<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Kazakhstan</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 13 Jul 2012 14:00:53 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>HEALTH: Family planning summit focuses on mother and child survival</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081511t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.

The money raised - nearly half of it from developing countries - will be enough, according the meeting’s organizers, to give 120 million more women access to effective contraception, which will mean, they say, 200,000 fewer women dying in pregnancy and childbirth, over 50 million fewer abortions, and nearly three million fewer babies dying in the first year of life.

The mother and child survival agenda received scientific backing from work just published in the medical journal, the Lancet, which attempted to quantify the benefits of effective family planning. It looked at the much higher maternal death rates among teenage girls, women over 40 and mothers who had already had a large number of children, and children very close together. The authors estimate that allowing them to delay, space or limit their childbearing, together with removing the need for unsafe abortions, could reduce maternal mortality by 30 percent.

On the whole, the London meeting stayed on message, although other agendas did creep in, with some of the Scandinavian participants in particular stressing the need to see family planning as a women’s rights issue. But it distanced itself from abortion, and association with state-imposed methods of population control.

Meanwhile, minds are turning to the 2015 end date for the Millennium Development Goals, and the negotiation of new goals thereafter. There was no reference to contraception in the original MDGs, or anything which could imply it, although a sub-clause on access to reproductive health was added in 2007. UN Population Fund Director Babatunde Osotimehin told IRIN he wants the next goal to be stronger and more explicit. 

“It’s about empowering young people, it’s about educating them, it’s about comprehensive sexuality education, it’s about making service available and protecting the rights of people to make those choices. I would like it to say that reproductive health and rights are basic human rights.”

Evangelical churches “outspoken”

Faustina Finn-Nyame, country director in Ghana for Marie Stopes International, says family planning is still very controversial there, but Roman Catholics are not the problem. “They have basically not made any comments about this in Ghana. It’s the new evangelical churches that are far more outspoken about this sort of thing. I think all the formal churches understand the rationale behind this; they don’t want to be preaching necessarily in their congregations, ‘Go and get family planning’, but they are not speaking against it either.”

The real resistance is rooted deep in society, says Finn-Nyame. “Ghana is a very conservative community, and culturally people think you should have as many children as possible. Birth is good. Even if you can’t afford it, God will provide. So by using contraceptives you are showing a lack of faith in God, and also tampering with something which shouldn’t be tampered with.” Women do very much want to limit and space their families, she says, but it is hard for them to admit it openly.

Promiscuous?

It is a similar story from Sierra Leone, where Health Minister Zeinab Bangura says they have had to win over chiefs and traditional leaders who believe that only promiscuous women use contraception. She told the meeting: “We are using community leaders, we are using traditional birth attendants, whose voices the women listen to. People have to know the messenger, they have to trust the messenger, they have to believe the messenger, before they can believe the message.”

Joseph Katema, Zambia’s minister responsible for mother and child health, spoke to IRIN of the days when he worked as a doctor in rural areas. “There are a lot of myths,” he says, “surrounding family planning; for instance, that when you access modern family planning methods, and then you want to revert to your normal level of fertility, you cannot do that. 

“There was a community… they had a health centre there but to give contraceptives was a problem, because the chief just said, ‘these contraceptives are making our women promiscuous’, and they banned my nurses and midwives from giving contraceptives. But I engaged the chief in that area, and convinced him of the benefits of family planning. And he was the gatekeeper. He called a meeting and spoke to his people and within a day women started coming.”

Now the pledges of the London meeting need to be translated into action. Britain’s development minister, Andrew Mitchell, said at the close of the meeting that he would be tracking commitments.  “We will be setting up specifically a grouping,” he said, “which will monitor what is happening in the transparent way that the British government has championed, to make absolutely clear whether and how people are standing by the commitments they have made.”

Meanwhile, activists working on reproductive health issues have called for bottom-up tracking as well. Racheal Boma, of the White Ribbon Alliance which campaigns for safer motherhood says: “Governments must be held accountable to these Family Planning commitments. It is important that parliamentarians and civil society in countries are made aware of what their government has promised, so they ensure these big promises are fulfilled.” 

eb/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95860</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081511t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - By focusing on health and mother and child survival, and sidestepping some of the more contentious issues, the 11 July London Summit on Family Planning led to financial pledges of an extra US$4.6 billion for family planning services in developing countries over the next eight years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Asbestos - deadly but not yet banned</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates some 107,000 workers die annually from asbestos-related diseases, out of 125 million people who encounter it in the workplace. [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs343/en/index.html ] 

The European Union, Australia, Japan, South Korea and an increasing number of countries have outlawed it, according to London-based NGO International Ban Asbestos Secretariat (IBAS). [ http://ibasecretariat.org/index.htm ] 

The asbestos industry paid US$70 billion over four decades in damages and litigation costs in the USA, where asbestos is regulated but not banned, [ http://www.publicintegrity.org/investigations/asbestos/ ] according to the Washington, D.C.-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). 

But despite the ban, asbestos is still an important component of the construction and manufacturing industries, said Sugio Furuya, coordinator of the Tokyo-based Asia Ban Asbestos Network (A-BAN). 

"In fact, Asia and the Middle East consume the asbestos that is not used elsewhere any more,” he added. 

“Our main worries are China, India and Russia, that account for 60 percent of world asbestos consumption and have very little regulation over its use,” added Laurie Kazan-Allen, IBAS coordinator. “Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan and Sri Lanka are also consuming a lot and without a tight legal framework.” 

Asbestos is used to produce wall coverings, roofing plates, water pipes, heat conservation and insulation material. 

In studies from the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, at least one case of mesothelioma occurred for every 170 tons of asbestos used. [ http://www.ijoeh.com/index.php/ijoeh/article/view/431 ] 

Based on this internationally accepted formula, Asia and the Middle East’s current asbestos consumption would lead to 8,000 mesothelioma cases annually. 

An incurable form of cancer, mesothelioma can lay dormant for decades before turning fatal and is stealthy in its transmission. “It [exposure] can also be indirect, like a woman who regularly washed the asbestos-impregnated clothes of her husband,” said Domyung Paek, professor of occupational and environmental medicine at Seoul University. 

Other asbestos-related diseases include cancer of the lungs, larynx and ovaries and asbestosis (when lung tissue becomes fibrous). 

Weighing costs 

Not all asbestos is deadly, according to the Canadian government-backed Chrysotile Institute (CI), [ http://www.chrysotile.org ] an asbestos industry association which says the only kind still used today (white asbestos or chrysotile) is safe. 

“Chrysotile, is a valuable material. It is cheap and long-lasting,” said Clément Godbout, president of CI. “And if you follow safe use procedures, health effects are trivial, if any… The alternatives to asbestos [ http://ibasecretariat.org/bc_subst_asb_cem_constr_prods.php ] are much more expensive.” 

But WHO has noted all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic and potentially fatal depending on exposure. 

“Asbestos is the first cause of work-related diseases and the second most carcinogenic substance in the environment [after tobacco] in industrialized countries. The asbestos lobby has, however, been able to delay any legal measure by several decades. That is why civil society movements in Asia must be watchful,” said Kazan-Allen of IBAS. 

“Productivity requirements in the construction industry in Asia are too high. There is no way to use asbestos safely. The long-term public health costs will offset any economy made today,” said Seoul University’s Paek. 

In 2010, almost half of asbestos production was in Russia (49 percent). Other big producers were China (20 percent), Brazil (13 percent), Kazakhstan (10 percent), and Canada (5 percent). Most of it was used in China (29 percent), India (17 percent), Russia (14 percent), Kazakhstan (7 percent), Brazil (7 percent), Indonesia (5 percent), Uzbekistan (5 percent), Thailand (4 percent), Vietnam (4 percent), Ukraine (3 percent), Sri Lanka (2 percent) and Iran (1 percent). 

