<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Indonesia</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 09:01:41 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>INDONESIA: Rights groups urge release of Papuan activists</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012230243440250t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Human rights groups have urged Indonesian authorities to drop treason charges against five activists in the easternmost province of Papua.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Human rights groups have urged Indonesian authorities to drop treason charges against five activists in the easternmost province of Papua. 

The activists - Forkorus Yaboisembut, Edison Waromi, August Makbrowen Senay, Dominikus Sorabut and Selpius Bobii - went on trial on 30 January, their lawyer said. 

They were arrested on 19 October after they read out a declaration of independence for Papua during the so-called Papuan People's Congress in Jayapura, the provincial capital. 

Police and soldiers fired warning shots to break up the gathering after the declaration and arrested dozens of activists. Three people were found dead near the scene of the congress the following day, police and rights activists said. 

"The Indonesian government should show its commitment to peaceful expression by dropping the charges against these five Papuan activists," Elaine Pearson, deputy Asia director at Human Rights Watch (HRW) [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/28/indonesia-drop-charges-against-papuan-activists ], said. 

"It's appalling that a modern democratic nation like Indonesia continues to lock up people for organizing a demonstration and expressing controversial views," she said. 

Poengky Indarti, executive director of the Indonesian human rights group Imparsial [ http://www.imparsial.org/ ], echoed HRW. 

"The action of the activists did not amount to treason," Indarti told IRIN in Jakarta. 

"They did not take up arms. They were simply expressing their views in a peaceful way. So rather than prosecuting them, the government should sit together with them to talk about the grievances of the Papuan people." 

Indarti said the activists were simply voicing Papuans' concerns about human rights violations committed by the military and the police and the exploitation of the region's natural resources. 

"The government's heavy-handed approach is likely to worsen the situation and taint Indonesia's international reputation," she said. 

One of the defendants' lawyers, Latifah Anum Siregar, said they could face a life sentence or 20 years in prison if found guilty. 

"Our clients are not charged for organizing the congress, but for reading out the declaration of independence," Siregar remarked. "We believe that their action was within the boundary of free speech and as we can see, Papua has not seceded and remains part of Indonesia," she added. 

Following the October crackdown, eight police officers, including the Jayapura police chief, Imam Setiawan, were given written warnings for committing a disciplinary infraction, but no other action was taken against police or military personnel. 

According to HRW, at least 15 Papuans have been convicted of treason for peaceful political activities in recent years. 

Marginalized 

Remote, sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, Papua has experienced a low-level separatist insurgency [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91429 ] since the 1960s. 

According to aid agencies, despite its vast natural resources, the region remains one of the poorest and least developed in Indonesia, with some of the lowest health and education indicators nationwide. 

In 2001, Papua was granted special autonomy status in an attempt to offset renewed calls for independence. After its original short-lived independence, the region was temporarily administered by the UN before being officially annexed by Indonesia in 1969. 

Activists and experts say rights abuses and economic marginalization [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90159 ] of the indigenous Papuans, who are ethnic Melanesian, are fuelling the conflict - one largely forgotten by the west. 

In 1999, the government divided Papua into the provinces of Papua and West Papua. 

About 60 other people throughout Indonesia, mostly activists from the Moluccas Islands, have also been imprisoned after being convicted of treason for flying separatist flags, according to HRW. 

atp/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94751</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012230243440250t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Human rights groups have urged Indonesian authorities to drop treason charges against five activists in the easternmost province of Papua.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Bird flu deaths raise red flags</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911221029060546t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two recent deaths from bird flu in Indonesia highlight the need for continued vigilance against a possible resurgence of the deadly virus, an official and health expert warned.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two recent deaths from bird flu in Indonesia highlight the need for continued vigilance against a possible resurgence of the deadly virus, an official and health expert warned. 

On 16 January, a five-year-old girl from northern Jakarta died after being tested positive for the H5N1 bird flu virus. She was a relative of a 24-year-old man who died on 7 January, the World Health Organization (WHO) said, adding that the two had contact with the same pigeons in their neighbourhood. 

According to WHO, the latest fatalities brought the death toll from avian influenza in the country to 152, out of 184 confirmed cases since 2006. 

The Health Ministry's director-general of disease control and environmental health, Tjandra Yoga Aditama, said there was no evidence that human-to-human transmission was involved in the latest case. 

"As long as there are still birds carrying the virus, there will be cases of bird flu in humans from time to time," Aditama told IRIN. 

Of 60 bird flu cases detected last year in Indonesia, 11 were fatal, Aditama said. 

"We have to continue to maintain our vigilance," Aditama said. "The Indonesian government is taking the threat of bird flu seriously and is taking measures like countries in other parts of the world." 

Coordination 

But Marius Widjajarta, chairman of the Indonesian Consumer Empowerment Foundation for Health (YPKKI), cited a lack of coordination among different government departments as hampering efforts to contain its spread. 

"We can see that the Health Ministry, the Agriculture Ministry and local governments are doing their own things," Widjajarta told IRIN. "What if there was a pandemic?" 

"All parties concerned must cooperate to promote changes in people's behaviour and attitude towards the threat of bird flu," he added. 

Public awareness campaigns were done sporadically, he said, and official reporting of bird flu cases in poultry has been spotty. 

The Health Ministry said bird flu was endemic in poultry in all but three of Indonesia's 31 provinces. The ministry has designated 100 hospitals across the archipelago nation as being well-equipped to treat bird flu patients. 

According to WHO, 344 people in 12 countries have died of bird flu since 2003, with Indonesia reporting the most fatalities. [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20120124CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf ] 

WHO said so far, transmission of H5N1 viruses from animals to humans had only resulted in sporadic human cases or small clusters among close contacts, with no evidence of community-level spread. 

"These sporadic human cases and small clusters of human infection with variant influenza viruses are expected and are not considered unusual, and do not change WHO's current assessment of pandemic risk," WHO said in a statement released in December. [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/avian_influenza/h5n1-2011_12_19/en/index.html ] 

ap/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94727</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911221029060546t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Two recent deaths from bird flu in Indonesia highlight the need for continued vigilance against a possible resurgence of the deadly virus, an official and health expert warned.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIGRATION: Asylum-seekers in Australia suspend hunger strike</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111180030440046t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 150 asylum-seekers in Australia have suspended their hunger strike after accusing the government of reneging on a promise for community detention and bridging visas for long-term detainees who posed no risk, activists confirm.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 150 asylum-seekers in Australia have suspended their hunger strike after accusing the government of reneging on a promise for community detention and bridging visas for long-term detainees who posed no risk, activists confirm.  

At least 34 of the participants had been on hunger strike for a week.  

"The ball is now in the government's court," Ian Rintoul, a spokesman for the Refugee Action Coalition (RAC) [ http://refugeeaction.org.au/ ] told IRIN from Sydney. "I hope this will be followed by action and not just words."  

The suspension follows a meeting between an official from Australia's Department of Immigration and Citizenship [ http://www.immi.gov.au/ ] and 12 elected hunger strikers from the group on 24 January, with an agreement for both sides to meet again a week later. 

More than 3,000 boat people - mostly Sri Lankans, Afghans and Iranians - are now in detention in eight high security immigration detention centres (IDCs) across the country, many for extended periods of time.  

According to the government's own statistics [ http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/detention/_pdf/immigration-detention-statistics-20111130.pdf ], 38 percent of asylum-seekers had been in detention for over a year.  

Policy shift  

On 25 November [ http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/cb/2011/cb180599.htm ], the government announced a shift in policy that boat arrivals who did not pose risks would be considered for placement in the community on bridging visas, following initial health, security and identity checks.  

Priority would be given to those who had spent the greatest amount of time in detention.  

Under the plan, asylum-seekers on bridging visas have the right to work and support themselves while their claims for asylum are processed, as well as have access to necessary health services.  

"This will be an ongoing, staged process to ensure an orderly transition to the community and that only suitable people are released," Chris Bowen, Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, said at the time of the announcement, noting he expected at least 100 asylum-seekers to be released per month.  

But two months on and only 107 bridging visas issued, detainees and activists have grown frustrated by the slow pace of the process.  

More than half the Afghan asylum-seekers, many of them ethnic Hazara, at the Pontville centre, joined the recent hunger strike which ultimately resulted in the hospitalization of at least three.  

"There is nothing like 100 visas a month being issued and tensions are growing in all the detention centres," Rintoul said, describing the government announcement as a "cruel hoax".  

Element of hope  

"The process may not be going as fast as we would like, but we acknowledge that it's a difficult process and one that needs to be done properly," Alex Pagliaro, a refugee campaign coordinator for Amnesty International, told IRIN, describing the government's plans to release more asylum-seekers into the community as "genuine".  

"They need to ensure that all necessary services are available to them when they are released," she said, adding: "Once the process speeds up, this will take the pressure off the detention centres, which are already overcrowded."  

"Issuing bridging visas for asylum-seekers who arrive by boat is an important first step towards ending the suffering of thousands of vulnerable people experiencing extended and needless detention," Paul Power, chief executive officer of the Refugee Council of Australia, added.  

"We encourage the Federal Government to continue releasing more people into the community while their claims for asylum are being assessed," he said, citing the importance of having a single system of processing, regardless of whether asylum-seekers arrive by boat or by plane.  

According to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, there are more than 5,000 asylum-seekers in Australia today, including 3,464 in the IDC system on the mainland, 945 in immigration detention on Christmas Island off the southern coast of Indonesia, as well as 1,324 living in community detention.  

Under Australian immigration law enacted in 1992 [ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A04315 ], any asylum-seeker arriving in the country without a visa by boat can be detained indefinitely, while those arriving by plane with a visa can be processed in the community.  

ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94715</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111180030440046t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - About 150 asylum-seekers in Australia have suspended their hunger strike after accusing the government of reneging on a promise for community detention and bridging visas for long-term detainees who posed no risk, activists confirm.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: HIV traps women and girls in poverty - report</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171301500296t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report [ http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/the_socio-economicimpactofhivatthehouseholdlevelinasiaaregionala.html ].

Women, representing a quarter of all people living with HIV in Indonesia, shoulder family finances when their partners can no longer work, or when they face education and employment discrimination, said the report.

"Discrimination against people with AIDS is still very strong in Indonesia, especially for women. Many HIV-positive women are being called 'bad women' or 'bad girls', but at the same time, many of them have to work more after their husbands were diagnosed with HIV," said Chya Wibisono, an HIV-positive officer at the local NGO, Indonesia Women's Positive Network. [ http://www.ippi.or.id/ ].

Women in HIV-affected households put in longer hours but were less likely to own their homes, livestock and vehicles. They were also more likely to be widowed and denied inheritance rights - the case for 71 percent of all HIV-affected widows.

Across all countries covered by the study (Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam), HIV-affected households experienced significant drops in incomes, savings, assets, and ability to buy protein-rich food.

Compared with non-HIV-affected families, affected families in Indonesia were 38 percent more likely to live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per person per day - the second highest of all the countries surveyed - with more than a quarter of these households reporting having to sell assets to pay medical costs, the report says.

While antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV is provided free, the medication has reached about half of patients in need, compared with 94 percent in Cambodia, where free ART coverage has proven to be effective in reducing households' financial burden, according to the UNDP report.

"Real [progress] has been made to improve ART coverage in Indonesia. The percentage of coverage has increased significantly from 25 to 50 percent over the last three years, but this is still far from enough," said Nancy Fee, country coordinator of UNAIDS in Indonesia.

As of December 2009, some 18,000 people had reported HIV at an advanced stage, of whom 6,653 were receiving ART, according to the government. [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/indonesia_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ].

People were going without medication mostly because they had not tested for HIV and did not know their status; in addition, continuity and availability of ART stock as well as availability of certified health workers to administer the drugs were challenges, according to the government.

Different for girls

Daughters in HIV-affected families were also more likely to be pulled out of school than sons to take care of their sick family members.

"It is most often [girls] who are removed first. This is both to save resources spent on schooling, as well as to utilize the girl child for labour," said Clifton Cortez, health and development practice leader at the Bangkok-based UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre.

