myitsone-dam-project.html ] 

Despite the chronic tensions between China and Myanmar over drug trafficking, refugee outflows and ethnic conflicts along their shared border, the Chinese government is one of Myanmar’s largest investors, according to Burmese government statistics. [ http://www.csostat.gov.mm/ ] 

In 2008 there already were some 90 Chinese-funded hydropower and extractive industry projects, according to a survey by the US-based EarthRights International NGO. [ http://www.earthrights.org/publication/china-burma-increasing-investment-chinese-multinational-corporations-burmas-hydropower-o ] 

“China's aid is focused on infrastructure, which is badly needed in developing countries,” said Wang Yong, director of the Centre for International Political Economy at Peking University in Beijing. “By comparison, US aid is more driven by strategic and political objectives.” 

With almost no information available about China-funded projects in the public domain – including their potential environmental impact – EarthRights relied on company press releases and government statements. Other NGOs in the region have complained that environmental impact assessments are often not open to local communities or there is too little time to comment. 

Chinese aid is disbursed in line with its policy of staying out of other countries’ governance, as laid out in its April 2011 aid position paper [ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-04/22/content_12373944.htm ]. 

“It might interfere in other ways, like currying favour and obtaining sweetheart deals for its companies…Their Ministry of Commerce determines the aid, which tells you just what's driving their considerations,” said Sophal Ear, a California-based political economist specializing in aid and governance. 

China’s estimated $3.18 trillion in foreign exchange reserves [ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-13/china-foreign-exchange-reserves-drop-for-first-quarter-in-more-than-decade.html ] can be “enormously” transformative for poor countries, Ear added. 

Pressure pitfalls 

Aid watchdog NGOs like the London-based Publish What You Pay Fund (PWYP) use publicity to urge China to be more forthcoming with its aid figures, hoping such scrutiny will help money get to the people who need it most. 

The NGO lists China as “very poor” in aid transparency, ranking it the third least transparent donor out of 58 it listed in 2011 [ http://www.publishwhatyoufund.org/resources/index/ ]. 

Its position was determined by 38 indicators, such as the passage of freedom of information laws and participation in the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), a London-based group of donors and NGOs that have set aid disclosure standards. 

“The problem is that China is not systematically releasing its information,” said Karin Christiansen, PWYP’s director. 

While transparency is a good route to achieving aid effectiveness, pressure may not work, said Ear. “The culture is about face-saving: give them respect and they will be more open to listening.” 

Strong-arming China into transparency will lead to a “backlash” of even less transparency, he added. “They value their sovereignty more than most countries. They see it [as] inviolable.” 

Still, said Christiansen, the group’s approach is credible because it does not require “changing what they [China] are actually doing, but about becoming more transparent on the approaches they are already taking.” 

South-South rules 

The country is increasing aid transparency at its own pace, say observers. On 1 December 2011, China publicly declared transparency a principle it upholds when it signed an agreement at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in Busan, South Korea. [ http://www.aideffectiveness.org/busanhlf4/images/stories/hlf4/OUTCOME_DOCUMENT_-_FINAL_EN.pdf ] 

The word “transparency” appears four times in the document, which includes a pledge of “zero tolerance for all corrupt practices”. It also notes that “the nature, modalities and responsibilities that apply to South-South cooperation differ from those that apply to North-South cooperation”, and the complexity of “new actors”, who may still face poverty at home but want to share lessons and experiences along the way. 

Unfavourable attention may have prompted China to become more public about its aid policy, said Wang. “The Chinese government does care about its international image and the international media.” 

Even with the will to boost aid transparency, China still faces a “diplomatic dilemma” in enforcing it: to meet compliance both sides must be willing and able, and recipient countries with weak governments often have poor aid oversight. 

“To carry out this principle [transparency] is not so easy in practice because it is influenced by circumstances of the governance structures of recipient countries and diplomacy, sometimes requiring some form of confidence,” Wang said. 

Labelling the Chinese government as a “rogue donor” is disparaging and inaccurate [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=93749 ], noted Germany-based researchers in their study of determinants of China’s aid in October 2011. [ https://ncgg.princeton.edu/IPES/2011/papers/F1120_rm3.pdf ] 

The researchers concluded that contrary to reigning perceptions of Chinese aid, the country is not a “rogue donor” - it disburses grants within national interests, as do other government donors. 

Countries that do not recognize Taiwan as an independent country, and vote in line with China in the UN General Assembly, receive more aid, for example. 

In 1950 during the Chinese Civil War a breakaway faction fled to Taiwan and established a separate government known as the Republic of China, but the People’s Republic of China on the mainland does not recognize the island state and continues to assert itself as the sole government over both the mainland and the island in what it calls the “One China” policy. 

Criticism of aid transparency is not directed at China alone - PWYP lists the US Department of Treasury as “very poor” in aid transparency, with a ranking of 49 out of 58, only six slots above China - but China has further to go in aid governance than most, Joshua Kurlantzick, Southeast Asia fellow at the US-based Council on Foreign Relations, told IRIN. [ http://www.cfr.org/experts/asia-southeast-asia-democracy-human-rights/joshua-kurlantzick/b15522 ] 

Most US government agencies have an inspector general, strong requirements under the Freedom of Information Act, and “release most of what they do to Congress [parliament]. You can't say the same for China,” Kurlantzick said. 

Ear commented: “China surely understands that its aid policy is a work in progress.” 

gc/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95158</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94856</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Indigenous groups - stateless and sick</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys. 

Indigenous peoples [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf ] - defined by the UN as people with ancestral ties to a geographical region who retain "distinct characteristics" from other parts of the population - rank disproportionately high in most indicators of poor health, according to the UN Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs [ http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/SOWIP_web.pdf ]. 

"It is very regrettable that governments and their offices are reluctant to, or unable to, reveal the state of health of their indigenous populations," Michael Gracey, co-author of a 2009 medical study on indigenous health [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2809%2960914-4/abstract ], told IRIN. 

Approximately two-thirds of the world's estimated 300 million indigenous people live in Asia (207 million), according to 2011 estimates by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 

STIs 

Lack of education, geographic isolation and prejudice marginalize Asia's indigenous populations, boosting their risk for preventable sexually transmitted infections (STIs), according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). 

More than 40 percent of hill tribe women and girls in Thailand who migrate to cities for work end up in the sex industry, according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) [ http://operations.ifad.org/web/guest/topic/statistics/tags/indigenous%20peoples ]. 

In the Greater Mekong region, home to 95 ethnic groups in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand, health education is often not conducted in native languages, said David Feingold, coordinator for the Bangkok-based Trafficking and HIV/AIDS Project at the UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 

"No information guarantees bad choices, so it's not surprising that the Greater Mekong minorities are disproportionately represented amongst HIV-positive populations." 

In part because of poor hygiene conditions in Vietnam's northern Ha Giang Province, gynaecological infections remain a persistent problem for women from the Hmong, Dao, Tay, and Nung groups who live in Hoang Su Phi District, according to the Thailand-based NGO, Asia Indigenous People's Pact (AIPP). 

Only 24 percent of households in the district have potable water and almost no households have latrines or toilets, reported AIPP. "Even if there are health services available, they are of poor quality," said Shimreichon Luithi Erni, the coordinator for women's issues at AIPP. 

Stateless and sick 

Statelessness worsens the chances an indigenous person can afford healthcare, according to UNESCO. Almost four out of 10 hill tribe people in Thailand are not citizens and are, therefore, ineligible for national healthcare and formal employment, said Feingold. 

In addition, resettlement increases health vulnerabilities, according to the UK-based indigenous rights NGO, Survival International. 

"To tribal peoples, the connection to their land is so fundamental and central to their wellbeing that removal from it is almost inevitably devastating, nutritionally, psychologically and physiologically," said Sophie Grig, Survival's senior campaigner. 

But without more health data, it is hard to know which problems to tackle. "There is insufficient disaggregation of data on indigenous people's health that could be used to advocate for specific interventions targeting their needs," said Anne Harmer, UNFPA's socio-cultural technical adviser for Asia. 

dm/or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94816</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191127340417t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - The health of millions of indigenous people across Asia is at risk, experts say, as lack of recognition of their legal status hinders data collection, making their medical problems invisible in most national health surveys.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Breaking down legal barriers to HIV information access</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials. 

"No matter how good our laws are, the effectiveness of them is in the will of those implementing them," said Fiji's President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau at a recent UN-convened meeting in Bangkok on addressing legal barriers to HIV care and prevention. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/ ] 

Almost all countries in the region still have at least one "punitive law" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] - a policy or practice that impedes access to HIV services - according to a recent report from UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/20110826_APGettingToZero_en.pdf ]. 

Laws that criminalize same-sex relations and sex work or restrict travel for HIV-positive people make it difficult to provide information and care for people most at risk of HIV infection, officials say. 

Progress to scrap such laws has been mixed in the region - even within one country. 

