<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Jordan</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2012 16:30:35 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>JORDAN: Civil society at heart of Syrian refugee response</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204110913460466t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - Community-based organizations have arguably played the largest role in helping thousands of Syrian refugees pouring into neighbouring Jordan. Until recently, the response had been fairly ad-hoc, or as one aid worker put it, “a mess”, with various players on the ground and many Syrians simultaneously registering and getting assistance from various organizations.</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - Community-based organizations have arguably played the largest role in helping thousands of Syrian refugees pouring into neighbouring Jordan. Until recently, the response had been fairly ad-hoc, or as one aid worker put it, “a mess”, with various players on the ground and many Syrians simultaneously registering and getting assistance from various organizations. 
 
But these civil society organizations are increasingly trying to coordinate, and despite the relative chaos, they have shone in recent months, especially as the first point of contact for many Syrian refugees arriving in Jordan.
 
“Community-based organizations are probably providing most of the assistance going to the Syrians,” one senior international aid worker said. “They should not be underestimated. 
 
“But the government has very serious concerns about some of the groups working there and about what some of their objectives may be,” he added. 
 
Here is a sample of the players on the ground at the forefront of the effort: 
 
Civil society: There was a sizeable Syrian community in Jordan before the unrest, and it has been a starting point for many fleeing Syrians. They stay with family or friends in extra bedrooms or living rooms. Some Jordanian landlords have also been very generous, allowing Syrian refugees to stay for free. In the northern Jordanian border town of Remtha, a compound-turned transit facility donated by a Jordanian landlord temporarily houses Syrians who flee to Jordan illegally, until they can find a sponsor and a place to stay. 
 
Muslim organizations: Many Syrians fled to Jordan after their government crushed a revolt by the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood in the central town of Hama in 1982. Some of the children of that earlier wave of refugees formed the Syria Woman Organization in 2006 to help Syrians in need in Jordan. While their children run around in their office in the capital Amman, women in niqab register new Syrian arrivals and provide them with furniture, medicine, baby food and cash with which to rent apartments. 
 
Another active organization with links to the Brotherhood is the Islamic Charity Centre Society, which has also been registering refugees and distributing aid in border regions. “The Muslim Brotherhood play a big role in aid, but it’s hidden,” said one Syrian activist in Jordan. 
 
Al-Kitab wal Sunnah Association is another active player. These organizations appear to have the greatest reach, and certainly more than the UN. (Some refugees fear registering with the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, because they believe identifying themselves as having fled Syria will put them in danger if they try to return; UNHCR can currently only register refugees in Amman). 
 
Syrian activists and diaspora: The Syrian diaspora has played a large role, sending everything from cash to containers of clothes from as far as the USA and Australia. Syrian activists in Jordan receive the items, but they are so busy smuggling aid into Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95209/AID-POLICY-A-new-humanitarianism-at-play-in-Syrian-crisis ] that after the month-long shipping period, donations for refugees sometimes end up sitting in warehouses, waiting to be sorted and distributed. 
 
The Gulf - The Red Crescent Society of the United Arab Emirates has donated 6,000 food parcels, 1,000 hygiene kits, 1,000 heaters and 10,000 blankets. Societies from Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Kuwait have also done assessments and are planning to help. While Red Crescent aid has been coordinated through the Jordan Red Crescent and the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organization, other assistance from the Gulf has been less organized. In one case, a Gulf country set up a tent and requested donations for Syrian refugees. What ended up in Jordan was a container of unsorted items, with slaughtered chickens mixed in with clothes, powdered milk, broken tea glasses and medication without an expiry date.
 
Jordan Hashemite Charity Organization (JHCO) - Charged by the government to coordinate the aid response to refugees, JHCO is increasingly getting involved in the response. (Normally, it works externally more than internally, “under Royal guidance”). It is trying to create a master list of refugees registered with different organizations to avoid “double-dipping”. It is too early to tell how well they will play their new role, but they seem to have the respect of international agencies. 
 
International community: Arguably late to join the effort in a significant way, the UN and other international aid agencies are now gearing up a larger response, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95149/MIDDLE-EAST-UN-asks-for-help-in-responding-to-Syrian-refugee-crisis ] not only in Jordan, but also in Turkey and Lebanon, with an US$84 million appeal. [ http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/uploads/SyriaRRP.pdf ] In Jordan, UNHCR is leading the charge, with strong involvement from other agencies like the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), which has worked in Jordan for decades. UNHCR’s main goal is to build the capacity of JHCO to coordinate the community-based organizations. But the response plan lays out projects ranging from cash assistance for vulnerable families to psychosocial support for children. The international community is also taking steps to better understand and tap into the activities of the community-based organizations on the ground. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95273</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204110913460466t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - Community-based organizations have arguably played the largest role in helping thousands of Syrian refugees pouring into neighbouring Jordan. Until recently, the response had been fairly ad-hoc, or as one aid worker put it, “a mess”, with various players on the ground and many Syrians simultaneously registering and getting assistance from various organizations.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Over 50 million affected in Muslim world in 2011</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.  

In 2011, 38 of the 57 OIC member countries and 55 million people were affected by “disasters and chronic emergencies”, Atta Elmanan Bakhit, OIC assistant secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, said at the Dubai International Humanitarian Aid & Development Conference & Exhibition. [ http://www.dihad.org/ ] Disasters brought a total financial loss of US$68 billion in those Muslim countries, he said, quoting figures that will be published in OIC’s annual report, to be released later this month.  

These numbers do not include political crises, namely the Arab Spring, and are tabulated based on information from member states. They are up from 2010 when 36 countries and 48 million people were affected, with $53 billion in losses, according to an OIC survey.  

“In the Muslim world now, we have regularly a lot of disasters,” Bakhit said, adding that the OIC has had no choice but to start playing a larger role in humanitarian affairs. The OIC is active in coordinating humanitarian assistance in Somalia, where it has access [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=94010 ] in many areas Western aid workers do not; and along with the UN, the OIC accompanied the government in the first humanitarian assessment [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95102/SYRIA-Aid-workers-give-cautious-welcome-to-start-of-humanitarian-assessment ] of areas affected by the unrest in Syria.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95226</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: UN asks for help in responding to Syrian refugee crisis</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231441230517t.jpg" />]]>REMTHA 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - At the edge of this busy border town, a set of old, overcrowded buildings has become a transit house for Syrians fleeing to Jordan illegally.</description><body><![CDATA[REMTHA 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - At the edge of this busy border town, a set of old, overcrowded buildings has become a transit house for Syrians fleeing to Jordan illegally.

Designed for 500, the compound now houses up to 800 at times. Those who do not find space inside sleep in the open under trees. The compound has no gate - external traffic passes through it as children run around without supervision. The toilets are strewn with days-old faeces, with women’s sanitary napkins piled up in the corners.

No one is fond of the place - not the UN, not the NGOs which provide services, not the Jordanian police officer who runs it - but there are few alternatives.

Apartments in northern Jordanian border towns are filling up and some landlords have doubled the rent.

Refugee camps are already under construction along the border. But opening them entails a political decision Amman is not yet willing to take, as Jordan tries to play a delicate balancing act between providing humanitarian aid to the Syrians without calling them refugees and taking strong action that would offend the Syrian regime.

Nor are camps an ideal solution for aid workers, who much prefer refugees to live a normal life in apartments.

But as Andrew Harper, head of the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Jordan, put it: “If there is a lack of international support, there may be no option.”

Until now, the UN has played a limited role in the response to the Syrian refugee crisis. But as a year-long anti-government uprising in Syria becomes increasingly violent and refugees keep streaming out, the scale of the problem is becoming too big for host countries Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey to handle alone. And with the situation expected to get worse, the UN is now trying to prepare for a future influx.

“On a daily basis, there are hundreds of people who continue crossing the border,” said Panos Moumtiz, newly-appointed regional refugee coordinator for UNHCR. Given there is yet “no light at the end of the tunnel” with regards to a political solution, he told IRIN, “we know that on a pragmatic level, we need to be ready.”

UNHCR today appealed [ http://www.unhcr.org/4f6c501e6.html ] for US$84 million to cover immediate humanitarian needs for Syrian refugees in the next six months and to ensure systems are in place to be prepared for more arrivals. That price tag is likely to rise as needs are re-assessed in the coming weeks and months.

There are currently more than 30,000 Syrians registered with UNHCR across the region, but around 96,500 in need of humanitarian assistance, the agency says. That number is expected to double, according to the UN’s contingency plans.

“The burden”

Jordan is fast becoming the most desirable option for Syrian refugees. Some come here after fleeing first to Lebanon or Turkey, or from as far as northern Syrian cities Aleppo and Idlib. Syrians say they feel safer here than in Lebanon, where some elements of its government support the Syrian regime; and more comfortable than in Turkey, where they may encounter linguistic problems.

So far, Jordan has done a reasonable job of responding to the crisis. But the refugees are increasingly testing the small, resource-poor country’s weak infrastructure, already stretched to the limit by the presence of nearly half a million Iraqi refugees.

Jordan’s economy is based mainly on remittances and foreign aid. The national debt is $20 million and unemployment stands at 13 percent. The government subsidizes bread, water and fuel; and is also shouldering the cost of Syrians going to school and accessing medical care for free.

It is a country accustomed to hosting refugees - they have flowed here during several crises over the decades - and people do not question their presence.

“Of course they are welcome here. Where else would they go?” one taxi driver said.

But from the taxi drivers to the highest levels of government, there is a level of resentment at having to carry the “burden”, as government spokesman Rakan al-Majali put it, alone.

“We did not want to demand international help before responding to this crisis,” he told IRIN. “But we are confident that our Arab brothers and the international community will not let Jordan down.”

Needs beginning to increase

Many Jordanian families - economically vulnerable to begin with - have been hosting Syrian refugees in their homes.

“They’re basically sharing their shirts, their gas bottles, their bedrooms - anything they can share,” Harper told IRIN. “There’s an incredible demonstration of good will at the moment, but there’s only so much resources people can share before it becomes exhausted.”

According to community-based organizations, that has already begun happening. Jordanians who had rented out apartments to Syrians for free can no longer afford to do so and have, in some cases, had to kick their guests out.

Up six flights of dark, dusty stairs, Um Maher and eight other members of her family live in a soulless apartment with mouldy, damp walls, donated beds, no toilets, and running water only once as week. They fled from the Syrian flashpoint city of Homs. Her husband now works for 250 Jordanian dinars a month, all but 40 of which goes towards medicine and rent.

It is people like these UNHCR wishes to support financially, but has so far been unable to do so on a wide scale. While the family is registered with UNHCR, the only help it has received is from the Syrian Woman Association, a community group formed by an older wave of Syrian refugees who fled to Jordan in the 1980s.

Short of cash

The more protracted their stay in Jordan, the more vulnerable these new refugees are becoming. Some were able to support themselves when they first arrived, but have since exhausted their savings. The Islamic Charity Center Society, for one, is registering people who have been in Jordan for months but only now are starting to need assistance.

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) says refugee children as young as eight or nine are working in coffee shops and garages because their families are so desperate for cash inflow. The agency is also concerned about families marrying off their daughters young as a way of coping.

New arrivals from Syria are arriving with less means.

Nithal Hassan spent four months hiding in a cave outside the southern Syrian town of Dera’a after security services came looking for him. By the time he arrived in the Jordanian border town of Mafraq, he had the equivalent of $15 in his pocket.

