<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Kyrgyzstan</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 13 Jul 2012 14:00:52 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>HEALTH: Family planning summit focuses on mother and child survival</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081511t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.

The money raised - nearly half of it from developing countries - will be enough, according the meeting’s organizers, to give 120 million more women access to effective contraception, which will mean, they say, 200,000 fewer women dying in pregnancy and childbirth, over 50 million fewer abortions, and nearly three million fewer babies dying in the first year of life.

The mother and child survival agenda received scientific backing from work just published in the medical journal, the Lancet, which attempted to quantify the benefits of effective family planning. It looked at the much higher maternal death rates among teenage girls, women over 40 and mothers who had already had a large number of children, and children very close together. The authors estimate that allowing them to delay, space or limit their childbearing, together with removing the need for unsafe abortions, could reduce maternal mortality by 30 percent.

On the whole, the London meeting stayed on message, although other agendas did creep in, with some of the Scandinavian participants in particular stressing the need to see family planning as a women’s rights issue. But it distanced itself from abortion, and association with state-imposed methods of population control.

Meanwhile, minds are turning to the 2015 end date for the Millennium Development Goals, and the negotiation of new goals thereafter. There was no reference to contraception in the original MDGs, or anything which could imply it, although a sub-clause on access to reproductive health was added in 2007. UN Population Fund Director Babatunde Osotimehin told IRIN he wants the next goal to be stronger and more explicit. 

“It’s about empowering young people, it’s about educating them, it’s about comprehensive sexuality education, it’s about making service available and protecting the rights of people to make those choices. I would like it to say that reproductive health and rights are basic human rights.”

Evangelical churches “outspoken”

Faustina Finn-Nyame, country director in Ghana for Marie Stopes International, says family planning is still very controversial there, but Roman Catholics are not the problem. “They have basically not made any comments about this in Ghana. It’s the new evangelical churches that are far more outspoken about this sort of thing. I think all the formal churches understand the rationale behind this; they don’t want to be preaching necessarily in their congregations, ‘Go and get family planning’, but they are not speaking against it either.”

The real resistance is rooted deep in society, says Finn-Nyame. “Ghana is a very conservative community, and culturally people think you should have as many children as possible. Birth is good. Even if you can’t afford it, God will provide. So by using contraceptives you are showing a lack of faith in God, and also tampering with something which shouldn’t be tampered with.” Women do very much want to limit and space their families, she says, but it is hard for them to admit it openly.

Promiscuous?

It is a similar story from Sierra Leone, where Health Minister Zeinab Bangura says they have had to win over chiefs and traditional leaders who believe that only promiscuous women use contraception. She told the meeting: “We are using community leaders, we are using traditional birth attendants, whose voices the women listen to. People have to know the messenger, they have to trust the messenger, they have to believe the messenger, before they can believe the message.”

Joseph Katema, Zambia’s minister responsible for mother and child health, spoke to IRIN of the days when he worked as a doctor in rural areas. “There are a lot of myths,” he says, “surrounding family planning; for instance, that when you access modern family planning methods, and then you want to revert to your normal level of fertility, you cannot do that. 

“There was a community… they had a health centre there but to give contraceptives was a problem, because the chief just said, ‘these contraceptives are making our women promiscuous’, and they banned my nurses and midwives from giving contraceptives. But I engaged the chief in that area, and convinced him of the benefits of family planning. And he was the gatekeeper. He called a meeting and spoke to his people and within a day women started coming.”

Now the pledges of the London meeting need to be translated into action. Britain’s development minister, Andrew Mitchell, said at the close of the meeting that he would be tracking commitments.  “We will be setting up specifically a grouping,” he said, “which will monitor what is happening in the transparent way that the British government has championed, to make absolutely clear whether and how people are standing by the commitments they have made.”

Meanwhile, activists working on reproductive health issues have called for bottom-up tracking as well. Racheal Boma, of the White Ribbon Alliance which campaigns for safer motherhood says: “Governments must be held accountable to these Family Planning commitments. It is important that parliamentarians and civil society in countries are made aware of what their government has promised, so they ensure these big promises are fulfilled.” 

eb/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95860</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081511t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94856</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: How &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; is a misnomer - for now</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102011321320125t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The "totally drug-resistant" tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.  

"Whilst waiting for the WHO [World Health Organization] to define this advanced stage of resistance, TDR is a good descriptor," Zarir Udwadia, a doctor from PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre in Mumbai, India, told IRIN.  

Udwadia and colleagues reported in late December [ http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/24/cid.cir889.full ] on the first cases of what they called TDR-TB in four patients who did not respond to 12 drugs used to treat TB, based on lab tests.  

Drug-resistant TB develops when patients do not complete the recommended six-month antibiotics treatment correctly or take sub-standard drugs, which then increases treatment time and costs.  

Three of the four patients in Mumbai studied had "received erratic, unsupervised second-line drugs, added individually and in incorrect doses" from multiple doctors trying to cure their multidrug resistance, noted the researchers.  

Definitions  

WHO recognizes two groups of drug-resistant TB.  Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) occurs when patients do not respond to the two most effective anti-TB drugs. In the case of extensively drug-resistant TB, (XDR-TB), fluoroquinolone and anti-TB injectable drugs also fail.  

"In reality it is not clear what 'total' really means - hardly ever do labs test against all drugs," Paul Nunn, a TB expert with WHO's TB control department, who has led the agency's global response to XDR-TB since 2006, told IRIN.  

WHO has issued treatment guidelines for 14 drugs - six that were not tested by the Indian labs - for TB cases that do not respond to the four "first-line" drugs. [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241547581_eng.pdf ]  

In a 13 January briefing note [ http://www.who.int/tb/en/ ], WHO explained how the lack of international standards on lab testing to determine sensitivity to some anti-TB drugs made it difficult to rule out a cure.  

While a strain of TB may not respond to a drug in a lab, it may be do so in an infected person, said Nunn.  

In addition, as new anti-TB drugs are still under development, their effectiveness against the reportedly totally drug-resistant strains cannot yet be proven, said WHO.  

WHO is convening a meeting of TB experts in March to consider whether a new TB definition is needed.  "If 'totally drug-resistant' TB defines a subset of XDR-TB with different characteristics to other XDR-TB cases, particularly with respect to the outcome of such cases, then an internationally recognized definition may be needed," noted WHO in its recent post. 

 "We must at least concede that this is a much more difficult to treat form than XDR where some SLD [second-line drug] options exist," said Udwadia. 

 Medical literature has recorded 21 cases labelled TDR-TB in Germany, Italy, Iran and now India.  

"It is very likely that many countries will have a handful of [such] cases - in eastern Europe probably even more," said Nunn.  
By the end of 2010, 69 countries reported to WHO at least one case of XDR-TB [ http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/factsheet_mdr_progress_march2011.pdf ], with China and India accounting for almost half the world's estimated number of MDR-TB cases. [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599191_eng.pdf ]  

In 2010, 16 of the 36 countries with a high burden of TB or MDR-TB did not have at least one laboratory capable of performing TB culture and drug susceptibility testing per five million people.  

pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94656</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102011321320125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Tents delivered to earthquake victims</title><pubDate>Fri, 22 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008013114t.jpg" />]]>ISTANBUL 22 July 2011 (IRIN) - A 19 July earthquake measuring eight on the Richter scale in southern Kyrgyzstan has left hundreds of people without shelter.</description><body><![CDATA[ISTANBUL 22 July 2011 (IRIN) - A 19 July earthquake measuring eight on the Richter scale in southern Kyrgyzstan has left hundreds of people without shelter. 
 
 No deaths have been reported, though two people have been hospitalized with concussion, the national Ministry for Emergency Situations (MES) said in a press release on its website. 
 
 According to MES, one power station, 1,710 residential and 85 public buildings were damaged, with over 550 of these buildings showing signs of “severe damage”. More than a third of the affected buildings are in Osh Province, but the most extensive damage occurred in Batken Province, where the quake’s epicentre was. 
 
 Some 115 tents designed to accommodate 1,350-1,450 people have been delivered to Kadamjay District, the worst hit part of Batken Province, according to the ministry. Power cuts affected 7-11 villages in the province for a while, and rocks blocked a major highway. 
 
 Media reports [ http://reliefweb.int/node/427046 ] said most affected people were "unprepared" for the situation and it took 20 minutes for the ministry to ascertain if an earthquake had occurred before emergency sirens could be switched on to alert local citizens. 
 
 Osh, which was devastated by interethnic violence, including widespread arson a year ago, did not suffer damage from the earthquake, the epicentre of which was 125km from the city. 
 
 The quake reportedly killed at least 13 people in Uzbekistan and injured 86 others. Five of the dead were from the eastern Uzbek district of Rishton, near the Kyrgyz border. Another death was reported in Tajikistan's northern town of Khujand. 
 
 Central Asia has seen cities flattened by earthquakes in 1948 and 1966. 
 
 ny/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93308</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008013114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISTANBUL 22 July 2011 (IRIN) - A 19 July earthquake measuring eight on the Richter scale in southern Kyrgyzstan has left hundreds of people without shelter.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Violence victims prepare for winter</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011290802120170t.jpg" />]]>OSH 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - With night-time temperatures currently hovering around zero and forecast to drop to minus 15 degrees Celsius in a few days time, communities badly affected by the June violence in southern Kyrgyzstan are worried about how they will manage over the winter.</description><body><![CDATA[OSH 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - With night-time temperatures currently hovering around zero and forecast to drop to minus 15 degrees Celsius in a few days time, communities badly affected by the June violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89472 ] in southern Kyrgyzstan are worried about how they will manage over the winter.
 
