<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Guinea</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 09 Mar 2013 07:30:44 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Guinea violence mars political progress</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208271218070175t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Two months ago Guinea was abuzz with talk of a newly launched electoral commission amid signs that the country, without a parliament for five years, was finally moving towards a legislative election. Today the talk is of identifying the bodies of Guineans killed in street clashes and of preventing a slide into inter-ethnic bloodshed.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Two months ago Guinea was abuzz with talk of a newly launched electoral commission amid signs that the country, without a parliament for five years, was finally moving towards a legislative election. Today the talk is of identifying the bodies of Guineans killed in street clashes and of preventing a slide into inter-ethnic bloodshed.

The trigger for the latest unrest was yet another opposition march in the capital Conakry. Long-running tension between government and opposition hardliners over the holding of the polls, the angst of people fed up with police brutality and impunity, as well as dire living conditions and rampant crime, underpin the violence.

“I’ve never heard a single politician talk [about the importance of unifying Guineans],” said a youth in Conakry who requested anonymity given the current climate of fear and suspicion. He was seated outside a shuttered car parts shop in Madina neighbourhood.

After days of economic standstill, on 6 March some vendors ventured out, but most kept stores closed, he said, opening briefly only for familiar clients.

The government on 7 March launched a dialogue led by the prime minister which it says aims to resolve electoral disputes and ease the deadlock that has prevailed since President Alpha Condé took power in late 2010. The electoral commission set the parliamentary polls for 12 May.

Guinea has been here before, said Vincent Foucher, a Dakar-based analyst with the International Crisis Group (ICG) think tank.

“These past two years Guinea’s been through many cycles - the opposition protesting, people being wounded, people being arrested, then the government and the opposition starting to talk, people being released from detention,” Foucher said. “A little progress, but very soon after, another blockage.

“This is the fourth or fifth cycle since late 2010. It degrades the climate. It degrades trust. It makes the opposition more and more suspicious and the government more and more tense.”

Opposition grievances

The opposition insists the government plans to rig the election and among other grievances rejects the company selected to revise electoral lists and tally the votes.

“The problem is Prof. Alpha Condé’s insistence on pushing ahead with a unilaterally crafted electoral process with zero transparency,” Cellou Dalein Diallo, opposition leader and Condé’s rival in the 2010 presidential election, told IRIN. “It’s the stance of a veteran opposition leader who is now in power - defiant and wanting only to show he alone is boss. The people will no longer accept this in Guinea.”

In a recent report [ http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/guinea/199-guinea-a-way-out-of-the-election-quagmire.aspx ] ICG said the government “shows contempt” for the opposition, and the opposition “maintains that President Condé was elected through fraud”, noting that it is dangerous to hold elections under such circumstances.

Spokesman Damantang Albert Camara said the government is open to working with the opposition to resolve disputes, but that the opposition was being unreasonable.

“A lot of efforts have been made towards ensuring a sound electoral process,” he told IRIN. “If each party comes forth with good faith and the political will, we can come to a minimum of consensus.”

Guinea-watchers say it is difficult to discern which side is more to blame for the impasse.

“What’s clear is that the two views are very conflicting and that’s a bad climate for elections,” Foucher said. “We’re calling for some sort of dialogue that can allow for a minimum of mutual trust and a minimum of credibility to the electoral process.”

Electoral commission

The independent electoral commission seems to have recognized that consensus on all points is impossible but work can proceed nonetheless, said one analyst who preferred anonymity.

“There are two schools of thought among the political class which are reflected in the electoral commission,” the analyst said. “One group wants to go to elections as quickly as possible to end the transition no matter what; the other wants to iron out disputes before continuing.”

The analyst added that the electoral commission seems to be dominated by the first sentiment: “The sense is the political parties will never agree so let’s go forward. And it seems this is frustrating for the opposition.”

ICG says it is up to the Condé government to take the necessary steps to reduce the risk of further conflict and hold legislative elections, and the opposition to cooperate with the government. For now the opposition is taking to the streets.

“But going to the streets doesn’t solve a thing,” said Sona Baro Doumbouya, deputy mayor of Conakry’s Kaloum District. “It only creates new problems.” She said people need to realize the ensuing unrest opens the door for looters. “And in that, no one is spared.”

Ethnic tensions

The fallout paralyses business in a city where most people live hand to mouth. “Rare is the family who has a month’s or even a week’s supply of rice in the house,” said Conakry resident Mamady Mansaré.

“Imagine when just a couple of vendors come out to sell - today my wife said it was a veritable brawl just to obtain one kilo of rice."