As the crisis in Syria continues, many have gone extended periods without work and have had to spend their savings to survive. They cannot sell their homes or cars because the market has stopped. Those who do come with the hugely de-valued Syrian pound cannot exchange it for much on the market.

“So even the rich are needy when they arrive,” said Masara Srass, who leads the Syrian refugee response for the Syrian Woman Association.

The long-standing Syrian community in Jordan absorbed many of the new arrivals into their homes and helped them with cash, food, blankets and furniture. But as the number grows, this, too, has become unsustainable. And the organizations themselves need support.

“We want international organizations to help us build our capacity, give us money. They need to help. Otherwise, how can we keep working?” said Eqbal Ebrahim of the association.

One of the weaknesses of these local groups has been coordination. There is an excess of food and a lack of cash to support families who are renting. Various different organizations have been registering families, and according to aid workers, many of the latter have received aid many times over.

Local aid agencies are already trying to amalgamate all their lists, but UNHCR hopes its new response plan will contribute to improved coordination and a clearer strategy for the government’s response - which has come under some criticism for lacking direction and having no clear lead ministry.

“If the government had a plan, would the situation here have gotten so bad?” asked one aid worker at the Remtha guesthouse.

International burden-sharing

The government spokesperson, al-Majali, said the number of Syrians in the country has so far been manageable.

“The movement between the two countries has always existed in the thousands,” he said. “Now they’re staying longer - these are just details.”

The government is ready to open the camps as soon as the numbers necessitate it, he added. “We are prepared to help our brothers no matter what the size of the problem.”

But Harper insists the international community needs to be part of the solution.

“If [we] are serious about international burden-sharing and trying to help those in need, then Jordan is doing the first step, the second, third and fourth steps, but at some point, it can’t do it alone.”

The UNHCR response plan includes cash assistance for vulnerable Syrian families and support for host communities, including the refurbishing of schools and health facilities.

As part of the plan, UNICEF hopes to repay the Jordanian government for the tuition and textbooks costs of Syrian children going to school, who number at least 10,000 according to al-Majali.

Through its partners, it is also hoping to provide psycho-social support for traumatized children who wet their beds, jump at every sound and whose vocabulary has come to include blood-covered streets and rocket-propelled grenades.

The International Organization of Migration (IOM) is requesting funds to be able to monitor the border and evacuate Palestinians or Iraqis in Syria who may eventually need to flee.

The Jordanian government will also be conducting an assessment of the refugee population in the coming weeks, to better define the needs.

Some agencies, like UNICEF, present in Jordan for decades, have been able to use some of their own funds to start projects immediately. But others, like UNHCR, have been hamstrung. “In Jordan, we’ve got basically nothing to work with at the moment,” Harper said.

As funds become available and the UN starts providing more assistance, people who have not registered with UNHCR are likely to come out of the woodwork, which will put an additional pressure on aid, he warned.

The UN is preparing a separate three-month plan for a response to humanitarian needs within Syria, where there are an estimated 200,000 displaced people in need of immediate humanitarian assistance. It will be launched in a few weeks, following the results of a government-led assessment of affected areas, in which technical staff from the UN and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation are also taking part.

Other agencies, like the Jordan Red Crescent, will be launching their own appeals.

“The capitals around the world who are deploring what is going on [in Syria] should also step up [with support],” Harper said. “We will see whether the rhetoric is hollow on the humanitarian front.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95149</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231441230517t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">REMTHA 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - At the edge of this busy border town, a set of old, overcrowded buildings has become a transit house for Syrians fleeing to Jordan illegally.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>JORDAN-SYRIA: Refugees say it is becoming harder to leave</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203202202050486t.jpg" />]]>MAFRAQ 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - A few hundred metres from the dusty, sleepy crossing that divides Jordan and Syria, Mohammad* waits on the roadside clutching a plastic bag and his blazer.</description><body><![CDATA[MAFRAQ 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - A few hundred metres from the dusty, sleepy crossing that divides Jordan and Syria, Mohammad* waits on the roadside clutching a plastic bag and his blazer.

After 147 days in detention for participating in anti-government protests in his hometown of Dera’a in southern Syria, he left his wife and seven children behind and crossed into Jordan illegally, through a gap in barbed wire fencing. He had no choice, he says; those who are jailed have their names put on lists at the border barring them from leaving legally.

Syrians do not require a visa to enter Jordan, and before a popular uprising began in Syria last March, thousands of people crossed the border in both directions daily. 

For a month now, Mohammad’s family has been trying to cross into Jordan legally to join him, but time after time, they have been turned back at the border. 

Refugees and aid workers say the Syrian government has closed its official border crossing with Jordan to anyone with a new passport and to families, women and children. It allows only those who already have Jordanian stamps in their passports, or young men who come individually, to cross. 

“The [government] doesn’t want people leaving Syria in droves and refugees bringing negative media attention,” Mohammad told IRIN. 

The Syrian uprising began peacefully in March 2011 demanding democratic reforms, but the opposition has become increasingly armed in the face of a violent crackdown by the Syrian government. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights says more than 7,500 people have been killed - mostly civilians in what has become a near civil-war. Up to 200,000 people are displaced within Syria, aid groups say, and tens of thousands of others have fled to Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. 

More illegal crossings

Jordanian government spokesperson Rakan al-Majali told IRIN only 2,400 of the 80,000 Syrians who have crossed into Jordan in the last year have done so illegally.

But those numbers are rising because of increased border restrictions, according to the Islamic Charity Centre Society, a local group working along the border in the nearby town of Mafraq. 

In the last two weeks alone, 500 families have crossed into Jordan through the barbed wire fencing, said Khaled Fayez Ghanem, coordinator of Syrian refugees’ relief at the centre’s Mafraq branch.

“They started refusing families to leave,” he told IRIN. “When families leave, it gives the impression of a crisis in Syria.” 

Mohammad communicates with his family through a smuggled Jordanian SIM card. They are hosted in a village near the border called Naseeb - as “refugees within Syria” - to facilitate their daily travel to and from the border. 

On this day, Mohammad is waiting for them once more. 

“I was here yesterday. I am waiting for them again today. If they don’t come today, we’ll find a way of getting them out illegally.” 

His children tried splitting up and crossing one by one, but because their passports are brand new, he said, they were turned back on the assumption that they would claim refugee status in Jordan.

“Even with a bribe, we can’t get them out.” 

Ghanem says families have had to pay Syrian customs officials bribes of up to 50,000 Syrian pounds (US$873) to cross the border. Others are afraid to even try. 

Attacks on buses

Abu Suleiman, of the restive city of Homs’ Hay Ashira neighbourhood, said on 3 March Syrian soldiers shot at the bus he was travelling in towards Jordan, 5km from the border.

“People are afraid to go legally because of attacks on buses crossing the border,” said another refugee who identified herself as Um Fawaz, from the Baba Amr neighbourhood of Homs. 

Ahmed Sharaf, who owns a shop just outside the official border crossing, said traffic had been gradually decreasing. “There is a lot less movement from Syria now.” 

Those who come illegally walk 1.5km to get from the Syrian border to the Jordanian border, sometimes carrying injured people. Once on Jordanian territory, the army picks them up and takes them to be registered. They require a Jordanian sponsor to sign for them, and then they are free to enter Jordan. 

According to Ali Rashid Shdaifat, head of the Jordan Red Crescent branch in Mafraq, some passport offices in Syria have closed, making it more difficult for Syrians to get passports to travel. 

Ahmed* decided to flee Homs after he was twice arrested, detained and, he says, tortured. He tried three times to cross the border into Jordan. 

“The first time, they wouldn’t let us out. They said we would protest internationally and make Syria look bad. The last time, when we neared the border, we met people who said people who tried to leave were being targeted: women were being killed, and men electrocuted.”

He had to travel to the capital Damascus to get passports made for his wife and kids. The process took 5-6 days and cost a 25,000 pound ($436) bribe to get authorization to travel, required for all young men in Syria. He asked them to put an old date on the permission letter so it would not be obvious that he was trying to flee recent violence. He says he was accepted for travel only because his son was ill. He arrived in the Jordanian capital Amman on 17 March; his wife was forced to travel the next day. 

*not his real name 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95120</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203202202050486t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAFRAQ 21 March 2012 (IRIN) - A few hundred metres from the dusty, sleepy crossing that divides Jordan and Syria, Mohammad* waits on the roadside clutching a plastic bag and his blazer.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Call for educational reform to create &quot;knowledge society&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 
 
"[Arab countries] will have no alternative but to tackle this issue," said Amat Al Alim Alsoswa, assistant secretary-general and director of the Regional Bureau for Arab States at the UN Development Programme (UNDP). "If you talk about any kind of reform - political, judicial - education is an integral part of it. Otherwise, it will be an artificial reform," she told IRIN at the sidelines of the event in Dubai. 
 
The Arab Knowledge Report (AKR), published by UNDP and the UAE-based Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, called for action to better enable the region's youth to participate in the so-called "knowledge society" and move beyond the poverty and unemployment that led to mass demonstrations and the toppling of several governments last year.
 
According to some estimates, more than 60 percent of the population of Arab countries is under the age of 25. 
 
But the potential of Arab youth has so far been limited by weak corporate governance, high rates of corruption, weak indicators of freedom, absence of democracy, increasing rates of poverty and unemployment, restrictions on women's freedom and the failure of economic reforms to achieve social justice and provide youth employment opportunities, the report said.
 
The report found that the Arab world continues to lag behind, with a "sharp drop" in cognitive skills among youth, including problem-solving, written communication, use of technology, and the ability to search for information. The average student scored 33 out of 100 in these areas. 
 
Other statistics are equally scathing: In 2007, 29 percent of Arabs above the age of 15 were illiterate, compared to 16 percent globally; in 2010, 19 percent of Arab children under 6 had access to public childcare centres, compared to 41 percent globally; and Arab students continued to rank poorly in international exams. The region has seen an exponential growth in internet use, but remains below the global average in terms of its exploitation. 
 
The Arab Spring changed some of that - youth clearly used technology to communicate their message, and in many countries their protests have led to a freer and more democratic environment. (Broadening freedom of thought was one of the main recommendations of the 2009 Arab Knowledge Report. [ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/october/the-arab-knowledge-report-2009-towards-productive-intercommunication-for-knowledge.en ]) But this year's report warns that Arab countries need to do more to take advantage of the openings provided by the Arab Spring. 
 
The Arab world must develop the infrastructure for information technology; encourage innovation; create an investment-friendly environment; focus on social, political and economic reforms; and improve education. 
 
Education neglected intentionally?
 
For a long time, observers say, many Arab governments intentionally neglected education because they thought that an uneducated public would be less likely to rebel. 
 
Shortcomings in the education system were also due to a "culture of silence", Hassan El Bilawi, professor of the sociology of education at Helwan Unviersity in Cairo, told the audience at the launch. "We have before us a cultural challenge - we are suffering from cultural backwardness. Many changes took place in the Arab world but they have not been related to the methodology of teaching or the culture of schools. We have to make sweeping reforms," he said. 
 
Past reforms have been seen as a "technical task" entrusted to bureaucrats in Arab ministries of education, without the support of state policies or civil society, said Moudi Al Homud, former minister of education of Kuwait. "Consequently, we have failed." She urged governments to move beyond the "cosmetics" of educational reform. 
 