Asbestos consumption has been stable since 1998, at around two million tons per year, according to the US Geological Survey. 

Of the 12 top consumers worldwide of white asbestos, only Thailand and Vietnam have taken action to reduce or ban its use. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95121</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190934460531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - Even though public health experts recognize how deadly asbestos can be, its use is on the rise in the construction industry throughout Asia, according to the US Geological Survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Isolation, poverty loom for an aging population</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn. 

“Asian countries, besides Japan perhaps, need to plan now. These countries have grown older before they have grown rich,” said Somnath Chatterji with the World Health Organization (WHO) office in New Delhi. 

One in four people in Asia will be 60 or older by the year 2050, rising from one in 10 in 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. [ http://www.unescap.org/sdd/publications/datasheet-2011/Datasheet-2011-full.pdf ] 

Over 65 percent of Asia’s elderly population will be women. 

“China and India clearly will be the countries with the largest population of older adults in absolute terms. However, China is ageing more rapidly than India because of its one child policy,” Chatterji added. 

The over-60 population will rise from 165 million to 439 million in China and from 93 million to 323 million in India from 2010 to 2050, according to government projections reported to the UN. 

India’s overall population is expected to exceed China’s in the same period. 

Philip Guest, the Bangkok-based assistant director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) for South and Southeast Asia, told IRIN aging will “severely” affect developing countries throughout the region. 

One of the sharpest increases in the region will be in Bangladesh, where the elderly will almost quadruple from 6.6 percent of the population in 2010 to 22.5 percent in 2050, according to UNFPA. 

IRIN asked experts about the biggest challenges facing this population. 

Income 

In many developed countries pensions and social security schemes are tied to employment, which cannot be easily replicated in Asia where most people work in the informal sector. 

“Informal sector means workers are not in the social security programme. Half of Thai people will not have income when they retire,” said Amornrat Apinunmahakul, an economics professor at Thailand’s National Institute of Development Administration, a government-run graduate university. 

He proposed a universal pension scheme, noting funding problems. 

“Now the [Thai] government has a universal programme for the older population; they give 500 baht [US$16] per month. But the minimum wage in Thailand is 1,500-1,600 baht [$48-$52], so this is not enough.” 

“The general feeling within the [South Asia] region is that such schemes are not affordable,” said Dave Mather, who heads the New Dehli-based South Asia centre of NGO HelpAge. 

Health 

Chronic illness has eclipsed communicable disease due to people living longer, wrote Sarah Harper, a professor at the UK-based Oxford Institute of Ageing, in a 2010 report [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683691 ] on adapting health care for an ageing population. 

“[Greater] life expectancy without the bonus of increased health may be increasing to such an extent that we are on the verge of an epidemic of frailty.” 

Beyond physical frailty, the number of dementia patients in the Asia-Pacific region will rise from 14 million in 2005 to 24 million in 2020 and become as high as 65 million by 2050, estimated Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI), an London-headquartered NGO. 

Depression is also fairly common among older adults, said Chatterji with WHO. 

Experts cite loneliness, disorientation, a sense of abandonment and lack of self-worth as causes of depression and poor mental health, as people become less active. 

A key to ensuring the elderly receive the care they need is to ensure they have a solid support network - one that is slowly shrinking.
 
"Social isolation of this population - as the family size shrinks and migration [ http://www.irinnews.org/theme.aspx?theme=MIG ] [leading] to older adults living by themselves - will be a major concern,” predicted Chatterji. 

ms/pt/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94856</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112300914140084t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - With 60 percent of the world’s population, Asia has one of the largest concentrations globally of aging persons, creating a host of potential challenges, experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: How &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; is a misnomer - for now</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102011321320125t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The "totally drug-resistant" tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.  

"Whilst waiting for the WHO [World Health Organization] to define this advanced stage of resistance, TDR is a good descriptor," Zarir Udwadia, a doctor from PD Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre in Mumbai, India, told IRIN.  

Udwadia and colleagues reported in late December [ http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/24/cid.cir889.full ] on the first cases of what they called TDR-TB in four patients who did not respond to 12 drugs used to treat TB, based on lab tests.  

Drug-resistant TB develops when patients do not complete the recommended six-month antibiotics treatment correctly or take sub-standard drugs, which then increases treatment time and costs.  

Three of the four patients in Mumbai studied had "received erratic, unsupervised second-line drugs, added individually and in incorrect doses" from multiple doctors trying to cure their multidrug resistance, noted the researchers.  

Definitions  

WHO recognizes two groups of drug-resistant TB.  Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) occurs when patients do not respond to the two most effective anti-TB drugs. In the case of extensively drug-resistant TB, (XDR-TB), fluoroquinolone and anti-TB injectable drugs also fail.  

"In reality it is not clear what 'total' really means - hardly ever do labs test against all drugs," Paul Nunn, a TB expert with WHO's TB control department, who has led the agency's global response to XDR-TB since 2006, told IRIN.  

WHO has issued treatment guidelines for 14 drugs - six that were not tested by the Indian labs - for TB cases that do not respond to the four "first-line" drugs. [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241547581_eng.pdf ]  

In a 13 January briefing note [ http://www.who.int/tb/en/ ], WHO explained how the lack of international standards on lab testing to determine sensitivity to some anti-TB drugs made it difficult to rule out a cure.  

While a strain of TB may not respond to a drug in a lab, it may be do so in an infected person, said Nunn.  

In addition, as new anti-TB drugs are still under development, their effectiveness against the reportedly totally drug-resistant strains cannot yet be proven, said WHO.  

WHO is convening a meeting of TB experts in March to consider whether a new TB definition is needed.  "If 'totally drug-resistant' TB defines a subset of XDR-TB with different characteristics to other XDR-TB cases, particularly with respect to the outcome of such cases, then an internationally recognized definition may be needed," noted WHO in its recent post. 

 "We must at least concede that this is a much more difficult to treat form than XDR where some SLD [second-line drug] options exist," said Udwadia. 

 Medical literature has recorded 21 cases labelled TDR-TB in Germany, Italy, Iran and now India.  

"It is very likely that many countries will have a handful of [such] cases - in eastern Europe probably even more," said Nunn.  
By the end of 2010, 69 countries reported to WHO at least one case of XDR-TB [ http://www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/factsheet_mdr_progress_march2011.pdf ], with China and India accounting for almost half the world's estimated number of MDR-TB cases. [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599191_eng.pdf ]  

In 2010, 16 of the 36 countries with a high burden of TB or MDR-TB did not have at least one laboratory capable of performing TB culture and drug susceptibility testing per five million people.  

pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94656</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102011321320125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 January 2012 (IRIN) - The &quot;totally drug-resistant&quot; tuberculosis (TDR-TB) reportedly emerging in India is actually an advanced stage of drug-resistant TB, which researchers called totally drug-resistant for lack of a better term.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Taking the taboo out of the loo</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011190841530285t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that. 
 
 But for this to happen, aid groups, which have long promoted the health and hygiene benefits of safe toilets for the world’s estimated 2.6 billion people who do not have a toilet, need to step aside and let the market take over, said Sim. 
 
 “The aid community has good intentions, but they are not as efficient as businesses, which look at a problem and look for the shortest road to the solution. We [businesses] do not do costly baseline studies, spend half our time fundraising and the other half writing reports. All that time lost and still there is no solution,” he said from London where he is promoting World Toilet Day [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/wtd/ ] with a private sector partner, the hygiene company Unilever. 
 