The street protests also fuel hostility between Guinea’s main ethnic groups the Malinké (Condé’s ethnicity) and Peulh (which dominates the opposition).

The Madina car parts vendor is Malinké and has a Peulh girlfriend. “The two groups get along - we are all Guineans. It’s politics that has bred mistrust and antagonism between the two.” He said in recent days he has seen Malinké mug and beat up people solely because they are Peulh.

Following an appeal by religious leaders in Conakry, local officials, traditional leaders, elders and other community members are working to prevent inter-community conflict. A number of local NGOs are going around talking to youths throughout the capital.

Doumbouya said: “Community leaders are telling residents this is not about one ethnic group against another. The dispute is an affair for the politicians but not between ethnic groups.”

Still, Conakry is full of seething youths seemingly impenetrable to any messages of peace, said one conflict resolution expert in the capital.

“There are groups of 20 to 30 youths assembled along the main roads - armed with stones and clubs or whatever they can find.” He said many of them have parents who lost all they had in the looting; some have family members who have been in detention since the unrest.

“Now is the moment to alert the international community; it must get involved to prevent a slide into civil war," said Mamadou Kaly of local NGO Cercle d’orientation pour la consolidation de la paix. "All the conditions are there. We’ve seen ethnic tensions before but never on this magnitude."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97612/Guinea-violence-mars-political-progress</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208271218070175t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Two months ago Guinea was abuzz with talk of a newly launched electoral commission amid signs that the country, without a parliament for five years, was finally moving towards a legislative election. Today the talk is of identifying the bodies of Guineans killed in street clashes and of preventing a slide into inter-ethnic bloodshed.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Mali a “wake-up call” for drug trafficking, says think tank</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210101110200256t.jpg" />]]>ACCRA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - At the launch of a Ghana-based Commission on the Impact of Drug-Trafficking on Governance, Security and Development in West Africa, its chair, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, said the situation in Mali should serve as a “wake-up call” to the perils of allowing organized crime to escalate out of control.</description><body><![CDATA[ACCRA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - At the launch of a Ghana-based Commission on the Impact of Drug-Trafficking on Governance, Security and Development in West Africa, its chair, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, said the situation in Mali should serve as a “wake-up call” to the perils of allowing organized crime to escalate out of control.

He described the country’s north as a “den of drug trafficking, extremism and criminality”.

Several research groups have reported that traffickers have linked up with extremist groups in the Sahel region, who use the profits to purchase weapons and fund radical activities. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has partially funded its activities in northern Mali over the past decade through profits from drug and cigarette trafficking and hostage ransoms, according to a 2012 report by the African Center for Strategic Studies [ http://africacenter.org/acss-publications/security-briefs/ ].

Analysts estimate around 60 tons of cocaine are trafficked through West Africa each year, while the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates 400kg of heroin was trafficked through the region in 2011. The trade [ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2012/February/executive-director_-west-africa-challenged-by-rapidly-evolving-transnational-threats.html ] brings in an estimated US$900 million per year to criminal networks, says UNODC.

Some 15 percent of the cigarettes smoked in the region are bought on the black market and trafficked through West Africa, according to UNODC. AQIM and to some extent splinter-group Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) have been taxing traffickers in return for safeguarding their passage.

“Organized criminal networks are deeply involved in the trafficking. Experience elsewhere in the world suggests that these groups will try to infiltrate political, security and financial institutions to secure their profits,” former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan told the audience at the launch of the Commission in Ghana’s capital last week.

Over the last decade many West African states have made gains to consolidate peace and economic growth: the region is set to provide the US with 25 percent of its oil needs in 2015 - but drug-trafficking threatens this progress, said Annan.

Most of the cocaine is transported from South America to Europe, using air and sea routes; while opiates tend to come from Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Drugs are also increasingly being manufactured in the region. The police recently discovered methamphetamine laboratories [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/ATS_West_Africa_final_2012.pdf ] in Nigeria, according to UNODC. 

Growing drug dependency

There are now as many as 2.3 million cocaine users in West and Central Africa, and methamphetamine and heroin use are on the rise, UNODC reported in 2012. “The evidence points to a growing problem of dependency that needs urgent attention in our region,” Obasanjo said.

Annan pointed out: “West Africa initially was seen as a transit point but no country remains a transit point for long. The population begins to use it.”

The 10-member Commission intends to raise awareness of the impact of the drug trade, advise political leaders, and develop policy recommendations to help leaders deal with drug-trafficking.