The UNDP report suggested conditional cash transfers - paying children based on their school enrolment and attendance - to encourage parents to keep children in school.

According to the World Bank [ http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/GENDER/Images/Women%20Girls%20HIV%20Education%20and%20Workplace_Joint%20paper_FINAL.pdf ], the risk of HIV infection is more than halved for young people, particularly girls, who stay in school and complete a basic education.

In Indonesia, 28 percent of women surveyed between the ages of 15-24 had not heard of HIV and had little knowledge of condom usage, said the UNDP report.

"No discrimination"

However, Nafsiah Mboi, secretary of the government's National AIDS Commission, dismissed concerns that women and children bore the economic brunt of HIV.

"There is no specific scheme for HIV-affected families or women, but everyone who is poor can ask for assistance. There is no discrimination," she said.

While a National Social Security System (SJSN) has been in place since 2004 - a basic framework for reforming the country's social security programme covering health insurance, employment injury, pensions and death benefits - the International Labour Organization estimated 54 percent of the country's population (mostly workers in the informal economy, employees without contracts and their families) were still excluded in 2011 from the national social health protection scheme.

Instead of small government-funded isolated projects, Fee from UNAIDS said the country needed a "universal social protection floor" - a minimum level of essential social services and income security for all in times of economic and financial crisis - to ensure everybody, including those affected by HIV, had equal access to healthcare and other social services.

Parliament approved legislation on 28 October that aims to implement SJSN and provide universal health insurance coverage by 2014.

sh/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94480</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171301500296t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Jakarta gears up for floods</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004160921220875t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia’s disaster management officials warn severe flooding may hit the capital Jakarta this rainy season, as more than 26,000 health, public works and other emergency personnel mobilize nationwide in a larger-than-usual preparedness effort.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia’s disaster management officials warn severe flooding may hit the capital Jakarta this rainy season, as more than 26,000 health, public works and other emergency personnel mobilize nationwide in a larger-than-usual preparedness effort. 
 
 Heavy rainfall is predicted in January and February during the peak of the wet season, according to the country’s meteorology, climatology and geophysics agency (BMKG) [ http://www.bmkg.go.id/BMKG_Pusat/Home.bmkg ] 
 
 Several of Jakarta’s 40 sub-districts are expected to get more rainfall than usual, said Edy Junaidi of the Jakarta Provincial Agency for Disaster Management. Torrential rainfall may bring 400mm of rainfall per hour, some four times the average. 
 
 “There are no indications that flooding will be worse than 2007,” Junaidi told IRIN. “But it doesn’t mean we’re not anticipating.” 
 
 In February 2007 flooding, which lasted about 22 days, killed 57 people and forced 422,300 to leave their homes, of which 1,500 were destroyed. Total damage was estimated at nearly US$695 million, according to the UN. [ http://www.undp.or.id/pubs/docs/UNDP%20-%20The%20Other%20Half%20of%20Climate%20Change%20EN.pdf ] 
 
 One flood-prone community in south Jakarta's Pondok Labu area was already inundated with more than 2m of water in late October. 
 
 Stalled dredging 
 
 Rubbish and debris in waterways hamper water flow during heavy rain, emergency workers said. 
 
 New construction in this city of about 10 million [ http://dds.bps.go.id/eng/download_file/SP2010_agregat_data_perProvinsi.pdf ] has altered the natural course of waterways, too, as urban settlements formed haphazardly along riverbanks. 
 
 Emergency officials are “pretty well geared up this time around” to respond to severe flooding, said Phillip Charlesworth, head of delegation for the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in Jakarta. 
 
 But Charlesworth said the stalled World Bank-funded multimillion dollar project, known as the Jakarta Emergency Dredging Initiative [ http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21730599~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:226309,00.html?cid=EXTEAPIds1 ], could have better prepared the city. 
 
 “The opportunity to do this work before the wet season has been lost,” he said. 
 
 Scheduled to begin three years ago, local media [ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/overdue-river-dredging-cleared-to-begin-in-march-as-funds-finally-flow/480474 ] quoted city officials as saying the project is due to start in March 2012. 
 
 The capital’s principal waterways - 13 rivers and two flood canals - do not have the capacity to drain water quickly enough during heavy downpours, National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho told local media. 
 
 Meanwhile, other recent efforts to bolster Jakarta’s flood infrastructure include dredging rivers, cleaning 144 waterways, heightening tidal barriers in north Jakarta, building 26 reservoirs and installing pumps in 11 areas, Junaidi said. 
 
 Government officials have also distributed sandbags to people living in sub-districts susceptible to flooding, and 310 rubber boats and 537 mobile pumps are on hand. 
 
 es/pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94450</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004160921220875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 December 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia’s disaster management officials warn severe flooding may hit the capital Jakarta this rainy season, as more than 26,000 health, public works and other emergency personnel mobilize nationwide in a larger-than-usual preparedness effort.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HOW TO: Build a flood-resilient city</title><pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111281347020729t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a &quot;role model city&quot; by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN&apos;s 2010-2015 &quot;Making Cities Resilient&quot; campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a "role model city" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90748 ] by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN's 2010-2015 "Making Cities Resilient" campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test. 
 
 IRIN asked experts what the 3,000 low-lying cities such as Bangkok - which includes its delta neighbours - can do to improve their flood resilience. 
 
 Prioritize 
 
 A master plan capturing the city's development visions, priorities and vulnerability is the first step, said Adri Verwey, an urban flood expert at Deltares [ http://www.deltares.nl/en ] a Netherlands-based water management think-tank. 
 
 "Cities need to decide the levels of security that they want and which areas need more protection," he said. 
 
 In the Netherlands, where 26 percent of land is below sea level, cities with a high density of human and economic capital are designed to withstand a one-in-10,000-years flood, while inland, rural and sparsely populated areas are designed to withstand a-one-in-1,250 years flood. 
 
Find higher ground 

Unbalanced development is the weakest point of urban planning in many Asian countries, but Thailand's case is more extreme in that it has focused all its energy on the country's business and political capital, said Anisur Rahman, land use planning specialist at the Bangkok-based Asian Disaster Prevention Center (ADPC). 

"Better planning would be developing the country with more attention given to other [surrounding] cities, so they can help share the pressure, especially in a catastrophic situation like this."

Instead of allowing new businesses to set up in and around Bangkok, future investments should be diverted to less-developed areas on higher land, said Rahman. 

Lawmakers from Thailand's ruling party have submitted a parliamentary motion to move the capital to Nakhon Nayok Province - a sloping terrain with higher elevation. 

 Water resources management 
 
 "Store and divert" sums up all flood control strategies, said Takeya Kimio, a visiting senior adviser at the Bangkok office of Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). 
 
 "Store" means building more reservoirs and retention ponds to retain water upstream and "divert" means develop sufficient canals and channels mid- and downstream to carry the overflow to sea. 
 
 For cities that are slowly sinking and have rising sea levels, governments need to regulate water resources, said Nat Marjang, a lecturer on water resources engineering at the Bangkok-based Kasetsart University. 
 
 "Before the law, which regulates groundwater extraction [in Thailand], was enforced, many factories built their own wells to extract water for industrial use. This is an important factor contributing to land subsidence." 
 
 Bangkok is sinking by 30mm annually, according to the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration [ http://www.unep.org/DEWA/pdf/BKK_assessment_report2009.pdf ]. 
 Combined with a rising sea level of 25mm every year, the city could be under 50-100cm of water by 2025. 
 
 Private sector role 
 
 The private sector should be directly involved in flood management, said Jerry Velasquez, senior regional coordinator for UNISDR Asia Pacific. 
 
 "What we need from them is not only corporate social responsibility and money, but their active involvement. It can be as simple as building a dyke around their factories, choosing the right locations to build factories and coming up with disaster contingency plans." 
 
 The Federation of Thai Industries estimated losses from the seven hardest-hit industrial estates could reach US$13 billion, covering 891 factories and 460,000 workers, according to local media. 
 
 Re-evaluate flood control system 
 
 Despite the extensive network of flood-control infrastructure already in place in Bangkok, experts said it largely failed to keep pace with the city's dramatic urbanization and development. 
 
 From 1985 to 2010, the percentage of the total population living in urban areas in Thailand increased from 26.8 to 34 percent, adding 10.5 million people to cities, according to the most recent UN world urbanization prospects [ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/index.htm]. 
 
 While many officials believe the barrier known as His Majesty King's dyke, which runs north to south in eastern Bangkok, can save the city from flooding, Vewey said it was designed to handle only the typical annual rainfall and not a one-in-50-years flood like this year's. 
 
 As a result, pumping stations failed under the pressure. 
 
 Vewey said flood-prone countries needed to be more prepared. 
 
 "I'm impressed by the speed of sandbagging and the distribution of food and water [in Thailand], but you can't always solve problems with sandbags... It's shocking how people are unprepared for the flood. It's as if the phenomenon of flooding has been completely forgotten in Thailand," Verwey said. 
 
 Flooding in 1995 killed more than 400 people and affected close to four million, according to the government. 
 
 Investing in flood prevention is a "calculated choice", said Kimio at JICA. "There are only two options, either reduce the speed of development or invest more in flood control," he said. 
 
 Since the 1980s, the risk of economic loss due to floods in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries has increased by more than 160 percent, outstripping the growth of GDP per capita, according to UNISDR. [ http://www.unisdr.org/files/23344_unisdrdiscussionpaperrio20.pdf ]. 
 
 Nine of the top 10 coastal flood-prone cities by 2070, including Bangkok, are in Asia, according to a recent World Bank report [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/226300-1287600424406/coastal_megacities_fullreport.pdf ]. 
 
 Asia accounts for more than half of the developing world's cities most vulnerable to flooding, according to UN-HABITAT. 
 [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=2562 ] 
 
 sh/pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94319</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111281347020729t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 28 November 2011 (IRIN) - Less than a year after Bangkok was chosen as a &quot;role model city&quot; by the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as part of the UN&apos;s 2010-2015 &quot;Making Cities Resilient&quot; campaign, the worst floods in half a century put that distinction to the test.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Boosting cities&apos; food resilience</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia's largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world's fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia. 
 
 "Food-sensitive urban planning is now a necessity," said Mariko Sato, chief of the Asia regional office of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT). 
 
 Although fewer people live in cities than in Asia's rural areas - approximately 43 percent - the UN projects an 89 percent increase in the region's urban population (1.6 billion people) by 2050. 
 
 Asia had 12 megacities of more than 10 million people each, half the world's population and the second-fastest rate of urbanization worldwide as of 2010, according to the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). 
 
 Feeding this expanding urban population will be a "challenge" due to the widespread lack of land tenure and access to cash and markets - and the resulting lack of incentive to farm - as well as insufficient rural-to-urban food transport and storage, said Brian Roberts, an Australia-based urban management specialist from the Centre for Developing Cities at the University of Canberra. 
 
 In addition, farmers may not have market information about what urbanites prefer and produce blindly without diversifying, he added. "Growing food to meet the needs of the population will be a struggle." 
 
 Growing recognition 
 
 The FAO launched its food for the cities initiative in 2000, but it was not until 11 years later that the group published its position paper. 
 
 "Since [the] 2008 [food price riots], people have started to realize urban food security is a very big deal. Not enough attention had been paid beforehand," said Paul Munro-Faure, FAO's principal officer in the climate, energy and tenure division, who chairs the initiative. 
 
 Tools to assess poverty have traditionally focused on the countryside, said Carla Lacerda, a programme officer with the World Food Programme (WFP) regional office for Asia, who added that FAO and WFP were working to create urban assessment and intervention tools. 
 
 Less than 10 percent of WFP Asia emergency programming, including cash vouchers, is focused on cities, she said. 
 
 "It is hard to target hunger in cities because urban issues are intricate. It is easier for humanitarian agencies to get into, but harder to come out because [the issues] are mostly about development and government responsibilities." 
 
 Additional challenges include the risk of luring rural dwellers away from depressed economies and degrading farms with urban food programmes; overlapping with agencies pursuing development goals; the increased difficulty of supporting livelihoods in cities rather than rural areas; and the challenge to measure impact due to scattered living arrangements, said Lacerda. 
 