But Ghaith Fariz, director of the report, said the knowledge gap is due to more than just poor education. 
 
"It's an issue that involves all sectors of the society. It's much beyond education. Civil society has a role. Family has a role," he told IRIN. Intellectual property rights is another area, for instance, in which "we, as Arabs, are basically absent." 
 
Participants at the report's launch also highlighted the importance of youth being involved in finding solutions. 
 
"If we take the lead, we will destroy what the youth have done," said one participant from Jordan. "The youth have to define the next steps." 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95075</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: The year that was</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.
 
 “Despite the fact that the Arab Spring may have brought hopes for freedom, democracy and better living conditions, it has not been without cost,” said Abdul Haq Amiri, head of the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Middle East.
 
 Here are the top 10 humanitarian consequences of a momentous year in the region, focusing on Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen. 
 
 Lives lost 
 
 2011 began with an 18-day uprising against former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak which left more than 800 people dead and over 6,000 injured. By year end, sporadic clashes between protesters, security forces and “thugs” had killed at least another 81 people and injured hundreds more. 
 
 In Syria, a crackdown against demonstrators demanding President Bashar el-Assad step down led to more than 5,000 dead - though the number is constantly changing. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93772 ] 
 
 In Yemen, at least 2,700 protesters, tribal supporters, defected soldiers and government-aligned army members and policemen have been killed in what began as peaceful protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh but increasingly involved an armed opposition. Some 24,000 others were injured since the protest movement broke out in the first week of February, according to the NGO Dar al-Salam.
 
 Former rebels in Libya estimate the war there killed 50,000 people. 
 
 Displacement 
 
 Thousands fled Syria for Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93129 ] due to fighting between government forces and protesters, supported by army defectors. The economic situation of many host families in Lebanon was strained, and Syrians were attacked along and across the border, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94230 ] leaving them vulnerable not only in their home country but also when seeking refuge. 
 
 So-called sectarian clashes in Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93937 ] as well as a series of attacks on Coptic Christian churches, led as many as 100,000 Christians to flee the country in the months that followed the revolution, according to a local NGO. 
 
 In Libya, many people were unable to return to their homes because of the heavy damage and sensitive politics. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94332 ] 
 
 Iraq prepared for an influx of returnees from places affected by instability. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92748 ]
 
 Migration 
 
 The Arab Spring both affected the millions of migrants already in the Middle East and North Africa when uprisings erupted across the region; and also created new migration flows. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92186 ] 
 
 In Libya, sub-Saharan African migrants were accused of fighting alongside former leader Muammar Gaddafi and targeted by rebel forces. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93763 ] Hundreds of thousands of migrants left Libya during the war, in many cases returning to communities that did not have the capacity to support them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93769 ] 
 
 In Egypt, migrants returning from Libya came home to a difficult reality [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94128 ] and heightened nationalism led to violence and discrimination against foreigners, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94294 ] including migrants and refugees. 
 
 Despite a host of problems in Yemen, Somali and Ethiopian refugees and migrants continued streaming into the country in unprecedented numbers, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ] often accused of being a party to the conflict between Saleh and the protesters trying to oust him.
 
 Meanwhile, tens of thousands of Yemenis illegally entered neighbouring Saudi Arabia in search of work. Saudi authorities say they detained 239,000 illegal immigrants in 2011, up 37 percent on the year before. 
 
 Access to health care 
 
 The often-violent crackdown on protests in Egypt’s Tahrir Square led to a shortage of vital medicines in pharmacies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93450 ] and a sharp drop in blood donors. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93264 ] Amid the security vacuum that followed Mubarak’s departure, hospitals became dangerous places. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94299 ]
 
 In certain parts of Yemen, vaccination rates decreased by 20-40 percent as a result of the country's political and economic challenges. Hospitals struggled to cope [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93794 ] with increased demand among protesters. Health care facilities were barely functioning and access remained limited due to a lack of security, leading some health workers to flee their hospitals and clinics. Military presence in and around hospitals in Yemen led some wounded to seek treatment in private clinics. 
 
 Similarly in Syria, activists said they were afraid to take wounded protesters to hospitals, for fear they would be arrested by security forces there. 
 
 In Libya, the severely wounded had a hard time reaching hospitals [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93627 ] and the government struggled to secure medical treatment for the war-wounded abroad. 
 
 Access to education
 
 The unrest in the region set back the likelihood that many countries would achieve the Millennium Development Goals for education [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92091 ] by 2015. 
 
 In Egypt, nationwide demonstrations and repeated confrontations between demonstrators and military policemen forced several schools and educational institutions to close, while parents complained that their children were attacked by thugs on their way to school. Some rights groups said criminals used arms to take money from schoolchildren.
 
 In Yemen, hundreds of thousands of children stayed at home because their schools were either housing displaced people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93688 ] or being used as army barracks. 
 
 In the Syrian city of Homs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94529 ] a school came under attack. 
 
 On the positive side, the children of displaced Syrians in Lebanon were able to enrol in public schools in northern Lebanon.
 
 Access to basic services 
 
 Yemen faced acute water and power outages. By year end, the price of water-trucking had risen to US$8 per cubic metre in some places, 2-3 times more than in March 2011. The power went out for more than 20 hours a day in most of the country's main cities, including the capital Sana'a, due to repeated attacks on the national grid. 
 
 Some areas of Libya went without water and electricity for months due to severe damage to infrastructure; and activists in Syria said water and electricity were cut from certain cities for days at a time before and during military operations.
 
 Economy 
 
 Across the region, the Arab Spring led to higher food and fuel prices, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] less availability of certain products on the market, people losing their jobs, enterprises going out of business, and investors being wary. The economies of Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94414 ] Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94077 ] and Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94482 ] were particularly hard hit. Libya’s oil production dropped significantly and it had trouble accessing funds frozen under sanctions against Gaddafi. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94394 ]
 
 Food security 
 
 The devastated economies forced families to make difficult choices. In Yemen, where one third of people did not have enough to eat before the crisis, aid workers warned of shocking malnutrition figures. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94533 ]
 
 The price of basic food commodities in Yemen increased by 43 percent on average over the course of 2011, in a country where families spend 30-35 percent of their daily income on bread. 
 
 The Studies and Economic Media Center, a local think tank, warned that the number of food-insecure people increased from seven million to nine million in 2011 because of the unrest. 
 
 In Syria, the government made cash payments [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91999 ] to thousands of vulnerable families to stem food insecurity.
 
 The Egyptian government was incapable of maintaining the bread subsidy that many poor Egyptians rely on, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] and there were signs of increasing malnutrition in Upper Egypt.
 
 Proliferation of weapons
 
 Weapons proliferation increased in the region, especially in Libya, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94559 ] where an estimated 120,000 fighters needed to be demobilized; and surprisingly, in places like Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94308 ] where citizens purchased small arms to defend their families. An increasing number of army defectors led to a more violent Arab Spring in Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94000 ] and in Syria, where the UN resident coordinator in September warned of the risk of civil war. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93816 ]
 
 In Yemen, less government control has led tribesmen to break into military camps, looting small, medium and heavy arms. 
 
 Aid delivery 
 
 Insecurity and the spread of conflict in several areas of Yemen hindered access of humanitarian actors and made aid delivery even more complex. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93883 ] 
 
 Syria has been virtually off-limits for aid workers and certain areas of Libya remained inaccessible for months due to fighting during the war. 
 
 According to one UN official, the unrest in the region caused some Gulf countries to cut some of their foreign spending and refocus funds internally, to appease the local population and avoid uprisings in their own countries. The Palestinian Authority, for example, complained of decreased donor funding: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93550 ]
 
 ae/ay/jg/ha/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94581</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: West Bank dogged by high cost of trade</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109010619070578t.jpg" />]]>RAMALLAH 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - West Bank trade remains largely isolated from global markets due to restrictions imposed on the movement of goods to, from, and within the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), according to a July 2011 study by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).</description><body><![CDATA[RAMALLAH 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - West Bank trade remains largely isolated from global markets due to restrictions imposed on the movement of goods to, from, and within the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), according to a July 2011 study [ http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/tdb58d4_en.pdf ] by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Constraints on imports and exports inflate prices for Palestinian businesses and consumers, apparent as families struggle to buy gifts during the Eid post-Ramadan holiday.

Constraints facing Palestinian trade to or via Israel include access within the West Bank itself prior even to reaching the border with Israel or Jordan; a time-consuming and expensive back-to-back truck loading system; and severe scrutiny measures imposed at the border crossing to Jordan (Allenby or King Hussein Bridge, the West Bank’s only international crossing point) and the commercial crossings between the West Bank and Gaza and Israel, according to an unpublished World Bank report drafted in February 2011 and seen by IRIN.

The Palestinian Authority (PA) and Palestinian businesses are hoping a 20 September bid for statehood before the UN - and the assertion by UN agencies that Palestinian institutions are prepared for statehood - will open channels to international trade.

“The back-to-back system, internal West Bank checkpoints, and the clearance process at Israeli ports that require Palestinian goods to be searched several times and often held in warehouses for long periods, delay trade,” said PA deputy economic minister Abdel Hafiz Nofal.

Barriers to imports and exports increase the cost of trade transactions by about 40 percent, he said.

The back-to-back truck-loading system, which applies to all West Bank exports, does not allow trucks to cross into Israel. Instead, goods are offloaded from a Palestinian truck and inspected before being moved to an Israeli truck for final delivery within Israel or overseas.

For goods entering the West Bank from Israel, the cargo is transferred in the same manner, but without a security inspection for most goods.

No container scanners

According to the World Bank, the absence of container scanners at borders constrains Palestinian access to external markets, and means all cargo is subject to physical inspections. For goods outgoing from the West Bank to Israel, manual and canine inspection is used where deemed necessary.

“There are six commercial crossing points between the West Bank and Israel, and to date there are no scanners at any of the six points,” said Nofal.

According to Paltrade, [ http://www.paltrade.org/en/ ] the national trade development organization which includes 327 leading Palestinian businesses, PA customs and border officials are prohibited at Allenby Bridge and at crossing points between the West Bank and Israel. 

Arafat Asfour, chairman of Paltrade and partner in Nassar Group, the largest Palestinian marble and stone company, says the biggest obstacles facing Nassar are local trade restrictions, including the back-to-back system.

Loading and unloading trucks 3-4 times before they reach their destination is costly, said Asfour. 

If Nassar sends one truck from Bethlehem to Ashdod or Haifa port in Israel for sea-shipment, with two containers of stone [16 tons per container], it should cost US$550-650, but Nassar pays double for the extra trucks required.

Nassar is also reducing the amount of material per truck from 20 to 16 tons to allow dogs used by Israeli authorities to manoeuvre inside for security checks. Asfour estimates a 20 percent loss in transportation costs on each truck.

The international standard is 20 tons per container, and under normal trading conditions a truck is scanned as it crosses the border, according to Asfour. 

“Scanning entire trucks is more efficient and secure than manual searching with dogs,” says Asfour, and “Sometimes our materials stay 2-3 weeks in Israeli ports, which incur extra storage costs.”

Jordan even more costly

Despite the barriers, most Palestinian traders say it is still quicker and cheaper to export goods via Israel than Jordan.