 Keeping warm is a big challenge. A family of 4-5 people needs at least 2-3 tons of coal to keep warm over the winter, and with a ton of coal costing the equivalent of US$100-110 and very low average incomes, life is tough: Children can easily fall ill. 
 
 Nasiba,* who lives in the village of Kyzyl-Kyshtak near the southern city of Osh, has been struggling to look after her three children. “We live off a small plot where we grow vegetables. I try to sell them at a market to earn some money for my kids’ food and clothes. My husband is not working these days as there are no jobs for him,” she said.
 
 Another Kyzyl-Kyshtak resident told IRIN they were receiving food and non-food aid but pointed out that they had large families (at least 3-4 children), with grandparents to look after, and little paid work.
 
 “We have small plots on which we grow potatoes and vegetables. Before the mayhem in June our men used to work in the city [Osh] as taxi drivers or doing other jobs. Nowadays, there are not many jobs, and some men are reluctant to go to the city and work there as they are scared,” she said.
 
 Apart from the cold weather, fears of a resurgence in violence are ever-present: Local media on 29 November reported on a raid on a hideout in Osh in which four Islamist militants are said to have been killed. The city was the scene of inter-ethnic violence in June during which nearly 400 mostly minority Uzbeks were killed, according to BBC.
 
 UNHCR aid
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) said in a statement on 29 November that it was distributing winter aid - warm clothing, blankets, boots, cooking sets, kitchen utensils, water containers, kettles and other relief items - to thousands of families in the Osh and Jalalabad regions. UNHCR said partners were also providing coal to help keep people warm.
 
 ”This is a very critical time of year for many families,” said Hans Friedrich Schodder, a UNHCR representative in Kyrgyzstan. “Poor families in all communities need extra help to overcome the winter in dignity. We can see that our aid is having a positive impact on people’s lives. For example, children from poor families, who could not attend school because they did not have any winter clothing, can now go to school, wearing new, warm clothes and boots.”
 
 According to UNHCR, the second phase of its winterization project running from November to February will assist more than 50,000 vulnerable people in the south. Vulnerable people in all communities as well as public and civil society institutions will be provided with winter clothing, folding beds, mattresses, bed linen, blankets, pillows, towels, kitchen sets, heating fuel and other items, UNHCR said.
 
 Meanwhile, Jantoro Satybaldiev, deputy prime minister and head of the state agency for the reconstruction of Osh and Jalalabad provinces, said they were aware of the problems that many southerners faced: “After the shelter project is completed we, in cooperation with our international partners, will work on providing affected communities with fast loans so that they [can] regain their livelihoods,” he said.
 
 *not her real name
 
 at/cb
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91255</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011290802120170t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OSH 01 December 2010 (IRIN) - With night-time temperatures currently hovering around zero and forecast to drop to minus 15 degrees Celsius in a few days time, communities badly affected by the June violence in southern Kyrgyzstan are worried about how they will manage over the winter.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Quake-resistant homes for violence survivors</title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011290801260686t.jpg" />]]>JALALABAD 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people who lost their homes during ethnic clashes in southern Kyrgyzstan in June are moving into new earthquake-resistant &quot;transitional&quot; dwellings: about 2,000 will be completed by the end of November, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</description><body><![CDATA[JALALABAD 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people who lost their homes during ethnic clashes in southern Kyrgyzstan in June are moving into new earthquake-resistant "transitional" dwellings: about 2,000 will be completed by the end of November, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 
 
 "They [the new shelters] were constructed according to the Kyrgyz law in order to be earthquake resistant. They are far better than the usual kind of construction people have here," said Ronald Manila, a shelter project coordinator for ACTED, a UNHCR implementing partner. 
 
 "It's all done with baked bricks, reinforced steel in the foundation, a seismic beam around the top. So those three things combined are certainly better than the old building," he told IRIN, pointing to the remains of a house destroyed during the violence in the southern town of Jalalabad. All of Kyrgyzstan is located in a seismically active zone. 
 
 According to UNHCR, about 2,000 private housing compounds were damaged and about 1,700 completely destroyed in clashes that left 13,440 people homeless in parts of the southern provinces of Osh and Jalalabad. UNHCR committed to constructing roughly 80 percent of "transitional" shelters, while the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) agreed to build the remaining 20 percent. 
 
 "This is about a 42 sq m transitional shelter," Manila said, pointing to a newly completed two-roomed structure. "There are nine family members registered in it, however, right after the conflict some left for Russia, either for work or [to avoid insecurity]. Hopefully, some of them might start returning after the shelter is done. It cost US$5,000 plus in terms of material, and then there was $800 labour contribution. The exterior and interior plastering and painting is done by the beneficiaries themselves." 
 
 The new homes are called "transitional" because they are basic shelters, sufficient enough to last the winter, but come the spring can be expanded by the families to about 100 sq m and become proper homes. 
 
 "The whole structure is compact and is stronger than a larger building and with this [seismic] reinforcement it should be stronger than the old buildings, where there were mud bricks and no reinforced beams ... These are certainly much better in terms of quake resistance than old traditional houses," Jens Pake, a senior shelter consultant to the Danish Refugee Council, another UNHCR implementing partner, told IRIN in Jalalabad's Bazar-Korgon district. 
 
 Natalia Prokopchuk, a spokeswoman for UNHCR in Kyrgyzstan, said the UNHCR shelter followed the Building Code of Kyrgyzstan and had been designed after consulting various bodies, including the State Directorate for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, the Kyrgyz consulting firm TUMATAI, engineers and experts, government department architects and engineers, and seismic institute experts. 
 
 Construction took place in consultation with the engineers and experts of Jalalabad and Bazar Korgon, the State Directorate for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, the Danish Refugee Council, and UNHCR experts. 
 
 More than 50 percent of shelters were finished and ready for occupation by 15 November, and all shelters would be finished, heated and occupied before the onset of winter, UNHCR said in a statement. 
 
 Over the last four weeks nearly 500 families in Osh and Jalalabad provinces have moved into shelters built with UNHCR assistance, and1,200 are expected to follow suit in the last two weeks of November. 
 
 at/he/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91220</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011290801260686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JALALABAD 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people who lost their homes during ethnic clashes in southern Kyrgyzstan in June are moving into new earthquake-resistant &quot;transitional&quot; dwellings: about 2,000 will be completed by the end of November, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Taking the taboo out of the loo</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011190841530285t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that. 
 
 But for this to happen, aid groups, which have long promoted the health and hygiene benefits of safe toilets for the world’s estimated 2.6 billion people who do not have a toilet, need to step aside and let the market take over, said Sim. 
 
 “The aid community has good intentions, but they are not as efficient as businesses, which look at a problem and look for the shortest road to the solution. We [businesses] do not do costly baseline studies, spend half our time fundraising and the other half writing reports. All that time lost and still there is no solution,” he said from London where he is promoting World Toilet Day [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/wtd/ ] with a private sector partner, the hygiene company Unilever. 
 
 The “Big Squat” 
 
 Founder of the Singapore-based NGO World Toilet Organization (WTO) in 2001, Sim and his staff created in 2005 the “world’s first” Toilet College, which has certified 500 graduates in urban toilet cleaning and design; commissioned toilet art; hosted annual global toilet summits for sanitation and health experts; inducted members into its toilet Hall of Fame, most recently the senior advisor of hygiene and sanitation for UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); and founded World Toilet Day, commemorating it this year with song [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/resources.asp?no=10 ] and a “Big Squat” of solidarity to raise awareness about open defecation. [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/WTD/squat.asp ] 
 
 According to UNICEF, some 1.2 billion people worldwide defecate in the open rather than using toilets. 
 
 At times irreverent in its loo humour, but always business-minded, the WTO (the toilet organization that is) wants now to mass market toilets (in countries lacking them) through SaniShops “social franchises” which will provide marketing and sales training, branding, and maintenance support. 
 
 The international association of entrepreneurs, Ashoka, the Singaporean government, the Asian brokerage firm CSLA, Danish design NGO Index, and branding designers Fridbjorg Architects currently support the initiative. 
 
 Why the designers? “Because toilets don’t have to be ugly,” Sim replied. 
 
 Tapping into people’s dreams 
 
 Starting in Cambodia, where diarrhoea linked to open defecation kills 11,000 people every year - more than AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, combined - Sim wants to “tap into people’s dreams rather than fears”. 
 
 “If you tell someone they may die of diarrhoea, it is not much of an incentive to build a toilet. But if toilets become a sign of wealth, jealousy over their neighbours’ latrines will drive them to build their own.” 
 
 When asked if jealousy and one-upmanship drive poor people’s buying decisions as they might in urban developed cities, he replied: “Jealousy and the market are universal. Profits work where fear does not. The biggest motivation is to not be looked down on by peers… If people can buy 20 million hand phones in India, they can buy 20 million toilets.” 
 
 In India, 638 million out of a 1.1 billion population live without toilets and more households have TVs and mobiles than decent sanitation, according to UNICEF. 
 
 After recent flooding in Pakistan, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91101 ] a survey carried out in four water-logged provinces showed 61 percent had a cell phone while only 20 percent had access to a clean and functioning toilet. 
 