Fiji, for example, eliminated laws restricting travel of people infected with HIV in 2011 [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2011/august/20110826cfiji/ ] and became the first country in the Pacific region to decriminalize sex between men in 2010. [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2010/march/20100304fiji/ ] 

But at the same time, in February 2010, prostitution was criminalized, giving police the right to arrest and charge people who operate as sex workers. 

The government is now reviewing HIV legislation and punitive laws. 

Elsewhere in the region, the national AIDS programme manager of Myanmar's Health Ministry, Khin Ohnmar San, told IRIN Burmese police forces had been informed of a 2007 order that "condoms must not be used as material witness to arrest sex workers". 

But that has done little to assuage sex workers' fears in Myanmar, said Kay Thi Win, programme manager with a Yangon-based NGO that informs sex workers about HIV prevention and their legal rights. 

Many sex workers "are still afraid to carry condoms because of the police", she added. 

Andrew Hunter, president of the Bangkok-based Asia Pacific Network of Sex Workers (APNSW) [ http://sexwork.asia/ ] said regionally, women are still arrested on the suspicion of working in the sex industry, which is outlawed, if they are carrying condoms. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90782 ] 

"Everyone pleads guilty because experience shows that fighting cases in court leads to longer jail sentences." 

APNSW provides support to sex workers in 22 countries in the region. 

Hunter added: "There is a scale of what sex worker advocates can do across the Asia Pacific, from Myanmar, where advocacy must be done quietly and behind the scenes, to India where sex workers are able to take to the streets to protest." 

In India, which accounts for almost half of those infected with HIV in the region, there are efforts to update police officers about HIV prevention and all policies regarding treatment, said Tejdeep Kaur Menon, a director-general of police forces in the city of Hyderabad in the country's southeast. 

Home to 60 percent of the world's population, the regional death toll from AIDS in 2010 (some 310,000 people) is second only to that of sub-Saharan Africa. [ http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/progress_report2011/regional_facts/en/index1.html ] 

or/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94817</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807153t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 February 2012 (IRIN) - While a number of Asian and Pacific countries are addressing legal barriers to accessing HIV information and treatment, there is still a gap between policy and implementation, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Looming threat of &quot;catching up&quot; on HIV prevalence</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021127290798t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government. 
 
Out of a total population of 6.3 million, the national prevalence of 0.2 percent among 15-49-year-olds puts the 8,500 reported HIV/AIDS cases in Laos nearly a decade behind that of its neighbours. 
 
 As reported by governments, Thailand's HIV prevalence is at 1.3 percent, or more than half a million people living with HIV; Cambodia's is estimated at 0.6 percent [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/monitoringcountryprogress/2010progressreportssubmittedbycountries/cambodia_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ], translating to nearly 70,000 people living with HIV. 
 
 "The goal is to stay 10 years behind in the AIDS epidemic," said Chansy Phimphachanh, director of the Centre for HIV/AIDS/STI (sexually transmitted infections) in the Ministry of Health. 
 
 According to the Laotian government's National Strategic and Action Plan on HIV/AIDS/STI Control and Prevention for 2011 to 2015 [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/NSAP_2011_15_English_Final.pdf ], overall HIV prevalence among sex workers is an estimated 0.43 percent; among their clients, mainly electricity workers, it is 0.8 percent. 
 
 Border breakdown 
 
 But as the socialist country increasingly opens its borders, health workers are bracing for a potential concentrated, "catastrophic" outbreak in a country where HIV prevention is not yet a priority. 
 
 "What was protecting the country is not there any more," said Pascal Stenier, country coordinator for UNAIDS, referring to Laos' previously closed borders and economy, which is now increasingly global and growing by about 8 percent annually, according to the World Bank. 
 
 Among men who have sex with men and sex workers in concentrated areas like Vientiane, the reported prevalence is above 5 percent. "The figures are small now, which is why it is worth investing in prevention. If we don't, we will have an increase," Stenier said. 
 
 The concern is an emerging epidemic among these at-risk populations. 
 
 Nationwide, there are at least 11,000 high-frequency sex workers, 50,000 men who have sex with men and 40,000 amphetamine-type stimulant users, including 1,600 injecting drug users, according to the government. 
 
 Hot spots are not only in the capital, Vientiane, but also in remote areas, such as across the border from Vietnam, with a reported 45 percent prevalence of HIV/AIDS among drug users. Reaching these populations is not only essential, but also expensive, said Stenier. 
 
 Programme financing 
 
 But the global recession has left health workers wondering what will happen to the country's US$43 million Global Fund HIV/AIDS grant, $24 million of which has been disbursed since 2003 to the government. 
 
 The HIV grant in Laos is up for review in June 2012, according to the Global Fund. [ http://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Country/Index/LAO ] 
 
 Because of donor cuts, the fund will finance only essential services for ongoing programmes that end before 2014, [ http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/mediacenter/pressreleases/2011-11-23_The_Global_Fund_adopts_new_strategy_to_save_10_million_lives_by_2016/ ] after which eligible countries can apply for continued support. 
 
 Other countries may have more bleak figures than Laos, but this is exactly why Laos should be a funding priority, said Katharine Bagshaw, an HIV officer with UNAIDS. 
 
 "This is an opportunity to prevent the same thing from happening in yet another country. We know what can happen," she said. 
 
 Regardless of the relatively low prevalence, the impact is as real as any other sizeable epidemic, said Phongdeth. 
 
 Now the director of the Lao Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS [ http://www.lnpplus.com/ ], Phongdeth was part of what is referred to as the first wave of infections in Laos, resulting from migrant workers returning home. 
 
 He said he contracted the virus after working in a Bangkok nightclub for 10 years as a singer and sex worker. 
 
 "It is true that in Laos there are not so many people living with HIV and AIDS, but we are still people and we need help," he said. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94374</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021127290798t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Kinoy Phongdeth, 34, was one of the first four people given antiretrovirals (ARVs) when the medication initially arrived in Laos in 2003. Now, there are 1,600 people on treatment and the number is expected to jump to 7,000 by 2015, according to the government.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Bridging culture to promote maternal health</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161027200625t.jpg" />]]>LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country&apos;s women are not used to visiting health workers.</description><body><![CDATA[LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country's women are not used to visiting health workers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91339 ] 
 
 Only 34 percent of women in Laos seek the advice of medical professionals; even fewer see one when they are pregnant, according to government data from 2009-2010. 
 
 At Luang Prabang's regional hospital, some 200km north of the capital Vientiane, Magdalen Muraa [ http://www.irinnews.org/hovreport.aspx?reportid=94215 ], a UN Volunteer with UN Population Fund (UNFPA) is training 20 midwives for graduation in February 2012. 
 
 Malaipon, 24, who like many Laotians goes by one name, travelled 1km to the regional hospital for one of her four recommended pre-natal check-ups. "This is my first time at the hospital and I was nervous to come," she said. 
 
 On average, the midwifery students see 60 mothers a day and facilitate 100 deliveries a month, Muraa said. 
 
 Though the numbers are low for a hospital serving thousands, it is a relative success compared with the often empty wards in outer areas, said Della Sherratt, UNFPA's international skilled birth attendant coordinator, based in Vientiane. 
 
 Sherratt arrived in Laos in 2009 to work with the government to train more midwives to help improve the country's abysmal record of infant and maternal deaths. 
 
 The historical lack of attention paid to maternal health has contributed to Laos being the third-worst out of 161 countries with reliable health data for a child to fall ill, according to the most recent Health Workers Reach Index by Save the Children, which measures not only the number of health workers, but also their impact. [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_3.pdf ] 
 
 The rankings take into account a woman's access to emergency care during childbirth and place this peaceful, socialist nation only behind Chad and Somalia, two countries with health infrastructures largely crippled by decades of conflict. 
 
 Maternal mortality was 405 deaths per 100,000 live births and infant mortality 70 deaths per 1,000 in 2005, the most recent year for which data is available. [ http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_lao_en.pdf ] 
 
 Rural reality 
 
 By contrast to Luang Prabang, 14km from the health centre in the northern province, Oudomxay, a group of women and men IRIN interviewed from the village of Moonmeuang said they did not know what a midwife was. 
 
 Most delivered their babies by themselves or with the help of their mothers. Many have lost at least one baby, some five. "I have four babies," said Hom, 36, who also goes by one name. "I only went to the hospital because the last one died before it was born." 
 
 In this and other hard-to-access mountain villages, women are accustomed to delivering their babies alone. And, like Hom, women typically go to the health centre, in the village's one car, once they encounter severe complications or find their baby is dead. These healthcare centres see on average 10-30 women a week, said Muraa. 
 
 According to the 2005 census, 73 percent of Laos's 6.3 million people live in similarly remote areas. 
 
 Visibility 
 
 Efforts to promote midwifery to people who do not have a word for it include dressing the students in bright pink uniforms and an eight-week community placement as part of the training. Teachers encourage the students to visit the dozen villages they oversee, door-to-door, hut-to-hut. 
 