Palestinian goods moving to or from Jordan must cross Allenby Bridge, where cargo is removed from Palestinian trucks, inspected, and then loaded onto Jordanian trucks. The process takes 4-8 hours or longer, and Allenby’s scanners cannot handle large cargo, reports the World Bank.

Since containers are prohibited from entering Jordan or Israel, Palestinian shippers say they often reconfigure cargo onto smaller pallets for inspection, and there is no cold storage.

If Palestinian shippers had consistent access to outside markets via Allenby Bridge, it could increase trade by as much as 30 percent annually, according to Paltrade.

In 2010, Palestinian trade with/through Israel accounted for 74 percent of total Palestinian trade, according to UNCTAD.

The increased cost of trade has raised the price of goods for Palestinians, including food, beverages and hygiene products, according to the PA economic ministry.

Per capita gross domestic product in the West Bank is about US$1,500, and about US$26,000 in Israel, according to the World Bank. “There is a rich society and a poor society that are being treated on an equal basis,” says Asfour. “This is why one customs union is unfair to the Palestinians.”

Gaza and the West Bank are treated as part of the same customs envelope by Israel, which collects the customs taxes and is supposed to remit them monthly to the PA in Ramallah, according to the Paris Protocol signed in conjunction with the Oslo Accords in 1994.

The Protocol stipulates that the value added tax in oPt can only be 3 percent lower than Israel’s tax, and gives the Israeli Institute for Standards authority over Palestinian imports and exports.

Israel is restricting imports according to its own national production to regulate competition in its own market, which does not necessarily apply to the Palestinians, said Nofal.

“Palestinians are forced to import fuel [petrol] via Israel, but if we could import fuel via Jordan or Saudi Arabia it would cut the price in half, which would create opportunities for industry and lower costs for average Palestinians,” he added.

Not all imports come from Israel

Recent evidence published by the Bank of Israel suggests that of the total Palestinian imports from Israel reported by official statistics, only 42 percent are actually goods produced in Israel, says UNCTAD.

“The remaining 58 per cent are produced in a third country, and transit to the OPT via Israel. Factoring out these `indirect’ imports negates the overstated importance of the Israeli economy to that of the OPT. The officially reported share of imports from Israel would be closer to 35 per cent, rather than 75 per cent, of all Palestinian imports. Under normal trade and transit conditions, therefore, Israel would no longer enjoy overwhelming dominance as the leading OPT trading partner. This underscores the failure of Palestinian–Israeli convergence and economic integration under prolonged occupation. And… this arrangement deprives the PA of significant customs revenue that it needs in order to meet essential obligations, lower its structural budget deficit, and reduce aid-dependence,” the UNCTAD report says.

Meanwhile, lack of Palestinian purchasing power is evident this holiday season in the West Bank, where 18 percent of the population lives below the poverty line, according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.

“People are looking, but not buying,” said Nidal Mohamed, 41, pushing his cart loaded with clothing by hand to Ramallah’s central market. Nidal said he has taken a second job cleaning a coffee shop to support his family of nine.

Israel says security measures implemented at crossing points are necessary to protect Israeli civilians from attacks. 

Israel does not support the potential bid for statehood, [ http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/Behind+the+Headlines/The+Dangers+of+Premature+Recognition+of+a+Palestinian+State-15-Jun-2011.htm ] asserting that the PA is ill-prepared to secure its borders.

es/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93625</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109010619070578t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RAMALLAH 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - West Bank trade remains largely isolated from global markets due to restrictions imposed on the movement of goods to, from, and within the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), according to a July 2011 study by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Humanitarian aid best practice guidelines updated</title><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271315410763t.jpg" />]]>ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</description><body><![CDATA[ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
 
“The Sphere Handbook has informed our response to various disaster situations, most recently those in Yemen, Pakistan and Libya,” Mohammed Khalifa Alqamzi, secretary-general of the UAE Red Crescent Authority, said during the launch in Abu Dhabi on 23 June.
 
The new Sphere Handbook [ http://www.sphereproject.org/content/view/738/32/lang,english/ ] is also available in Russian, Spanish, French and German.
 
During the launch of the revised English edition of the handbook in New York in April 2011, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92478 ] Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general and emergency relief coordinator, said: “The Sphere standards are the benchmark for ensuring humane and fair humanitarian assistance to people in need around the world… "I hope that all organizations that provide humanitarian aid will become familiar with the standards and use them," she added.
 
Speaking at the Arabic launch, Sultan Al Shamsi, executive director of the UAE Office for the Coordination of Foreign Aid, said it was important for Arab donor organizations to apply agreed minimum standards in their relief operations. “[Arab] aid workers need to be aware of the mechanisms to deliver aid and to be accountable according to these internationally accepted standards,” he added. 
 
According to Khaled Khalifa, head of IRIN Dubai office and Sphere trainer, the “lack of specialized humanitarian studies in Arabic represents a major challenge for Arab aid workers who strive to embrace new theories and practices in the field. The Arabic edition of the Sphere handbook is a good tool which contributes to bridging this gap.”  
 
The Humanitarian Charter, which describes core principles that should govern humanitarian action, is the foundation of the handbook. The core principles include avoiding exposing vulnerable people to further harm as a result of response, ensuring their access to impartial aid, protecting them from physical and psychological harm due to violence or coercion and assisting them to claim their rights and recover from abuse.
 
az/hh/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93083</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271315410763t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ABU DHABI 27 June 2011 (IRIN) - The launch of an Arabic version of the 2011 Sphere Handbook, which sets out best practice in the delivery of humanitarian aid, comes at a time of major political, economic and social change across the Middle East and should help streamline humanitarian responses, say aid officials in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Ramping up disaster preparedness</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200809162t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Several Middle East countries which over the years had failed to prioritize disaster preparedness have established national databases and should now be able to estimate their level of risk and improve response, according to the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Secretariat.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Several Middle East countries which over the years had failed to prioritize disaster preparedness have established national databases and should now be able to estimate their level of risk and improve response, according to the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Secretariat.
 
 "The region is affected by several hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides and drought. However, disaster risk reduction has not been a priority for governments until recently," said Luna Abu-Swaireh, regional programme officer at the Cairo office of the UNISDR. "The commitment is relatively new [and] we have witnessed various progress levels in nations in the region, but overall it is still lower than global levels."
 
 Some progress has also occurred in policy development. "For the first time this region has a strategy for 2011-2020 that outlines a commitment to reducing risk and vulnerability for the Arab countries and populations by working on multi-hazard approaches, risk assessment, identification and enhancing capacity," Swaireh told IRIN.
 
 According to a 2010 report [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/17934_arabdrrstrategyfinaladoptedarabic.pdf ] by Arab environment ministers, their region has suffered 276 disasters in the last 25 years, in which 100,000 people died, 10 million were affected and 1.5 million left homeless. 
 
 The region is at risk of earthquakes because the Jordan rift valley system extends from the Red Sea, through Palestine and north across the Dead Sea and Lebanon’s Beqaa Valley. About two-thirds of Jordan’s population, the entire population of Lebanon and a large urban population in Syria live within 50km of a fault line. 
 
 Increasing scarcity of water and arable land are also a threat to food security, while flooding in recent years has increased vulnerability. In Syria, for example, an estimated one million people lack food because of drought, especially in the northeast which is home to vulnerable, agriculture-dependent families, according to a 2010 drought vulnerability report on Syria. [ http://www.preventionweb.net/gar ]
 
 Tracking disaster losses
 
 Syria, along with Yemen and Jordan, have developed national disaster loss databases which can be used to analyse extensive risks based on data provided by the country, including case studies, illustrations and background on risk drivers.
 
 "A group of Arab states are now making progress in systematically reporting disaster losses, providing an indispensable empirical [data set]," the ISDR noted in a recent report entitled Revealing Risk, Redefining Development. [ http://unisdr.org/archive/20039 ] 
 
 Jordan, Syria and Yemen have all recently completed national disaster loss databases and will soon be joined by Egypt and Morocco, it said. Other countries are now in the process of finalizing their databases. 
 
 These databases are nationally owned, managed, maintained and regularly updated by the respective governments. In Yemen, management is a joint effort between the Ministry of Water and Environment, civil defence, and partners including the UN and the World Bank.
 
 "The impact of disasters on the economics of the Arab countries coupled with the problems they are already facing in terms of poverty, etc., makes it a challenge to engage in disaster risk," Abu-Swaireh said. "You need to work today on disaster reduction, to make sure your system does not collapse in the face of a disaster.
 
 "Countries like Jordan, [occupied Palestinian territory] and Syria are at very high risk from earthquakes with concentrated populations around fault lines," he added. "Some countries have undertaken rigorous assessments and linked this to town planning. Lebanon and the occupied Palestinian territory have started assessing hospitals for earthquakes and some schools too, but this is still in its early stages."
 
 A number of specialized agencies in the Arab world, according to the ISDR, have also developed sub-regional early warning systems for specific hazards. According to ISDR, drought has over the years affected the region’s GDP and agricultural production.
 
 "In the last quarter of 2011, we will bring together all relevant stakeholders [government, civil society, private sector] in the region to discuss how we can put the strategies into action, prioritize issues, and invest in risk reductions," Abu-Swaireh said. 
 
 hh/eo/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92812</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200809162t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Several Middle East countries which over the years had failed to prioritize disaster preparedness have established national databases and should now be able to estimate their level of risk and improve response, according to the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Secretariat.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Focus on domestic workers’ rights</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291405430732t.jpg" />]]>DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.</description><body><![CDATA[DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.
 
 Arab trade unions agreed on a statement of principles, including the right to decent wages and union representation for FDWs, after a workshop in Beirut, Lebanon, earlier in November 2010. 
 
 “This was an important landmark,” Simel Esim, a gender expert at the ILO in Beirut, told IRIN. “There are some bylaws, decrees and standard unified contracts out there, but specific labour legislation for domestic workers that extends legal protection in a systematic and comprehensive manner is needed.”
 
 Esim said the growing number of FDWs, and the recent high-profile cases of abuse that had led some governments to ban their citizens from seeking domestic work in the Middle East, had focused attention on the issue.
 
 “The phenomenon [FDW] has taken off in recent years as family networks are taking on workers to help with social care, such as caring for elderly parents, people with disabilities and children,” said Esim. “But because domestic labour is in the home it has been largely unseen, or viewed as a private matter.”
 
 In 2009 Lebanon's Ministry of Labour dew up a standard unified contract for domestic workers, stipulating a maximum 10-hour workday and the right to six days of annual leave, among other conditions. In March 2010 Syria introduced a law specifying that only employment agencies registered with the government could operate. Only Jordan has comprehensive labour legislation covering FDWs.
 
 Apart from regional responses, a proposed ILO Convention to cover domestic workers worldwide is due to be debated in June 2011.
 
 Domestic labour is used worldwide but is especially widespread in the Middle East, where the ILO estimates there are 22 million FDWs, a third of whom are women. FDWs originate mainly from Asian and African countries, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Ethiopia.
 
 A range of abuse
 
 A Human Rights Watch report [ http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/04/28/slow-reform-0 ] in April 2010 said FDWs in the region faced a wide range of abuses. Many experienced poor working conditions, such as needing permission to leave the house, a lack of leave days, having their passports taken away and, in some cases, physical and emotional abuse. The report also noted that access to justice was limited.
 
 Experts said the recruitment system – known as kafala – in which an employing family sponsors the domestic worker, was the first issue that should be tackled.
 