 But things would be different if toilets were symbols of the good life, said Sim. “Aspirational marketing” is the way to sell toilets and whether in Singapore, UK or Kompong Speu Province 60km from the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, the same principles are at work for Sim: getting ahead and profits. “People want a better life,” he said. 
 
 With support from the US Agency for International Development, WTO piloted the production and sales of toilets designed by the NGO International Development Enterprises Cambodia, which are a copy of ones sold in India by the NGO Sulabh International Social Service Organization. 
 
 Retailing at US$30, $6 profit goes to the manufacturer and $1 goes to the seller. Villagers have produced and sold 2,000 pour-flush latrines thus far, and WTO wants to create more factories, which cost $400 each to set up. 
 
 However, market approaches have their limits in spreading the message of sanitation: There is a difference between targeting poor people who have some money to buy toilets, and helping the poorest of the poor, said Sim. “That is for aid groups. We are not doing charity.” 
 
 pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91130</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011190841530285t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Why snakebites matter</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170145410894t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. [ http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/ ] 
 
 Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU). [ http://www.avru.org/ ] 
 
 Snake bites cause more death and disability than some far more notorious tropical diseases, including dengue fever, cholera, Japanese encephalitis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, according to WHO. 
 
 “In some provinces of Papua New Guinea, the rate of death due to snake bite is two times higher than malaria,” said David Williams, coordinator of the Global Snakebite Initiative, [ http://www.snakebiteinitiative.org/ ] a Melbourne-based global research project. 
 
 Roughly half the world’s snakebites occur in Asia, mostly in India, which has the largest snake bite problem in the world, with up to 50,000 people bitten every year. 
 
 “Snake bites are a widespread problem in this region particularly for the poorer populations,” Williams said. 
 
 Accurate figures for Asia are difficult to ascertain, since many bites are never reported. “The people who are most affected by snake bites are poor rural farmers. They often can’t afford or don’t have access to national healthcare facilities so turn to informal local healers instead,” said Williams. 
 
 Work hazard 
 
 Sombat Kaewsaeng, a 45-year-old gardener, was cutting the grass in central Bangkok where he lives and works when he suddenly felt a sharp pain on the top of his right foot. 
 
 “I thought it might be a bug or something, but then I saw something slithering away in the grass and looked down and saw two fang markings half a centimetre deep in the top of my foot,” he said. 
 
 Sombat, who only works in flip-flops, used a rope to tourniquet his knee and went immediately to the hospital. 
 
 “I saw on TV that this was what to do when you get bit,” he said. “As soon as I got to the hospital [30 minutes later] they immediately identified that it was non-venomous, much to my relief.” 
 
 Gardeners, agriculture workers and snake handlers - those most likely to invade the habitat of snakes - are the most likely people to be bitten. So much so that WHO considers snake bites an “occupational hazard”. 
 
 “Snakes only bite when they are afraid,” said Montri Chiobamroonkiat, head of the Bangkok-based “Snake Farm”, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Venomous Snake Toxicology and Research located in the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI). [ http://www.saovabha.com/en/default.asp ] 
 
 QSMI, the primary snake toxicology research unit in Thailand, holds annual conferences with healthcare workers across the country and produces some 100,000 anti-venom treatment vials annually. 
 
 Seasonal worry 
 
 Deaths by snake bites sharply increase during and following monsoon seasons - periods of peak agricultural activity. 
 
 Sharp rises in the number of snake bite victims have been reported from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar, typically after heavy flooding as large work forces re-built roads or dug irrigation. 
 
 Aid agencies reported dramatic increases in snake-bite victims in the year following Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar. [ http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/SDE_mgmt_snake-bite.pdf ] 
 
 In order to reduce the number of people killed or disabled by snake bites each year, experts say countries need to educate health service employees about how to treat snake-bites, as well as produce anti-venoms. 
 
 “The biggest challenge in the past was getting the right diagnosis [venomous or not] but now the region needs to make available anti-venoms,” said Suchai Suteparuk, associate director of the QSMI’s Snake Farm. 
 
 Williams pointed out regional disparities in managing snake bites. 
 
 Snakes kill less than 10 people every year in Thailand, out of the some 10,000 people bitten, while 500-1,000 people die annually from snake bites in neighbouring Myanmar, though about the same number are bitten. 
 
 The situation has worsened to the point the Myanmar Ministry of Health in 2010 set a five-year plan with annual targets for the reduction of snake bites. 
 
 Meanwhile, even a Bangkok snake research institute cannot protect gardeners like Sombat from risk. “I will be more careful now when working. I’m much more afraid lately when I’m working in the garden,” he said. 
 
 cm/nb/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91107</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170145410894t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: The hidden threat of micronutrient deficiency</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011171146370269t.jpg" />]]>TALAS 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - By the time Fatima Emilova was six months old she had been hospitalized twice for 10 days at a time with debilitating bouts of diarrhoea. The disease, a worldwide killer, is often caused by a lack of zinc, one of several micronutrients dangerously deficient among infants in the impoverished Central Asian nation of Kyrgyzstan.</description><body><![CDATA[TALAS 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - By the time Fatima Emilova was six months old she had been hospitalized twice for 10 days at a time with debilitating bouts of diarrhoea. The disease, a worldwide killer, is often caused by a lack of zinc, one of several micronutrients dangerously deficient among infants in the impoverished Central Asian nation of Kyrgyzstan.
  
 “After she was born, she was very weak,” said Fatima’s mother, Jazira Seitaliyeva, 34. “But after six months, that stopped. Now she walks, runs, flies around – she’s different from the other children.” Seitaliyeva attributes the changes in the youngest of her six children, now eighteen months old, to a micronutrient powder containing iron, folic acid, vitamins A and C and zinc, given free to infants aged 6-24 months in Talas Province, where the family lives in Ak-Korgon, a dusty village of about 160 homes. 
  
 “The little ones who get it cut their teeth faster,” Mahera Uruzbayeva, the local nurse-practitioner in charge of distributing the powder in the neighbouring hamlet of Kok-Kashat, told IRIN. “Their appetite is better and they’re sick less. The year before last, more children had the flu; this year we got a rest.”
 The powder - Gulazyk in Kyrgyz and Sprinkles in English - has been distributed in Talas since June 2009 and is part of a larger pilot programme to fight malnutrition and promote early childhood development, implemented since 2008 by Kyrgyzstan’s Health Ministry, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the Swiss Red Cross, with support from the US Centres for Disease Control (CDC). 
  
 Preliminary results show that the Gulazyk project is working. An initial analysis of the data - to be presented, pending final review, on 23 November in Kyrgyzstan’s capital, Bishkek - suggests it has already cut the rate of iron-deficiency anaemia in Talas Province by 20 percent. 
  
 According to the CDC the disease afflicts nearly 40 percent of the country's women and at least half the children, and the hope is to expand the programme nationally.
  
 Hidden hunger
  
 In Kyrgyzstan, as elsewhere, malnutrition is dangerously easy to overlook when children don’t have protruding ribs and distended bellies. Healthy eating means not only getting enough food but getting the right vitamins and minerals, or micronutrients, particularly iron, iodine, Vitamin A, folic acid and zinc. When these are absent in early childhood, the damage can be invisible at first but devastating in the long run.
  
 “Micronutrient deficiency is the main threat to the physical health and intellectual capacity of children under two,” said Dr Tursun Mamyrbaeva, a leading nutritionist at Kyrgyzstan’s Republican Centre for Immunoprophylaxis. “A persistent deficiency, even of a tiny amount of vitamins and minerals, can provoke and exacerbate hundreds of ailments, including malignant tumours and developmental defects, and can ultimately undermine the viability of the nation as a whole.”
  
 UNICEF saw alarming signs of chronic micronutrient deficiency in Kyrgyzstan in 2006, when it found that 13 percent of children under five were growing more slowly than normal; in Talas Province the prevalence of stunted growth was twice the national average. A survey overseen there by the CDC in 2008, before the introduction of Gulazyk, found that two-thirds of babies aged 6-24 months were iron-deficient, and just as many had too little folic acid.
 
 Nationwide, dangerously low levels of folic acid in pregnant women leave 150 babies a year with severe birth defects, mostly of the brain and spinal cord, while 300 newborns die from insufficient Vitamin A, too weak to fight off lethal infections, according to Kyrgyzstan’s Health Ministry. 
  
 Iron, the weakest link
  
 Micronutrients are best considered as a group, but nutrition experts in Kyrgyzstan have focused mostly on iron deficiency, which places more than 20,000 children under two – about 10 percent – at risk of mental retardation, according to the Health Ministry. 
  
 “Six months to two years is a period of very rapid growth for children. Their regular intake of iron can’t keep up with their needs,” said Elizabeth Lundeen, a health promotion adviser to the Swiss Red Cross, who has been working in Kyrgyzstan for over four years and helped develop the Gulazyk project. “In the West we have tons of fortified complementary foods, but in many developing countries these foods are either unavailable or unaffordable.”
  
 Fatima’s household is a case in point. Like many in Kyrgyzstan, the family spends well over half its income on food, which includes buying about 100 kg of flour a month, but none of the four food shops in Ak-Korgon sells fortified cereals and a 2009 law on fortification has been hard to enforce, particularly in rural areas. Most of the mountainous country’s 3,000 flour mills are tiny private enterprises, with significant amounts of flour imported across porous borders with few controls.
  