 The “Big Squat” 
 
 Founder of the Singapore-based NGO World Toilet Organization (WTO) in 2001, Sim and his staff created in 2005 the “world’s first” Toilet College, which has certified 500 graduates in urban toilet cleaning and design; commissioned toilet art; hosted annual global toilet summits for sanitation and health experts; inducted members into its toilet Hall of Fame, most recently the senior advisor of hygiene and sanitation for UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); and founded World Toilet Day, commemorating it this year with song [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/resources.asp?no=10 ] and a “Big Squat” of solidarity to raise awareness about open defecation. [ http://www.worldtoilet.org/WTD/squat.asp ] 
 
 According to UNICEF, some 1.2 billion people worldwide defecate in the open rather than using toilets. 
 
 At times irreverent in its loo humour, but always business-minded, the WTO (the toilet organization that is) wants now to mass market toilets (in countries lacking them) through SaniShops “social franchises” which will provide marketing and sales training, branding, and maintenance support. 
 
 The international association of entrepreneurs, Ashoka, the Singaporean government, the Asian brokerage firm CSLA, Danish design NGO Index, and branding designers Fridbjorg Architects currently support the initiative. 
 
 Why the designers? “Because toilets don’t have to be ugly,” Sim replied. 
 
 Tapping into people’s dreams 
 
 Starting in Cambodia, where diarrhoea linked to open defecation kills 11,000 people every year - more than AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, combined - Sim wants to “tap into people’s dreams rather than fears”. 
 
 “If you tell someone they may die of diarrhoea, it is not much of an incentive to build a toilet. But if toilets become a sign of wealth, jealousy over their neighbours’ latrines will drive them to build their own.” 
 
 When asked if jealousy and one-upmanship drive poor people’s buying decisions as they might in urban developed cities, he replied: “Jealousy and the market are universal. Profits work where fear does not. The biggest motivation is to not be looked down on by peers… If people can buy 20 million hand phones in India, they can buy 20 million toilets.” 
 
 In India, 638 million out of a 1.1 billion population live without toilets and more households have TVs and mobiles than decent sanitation, according to UNICEF. 
 
 After recent flooding in Pakistan, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91101 ] a survey carried out in four water-logged provinces showed 61 percent had a cell phone while only 20 percent had access to a clean and functioning toilet. 
 
 But things would be different if toilets were symbols of the good life, said Sim. “Aspirational marketing” is the way to sell toilets and whether in Singapore, UK or Kompong Speu Province 60km from the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, the same principles are at work for Sim: getting ahead and profits. “People want a better life,” he said. 
 
 With support from the US Agency for International Development, WTO piloted the production and sales of toilets designed by the NGO International Development Enterprises Cambodia, which are a copy of ones sold in India by the NGO Sulabh International Social Service Organization. 
 
 Retailing at US$30, $6 profit goes to the manufacturer and $1 goes to the seller. Villagers have produced and sold 2,000 pour-flush latrines thus far, and WTO wants to create more factories, which cost $400 each to set up. 
 
 However, market approaches have their limits in spreading the message of sanitation: There is a difference between targeting poor people who have some money to buy toilets, and helping the poorest of the poor, said Sim. “That is for aid groups. We are not doing charity.” 
 
 pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91130</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011190841530285t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 19 November 2010 (IRIN) - Entrepreneur turned toilet crusader Jack Sim from Singapore wants to turn the toilet into the new gold standard of status in Asia, which would signify “making it” - as mobile phones have for years and as 24-karat gold did before that.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Why snakebites matter</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170145410894t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. [ http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/ ] 
 
 Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU). [ http://www.avru.org/ ] 
 
 Snake bites cause more death and disability than some far more notorious tropical diseases, including dengue fever, cholera, Japanese encephalitis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, according to WHO. 
 
 “In some provinces of Papua New Guinea, the rate of death due to snake bite is two times higher than malaria,” said David Williams, coordinator of the Global Snakebite Initiative, [ http://www.snakebiteinitiative.org/ ] a Melbourne-based global research project. 
 
 Roughly half the world’s snakebites occur in Asia, mostly in India, which has the largest snake bite problem in the world, with up to 50,000 people bitten every year. 
 
 “Snake bites are a widespread problem in this region particularly for the poorer populations,” Williams said. 
 
 Accurate figures for Asia are difficult to ascertain, since many bites are never reported. “The people who are most affected by snake bites are poor rural farmers. They often can’t afford or don’t have access to national healthcare facilities so turn to informal local healers instead,” said Williams. 
 
 Work hazard 
 
 Sombat Kaewsaeng, a 45-year-old gardener, was cutting the grass in central Bangkok where he lives and works when he suddenly felt a sharp pain on the top of his right foot. 
 
 “I thought it might be a bug or something, but then I saw something slithering away in the grass and looked down and saw two fang markings half a centimetre deep in the top of my foot,” he said. 
 
 Sombat, who only works in flip-flops, used a rope to tourniquet his knee and went immediately to the hospital. 
 
 “I saw on TV that this was what to do when you get bit,” he said. “As soon as I got to the hospital [30 minutes later] they immediately identified that it was non-venomous, much to my relief.” 
 
 Gardeners, agriculture workers and snake handlers - those most likely to invade the habitat of snakes - are the most likely people to be bitten. So much so that WHO considers snake bites an “occupational hazard”. 
 
 “Snakes only bite when they are afraid,” said Montri Chiobamroonkiat, head of the Bangkok-based “Snake Farm”, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Venomous Snake Toxicology and Research located in the Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute (QSMI). [ http://www.saovabha.com/en/default.asp ] 
 
 QSMI, the primary snake toxicology research unit in Thailand, holds annual conferences with healthcare workers across the country and produces some 100,000 anti-venom treatment vials annually. 
 
 Seasonal worry 
 
 Deaths by snake bites sharply increase during and following monsoon seasons - periods of peak agricultural activity. 
 
 Sharp rises in the number of snake bite victims have been reported from India, Bangladesh and Myanmar, typically after heavy flooding as large work forces re-built roads or dug irrigation. 
 
 Aid agencies reported dramatic increases in snake-bite victims in the year following Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar. [ http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/SDE_mgmt_snake-bite.pdf ] 
 
 In order to reduce the number of people killed or disabled by snake bites each year, experts say countries need to educate health service employees about how to treat snake-bites, as well as produce anti-venoms. 
 
 “The biggest challenge in the past was getting the right diagnosis [venomous or not] but now the region needs to make available anti-venoms,” said Suchai Suteparuk, associate director of the QSMI’s Snake Farm. 
 
 Williams pointed out regional disparities in managing snake bites. 
 
 Snakes kill less than 10 people every year in Thailand, out of the some 10,000 people bitten, while 500-1,000 people die annually from snake bites in neighbouring Myanmar, though about the same number are bitten. 
 
 The situation has worsened to the point the Myanmar Ministry of Health in 2010 set a five-year plan with annual targets for the reduction of snake bites. 
 
 Meanwhile, even a Bangkok snake research institute cannot protect gardeners like Sombat from risk. “I will be more careful now when working. I’m much more afraid lately when I’m working in the garden,” he said. 
 
 cm/nb/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91107</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011170145410894t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 November 2010 (IRIN) - Despite an age-old widespread fear and distrust of snakes, their bites have only recently been added to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of “neglected tropical diseases”. Snakes bite an estimated five million people each year worldwide, seriously injuring or disabling up to three million and killing an estimated 125,000, according to WHO and the Australian Venom Research Unit (AVRU).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: How Typhoon Megi got its name</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010180710570492t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish. 
 