 More than half the world's population - 642 million people - go hungry (fewer than 2,100 kilocalories per day) in the region. 
 
 Official rates of urban poverty trail that of the countryside in the region's three most populous countries (China, India and Indonesia), according to ESCAP, but the situation is changing, said FAO's Munro-Faure. 
 
 "Food security is not only a rural producers' problem... The rural-urban divide is really a continuum and we must take on board urban populations." 
 
 The two-day FAO workshop concludes on 18 November. 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94233</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081056010171t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - From rooftops to railroad tracks, Asia&apos;s largest cities will need to maximize every bit of space to feed one of the world&apos;s fastest-growing populations, said experts at a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) workshop in Bangkok on resilient food systems in Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Regional disaster response &quot;is the goal&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - The ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Center) was formally endorsed at the association&apos;s summit on 17 November in Bali, signalling a greater role for regional mechanisms.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - The ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Center) was formally endorsed and signed at the association's summit on 17 November in Bali, signalling a greater role for regional mechanisms. 
 
 "That's the goal. That's the way forward," Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Bangkok, told IRIN. 
 
 When disaster strikes, national capacities are often not enough, with regional mechanisms such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) [ http://www.aseansec.org/ ], the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) [ http://www.saarc-sec.org/ ] and the Secretariat of the Pacific [ http://www.spc.int/ ] offering a second line of response. The UN and international community would form a third tier - ready to assist national and regional efforts when asked, he said. 
 
 Establishing order in times of crisis is one of the goals for the AHA Center, active some five years after the first regional workshop on its establishment in 2006 [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/globalplatform/entry_presentation~aadmer2011.pdf ]. 
 
 Southeast Asian countries have not always had the capacity to respond in full, but the time when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and western aid agencies is over, Lacey-Hall said. 
 
 "Many of these countries now see disaster management as a priority," he said. "There has been a change from the government saying, 'Give us what you've got' to 'This is what we need'". 
 
 National response 
 
 For example, the US Navy, anticipating a request for international assistance in dealing with the worst flooding Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94085 ] has seen in decades, docked an aircraft carrier and other ships off the country's coast at the end of October, but the relief response remained dependent on national capability and the ship set sail without doing anything. 
 
 Such decisions contrast with the now unheard-of response to the devastating Asian tsunami in December 2004, which left more than 220,000 people dead in 13 countries and resulted in a deluge of immediate, but often disorganized international support, particularly in worst-hit Indonesia. 
 
 "In Indonesia, there is an increase in better response systems with the capacity to immediately address the issues and easily mobilize to local areas where the disaster is occurring," Iwan Gunawan, a senior disaster risk management specialist at the World Bank in Indonesia, said. Similarly beefed-up national response schemes are becoming the standard throughout the region, he said. 
 
 But disaster response is inherently political and filled with good intentions that cannot be dismissed or discounted, no matter how unnecessary or impractical, experts say. 
 
 Governments are careful to refuse international assistance - even Japan, where Indonesia sent 10 to 20 people to respond, and also learn from the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011. 
 
 "Countries can't say, 'Thanks, but no.' They have to manage it very carefully," Lacey-Hall said. 
 
 Going local 
 
 In a recent high-level meeting which brought together disaster response specialists from Asia, Valerie Amos, UN Under-Secretary General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, affirmed the shift away from emergency response dominated by the West. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93939 ] 
 
 "We can no longer afford to continue as before. We must evolve, and we must do it together," she told participants of the Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai. 
 
 Asia is the most disaster-prone region in the world; in 2010, disasters affected more than 200 million people. In global terms, 89 percent of all people affected by emergencies live in Asia. 
 
 But coordinating the increasing capacities of nations to respond to their own crises and those of others remains largely unchartered territory for regional groups. 
 
 Using ASEAN's highly political and pivotal role in the regional response to Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar in 2008 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=78094 ] as an example, the AHA Center hopes to add value to what many hope will prove a new trend in disaster response. 
 
 "If something happened to one of the ASEAN countries, that's when the spirit of togetherness is needed the most," Said Faisal, provisional director of the AHA Center, from the headquarters in Jakarta, explained, noting, however, that ASEAN states would need to call on the AHA Center for help, otherwise it would not engage. 
 
 Challenges ahead 
 
 "There are a considerable number of questions about the AHA Center, including, what they are for?" said a disaster management expert with 27 years' international experience, who wished to remain anonymous, although he said: "The centre would be good as an information hub to allow a smoother flow of information and create a streamlined response." 
 
 Meanwhile, the World Bank's Gunawan suggested a role for AHA in building up the national response capabilities of member states by coordinating exercises, or even by allowing teams of responders to arrive at a disaster in the region to learn through helping. 
 
 In any case, as the AHA Center materializes, it will still be years before its place in disaster response is fully realized, many believe. 
 
 "It is important to have regional institutions - it will help a lot in response to natural disasters," Ignacio Leon-Garcia, OCHA head of Indonesia, said. "We're still a long way off, but future partnerships with these regional institutions will prove key." 
 
 nb/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94220</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909281402150110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 17 November 2011 (IRIN) - The ASEAN Coordinating Center for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Center) was formally endorsed at the association&apos;s summit on 17 November in Bali, signalling a greater role for regional mechanisms.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: A bigger role for Asia in humanitarian response</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg" />]]>SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.
 
 “The era when the international humanitarian system was dominated by a few countries and aid agencies from the West is over,” Valerie Amos, UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator, told participants at the region’s fourth Regional Humanitarian Partnership Meeting on 12 October in Shanghai, noting that the relative wealth and power of nations was moving from west to east, and north to south.
 
 “We see a proliferation of donors, aid organizations, technologies and fresh ideas - offering perhaps for the first time the prospect of a truly global response system,” she said.
 
 Up to 100 disaster management professionals from 25 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the UN, the Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and international NGOs are attending the two day-meeting to exchange ideas and compare best practices.
 
 “The world is changing and the international community needs to recognize that, as does Asia, which is the most disaster-prone region in the world,” Oliver Lacey-Hall, regional head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told IRIN.
 
 In 2010, disasters in Asia and the Pacific affected more than 201 million people. Of the 373 recorded disasters, 22 were in China, 16 in India, and 14 in the Philippines. Eighty-nine percent of all people affected by emergencies last year lived in Asia.
  
 "There is not much we can do to stop many of these events taking place. But, by working together, we can do more to prepare for them ahead of time, to reduce the human cost when they do happen, and to rebuild lives in their aftermath," Amos said. 
 
 ds/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93939</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110120637410718t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">SHANGHAI 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - A top UN official says Asia can, and should, play a more prominent role in the humanitarian response to major natural and man-made disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIGRATION: Timeline of Australian asylum-seeker debate</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109190803140375t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Australia’s resumed push to swap asylum-seekers arriving by boat with refugees from Malaysia is the government’s most recent policy response to an issue that has preoccupied officials and the public for years.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Australia’s resumed push to swap asylum-seekers arriving by boat with refugees from Malaysia is the government’s most recent policy response to an issue that has preoccupied officials and the public for years. 
 
 Under the so-called “Malaysia Solution”, Australia would exchange the next 800 refugees to arrive by boat for 4,000 mostly Burmese, in Malaysia. On 31 August, the High Court ruled against it, declaring the proposal invalid, a decision welcomed by rights groups such as the Refugee Council of Australia [ http://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/news/releases/110831_High_Court.pdf ]. 
 
 According to government figures, since 1976, more than 27,000 people have boarded boats and attempted to emigrate to Australia, a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. [ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49da0e466.html ] 
 
 IRIN considers how the debate has developed: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93697 ] 
 
 27 April 1976: The first boat arrivals – five refugees from Vietnam – land in Darwin. Over the next five years, more than 2,000 Vietnamese boat arrivals are reported and the term “boat people” enters the Australian vernacular; 
 
 24 May 1977: The first comprehensive policy for refugees, rather than just migrants, is announced in Parliament; [ http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/refugees_s2.htm ] 
 
 1977-1978: The government increases the number of Indochinese refugees accepted for resettlement from camps in Southeast Asia, to discourage people from arriving by boat. Federal-funded services for new arrivals, such as language classes and resource centres, are expanded; 
 
 1981: The government introduces a resettlement programme for people who are not strictly refugees under the UN convention. The Special Humanitarian Programme provides resettlement for people living outside their home country who are subjected to human rights violations and who have family or community ties to Australia; 
 
 11 March 1983: Australian Labor Party (ALP) leader Bob Hawke becomes the 23rd prime minister; 
 
 1983: The Hawke government endorses UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) proposal for the Indochinese refugee situation: voluntary repatriation; social integration in the country of first asylum; and as only the last resort, resettlement in third countries such as Australia; 
 
 June 1989: Australia and 77 other countries endorse a new regional approach, the Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees [ http://jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/3/319.abstract ]. It requires the first asylum countries in Southeast Asia to grant temporary refugee status to all asylum-seekers before screening them against internationally recognized criteria for refugees. Those accepted as refugees are resettled in third countries; 
 
 November 1989: Second wave of boat arrivals begins. An average of 300 people per year, mostly from Cambodia, Vietnam and southern China, arrive in Australia over the next nine years; 
 
 20 December 1991: ALP leader Paul Keating becomes 24th prime minister; 

 6 May 1992: Mandatory detention is introduced for non-citizens arriving to Australia without a visa [ http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2004A04315 ]; 
 
 1 September 1994: Mandatory detention is broadened, under the Migration Reform Act 1992; 
 
 11 March 1996: Conservative leader John Howard becomes 25th prime minister; 
 
 1999: Third wave of asylum seekers, mostly from the Middle East, begins arriving in larger numbers and usually with help from smugglers; 
 
 13 October: Refugees who arrive in Australia without authorization can no longer apply for permanent residency. Instead, they are granted temporary protection visas (TPVs) valid for three years, and then must apply for refugee status again. TPVs, which provide less access to government services, are criticized as creating two classes of refugees; 
 
 February and June 2000: Protests at Curtin and Woomera detention centres over slow processing and poor conditions. In 2001, protests and violence occur at Port Hedland and Curtin detention centres, while detainees escape from Villawood detention centre; 
 
 26 August 2001: Canberra denies permission for a Norwegian cargo ship – the MV Tampa – carrying 438 mainly-Afghan refugees it rescued, to enter Australian waters, prompting international condemnation. Most of the refugees are eventually taken to detention camps on Nauru, in what would become known as “The Pacific Solution”; 

 27 September: The controversial Pacific Solution is introduced by the Howard government. It excises Christmas Island, Ashmore Reef, Cartier Island and Cocos Islands from the migration zone, meaning unauthorized arrivals at these places can no longer apply for a refugee protection visa. Australian authorities have increased powers to intercept and refuse boats carrying asylum-seekers to Australian waters. After interception, asylum-seekers can be taken to processing centres in Nauru and Papua New Guinea; 
 
 6 October: A boat carrying 223 passengers and crew sinks after Australian officials try to turn it back to Indonesia. It becomes known as the “children overboard” affair when the government falsely claims that refugees, in an attempt to persuade officials to bring them to Australia, were throwing infants into the water. A Senate Select Committee later finds that “deliberate deception motivated by political expedience” was a factor in the fabrication of the story; [ http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/maritime_incident_ctte/report/a06.htm ] 
 
 19 October: An Indonesian fishing boat carrying mostly Iraqis and Afghans sinks en route to Australia, killing 353 passengers including 146 children; 
 
 24 January 2002: Government lifts a freeze on processing applications from about 2,000 Afghans seeking asylum, after riots and protests that include hunger strikes and detainees sewing their lips together; 
 
 24 October: A UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention strongly criticizes Australian detention centres, citing concern over indefinite detention, prison-like conditions, and no real access to court challenges; [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,MISSION,,AUS,3e2e7ca54,0.html ] 
 
 May 2004: The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission publishes a report criticizing mandatory detention of children without valid visas; [ http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/children_detention_report/summaryguide/summary.pdf ] 
 