 Holistic approach
  
 The collapse of the Soviet Union and its centralized economy in 1991 ushered in an era of hardship. As newly independent Kyrgyzstan sank into poverty, access to healthcare and education worsened, as did eating habits. Many people began replacing nutritious but increasingly expensive meat and dairy products with cheaper items like bread and tea, which inhibits the body’s uptake of iron.
  
 “In the 1970s, when I visited relatives here, children weren’t allowed to drink tea,” said Jamilya Madalbekova, the UNICEF coordinator in Talas. “My grandmother and her friends would shoo us into the kitchen to drink jarma,” a hearty drink made of crushed grain and water or yogurt. After 1991, “there were about 10 years that were critical for the population - now we’re reaping those fruits.” 
  
 UNICEF and the Swiss Red Cross decided on a holistic approach to make up for families' poor access to wholesome food, accurate information and high-quality medical care. The programme began as an educational campaign about healthy eating for pregnant women, best practices for breast-feeding and a balanced diet for infants. The free micronutrient powder was added in 2009, followed by materials for boosting infants’ intellectual development with simple interactions like talking, reading, singing and playing. 
  
 “The Gulazyk project is unique in that it addresses both nutrition and early cognitive and social stimulation of young children,” said Farhad Imambakiyev, UNICEF’s communications officer in Kyrgyzstan. “The two are mutually reinforcing - like two wings that allow each child to reach full developmental potential.”
  
 The programme trains local doctors and nurses and groups of volunteers, called village health committees, who spend a few days a month visiting neighbours with health-related information and advice, so as to reach families with small children. Even medical professionals say they have learned from the experience.
  
 “When I was a student there was no emphasis on nutrition - it was more about illness,” said Uruzbayeva, the nurse-practitioner in Kok-Kashat, who likes the colourful charts and pamphlets illustrating the programme’s key points. “The materials make things easier; before, lessons were all oral.”
  
 Obstacles and prospects 
  
 The Gulazyk project has not been trouble-free. In the provincial capital of Talas, a city of about 34,000, Dr Damira Baisabayeva, who coordinates distribution of the powder and is second-in-command of healthcare in the province, asked doctors to collect data on usage. They reported that from January to September 2010, 91 percent of eligible families received Gulazyk, but only 59 percent used it as directed.
  
 “In the countryside communities are compact - medical professionals are viewed as authority figures,” Baisabayeva told IRIN. “In the city it’s harder - the population is bigger, there’s lots of migration. People have more doctors to choose from, but doctors have large caseloads and no support from civil society, so there’s less interaction with patients, less time to talk with them.”
  
 Mistrust is as prevalent in the capital as in rural areas. A small number of families refused to participate, saying they were sceptical of the powder’s foreign origins. Others became afraid because Gulazyk, like any iron supplement, changed the colour of children’s stools, or because it was initially introduced in the summer, when children often fell ill with seasonal intestinal infections, and parents attributed these to the powder. Some feared they were being subjected to an experiment.  
  
 Gulazyk has proven effective in reducing infant anaemia and the Swiss Red Cross is funding the project for three years in Naryn, one of Kyrgyzstan’s poorest provinces. Charitable foundations backed by financier-philanthropist George Soros have committed US$1.3 million to distribute it in three more of the country’s seven provinces. 
  
 In the remaining two, Jalalabad and Osh, which were devastated by ethno-political violence in June, UNICEF and the Health Ministry are distributing the powder to hospitalized children as a part of an emergency response.
  
 Gulazyk’s cost-benefit ratio makes it attractive to donors: one sachet costs less than 2.5 US cents, including shipping and customs clearance. The three-year programmes in Talas and Naryn have price tags of about $300,000 each and a nationwide scale-up would cost under $6 million – a fraction of the estimated $28 million lost by Kyrgyzstan each year “due to the problems of iron and iodine deficiency”, according to statistics cited by the Health Ministry.
  
 The global economic crisis has intensified nutritional needs. Dr Nargiza Kanazarova, a general practitioner in rural Talas, told IRIN: “I’d like to see a programme like Gulazyk for pregnant women ... While they’re pregnant, they’re scared; they want healthy babies. When the babies start growing up, they run, they jump, they seem healthy and mothers get lax.” Many public-health experts and medical professionals would like to see Gulazyk, or comparable supplements, expanded to children older than two. 
  
 The World Food Programme concluded in 2008 that one-fifth of Kyrgyzstan’s households were at “high nutritional and health risk because of poor food consumption.” 
  
 In 2008 the Copenhagen Consensus, a group of prominent economists rated micronutrient supplements for children as the most cost-effective poverty-fighting measure available. Local production of micronutrient supplements is being considered in Kyrgyzstan.
  
 ny/he/oa
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91119</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011171146370269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TALAS 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - By the time Fatima Emilova was six months old she had been hospitalized twice for 10 days at a time with debilitating bouts of diarrhoea. The disease, a worldwide killer, is often caused by a lack of zinc, one of several micronutrients dangerously deficient among infants in the impoverished Central Asian nation of Kyrgyzstan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Lawyers demand protection*</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008091331210914t.jpg" />]]>BISHKEK 19 October 2010 (IRIN) - A group of lawyers are demanding that the Kyrgyz authorities guarantee security and due process in court cases linked to inter-ethnic clashes earlier this year, to prevent the chaos and violence that has disrupted some of the hearings so far.</description><body><![CDATA[BISHKEK 19 October 2010 (IRIN) -  A group of lawyers are demanding that the Kyrgyz authorities guarantee security and due process in court cases linked to inter-ethnic clashes earlier this year, to prevent the chaos and violence that has disrupted some of the hearings so far.
 
 “We declared that we will not take part in proceedings until there is adequate security,” Nazgul Suiunbaeva, one of 161 members of the lawyers’ group that issued the statement, told IRIN.
 
 She related her own experience of being threatened, punched and hit on the head with a metal object by the widow of a murder victim, then pelted with stones, when defending her client in the southern city of Osh on 14 October.
 
 The attacks, and reports of widespread abuses by police and other officials involved with pre-trial investigations, raise questions over the country's justice system and its ability to ensure genuine accountability, particularly in the south, where mistrust and hostility still divide the local Kyrgyz and Uzbek communities.
 
 “All the defendants are scared. The trial lawyers are scared. What kind of justice can there be?” said Tayir Asanov, another of the lawyers who signed the petition.
 
 He told IRIN he would nonetheless continue to attend hearings in Osh, the epicentre of the June violence, which killed more than 400 people and destroyed entire neighbourhoods. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89906 ]
 
 Accosted
 
 Asanov, defending a man accused of killing the driver of a murdered police chief in Osh, said he was accosted on 29 September by “infuriated women” who chased him out of the courtroom after he called for an inquiry into allegations that his client had been beaten in custody. He said court officials stood by as he was punched.
 
 As in most of the cases that have sparked violence, the defendant was ethnic Uzbek, while the assailants were from the majority Kyrgyz community.
 
 The Prosecutor General’s Office, which oversees the task force investigating the June clashes, told IRIN that all necessary security measures were being taken and that an investigation had shown Asanov’s client had not been beaten.
 
 A senior official, who asked not to be identified, called the attack on Asanov “a verbal quarrel” and said there had been only one instance, on 13 October, of physical violence connected to the trials. “This was the first time a beating was registered,” said the official. “There’s no need to make a big to-do about it.”
 
 The assault he was referring to was witnessed [ http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/10/13/kyrgyzstan-attacks-during-trials-undermine-justice ] by Human Rights Watch (HRW). The attack left all four victims - ethnic Uzbeks in their 50s and 60s - in need of medical attention.
 
 Two other attacks on 11-12 October, and a widely reported melee [ http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61893 ] at a September hearing against human rights activist Azimjon Askarov, have also been documented.
 
 Suiunbaeva said the assailants “don’t understand that trial lawyers are doing their job… They think we skew the facts. They call me a traitor, because I’m ethnic Kyrgyz. The attitude toward trial lawyers - it’s as if we killed their relatives.”
 
 Dysfunctional justice system
 
 One problem, according to HRW researcher Ole Solvang, is that many of the bereaved believe the defendants have already confessed, without realizing that this may have happened “under torture”.
 
 “When they hear them retract those confessions at the trials, it seems like the lawyers have instructed them to do this,” Solvang told IRIN. “The situation [in the south] is still so tense. Abuses during investigations and trials are going to fuel tensions even more.”
 
 While both Kyrgyz and Uzbeks perpetrated crimes during June’s bloodshed, research by human rights groups, as well as anecdotal evidence and statistics released in August by prosecutors, all suggest that the investigations and trials have focused more on Uzbeks.
 
 However, potential ethnic bias is just one part of the problem of Kyrgyzstan’s dysfunctional justice system, which suffers from under-qualified investigators and allegedly malleable judges.
 
 An International Crisis Group report [ http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/kyrgyzstan/150-kyrgyzstan-the-challenge-of-judicial-reform.aspx ] two years ago described the court system’s failure to act as “a neutral arbiter”, and highlighted the need for “significant reform to gain the trust of the public and to assert its role as an independent branch of government”.
 
 ny/oa/cb
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90814</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008091331210914t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BISHKEK 19 October 2010 (IRIN) - A group of lawyers are demanding that the Kyrgyz authorities guarantee security and due process in court cases linked to inter-ethnic clashes earlier this year, to prevent the chaos and violence that has disrupted some of the hearings so far.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: How Typhoon Megi got its name</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010180710570492t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish. 
 