 Disaster warnings - and storm names - have come a long way since meteorological organizations began naming storms after GPS coordinates. “If the name sounds more familiar, it’s good for warning information - it’s easier for people to know what is going on,” said Senaka Basnayakem, urban risk management specialist at the Bangkok-based Asia Disaster Preparedness Centre. 
 
 On 13 October 2010 a tropical depression with winds less than 63km per hour began to brew near Micronesia in the Western Pacific Ocean. The Tokyo-based Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC), part of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), assigned the storm, which fell into its jurisdiction, a four-digit identification number, 1013, to represent the 13th storm in 2010, said Yoshiro Tanaka, scientific officer in the forecast division of JMA. 
 
 After 12 hours, winds strengthened to more than 63km per hour and 1013 was upgraded to a tropical storm - at which point the RSMC consulted a pre-determined list of storm names prepared by the inter-governmental Typhoon Committee [ http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html] and came up with Megi. 
 
 Since 2000, the Typhoon Committee, part of the World Meteorological Organization/UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (WMO/ESCAP), has maintained a list of 140 names for storms originating in the Western North Pacific and South China Sea. The names tend to be gender neutral and are not assigned alphabetically, unlike their Western counterparts. 
 
 Juan is the local name for the storm given by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, which has its own naming system. Nevertheless, internationally, this storm is referred to as Megi. 
 
 Since being named Megi at 1200 GMT on 13 October, it has turned into a “super typhoon", nearing Category 5 status, with winds of over 225km per hour, according to the latest report from the Philippines’ National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. [ http://www.ndcc.gov.ph/ ] 
 
 WMO/ESCAP’s list of names was last reviewed at the Typhoon Committee’s annual meeting in Singapore in January 2010. “Chaba”, a submission from Thailand meaning tropical flower, is next on the list. 
 
 Apart from the WMO/ESCAP panel on tropical cyclones, there are three other regional bodies in Asia with tropical cyclone naming schemes. 
 
 
 
 nb/pt/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90804</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010180710570492t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 October 2010 (IRIN) - As one of the strongest typhoons in five years rips through the Philippines, some might be wondering why it is called Megi - the Korean word for catfish.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Cities key to disaster risk reduction</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010121032570067t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists.
</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists. 
 
 “Cities are more vulnerable because there are a higher concentration of people at risk; at the same time they are the economic engine so the impact of the damage is greater,” N.M.S.I Arambepola, director of Urban Disaster Risk Management with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, told IRIN on the eve of the International Day for Disaster Reduction [ http://www.unisdr.org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/ ], 13 October. 
 
 The UN’s 2010-2011 campaign theme, Making Cities Resilient: My City is Getting Ready, seeks to convince city leaders and local governments around the world to work with grassroots networks and national authorities to boost their cities’ resilience, including providing homeowners with incentives to reduce their exposure to disasters, improve school and hospital safety [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?Reportid=90293 ] and invest in flood drainage. [ http://www.unisdr.org/english/campaigns/campaign2010-2011/documents/230_tenpointchecklist.pdf ] 
 
 Experts say this is important for the Asian region where many fast-growing, high-density settlements exist in low-lying, flood-prone areas [ http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/5199_19769_dis%205.pdf ] or on earthquake fault-lines [ http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/14030_FAQscampaignpresskit.pdf ]. 
 
 “If you don’t keep up the administration, for example, if you have land codes but don’t enforce them, the risk of destruction and human and economic exposure is that much higher,” Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator with the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) told IRIN. 
 
 Seven of the 10 most populous cities in the world are in Asia [ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm ] and the region’s urban population is expected to double from 1.36 billion to 2.64 billion by 2030, according to the UN Population Fund [ http://europe.unfpa.org/webdav/site/europe/shared/Publications/PDF%20files/695_filename_sowp2007_eng.pdf ]. 
 
 Until now, 60 cities in the Asia-Pacific region, out of 118 worldwide, have signed up to the campaign, pledging to invest in infrastructure, better land-planning and awareness-raising. 
 
 The biggest priority should be land-use planning and better construction of buildings, Arambepola said. 
 
 “Because of poor land-use planning, many countries in Asia have a problem of informal settlements. With so many people migrating to the cities, many of the most vulnerable urban populations settle in the more disaster-prone areas where no one else wants to live.” 
 
 On 13 October [ http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Downloads/2010/Oct/Announcement_City%20Resilience%20campaign.pdf ], representatives from cities across Thailand will come together to pledge their commitment to making the country's cities safer. 
 
 Bangkok and Patong will be named role-model cities, to be used as benchmarks for participating cities around the world to evaluate their own efforts. 
 
 Patong, in the tourist-popular Phuket province in southern Thailand, which was badly affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, has invested US$18 million in implementing early-warning radars, re-zoning the beach and training response teams. 
 
 “Every city needs to be safe,” said Chairat Sukban, Patong’s deputy mayor. 
 
 cm/pt/mw 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90748</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010121032570067t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 October 2010 (IRIN) - Improving the resiliency of cities is critical to disaster mitigation in Asia, according to specialists.
</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Unquantifiable damage caused by wildfires</title><pubDate>Mon, 11 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010110856000754t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. </description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. 
 
 “We are seeing more and more really big fires,” Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) forestry officer Pieter van Lierop told IRIN. “The control of these fires has become an issue of high importance, not only because of the increasing number of casualties and amounts of area burned, but also because of its link with other global issues, like climate change.” 
 
 Up to 56 million hectares of land are destroyed by wildfires each year in Asia, according to FAO. 
 
 Since 1970 wildfires have caused an estimated US$11.6 billion in economic damage in Asia, according to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Disaster Database EM-DAT. [ http://www.emdat.be/ ] 
 
 Densely populated areas and widespread use of large-scale agricultural fires to clear land for farming make the region particularly vulnerable to such threats, van Lierop said. 
 
 But there is more. “The impact of… anthropogenic [man-made] impacts of increased population growth and higher demand for new agricultural areas, aggravates the risk of extended wildfire situations,” said Johann Goldammer, director of the German Research Institute, the Global Fire Monitoring Centre (GFMC). [ http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/ ] 
 
 Asia, is already the continent most at risk of natural disasters. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89305 ] 
 
 Health hazards 
 
 The combination of land conversion fires and unusually dry conditions from El Niño droughts, led to the outbreak of wildfires throughout Southeast Asia in 1997-1998, [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=2129&title=indonesia-1997-98-el-nino-fire-problems-long-term-solutions ] forcing some 200 million people in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand to seek medical assistance. [ https://apps.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact254.html ] 
 
 Following the fires, the number of cases of outpatient visits with respiratory diseases in Malaysia tripled, and the number of cases of pneumonia increased up to 25 times in Borneo’s southeastern province of Kalimantan, Indonesia, according to WHO. 
 
 Health impacts from vegetation fires, which are major contributors of toxic pollutants, can surface long after the flames have been doused. Released toxins can lead to eye and respiratory irritation, bronchitis, asthma and even death, according to WHO. 
 
 But the true extent of fire’s damage is still unknown. “How can we quantify the long-term damage to local population health due to the impact of smoke pollution, the number of people admitted to hospital, as well as the environmental damage, which hurts bio-diversity and soil fertility?” said Goldammer. 
 
 “The effect of wildfires goes beyond human deaths or economic statistics,” he added. “People die from things other than fire directly. We need a systematic classification of human impact.” 
 