 "This is not a quick-fix business and we shouldn't pretend it is," Sherratt said of the effort to reduce maternal and infant mortality rates in Laos, adding that the effort required passion. 
 
 "If you teach in the right way, you can teach that passion," she said. 
 
 But overcoming cultural traditions - for example, grandmotherly advice to give birth at home alone - can be a delicate matter, Muraa said. 
 
 "We have to be gentle about how we incorporate healthcare into culture," she said. "But if our midwives just sit at the health centre and wait for mothers to come, it won't work." 
 
 Laos has 859 health centres and the government is aiming to place a midwife in every facility by 2015. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94213</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161027200625t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - In 2010, for the first time in more than 20 years, 140 midwives graduated in Laos but specialists say their skills may go untapped because the country&apos;s women are not used to visiting health workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Magdalen Muraa, &quot;I started asking myself, &apos;Why did I come here?&apos;&quot;</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161030120140t.jpg" />]]>LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign.</description><body><![CDATA[LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94213 ]. 
 
 Magdalen Muraa, mother of three and a UN Volunteer from Uganda, arrives at Luang Prabang's regional hospital every morning at 7am to help train the future midwives. She had previously worked in a Laotian village in the northeast, the only African there. 
 
 "After being a nurse for three years in Uganda, I wanted to become a midwife because it is a joyful thing. I then trained for two years and worked as a midwife and trainer for 10 years. When I saw the posting for a nurse midwife clinical trainer in Laos I thought, 'Why don't I give that a try?' 
 
 "At home, in Uganda, we have so many midwives and I felt that I could help. 
 
 "I took a one-week intensive course in Laos language training when I arrived in 2010 and I moved to a rural part of Xiengkhouang Province in the northeast of Laos. 
 
 "I lived under stress. As an African, everyone in the village was always saying 'Come and see, come and see!' They wanted to touch my skin and see me up close. I would get so humiliated and at the end of it, I would stay indoors. I would just go to work from 6am to 9pm and then go home. My only colleague was my TV. 
 
 "And I started asking myself, 'Why did I come here?' 
 
 "But I came as an expatriate to be able to transmit information and when I thought about it, people were really kind. Even though I lived in this intense situation, I learned and I never worried about my safety. And one thing is, I have never met arrogance in this country. 
 
 "Here they have many impractical ideas about maternal health. They only allow new mothers to eat rice, and they cannot drink water. For one or two weeks after the baby is born, everyone comes to visit the family, at a time when the baby and mother have weak immune systems. 
 
 "These are things we have to change. But we have to know the culture and respect it, while we try to also show new ways to the community. 
 
 "Midwifery takes maternal health to a higher level. You can have midwives, but if they don't have passion, then it's not going to work. 
 
 "Now that I am in Luang Prabang, I am much more at ease than when in the village. I will go back to my family in Uganda in a few months and it will have been two years for me as an African in Laos." 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94215</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111161030120140t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LUANG PRABANG 16 November 2011 (IRIN) - The Laos government is tackling its notoriously low maternal and child health indicators with a massive midwife training campaign.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Poor farmers need alternatives to opium</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021157370735t.jpg" />]]>MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say. 
 
 Opium production was rising in Laos, formerly the third-largest producer in the world after Afghanistan and Myanmar, until the government slashed poppy plots from 26,800ha to 1,500ha between 1998 and 2006. 
 
 But since 2007 opium farming has doubled to 3,000ha and the upward trend is still continuing, according to the UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC). [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91358 ]
 
 The increase has led some to characterize the previous reduction in poppy growing as a fragile success as some poverty-stricken farmers may yet relapse when left with few livelihood options. 
 
 "With no assistance people will grow [poppies]. If they have no regular work or livelihood, then it's opium, because this is what they know how to do," said Edna Legaspi, project manager for UNODC in the country's northern province, Oudomxay. 
 
 Most vulnerable are the country's poorest regions easily accessible from neighbouring countries. Oudomxay, at the regional crossroads of the Laos opium trade and only hours by road to China, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, is among the most at-risk communities, according to UNODC. 
 
 "Opium is causing problems in this district because people do not have alternatives and because of a remoteness due to a lack of road access," said Khamen Phomally, deputy district governor of Xay District in Oudomxay and chairman of the local committee on drug control. "But those who have access to other options and roads forget opium." 
 
 New cash crops such as fruit, corn and rice have helped turn most farmers away from poppy cultivation. But the struggle is constant. From pests to pruning techniques, these crops, which take well to the region's rugged mountainous terrain but typically earn less, demand different skills and knowledge than opium. 
 
 Alternatives 
 
 Sychan Vakongxiong, a secondary-school mathematics teacher, who struggled to feed a family of six, turned to poppy cultivation in 1993. After nearly a decade of perfecting the practice, the government told her to stop growing the illegal crop. 
 
 "I did not know opium was used for making drugs, I thought it was for medication," she said, adding the same was true for many fellow Hmong farmers. 
 
 At first the peach trees she turned to did well, but she quickly realized she did not know the orchard business like she knew opium. 
 
 While Vakongxiong later benefited from training by UNODC, and the Thai government-backed Royal Project Foundation and Highland Research and Development Institute in vegetable gardening and new crops, including grapes, she said her income was still not enough to support her family. 
 
 Her peach trees initially earned as much as 2ha of poppies had (about US$125) but pests destroyed her crop. Limes, vegetables, peaches and fish now fill her farm - but so far no business has lasted as long or been as steady as opium, she said. 
 
 Demand 
 
 A farmer now earns up to $3,200 per kilogramme of poppies versus corn, which brings in $150, said Houmphanh Bouphakham, director of the Oudomxay Provincial Department on Drug Control. 
 
 Before government crackdowns on poppy cultivation over the past decade, farmers earned only $80 per kilogramme of opium in 2000. 
 
 Opium cultivation has been on the decline in the region, but heroin is still the drug of choice in places like Laos, Singapore and Vietnam, according to UNODC's 2011 World Drug Report [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf ]. 
 
 Half the farmers who quit poppy production during the decade-long crackdown could return, warns the government's National Drug Control Master Plan for 2009 to 2013. 
 
 And if the relapse is due to failed promises of other income opportunities, farmers could distrust eradication efforts, making it harder to wipe out opium crops a second time. [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/National_Drug_Control_Master_Plan_2009-2013_A_Five_Year_Strategy_to_Address_the_Illicit_Drug_Control_Problem_in_the_Lao_PDR._UNODC_(2010).pdf ] 
 
 UNODC is working with the government to expand irrigation and introduce new rice varieties in 30 villages in Oudomxay, including Moonmeuang. 
 
 Before UNODC programming in 2009 the average annual household income in these villages was $572. In 2010 this increased to $1,400, according to the agency's calculations. Some residents attribute the boost to bigger and more frequent harvests of cash crops, especially rice. 
 
 nb/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94121</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111021157370735t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOONMEUANG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Training in how to prune peach trees may not be at the top of most drug and crime interventions, but perhaps they should be when it comes to opium, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Disaster &quot;is imminent and inevitable&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand's capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government's flood relief operation centre on 26 October.

"Floods will hit every area of Bangkok, but each area will see different levels of water," said the director of the centre, Pracha Promnok, as quoted in local media.

Run-off from flooding in the north and a seasonal high tide are expected to push water levels in Bangkok's largest river above the city's 2.5m-high embankment.

The size of the population - more than eight million residents - coupled with the run-off, has made for an unprecedented and atypical emergency, said Kirsten Mildren, information officer for Southeast Asia at the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), who has worked in disasters for almost a decade.

"I cannot think of another emergency where I have seen it like this, where you have got the authorities and emergency services really battling to get the water to move around a city of this size. It is really incredible."

The government's irrigation department has been trying to spare the city by pumping the deluge around the city's perimeter through canals and selectively opening flood gates.

While the Bangkok Metropolitan Authority (BMA) in a 23 October flood update requested residents not to panic, it did little to assuage fears: "Upon assessing the situation with all indicators, BMA would like to inform that a rather serious upcoming [disaster] is very imminent and inevitable."

These types of warnings have only amplified public uncertainty, said Bhichit Rattakul, a former governor of Bangkok and now executive director of the Bangkok-based NGO Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC).

Nationwide, 28 of 76 provinces have been flooded in this year's monsoon that started in late July; six of the country's major dams are at 99 percent capacity or higher, according to the national relief centre.

The airport where the centre operates has been closed, with two terminals under 80cm of water and all flights grounded.

As of 26 October, there have been 821 flood-related deaths in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and the Philippines, where more than eight million people continue to be affected by severe flooding, according to the governments.

pt/es/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94085</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110271318560698t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 27 October 2011 (IRIN) - The equivalent of 160,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools (400 million cubic metres of water) is set to run through Thailand&apos;s capital, which can only drain a small fraction daily, according to the government&apos;s flood relief operation centre on 26 October.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: How space technology aids a flood response</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110110802130703t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.