West Africa is an ideal environment for drug traffickers with its extensive porous borders, weak and easily corruptible institutions, and pre-existing criminal networks. In these poor nations it is easy to buy off low-paid and disenchanted officials and security personnel: “The police are bribed. Now, in a fairly poor African country, US$100 to a police constable is a lot of money. All he has to do is turn his eyes,” said Obasanjo.

He added that criminal networks can easily smuggle goods through the region, buying off officials and security personnel at borders, as they move through remote regions of the Sahel and the Sahara desert.

Fluid networks

Criminal trafficking networks are international and very mobile, which makes it difficult to crack down on them, says the UNODC. Local and foreign criminal networks with access to massive resources work together to transport drugs through the region, adapting their operations in response to law enforcement efforts, according to an April 2012 joint report [ http://kofiannanfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Final%20Report%20of%20WADW%208%20Juin%202012.pdf ] by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Center on International Cooperation, the Kofi Annan Foundation and the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre. 

“West African organized criminal networks operate cells worldwide to facilitate the supply of goods, with Diaspora communities playing important roles (e.g. Nigerian Diaspora in Brazil). Like criminal groups elsewhere, they infiltrate or threaten political elites and dispirited public servants to protect and expand their business,” the report said.

As the myriad abandoned construction sites in many West African states make clear, traffickers also extensively operate fronts to launder their profits, creating “shell companies” in the construction and mining sectors, as well as rental car companies.

The government and security forces of Guinea-Bissau have already largely been taken over by drug trafficking networks, earning it the moniker of “narco-state.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80865/GUINEA-Drug-trade-potentially-more-dangerous-than-Guinea-Bissau ]

AQIM members reportedly met Colombian drug lords in Guinea-Bissau, according to a 2010 report [ http://www.sahel-intelligence.com/2417-article145.html ] by France-based research group Sahel Intelligence. While the trade allegedly continues to flourish in Guinea-Bissau, networks have also gradually moved along the coast and inland through the Sahel, Annan said. “We didn’t act early enough when the problem started in Guinea-Bissau. That was the entry point and it’s now spread along the coast - and through the Sahel to Europe and by ship and by plane,” Annan told reporters. Other initiatives are way to try to quell the impact of drug-trafficking in the region, including an ECOWAS plan to address the challenges of trafficking.  

UNODC recently teamed up with the World Customs Organization to improve communications between police and airports.

The Commission will deliver a report and submit policy recommendations to regional leaders by the end of 2013.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97412/Mali-a-wake-up-call-for-drug-trafficking-says-think-tank</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210101110200256t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ACCRA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - At the launch of a Ghana-based Commission on the Impact of Drug-Trafficking on Governance, Security and Development in West Africa, its chair, former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo, said the situation in Mali should serve as a “wake-up call” to the perils of allowing organized crime to escalate out of control.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Call for targeted investments in cholera-prone areas</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.

The call comes as NGOs, donors, and governments study lessons learned [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97157/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-lessons-learned ] from one of the severest cholera outbreaks in years - a Guinea-Sierra Leone cross-border epidemic which broke out in coastal areas, where there is no access to clean water, then exploded in the capitals.

“Governments in this region and donors want to find long-term solutions,” said Christophe Valingot, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) specialist with European Union aid body ECHO. “The identification of risk zones allows us to say, OK, we’ve got to invest here if we want to have an impact on cholera.”

“It’s clear that these zones are at a huge disadvantage when it comes to access to water and sanitation. This mapping directly flags the gaps in water and sanitation development.”

Research has shown that over the past decade Kambia District in Sierra Leone and Forécariah District in Guinea, have repeatedly been areas where cholera exploded, according to NGO Action Against Hunger (ACF), which has done mapping, prevention, and response work in the two countries.

“Cholera is not just an emergency and humanitarian issue,” said Jessica Dunoyer, an ACF cholera expert who worked in the two countries during the latest epidemic. “It is an issue for the development community.” With respect to water access, she said that given the Millennium Development Goal [ http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2012/English2012.pdf ] (full report) of halving the number of people lacking access to safe water, there is often an emphasis on the number of people covered, while considerations such as an area being a cholera hotbed may not sufficiently guide selection.

ECHO’s Valingot said while water and sanitation access is a problem across many regions, it is important to pay attention to those areas where cholera regularly erupts. “We’re not saying to put all funds here - but we say putting money into these cholera hotbeds will not only improve water and sanitation for that particular population but will help reduce cholera for the entire country.”

Prevention of epidemic disease is always a consideration in water development projects, said Phil Evans, head of the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) [
http://www.dfid.gov.uk/where-we-work/africa-west--central/sierra-leone/ ] for Liberia and Sierra Leone.