 Poor visibility resulting from these fires was also responsible for the crash of a commercial airliner in North Sumatra in 1997, which killed all of the 200-plus passengers on board. [ http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/332-1/ ] 
 
 Environment 
 
 The environmental losses from the 1997-98 Indonesian fires are virtually impossible to evaluate, said the International Development Research Council of Canada. [ http://www.idrc.ca ] The fires destroyed some of the oldest and most biologically diverse rainforests in the world, on the western island of Sumatra, and Borneo’s Kalimantan Province, and led to the death of a large percentage of Indonesia's wild orangutans and the possible extinction of still unknown species. 
 
 Food 
 
 Food production is taking a hit. The unprecedented heat wave that struck Russia in July 2010 sparked wildfires that killed more than 50 people and destroyed more than 14 million hectares of land, sending wheat prices skyrocketing, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90055 ] according to the Russian-based Sukachev Institute for Forests. [ http://www.nsc.ru/sicc/cooper11.htm ] 
 
 In August, FAO launched the Global Fire Information Management System (GFIMS), [ http://www.fao.org/nr/gfims/en/ ] which uses US National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) satellite imagery to track and detect fires around the world. 
 
 Developed in collaboration with the US-based University of Maryland, the GFIMS sends at no cost multilingual email alerts detailing where fires are burning around the world. 
 
 cm/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90729</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010110856000754t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 October 2010 (IRIN) - Wildfires may not get the attention of earthquakes and cyclones but their destructive potential is considerable and warrants further attention, experts warn. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting community resilience in disasters</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004071146180281t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits. 
 
 “In the first 24-48 hours of a disaster, the community bears the burden of response. It is a fallacy to rely on external help,” the World Health Organization’s Southeast Asia adviser for emergency and humanitarian action, Roderico Ofrin, told IRIN. 
 
 He is attending a regional three-day conference ending on 30 September in Bangladesh’s capital, Dhaka, on strengthening community health systems’ preparedness for disasters. 
 
 NGO, government and private sector representatives from 10 Southeast Asian countries [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section864/Section1007/Section1012.htm ] discussed primary health care - health care for all that uses appropriate technology, involves the community, and collaborates with other sectors - in emergencies, and shared successful community programmes. 
 
 “These answers already exist at the community level, but are not well-documented,” said Ofrin. 
 
 A 2010 report on community responses to disasters in Southeast Asia [ www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/EHA_CRD.pdf ] found that village storytelling in Thailand’s Surin Islands; seismic-proofing hospitals in Nepal; community health worker and hospital staff training in Myanmar and Sri Lanka; household water filters in Myanmar; and coastal warning systems and cyclone evacuation plans powered by more than 30,000 village volunteers in Bangladesh - all helped minimize deaths during those countries’ recent disasters. 
 
 But ingenuity and will are not enough: People need materials like “gum boots to wade to flooded villages, and ropes for community health workers searching for survivors,” said Ofrin. “National policies are good, but we need to get materials and training into the communities for them to mean anything.” 
 
 pt/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004071146180281t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 30 September 2010 (IRIN) - A bed sheet to stop bleeding, broken furniture as splints for fractures, Buddhist temples turned into evacuation centres and bottled water to decontaminate wounds: People are often forced to innovate when disaster hits.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Manila forum to mull farmland purchases in developing countries</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007121310t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” [http://www.adb.org/documents/events/2010/investment-forum/default.asp] opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.

Some 400 participants from 25 countries will discuss innovations and good practice in promoting sustainable and inclusive food security. 

“The ultimate aim is to have more investment, but also better investment that responds to the needs of the undernourished and to the changing structure of the times,” Sumiter Singh Boca, policy officer for the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), told IRIN.

Of the 3.5 billion people in the region, FAO estimates that 642 million live in hunger. The forum, co-organized by FAO, the Asian Development Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural Development is the first of its kind in the region. 

nb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89758</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007121310t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 07 July 2010 (IRIN) - A two-day “Investment Forum for Food Security in Asia and the Pacific” opened in Manila on 7 July, and will look at escalating food prices, concerns about food production and overseas leases or purchases of farmland in developing countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Fish nets join mosquito nets against malaria </title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. 
 
 "Healing powers for one of the world's deadliest diseases may lie within sponges, sea worms and other underwater creatures," said an internal publication by the University of Central Florida (UCF) after a study of samples collected off the Florida coast in the United States with the help of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Fort Pierce, Florida. 
 
 "So far we have a hit rate of over 10 percent," said Debopam Chakrabarti, Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at UCF, who is leading the research. He was "quite enthused by the promise of the project", but warned that "early promise does not always materialize" into a usable drug. 
 
 Chakrabarti has spent over 20 years researching treatments for the mosquito-borne illness, and turned to the largely unexplored biological potential of the ocean because "[current] drugs are becoming increasingly less effective and [malaria] is still killing," he told IRIN. 
 
 The UN World Health Organization has noted that about 3.3 billion people - half of the world's population - are at risk of malaria, and around 1 million people worldwide are killed by it every year. 
 
 tdm/he
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89701</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: UN urges Asia to focus on gender in HIV policies</title><pubDate>Mon, 28 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908231234430309t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 28 June 2010 (IRIN) - The UN is urging Asia Pacific governments to step up their efforts to address gender inequalities in HIV response as rates of infection among women in the region continue to rise.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 28 June 2010 (IRIN) - The UN is urging Asia Pacific governments to step up their efforts to address gender inequalities in HIV response as rates of infection among women in the region continue to rise.
  
 Some 1.6 million women are living with HIV in the Asia Pacific region, while 35 percent of all HIV infections in Asia are women, compared with just 18 percent two decades ago, according to UNAIDS [http://www.unaids.org/en/]. “Tackling harmful gender norms that are at the root of women’s vulnerability to HIV is crucial to stem the spread of the epidemic,” said Moni Pizani, UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) [http://www.unifem.org/ ] regional programme director.
  
 UNIFEM and UNAIDS launched an action plan on 28 June in Pattaya, Thailand, calling for national AIDS policies to be better focused on gender issues.
  
 Women who face economic and social inequalities are more vulnerable to HIV infection, said UNAIDS Asia Pacific regional gender adviser Jane Wilson. “A gender focus is crucial to stem the spread of HIV fuelled by gender inequalities that increasingly place women and girls at risk.”
  
 mc/at/mw
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89649</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908231234430309t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 28 June 2010 (IRIN) - The UN is urging Asia Pacific governments to step up their efforts to address gender inequalities in HIV response as rates of infection among women in the region continue to rise.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Governments called to account on human trafficking</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909150938460312t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 June 2010 (IRIN) - Southeast Asian governments added to the US State Department’s human trafficking watch list must bolster efforts to prosecute and convict traffickers, activists say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 June 2010 (IRIN) - Southeast Asian governments added to the US State Department’s human trafficking watch list must bolster efforts to prosecute and convict traffickers, activists say.
  
 Thailand, Vietnam and Laos all slipped in their efforts over the past year to tackle human trafficking, according to the US State Department’s latest Trafficking in Persons [http://www.state.gov/g/tip/] report, which put them on a Tier 2 Watch List along with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Sri Lanka.
  
 “The situation has not particularly changed in the sense of getting better or worse. What you’re seeing here is a more accurate calling of the situation by the US State Department - it's them saying we’re really going to examine what’s happening in these countries,” said Phil Robertson, deputy director for the Asia division of Human Rights Watch [http://www.hrw.org/].
  
 “Those governments that moved on to the watch list will be eager to get themselves off that list so they will go to the US Embassy and other organizations asking where the problems occurred,” he said.
  
 The 13 countries doing the least to tackle human trafficking, including Iran and Papua New Guinea, are in Tier 3 and subject to economic sanctions if they do not comply with the minimum standards outlined in the 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf].
  