 6 August: The High Court rules that detention of non-citizens is lawful whether detention conditions are harsh or inhumane. The court also rules that failed asylum-seekers with nowhere to go and who pose no danger can be kept in detention indefinitely; [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_HC,,IRN,,413c59444,0.html ] [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AUS_HC,,PSE,4562d8cf2,413c5a7a4,0.html ] 
 
 29 June 2005: The Migration Amendment Act 2005 becomes effective. While preserving the principle of mandatory detention, changes include the release of families with children into community detention arrangements and an extension of the immigration minister’s discretionary power to grant visas; 
 
 3 December 2007: Kevin Rudd, leader of the ALP, becomes 26th prime minister. 
 
 8 February 2008: Pacific Solution formally ends, with the departure of the last refugees detained in an offshore processing centre on Naura. The Rudd government calls the Pacific Solution “cynical, costly, and ultimately unsuccessful”; [ http://www.minister.immi.gov.au/media/media-releases/2008/ce08014.htm ] 
 
 13 May: TPVs are abolished, with the immigration minister calling them punitive and ineffective at preventing unauthorized boat arrivals; 
 
 22 May: The UN Committee Against Torture [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/ ] praises the end of the Pacific Solution but calls for an end to mandatory detention; [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,CAT,,AUS,,4885cf7f0,0.html ]   
 
 29 July: Government announces the overhaul of mandatory detention. The new policy, which was not passed into law, stipulates that people will be detained long term only as a last resort, and children will not be held in immigration detention centres. (Despite the changes, 25 percent of the detainees, as of 3 December 2010, had been detained for between three and six months, and 40 percent for between six and 12 months, according to government figures); 
 
 16 April 2009: Five Afghan refugees are killed, and dozens injured, when their boat (SIEV 36) explodes near Christmas Island after an act of sabotage; 
 
 8 September: Parliament votes to end detention fees for refugees. Previously, detainees were expected to pay back about US$100 a day; 
 
 10 October: Indonesian authorities intercept a boat with more than 250 Sri Lankan Tamils at the request of Australian authorities. A six-month stand-off ensues at the Indonesian port of Merak after they refuse to disembark; 
 
 18 October: Australian vessel, the Oceanic Viking, rescues 78 Sri Lankan Tamils and tries to take them to an Indonesian detention centre. The men refuse to leave the ship for a month, sparking a stand-off with Indonesia; 
 
 9 April 2010: Government suspends processing of asylum applications from Sri Lanka for three months and Afghanistan for six months. The backlog puts pressure on the immigration detention system; 
 
 24 June: Julia Gillard, leader of the ALP, becomes 27th prime minister;
  
 6 July: Gillard announces the ALP government’s intention to build a regional protection framework in the Asia-Pacific, which includes establishing a processing centre in Timor-Leste; [ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/politics/julia-gillards-speech-to-the-lowy-institute-on-labors-new-asylum-seeker-policy-for-australia/story-e6frgczf-1225888445622 ] 
 
 15 December: The SIEV 221 goes aground off the coast of Christmas Island. Up to 50 asylum-seekers drown and 42 people are rescued; 
 
 7 January 2011: Government announces changes to the refugee determination system for asylum-seekers who arrive in excised territories in response to a High Court decision. Now, failed asylum-seekers have access to legal review when there is a legal reasoning error or denial of procedural fairness. Unlike those who arrive on the mainland, they still lack access to the Refugee Review Tribunal or the mainland status determination process; 
 
 17 January 2011: Australia, Afghanistan and UNHCR sign Memorandum of Understanding allowing for failed Afghan asylum-seekers to be involuntarily returned home; 
 18 March: The Australian Federal Police take control of a Christmas Island detention centre after a week of protests, rioting and escapes. The unrest is sparked by frustration over slow processing and long stints in detention; [ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/australian-federal-police-takes-control-of-christmas-island-detention-centre/story-fn59niix-1226023638635 ] 
 
 April: In detention centres across Australia, there are protests, hunger strikes, and unrest over spikes in long-term detention. The immigration minister proposes changes to the Migration Act, so that any detainee convicted of a crime would be denied permanent protection on character grounds (currently the conviction must involve a sentence of 12 months or longer); 
 
 25 July: In what is dubbed the Malaysia Solution, the government signs a deal with Malaysia to exchange the next 800 refugees it would receive by boat for 4,000 refugees, mostly Burmese, in Malaysia; 
 
 19 August: Canberra signs Memorandum of Understanding to re-open a new refugee processing centre on Papua New Guinea’s Manus Island; 
 
 31 August: The High Court [ http://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2011/hca32-2011-08-31.pdf ] stops the Malaysian Solution, declaring the proposal invalid in a six to one decision. The court finds that certain legal protections required under the Migration Act are not in place in Malaysia, and therefore offshore processing cannot occur; 
 
 12 September: Government announces it will introduce legislation to Parliament amending the Migration Act, so that the Malaysian refugee swap can go ahead. 
 
 es/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93760</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109190803140375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Australia’s resumed push to swap asylum-seekers arriving by boat with refugees from Malaysia is the government’s most recent policy response to an issue that has preoccupied officials and the public for years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Breastfeeding regulations to target formula companies</title><pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg" />]]>GENTENG PARAKAN 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - For Naslima, a mother of two in the fishing village of Genteng Parakan, there was never any doubt over how to feed her babies. &quot;It&apos;s better to breastfeed than to give formula. Babies that breastfeed are healthy,&quot; Naslima told IRIN outside a local health centre in Indonesia&apos;s West Java Province.</description><body><![CDATA[GENTENG PARAKAN 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - For Naslima, a mother of two in the fishing village of Genteng Parakan, there was never any doubt over how to feed her babies. 
 
 "It's better to breastfeed than to give formula. Babies that breastfeed are healthy," Naslima, who like many Indonesians goes by only one name, told IRIN, outside a local health centre in Indonesia's West Java Province. 
 
 Indeed, Naslima's two daughters, now seven and 12, were rarely sick with diarrhoea and had a healthy weight, testament to the well-documented benefits of breast-milk. 
 
 But Naslima is also an exception in Indonesia. Exclusive breastfeeding is rare in the world's fourth most populated nation; a source of concern for a country that suffers from high rates of malnutrition and stunting among children. 
 
 Only 14 percent of Indonesian babies are exclusively breastfed, according to the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey from 2002 and 2003. A more recent survey conducted by the Health Ministry showed rates of breastfeeding dropping by 10 percent between 2007 and 2008. 
 
 In fact, in larger urban areas where Indonesian women have higher levels of disposable income or are working, an increasing number favour formula over breastfeeding. 
 
 "When they see the ads on TV that say formula A has DHA and vitamins, mothers think it is better," Elin Liani, a midwife said, referring to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 fatty acid, which occurs naturally in breast-milk and is considered important for brain and eye development. 
 
 In a bid to reduce the influence of formula companies on women, and more importantly, reduce the high levels of infant and child mortality and malnutrition, Indonesia will soon pass regulations that prevent milk formula companies from targeting babies younger than one. 
 
 Although a law promoting exclusive breastfeeding has been in place since 2009, it lacks any penalties for violations. The new regulations will lay out exactly what those penalties will be and require employers to allow mothers regular breastfeeding breaks. 
 
 Moreover, it penalizes anyone who "intentionally hampers exclusive breastfeeding" with jail terms of up to one year or maximum fines of US$32,000, Iip Syaiful, a nutrition expert from the Ministry of Health, said. 
 
 The fines and punishments, which could come into effect as early as the end of September, are currently under review by the Justice and Human Rights Ministry. 
 
 The government estimates some 30,000 young children could be saved if their mothers exclusively breastfed them for six months, then continued breastfeeding with supplemental foods until the age of two. 
 
 Studies suggest wider promotion of exclusive breastfeeding could prevent 1.4 million child deaths under the age of five, as well as improve child nutrition, a 2008 Lancet report said. [ http://oneresponse.info/GlobalClusters/Nutrition/publicdocuments/Final%20IYCF%20prog%20guide%20May%2026%202011.pdf ] 
 
 According to the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), 37 percent of Indonesian children suffer from moderate stunting [ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html ], which delays a child's mental and physical development and makes children more susceptible to other diseases. 
 
 Formula companies adjust 
 
 But according to infant formula company SGM - part of the French food conglomerate Danone and one of Indonesia's largest sellers of infant and toddler milk and foods - the new regulations will not affect its marketing strategy, as it has already modified its TV advertisements to only feature babies older than one. 
 
 "We've been doing this for quite some time, only advertising our growing-up milk, which is for babies one year and above," Arif Mujahidin, communications manager for SGM, maintained. 
 
 Over the past three years, sales of infant formula have dropped in Indonesia, while sales of milk for one-to-five-year-olds have grown steadily, he added. 
 
 In 2010, Indonesia's infant formula market was valued at $136 million, with zero growth from 2009 to 2010, while the country's growing-up milk market was worth $1.15 billion in 2010, a growth of 9 percent on 2009, according to AC Nielsen data. 
 
 Questions of influence 
 
 But despite the 2009 law banning health professionals from promoting formula and handing out formula to new mothers, the practice remains rife, breastfeeding activists say. 
 
 "In the hospitals they give the women formula straight away if they have any problems at all breastfeeding. I never hear them tell women in the first three days, 'don't worry if your milk hasn't come in, it will'," Eka Yuliana, a community breast-feeding promoter with Bumi Sehat [ http://www.bumisehatbali.org/ ], a Bali NGO, said, referring to the small amounts of breast milk women typically produce just after birth. 
 
 "If doctors would support breastfeeding 100 percent, that would be better," Yuliana added. She believes doctors have been unduly influenced by the formula companies' marketing as well. 
 
 The Health Ministry admitted many health workers had "not received the knowledge about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding". 
 
 mk/ds/mw 
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93744</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911130345340500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GENTENG PARAKAN 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - For Naslima, a mother of two in the fishing village of Genteng Parakan, there was never any doubt over how to feed her babies. &quot;It&apos;s better to breastfeed than to give formula. Babies that breastfeed are healthy,&quot; Naslima told IRIN outside a local health centre in Indonesia&apos;s West Java Province.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Outsourcing Asia&apos;s refugees</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109111303420199t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 12 September 2011 (IRIN) - A recent decision by Australia&apos;s high court to stop its federal government from swapping refugees with Malaysia underlines what has fast become a major debate over how to treat Asia&apos;s refugees.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 12 September 2011 (IRIN) - A recent decision by Australia's high court to stop its federal government from swapping refugees with Malaysia underlines what has fast become a major debate over how to treat Asia's refugees. 

The Canberra government signed a deal with Malaysia in July to exchange the next 800 refugees it would receive by boat for 4,000 refugees, mostly Burmese, in Malaysia. Typically, the people going to Australia are from Asia and the Middle East, including Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Iran and Iraq. 

The court, ruling by six to one, said the proposal was invalid because of shortcomings in Malaysia's treatment of refugees. Unlike Australia, Malaysia is not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention and therefore does not officially grant protected status to those fleeing persecution. 

For the Australian government to send refugees to another country, that destination, the court said in its ruling, "must be legally bound by international law or its own domestic law to: provide access for asylum seekers to effective procedures for assessing their need for protection; provide protection for asylum seekers pending determination of their refugee status; and provide protection for persons given refugee status pending their voluntary return to their country of origin or their resettlement in another country". 

Malaysia, the court ruled, did not make this cut. To many human rights groups that fact was well established long before Canberra sought Malaysia as a refugee trading partner. 

A report published in 2010 by Amnesty International, thousands of refugees in Malaysia are caned each year for violations, such as working, which is illegal for refugees under Malaysian law. 

The report, Abused and Abandoned: Refugees Denied Rights in Malaysia, found that many refugees were held in unsanitary facilities and concluded that, for refugees, "Malaysia is an unwelcoming and dangerous place". 

In its 2010 global report, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) said its officials had that year secured the release of 3,800 refugees in Malaysia who had been rounded up and held in detention. 