 Disaster warnings - and storm names - have come a long way since meteorological organizations began naming storms after GPS coordinates. “If the name sounds more familiar, it’s good for warning information - it’s easier for people to know what is going on,” said Senaka Basnayakem, urban risk management specialist at the Bangkok-based Asia Disaster Preparedness Centre. 
 
 On 13 October 2010 a tropical depression with winds less than 63km per hour began to brew near Micronesia in the Western Pacific Ocean. The Tokyo-based Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC), part of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), assigned the storm, which fell into its jurisdiction, a four-digit identification number, 1013, to represent the 13th storm in 2010, said Yoshiro Tanaka, scientific officer in the forecast division of JMA. 
 
 After 12 hours, winds strengthened to more than 63km per hour and 1013 was upgraded to a tropical storm - at which point the RSMC consulted a pre-determined list of storm names prepared by the inter-governmental Typhoon Committee [ http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html] and came up with Megi. 
 
 Since 2000, the Typhoon Committee, part of the World Meteorological Organization/UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (WMO/ESCAP), has maintained a list of 140 names for storms originating in the Western North Pacific and South China Sea. The names tend to be gender neutral and are not assigned alphabetically, unlike their Western counterparts. 
 
 Juan is the local name for the storm given by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, which has its own naming system. Nevertheless, internationally, this storm is referred to as Megi. 
 
 Since being named Megi at 1200 GMT on 13 October, it has turned into a “super typhoon", nearing Category 5 status, with winds of over 225km per hour, according to the latest report from the Philippines’ National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. [ http://www.ndcc.gov.ph/ ] 
 
 WMO/ESCAP’s list of names was last reviewed at the Typhoon Committee’s annual meeting in Singapore in January 2010. “Chaba”, a submission from Thailand meaning tropical flower, is next on the list. 
 
 Apart from the WMO/ESCAP panel on tropical cyclones, there are three other regional bodies in Asia with tropical cyclone naming schemes. 
 
 
 
 nb/pt/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90804</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010180710570492t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Cities key to disaster risk reduction</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010121032570067t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists.
</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists. 
 
 “Cities are more vulnerable because there are a higher concentration of people at risk; at the same time they are the economic engine so the impact of the damage is greater,” N.M.S.I Arambepola, director of Urban Disaster Risk Management with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, told IRIN on the eve of the International Day for Disaster Reduction [ http://www.unisdr.org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/ ], 13 October. 
 
 The UN’s 2010-2011 campaign theme, Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready, seeks to convince city leaders and local governments around the world to work with grassroots networks and national authorities to boost their cities’ resilience, including providing homeowners with incentives to reduce their exposure to disasters, improve school and hospital safety [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?Reportid=90293 ] and invest in flood drainage. [ http://www.unisdr.org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/documents/230_tenpointchecklist.pdf ] 
 
 Experts say this is important for the Asian region where many fast-growing, high-density settlements exist in low-lying, flood-prone areas [ http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/5199_19769_dis%205.pdf ] or on earthquake fault-lines [ http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/14030_FAQscampaignpresskit.pdf ]. 
 
 “If you don’t keep up the administration, for example, if you have land codes but don’t enforce them, the risk of destruction and human and economic exposure is that much higher,” Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator with the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) told IRIN. 
 
 Seven of the 10 most populous cities in the world are in Asia [ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm ] and the region’s urban population is expected to double from 1.36 billion to 2.64 billion by 2030, according to the UN Population Fund [ http://europe.unfpa.org/webdav/site/europe/shared/Publications/PDF%20files/695_filename_sowp2007_eng.pdf ]. 
 
 Until now, 60 cities in the Asia-Pacific region, out of 118 worldwide, have signed up to the campaign, pledging to invest in infrastructure, better land-planning and awareness-raising. 
 
 The biggest priority should be land-use planning and better construction of buildings, Arambepola said. 
 
 “Because of poor land-use planning, many countries in Asia have a problem of informal settlements. With so many people migrating to the cities, many of the most vulnerable urban populations settle in the more disaster-prone areas where no one else wants to live.” 
 
 On 13 October [ http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Downloads/2010/Oct/Announcement_City%20Resilience%20campaign.pdf ], representatives from cities across Thailand will come together to pledge their commitment to making the country's cities safer. 
 
 Bangkok and Patong will be named role-model cities, to be used as benchmarks for participating cities around the world to evaluate their own efforts. 
 
 Patong, in the tourist-popular Phuket province in southern Thailand, which was badly affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, has invested US$18 million in implementing early-warning radars, re-zoning the beach and training response teams. 
 
 “Every city needs to be safe,” said Chairat Sukban, Patong’s deputy mayor. 
 
 cm/pt/mw 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90748</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010121032570067t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists.
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Unquantifiable damage caused by wildfires</title><pubDate>Mon, 11 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010110856000754t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. </description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. 
 
 “We are seeing more and more really big fires,” Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) forestry officer Pieter van Lierop told IRIN. “The control of these fires has become an issue of high importance, not only because of the increasing number of casualties and amounts of area burned, but also because of its link with other global issues, like climate change.” 
 
 Up to 56 million hectares of land are destroyed by wildfires each year in Asia, according to FAO. 
 
 Since 1970 wildfires have caused an estimated US$11.6 billion in economic damage in Asia, according to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Disaster Database EM-DAT. [ http://www.emdat.be/ ] 
 
 Densely populated areas and widespread use of large-scale agricultural fires to clear land for farming make the region particularly vulnerable to such threats, van Lierop said. 
 
 But there is more. “The impact of… anthropogenic [man-made] impacts of increased population growth and higher demand for new agricultural areas, aggravates the risk of extended wildfire situations,” said Johann Goldammer, director of the German Research Institute, the Global Fire Monitoring Centre (GFMC). [ http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/ ] 
 
 Asia, is already the continent most at risk of natural disasters. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89305 ] 
 
 Health hazards 
 
 The combination of land conversion fires and unusually dry conditions from El Niño droughts, led to the outbreak of wildfires throughout Southeast Asia in 1997-1998, [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2129&title=indonesia-1997-98-el-nino-fire-problems-long-term-solutions ] forcing some 200 million people in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to seek medical assistance. [ https://apps.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact254.html ] 
 
 Following the fires, the number of cases of outpatient visits with respiratory diseases in Malaysia tripled, and the number of cases of pneumonia increased up to 25 times in Borneo’s southeastern province of Kalimantan, Indonesia, according to WHO. 
 
 Health impacts from vegetation fires, which are major contributors of toxic pollutants, can surface long after the flames have been doused. Released toxins can lead to eye and respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma and even death, according to WHO. 
 
 But the true extent of fire’s damage is still unknown. “How can we quantify the long-term damage to local population health due to the impact of smoke pollution, the number of people admitted to hospital, as well as the environmental damage, which hurts bio-diversity and soil fertility?” said Goldammer. 
 
 “The effect of wildfires goes beyond human deaths or economic statistics,” he added. “People die from things other than fire directly. We need a systematic classification of human impact.” 
 
 Poor visibility resulting from these fires was also responsible for the crash of a commercial airliner in North Sumatra in 1997, which killed all of the 200-plus passengers on board. [ http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/332-1/ ] 
 
 Environment 
 
 The environmental losses from the 1997-98 Indonesian fires are virtually impossible to evaluate, said the International Development Research Council of Canada. [ http://www.idrc.ca ] The fires destroyed some of the oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests in the world, on the western island of Sumatra, and Borneo’s Kalimantan Province, and led to the death of a large percentage of Indonesia's wild orangutans and the possible extinction of still unknown species. 
 
 Food 
 
 Food production is taking a hit. The unprecedented heat wave that struck Russia in July 2010 sparked wildfires that killed more than 50 people and destroyed more than 14 million hectares of land, sending wheat prices skyrocketing, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90055 ] according to the Russian-based Sukachev Institute for Forests. [ http://www.nsc.ru/sicc/cooper11.htm ] 
 
 In August, FAO launched the Global Fire Information Management System (GFIMS), [ http://www.fao.org/nr/gfims/en/ ] which uses US National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) satellite imagery to track and detect fires around the world. 
 
 Developed in collaboration with the US-based University of Maryland, the GFIMS sends at no cost multilingual email alerts detailing where fires are burning around the world. 
 
 cm/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90729</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010110856000754t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Shelter woes for June violence victims in south</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009271320290487t.jpg" />]]>OSH 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - In downtown Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan, heaps of rubble lie in the streets, just outside the charred walls of destroyed homes. The debris makes the streets so narrow in some places that trucks cannot deliver the construction materials provided by international aid organizations for a now urgent rebuilding effort. </description><body><![CDATA[OSH 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - In downtown Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan, heaps of rubble lie in the streets, just outside the charred walls of destroyed homes. The debris makes the streets so narrow in some places that trucks cannot deliver the construction materials provided by international aid organizations for a now urgent rebuilding effort. 
 
 “We won’t be able to spend winter in the tent,” said Yashinbek Yuldashev, 53, pointing to a white tarpaulin strung up amid ruins that, until mid-June, had been a single-storey 11-room home to him and 14 of his relatives. “The older people - yes, but the little ones - no.” 
 