 Michael Turner, press attaché for the US Embassy in Bangkok [http://bangkok.usembassy.gov/], said there had been progress in tackling human trafficking, but not at the level many had hoped for in countries such as Thailand.
  
 “Thailand’s government has made some effort, but there were low numbers of convictions for trafficking offences. We would like to see better identification of victims. One place to start is to take considerable efforts in investigations, prosecutions and convictions of those engaged in trafficking of persons,” Turner said.
   
 Must do more
 
 “The report measures efforts and the US State Department for the last year thinks Thailand and Vietnam haven’t been making enough effort, but in terms of the situation on the ground, we haven’t detected any major change in either government’s efforts,” Richard Danziger, head of the International Organization for Migration’s [http://www.iom.int/] counter-trafficking division, told IRIN from Geneva.
  
 Rather than a kick in the teeth, the report is more of a nudge for the region’s governments to act.
  
 “In the last couple of years many countries have made great progress to strengthen their legislation against trafficking,” said Patchareeboon Sakulpitakphon from ECPAT [http://www.ecpat.net/], a global network of organizations working to eliminate the trafficking of children for sexual purposes. “But it’s still the beginning of a long process. They still have challenges to identify victims. It’s down to the commitment of governments to really enforce the law.”
  
 Meanwhile, new forms of trafficking – in the global fishing industry and on the internet – are difficult to tackle.
  
 “The traffickers increasingly come up with different strategies and unfortunately get ahead of all those who make the effort to fight them. Cyber crime facilitates easier access to potential victims,” said Rasa Sekulovic, Plan International’s [http://www.plan-international.org/] regional adviser for child rights and protection.
  
 “It is on the increase and it constantly changes its shape, takes on new forms and new clandestine identities because the nature of the communication creates a huge space for involvement.”
  
 mc/at/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89515</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909150938460312t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 June 2010 (IRIN) - Southeast Asian governments added to the US State Department’s human trafficking watch list must bolster efforts to prosecute and convict traffickers, activists say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CENTRAL ASIA: Floods, avalanches wreak havoc </title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Mar 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20072133t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 15 March 2010 (IRIN) - Floods have killed 34 people in Aksu District, Almaty Province, southeastern Kazakhstan, according to the government-run Kazinform news agency on 15 March. Hundreds have been displaced and a further 926 evacuated to the provincial capital of Taldykorgan, it said.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 15 March 2010 (IRIN) - Floods have killed 34 people in Aksu District, Almaty Province, southeastern Kazakhstan, according to the government-run Kazinform news agency on 15 March. 
 
 Hundreds have been displaced and a further 926 evacuated to the provincial capital of Taldykorgan, it said. 
 
 Snowmelt combined with heavy rain formed torrents which washed away dams, causing floods in two villages; about 4,000 people have been affected, the Emergency Ministry said on 12 March. 
 
 Several hundred people in Zhylbulak village, Karatal District, have been temporarily accommodated in a school, while those at risk in Kyzyl-Agash village, Aksu District, had been evacuated, the ministry said. 
 
 In neighbouring Kyrgyzstan, some 30 people stranded in the southern district of Alai by an avalanche were rescued, according to Akipress news agency. The Kyrgyz Met Office said on 15 March that there was a risk of further avalanches in the Alabel pass area of the Bishkek-Osh road and around the Taldyk pass on the Osh-Khorog highway, southern Kyrgyzstan. 
 
 Tajikistan 
 
 Meanwhile, in Tajikistan the Met Office is forecasting heavier than usual rain and snow in March. “Precipitation might be up to twice the usual amount,” according to a 10 March newsletter by the Rapid Emergency Assessment & Coordination Team (REACT), a group of government and UN agencies and NGOs. 
 
 The Tajik Met Office said snow levels in areas feeding the Pyanj, Vakhsh, Varzob and Zeravshan river basins were above a multi-year average, and warned of avalanches and floods. 
 
 Avalanches have killed several people in the past few weeks - three in the southeastern province of Pamir, and one in the northern province of Sughd, according to REACT. 
 
 Central Asia is exposed to various natural hazards, including floods, droughts, avalanches, rockslides and earthquakes. Population density in disaster-prone areas, high overall population growth, poverty, land and water use, failure to comply with building codes, and climate change make the region vulnerable to natural as well as man-made disasters, according to the UN Environment Programme.
 
 at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88430</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20072133t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 15 March 2010 (IRIN) - Floods have killed 34 people in Aksu District, Almaty Province, southeastern Kazakhstan, according to the government-run Kazinform news agency on 15 March. Hundreds have been displaced and a further 926 evacuated to the provincial capital of Taldykorgan, it said.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Pesticides pose health risks</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002251032300062t.jpg" />]]>NUSA DUA 25 February 2010 (IRIN) - The use of pesticides in Asian countries has exposed communities across the region to unacceptably high health risks, according to a study conducted by the international Pesticide Action Network</description><body><![CDATA[NUSA DUA 25 February 2010 (IRIN) -  The use of hazardous pesticides in Asian countries has exposed communities across the region to unacceptably high health risks, according to a study conducted by the international Pesticide Action Network (PAN) [http://www.panap.net/]. 
  
 PAN Asia and the Pacific said interviews with peasant farmers in eight Asian countries revealed that 66 percent of pesticide-active ingredients used on vegetables, paddy and other crops were highly hazardous according to the group's classification criteria.
  
 “Exposure to these pesticides puts communities at high risk of developing severe permanent health problems such as endocrine disruption, which can be caused at low doses of exposure to certain pesticides,” said Bella Whittle, coordinator of the project and author of the report, [http://www.panap.net/panfiles/download/asrep_lowres.pdf] launched to coincide with an environmental conference organized by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) in Bali, Indonesia, from 22 to 26 February.
  
 The interviews with more than 1,300 farmers were conducted in 2008 in China, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Vietnam, India, Indonesia and Malaysia, said PAN, an umbrella group for more than 600 NGOs worldwide.
  
 Poison symptoms
  
 Respondents said they experienced one or more symptoms, such as headaches, when using pesticides or being exposed to them, with reports ranging from 5 percent in one area to 91 percent in another. 
   
 In Bangladesh, pesticide poisoning was recorded in 2008 as a leading cause of death, and officially recorded as the second-highest cause of death among 15-49 age group, the PAN report said.
  
 Given that previous studies have found that up to 98 percent of cases of pesticide poisoning were under-reported, many agricultural communities may be suffering acute and chronic health effects of chemicals, the group said.
  
 “It is essentially distressing that the most vulnerable populations, such as women and children, the sick, the malnourished and the elderly are disproportionately affected and cannot escape the sources of exposure,” Whittle told reporters in Bali.
  
 Several pesticides used in the Asian countries have been banned elsewhere, even in countries that are home to the agrochemical companies' headquarters, the PAN report said.
  
 Paraquat, an acutely toxic herbicide with no antidote, is banned in Europe, where it is produced, while endosulfan is banned in over 62 countries, the group said.
  
 Deadly exposure
  
 However, Hedi Surya, 51, a farmer in Bali, told IRIN: “I've sprayed pesticides for 20 years and I have not been sick because of poisoning. I always use a towel to cover my mouth when spraying and face the direction of the wind.” 
  
 The PAN report said people were exposed to the deadly chemicals for various reasons, including a lack of protective equipment, spills during mixing and spraying, and spraying against the wind. 
  
 PAN is urging countries to make huge efforts to implement international regulations on pesticides and stop the registration of pesticides that require personal protective equipment, saying its shortcomings and cost made proper use unfeasible.
  
 “Governments should phase out highly hazardous pesticides and progressively phase in non-chemical pest-management approaches,” said PAN Asia and the Pacific director Sarojani Rengam. 
  