 “The current system makes the worker entirely dependent on the employer, increasing the vulnerability of the worker to labour abuses,” said Esim. “The live-in arrangement for domestic workers is a challenge to monitoring what is going on in the workplace, i.e. the employer's home.”
 
 Advocacy for the rights of domestic workers has been weak, and the fact that many came from abroad posed a further challenge because they often did not have a national representative body and were not proficient in the language of the receiving country.
 
 “Today, temporary and precarious work is becoming more common, and this especially hurts women and migrant workers,” said Özen Eren, a labour expert at Texas Tech University in the US. “In a globalized world, political will to address the problems is often missing.”
 
 The ILO is also working with governments on other initiatives, including awareness literature, hotlines for FDWs, communal housing that would offer domestic workers an alternative to living in the employer’s home, and government bodies rather than private agencies to manage recruitment.
 
 “Governments, trade unions, and other civil society organizations in both the countries of origin and destination need to be more engaged,” said Esim. 
 
 “Private employment agencies are making a profit out of workers who are coming to the region to take care of the social care needs of households here. These … needs should be a part of social policies and programmes of the countries’ governments, rather than being left to private households.”
 
 sb/he
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91236</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291405430732t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAMASCUS 30 November 2010 (IRIN) - The UN International Labour Organization (ILO) is encouraging the drafting of labour legislation to provide foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in the Middle East with legal protection.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: States gather for landmine meeting </title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911051009270578t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - The five-day Tenth Meeting of the States Parties (10MSP) of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention began in Geneva, Switzerland, on 29 November 2010. 

</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - The five-day Tenth Meeting of the States Parties (10MSP) of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention began in Geneva, Switzerland, on 29 November 2010. 
 
 The Mine Ban Treaty (MBT), which seeks to prohibit landmine production, destroy stockpiles and clear all mine-contaminated land, has been signed by 156 states, and since the convention entered into force in 1999 has stigmatized the use of landmines to such an extent that even non-signatories have in some cases complied with many of its provisions. 
 
 The meeting will include submissions from six signatories - Chad, Colombia, Denmark, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Zimbabwe - for an extension of the 10-year deadline "for destroying or ensuring the destruction of all anti-personnel mines in mined areas to clear landmines", the 10MSP said in a statement. 
 
 Daniel Yuval, an 11-year-old landmine survivor from Israel, will address the meeting to highlight the plight of landmine victims. Yuval lost his right leg below the knee to a landmine in February 2010 during a family outing to the Golan Heights, a mountainous region bordering Syria. His sister sustained shrapnel wounds to the face. Israel is one of 39 states not party to the MBT. 
 
 go/cb ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91234</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911051009270578t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 November 2010 (IRIN) - The five-day Tenth Meeting of the States Parties (10MSP) of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention began in Geneva, Switzerland, on 29 November 2010. 

</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Investing in early education</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910291056130296t.jpg" />]]>DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.</description><body><![CDATA[DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.

“The centre aims to strengthen national and regional capacity in a region where enrolment in pre-primary education, averaging 19 percent, remains well below the 41 percent world average,” said Therese Cregan, education programme coordinator at the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in Beirut, Lebanon.

Early Childhood Development (ECD) is aimed at giving children the best possible start, focusing on the early years while the brain is rapidly developing. It involves pre-school education, but also skills such as language and social interaction. Healthy food and medical care are additional components.

The UN Children's Fund, UNICEF, says the number, quality and cost of pre-school facilities are the main obstacles to enrolment in Syria. "Most of the pre-school educational facilities are run by the private sector, are fairly expensive and do not contribute much in terms of educational development,” said Sherazade Boualia, representative of UNICEF in Syria.

The lack of educational development also stems from parents and educationalists who are often poorly informed about the importance of early stimulation that can be done at home, according to experts.

“What we've learnt about early development in the last 25 years is unknown in the region,” said Pablo Stansbery, head of global early childhood programmes at Save the Children, a UK-based charity. “These include simple things such as suggesting parents to talk to their children from a young age, or give their child a mobile to look at when they are lying down, rather than staring at a blank ceiling.”

ECD is vital to a child's future. Attending pre-school education is a strong indicator of success in later life, according to UNICEF. With a rising population and graduates ill-equipped to compete in the global labour market, the intervention is designed to better equip the region's next generation.

“There is plenty of statistical evidence that those who go through kindergarten education stay in school longer, achieve more, develop better and experience better cognitive development,” said Boualia.

ECD also aids gender parity and development. “We know that enrolment of girls in ECD programmes makes it more likely they continue in school,” said Stansbery. “This gives them better earning potential and is important for the development of the country.”

Save the Children and UNICEF run localized projects in various Middle Eastern countries including Syria, Jordan and Egypt, but the new Early Childhood Centre, set up in collaboration with the Syrian government and under the auspices of UNESCO, is the first regional effort.

UNICEF said the centre aimed to boost pre-school education immediately by encouraging parents to bring their children to the kindergarten and library. It will also offer seminars to train child workers in psychosocial care, and provide access to the latest research to encourage more quality kindergartens to be established.

Agencies and governments will also meet to improve childhood development: following a UNESCO conference in October, a paper with guidance for governments in the Middle East and North Africa is being prepared. Experts suggest more public low-cost or free kindergartens be set up to ensure access for all.

“We find that explaining to parents and workers why certain practices are better is very effective in overcoming outdated practices,” said Stansbery. “The centre will be very effective if it involves all actors, as it plans to do.”

sb/he/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91092</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910291056130296t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAMASCUS 15 November 2010 (IRIN) - A new regional Early Childhood Centre offering facilities for pre-school children as well as training for child workers in Damascus, Syria, is hoping to boost the quality of pre-primary education in the Middle East.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Refugees and IDPs by country </title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006201203460795t.jpg" />]]>MADRID 04 October 2010 (IRIN) - The refugee and displacement problem is one of the most complex humanitarian issues facing the Middle East, aid workers say.</description><body><![CDATA[MADRID 04 October 2010 (IRIN) - The refugee and displacement problem is one of the most complex humanitarian issues facing the Middle East, aid workers say. 
 
 Elizabeth Campbell, senior advocate at US NGO Refugees International, believes it is likely the Middle East hosts the highest number of refugees and asylum-seekers in the world. She underlined the need to find lasting solutions: "Any time that people remain uprooted and have not been afforded basic rights or pathways to durable solutions, it is a humanitarian crisis." 
 
 IRIN takes a look at the number of refugees, asylum-seekers and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the region, and the main issues they face. 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Egypt is a state party to both the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1969 Organization of African Unity (now known as the African Union) Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa. 
 
 Egypt is both a refugee host country and a transit point for asylum-seekers. It hosts refugees from 38 countries. 
 
 As of 30 August 2010, the registered population of concern to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) was 38,962, of whom 57 percent were Sudanese nationals, 17 percent Iraqi and 17 percent Somali. 
 
 Some unofficial estimates put the number of refugees and asylum-seekers at 500,000, according to the Africa and Middle East Refugee Assistance NGO [ http://www.amera-uk.org/egypt/index_eg.html ]. 
 
 UNHCR conducts all refugee status determination (RSD) procedures, registration and documentation. 
 
 Issues affecting refugees and asylum-seekers include poverty, gaps in protection and dependence on the informal economy. 
 
 (Sources: UNHCR, Africa and Middle East Refugee Assistance and Human Rights Watch) 
 
 Iraq 
 
 Iraq is not a state party to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 Iraqis are the second-largest refugee group in the world. 
 
 As of August 2010, there were 207,639 UNHCR-documented Iraqi refugees living beyond their country's borders. The estimated number of IDPs exceeds 1.55 million. 
 
 Most Iraqi refugees (45 percent of the total) are living in Syria; other large communities are in Jordan and Lebanon. 
 
 As of October 2007, when Syria became the last neighbouring country to impose a stricter visa regime on Iraqis, mobility for Iraqis seeking to flee persecution in their country has become very difficult. 
 
 A growing number of refugees are returning home for lack of employment and education opportunities in neighbouring host countries. 
 
 In June 2010, UNHCR announced that 100,000 Iraqis had been referred for resettlement to third countries. Of that number, just over half had been resettled. 
 
 Religious and other minorities face a grave risk of persecution in Iraq, according to various reports. An estimated 500,000 Christians remain in Iraq out of a population of 1.0-1.4 million before 2003. 
 
 UNHCR estimates that of the 34,000 Palestinians in Iraq in May 2006, only 11,544 remain. 
 
 UNHCR has expressed concern over instances of the forced return [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90616 ] of Iraqi citizens from Western European countries, including those who had been residing in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and the United Kingdom. 
 
 UNHCR’s guidelines for Iraq ask governments not to forcibly return people originating from the governorates of Baghdad, Diyala, Kirkuk, Ninewa and Salah Al-din, in view of the serious human rights violations and continuing security incidents in these areas. UNHCR’s position is that Iraqi asylum applicants originating from these five governorates should benefit from international protection as per the 1951 Refugee Convention or an alternative form of protection. 
 
 UNHCR recorded 426,090 Iraqi refugee and IDP returnees in 2008 and 2009. However, only 15 percent of these were refugees. The estimated 1.5 million IDPs in Iraq include 500,000 in settlements or camp-like situations in extremely poor conditions who are considered a priority for protection and emergency assistance. 
 
 (Sources: UNHCR, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and Brookings Institution) 
 
 Israel/oPt 
 
 Israel is a state party to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 The total number of displaced Palestinians worldwide is 7.1 million, including 6.6 million refugees and 427,000 IDPs. 
 
 Most Palestinian refugees [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89571 ] live in the Middle East, mainly in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. 
 
 In 1949 the UN established the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which operates in oPt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon. A further 340,016 Palestinians are registered with UNHCR. 
 
 A total of 1,310 refugees and 1,062 asylum-seekers from Israel are registered with UNHCR. 
 
 Meanwhile asylum-seekers and refugees, mainly from Sudan and Eritrea, have in recent years attempted to illegally cross the border from Egypt into Israel, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87481 ] risking their lives: Between 1 January and 31 March 2010, 12 people lost their lives attempting to cross into Israel. 
 
 (Sources: UNHCR, BADIL, UNRWA and Human Rights Watch) 
 
 Jordan 
 
 Jordan is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 Around 1.9 million Palestinians are registered with UNRWA. Unlike any other host country, Jordan granted all Palestinian refugees full citizenship rights, except for the 120,000 Palestinians who originally came from the Gaza Strip. 
 
 As of end of July, 2010, there were 32,599 registered persons of concern, 90 percent (30,700) of whom are Iraqis registered with UNHCR, along with 1,899 refugees and asylum-seekers from other countries, mainly Sudan and Somalia. 
 
 More than 90 percent of the refugees have access to primary education. 
 
 Up until May 2008, Iraqis fleeing persecution could enter Jordan with relatively little difficulty. However, the Jordanian authorities considered them "guests" and not refugees, and they were therefore unable to seek work without risking fines, detention and even deportation. Entry rules have been tightened: all Iraqis are required to have a visa prior to entering Jordan. 
 
 In 1998 the Jordanian government and UNHCR signed a Memorandum of Understanding, according to which asylum-seekers may remain in Jordan pending RSD by UNHCR. However, resettlement is currently the only durable option for Iraqis as few opportunities for local integration exist. Return to much of Iraq is not currently advised by UNHCR. 
 