 The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in a 3 September report [ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2010.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/SKEA-88XGF7-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf ] that 1,889 compounds were damaged or destroyed in the June 2010 events. Of these 1,445 were in and around Osh, while 444 were in Jalalabad town and the surrounding area. (The Jalalabad figure has since been revised up to 454.) Of all the compounds surveyed, 90 percent were so severely damaged that they will need to be fully reconstructed. 
 
 However, efforts to provide shelter for more than 10,000 people left homeless since then did not get into full gear until this month. By 24 September, 1,034 foundations had been laid, 58 new homes had roofs, and three were nearing completion. 
 
 The international cluster of humanitarian agencies tackling the task, coordinated by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), is racing against time to meet a 1 November target date for its Emergency Transitional Shelter Project. 
 
 And though the group has managed to clear some formidable hurdles - a major funding shortfall, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89973 ] a heated battle over house design, foot-dragging by local authorities and even a timber shortage resulting from the forest fires in Russia - a slew of ongoing problems has raised the likelihood that some of the displaced, particularly in Osh, might have to spend the winter with relatives or friends. 
 
 Modifying original plans 
 
 To make up for the delays and speed up construction, the shelter cluster has shored up contingency plans. The new homes meant to get people through the winter will mainly have two rooms and be considerably smaller than the originally envisioned 50 sq m - 28 sq m for families of seven or fewer, and, in Jalalabad, 42 sq m for those of eight or more. 
 
 Furthermore, because the brick transitional shelters take 5-6 weeks to complete, a competing panel design that takes only two weeks may be an option for those families who choose it. Finally, a “winterization” project will provide a safety net for those displaced people who end up staying with host families, helping them with expenses like coal, ovens, energy costs, beds and blankets. 
 
 Fortunately, the slowest stages of shelter construction are the early ones - clearing debris and laying foundations, which need up to five days to set; afterwards, the process moves much more quickly, aid workers say. 
 
 “I have no other choice but to be optimistic and to target 1 November,” Johann Siffointe, UNHCR’s outgoing emergency team leader in Osh, told IRIN. “There are so many challenges ahead, so many parameters we don’t control. There are too many excuses that we could make.” 
 
 “Master plan” 
 
 Of all the setbacks afflicting the shelter project, the most high-profile problems have been in the city of Osh, capital of the province with the same name, which bore the brunt of June’s violence. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89906 ] Here, the severely damaged homes (classified as Categories 3 and 4) number 650. 
 
 By 24 September, 367 foundations had been laid in the city and 21 transitional shelters were being fitted with walls. Rubble removal, which had been an obligation of the municipal authorities, was progressing through the efforts of aid agencies. 
 
 The primary impediment had been a contentious redevelopment plan long in the works by the city mayor’s office, which did not give full consent for construction on the territory of destroyed residential compounds until 28 August. The plan has generated harsh criticism from rights advocates, as it involved razing the very neighbourhoods that were torched in June, populated mostly by ethnic Uzbeks, and thus stirring speculation about the municipal authorities’ complicity in the violence. 
 
 Mayor Melis Myrzakmatov and his office have denied such allegations and explain the plan as a way to grow the city vertically and to overcome its checkerboard pattern of ethnic segregation. 
 
 “We would have mixed everybody up - Kyrgyz, Uzbeks - so [their] children would have grown up together,” deputy mayor Taalai Sabirov told IRIN. 
 
 While those who lost their homes are relieved that transitional shelter is going up on the sites of the destroyed buildings, Sabirov said the city’s master plan had been shelved but not rejected outright. 
 
 Lack of documents and manpower 
 
 Another challenge in meeting the 1 November deadline for transitional shelter is a dearth of proper documentation and labour among the intended beneficiaries. 
 
 About 40 percent of affected households reported that their property documents had been destroyed as a result of June’s violence, when, as one aid official put it, “flight was quick and destruction total”. But the decades-long residency of many generations in one home, plus a mix of bureaucratic red tape and a lax approach to rules, makes the true number as high as double that. 
 
 “A lot of people didn’t have their property documents in order before,” said Noel Calhoun, who spent three months as the UNHCR’s senior protection officer in Osh. “Now we have layers of complication.” 
 
 International aid groups have teamed up with city officials and a local NGO to help people restore personal identification documents and, separately, property documents, and to ensure that newly issued paperwork complies with legal requirements. 
 
 However about one-tenth of the homeless families, considered the most vulnerable, may not be able to build their transitional shelters - papers or no papers - even with the US$800 subsidy provided for labour by the aid programme. 
 
 Others point out that action was being taken: "In order to assist vulnerable individuals a mechanism has been established, matching households who lack manpower with unemployed local workers. This is a win-win situation for everyone", said Torbjorn Bjorvatn, UNHCR public information officer in Osh. 
 
 Karamat, 67, an ethnic Uzbek woman, could in theory benefit from this mechanism. Her son was arrested in July, on charges of theft that have since been supplemented with arson, and her three other sons are in Russia; her two daughters-in-law have both moved away, and her daughter and grandchildren are in Uzbekistan. She did not know she is entitled to 7,000 bricks, 100 bags of cement, metal sheets, sand, timber and 26 other “elements” for construction of a transitional shelter. 
 
 “I don’t go to the old house,” she said. “Not enough time. I haven’t done the paperwork. Priority number one is to get my son out.” 
 
 ny/at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90628</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009271320290487t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OSH 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - In downtown Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan, heaps of rubble lie in the streets, just outside the charred walls of destroyed homes. The debris makes the streets so narrow in some places that trucks cannot deliver the construction materials provided by international aid organizations for a now urgent rebuilding effort. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting community resilience in disasters</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004071146180281t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits. 
 
 “In the first 24-48 hours of a disaster, the community bears the burden of response. It is a fallacy to rely on external help,” the World Health Organization’s Southeast Asia adviser for emergency and humanitarian action, Roderico Ofrin, told IRIN. 
 
 He is attending a regional three-day conference ending on 30 September in Bangladesh’s capital, Dhaka, on strengthening community health systems’ preparedness for disasters. 
 
 NGO, government and private sector representatives from 10 Southeast Asian countries [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section864/Section1007/Section1012.htm ] discussed primary health care - health care for all that uses appropriate technology, involves the community, and collaborates with other sectors - in emergencies, and shared successful community programmes. 
 
 “These answers already exist at the community level, but are not well-documented,” said Ofrin. 
 
 A 2010 report on community responses to disasters in Southeast Asia [ www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/EHA_CRD.pdf ] found that village storytelling in Thailand’s Surin Islands; seismic-proofing hospitals in Nepal; community health worker and hospital staff training in Myanmar and Sri Lanka; household water filters in Myanmar; and coastal warning systems and cyclone evacuation plans powered by more than 30,000 village volunteers in Bangladesh - all helped minimize deaths during those countries’ recent disasters. 
 
 But ingenuity and will are not enough: People need materials like “gum boots to wade to flooded villages, and ropes for community health workers searching for survivors,” said Ofrin. “National policies are good, but we need to get materials and training into the communities for them to mean anything.” 
 
 pt/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004071146180281t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: How to spend a billion dollars in Kyrgyzstan</title><pubDate>Mon, 09 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008091331210914t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 09 August 2010 (IRIN) - Nearly two weeks after international donors pledged more than a billion dollars in aid to Kyrgyzstan, its caretaker government is busy working out how to turn the promises into hard cash, and experts say there is confusion about who will get how much aid, when.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 09 August 2010 (IRIN) - Nearly two weeks after international donors pledged more than a billion dollars in aid to Kyrgyzstan, its caretaker government [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89612] is busy working out how to turn the promises into hard cash, and experts say there is confusion about who will get how much aid, when. 
 
 The US$1.1 billion in aid pledged at the 27 July high-level donors’ conference in Kyrgyzstan's capital, Bishkek, is not a lump sum. It is made up of multiple pledges which, if they materialize, will be distributed on different terms and at different times. 
 
 “Each international organization has its own rules for allocating funds,” First Deputy Prime Minister Amangeldi Muraliyev told the 24.kg news agency. [http://www.24.kg/economics/79893-amangeldi-muraliev-ya-obeshhayu-chto-v.html] so the figures cited last month “may be not exact but approximate”. 
 
 Muraliyev said Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey had promised grants, while the World Bank offered loans at discounted rates, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development gave loans at commercial rates. 
 
 “Right now, we are entering a phase where we must work with each donor and analyse their reports and clearly determine what actual aid will come in what time frame,” Muraliyev said on 3 August - “in other words, what will come in 2010 and what will come later.” 
 
 The Kyrgyz Finance Ministry on 2 August revised down the amount of aid it expects Kyrgyzstan to receive by the end of 2010 - from the $600 million announced immediately after the conference to $260 million - not enough to cover the budget shortfall, variously estimated at $335 million (by the World Bank) and $619 million (by the Finance Ministry). 
 
 Another $735 million of the aid pledged at the July 27 conference is expected over a period of two and a half years, the ministry said on its website. [http://www.minfin.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346:2010-08-02-02-19-46&catid=1:latest-news] 
 
 Political turmoil in April, [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88818] and interethnic violence in June which killed hundreds and displaced hundreds of thousands, [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89906 ] badly affected Kyrgyzstan's economy. 
 