He said that the latest outbreak has seen NGOs, donors, and government health officials in Sierra Leone looking more closely at how to better target long-term water and sanitation work.

“If you’re in a part of the world like this where cholera is endemic and you’re able to identify in some kind of consistent way a pattern of where outbreaks tend to arise, then obviously it makes sense to make sure in the work you’re doing - in WASH education - that you cover those areas and cover them adequately.”

"What cholera shows are failures across a whole range of issues - water provision but also environmental health issues more broadly, sanitation, and preparedness on the part of the health services.”

Kambia’s water woes

Tom Sesay, district medical officer in Kambia, Sierra Leone, said investment in water infrastructure in known cholera zones would probably have a significant impact. He called the water access situation in Kambia “a very serious problem”.

He spoke with IRIN in December 2012 just after returning from a small community he visited after reports of diarrhoea. “To be honest with you the water they use for drinking is terrible. You can believe it only when you see it. It is so turbid, so dark,” he said, noting that the water is from stagnant ponds. “I asked the residents, ‘Do you actually drink this water?’ They said that is the only water they have.”

The only water sources for coastal and estuary communities in Kambia are traditional wells or rainwater. Residents often travel to communities farther inland to collect water.

Only half of Sierra Leone’s population has access to clean water and improved sanitation, and improving WASH conditions in informal settlements is particularly challenging, said Evans.

Development donors and NGOs are watching closely as the newly elected government  in Sierra Leone finalizes its development plan, he added [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96494/SIERRA-LEONE-Bracing-for-a-watershed-election ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97338/Call-for-targeted-investments-in-cholera-prone-areas</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Aid groups are urging donors to invest in water and sanitation in areas known as hotbeds for cholera. They say while such projects might directly affect a relatively small population, the indirect impact in terms of cholera reduction could be immense.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Cholera in West Africa - lessons learned</title><pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.

That’s part of the message from donors, aid workers and health officials after the most serious cholera outbreak in years that infected some 30,000 people and killed 400 others in the two countries - mostly in Sierra Leone. They say there should be better preparations for cholera, based on lessons learned and on a strategy in Guinea that was put to the test in 2012.

Since 2009 the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Action Against Hunger (ACF), the Guinean government, the European Union aid body ECHO, and the US Agency for International development (USAID) have taken steps to prepare for an outbreak - including setting up community detection sites, public information campaigns and drills.

“Cholera thrives on disorganization,” said Christophe Valingot, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) specialist with ECHO. “Cholera spreads very rapidly - it can go from 30 cases to several hundred cases per week in a very short period. When there is little to no preparation, we’ve lost the chance to avoid all those infections.”

But preparation is hardly a motivator for governments and donors. “We had a very difficult time justifying funds for this preparation work in Guinea,” Valingot said. 

Strategies needed

Data from the past decade in West Africa show that a country can go several years with few to no cases of cholera then be hit with thousands of cases. “Donors, NGOs, and governments go all-out during a serious epidemic then it’s as if that all disappears completely with a couple of calmer periods,” Valingot said. “What this means in the end is meagre progress against cholera.”

Health workers said UNICEF’s strategy proved effective in Guinea this year and ECHO and UNICEF are looking to replicate it across the region.

So why did Guinea still see some 7,300 cases? For one, the strain [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97068/GUINEA-New-cholera-strain-poses-prevention-challenges ] found in the region is far more virulent than past strains, said François Bellet, WASH specialist with UNICEF’s West and Central Africa regional office.

“Of course we can’t possibly know what the situation would have been in Guinea in the absence of this strategy,” he told IRIN. “But given the virulence of this strain we might well have avoided a Zimbabwe 2008-09.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/84562/ZIMBABWE-Cholera-is-not-going-away-anytime-soon ] In that period cholera infected some 100,000 people in Zimbabwe and killed more than 4,000.

As of mid-December Sierra Leone had 22,345 cases and 286 deaths in a population of 5.6 million; Guinea, whose population is nearly double that, registered 7,321 cases and 121 deaths.

GPS

WASH and health experts say the use of GPS in Guinea’s capital Conakry was critical. Plotting clusters of cholera cases on a map helps health workers better target WASH activities. GPS also facilitates follow-up visits to identify high-risk practices that accelerate the disease’s spread. Mapping and GPS were not systematically used in Sierra Leone, say UNICEF and ACF.

Bellet said the sentinel sites in Guinea were vital because they facilitated rapid health, water, and sanitation responses. The first cases of cholera in Guinea, in February, were detected and signalled at these community sites by people trained as part of the preparedness strategy. One of these community members contacted health officials, saying: “That thing has come back.”