Given Malaysia's track record, Australia was "taking a huge risk" in proposing a refugee exchange with Malaysia, Gram Thom, a spokesman for Amnesty on refugee issues and author of the report, told IRIN. The deal, he added, would have been a "breach of Australia's international obligations". 

...the performance of the vast majority of Asia-Pacific governments towards refugees is absolutely shameful  
Deterrent 

Canberra had billed the deal as a way to deter refugees from making the dangerous journey to Australia by boat. In particular, the government said, denying boat refugees access to Australia would undermine the work of human traffickers - or "smash the people smugglers' business model", as Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard put it. 

"My message to anyone who is considering paying money to a people smuggler and risking their life at sea and perhaps the lives of their family members as well, is do not do that in the false hope that you will be able to have your claim processed in Australia," she said in July. 

The government punctuated its intention to use the so-called Malaysian Solution as a deterrent to future would-be boat refugees by saying it would post footage on You Tube of refugees being carted off to Malaysia as a public message to people smugglers and the clients to whom they promise "a ticket to Australia". 

Offshore solutions 

At present, refugees who reach Australia by boat are first taken to Christmas Island, which is much closer to Indonesia than the mainland. 

The Pacific Solution, in effect from 2001 to 2007, was Australia's previous policy of detaining and processing asylum seekers arriving by boat in offshore facilities, including the South Pacific island state of Nauru and Papua New Guinea's Manus Island. 

After much criticism from rights groups, who argued the policy unfairly isolated boat refugees, the Pacific Solution was discontinued in 2007, with the election of former prime minister Kevin Rudd and a new regime.

But, since 2010, the Gillard government has sought to renew a similar offshore holding and processing system for boat refugees and introduced the prospect of swapping refugees with other countries in the region. 

Last year, Gillard approached Timor-Leste about hosting a refugee holding centre but parliamentarians and rights groups lambasted the proposal, arguing that the country had too many of its own problems. 

After the High Court's ruling against the Malaysia Solution on 31 August, Australia's immigration minister, Chris Bowen, said his government had not ruled out similar deals with other countries in the region if they received court approval. 

Canberra has been in talks with Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands about hosting refugee processing centres that would first be administered by Australia and later collectively by the region. In August, Canberra signed a Memorandum of Understanding for the reopening of a new refugee processing centre on Manus Island. 

"This MoU sends a clear message that countries in this region are working together towards a lasting regional response in taking action necessary to ensure the integrity of our borders and undermine people-smuggling networks," Minister Bowen is quoted as saying in a government press statement. 


Photo: David Longstreath/IRIN  
An Afghan refugee along the Afghan-Pakistani border 
Grading refugees 

Rights groups are sceptical of the Australian government's motivations for wanting to reroute boat refugees to offshore locations. 

The proposed swap with Malaysia and other similar deals amounted to "shovelling responsibility elsewhere", said Denise Coughlan, director of the NGO Jesuit Relief Service's office in Cambodia. 

She said asylum seekers had borne the brunt of rising fears across the globe about terrorist infiltration, preventing many legitimate refugees from receiving the care they deserve. 

Amnesty's Thom said it set a troubling precedent when one of the richest and most stable and developed countries in the region sought to turn away refugees. "If Australia shuts down this basic right, what's to stop Thailand from doing the same?" 

Thom said Australia's proposals reflected a tendency for countries to assign different ranks to refugees depending on their country of origin - a tendency that he says ran contrary to the point of treating asylum seekers equally. 

"Failure of political will" 

This concern was echoed by Phil Robertson, deputy director of the Asia division of Human Rights Watch: "Picking one group of refugees over another defies the principle of non-discrimination which is at the heart of refugee protection. 

"What we're seeing in the region is a fundamental failure of political will to undertake basic human rights obligations," he added. 

A case in point, he said, was China's ability in recent years to pressure Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand to forcibly send ethnic Uyghurs back to China, where rights groups say they face severe punishment - even death sentences - for any suspected involvement in protests. 

Only three countries in Asia - Cambodia, Timor-Leste and the Philippines - are signatories to the UN Refugee Convention. 

"In the year that the Refugee Convention marks its 60th year, the performance of the vast majority of Asia-Pacific governments towards refugees is absolutely shameful," said Robertson. 

On 12 September, the Gillard government announced it would introduce legislation to parliament to amend the country's Migration Act, allowing the Malaysian refugee swap deal to go forward. 

"Malaysia offered the best answer to the issue of asylum seekers and people smuggling then. It offers the best answer now," Gillard told reporters. 

bb/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93697</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109111303420199t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 12 September 2011 (IRIN) - A recent decision by Australia&apos;s high court to stop its federal government from swapping refugees with Malaysia underlines what has fast become a major debate over how to treat Asia&apos;s refugees.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: FGM/C regulations mistaken as endorsement, experts fear</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171303580593t.jpg" />]]>WEST JAVA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - Guidelines on how to perform female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health could cause an increase in the practice, medical experts and rights groups fear.</description><body><![CDATA[WEST JAVA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - Guidelines on how to perform female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health could cause an increase in the practice, medical experts and rights groups fear.

"This will give doctors a new motivation to circumcise [girls] because now they can say the Ministry of Health approves of this, and the Indonesian Ulamas' Council approves of it," Jurnalis Uddin, doctor and lecturer at Yarsi University [ http://www.yarsi.ac.id/ ] in Jakarta, told IRIN.

Though FGM/C was banned in 2006, two of Indonesia's Muslim organizations, including the largest and mostly moderate Nahdlatul Ulama, ultimately condone the practice advising "not to cut too much", and, as a result, many continue to perform the procedure. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90366 ]

By directing health professionals not to cut a girl's genitals but to "scrape the skin covering the clitoris, without injuring the clitoris", the Ministry of Health stands by the regulations, passed in June, as a
medically safe form of FGM/C [ http://www.kesehatanibu.depkes.go.id/archives/95 ] representing an effort to further regulate the illegal practice and protect women.

But recent uproar has questioned this reasoning. Others are concerned the guidelines could well be misinterpreted as an endorsement of the procedure, combined with an enticement for doctors to encourage the practice, Uddin said.

"I think that doctors will use these guidelines to make money from circumcision," Uddin said, adding that Indonesia's poorly regulated medical practitioners often viewed medicine as a business.

FGM/C is typically done at birth, or before a girl is five years old and in the past was often performed by local healers, called dukun, or by birth attendants. Traditionally, FGM/C was mostly "symbolic" with a small cut on the clitoris, or rubbing the clitoris with tumeric root, making it less invasive than other types of FGM/C. [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?indepthid=15&reportid=62462 ]

However, Uddin, who conducted an Indonesia-wide survey of FGM/C practices in 2009, said he had found that when medical practitioners performed the procedure, there was a trend toward more extensive cutting of the clitoris.

Public outcry

Dozens of Indonesian groups continue to call for the Ministry to revoke the guidelines.

"This gives a justification for health practitioners to damage women's bodies," said Frenia Nababan, spokeswoman for the Indonesian Family Planning Association. [ http://www.pkbi.or.id ] She added, "We fear it will increase control of women's bodies by the state and religious groups."

Amnesty International, [ http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA21/015/2011/en ] is one of more than 100 signatories to a letter stating that the guidelines should be revoked partially on the grounds of Indonesia's child protection laws, as well as the government's commitment to the international Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), signed by Indonesia in 1984.

Experts say there has been increasing support for the practice from Muslim groups since the downfall of authoritarian leader Suharto in 1998, resulting in greater religious and political freedom, known as "Reformasi".

"Before Reformasi [FGM/C] was mostly done on an individual basis, but since Reformasi, it has been done in mass events," said Siti Musda Mulia, an academic specializing in Islamic studies, who initially conducted research on the process during the Suharto era, and has conducted follow-up research since 1998.

Uddin found Indonesia-wide FGM/C had not increased dramatically since the Suharto era; however in some areas, such as Bandung, West Java, there was an increasing tendency to perform it, even among moderate Muslims.

Across Indonesia approximately 12 percent of female babies born in hospitals, birthing centres or assisted by government midwives have been circumcised, a figure that excludes FGM/C procedures done outside such facilities, Uddin said.

FGM/C remains a controversial practice, with debated origins. Religious experts say it is a foreign cultural practice not sanctioned in any of Islam's religious texts.

Even a scratch or small cut on the clitoris is a dangerous procedure to perform on infants, say medical practitioners. Long-term consequences include bladder and urinary tract infections, as well as cysts and infertility.

The Ministry of Health argues it is not "legitimizing or legalizing" FGM/C with its standards but only trying to make the practice less risky by encouraging trained health professionals rather than traditional healers to perform the procedure.

"It is feared that community members who want to circumcise female babies will therefore go to traditional healers for this procedure, and it will increase the number of [medical] complications. If this procedure is done by health professionals, then it has to be done in accordance with the ministerial instruction 1636, and this will guarantee the protection of the female reproductive system," the Ministry stated in response to national criticism.

mk/nb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93628</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171303580593t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WEST JAVA 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - Guidelines on how to perform female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health could cause an increase in the practice, medical experts and rights groups fear.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: From drought to floods</title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171303080296t.jpg" />]]>KEFAMENANU 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic weather has exacerbated food insecurity in one of Indonesia&apos;s driest regions, leaving farmers and families hoping for the best as October&apos;s planting season approaches.</description><body><![CDATA[KEFAMENANU 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic weather has exacerbated food insecurity in one of Indonesia's driest regions, leaving farmers and families hoping for the best as October's planting season approaches. 
 
 "I have a feeling this year we will be OK," Maria Talan, 63, an elder in the remote village of Noenoni, in the district of West Timor (TTS), told IRIN, already looking forward to next April's harvest. 
 
 Talan's optimism comes on the heels of severe and unexpected flooding in 2010 that washed out her village's one harvest and left people at times filling their plates with leaves and seeds. 
 
 Although Nusa Tengarra Timor (NTT) province is notoriously dry, with only four months of rain a year, the government estimates 80 percent of the 4.5 million people toil away on often rocky, unfertile plots to survive, with little other industry to generate an income. 
 
 "The condition of the land is a problem, but last year we had extreme weather in October at planting time and the corn harvest, our main crop, failed," said Antonius Efi, an activist for Yakibu, a local organization promoting the rights of women and children in Kefamenanu, the capital of North Central Timor (TTU), the district neighbouring TTS. 
 
 According to the UN World Food Programme (WFP), [ http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp236710.pdf ] ongoing deforestation, a leading cause of flooding, is largely to blame for the rainfall fluctuation that TTS and TTU residents describe. NTT province has one of the highest concentrations of deforestation in Indonesia, according to the report. 
 
 The availability of food is a constant issue in these districts in the mostly undeveloped eastern province where an estimated 30 percent live below the poverty line on an average income of US$280 a year. 
 
 More than half of all children younger than five are underweight and stunted, according to the Nutrition Security and Food Security report on NTT in 2010 [ http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp236825.pdf ]. 
 
 The flooding only made matters worse.  
 
 Failed crops and variable weather conditions hit people in remote villages such as those around Kefamenanu hardest, researchers suspect, but empirical evidence is still scarce, according to Emmanuel Skoufias, lead economist at the World Bank's Poverty Reduction and Equity unit in Washington, DC. His research team recently released one of the first reports on the impact of rainfall fluctuation in rural Indonesia. [ http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/03/29/000158349_20110329092900/Rendered/PDF/WPS5615.pdf ] 
 
Last resort 
 
 There is no paved road to Noenoni and most of its 3,000 residents rely on their bare feet for transport along the steep and winding rocky path to the river and beyond. When food is scarce, there is little locals can do to improve reserves besides gather what they can find. 
 
 That lack of access to and availability of food, cornerstones of how food security is determined, have prompted organizations such as Oxfam to brand NTT a top priority for disaster preparedness projects, bracing the communities for weather fluctuations and crop failure by 
 establishing irrigation systems and alternative means of income. 
 
 "But when we came into the area the people asked, 'We've already faced not having food, so why are you talking about it now?'," said Ofridus Krispinianus, programme manager with Oxfam's local partner, Community Association to Help Disaster Preparedness and Response, in Kupang. 
 