 Key issues affecting refugees in Jordan include poverty and marginalization. 
 
 (Sources: UNHCR and UNRWA) 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Lebanon is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 Around 425,000 Palestinian refugees are registered with UNRWA, while around 3,000 are not registered and have no identity documents. About 53 percent of registered refugees live in 12 official refugee camps across the country, while the rest live in cities, towns and informal refugee camps. 
 
 Living conditions for most refugees - Palestinian or otherwise - are precarious. Palestinian refugees are barred from public sector jobs, though in August 2010, after decades of campaigning, a law was passed in Lebanon's parliament allowing them to request work permits for private sector employment. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90327 ] 
 
 According to UNHCR, a total of 7,878 Iraqis were registered with UNHCR, in addition to 1,936 refugees and asylum-seekers of other nationalities, at the end of August 2010. 
 
 Because Lebanon is not a state party to the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or to its 1967 Protocol, it also does not have legislation or administrative practices in place to address the specific needs of refugees and asylum-seekers. 
 
 As a result, refugees who enter the country without prior authorization or who overstay their visa are considered to be illegal and are at risk of being fined, detained for considerable lengths of time, and deported. Without permission to stay until a durable solution is found, they live in hardship. Many are extremely destitute and worry about meeting their own and their children’s very basic need for food and shelter. A growing number have run out of resources. 
 
 UNHCR remains in regular contact with the Lebanese authorities to discuss the circumstances of persons detained and advocate their release. Recent months have seen an improvement in the detention situation, but there still is some way to go to ensure that refugees are not detained for a prolonged period of time simply because they have come to Lebanon to seek international protection. UNHCR is hopeful that the new decree and other reforms will rectify the situation. 
 
 (Sources: Al-Shabaka Palestinian Policy Network, BADIL, UNHCR and UNRWA) 
 
 Syria 
 
 Syria is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 Around 427,000 Palestinian refugees are registered with UNRWA. They enjoy the same rights as Syrian citizens, barring citizenship rights. 
 
 As of end July 2010, there were 151,907 Iraqi refugees registered with UNHCR in Syria, as well as 4,317 non-Iraqi refugees and 1,156 non-Iraqi asylum-seekers. 
 
 According to UNHCR's The State of The World's Refugees 1997 report, [ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=3eb7ba7d4&query=stateless%20Syria ] up to 200,000 Kurds in Syria became stateless as a result of a 1962 census which withdrew Syrian citizenship from people who had allegedly entered the country illegally from Turkey. 
 
 Most refugees are Iraqis. Others are mainly from Afghanistan, Iran, Somalia and Sudan. 
 
 Stricter visa requirements for Iraqis were introduced at the end of 2007, whereas entry up until that point had been relatively easy. 
 
 According to UNHCR, local integration is not an option in Syria. This is because of the lack of livelihood opportunities in a country whose economy is already under strain. 
 
 The Syrian government estimated in 2007 that there were over 430,000 IDPs in the country, including the descendants of those originally forced to flee from the Golan Heights during the 1967 Six Day War, says the Norwegian Refugee Council's Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 
 
 The drought in northeastern Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=90442 ] in recent years has forced 250,000-300,000 families (at least 1.25-1.5 million people) to leave their villages. Most moved to Damascus and other cities like Aleppo and Daa'ra. 
 
 (Sources: UNRWA, UNHCR, IDMC) 
 
 Yemen 
 
 Yemen is a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. 
 
 UNHCR describes the challenges Yemen faces as "unique", given its location on a historical migration route between the Horn of Africa and the oil-rich Arabian Gulf. Mixed migration brings in both refugees fleeing persecution and economic migrants fleeing poverty, often via dangerous people-smuggling networks. 
 
 As of August 2010, 95 percent of the 236,443 registered refugees in Yemen were Somalis granted prima facie recognition by the Yemeni government. 
 
 Iraqis, Ethiopians and Eritreans have also sought refuge in Yemen. There are 304,469 registered IDPs in Yemen. UNHCR's access to the Saada Governorate, where intermittent clashes have been going on between government forces and Houthi rebels since 2004, is difficult. 
 
 Yemen is one of the region's poorest countries, and faces threats of insurgency and conflict. Since 21 September there have been reports of clashes between the army and al-Qaeda in the southeastern province of Shabwa, leading to further displacements. 
 
 (Sources: UNHCR, Yemen Post [ http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=2601 ] 
 
 sa/at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90663</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006201203460795t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MADRID 04 October 2010 (IRIN) - The refugee and displacement problem is one of the most complex humanitarian issues facing the Middle East, aid workers say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Arab aid to Pakistan in numbers</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. </description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. 
 
 The UN General Assembly convened on 19 August to mobilize international support. At that date the Pakistan Initial Floods Emergency Response Plan 2010 http://fts.unocha.org/pageloader.aspx?page=emerg-emergencyDetails&emergID=15913, which has sought US$459 million, had received half of the requested amount only, including pledges of $40 million. 
 
 Arab and Muslim donations so far: 
 Saudi Arabia 
 King Abdullah said on 17 August the kingdom would give SR300 million (about $80 million) to Pakistan. 
 A nationwide fundraising campaign launched on 16 August by the Saudi monarch raised more than SR100 million ($26.6 million). 
 
 UAE 
 A fleet of Chinook helicopters was deployed to help in evacuation, according to the commander of the UAE Armed Force's Relief Team in Pakistan. The UAE Force in Afghanistan distributed 30MT of relief materials and food to flooded areas of the country. 
 
 Oman 
 The Oman Charitable Organisation (OCO) is sending 2,336MT of aid to Pakistan, comprising foodstuffs, water, dates, tents, relief supplies and tools. 
 
 Jordan 
 A plane carrying 3.5MT of food and medical supplies left for Pakistan on 15 August. It is carrying a 25-member medical team, including nine doctors, as well as 21,000 typhoid and cholera vaccines. 
 
 Syria 
 Syria said it was sending an airplane loaded with 35MT of foodstuffs, medical supplies to help the victims. 
 
 Qatar 
 Qatar Red Crescent has appealed for QR6.5 million (about $1.19 million) and as part of its Ramadan campaign allocated QR1.5 million (about $413,000) to its humanitarian mission, according to Projects head, Khaled Dhiab. 
 
 Kuwait 
 Kuwait has announced aid of $5 million for the flood-affected areas. A team from the Kuwait Joint Relief Committee (KJRC) distributed aid in the northern Pakistani province of Khyber-Pakhtunkhawa. 
 
 Sources: local media 
 
 dvh/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008200840280703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Donations to Pakistan continue to trickle in amid international calls for more contributions. The Organization of the Islamic Conference on 18 August urged the “international community in general and the Islamic world in particular, at the level of individuals and states, to provide urgent material and financial aid to Pakistan”. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Fish nets join mosquito nets against malaria </title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. 
 
 "Healing powers for one of the world's deadliest diseases may lie within sponges, sea worms and other underwater creatures," said an internal publication by the University of Central Florida (UCF) after a study of samples collected off the Florida coast in the United States with the help of the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute in Fort Pierce, Florida. 
 
 "So far we have a hit rate of over 10 percent," said Debopam Chakrabarti, Professor of Molecular Biology and Microbiology at UCF, who is leading the research. He was "quite enthused by the promise of the project", but warned that "early promise does not always materialize" into a usable drug. 
 
 Chakrabarti has spent over 20 years researching treatments for the mosquito-borne illness, and turned to the largely unexplored biological potential of the ocean because "[current] drugs are becoming increasingly less effective and [malaria] is still killing," he told IRIN. 
 
 The UN World Health Organization has noted that about 3.3 billion people - half of the world's population - are at risk of malaria, and around 1 million people worldwide are killed by it every year. 
 
 tdm/he
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89701</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 July 2010 (IRIN) - New drugs to fight malaria may well lie at the bottom of the ocean, according to researchers studying over 2,500 samples from marine organisms collected at depths of over 900 metres. They have already found 300 that contain substances that can kill the parasite. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: New HIV report turns up some surprises </title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200802242t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers. 
 
 “In all previous reports we thought there was no HIV data from this region. But there turned out to be lots of data here,” said Laith Abu Raddad, director of the Biostatistics and Biomathematic Research Core at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and the principal author of the study (not yet available online). 
 
 “This report is basically more like a scientific epidemiological study: Getting pieces of data, thousands of data that we managed to collect from every country in the region, putting them together and analysing them to see what they tell us in terms of HIV epidemiology,” he said. 
 
 The report, characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa, is a joint effort of the World Bank, the UN Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It covers 23 countries that the three organizations include in their MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. 
 
 According to UNAIDS, about 412,000 people were living with HIV in MENA by the end of 2008, up from 270,000 in 2001. The report said most new infections were from within commercial sex and drug-taking populations. 
 
 The report divides the MENA region into two categories according to HIV prevalence: the “subregion with considerable prevalence” (Djibouti, Somalia, Southern Sudan); and the Core MENA region, where HIV prevalence is described as “very limited” (the rest of MENA countries). 
 
 Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti 
 
 “In north Sudan, we used to think in the past that we have a much more serious problem of HIV but now the data set is more complete, it’s clear that north Sudan really is quite similar to the rest of the MENA countries. But in south Sudan we may have a generalized epidemic,” Abu Raddad said. A generalized epidemic is one that has spread beyond high-risk minority populations to the general population. 
 
 A 2003 UNAIDS and WHO report referred to in the study said Sudan had a 2.6 percent HIV prevalence rate. 
 
 Abu Raddad said Djibouti “was the Disneyland of risk behaviour” and had a large number of Ethiopian sex workers serving truck drivers and foreign army bases. “We have this corridor which is certainly full of HIV, but the rest of the country is fine,” he noted. 
 
 A 2008 UNAIDS report said Djibouti had a 3.4 percent HIV prevalence rate in its capital and a 1.1 percent rate outside it. 
 
 “Technically speaking, the HIV epidemics in Djibouti and Somalia are already generalized, but the context of HIV infection and risk groups in these countries suggests that HIV dynamics are mainly focused around concentrated epidemics in the commercial sex networks,” said the new report. 
 
 Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran 
 
 The report said Pakistan and Iran, where HIV prevalence is low among the general population, faced concentrated HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDUs), while this was also a significant mode of transmission for HIV in Afghanistan. 
 
 “We know we have a concentrated epidemic among IDUs in Pakistan, and the increase was very rapid over the past few years. In Karachi, for example, we had near zero percent among this group in 2003 or 2004 and then within six months it jumped to 24 percent.” 
 
 He said this increase could be attributed to needle sharing, poverty and a lack of awareness. 
 
 Egypt and Tunisia 
 
 Egypt has a different pattern in terms of the spread of HIV. Surveys of risk groups showed that HIV prevalence was very low among IDUs and female sex workers (FSWs). “This is not a surprise for FSWs. In those kind of conservative countries in the region - and Egypt is one them - we see very little prevalence of HIV among FSWs. But having very low prevalence among IDUs is quite a surprise,” Abu Raddad said. 
 
 He said that Egypt appeared to be having an HIV epidemic among men having sex with men (MSM), at a prevalence rate of 6 percent. 
 
 “The country also has an interesting pattern. Usually HIV epidemics start with IDUs and then move to MSM, which we see in Iran and Pakistan. But this is not the case in some countries, like Egypt and Tunisia, where the epidemic is starting with MSM,” Abu Raddad said. 
 