Space technology has become a critical tool in protecting people from disasters in countries such as Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, where more than 6.5 million people have been affected by recent flooding and at least 500 have died. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/451703 ]

The images the satellites snap and transmit back to Earth are analyzed to pinpoint and predict flooding - information that can be used to direct resources and issue evacuation orders.

It is only recently that developing countries have been able to consistently access such high-tech and costly technology, thanks to international resource-sharing, said Craig Williams, a regional information management officer with the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

"Technology is not really a major limiting factor any more - it's what we do with it," Williams said.

In Bangkok, now under high alert for heavy rain and overflowing rivers, a satellite data "war room" has been set up to monitor flooding that has claimed at least 269 lives nationwide and affected about 2.3 million people in 30 provinces since 25 July.

Meanwhile, this week analysts at the Geneva-based UN Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) were developing a baseline map that shows the extent of Thailand's flooding - the worst the country has faced in decades.

A common starting point

The maps from UNITAR's Operational Satellite Applications Programme (UNOSAT), [ http://www.unitar.org/unosat/ ] which are developed with street data from Google and Open StreetMap, [ http://www.openstreetmap.org/ ] provide national, regional and local agencies with a starting point. Relief groups can then overlay other information, such as population data. Doing so allows them to more quickly and accurately estimate the number of affected children in a specific area, for example, and allocate resources accordingly.

"Then everybody has the same emergency information, so that increases the coordination," said Einar Bjorgo, head of UNOSAT's rapid mapping unit.

Satellite maps, from agencies such as the Geo-Informatic and Space Technology Development Agency (GISTDA) [ http://flood.gistda.or.th/ ] in Thailand, are often available to the public online. UNOSAT also offers podcasts [ http://www.unitar.org/unosat/podcasts ] - what Bjorgo calls "audio maps" - that explain key messages.

In the hands of individuals, such information could revolutionize how communities that now rely on rain-gauge alert systems get and share critical emergency information. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91095 ] The data also gives the public a way to verify government warnings that they may otherwise shrug off, said Chusit Apirumanekul of the Asia Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC). [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/? ]

Bjorgo said what UNOSAT is doing is not new, but how it is being used, is.

"What is changing, to the positive, is that there are more and more local, national and regional actors who have the capacity [expertise] to use the data that we derive from the satellites, in multiple ways," he said.

Thailand is using the data to determine which households should receive flood victims assistance, said Paranat Kerdpol, a spokeswoman for GISTDA, [ http://www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=2 ] which is operating the satellite "war room" in Bangkok.

Images from low-earth orbit satellites capture higher-resolution images from about 500-800km away, and are used in combination with higher-level satellites that capture larger swathes of land. Satellites with radar sensors are used to penetrate cloud coverage.

Predicting floods with satellite information is a bit trickier, Williams said. It requires an analysis of topography, flood control systems such as dykes, river basins, and river characteristics.

"Even if you can predict it," Williams said, "do you have the capacity to act and mitigate it?"

Access but obstacles

In the event of a natural or man-made disaster, countries that lack sophisticated satellite capability can activate the International Charter, [ http://www.disasterscharter.org/web/charter/home ] which gives them access to national and commercial satellite products free of charge. Since the charter formed in 2000, it has been activated most often for floods - 136 times.

"Using that system, any country in the world, regardless of their economic capacity, can access the benefits of space technology," Williams said.

Some countries, such as Cambodia and Laos, lack the institutional knowledge to optimize the use of satellite imagery, said Chusit, a climate information application specialist at ADPC. Third parties such as the ADPC help, providing training and analysis.

But ultimately, data and analysis is not enough, he said. The information must be communicated to those who are preparing and responding to disasters, so that they consistently use it to better protect people.

"Right now, in Southeast Asia, we don't use this kind of information a lot on the decision-making level," Chusit said. "We still need to break that wall."

es/nb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93933</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110110802130703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 October 2011 (IRIN) - As residents across flood-ravaged Southeast Asia look up to the skies and brace for more rain, satellites 35,800km away are looking down on them.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Floods highlight disaster-preparedness needs</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109070412420968t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country&apos;s 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country's 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts. 
 
 Tropical storm Haima struck central and northern Laos on 24 June, with Nock-Ten hitting central and southern areas on 30 and 31 July. 
 
 More than 300,000 people were affected and 26 died in the two storms, which resulted in more than US$100 million in damages, the government's National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) [ http://ndmo.laopdr.org/ndmo.htm ] reported. 
 
 More than 37,000 hectares of rice fields were damaged at a time when farmers were planting for the new season. This will affect harvests this year, with aid workers warning of long-term food distribution needs. 
 
 "When the emergency struck, they [local communities] quickly mobilized, organized themselves and divided the roles and responsibilities to respond. However, this could have been much better had they been better prepared and planned beforehand," Ghulam Sherani, a programme specialist in disaster risk management for the UN Development Programme (UNDP), [ http://www.undplao.org/ ] told IRIN. 
 
 Sherani believes that lives, livestock and food stocks could have been saved had an improved early warning system been in place, noting that unlike earthquakes, where and when cyclones and typhoons strike is predictable. 
 
 "If we can translate that information to an understandable language for local communities then this will make a big difference," he said. 
 
 "We must strengthen the institutions related to disaster management and make sure that early warning is a priority and reaches the communities," Thanongdeth Insisiengmay, senior project manager for the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), [ http://www.adpc.net/2011/ ] added. 
 
 Disaster management plan 
 
 Efforts to do just that are under way, with the country's first national disaster management plan for 2012-2015 being drafted by the NDMO, with financial and technical support from UNDP and the World Bank. 
 
 The NDMO was established in 1999 to work on disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. It functions as the secretariat for the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC), an inter-ministerial body responsible for formulating policy and coordination. 
 
 "We need to build the NDMO as an institution and the new disaster plan will help to formalize disaster preparedness planning as a cross-sector approach that includes all government ministries," Vilayphong Sisomvang, NDMO's deputy director, said. 
 
 Moreover, an empowered NDMO would be able to advise and influence different sectors to be better prepared, Sherani added. "For example, they can improve their work with the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology [ http://dmhlao.etllao.com/index.html ]. The department is studying the weather but is not mandated to [disseminate] that information to communities." 
 
 According to Insisiengmay, this is the gap that needs to be plugged. "If the typhoon starts in the Philippines, for example, then people need to be prepared that in three or four days it could come to Laos," he explained. 
 
 Emma Aguinot, programme director for emergencies at Save the Children [ http://www.savethechildren.org.au/where-we-work/lao-pdr.html ], believes the government, by its own admittance, has concentrated too much on response and is now seeing the importance of disaster preparedness and risk-reduction activities. "If you do this now it will reduce your costs by 100 or 80 percent in disaster response. The investment in contingency planning and in disaster risk reduction education is crucial," she said. 
 
 Sherani believes the new plan is an important development but that long-term behaviour change is also needed, "When you say disaster preparedness you are basically working with people to change their behaviour, whether it is a policy-maker or community person, so it takes time." 
 
 The ADPC is working with the NDMO and provincial authorities to build their understanding and knowledge to improve disaster preparedness. But Insisiengmay also believes that attitudes in terms of building a culture of safety will go a long way in furthering these efforts. "Sometimes you don't need to be really hi-tech or look for help from outside. They have to see how they can help themselves." 
 
 Laos is a signatory to the Hyogo Framework for Action [ http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/hfa ], a 10-year plan running from 2005 to 2015 to make the world safer from natural hazards. 
 
 The UN predicts that the intensity and frequency of natural disasters in Lao PDR are likely to increase due to climate variation and change. Laos is prone to annual flooding during the May to October rainy season but the severity of such events has increased. 
 
 According to government statistics, this was the first time since 1962 that the northern province of Xieng Khouang flooded. In 2008, the Mekong River overflowed, severely affecting the capital, Vientiane, and the northern and central regions. The following year Typhoon Ketsana [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87589 ] hit southern Laos on 29 September, killing 28 and affecting close to 200,000. 
 
 tf/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93672</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109070412420968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 07 September 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy flooding during the northern summer, affecting 10 of the country&apos;s 17 provinces, has underlined the need for stronger disaster-management efforts, say experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Villagers brace for relocation as dam project moves forward</title><pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107290933470106t.jpg" />]]>THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead.</description><body><![CDATA[THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead. 
 
 "I don't have any power over this decision," said Ting, 50, who like other Lao villagers, goes by only one name. He earns a living ferrying passengers across the Mekong River in a motorized skiff and lives in Pakmon, a village of 150 families just 30km upstream from the proposed US$3.8 billion dam in the impoverished Xayaburi Province. 
 
 In June, a Lao official came to Pakmon and said any families who lived below 275m - the projected height of the dam's reservoir - would be forced to relocate. 
 