 He noted that while drought is a regular occurrence, last year's flood was a new phenomenon. 
 
 The women of Noenoni say they can conjure meals from papaya leaves and tamarind seeds when there is nothing else, and, at times, resort to a poisonous bean, known locally as arbila hutan, which must be boiled 12 times to detoxify. 
 
 In Oeperigi, 50km into neighbouring TTU, the people stick to rice seasoned with salt or chili once or twice a day, made available through a government rations programme that does not reach Noenoni. 
 
 Kornelia Pantola, 32, has witnessed many changes in Oeperigi throughout her life - they have electricity now, for instance - but access to more than just rice has always been a problem, she said. 
 
 In contrast to government food programmes providing rice subsidies, World Vision is cultivating a home gardening project, which will soon implement hydroponic techniques in an attempt to address the lack of water and rocky earth. 
 
 "Maybe it is not the solution, but it is a start," said nutrition specialist Sri Wulansari, for World Vision in Kupang. 
 
 Such a diet, lacking in nutrients, results in high rates of stunting, illness and malnutrition. 
 
 Stunting is a nationwide problem, affecting 35.6 percent of all Indonesians; however, more than half, 58.4 percent, of the people in NTT are stunted, according to 2010 estimates by the Ministry of Health. 
 
 nb/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93588</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171303080296t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KEFAMENANU 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Erratic weather has exacerbated food insecurity in one of Indonesia&apos;s driest regions, leaving farmers and families hoping for the best as October&apos;s planting season approaches.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Smoky traditions endanger children</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171307270656t.jpg" />]]>PENE 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - In Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), one of Indonesia&apos;s least developed provinces, child mortality is nearly double the national average and traditions are partly to blame, say aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[PENE 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - In Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), one of Indonesia's least developed provinces, child mortality is nearly double the national average and traditions are partly to blame, say aid workers. 
 
 In a practice thought to be healthy, mother and child are confined to an "umebubu", a grass hut, for 40 days after delivery, with a wood fire burning and no ventilation. 
 
 The effects of smoke and acute respiratory illness (ARI) can be deadly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 40,000 children die of pneumonia in Indonesia every year, accounting for nearly 20 percent of all child mortality in the world's fourth-largest country. 
 
 Today, ARI deaths are largely concentrated among the rural poor, a world away from the images of Indonesia's booming economy, where burning wood for cooking and heat is common, together with a lack of electricity and high rates of malnutrition - a major factor in ARI, Martin Weber, a WHO medical officer of child and adolescent health, told IRIN. 
 
 "The exposure of children to smoke is not only a problem in the first 40 days, but the first year of life when the child is kept around the cooking fire and exposed to the smoke," he said. "This is where traditional practices put children at risk." 
 
 Child mortality in NTT is 80 deaths per 1,000 against the national average of 44 per 1,000, according to the most recent Ministry of Health data, with ARI the leading cause. 
 
 The government said in 2010 nearly half NTT's 4.6 million people had either been diagnosed with or reported symptoms of ARI, compared with 25 percent nationally. 
 
 "It's related to the condition of the houses, the ventilation and everyone living together in one room," said Gregorius Fernandez, chief field officer in NTT for the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in the town of Kupang. 
 
 Fifty years on 
 
 Yunus Nitbawi, 54, spent the first month of his life in an umebubu in Pene, a village of 500 households, an hour's drive from the town of Kefamenanu in the West Timor district. "I'm fine, thanks to God," he said, adding, "I only cough in enclosed spaces." As he speaks, a child in the room coughs weakly and the sound of another echoes from outside. 
 
 Nitbawi said with improved education, fewer women are using the umebubu as a treatment after giving birth. "Since the government intervened in 2009 and 2010 to get women to deliver babies in health centres, fewer people use the umebubu," he said. 
 
 However, just 300m up the road, a father and son are boiling water over a wood fire in their hut. The ceiling is so low they have to squat and the smoky air is choking - like being in a fireplace with no chimney. 
 
 While village leaders say awareness of the health risks of umebubus is spreading, such cultural change is difficult and there is a question of how much the tradition has actually been extinguished, Irene Cahyani, a programme officer for Oxfam in Eastern Indonesia, explained. 
 
 "There aren't signs that anything is really changing at the moment and there is not a big effort to change it," Weber agreed. 
 
 Some NGOs have introduced "healthy houses" - structures with windows and paved floors, which not only improve ventilation, but also eliminate unsanitary eating conditions on dirt floors. Others encourage the use of gas stoves or the idea that cooking should at least be done with some ventilation and without children nearby. 
 
 "It's a cultural shift and it's gradually happening, but this is hard to do at the field level," UNICEF's Fernandez said. 

 According to WHO, exposure to indoor air pollution kills 1.6 million people every year, amounting to one death every 20 seconds. 
 
 nb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93525</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171307270656t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PENE 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - In Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), one of Indonesia&apos;s least developed provinces, child mortality is nearly double the national average and traditions are partly to blame, say aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: &quot;Major role&quot; for mosques in disaster</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108150419460515t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 15 August 2011 (IRIN) - In the world&apos;s most disaster-prone country with the largest Muslim population, disaster-management experts and religious leaders say mosques can represent more than spiritual refuge.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 15 August 2011 (IRIN) - In the world's most disaster-prone country with the largest Muslim population, disaster-management experts and religious leaders say mosques can represent more than spiritual refuge. 
 
 Ali M. Noor Muhammad, country director for Islamic Relief Indonesia (IRI) [ http://www.islamic-relief.or.id/ ], told IRIN it was not only the physical structure of the mosque, but also the influence and respect of its religious leaders that should be tapped in the event of a disaster. 
 
 "These religious leaders will be trained and inspired to touch the humanitarian side and cooperation between people for support, development and relief of suffering... as their message is so effective and well-received and applied by communities," he said. 
 
 A recent report by IRI, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), a traditional Sunni Islam organization in Indonesia, is the first to research the potential role in a disaster for the country's 600,000 mosques. 
 
 At the report's launch, Kyai Haji Abdul Djamil, head of research and development at the Ministry of Religious Affairs, likened the country's mosques to a library with a lot of books, but in need of a catalogue with a coordinated strategy. 
 
 "I believe this report is important in revitalizing and empowering mosques, especially after losses in some areas," Djamil said. The researchers focused on case studies of six mosques in two provinces of Java recently affected by disaster. 
 
 Mosques have been used in many of Indonesia's disasters, large and small, from the 2004 tsunami [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87522 ] that left 167,000 dead in the country, to the earthquake in 2009 that left thousands without homes in Padang in West Sumatra. 
 
 "The mosque is a key element in disaster-risk reduction and a key element to save lives," Ignacio Leon-Garcia, head of OCHA in Indonesia, said. "This is something of which Muslims should be proud." 
 
 Focal point 
 
 The mosque is often the only building left standing following destructive high winds and floods. While some attribute this to a miracle of sorts [ http://miracle-tsunami.blogspot.com/ ], most say it is thanks to the amount of money and care communities put into building their religious gathering spot, explained the report's researchers, Muhammad Alie Humaedi and Zulfa Sakhiyya. 
 
 The report suggests four primary areas of disaster-risk reduction for mosques: storage of supplies, coordination of a relief effort, distribution of supplies and a place for therapy and long-term healing. 
 
 Avianto Muhtadi, chairman of climate change and disaster management at NU, said after reading the report he began to weigh the role of disaster response when planning buildings. "We should build mosques keeping these extra needs in mind," he said, adding that the number of bathrooms and open spaces should be considered. 
 
 Challenges 
 
 As a religious institution, disaster response is a new function for a sanctuary with strict codes of conduct. The internal areas, only used for prayer, are traditionally off-limits to non-Muslims. 
 
 In a country with several Islamic groups, including the majority Sunni, it cannot be assumed that the preliminary findings of the report, which looked at NU mosques, hold true for all mosques, experts say. 
 
 Though aid groups welcome the report's findings, some are hesitant to directly involve any religious institution in their relief efforts due to accountability concerns as well as issues with endorsement and alignment with another institution's activities. Such sceptics are more likely to channel disaster money and relief efforts through a school. 
 
 There is the added question of transparency as construction of mosques in Indonesia is not well-regulated, some aid workers said. If a family has enough money, it can build a structure, declare it a mosque and then begin raising money and community support. 
 
 But these sorts of details are why the mosque's role in disaster mitigation needed such a study, Djamil said. 
 
 nb/ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93468</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108150419460515t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 15 August 2011 (IRIN) - In the world&apos;s most disaster-prone country with the largest Muslim population, disaster-management experts and religious leaders say mosques can represent more than spiritual refuge.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Activists urge economic development for Papua</title><pubDate>Wed, 03 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012230243440250t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 03 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia needs to boost economic development in Papua, human rights activists say, a day after thousands in the restive region rallied for independence.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 03 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia needs to boost economic development in Papua, human rights activists say, a day after thousands in the restive region rallied for independence. 
 
 “There's growing discontent among Papuans. The government needs to act fast to address various humanitarian issues,” Haris Azhar, coordinator of the human rights group Kontras, told IRIN on 3 August. 
 
 Some 10,000 Papuans took to the streets of the provincial capital Jayapura and six other towns on 2 August, defying a heavy police presence, a day after a deadly ambush, which police blamed on separatist rebels, witnesses said. 
 
 “There's a serious lack of human development in Papua,” Azhar said. “The increase in regional budgets under the autonomy scheme has become a major source of corruption as can be seen in the number of officials investigated for corruption,” he said. 
 
 The Indonesian half of the New Guinea island, comprising Papua and West Papua provinces, receives about US$472 million annually. 
 
 Longstanding tension 
 
 Papua, home to ethnic Melanesians, has experienced a low-level separatist conflict [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91429 ] for decades, according to experts. 
 
 Critics said the special autonomy status, granted in 2001 as part of Jakarta’s efforts to appease calls for independence, failed to raise Papuans' standard of living. 
 
 Ifdhal Kasim, chairman of the National Commission on Human Rights, urged the government not to use heavy-handed tactics in dealing with pro-independence sentiments. 
 
 It should instead offer dialogue and address the grievances of the Papuans, including complaints that the government was plundering the region's natural resources at the expense of locals. 
 
 “Young people in Papua have political aspirations and repressing them is counter-productive,” Kasim maintained. 
 
 The government should improve the monitoring of funds used by the regions, he added. 
 
 "What's happening in Papua is not so much of lack of money,” he said. “There's so much mismanagement and incompetence there.” 
 
 The creation of new districts in Papua as part of the autonomy had given rise to more corruption, he added. 
 
 He also said the more than 100 political prisoners languishing in Papuan jails for raising rebel flags and other pro-independence activities did not help appease the separatist sentiments. 
 
 Government response 
 
 But according to Djoko Suyanto, the coordinating minister for security, legal and political affairs, the government is fully aware of what is needed. 
 
 "The focus of the present cabinet in Papua is economic development," he told reporters. 
 
 "There's no war there. If people killed members of the armed forces or police, action must be taken to enforce the law," he said. 
 
 A group of unidentified people attacked buses carrying migrant traders in Jayapura on 1 August, killing four, including a soldier, and wounding nine, police said. The attack came a day after 17 people were killed in clashes involving groups supporting rival politicians in the central highland district of Puncak. 
 
 Papuan police spokesman Wachyono, who like many Indonesians goes by one name, said the two incidents were unrelated, although the West Papua National Committee, a pro-independence group, has accused the security forces of involvement. 
 
 “Repression” 
 
 Andreas Harsono, a consultant for New York-based Human Rights Watch, said economic marginalization, human rights abuses and the influx of migrants from other parts of Indonesia continued to fuel discontent in Papua. 
 
 “The government has since the beginning responded to the aspirations of Papuans with repression,” he said. 
 
 According to a 2010 report [ http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/B108-indonesia-the-deepening-impasse-in-papua.aspx ] by the International Crisis Group (ICG), many Papuans were frustrated that autonomy had meant so little, while Indonesian officials complained that Papuans were not satisfied with what they had been given. 
 