 Lucrative Indonesian market
  
 In Indonesia, six out of 100 farmers interviewed in the Central Java district of Wonosobo as part of the PAN study had experienced serious poisoning, said Rossana Dewi, an activist with Gita Pertiwi, an NGO which conducted the survey.
  
 “Indonesia is a lucrative market for pesticides,” Dewi told IRIN. “Indonesian farmers use pesticides extensively, many of them using several pesticides for their crops.”
  
 In 2009, there were 1,832 brands of pesticides sold in the country, an increase from 1,702 brands in the previous year, she said.
  
 Farmers usually wear long-sleeve shirts, trousers and hats when spraying pesticides, but few use proper protective equipment, she said.
  
 The use of pesticides as mosquito repellants is also widespread in Indonesian households, she said.
  
 “Our survey in seven cities on Java shows that each household used two types of pesticides as mosquito repellants. That means it's highly likely the food we consume is contaminated with pesticides,” she said.
  
 In Bali, environmentalists also expressed concern that the heavy use of pesticides on farms had contaminated lakes. “The government is not taking action to seriously address the problem of chemical pollution in lakes,” Children of Nature Community, a local NGO, said on its website anakalam.org.  “One hundred percent of locals still use chemical pesticides.”
  
 atp/ey/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88234</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002251032300062t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NUSA DUA 25 February 2010 (IRIN) - The use of pesticides in Asian countries has exposed communities across the region to unacceptably high health risks, according to a study conducted by the international Pesticide Action Network</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: IFRC urges greater commitment to risk reduction</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200912171133300025t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 17 December 2009 (IRIN) -  More funds and policies are needed for disaster risk reduction to protect vulnerable communities in the Asia Pacific region, says the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 17 December 2009 (IRIN) - More funds and policies are needed for disaster risk reduction to protect vulnerable communities in the Asia Pacific region, says the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
  
 The call comes as the IFRC marks the fifth anniversary of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed 226,000 people in 13 countries, including more than 50,000 people whose bodies were never found.
  
 “We’re calling for greater awareness, greater commitment, in terms of funding but also in terms of actions on all of our part, because that’s really what we believe is going to save lives in the long run,” Al Panico, head of the IFRC’s tsunami unit, told reporters at a 17 December briefing on lessons learnt after the tsunami.
  
 That means “developing a policy, including it in programmes and … incorporating it into the response areas that are funded by donors, doing what people said they would do, and connecting the early warning systems to the community”, he said.
  
 The Asia Pacific region experiences major disasters but the IFRC said the main threat came from localized, small-scale disasters - which have increased from an average of 21 in 2004 to 51 in 2008 - and more risk-reduction activities were needed.
  
 Panico said much had been done to improve early warning systems in the region after the tsunami, but there was a gap in communicating warnings to people potentially affected by disasters.
  
 “Getting [messages] to the people who need to act, the people in the community, the people on the ground who need to … protect themselves in some way, is the challenge. And that’s where there is a gap,” he said.
  
 Humanitarian reform
  
 The tsunami was caused by a 9.15 magnitude earthquake off Indonesia, which lasted for nearly 10 minutes. It led to destruction on an immense scale, but was matched by an unprecedented outpouring of donations, and the biggest response and recovery operation since World War II, said Panico.
  
 “This disaster touched everyone, everywhere,” he said. 
  
 The cost of rebuilding damaged infrastructure has been estimated at US$10.9 billion, according to the IFRC, citing UN and government agencies. 
  
 By December 2005, $14 billion had been pledged, with $11.6 billion either committed or received by NGOs, the Red Cross movement and UN agencies.
  
 Challenges included a lack of government capacity in the coordination of relief efforts, immense logistical problems with infrastructure destroyed, as well as demands for increased accountability.
  
 However, Panico said the disaster had also sparked reform of humanitarian action by a number of governments. It also helped establish the cluster system – which better coordinates agencies’ efforts – and brought in recovery activities as a key element of disaster relief.
  
 Having learnt these lessons, efforts moved from relief to recovery in three months following the earthquake off West Sumatra in Indonesia in September this year, which Panico said was “unheard of in previous disasters”.
  
 The tsunami “has changed for ever the way that we respond”, he added.
  
 The IFRC, with the Thomson Reuters Foundation, also launched a multimedia web documentary [http://tsunami.trust.org/] on how tsunami survivors have recovered since the disaster.
  
 ey/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87465</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200912171133300025t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 17 December 2009 (IRIN) -  More funds and policies are needed for disaster risk reduction to protect vulnerable communities in the Asia Pacific region, says the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Breastfeeding more crucial in emergencies</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 13 November 2009 (IRIN) - A recent spate of natural disasters in Asia has further underscored the importance of breastfeeding during emergencies, with a need for additional policies to support this.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 13 November 2009 (IRIN) -  A recent spate of natural disasters in Asia has further underscored the importance of breastfeeding during emergencies, with a need for additional policies to support this.
  
 Hundreds of thousands were displaced and forced into evacuation shelters following a series of deadly typhoons in the Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos, and an earthquake in Indonesia in the past two months.
  
 But according to experts, during such disasters, support for mothers to breastfeed is often overlooked and not given the priority it needs, despite its life-saving function.
  
 Besides raising awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, aid organizations need to have policies on infant feeding, they say. 
 
 “You have to have a strong policy in place, and make sure all the actors and all the staff in that organization know about this policy,” Anna Winoto, a nutrition specialist with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Indonesia, told IRIN.
  
 In emergency situations, poor water and sanitation and security situations contribute to a heightened risk of disease among children, who are vulnerable to diarrhoea, malnutrition and pneumonia.
  
 Practices such as using infant formula milk, when water may be contaminated and feeding bottles cannot be sterilized, contributes to the risk and has been shown to lead to an increase in diarrhoeal disease in infants.
  
 “Breastfeeding is actually even more crucial under emergency conditions because children under five, and infants in particular, are at an increased risk of infection, disease and malnutrition,” Winoto said.
  
 “Breastfeeding should be seen as a life-saving intervention,” she said.
  
 In an emergency situation, establishing private spaces for mothers and infants, one-to-one counselling and mother-to-mother support is needed to encourage breastfeeding, say UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO). 
  
 “As part of emergency preparedness, hospitals and other healthcare services should have trained health workers who can help mothers establish breastfeeding and overcome difficulties,” said WHO Director-General Margaret Chan in a statement to mark World Breastfeeding Week in August.
  
 Both UNICEF and WHO advocate exclusive breastfeeding for children up to six months of age, and continued breastfeeding and complementary feeding until age two.
  
 Dangerous donations
  
 But one obstacle to breastfeeding during emergencies is unsolicited or uncontrolled donations of breast-milk substitutes, which undermine breastfeeding, according to UNICEF and WHO.
 
 Following a 7.9 magnitude earthquake in West Sumatra on 30 September, UNICEF Indonesia, worked with the country’s Health Ministry, and contacted local and national radio stations to broadcast requests to stop milk-substitute donations.
  
 “It’s a huge problem, and the problem lies in the lack of knowledge among the donors on the potential harm,” said Winoto.
  
 Meanwhile, coordination in emergencies also remains a challenge, with little capacity to locate only those children who truly need infant formula and not disrupt breastfeeding practices, she said.
  
 “In our experience, it’s gotten better but it’s still a huge challenge because there are so many actors when an emergency comes, and so many donations,” she said.
  
 Helping with trauma
  
 Besides the health benefits, breastfeeding advocates underline the psycho-social benefit of maintaining the activity during an emergency, which is traumatic for babies and young children, experts say.
  