 Now Ting and other villagers, many of whom earn no more than US$500 per year, are anxious to see if the dam will be built, and how their main livelihoods - fishing and farming - will be affected. 
 
 According to the US environmental group International Rivers [ http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/The%20Xayaburi%20Dam_Eng.pdf ], more than 2,100 people will be forcibly resettled and 200,000 people will be affected. 
 
 "Given the Laos government's legacy of poor planning and uncompensated losses, the communities that will be forcibly resettled by the dam are likely to suffer greatly," Ame Trandem, a spokesperson for International Rivers, told IRIN. 
 
 "Unchartered waters" 
 
 Plans to dam the lower stretch of the Mekong, the world's 12th-largest river, have put Laos on a collision course with its neighbours and environmentalists, who fear livelihoods, fish species and farmland could be destroyed, undermining the food security of thousands. 
 
 China, which borders Laos, already operates four dams on the upper stretch of the river. 
 
 In May, Khempheng Pholsena, chairwoman of the Laos National Mekong Committee, told reporters in Hanoi, Vietnam, that the Xayaburi dam would be "socially and environmentally sustainable". 
 
 This followed critical statements by Thai, Cambodian and Vietnamese diplomats about the Xayaburi proposal [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92529 ] in April, calling for more studies of the dam's trans-boundary impacts. 
 
 Then in an 8 June letter leaked to the media and addressed to Xayaburi Power Ltd, a subsidiary of Ch Karnchang, the Thai developer, the Lao Ministry of Energy and Mines claimed to have "completed" its obligation for prior consultation regarding the dam proposal under the 1995 Mekong Agreement [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/download/agreement95/agreement_procedure.pdf ], which established a non-binding process for reviewing mainstream dam proposals by any of the four lower Mekong River Countries (MRC): Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. 
 
 Two weeks later, a group of MRC donors [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/partners_statement/joint-DP-statement-IDM2011-24Jun11.html ] asked Laos to clarify its position, but has yet to receive a response. 
 
 As of late May, the project appeared to be dead, presumably because Laos did not want to "lose face" by breaking with Vietnam, a close political ally that has expressed strong opposition to the proposed dam, said Ian Baird, a Laos expert at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. However, the leaked letter suggests a different scenario, he maintains. 
 
 "It is hard to believe that the Lao government is going ahead with this [dam] despite strong opposition in the region, including from the Vietnam government, but that would appear to be the case," he said. 
 
 "We are in unchartered waters on this one," Baird added. 
 
 Livelihoods in the balance 
 
 Laos claims the Mekong dams would lift its people out of poverty and help it achieve its stated goal of escaping "least developed country" status by 2020. 
 
 But an independent report [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/ish/SEA.htm ] warned in October 2010 that the proposed dams would have "permanent and irreversible" effects on downstream communities and ecosystems. 
 
 US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton echoed those concerns on 22 July [ http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/07/168948.htm ], warning at a conference in Bali that if one Mekong country built a dam, neighbouring countries would feel the environmental and social consequences. 
 
 Ch Karnchang has promised some villagers near the dam it will build them homes, a school and a hospital, and give them $250 in one-time loans for purchasing livestock, according to villagers. 
 
 Yet even if such benefits materialize, says David Blake, a UK-based Laos aquaculture expert, who has worked in Xayaburi Province, the villagers will have trouble finding places to grow lowland rice, a staple crop. 
 
 Villagers may be forced to give up farming and rely on handouts, Blake said, or else migrate to cities and "join the swelling ranks of urban, landless poor". 
 
 mi/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93355</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107290933470106t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">THADEAU 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - Ting does not know exactly how the proposed Xayaburi hydropower dam will change his life, but he knows he will be forced to leave his village if it goes ahead.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: &quot;Unprecedented&quot; drug trafficking heightens risk to youth</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107150621230041t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 15 July 2011 (IRIN) - An upsurge in drug trafficking in Laos is fuelling the potential for drug abuse among the youth, the Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision (LCDC) warns.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 15 July 2011 (IRIN) - An upsurge in drug trafficking in Laos is fuelling the potential for drug abuse among the youth, the Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision (LCDC) warns. 
 
 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Country Representative to Laos, Leik Boonwaat, told IRIN the Lao People's Republic was facing "an unprecedented increase in trafficking of methamphetamine", with rising use of the highly addictive drug. 
 
 Methamphetamine seizures in the country soared from one million tablets in 2008 to more than 24 million in 2010, according to UNODC. The agency's June 2011 World Drugs Report [ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2011.html ] said 95 percent of those seeking drug treatment in Laos in 2009 had methamphetamine problems. 
 
 Phanthavy Bounmany was 17 when he first used methamphetamine, known as yabaa, or "crazy drug" in Lao and Thai. "I got addicted, but not seriously at first. I would use it once every couple of weeks," he said. "But it became much more serious over time." 
 
 Phanthavy broke his habit through repeated stays at Somsanga Treatment Centre on the outskirts of the Lao capital, Vientiane, where he now works to help other addicts. 
 
 "I was brought [to Somsanga] by my family. Many people helped me, and I decided that I had to fight the drug with them," he said. 
 
 Somsanga is the largest of Laos' eight drug treatment centres, and registered 600 new patients in the first six months of 2011, against 300 over the same period in 2010 according to UNODC. 
 
 "The number of young Lao [yabaa] users is increasing because of social pressures. If people use yabaa in the area where you stay, they will pressure you to use it, and then you will pressure your friends," said Phanthavy. 
 
 Of Somsanga's 1,300 residents, just 40 are female, pointing to an acute vulnerability among young men to exposure and addiction to drugs. "Yabaa is more than 80 percent a problem for male youth," said Phanthavy. 
 
 Flooded market 
 
 Yabaa's low price in Laos, US$4 to $6 per tablet, or less if bought in bulk or from a regular dealer, and ready availability because of large-scale trafficking, are also contributing to rising use. 
 
 Although there is no evidence of domestic manufacturing of yabaa, Laos's proximity to known production centres in neighbouring countries, particularly Myanmar, coupled with a lack of law enforcement resources and 5,000km of borders, have made the land-locked country a conveyor belt for moving the drug to other large Asian markets, such as Thailand, Vietnam and China. 
 
 "Any law enforcement officer will tell you that each seizure represents only one-tenth of the total illicit goods that are being trafficked. We estimate that the total street value of drugs seized [in Laos] since 2010 could be as high as $100 million," UNODC's Leik told IRIN. 
 
 "Social evil" 
 
 On 24 June the Lao government marked International Day Against Drugs by burning about a ton of seized drugs in Vientiane, including 1.2 million yabaa tablets, and launched a national drug prevention campaign fronted by local celebrities. 
 
 LCDC Chairman Soubanh Srithirath said at the event that "Laos seems to bear the brunt [of trafficking], as most production occurs outside our borders", adding that the Lao government was "seriously committed to fighting this social evil". 
 
 Leik pointed out that the trade in yabaa differed fundamentally from the country's battle with opium in that youth were targeted, and more than 50 percent of the Lao population is under 20 years of age, many of whom lack employment and education opportunities. 
 
 rc/nb/mw 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93232</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107150621230041t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 15 July 2011 (IRIN) - An upsurge in drug trafficking in Laos is fuelling the potential for drug abuse among the youth, the Lao National Commission for Drug Control and Supervision (LCDC) warns.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: UXO casualties down but challenges remain</title><pubDate>Wed, 06 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107060559190890t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 06 July 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people involved in unexploded ordnance (UXO) accidents in Laos, the world&apos;s most cluster-bombed country, has dropped from an average of 300 a year to 117 in the past two years, according to government statistics.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 06 July 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people involved in unexploded ordnance (UXO) accidents in Laos, the world's most cluster-bombed country, has dropped from an average of 300 a year to 117 in the past two years, according to government statistics. 
 
 However, the National Regulatory Authority for UXO/Mine Action (NRA) [ http://www.nra.gov.la/ ] estimates more than 200,000 hectares of prime agricultural land still have to be cleared. 
 
 From 1964 to 1973, US aircraft dropped more than two million tonnes of ordnance on Laos, including 277 million cluster sub-munitions, 30 percent of which failed to detonate, according to the NRA. 
 
 The situation today is that all 17 provinces of the country and approximately 25 percent of villages suffer from various degrees of UXO contamination, the NRA reports. 
 
 Yet despite the drop in casualties, 49-year-old farmer Vongphone still feels nervous every time he steps into his rice fields, his only source of livelihood. He lost his left hand five years ago when he set off a cluster bomb while farming. 
 
 "There is still a lot of UXO contamination on the farmland and people are afraid. It's hard for me to work with only one hand. I can't even support myself and the family is poorer," he told IRIN. 
 
 The government's new 10-year plan was presented at the Geneva inter-sessional meeting for the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM), which bans the use, stockpiling and production of cluster munitions, on 27 June. 
 
 It focused on clearing land in the 42 poorest districts affected - mostly along the old Ho Chi Minh trail running from the north to the south along the Vietnamese border. 
 