 Needs assessment discrepancies 
 
 The central document outlining Kyrgyzstan's needs at the donor conference was the Joint Economic Assessment (JEA) compiled by the Asian Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and a number of other multilateral institutions, with input from the Kyrgyz government. 
 
 The 21 July document - seen by IRIN - calls for a billion dollars in aid, split about equally among three top priorities: shoring up the budget, funding infrastructure needs and providing immediate help to internally displaced persons and others affected by the upheavals. 
 
 Kyrgyzstan's Finance Ministry has confirmed that it shares those priorities, but its breakdown of funding needs [http://www.minfin.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=346:2010-08-02-02-19-46&catid=1:latest-news] differs in scope and structure from the tentative breakdown in the JEA, making it tricky to compare the two. The ministry has called for 25-30 percent more aid money, and categorizes spending needs differently from JEA (the JEA document is not publicly available). 
 
 Kyrgyz Deputy Prime Minister Jantoro Satybaldiyev, who addressed the donor conference, identified key priorities as urgent repair and construction of housing [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89973] before winter, and repair of damaged schools, social and health facilities, public buildings, water and gas infrastructure and power grids. 
 
 Both Satybaldiyev and the JEA have reiterated that aid must go not only to those who suffered in June's violence - disproportionately ethnic Uzbeks - but also to those who have been affected by recent mudslides and other natural disasters, reasoning that this would be perceived as equitable and guard against further unrest. 
 
 Russian, Kazakh aid 
 
 Kyrgyzstan has already begun to receive large consignments of humanitarian aid from Russia and Kazakhstan. According to a 4 August update [http://kg.humanitarianresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=ADemw5xo1oY%3d&tabid=39&mid=560] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), “the aid, including foodstuffs, non-food items, coal, construction materials and electric generators, is due to arrive by rail over the course of the next month.” 
 
 The OCHA report also said, however, that the humanitarian community in Kyrgyzstan is still concerned about the persistently low level of funding of the UN Flash Appeal for $96 million. OCHA said it was 29.6 percent funded as of 4 August. 
 
 Exactly how aid will reach the needy is not yet clear. “The mechanisms are not yet in place,” Finance Ministry spokeswoman Begayim Satybaldiyev said by phone from Bishkek on 3 August. 
 
 New aid bodies set up 
 
 The reconstruction of the southern cities of Osh, Jalal-Abad and their surrounding regions has been assigned to a number of agencies: a new State Directorate, the State Architecture and Construction Agency, the Emergency Situations Ministry, the governments of Osh and Jalal-Abad regions and the highly controversial mayor's office in the city of Osh. 
 
 On 4 August interim President Roza Otunbayeva created a Special Fund for the Reconstruction and Development of the Cities of Osh and Jalal-Abad and a Supervisory Board to oversee it. Both bodies had been mentioned at the donors’ conference by Deputy Prime Minister Satybaldiyev, who heads the State Directorate for the Reconstruction and Development of Osh and Jalal-Abad, which was created soon after the violence in mid-June and has thus far received about $1 million, according to the Finance Ministry. 
 
 Another government body, created two days after the new directorate, is a national commission to assess the damage in the south. Kyrgyzstan's leadership also has a package of proposals asking donors to contribute to at least four different national funds, including one for emergencies and another for post-conflict reconciliation. 
 
 Speaking at the conference, Satybaldiyev said the Special Fund would collect the international aid, as well as funds from other sources, and channel them into the rehabilitation programme and assistance to affected communities. 
 
 But donors do not seem to be entirely on the same page. For example, the coordinator of US Assistance to Europe and Eurasia, Daniel Rosenblum, told the Russian newspaper Kommersant [http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1481133&ThemesID=252] that the $137 million pledged by the USA would go to support the programme developed by the World Bank and the IMF, but “will not go through the Kyrgyz government at all. Only salaries to specialists working as advisers under the ministries will go through the government. All the remaining money will go either to American organizations providing on-site assistance in Kyrgyzstan or to local NGOs.” 
 
 Elections, graft 
 
 The lack of clarity about aid flows exacerbates a sense of the authorities' opaqueness in Kyrgyzstan, which ranked among the world's 20 most corrupt countries in Transparency International's 2009 Corruption Perceptions Index. [http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table] Some analysts have speculated that October's parliamentary elections are heightening concerns about graft. 
 
 “There will be elections in Kyrgyzstan this autumn and many worry that the money will be spent on election campaigns,” Andrei Grozin, deputy head of the Central Asia department at Moscow's CIS Institute, told Kommersant [http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1477307]. “Under these circumstances, the international community will toss the country three to five million dollars at a time, to keep it afloat, but the bulk of the money will not come before October.” 
 
 In the past, when aid money for Kyrgyzstan was earmarked for relatively narrow or homogenous tasks, it often went via the Treasury to the relevant state agency - the Transportation Ministry for road construction, for instance, or the Health Ministry for vaccination projects. [SOURCE? GROZIN? yes] 
 
 Osh tensions continue 
 
 Many Osh residents, particularly ethnic Uzbeks, suspect that Mayor Melis Myrzakmatov played a part in targeted assaults and arson in June and complain that he clearly took no meaningful action to stop it. Moreover, Myrzakmatov has spearheaded a radically divisive approach to one of the most pressing issues on the humanitarian agenda: housing. 
 
 He has reportedly [http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61436] backed plans not to rebuild the single-family homes in the destroyed Uzbek neighbourhoods of Osh, but wants to construct high-rise apartment buildings in their stead. While federal officials in Bishkek have said relocation in Osh must be voluntary, they have nonetheless embraced the idea of a major redevelopment of the city. 
 
 President Otunbayeva voiced her support [http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61550] for a “general plan of reconstruction” in a speech to the new “technical” government appointed in mid-July, and Deputy Prime Minister Satybaldiyev told the donors conference that 80 percent of the residential buildings in Osh and Jalal-Abad cannot be rehabilitated. Preliminary estimates by his team put the number of damaged buildings at 2,323. 
 
 Some development economists have argued that short-term humanitarian aid cannot be upgraded to longer-term reconstruction assistance until post-conflict unrest gives way to security and citizens begin to feel they have a stake in government. 
 
 But in the Osh and Jalal-Abad regions, public mistrust of the authorities and the potential for new waves of violence remain strong. 
 
 OCHA expressed concern in its 4 August update, citing “reports of serious human rights abuses... including abuse of power, arbitrary detentions, ill-treatment, torture and extortion by law enforcement officials”. 
 
 Ethnic Uzbeks again appear to be at the receiving end of the harassment. Reports from the ground say they have systemically been denied access to legal assistance and health care, with the acting health minister promising last week to remove armed guards from local hospitals. 
 
 There have also been reports of Uzbeks being fired groundlessly from public-sector jobs. Tens of thousands of ethnic Uzbeks are opting to leave the country, though they have run up against debilitating red tape [http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61664] and demands for bribes in procuring the necessary documents. 
 
 ny/ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90109</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008091331210914t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 09 August 2010 (IRIN) - Nearly two weeks after international donors pledged more than a billion dollars in aid to Kyrgyzstan, its caretaker government is busy working out how to turn the promises into hard cash, and experts say there is confusion about who will get how much aid, when.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Shelter funding critical, say agencies </title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007261405070605t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 26 July 2010 (IRIN) - The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in Kyrgyzstan, comprising 24 UN agencies and international NGOs, is concerned that it will not be able to meet all assessed needs in the troubled southern areas of the country because its revised flash appeal is only 30 percent funded. </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 26 July 2010 (IRIN) - The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in Kyrgyzstan, comprising 24 UN agencies and international NGOs, is concerned that it will not be able to meet all assessed needs in the troubled southern areas of the country because its revised flash appeal is only 30 percent funded. 
 
 HCT revised down its 18 June flash appeal for US$173 million to $96.5 million on 23 July, based on better information gleaned from a series of rapid needs assessments. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/retrieveattachments?openagent&shortid=VVOS-87MPDL&file=Full_Report.pdf] It said it had received just under $29 million of the appeal, 30 percent, with unmet requirements of $67.5 million. 
 
 “Programmes in the flash appeal contribute to recovery and reconciliation. It is of paramount importance that communities as soon as possible are able to recover so as to avoid aid dependency,” Gabriella Waaijman, regional disaster response adviser for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN. 
 
 Kyrgyzstan is still reeling [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89906] from the effects of a week of widespread violence and destruction in the southern provinces of Osh and Jalal-Abad after mobs began attacking minority ethnic Uzbeks on 10 June. 
 
 According to various assessments by relief agencies, 309 people were killed, 2,000 houses were damaged or destroyed and 400,000 people were directly affected by violence. Of these, 309,000 are in need of food assistance, 100,000 are in need of psycho-social support and 75,000 are displaced, mostly living with host families. 
 
 The flash appeal is broken down into 10 components - such as shelter, protection and food security - with donors free to specify which areas they would want to fund. 
 
 “A funding shortfall in the shelter sector would be quite serious,” said Waaijman. 
 
 The shelter sector has been 17 percent funded and still needs $21.7 million to achieve its aim of providing 2,000 households with building materials for the construction of 50 square-metre earthquake-resistant homes. 
 
 “Right now the key issue is the shelter component of the flash appeal,” said Frederic Roussel, emergency coordinator for the Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED), a Paris-based NGO working in Kyrgyzstan. “It is important that the international community supports 100 percent of the shelter component.” 
 