 Dearth of data 
 
 Experts said that despite all the information from different sources that the new report brings together, the region still does not have enough data to form a coherent strategy to tackle HIV/AIDS. The report conceded that the MENA region “continues to be viewed as the anomaly in the HIV/AIDS world map”. 
 
 “This is because we have not invested enough in building the right surveillance systems, so we don’t have systems that actually detect and follow up on this issue,” Hind Khatib, regional director of UNAIDS, told IRIN. 
 
 “Political commitment should be matched with domestic resources and investment in human resources, which is limited in the region. You have to spend on your programmes and systems and you have to have strategic directions that are focused on the drivers of the epidemic,” Khatib said. 
 
 She said she hoped to see the governments of the many low-income countries in the region allocate more funds to HIV programmes, particularly in light of the fact that the financial crisis had made it harder for countries to be eligible for assistance from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. 
 
 Experts agreed that the main challenge for the region was the stigma of HIV/AIDS and discrimination against people living with it. 
 
 “We have to bring in the people living with HIV and the civil society. We have to open up in our thinking and policies,” Khatib said. 
 
 dvh/ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89677</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200802242t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 30 June 2010 (IRIN) - Statistics on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East are hard to come by but a new study launched on 28 June in the United Arab Emirates has attempted to gather all existing data into one place and add some analysis and action points for policymakers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Palestinian refugee numbers/whereabouts</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006211229030920t.jpg" />]]>MADRID 22 June 2010 (IRIN) - For the past 62 years, millions of Palestinians have been living as refugees in areas of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and in surrounding host countries - mostly in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has described their plight as “by far the most protracted and largest of all refugee problems in the world today”. IRIN takes a fresh look at their number and whereabouts.</description><body><![CDATA[MADRID 22 June 2010 (IRIN) - For the past 62 years, millions of Palestinians have been living as refugees in areas of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and in surrounding host countries - mostly in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has described their plight as “by far the most protracted and largest of all refugee problems in the world today”. IRIN takes a fresh look at their number and whereabouts.
 
 The total number of displaced Palestinians worldwide is 7.1 million, including: 
 
 
 6.6 million refugees, and
 427,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs)
 67 percent of all Palestinians worldwide are refugees or IDPs
 4,766,670 refugees registered with the UNRWA
 UNRWA definition of Palestinian refugees: “People whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.” As a rule, those displaced after 1948 do not qualify for UNRWA assistance
 More than one million refugees whose displacement dates back to 1947-1948 are not registered with UNRWA
 340,016 Palestinians are registered with UNHCR
 (Sources: BADIL [http://www.badil.org/],UNRWA [http://www.unrwa.org/] and UNHCR [http://www.unhcr.org/]) 
 
 
 
 COUNTRY BY COUNTRY: Where do the Palestinians live? 
 
 The overwhelming majority of Palestinians live in the Middle East. UNRWA operates in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and the occupied Palestinian territory. There are also sizeable numbers of refugees living in Iraq, Egypt and outside the Middle East. 
 
 Jordan
 
 Around 1.9 Palestinian refugees are registered with UNRWA 
 Unlike any other host country, Jordan granted Palestinian refugees full citizenship rights, except for 120,000 people who originally came from the Gaza Strip
 There are 10 official and three unofficial refugee camps in Jordan 
 Click here [http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=66] for more information on UNRWA’s operations in Jordan 
 (Source: UNRWA) 
 
 Lebanon 
 
 Around 425,000 Palestinian refugees are registered with UNRWA 
 There are 12 official refugee camps
 Given their condition as stateless, Palestinians in Lebanon are denied many basic rights [http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/06/17/lebanon-seize-opportunity-end-discrimination-against-palestinians]. For instance, they are barred from around 20 professions and have no access to public social services. Even access to health and educational services is limited, often rendering registered refugees heavily dependent on UNRWA. 
 Around 3,000 Palestinians in Lebanon are not registered with UNRWA and have no other form of identity documents. They are barred from practically every form of assistance, and survive thanks to NGOs. 
 Click here [http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=65] for more information on UNRWA’s operations in Lebanon. 
 (Sources: UNRWA, Danish Refugee Council [http://www.drc.dk/]) 
 
 Syria 
 
 Around 427,000 Palestinian refugees are registered with UNRWA. 
 There are nine official and three unofficial camps. 
 Palestinians enjoy the same rights as the Syrian population, barring citizenship rights. 
 Click here [http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=55] for more information on UNRWA’s operations in Syria. 
 (Source: UNRWA) 
 
 Gaza 
 
 An estimated 1.1 million Palestinians out of Gaza’s 1.5 million population are UNRWA-registered refugees.
  There are eight UNRWA-administered camps in the Gaza Strip.
 As a result of Israel’s occupation since 1967 and an ongoing blockade on the Gaza Strip, the population suffers severe economic problems.
 UNRWA’s activities in the Gaza Strip have been severely restricted by the blockade. 
 Military conflict, including Israel’s 23-day military offensive starting 27 December 2008, has led to the frequent destruction of homes and other infrastructure in Gaza, much of which has not been rebuilt because of the blockade.
 Click here [http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=64] for more information on UNRWA’s operations in Gaza. 
 (Source: UNRWA) 
 
 West Bank 
 
 779,000 Palestinians are registered with UNRWA. 
 There are 19 overcrowded and poorly serviced camps. 
 The ongoing occupation and military checkpoints and closures implemented by the Israeli army put a huge strain on the West Bank economy. 
 Click here [http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=67] for more information on UNRWA’s operations in the West Bank. 
 (Source: UNRWA)
 
 Israel
 
 Palestinians whose forbears were displaced in 1948 but remained within the borders of what is now Israel are estimated to number 335,204. 
 They have the right to Israeli citizenship but are denied the right to return to their home towns or villages. 
 (Source: BADIL) 
 
 Egypt
 
 Palestinians fled to Egypt during the 1948, 1956 and 1967 wars.
  It is estimated that there are up to 50,000 Palestinians in Egypt.
 However, they do not have permanent residency rights, nor can they register as refugees.
 There is no UNRWA presence in Egypt.
 (Source: Forced Migration Refugee Studies programme [http://www.fmreview.org/] of the American University in Cairo)
 
 Iraq
 
 Up until May 2006, UNHCR estimated that 34,000 Palestinians lived in Iraq. Today, only 11,544 UNHCR-registered Palestinian refugees remain.
 Palestinians have been targeted and scores have been killed by militant groups since the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. As such, many Palestinians who were living in Iraq have suffered forced displacement twice: once from their original homes, and then from their host country.
  Most fleeing Palestinians have sought refuge in neighbouring Syria and Jordan. 
 (Source: UNHCR)
 
 UNRWA versus UNHCR 
 
Such is the scale and uniqueness of the Palestinian refugee problem that the UN has one agency for Palestinian refugees in the Levant countries and another for all other refugees across the world.

UNRWA was established by UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in December 1949 “to carry out direct relief and works programmes for Palestine refugees”. UNRWA was set up after 750,000-900,000 mostly Arabs were expelled or fled Palestine during fighting between Arabs and Jews from November 1947 to July 1949. The conflict arose after Resolution 181 of November 1947 recommended the partition of Palestine.

Resolution 194 stated that those “refugees wishing to return to their homes and live in peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss or damage to property”. However, it has never been implemented and Israel has refused to allow the repatriation of Arab refugees, many of whose villages had been destroyed.

More Palestinians were displaced in the wake of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war and the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon. 

UNRWA began operations on 1 May 1950 and because no solution to the Palestine refugee problem has been forthcoming, the General Assembly has repeatedly renewed UNRWA's mandate, most recently extending it until 30 June 2011.

Over time, UNRWA’s mandate has evolved to focus on four main programmes: education, health, relief and social services, and microfinance. It operates in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in oPt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.

UNHCR was established on 14 December 1950 to help Europeans displaced by World War II. The following year, the UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees [http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html] was signed and is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states.

It then became mandated “to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide” at the request of a government or the UN itself. UNHCR’s mandate does not extend to the majority of Palestinian refugees because the 1951 UN Refugee Convention excludes assistance to those who receive aid from other UN organs or agencies - UNRWA in this case.

However, Palestinian refugees living outside UNRWA’s geographical scope, such as in Egypt or Iraq, may receive UNHCR assistance.

 
 sa/ed/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89571</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006211229030920t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MADRID 22 June 2010 (IRIN) - For the past 62 years, millions of Palestinians have been living as refugees in areas of the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and in surrounding host countries - mostly in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has described their plight as “by far the most protracted and largest of all refugee problems in the world today”. IRIN takes a fresh look at their number and whereabouts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Environmentalists issue stark warning on River Jordan </title><pubDate>Thu, 06 May 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005061533350889t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 06 May 2010 (IRIN) - Two recent reports by a coalition of Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian environmentalists paint a grim picture of the state of the River Jordan, and urge swift action.</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 06 May 2010 (IRIN) - Two recent reports by a coalition of Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian environmentalists paint a grim picture of the state of the River Jordan, and urge swift action. 
 
 “If immediate action is not taken the River Jordan will run dry by 2011,” Baha Afaneh, Jordanian coordinator for the Jordan River Project of Friends of the Earth Middle East (FOEME), said at a conference in Amman on 3-4 May. 
 
 According to a FOEME report, the once mighty river is now barely a trickle, fed by saline water and sewage from Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority (PA). 
 
 “Israel has diverted saline water from springs into the river. Today some 20,000 million cubic metres [of saline water] flow into the river annually,'' said Gideon Bromberg, the Israeli director of FOEME. 
 
 Some three million cubic metres of untreated sewage per year pours into the river from Beit Shea'an Municipality in Israel, despite the fact that Israel is considered a leading country in the region in terms of sewage treatment, Bromberg said. 
 
 According to FOEME, if 400 million cubic metres of fresh water (a third of the historic flow) is not allowed to flow into the river annually, its days are numbered. 
 
 Israel diverts the highest amount from the river, 46.47 percent, Syria draws 25.24 percent, Jordan 23.24 percent, and the PA only 5.05 percent. The report said the PA must receive its fair share. 
 
 Israel must allow fresh water into the river, while Jordan and the PA need to develop a master plan enabling the inhabitants of the Jordan valley to once again use the river for tourism and agriculture, the report said. 
 
 In the last 50 years, the River Jordan's annual flow has dropped from more than 1.3 billion cubic metres per year to less than 100 million. With Israel, Jordan and Syria each grabbing as much clean water as they can, it is ironically the sewage that is keeping the river alive today, according to FOEME. 
 
 The second report identifies over a billion cubic metres of water that could be saved if appropriate economies were introduced in Israel, Jordan and even the PA. 
 
 "In the middle of the desert we continue to flush our toilets with fresh water rather than using grey water or even better - waterless toilets; and we grow tropical fruit for export. We can do much better in reducing water loss and we need to treat and reuse all of the sewage water that we produce," Bromberg said in a statement. 
 
 td/at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=89046</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201005061533350889t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 06 May 2010 (IRIN) - Two recent reports by a coalition of Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian environmentalists paint a grim picture of the state of the River Jordan, and urge swift action.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Experts urge governments to revise water policies</title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030907270561t.jpg" />]]>AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan.</description><body><![CDATA[AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan. 
 