 The government has prioritized about 22,000 hectares to be cleared in the next 16 years. 
 
 "We need to give people more access to land and improve public utilities and infrastructure such as rural roads. The communication between villages and districts is missing," said Maligna Saignavongs, a senior government adviser to the NRA. 
 
 UXO Lao, the national clearance operator, supported by the UN Development Programme (UNDP), has cleared about 24,000ha since starting operations in 1996. 
 
 In Xieng Khouang Province, northern Lao, 31-year-old Khamtoun and her team are clearing land for a new village development project. In just two weeks, 108 unexploded cluster bombs have already been found. 
 
 "I want to clear all the land so people will be safe from the bombs and then people can earn their livelihoods safely," Khamtoun told IRIN. 
 
 Meanwhile, the long-term impact on communities is severe. 
 
 Vongphone and his wife Bounmee had to take three of their children out of school after his accident. "We didn't have enough money to support them. Even the roof of our house was broken and I had to ask for support from the neighbour to help fix it," said Bounmee. 
 
 The 2008 CCM [ http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2011/01/Convention-ENG.pdf ] entered into force in August 2010. The government of Laos hosted the First Meeting of States Parties [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91014 ] in November 2010, which resulted in the adoption of the Vientiane Declaration and Action Plan. [ http://www.clusterconvention.org/files/2011/01/VIENTIANE-ACTION-PLAN-Final1.pdf ] 
 
 Under Article 6 of the Convention, all states in a position to do so are obliged to provide assistance to those affected. This is critical for Laos if it is to scale up its work in the UXO sector. 
 
 Saleumxay Kommasith from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs told IRIN he hoped the Vientiane Action Plan would ultimately result in more international funding. 
 
 In 2010, the UN said about US$30 million a year was required for the UXO sector. 
 
 In the treaty's inaugural year, cluster munitions have been used by non-signatory states, including Thailand and Libya, according to Human Rights Watch. [ http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/06/29/cluster-munition-coalition-delivers-statement-state-compliance-convention-cluster-mu ] 
 
 tf/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93154</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107060559190890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 06 July 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people involved in unexploded ordnance (UXO) accidents in Laos, the world&apos;s most cluster-bombed country, has dropped from an average of 300 a year to 117 in the past two years, according to government statistics.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: NGOs flay Nestlé’s infant formula strategy</title><pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - International NGOs in Laos have stepped up their criticism of what they describe as Nestlé’s unethical marketing of infant formula.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - International NGOs in Laos have stepped up their criticism of what they describe as Nestlé’s unethical marketing of infant formula. 
 
 "Some of the marketing strategy presents formula as better than breastfeeding,” Laurence Gray, World Vision’s Asia-Pacific advocacy director, told IRIN. “It doesn’t take into account the circumstances needed to prepare the formula.” 
 
 A month ago, 19 leading Laos-based international NGOs, including Save the Children, Oxfam, CARE International, Plan International and World Vision, announced plans to boycott Nestlé's 2012 competition for a prize of almost half a million US dollars for outstanding innovation in water, nutrition, or rural development projects. 
 
 Both the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) advocate exclusive breastfeeding for children up to six months of age - and continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding until age two. 
 
 However, infant formula is not considered unsafe in developed countries. 
 
 “When mothers cannot breastfeed, infant formula is the only product recognized by the WHO as a safe and nutritious breast-milk substitute,” Ferhat Soygenis, senior corporate affairs manager and a spokesman for Nestlé, told IRIN. 
 
 But in developing countries, formula is frequently prepared in unhygienic circumstances with unsafe water and misunderstood instructions. 
 
 “In poor nations, formula-fed infants are four to six times more likely to die of infectious disease than breastfed babies," said Gray. "The problem is not with the formula, but with the preparation," he added. 
 
 Open letter 
 
 In an open letter [ 
 http://info.babymilkaction.org/sites/info.babymilkaction.org/files/Aid%20Agencies%20in%20Laos%20refuse%20to%20apply%20for%20Nestlé%20cash_30%20May%202011.pdf ] to the company on 24 May, the organizations taking part in the boycott outlined how the company had violated the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes. [ http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf ] 
 “We won’t be applying for your prize money, Nestlé. Your marketing of formula milk still jeopardizes the health of infants and children in Laos,” begins the letter. 
 
 The letter is the latest development in an ongoing battle between Nestlé and child health groups that began in 1977 and is waged across the villages and markets of developing countries such as Pakistan, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=16921 ] Bangladesh, and now Laos. 
 
 “Nestlé has mastered the art of marketing formula products with many forms of deceptive advertising in Laos and countries throughout the world,” said the letter’s co-author Leila Srour, who works in Laos with Health Frontiers. [ http://www.healthfrontiers.org/ ] 
 Srour accuses Nestlé of making unsubstantiated claims about its infant formula's ability to make babies smarter, stronger and taller, which undermine breastfeeding. 
 
 The low-to-medium income groups specifically targeted by Nestlé do not speak English or Thai, and product labels and instructions are not translated into local languages, according to Srour. 
 
 Nestlé representatives are also being charged with visiting hospitals and providing incentives, such as gifts and trips, to doctors and nurses, to promote formula usage. 
 
 According to Soygenis, Nestlé is “currently investigating each allegation in the letter" and promises immediate corrective action if non-compliance with the code [ http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf ] or national legislation is found. 
 
 “There are no incentives offered to health workers for promoting Nestlé products, no pictures of babies on packs; there are product labels which state that breast milk is best for babies, and preparation instructions which are presented graphically,” Soygenis maintained; a response that received a strong rebuke from Srour. 
 
 “If Nestlé thinks that paying for flights to Thailand to attend conferences is not a big incentive for health care workers with very low salaries, I don’t know what they’re thinking,” she said. 
 
 Deceptive marketing? 
 
 The issue of perceived deceptive marketing remains the most troublesome, said Srour. 
 
 NGOs have strongly protested its anthropomorphized Bear Brand logo, which until recently featured a baby bear held in the breastfeeding position by a mother bear. 
 
 "The Bear Brand logo is responsible for the deaths and developmental delay of many Lao children mistakenly fed inappropriate products as breast-milk substitutes,” she said, citing earlier instances in which coffee creamer containing the same bear logo had been fed to children. 
 
 Following a wave of negative publicity Nestlé removed the bear from its infant formula, but it remains on its follow-up formulas for young children. 
 
 Meanwhile, Nestlé insists they adhere to local and international regulations in product marketing. 
 
 “In the 152 countries with high infant mortality and malnutrition rates as described by UNICEF, we apply the respective national laws and/or the WHO Code, whichever is stricter,” Soygenis said. 
 
 And because Laos national legislation covers infant products and complementary foods for use until two years of age, Nestlé considers it to be stricter, he added. 
 
 ms/dm/cb 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93040</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 23 June 2011 (IRIN) - International NGOs in Laos have stepped up their criticism of what they describe as Nestlé’s unethical marketing of infant formula.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Family pressures exacerbate trafficking</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105260827360979t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Trafficked girls have few prospects upon their return home and often the family pushes them back into leaving, warn aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Trafficked girls have few prospects upon their return home and often the family can push them back into leaving, warn aid workers. 
 
 "We have to consider that often someone in the village convinces them to leave and sometimes it's one member of the family. So the risk is that when they go back home they end up going back to Thailand again," Isabella Tornaghi, empowerment and protection officer for the French NGO, Action for Women in Distress (AFESIP), told IRIN. 
 
 According to statistics from the International Organization for Migration, 145 human trafficking survivors were returned to Laos in 2010. The majority returned from Thailand and 119 of those were younger than 18. 
 
 The country is a source, and to a much lesser extent, a transit and destination country for women and girls who are subjected to trafficking, specifically forced prostitution, the US State Department's 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report [ http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/ ] stated. 
 
 Tet* was 14 when she was promised a job in a Thai restaurant. "My friend said we should go but when we got there they took us to a factory to make gloves," she said. 
 
 For the next two years Tet was forced to work in dire conditions. "If I failed to reach the day's production quota I would receive no food or drink and was sometimes beaten." 
 
 Unable to escape, it was only until another girl managed to run away that the authorities were informed. 
 
 After 12 months at a transit centre in Thailand, waiting for the judicial process to be completed, Tet returned to Laos. 
 
 Under a 2005 Memorandum of Understanding between the Thai and Lao governments, trafficking survivors are repatriated and housed in a government-run transit centre in the Lao capital, Vientiane, for up to seven days before returning to their communities. 
 
 At this point, NGOs such as AFESIP get involved to try to help the most vulnerable and offer rehabilitation. 
 
 "In our shelter we give medical, psychological and legal support to the girls. They have the possibility to choose some vocational training and we give some computer skills," said Tornaghi. 
 
 AFESIP provides support to families while the girls are in the shelter, including supplying food and water and contributing to house repairs when necessary. 
 