 “President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono needs personally to take the lead in recognizing that autonomy means more than increased budgetary allocations or accelerated economic development,” the report said. 
 
 “He needs to explore directly with credible Papuan leaders how political autonomy can be expanded; affirmative action policies strengthened in all sectors; and Papuan fears about in-migration addressed.” 
 
 After its original short-lived independence, the region was temporarily administered by the UN before being officially annexed by Indonesia in 1969. 
 
 According to the UN [ http://www.undp.or.id/factsheets/fs_ciu_papua.pdf ], despite its vast natural resources, this eastern-most region - an area half the size of Brazil - continues to remain one of Indonesia’s least developed. Although Papua’s population comprises only 1 percent of the total population, more than 40 percent of its residents live below the national poverty line. 
 
 atp/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93409</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012230243440250t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 03 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indonesia needs to boost economic development in Papua, human rights activists say, a day after thousands in the restive region rallied for independence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Evacuation towers for tsunami escape route</title><pubDate>Tue, 02 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011005460246t.jpg" />]]>WEST JAVA 02 August 2011 (IRIN) - City officials in Padang have come up with an unusual strategy to save the lives of its citizens in the event of a tsunami: multi-storey buildings.</description><body><![CDATA[WEST JAVA 02 August 2011 (IRIN) - City officials in Padang have come up with an unusual strategy to save the lives of its citizens in the event of a tsunami: multi-storey buildings. 
 
 The city on the west coast of Sumatra Island is in one of Indonesia's most quake-prone regions, where a 7.6 magnitude quake in 2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86480 ] killed more than 1,000 people and destroyed large parts of the city. 
 
 "If we try to build just horizontal evacuation roads, they won't be enough. But multi-storey buildings are one way to save the people," Dedi Henidal, director of Padang's Natural Disaster Mitigation Board, told IRIN. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands would be killed if Padang were hit by a large tsunami and there were no evacuation towers, say disaster management experts. 
 
 "How many people would die if a tsunami were to occur today? 400,000," says Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, head of the Centre for Data, Information and Public Relations at the National Agency for Disaster Management in Jakarta, referring to a quake of magnitude nine or above on the Richter scale. 
 
 Another tsunami disaster model, done by his centre earlier this year, estimated that up to 650,000 people could die if Padang were hit by a massive tsunami. 
 
 However, according to Nugroho, it is not a matter of if the west coast of Sumatra could be struck by another massive quake, but when. 
 
 "Tsunamis have been generated in this region approximately every 200 years. Data was found back to 1350, with the last super cycle being in 1797 and 1833, indicating that a tsunami is due in Padang." 
 
 Coral reefs in West Sumatra have been studied by Indonesian scientists in much the same way as tree trunks to provide a biological history map of when the reefs were struck by quakes and tsunamis, says Nugroho. 
 
 Sumatra's north coast was devastated by a tsunami in December 2004, when a 9.1 magnitude quake struck, killing more than 180,000 people in Indonesia and 230,000 across the region. 
 
 Escape routes 
 
 To date, Padang and coastal villages along West Sumatra have built several pedestrian evacuation routes. But the region's size, plus its location on a narrow strip of land, rimmed by rivers and mountains, means that even if it built dozens more, residents could not escape in 25 minutes or less, the estimated warning time between an earthquake and when a tsunami would strike the coast, says Nugroho. 
 
 It is a lesson that Padang learnt in 2009 when a relatively moderate quake struck off Sumatra's west coast. "We learnt lessons not only for the city, but at the provincial level," says Henidal. 
 
 Since 2010, Padang has built 14 multi-storey buildings with assistance from local businesses, such as broadcasting company TV1, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) [ http://www.jica.go.jp/english/ ], says Henidal. 
 
 The escape towers have been designed with civil engineers from the University of Kyoto, specializing in quake-resistant buildings, as well as Indonesian geophysicists and seismologists, says Henidal. His agency is running tests to check whether the buildings can withstand quakes stronger than magnitude nine. 
 
 Disaster management experts in Jakarta say the success of these evacuation points depends on whether Padang's Disaster Mitigation Board builds according to the specifications developed by the national technical experts. 
 
 "The important thing in my opinion is whether these buildings are being built to withstand the highest scale of earthquake that can occur in Padang or West Sumatra," says Suhardjono, director of the Earthquake and Tsunami Center in Indonesia's Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Board, who like many Indonesians goes by only one name. 
 
 The city plans to build almost 100, with each building providing an escape for between 3,000 to 6,000 people, as part of its overall disaster strategy for the city, added Henidal. 
 
 The escape towers, built with both public and private funding, will also be used for other purposes, such as high schools, or offices. 
 
 However, Nugroho said the evacuation towers should not just save lives in the short term, but also become long-term life-saving centres, stocking food, medicines and tents. 
 
 mk/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93391</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011005460246t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WEST JAVA 02 August 2011 (IRIN) - City officials in Padang have come up with an unusual strategy to save the lives of its citizens in the event of a tsunami: multi-storey buildings.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Indonesian government relocates volcano-displaced</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180845180994t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 18 July 2011 (IRIN) - The Indonesian government has begun temporarily relocating more than 5,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Lokon on the northern part of Sulawesi Island and currently housed in four schools in the town of Tomohon.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 18 July 2011 (IRIN) - The Indonesian government has begun temporarily relocating more than 5,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Lokon on the northern part of Sulawesi Island and currently housed in four schools in the town of Tomohon. 
 
 "This is a temporary measure," Sutopo Purwo Nugroho,  a spokesman for the National Disaster Management Agency, told IRIN on 18 July, noting that residents would be relocated to the State University of Manado so that students could return to class. 
 
 His comments came one day after the 1,580m-high Lokon spewed ash 3.5km into the air in the biggest eruption since the first one on 14 July, according to the head of the Center for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation, Surono, who like many Indonesians uses one name. 
 
 The Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) has set up a public kitchen and distributed masks, blankets and sleeping mats for the displaced, said Irwan Lalegit, head of PMI's disaster emergency response coordination for North Sulawesi Province. "We need more masks after yesterday's eruption because people could get sick because of the ash," Lalegit said. 
 
 atp/ds/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93246</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180845180994t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 18 July 2011 (IRIN) - The Indonesian government has begun temporarily relocating more than 5,000 people displaced by the eruption of Mount Lokon on the northern part of Sulawesi Island and currently housed in four schools in the town of Tomohon.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Indigenous people gain greater forest rights</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007010715060640t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 12 July 2011 (IRIN) - More and more Asian governments are giving indigenous people greater control over their natural resources and habitat in a bid to stem deforestation, a new report states.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 12 July 2011 (IRIN) - More and more Asian governments are giving indigenous people greater control over their natural resources and habitat in a bid to stem deforestation, a new report states. 
 
 Countries such as China, India and Vietnam are making "dramatic" progress, not only in stopping deforestation, but also in expanding their forests, thanks to reforms that include giving more rights to communities and indigenous groups, according to the report [ http://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_2431.pdf ] by the Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) [ http://www.rightsandresources.org/ ] released on 12 July. 
 
 "The state remains the predominant actor in the region's forests, but the trend towards increased and legally recognized local control now emerging is incredibly important," Andy White, coordinator of RRI, a global coalition of groups advocating forest land tenure and policy reforms, said in a statement accompanying the report. 
 
 "It's no coincidence that the countries granting more rights to communities and indigenous groups are the same ones making progress toward more sustainable management of their forest resources," he said. 
 
 According to the report, The Greener Side of REDD+: Lessons for REDD+ from Countries where Forest Area is increasing, between 1990 and 2010, 78 nations in the world with significant forest cover either maintained or increased their forested areas. 
 
 REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, a global initiative to help developing countries reduce carbon released into the atmosphere by tropical forest destruction. 
 
 And while Nepal, Thailand and Cambodia have all increased the amount of land devolved to communities since 2002, the report says the pace of change in the region remains uneven. 
 
 Indonesia, home to the world's fifth-largest forested area, remains excluded from the promising regional trend, the report said. There are almost 30,000 villages on land claimed by the Indonesian government, yet communities have rights to less than 1 percent of the nation's forests. 
 
 Indonesia reserved 600,000 hectares for communities in 2002 but the area appeared to shrink to 230,000ha by 2008, according to government figures cited by RRI. 
 
 The new data shows that in 2010, fewer than 100,000ha had been legally recognized as under local control, far short of an Indonesian government target to devolve at least 500,000ha per year, the report said. 
 
 Signs of progress 
 
 But RRI also reported signs of progress. In the past few years, the country has made efforts to improve its policy, including creating a process for designating new areas as "community" and "village" forests that would be under local control. 
 
 Moreover, Indonesia is co-hosting an international forestry conference on Lombok island focusing on forest tenure and governance from 11-15 July. 
 
 That fact alone "says a lot about the realization at very high levels that the status quo is not a perfect one and it needs improvement", Boen Purnama, an adviser to the country's Forestry Ministry remarked. 
 
 According to Hedar Laudjeng, chief of community affairs at the government-sponsored National Forest Council, conflicts between local communities, companies and the government stem from unclear regulations governing forests. 
 
 "Foresty-related laws are not in favour of local communities, making the risk of conflicts high," he said in a statement at the start of the Lombok forestry conference. 
 
 atp/ds/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93203</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007010715060640t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 12 July 2011 (IRIN) - More and more Asian governments are giving indigenous people greater control over their natural resources and habitat in a bid to stem deforestation, a new report states.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Mud-displaced still fighting to recover livelihoods</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107041052550312t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 04 July 2011 (IRIN) - Five years after a volcanic eruption displaced thousands, the mud continues to spew and many survivors have yet to regain their livelihoods.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 04 July 2011 (IRIN) - Five years after a volcanic eruption displaced thousands, the mud continues to spew and many survivors have yet to regain their livelihoods. 
 
 Bambang Setiawan, 47, lost his job as a security guard after the world's largest mud volcano erupted in May 2006, inundating villages in Indonesia's Sidoarjo District in East Java Province. 
 
 "I'm still jobless. At my age it's hard to find a job because companies hire only young people," Setiawan said. He has been renting a house with his wife and two young children ever since tons of mud buried their old lives. 
 
 The mud erupted near a gas drilling site operated by PT Lapindo Brantas and buried more than 10,000 houses, 23 schools, 24 factories employing about 3,000 people, and 360 hectares of farmlands, according to local government data. More than 13,000 families have been displaced. 
 
 The mud flow has decreased from 180,000 cubic metres a day to about 10,000 cubic metres, or enough to fill four Olympic-sized swimming pools, said Hari Prayitno, a spokesperson for Sidoarjo Mudflow Mitigation Agency, the government agency handling the disaster. 
 
 Experts said the mud volcano could continue to erupt for another 26 years [ http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/168/2/517 ]. 
 
 Compensation 
 
 Many scientists agree the disaster was caused by an explosion at the Lapindo drilling site, but the company insists an earthquake that struck days earlier was to blame. 
 
 Nevertheless, Lapindo agreed to compensate those affected by buying their land and houses. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88057 ] So far, 70 percent of the survivors have received full payment, while the remainder have been promised cash instalments, said Paring Waluyo, an activist advocating for those affected. 
 
 "Because the company has said it's suffering cash problems, it will take years before the remaining residents are fully compensated," Waluyo said. "The government should take action as soon as possible, otherwise, how will the victims get back on their feet?" 
 
 The government has compensated residents in three villages initially not affected by the mudflow but now declared uninhabitable by authorities, Prayitno said. 
 
 Prayitno said the government had no information about the livelihoods of the families who had been forced to move because of the disaster. But he estimated thousands of the people affected who made a living farming shrimp and growing rice were now likely to be without a steady means of support. 
 
 Waluyo agreed: "Those who worked in the informal sector such as farming and shrimping were the hardest hit, because they face new challenges in new places and they don't have capital to start a business." 
 
 Setiawan, who has yet to be fully compensated, said the burden of supporting his family could not be met by the money trickling in from Lapindo's compensation. He said he received US$580 from Lapindo in the four months since February. The company has paid 20 percent of the money owed to the remaining 30 percent of the mud-affected. It has promised to pay the rest in monthly instalments. 
 