 “In an emergency, keeping the baby on the breast is not only about nutrition, it is giving the child that security and closeness when it is scared,” Elvira Henares-Esguerra, director of the Philippine NGO Children for Breastfeeding, [http://breastfeedingphilippines.com/cfb.html] told IRIN.
  
 In the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, which caused massive flooding in the Philippines in September, Henares-Esguerra and a handful of breastfeeding mothers with their children visited an evacuation centre. 
  
 They demonstrated breastfeeding practices, and encouraged displaced mothers to do the same.
  
 “We discovered that infant formula was being given out by the government at evacuation centres,” said Henares-Esguerra. 
  
 “We wanted to encourage the mothers to breastfeed,” she said.
 
 ey/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87020</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 13 November 2009 (IRIN) - A recent spate of natural disasters in Asia has further underscored the importance of breastfeeding during emergencies, with a need for additional policies to support this.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Human rights body’s shaky beginnings</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908100801570670t.jpg" />]]>HUA HIN 26 October 2009 (IRIN) - After only a few days Southeast Asia&apos;s inter-governmental human rights body is already being criticized over its terms of reference as well as its ability to have any impact on human rights in Myanmar.</description><body><![CDATA[HUA HIN 26 October 2009 (IRIN) -  After only a few days Southeast Asia's inter-governmental human rights body is already being criticized over its terms of reference as well as its ability to have any impact on human rights in Myanmar.
  
 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) launched its Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) on 23 October with the signing of the Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration at  the 15th ASEAN summit held in Hua Hin, Thailand, over the weekend.
 
 Thailand’s Prime Minister and ASEAN chairman Abhisit Vejjajiva said it “showed the commitment of ASEAN member-states to realize the historic quest of the people of Southeast Asia for freedom”.
  
 But critics say its mandate is limited and that its undertaking to “promote human rights within the regional context, bearing in mind national and regional particularities and mutual respect for different historical, cultural and religious backgrounds” does not go far enough, given that Myanmar continues to be cited by human rights watchdogs as one of the world's worst violators. 
 
 Kraisak Choonhavan, chairman of the ASEAN Inter-parliamentary Myanmar Caucus, said the country’s military government had yet to demonstrate a willingness to adhere to principles of democratic governance under the ASEAN charter.
  
 And ASEAN’s long-held assertion that Myanmar’s political and human rights issues were internal affairs was no longer applicable, particularly since such problems had affected other countries in the region, he said. 
  
 Engaging with the military
 
 According to Charm Tong of the Shan Women’s Action Network in Myanmar, the military has stepped up operations against ethnic groups in the east ahead of next year’s election, resulting in the displacement of thousands to neighbouring Thailand and China. 
  
 Western sanctions are in place, although the US has reversed its previous policy by saying it would talk to the junta. 
  
 ASEAN has typically stressed non-interference in the internal affairs of its member states, with a notable exception in August, when a statement issued by the Thai PM in his role as ASEAN chairman expressed "deep disappointment" with the sentencing of Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi to an additional 18 months house arrest. 
  
 Additional challenges
  
 Other critics cite the composition of the AICHR. 
  
 According to Debbie Stothard, speaking on behalf of the ASEAN People's Forum, a network of NGOs, eight of the 10 commissioners are government appointees, with only Indonesia and Thailand allowing human rights experts and lawyers to select their commissioners. 
  
 Of the 10 ASEAN member states, only Indonesia is regarded by US-based watchdog Freedom House as a fully-fledged democracy, with other states ranging from flawed partial democracies to states with little freedom of speech or assembly. 
  
 In his closing remarks at the summit, ASEAN Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan attributed the divergent attitudes towards NGOs among ASEAN member-states to “different rules and regulations, which led to a differing view on how to appoint the civil society representatives”.
  
 Last year, ASEAN launched a charter that pledges to reform the bloc into a European Union-style entity by 2015.The human rights body was created as part of this initiative. 
  
 However, according to Bridget Welsh, a professor of Southeast Asian studies at Singapore Management University, the birth pangs of the AICHR do not bode well for ASEAN development in general.
  
 “The handling of the ASEAN human rights body seriously undermines the credibility of the organization and simultaneously raises questions about the transformation of the regional architecture of the organization,” she told IRIN. 
  
 sr/ds/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=86745</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200908100801570670t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HUA HIN 26 October 2009 (IRIN) - After only a few days Southeast Asia&apos;s inter-governmental human rights body is already being criticized over its terms of reference as well as its ability to have any impact on human rights in Myanmar.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Climate change - burden or opportunity?</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Sep 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807047t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community - already overburdened with health challenges - has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist.  </description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community – already overburdened with health challenges – has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist. 

“The health community has been late in coming to the issue because we have enough on our plates,” said Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum with WHO’s public health and environment department, speaking about health workers, policymakers and donors. 

“Climate change was seen as low-down on the list of priorities given that we have an agenda that has not been completely addressed – death of under-five children, for example. We have not fixed that problem. When presented with the climate change concern…that [was seen] as just another competing agenda.” 

WHO Director-General Margaret Chan has said climate change “may turn out to be the most ominous struggle” for the health field in the coming years. 

Though relatively scarce and mostly regional in scope, medical studies have linked warming temperatures to a possible increase in diarrhoeal diseases, malnutrition and malaria and a degradation of food safety. 

But environmental health threats have largely been ineffective in mobilizing health workers and donors to address climate change, said Campbell-Lendrum. “The way to get engagement is not to go and say 1,000 deaths are caused by malaria and that climate change will add 20 percent in 20 years time. You would get a shrug of the shoulder.” 

Rather, a message that has encouraged more from the health arena to address climate change has been: “If we act to improve our health systems now, then we are in a better position to deal with climate change,” he said. 

Mutual benefits 

Health advocates have begun to realize the importance of addressing the medical impacts of climate change, said Campbell-Lendrum. 

“The alternative is...to say either that adaptation [to climate change] is impossible or assume that public health services will absorb the challenge without us [health workers, policymakers, donors] having to make a specific effort – neither of which is true. I think the health community has realized that climate change is not a distraction from the public health agenda, but rather another reason for what we do,” Campbell-Lendrum told IRIN. 

A May 2008 UN resolution urged member states to “develop health measures and integrate them into plans for adaptation to climate change”. While the UN has estimated it can cost up to US$12 billion a year as of 2030 to face the health consequences of climate change, it has also acknowledged in a recent work plan “important gaps in our knowledge” on climate-related health risks. 

A 2009 WHO study judged research still “weak”, which means that well-intentioned adaptation projects could actually become “health-damaging maladaptations” if not evaluated from a health angle. 

WHO’s ‘Protecting Health from Climate Change’ report recommended developing software to quantify climate-sensitive diseases; honing heat-health warning systems – already under development in Europe following a deadly 2003 heat wave; deciding who pays to treat and prevent climate-sensitive diseases – meteorological versus health services; and studying how climate change might affect health interventions. 

Donors supporting WHO’s programme on climate change and health include the Spanish and UK governments. Germany has supported Central Asian governments adapt their health systems to climate change. Campbell-Lendrum said WHO is awaiting confirmation on a $5-million grant from Global Environmental Facility to fund health reforms in seven countries. 

While climate change increases the urgency of such reforms, Campbell-Lendrum said, improving health is a good idea with or without climate change. “It should just be a reminder of an unfinished agenda.” 

pt/np 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=86062</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200807047t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 08 September 2009 (IRIN) - Despite an international resolution to avoid environmental health hazards, the medical community - already overburdened with health challenges - has remained largely outside the climate change dialogue, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) climate change specialist.  </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>