 "It's to avoid any pressure on the girl, who is expected to be working," the aid worker said. 
 
 Tet spent six months in the AFESIP shelter and learnt to sew. But on her return to her village in southern Laos, the problems began. 
 
 "I fulfilled my dream of opening a small sewing shop but after three months there were no customers because people bought ready-made clothes." 
 
 Xoukiet Panaya, the Laos coordinator of the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ], sees this as a pivotal moment in the reintegration process. 
 
 "After vocational training they might not be able to do what they wanted to and/or they could not manage their business. Sometimes they go back to Thailand and are re-victimized," she said. 
 
 According to Keomany Soudthichak from the NGO Village Focus International (VFI) [ http://www.villagefocus.org/ ], some families rely on income from their children, which is often more lucrative when trafficked than what they can earn in their community. 
 
 "She goes back home, opens a shop and the money from the business is not enough for the family. Everything that the family uses has to come from the money that she makes," she said. 
 
 But Tet's problems were not just confined to money. On return to her community she also faced possible stigmatization. "I met with my friends... they saw that other people were not talking to me so they thought I wasn't a good person," she said. 
 
 Such social stigma, according to Tornaghi, can also push women back again. 
 
 "But it is a result of a lack of knowledge, people just don't have information about human trafficking and how traumatic it can be for the victim," she said. 
 
 And while NGOs such as AFESIP, Village Focus International and World Vision are making inroads in creating a conducive reintegration environment for survivors and their families, the time spent apart can sometimes be too much. 
 
 "If they've been trafficked for a long time, of course they change. When she gets back she's not the same person. That's a hard thing for the family to accept and for her to accept the family," Soudthichak explained. 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 tf/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92813</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105260827360979t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Trafficked girls have few prospects upon their return home and often the family pushes them back into leaving, warn aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Mekong River wins temporary reprieve</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907151302590458t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - The Mekong - the world&apos;s 12th longest river and a lifeline for millions - has won a temporary reprieve from the construction of a controversial dam in Laos when the four member countries of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) failed to reach an agreement, deferring the decision to ministerial level later this year. 

</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - The Mekong - the world's 12th longest river and a lifeline for millions - has won a temporary reprieve from the construction of a controversial dam in Laos when the four member countries of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) [ http://www.mrcmekong.org/ ] failed to reach an agreement, deferring the decision to ministerial level later this year. 
 
"This is the immediate next step," Tiffany Hacker, a spokeswoman for the MRC, told IRIN on 20 April from Vientiane. "Although countries were unable to reach a conclusion [to proceed with the dam], they agreed that it needed to be taken to the ministerial level." 
 
On 19 April, officials from Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam gathered in the Lao capital to discuss the impact of the US$3.8 billion Xayaburi dam, the first of a series of proposed hydropower dams along the river [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88686 ]. 
 
"This is the spirit of Mekong cooperation - member countries have consulted for the past six months, and whereas they could not come to a common conclusion in yesterday's meeting, they will continue to work together at the ministerial level until a consensus is reached," Hacker said. 
 
The MRC's ministerial council generally meets once year in October or November. However, a special session for the Xayaburi project may be held before then, she added. 
 
Welcome decision 
 
The announcement was welcomed by environmentalists who say the dam would have devastating environmental, social and economic consequences. 
 
"We are pleased to see that Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam have recognized the trans-boundary impacts of the project and the need for further research and public consultation," Carl Middleton, a representative of the US-based environmental group International Rivers [ http://www.internationalrivers.org/ ], said. 
 
But despite the deferment, Thai media reports suggest construction of the dam by Laos has already begun, with an access road under construction since November and local residents being offered compensation of as little as $15 to relocate. 
 
"Given the decision [on 19 April], Laos should immediately stop construction of the project and respect that the decision has been referred to a higher level," Middleton said. 
 
Lao officials at the meeting insisted there was no need to delay the project and that trans-boundary environmental impacts on other riparian countries would be unlikely. Laos says the dam would stimulate its $6 billion economy and improve the lives of its 5.9 million people. However, Vientiane ended up yielding to objections by downstream countries Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, which raised their concerns at the meeting about gaps in technical knowledge and studies about the project. 
 
If the project goes ahead, approximately 2,100 people would be forcibly relocated and more than 200,000 would be directly affected, according to an independent review of the project commissioned by the MRC. 
 
International Rivers says the dam could result in the extinction of approximately 41 fish species, including the critically endangered Mekong Giant Catfish, while an additional 23 to 100 migratory fish species would be threatened through a blocked fish migration route. 
 
"These impacts in turn will affect the livelihoods [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=85381 ] and food security of millions of people in the region," the group said in a statement. 
 
The Mekong and its tributaries provide food, water and transportation for about 60 million people in Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. About 40 million people are involved in the Mekong's fishery industry part-time or seasonally, according to the MRC. 
 
Influential US Senator Jim Web has also voiced criticism of the project, saying it failed to meet international standards. "Numerous scientific studies have concluded that construction of the Xayaburi Dam and other proposed mainstream dams will have devastating environmental, economic, and social consequences for the entire Mekong sub-region," he said in a statement, adding that such dams could threaten the stability of Southeast Asia. 
 
The Xayaburi Dam is one of 11 proposed for the lower Mekong mainstream due to increasing power demand in the region of about 6-7 percent a year, driven mainly by Thailand and Vietnam. 
 
Both countries could face significant energy shortfalls in the near future. If built, the Xayaburi dam is expected to begin commercial operation in 2019, with about 95 percent of the project's 1,260MW capacity to be exported to Thailand. 
 
 nr/ds/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92529</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907151302590458t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 April 2011 (IRIN) - The Mekong - the world&apos;s 12th longest river and a lifeline for millions - has won a temporary reprieve from the construction of a controversial dam in Laos when the four member countries of the Mekong River Commission (MRC) failed to reach an agreement, deferring the decision to ministerial level later this year. 

</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Mental health still neglected, underfunded</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104041447590984t.jpg" />]]>VIENTIANE 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three years after the Lao government adopted its first mental health policy, there is still no national plan of action or implementation strategy, say mental health experts.</description><body><![CDATA[VIENTIANE 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three years after the Lao government adopted its first mental health policy, there is still no national plan of action or implementation strategy, say mental health experts. 
 
 "I can say that mental health is a neglected area... Laos still has two psychiatrists for six million people," said Supachai Douangchak, a technical officer specializing in mental health at the UN World Health Organization (WHO) in the capital of Laos, Vientiane. 
 
 The most recent analysis of the situation in Laos, commissioned by WHO [ http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/en/lao_mnh_sit_analysis.pdf ] in 2002, revealed how mental health issues were considered "completely new" for the country. 
 
 Nearly a decade later, there is scant mental health data and no dedicated mental health division in the Ministry of Health, but a drug treatment programme has been expanded to focus on mental health focus since 2009. 
 
 "They have made the [programme] name longer and added one doctor. This is a good start and we hope in the future there will be more than one [mental health] staff," said Douangchak. 
 
 There is one public mental health ward for the entire country in Mahosot Hospital in the capital with no specialists and 29 in-patient beds, said Chantharavady Choulamany, one of the country's two psychiatrists and co-author of the 2002 WHO study and project coordinator of the UK-headquarted BasicNeeds NGO [ http://www.basicneeds.org/laopdr/index.asp ], which has worked on mental health needs in Laos since 2005. 
 
 The military hospital also has a psychiatric unit. 
 
 Valium in the villages 
 
 Accessing the correct treatment remains a challenge, particularly in rural areas where the WHO study noted that valium was probably overprescribed "by medical practitioners and informal drug sellers due to its popularity in providing relief for stress". 
 
 In many cases a prescription is not even needed, said WHO's Douangchak. "If a patient complains he cannot sleep, valium is very popular. You can go to any pharmacy and buy valium without prescription...They [pharmacists] are not as strict [as with painkillers]." 
 
 Valium was the first drug the district hospital gave Bao Singthamma in Xaythani District outside Vientiane after her youngest son died in 2002. "For five years, I did not have the energy to go anywhere. My husband had to take care of the fields and kids." 
 
 She entered a BasicNeeds programme in 2007 when Choulamany diagnosed her with depression. After six months of Vitamin B1 and the anti-depressant Tryptanol - funded by selling the family livestock - things were "back to normal", said her husband. 
 
 "People told me to leave her - what kind of wife or worker was she? But I didn't want to. I had a 50/50 hope she would get better. People were surprised to see her gardening and wanted to know where she got her medication." 
 
 Almost 95 percent of patients who come in for mental health problems are prescribed valium during their first visits, said the vice-deputy of Xaythani District Hospital, Jengheu Xayliviue, and outpatient doctor, Bounpheng Latsavong. 
 
 "This is to stabilize their condition before they change medication to treat underlying conditions, which is usually within two months," said Latsavong. 
 
 Some patients drop out of treatment soon after, unable to afford the cost. He estimated the monthly medical cost for an epileptic patient - one of the hospital's main mental health disorders - at up to 45,000 kip, about US$6. 
 