 "I do odd jobs to survive," Setiawan said. 
 
 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono has ordered the company to pay about $400 million to contain the mud and compensate the affected. 
 
 A new proposal is being drawn up to include residents from 54 areas in several villages in the compensation scheme because their neighbourhoods are no longer habitable, Prayitno said. Each family will be entitled to $85 per square metre of their property, a moving allowance of $55, an annual rent allowance of $290 for two years and a food allowance of $35 per person per month, he said. 
 
 atp/nb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93134</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107041052550312t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 04 July 2011 (IRIN) - Five years after a volcanic eruption displaced thousands, the mud continues to spew and many survivors have yet to regain their livelihoods.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Tsunami victims still waiting to be rehoused</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106100903180604t.jpg" />]]>BANDA ACEH 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people in the city of Banda Aceh in the northwestern tip of Indonesia are still living in poor quality “temporary” accommodation more than six years after the devastating December 2004 tsunami.</description><body><![CDATA[BANDA ACEH 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people in the city of Banda Aceh in the northwestern tip of Indonesia are still living in poor quality “temporary” accommodation more than six years after the devastating December 2004 tsunami. 
 
 "I am unable to start a new life - to start all over again. After nearly seven years, I am still living in post-disaster transition," said Hayati, who, like many Indonesians, goes by only one name. 
 
 Today the 27-year-old and her six-year-old daughter await resettlement in a tiny room with a mattress, a rice cooker, a gas ring, a fan, but no running water. 
 
 The authorities say that of the 21,400 houses destroyed or damaged in Banda Aceh by the tsunami, all have been rebuilt and an additional 1,600 have also been constructed, allowing some families to have more space. 
 
 However, of the nearly half a million Indonesians the UN estimated were made homeless by the disaster, 170 families, or 800 people in Banda Aceh, are still living in sub-standard “temporary” housing put up immediately after the tsunami, according to a rough survey conducted by IRIN of the two remaining temporary settlements where they are living. 
 
 The US Geological Survey says 227,898 people lost their lives in the disaster, and two million people in 14 countries throughout South Asia and East Africa were displaced. 
 
 Most of the still “homeless” in Banda Aceh are squeezed into sub-standard, now unsanitary shelters in the two camps - in the city’s Bakoy and Ulee-Lheu areas. 
 
 “When we moved here in 2006 we were told we would only be here for eight months,” said Buran, aged 36, standing outside his makeshift shelter made of plywood and corrugated iron in Ulee-Lheu. Twenty other families live in this settlement. 
 
 Built hastily after the disaster, many of the shelters have fallen into disrepair, and a stench of sewage permeates the air. 
 
 The plight of the residents is also being brought into focus by a decision to clear the camp for road construction in the coming weeks. 
 
 Options turned down? 
 
 Though residents say they have nowhere to go, Rosdi, the government official in charge of Banda Aceh General Affairs Department, said the displaced were given options. 
 
 “The Ulee-Lheu people were offered brand new houses, which they turned down because of their remote location. We are trying to find other alternatives,” he said. 
 
 Nearly 200 displaced families in Bakoy, on the southwestern edge of the city, are also hoping to get rehoused. 
 
 This is where Hayati lives with her daughter. She said the Agency for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias (BRR) promised her a new house in the Labui area, but then gave it to someone else. 
 
 Supervising the construction of 140,000 new houses in all of Aceh Province, the BRR said no refugees would remain in temporary shacks after June 2007. But the authorities are behind schedule, and also wary of bogus claims, head of Ingin Jaya sub-district Pak Abdullah told IRIN. 
 
 "Several non-tsunami victims are living in the camps, hoping to obtain free housing from the government. Each application has to be reviewed thoroughly before a house is allocated to prevent fraudulent and non-legitimate claims," he said. 
 
 In Bakoy, Bachtiar, 56, set up a tailor’s shop in the camp. He estimated 20 percent of the camp population came to Banda Aceh after the tsunami, including foreigners, poor and homeless people. "But they never experienced the tragedy,” he said. 
 
 He recently received a letter from the government requesting additional information proving the tsunami had affected him. “When is this going to end?” he said. 
 
 According to Zulkifli, a local official in charge of post-tsunami cases, the situation should soon improve. "The government and the Saudi Charity Campaign have just completed the construction of dozens of homes in Baitussalam and Darussalam districts. Once we are done with the examination of each and every case, the stricken of Bakoy will be rehoused.” 
 
 ag/nb/cb 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92973</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106100903180604t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANDA ACEH 14 June 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of people in the city of Banda Aceh in the northwestern tip of Indonesia are still living in poor quality “temporary” accommodation more than six years after the devastating December 2004 tsunami.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: New disaster coordination initiative</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104211307170380t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 10 June 2011 (IRIN) - Private companies have enormous resources in terms of skilled people and know-how, and this resource, rather than their financial muscle, can and should be tapped into when disasters hit Indonesia, officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 10 June 2011 (IRIN) - Private companies have enormous resources in terms of skilled people and know-how, and this resource, rather than their financial muscle, can and should be tapped into when disasters hit Indonesia, officials say. 
 
 Disaster-prone Indonesia will localize the World Economic Forum’s global Disaster Resource Partnership (DRP) by strengthening coordination between their public and private sectors and NGOs in natural disaster response and preparedness, and plans to formalize this new relationship at the two-day World Economic Forum on East Asia in Jakarta starting on 12 June. [ http://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-east-asia-2011 ] 
 
 “The private sector is relatively untapped in its ability to help in a disaster,” Petra Demarin, senior project manager of the global DRP headquartered in Geneva, told IRIN. 
 
 “They [the private sector] are usually seen as a donor and source of funding whereas in fact they have skills and assets, whether it is bulldozers or concrete.” 
 
 While private companies are often involved in disaster response, without proper planning and communication, talents and skills can be lost in the chaos when a disaster strikes. 
 
 “The private sector needs to look inside itself and identify what expertise it has to offer humanitarian operations,” said Ignacio Leon-Garcia, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Indonesia, which is facilitating the development of Indonesia’s DRP. 
 
 Demarin pointed out that in previous disasters it has not been uncommon to see a telecommunications company distributing food, instead of establishing communications, for instance. 
 
 Details yet to be worked out 
 
 DRPs have been launched in India and Mexico, and Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono announced in January that he wanted to launch the initiative in his own country. It is still unclear how this effort, the first to be led by the government, will be different from previous partnership arrangements. Discussions on this are due to take place in the coming months. 
 
 Director of Central Cipta Murdaya Holding, an Indonesian construction and engineering firm with a long history of disaster response and a member of the new DRP, said he had seen a lack of coordination and communication in previous natural disasters. 
 
 “By no means was there a lack of good will from other countries and Indonesia itself when disasters struck, but a lot of the time, how to direct that support and aid was what was needed most. In this regard, the construction and engineering industry is very well positioned to help manage difficult situations.” 
 
 While the original concept of the partnership focused on these two sectors, more companies can and should play a role, said OCHA’s Leon-Garcia. 
 
 “At the end of the day, we have to see how we can improve our response to those who are suffering or how we can help. Our ultimate objective is to help people who have been affected or will be affected by natural disasters.” 
 
 nb/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92951</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104211307170380t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 10 June 2011 (IRIN) - Private companies have enormous resources in terms of skilled people and know-how, and this resource, rather than their financial muscle, can and should be tapped into when disasters hit Indonesia, officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Mixed response to forest moratorium</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007061025370734t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - A long-awaited moratorium by the Indonesian government on new forest concessions, aimed at curbing deforestation, has been welcomed by palm oil farmers but activists believe it does not go far enough.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - A long-awaited moratorium by the Indonesian government on new forest concessions, aimed at curbing deforestation, has been welcomed by palm oil farmers but activists believe it does not go far enough. 
 
 "We support the government's decree on the moratorium," Maruli Sitorus, a palm oil farmer in Labahan Batu in North Sumatra Province, said. "We have seen outrageous expansions of big plantation companies at the expense of small farmers whose land has been shrinking. We hope the moratorium can limit this." [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=89747 ] 
 
 More than 100,000 hectares of peatland in Southeast Asia are being converted annually into plantations for palm oil and pulpwood, according to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). [ http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/ ] 
 
 Peatlands store enormous quantities of carbon and their destruction releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. 
 
 According to the World Resources Institute [ http://www.wri.org/ ], deforestation and forest degradation and loss of peatland in Indonesia accounts for more than 80 percent of the country's greenhouse gas emissions. 
 
 Indonesia is home to one of the world's largest areas of peatland and is the largest exporter and producer of palm oil, with 7.5 million hectares of plantations. 
 
 On 20 May, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono issued a long-awaited decree banning concessions on 63 million hectares of primary forests and peatland as part of a US$1 billion deal with Norway signed in May 2010 to fight climate change. 
 
 The two-year ban puts a halt to new logging areas in "primary" forests - including areas untouched by humans and areas containing peat - but does not apply to existing forest licences and those that have been approved in principle. 
 
 Sitorus, speaking on behalf of small farmers, urged the government to help improve productivity, including subsidizing saplings and fertilizers and determining the price of oil palm fresh fruit bunches, which are used in palm oil production. 
 
 "The government should not stop at the moratorium. We small farmers have very limited access to technology," he said. "Prices of fertilizers are skyrocketing and they are scarce." 
 
 Sawit Watch, an NGO advocating for small palm oil farmers [ http://www.sawitwatch.or.id/ ], said about 500 families depended on palm oil for their livelihoods in North Sumatra. 
 
 Upping production 
 
 Swisto Uwin, a palm oil farmer in Sekadau District of West Kalimantan Province, said the moratorium was a good first step, but that further support was necessary. 
 
 "We recognize that it's a good policy, but we want the government to help farmers improve productivity so that we can focus on replanting. Lack of support for small-scale palm oil farmers from the government will not help us to be able to stand on our feet," he told IRIN. Uwin said farmers could only produce 12 tonnes of fresh palm fruit per hectare per year, while those in Malaysia produced twice as much. 
 
 Aida Greenbury, a managing director at the Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) [ http://www.rainforestrealities.com/about-asia-pulp-paper/ ], one of the biggest pulp and paper companies in the world, was confident about the outcome of the moratorium for the firm. 
 
 "Asia Pulp and Paper will take action to emerge from the moratorium a healthier business with a clear and definitive vision for the future of our sustainable forestry management, manufacturing, conservation and social investment programmes," she said. 
 
 APP is part of the Sinar Mas Group, which also operates Indonesia's largest palm oil manufacturer, SMART. The conglomerate has been accused by environmentalists of being responsible for much of Indonesia's forest destruction. 
 
 More needed 
 
 CIFOR called the decree a "positive development", but said more stringent measures were needed if Indonesia was to meet its ambitious targets of cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percent by 2020. 
 
 The moratorium's omission of secondary forests, woodlands that have been re-forested, raises concerns about Indonesia's ability to meet its emission reduction target. 
 
 "Significant reductions in forestry emissions in Indonesia through tree planting alone would not be feasible as the number of trees needed to fully achieve emission reduction targets would require a land area twice the size of the entire country," said Louis Verchot, CIFOR's principal climate change scientist. "Instead, emission reduction efforts need to focus on keeping existing forests as forests." 
 
 The NGO Greenpeace described the decree as a "progressive" move but said it was inadequate. "It doesn't mean much in terms of forest protection because most of the forest areas covered by the ban are under protected forest status legally," Yuyun Indradi, a Southeast Asia forest campaigner for Greenpeace, explained. 
 
 "We want to stress there's a need for a review of licences given to logging, pulp and paper, mining and plantation companies because they are operating in ecologically important areas," he said. 
 
 According to the environmental group, under the moratorium about 40 million hectares of forest, an area roughly the size of California, could still be destroyed. 
 
 atp/nb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92841</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201007061025370734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 30 May 2011 (IRIN) - A long-awaited moratorium by the Indonesian government on new forest concessions, aimed at curbing deforestation, has been welcomed by palm oil farmers but activists believe it does not go far enough.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