 The 1-4 February Amman conference is entitled Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas. 
 
 Scientists said the region can no longer afford to waste water, with global warming expected to exacerbate an already existing problem. 
 
 “We are still practicing water management in the same way when the water was not scarce and that is the point. Now it is time to revise all water management concepts in the region, because water scarcity [has] reached the point of being chronic,” said Theib Y. Oweis, director of the water and land management programme at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). 
 
 “We cannot afford to use water as we use it now. Unless we start revising everything, we will come to a point where we will not have water to use for agriculture,” Oweis told IRIN on the sidelines of the conference. 
 
 Dozens of experts from around 30 countries are taking part in the conference organized by Jordan’s Ministry of Agriculture, the National Centre for Agricultural Research and Extension, ICARDA and other partners. 
 
 Oweis said water policies in the region do not give water the value it deserves, thus putting at risk strategic reserves for future generations. 
 
 “Even now water is more valuable than oil; water is life but oil is not. With water getting scarcer people will feel the value. One of the problems is that policies of regional countries do not value water,” he said. 
 
 Water pricing 
 
 Eddie Bethel, head of ICARDA’s Geographic Information Systems (GIS) unit, said: “The predictions for the near future are dire for the entire Mediterranean region. There is a significant increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. For the medium future we can expect serious difficulty in the availability of water in improving agriculture in the region”. 
 
 According to a report entitled The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), water shortages, already a problem in many countries of Arid Western Asia (including the Middle East), are unlikely to be reduced, and may be exacerbated, by climate change. Changes in cropping practices and improved irrigation could significantly boost the efficiency of water use in some countries. 
 
 Bethel called on regional countries to introduce some new tools to tackle the problem. “They will have to learn to save water. There is a lot of waste in this region,” he said. 
 
 “For example to put a price on water is one of the policy options that are difficult to discuss but most likely to become necessary. Pricing for water will encourage farmers to grow less water-demanding crops and put [in] irrigation systems that are more efficient,” Bethel said. 
 
 ICARDA’s Oweis called on individual countries to manage the little water they have in a more efficient way. 
 
 mbh/at/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911030907270561t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AMMAN 04 February 2010 (IRIN) - Governments in the Middle East must put aside political differences, rethink water management and revise strategy and policy in using water otherwise the region will face a dire future, scientists have warned at an international conference in Jordan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Next steps for Iraqi refugees</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200805124t.jpg" />]]>DAMASCUS 19 January 2010 (IRIN) - An 18 January meeting in Damascus of over 50 NGOs and host country government representatives has mapped out the next steps in providing vital assistance and protection for Iraqi refugees across the Middle East.</description><body><![CDATA[DAMASCUS 19 January 2010 (IRIN) - An 18 January meeting in Damascus of over 50 NGOs and host country government representatives has mapped out the next steps in providing vital assistance and protection for Iraqi refugees across the Middle East. 
 
 The main product of the meeting is the 2010 Regional Response Plan for Iraqi Refugees (RRP), which also looked at minority groups in Iraq.
 
 One of the Plan’s most important elements is the closure of al-Tanf camp on the Iraqi-Syrian border. The camp - in no-man’s land - is home to 1,000 Palestinian refugees from Iraq, most of whom are expected to be resettled in al-Hol camp, northeastern Syria by the end of 2010. 
 
 The Plan notes that of the 260,000 registered Iraqi refugees in Syria, less than 1,000 have sought assistance to return home under the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) voluntary repatriation programme. The lack of social services, employment opportunities and uncertainly surrounding planned Iraqi elections were among the reasons cited. 
 
 However, more and more refugees are reportedly returning home for short periods to collect pensions, or check on family and property. 
 
 Radhouane Nouicer, UNHCR Middle East and North Africa bureau chief, said refugee resettlement in a third country is not a solution and can only assist a small number. Nevertheless, around 20,000 Iraqi refugees in Syria and a further 10,000 in Jordan applied for third-country resettlement in 2009. 
 
 On the ground, many refugees are only looking west. Ali from Baghdad has been in Damascus since August 2006 and rules out returning to Iraq. “I hope to be resettled to Texas in the US within the next 12 months. I’m not thinking of Iraq, and nor are any of my friends and family from Iraq.” 
 
 Strategic objectives 
 
 The RRP’s strategic objectives will focus on ensuring refugees can continue to seek refuge in their host countries (in many states there is no legal framework regarding refugees, including those in the Gulf where 1,089 Iraqi individuals have been registered), and offering vocational training to those wishing to return to Iraq. 
 
 In Syria, RRP hopes to extend support for refugees in rural areas, with many parts of the country now suffering from drought. 
 
 The Plan also targets child labour by pursuing measures to get an additional 12,000 Iraqi children in Syria into school, bringing the total number to around 45,000. 
 
 Meanwhile a senior Syrian official has criticized the Iraqi government. Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal al-Miqdad said: “We will not oblige any Iraqi person to go home unless they wish to do so voluntarily, but there must be a political will in Iraq to help. The country should be welcoming to all, regardless of religion, sect or political preference.” 
 
 ss/at/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87789</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200805124t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAMASCUS 19 January 2010 (IRIN) - An 18 January meeting in Damascus of over 50 NGOs and host country government representatives has mapped out the next steps in providing vital assistance and protection for Iraqi refugees across the Middle East.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HAITI: Arab aid making its way </title><pubDate>Sun, 17 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001171249450682t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports. 
 
 The UN has launched an appeal for US$562 million to help the victims of the 12 January 7.0-magnitude quake. The funds are intended to support the three million people living in the quake-affected area for six months. 
 
 In the meantime, money and relief items are being dispatched to the desperate Caribbean Island from around the Middle East. 
 
 The UAE Red Crescent Authority (RCA) will begin aid flights to Haiti with two planes loaded with tents, Abdul Rahman al-Taniji, manager of RCA’s media and public relations department, told IRIN. 
 
 On 19 January an RCA team will fly to the Dominican Republic, neighbouring Haiti, to buy food supplies worth US$500,000 for Haitians, he said. 
 
 The Khalifa Bin Zayed Charity Foundation will dispatch by air 50 tonnes of emergency supplies for survivors, which is expected to arrive on 19 January, according to Khalil Mohamed, media representative at Khalifa Foundation. 
 
 “This is the initial response and we are currently in communication with seven international relief organizations to further extend our assistance,” Mohamed told IRIN. 
 
 UAE-based Mohammed Bin Rashid al-Maktoum Charity (MBRMC) and Life for Relief and Development (Life) announced that it will be sending $1.25 million-worth of food, water, medicine, medical supplies, clothing and other emergency supplies. 
 
 Kuwait, Qatar 
 
 Kuwait’s ruler Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah has donated $1 million to Haiti’s quake survivors. “It will be coordinated through the Kuwaiti Red Crescent Society [KRCS]. We prepared 100 tonnes of relief items - which include food, medical supplies, tents, blankets and food items - and are waiting to assign a plane that will carry them,” Yousef Al Me’raj, head of KRCS’ disasters department, told IRIN. 
 
 A Qatari C-17 aircraft, loaded with 50 tonnes of aid, left for the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince, on 14 January. Qatar also sent a 26-member rescue team comprising soldiers, police and medics to set up a field hospital and provide assistance wherever they can. 
 
 Qatar Charity (QC) will send an assessment team in the coming days to assess the needs for the rehabilitation phase of the disaster. The team will be followed by a consignment of non-food items for survivors, Issam Adwai, QC director of programmes, told IRIN. 
 
 The Qatari Red Crescent (QRC) has issued an appeal to its citizens for monetary contributions and will send $100,000 to Haiti very soon, said Khaled Diab, head of the international programs department at QRC. 
 
 Jordan, Lebanon, Iran 
 
 A Jordan Royal Air Force plane carrying the components for a military field hospital and six tonnes of food, relief items, medicine and clothing from the Jordan Hashemite Charity Organisation went to Haiti on 14 January. The field hospital includes five physicians specialised in orthopaedics, general surgery and anaesthesia, according to local media. 
 
 A second military plane carrying Jordanian medics and medical equipment headed to Haiti on 15 January. 
 
 Lebanon will send a plane loaded with 25 tonnes of tents and three tonnes of medicines, vaccines and other medical supplies on 19 January. 
 
 Iran's Red Crescent society dispatched by plane about 30 tonnes of humanitarian aid - including food, tents and medicine - on 16 January. The relief items include tents, sugar, tuna fish and detergents, according to media reports. 
 
 dvh/ed]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87760</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001171249450682t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 17 January 2010 (IRIN) - Governments and NGOs in the Middle East have begun mobilising humanitarian aid for the survivors of a devastating earthquake in Haiti that may have killed more than 100,000 people, according to media reports.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST/ASIA: Crunching the swine flu numbers </title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911180725220031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.
 
 With 33 deaths to date, Iran made up about 17 percent of the 188 total deaths in the region since May 2009. Saudi Arabia has had 28 deaths, Oman 25 and Syria 22. 
 
 Syria had by far the highest rate of deaths to cases with 9.5 percent of all cases being fatalities. This was followed by Yemen with a 2.5 percent rate, Afghanistan 1.7 percent and Iran 1.5 percent. 
 
 Kuwait had the highest number of cases with 6,640 (23 percent of all 28,751 cases in the region), followed by Saudi Arabia with 4,119; Oman 3,829; and Egypt 2,494. 
 
 Kuwait also had the highest number of cases per capita (populations taken from CIA Factbook) with 2.46 cases per 1,000 in the population, followed by Oman with 1.12 cases per 1,000 and Bahrain with 1.10 cases per 1,000. 
 
 Since WHO’s last regional H1N1 update on 7 November, Egypt has had the highest number of new cases, with 850, followed by Iraq with 561, Iran with 515 and Oman with 500. 
 
 Somalia reported its first two cases at the start of November. 
 
 As of 8 November, WHO reported that there were over 503,536 global cases of H1N1 with at least 6,260 deaths. However, it noted that because countries are “no longer required to test and report individual cases, the number of cases reported actually understates the real number of cases”. 
 
 WHO segments the world into six regions: Africa, the least affected region, had 2.9 percent of the global total of H1N1 cases; the Eastern Mediterranean Region 5.1 percent; Southeast Asia 8.8 percent; Europe 15.5 percent; the Western Pacific 29.8 percent and the Americas 37.9 percent. 
 
 BOX 
 Country Total laboratory-confirmed cases reported by the state parties Total deaths reported by the state parties 
 Afghanistan 779 14 
 Bahrain 793 6 
 Djibouti 9 0 
 Egypt 2,494 7 
 Iraq 1,835 9 
 Iran 2,153 33 
 Jordan 2,380 4 
 Kuwait 6,640 17 
 Lebanon 761 2 
 Libya 21 0 
 Morocco 824 0 
 Oman 3,829 25 
 Pakistan 6 1 
 Palestine 901 1 
 Qatar 23 1 
 Saudi Arabia 4,119 28 
 Somalia 2 0 
 Sudan 21 0 
 Syrian Arab Republic 230 22 
 Tunisia 141 0 
 United Arab Emirates 79 0 
 Yemen 711 18 
 Total 28,751 188 
 
 ed/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=87092</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911180725220031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 18 November 2009 (IRIN) - More people have died from H1N1 influenza in Iran than in any of the 22 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region, according to WHO’s 14 November update.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