 While workers earned an estimated $82 per month in 2010, according to the World Bank, 27 percent of the population lived in poverty in 2008, according to the UN Development Programme. 
 
 The government's total per capita health spending in 2008 was about $34, leaving 76 percent of health expenses paid out of pocket, according to WHO. [ http://www.who.int/nha/country/lao.pdf ] 
 
 WHO's budget for mental health technical assistance is limited to about $10,000 a year. "We are good at giving advice, but when we talk about money, it is limited," said Douangchak. 
 
 Awareness raising 
 
 "We need to raise awareness about the linkages between medical and psychosocial care [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90972 ], occupational therapy, and life skills training," Choulamany said. 
 
 Each of the country's 17 provincial hospitals has set up mental health teams comprising a doctor and two nurses who received a four-day mental health training from BasicNeeds. 
 
 The NGO is providing life skills training in 12 districts in Bolikhamxai and Vientiane provinces, which includes support groups, vocational training and therapeutic gardening projects. 
 
 "You see the impact right away, the instant gratification of planting a seed and watching it grow," said Choulamany. "But much work remains in this arena." 
 
 pt/tf/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92362</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104041447590984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">VIENTIANE 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - Three years after the Lao government adopted its first mental health policy, there is still no national plan of action or implementation strategy, say mental health experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Decision expected on controversial Mekong dam</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010280935010391t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 25 February 2011 (IRIN) - The proposed Xayabury Dam on the lower Mekong River promises to supply much-needed energy to the region, but at a &quot;devastating&quot; environmental and personal cost to surrounding communities, say activists and environmental experts.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 25 February 2011 (IRIN) - The proposed Xayabury Dam on the lower Mekong River promises to supply much-needed energy to the region, but at a "devastating" environmental and personal cost to surrounding communities, say activists and environmental experts. 
 
 "Millions more people in the region are likely to be adversely [affected] through changes to the river's biodiversity, fisheries and sediment flows," said Ame Trandem with International Rivers, a US-based environmental NGO. 
 
 The dam's main developer is Thai construction company Ch Karnchang. 
 
 Sixty-five million people depend on the Mekong River - the largest inland fishery in the world - for survival and its biodiversity is second only to the Amazon in South America, according to Jeremy Bird, director of the Laos-based Mekong River Commission (MRC), a regional intergovernmental advisory body on any mainstream development conducted on the river. 
 
 More than 200,000 fishermen and farmers - most of the lower riverside community - will suffer displacement and reduced earnings if the Xayabury Dam is built in Laos, states International Rivers. 
 
 Based on the 2010 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) commissioned by MRC, "dam construction will result in irreversible environmental impacts", said MRC spokeswoman Tiffany Hacker. 
 
 Damage to fisheries "cannot be mitigated by fish passes and reservoirs", said Alan Brooks, director of the Phnom Penh-based NGO, World Fish Center. 
 
 The dam is the first of 11 hydropower dams proposed along the lower Mekong River. Though a regional agreement requires prior consultation with MRC before a project can move forward, there is no way to enforce this recommendation. 
 
 The Mekong Agreement, which recognizes the shared impacts of river development projects on neighbouring countries, stipulates that Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam must all approve major projects on the lower Mekong River. 
 
 The four governments may announce their positions on the dam by as early as March 2011, according to International Rivers. 
 
 "What happens with the Xayaburi Dam will essentially set the precedent for whether more mainstream dams are built or not, many of which will [have] devastating impacts on the region's people in terms of lost income, livelihood and food security," said Trandem. 
 
 dm/pt/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92037</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010280935010391t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 25 February 2011 (IRIN) - The proposed Xayabury Dam on the lower Mekong River promises to supply much-needed energy to the region, but at a &quot;devastating&quot; environmental and personal cost to surrounding communities, say activists and environmental experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: &quot;Unprecedented&quot; chronic disease growth in Southeast Asia</title><pubDate>Tue, 25 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009030321t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 25 January 2011 (IRIN) - Chronic disease could kill up to 4.2 million people annually in Southeast Asia by the year 2030, according to new research published in the UK medical journal, The Lancet.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 25 January 2011 (IRIN) - Chronic disease could kill up to 4.2 million people annually in Southeast Asia by the year 2030, according to new research published in the UK medical journal, The Lancet [ http://press.thelancet.com/seasia4.pdf ]. 
 
 More than 2.5 million people died from chronic diseases in the region in 2005, 30 percent of whom were 15-59 years old. Diabetes and obesity cases quadrupled from 1970 to 2005, twice the rate of the United States in the same time period, according to the report. 
 
 Chronic non-communicable diseases can no longer be perceived as diseases of affluence, with most of the deaths reported in poorer countries, including Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, said report author and social epidemiologist at the US-based China Medical Board, Rebecca Firestone. 
 
 "What we [are seeing] is a changing face of non-communicable disease from one that affects the affluent to one that affects the poor middle-aged," said Antonio Dans, professor at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine, speaking from the World Health Organization Second Global Forum on Human Resources for Health in Bangkok. [ http://www.who.int/workforcealliance/forum/2011/en/index.html ]
 
 dm/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91723</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009030321t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 25 January 2011 (IRIN) - Chronic disease could kill up to 4.2 million people annually in Southeast Asia by the year 2030, according to new research published in the UK medical journal, The Lancet.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>LAOS: Female deminers attract fans but little funding</title><pubDate>Tue, 04 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101041224120399t.jpg" />]]>XIENGKHUANG 04 January 2011 (IRIN) - In the two years since the Laos government set up the first team of women clearing unexploded ordnance (UXO), they have had lots of attention, but this has not translated into increased funding, says the UN, which is supporting government programmes.</description><body><![CDATA[XIENGKHUANG 04 January 2011 (IRIN) - In the two years since the Laos government set up the first team of women clearing unexploded ordnance (UXO), they have had lots of attention, but this has not translated into increased funding, says the UN, which is supporting government programmes. 
 
 "It was quite in vogue with donors to have all-female teams," said John Dingley, the UN's senior technical adviser working with the government's UXO Lao clearance programme. "But more than that, these are good jobs and we want to create as many opportunities as possible for women in post-conflict settings." 
 
 However, UXO Lao faces a US$1.4 million funding shortfall. 
 
 Laos is the most heavily bombed country, per capita, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91072 ] after more than two million tons of UXO - mostly cluster bomblets - were dropped between 1964 and 1973, according to the government's National Regulatory Authority for UXO/Mine Action. 
 
 While there have been women working in the government's clearance operation since it began in 1996, the government only started grouping all-female teams (albeit with a male mechanic/driver) in 2008, following the lead of the British demining NGO, Mine Action Group (MAG) International, which has worked in the country since 1994 and launched all-female UXO clearance teams in Laos in 2007. 
 
 Lou McGrath, MAG's chief executive, described MAG's "ladies first" initiative as a "genuine move to redress gender balance in the UXO sector". 
 
 Priorities 
 
 Women can more easily relate to other women when assessing priorities for demining, said UN adviser Dingley. Whereas men may focus on fields, women might choose paths to water wells. 
 
 In the 17 countries where MAG operates, 13 percent of its 2,526 staff are women. It has only tried all-female teams in Laos and Cambodia, which no longer has any because of funding cuts, a point not lost on Saisamon Noonthasin, 35, who has been clearing UXOs in Laos since leaving school 15 years ago. 
 
 "There were no other women who went into it [at the time], but I wanted to help my country and besides, I could not find any other jobs out of school," said the mother of two, who earns $200 per month. 
 
 In 2009, she was one of 166 women clearing UXOs out of 1,039 government-funded staff. (Only male soldiers demine, which is more dangerous and potentially deadlier than working with UXOs.) 
 
 Since Noonthasin moved from a mixed team to an all-female UXO clearance team in 2008, however, she has noticed a significant increase in the number of visits from curious foreigners (18 field visits in the first 11 months of 2010). 
 
 Noonthasin hosted two visiting delegations while clearing UXOs in Pek District in Xiengkhuang Province, one of the country's most heavily mined areas. She led a team of 12 who cleared 14,550 sqm of land in an area of 164,804 sqm where 282 residents live. They found 183 UXOs and finished clearing the plot in mid-December. 
 
 Female members of UXO Lao do most of what men do, other than fix cars, detonate phosphorous, cut down trees or move big bombs. 
 
 But while the women have helped more than double press coverage of demining and UXO clearance activities in Laos, there has actually been a reduction in funding, said Dingley. For example, Ireland, suffering economic troubles at home, cut its funding to $500,000 from $1 million in 2006-2009. 
 
 pt/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91526</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101041224120399t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">XIENGKHUANG 04 January 2011 (IRIN) - In the two years since the Laos government set up the first team of women clearing unexploded ordnance (UXO), they have had lots of attention, but this has not translated into increased funding, says the UN, which is supporting government programmes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