 Waaijman said a funding shortfall would mean that either the design of houses would have to be amended or that not all families that lost their houses would be covered. “Neither is acceptable,” she said. 
 
 She added that there were indications that the shelter programme may receive the necessary funding but that time was of the essence as homes had to be finished before the onset of winter. 
 
 Tensions are still running high in southern Kyrgyzstan as a 40-day mourning period came to an end on 21 July. Aid workers have said ethnic Uzbeks continue to face discrimination and threats and have expressed fears that violence could easily erupt again. 
 
 “One of the key concerns of the humanitarian community is reports of ongoing arbitrary arrest, harassment, disappearance and torture. Our protection and human rights colleagues are on the ground, monitoring the situation and documenting and verifying alleged cases. Funding to be able to continue these activities is absolutely critical,” Waaijman said. 
 
 The protection component is 29 percent funded and requires another $5.5 million. 
 
 Food security 
 
 Relief agencies are concerned that the significant reduction in agricultural output and disruption in trading and market activities will have worrying implications for food security in the remainder of the year. 
 
 The flash appeal is addressing the needs of food-insecure people through cash support, income generation and food aid support. The food and agriculture component of the appeal is 42 percent funded and requires another $16.5 million. 
 
 The World Food Programme (WFP) and its partners are targeting 309,000 people for food assistance. 
 
 “WFP has now completed its first-round distribution of a two-week food ration of wheat flour, vegetable oil and high-energy biscuits,” Nadya Frank, WFP programme officer and food cluster focal point in Kyrgyzstan, told IRIN, adding that a second round began this week. 
 
 “Currently, we are carrying out blanket distributions in the affected areas, but with the situation gradually returning to normal and markets reopening, we anticipate carrying out targeted distributions in the third round in accordance with the results of WFP's emergency food security assessment,” [http://kg.humanitarianresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=U-bLwdI6x44%3d&tabid=72&mid=417] she said. 
 
 As of 23 July, 467,000 people in Osh and Jalal-Abad areas had received WFP food aid. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89973</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007261405070605t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 26 July 2010 (IRIN) - The Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) in Kyrgyzstan, comprising 24 UN agencies and international NGOs, is concerned that it will not be able to meet all assessed needs in the troubled southern areas of the country because its revised flash appeal is only 30 percent funded. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Polio drive may not be reaching some IDPs - WHO official </title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200704255t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 22 July 2010 (IRIN) - A senior World Health Organization (WHO) official has expressed concern that a new polio immunization drive in Kyrgyzstan may not be reaching some internally displaced persons (IDPs).</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 22 July 2010 (IRIN) - A senior World Health Organization (WHO) official has expressed concern that a new polio immunization drive in Kyrgyzstan may not be reaching some internally displaced persons (IDPs). 
 
 “For the time being [third day of the campaign], coverage is unknown in temporary IDP settlements where still some IDPs remain and no health posts exist. The number of people living there is known but security concerns prevent inhabitants visiting health points and [prevent] health workers entering these places,” Ute Enderlein, the health cluster coordinator in Kyrgyzstan, told IRIN. 
 
 However, in general, the campaign was running smoothly, he said, adding: “The polio campaign is viewed as the first collective health intervention after the humanitarian crisis in the south, contributing to unite local communities, health officials and partner agencies around a common goal, and to help rebuild mutual trust.” 
 
 The 19-23 July nationwide immunization campaign against wild poliomyelitis has so far reached 56 percent of its intended 670,000 children under five, said the Kyrgyz Ministry of Health. A second round runs from 23-27 August. 
 
 Southern Kyrgyzstan is still recovering [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89906] from violent attacks in June largely directed at ethnic Uzbeks that left 335 people dead, according to the Health Ministry. 
 
 Since before the clashes, health officials have been concerned that a polio outbreak in neighbouring Tajikistan [http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89400] would spread to Kyrgyzstan. 
 
 “So far, no imported cases were suspected or registered in Kyrgyzstan,” Enderlein said. 
 
 International support 
 
 The Health Ministry’s campaign is being supported by WHO, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the Kyrgyz National Red Crescent Society and other partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. 
 
 UNICEF has provided the vaccines for the campaign, secured the cold chain and organized an awareness initiative with the Health Ministry. WHO has trained 500 health care staff in vaccine administration. 
 
 UNICEF and local NGO partners have informed communities in the south, including remote rural areas, of the campaign and said they have not met any resistance. 
 
 Vaccines have been distributed to all health facilities and a Health Ministry decree stipulated that during the first three days of the campaign vaccines could only be administered from these facilities. However, on the fourth and fifth days (22-23 July), mobile teams will go out to remote places. 
 
 After the first two days of the campaign, 47 percent of intended children in Bishkek had been immunized, 57 percent in Jalal-Abad Province, 69 percent in Batken Province and 62 percent in Osh Province, the Ministry said. 
 
 ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89926</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200704255t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 22 July 2010 (IRIN) - A senior World Health Organization (WHO) official has expressed concern that a new polio immunization drive in Kyrgyzstan may not be reaching some internally displaced persons (IDPs).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KYRGYZSTAN: Not yet out of the woods</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007210731180971t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 21 July 2010 (IRIN) - As a 40-day mourning period comes to an end on 20-21 July, security forces have begun taking measures to prevent further unrest, following clashes between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in southern Kyrgyzstan in June. </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 21 July 2010 (IRIN) - As a 40-day mourning period comes to an end on 20-21 July, security forces have begun taking measures to prevent further unrest, following clashes between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in southern Kyrgyzstan in June. 
 
 Roadblocks on roads in and out of Osh city, where mobs began violent rampages against minority ethnic Uzbeks on 10 June, have been set up to prevent any “troublemakers” entering, Kyrgyz officials said. 
 
 However, there are many reports of abuses of power by law enforcement officials, intimidation and arbitrary detentions of ethnic Uzbeks. 
 
 Navi Pillay, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, said on 20 July [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE66J0RF._CH_.2400] that hundreds of Uzbeks were being imprisoned because of their ethnicity and that local authorities were "routinely turning a blind eye" to abuses. 
 
 According to the Ministry of Health on 20 July, the official death toll from last month’s violence is 335, although Kyrgyz Deputy Prime Minister Azimbek Beknazarov told local media on 12 July that at least 893 people had been killed. He said the death toll was likely to be higher as many victims’ relatives buried them without reporting it. 
 
 The Health Ministry said 1,080 people had been hospitalized (792 in Osh and 289 in Jalal-Abad) and 2,235 had been injured (1,659 in Osh and 666 in Jalal-Abad). Most are now out of hospital. 
 
 Aid agencies have said that lack of access to medical care for ethnic Uzbeks continues to be a problem because of threats and the presence of men in military gear at public health facilities. 
 
 “The continuing threats and intimidation is leading many citizens, in particular ethnic Uzbeks, to leave or plan to leave the country,” said a 20 July report [http://kg.humanitarianresponse.info/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=w0tKuF4HnRs%3d&tabid=39&mid=560] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 
 
 75,000 displaced 
 
 According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), some 75,000 people were still displaced on 16 July and in need of shelter assistance. Most have been living with host families but some have stayed in tents or collective centres. 
 
 An assessment of internally displaced persons (IDPs) by the World Food Programme completed on 15 July found 83 percent of non-hosted IDPs to be food insecure (63 percent severely), and 43 percent of hosted IDPs to be food insecure (24 percent severely). 
 
 The UN’s Shelter Cluster Coordination group, set up on 23 June under the leadership of UNHCR, estimates that some 2,000 households (37,500 individuals) have not returned because of damaged or destroyed homes. Many of these people are now removing the rubble from their homes - previously prohibited by the government - and living with host families nearby. 
 
 On 19 July, shelter agencies launched the Transitional Shelter Programme to help these homeless people build new 50-square-metre homes once the clean-up is finished. For up to 1,350 shelters, 68 percent of the total, assistance will be provided in the form of building construction materials. The remaining 650 shelters, 32 percent, will be supported through a cash/voucher scheme. 
 
 Designs of the transitional shelters will be verified to ensure that they are in line with the Kyrgyz building code, and the government will then provide each household with an additional basket of construction materials to improve the shelters. 
 
 Security has been a major international concern, but there is still no clear international response: The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s (OSCE's) plan to deploy a small international police force to southern Kyrgyzstan has not been universally well received in Kyrgyzstan. [http://www.eurasianet.org/node/61560] Meanwhile, several hundred extra Russian troops arrived in Kyrgyzstan in mid-June ostensibly to help protect the Russian base there. [http://www.zeenews.com/news633731.html] 
 
 ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89906</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007210731180971t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 21 July 2010 (IRIN) - As a 40-day mourning period comes to an end on 20-21 July, security forces have begun taking measures to prevent further unrest, following clashes between Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in southern Kyrgyzstan in June. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Manila forum to mull farmland purchases in developing countries</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007121310t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” [http://www.adb.org/documents/events/2010/investment-forum/default.asp] opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.

Some 400 participants from 25 countries will discuss innovations and good practice in promoting sustainable and inclusive food security. 

“The ultimate aim is to have more investment, but also better investment that responds to the needs of the undernourished and to the changing structure of the times,” Sumiter Singh Boca, policy officer for the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), told IRIN.

Of the 3.5 billion people in the region, FAO estimates that 642 million live in hunger. The forum, co-organized by FAO, the Asian Development Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural Development is the first of its kind in the region. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89758</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007121310t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>