“They knew it was cholera before any biological tests,” Bellet said. 

They also knew it was more aggressive than usual. One traditional leader in the Guinean seaside village of Kaback told UNICEF he had witnessed six major epidemics but had never seen such a virulent illness. For Bellet this underscores the importance of community engagement and local wisdom.

At an 11 December meeting of ECHO, UNICEF, and ACF to recap this year’s outbreak and response, one recommendation was to create sentinel sites in Sierra Leone. Participants also noted the importance of maintaining the sites in Guinea, where state funding is lacking and trained workers often move on.

Safe water, proper sanitation

While preparation and hygiene education must be a year-round affair, above all what needs to be constant is the availability of safe water and proper sanitation. Only in Africa - and primarily West Africa - are cholera cases on the rise each year. This correlates to the poor progress on water and sanitation infrastructure, ECHO’s Valingot said. 

“Cholera is a disease signalling loud and clear that something’s wrong,” he said. “If there is a high rate of cholera, this likely means there are a lot of children dying of other diarrhoeal diseases. Vibrio cholerae is not constantly present - often it is brought in. And if there are no barriers - proper sanitation, safe water - it explodes.”

Epidemiologist Stanislas Rebaudet, who analysed the cholera strain found in Guinea, says the fact that it was probably imported and not present in the environment sends an important message: the disease is not inevitable and it pays to put up those barriers.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97157/Cholera-in-West-Africa-lessons-learned</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181648450230t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera epidemic that struck Guinea and Sierra Leone in 2012 is winding down. What to do now? Start preparing - for cholera.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MALI: Humanitarian impact of armed intervention</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210030958230318t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 700,000 people could be displaced if military intervention goes ahead next year in northern Mali, according to preliminary estimates by humanitarian agencies, who stress that the numbers are just approximations.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 700,000 people could be displaced if military intervention goes ahead next year in northern Mali, according to preliminary estimates by humanitarian agencies, who stress that the numbers are just approximations.

This includes some 300,000 internally displaced Malians (a significant increase on the current 198,550) and 407,000 refugees (currently 156,819), most of them headed to Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal and Algeria.

Over recent months humanitarian actors have been using risk and threat models to develop likely disaster scenarios, with a view to mapping out what their response might look like - an exercise fraught with difficulty given the uncertainties involved.

“It is almost impossible to predict what is going to happen where and when - everything is very broad,” said Philippe Conraud, West Africa emergency coordinator with Oxfam, which is working in Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Burkina Faso.

Humanitarian country teams - made up of UN agencies and partners including some NGOs and the International Organization of Migration - have set out in a planning document four potential scenarios, ranging from a progressive deterioration of the situation in northern and southern Mali but with no military intervention; to Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)-backed military intervention, which is estimated as of now to be the most likely scenario.

ECOWAS has been urging the UN Security Council to authorize a military intervention to retake northern Mali from the Islamist Ansar Dine militia, which controls swathes of territory alongside the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) and Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQMI).

The regional body has also opened talks with the some of the forces in the north. On 4 December, ECOWAS mediator and Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré led talks in Ouagadougou between Mali government representatives and those of Ansar Dine and the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), a separatist Tuareg movement that initially captured key towns in northern Mali before being uprooted by Islamist forces.

In addition to mass displacement, potential humanitarian implications of military intervention could include inter-communal and/or inter-ethnic violence the possible reactivation of dormant terrorist cells in southern Mali and in the region; as well as deaths and injuries.

Inter-communal violence is not new to northern Mali, with Tuareg groups deeply factionalized through a succession of attempted rebellions. Currently militia groups are proliferating in the north and are expected to involve themselves in conflict. Earlier this year three prominent militias united to form the Northern Mali Liberation Front.

Destruction of infrastructure and restrictions in basic services in both the south and the north could take place; market prices are likely to be volatile; food insecurity and malnutrition rates could rise. Malnutrition rates [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96069/MALI-Malnutrition-Worrying-in-north-rising-in-south ] in parts of northern Mali have doubled in one year, to reach 13.5 percent, according to NGO Doctors of the World.

Other potential outcomes include a restriction in humanitarian access; anti-ECOWAS protests; terrorist attacks in ECOWAS troop-contributing countries; mounting hostility towards UN agencies - depending on the role of the UN in military intervention; a proliferation of militia and south-defence groups; and the near-cessation of development activities.

A potential rise in human rights violations could also occur; while children are particularly at risk of recruitment and separation from their families among other violations.

Time to plan?

Advance knowledge that a military intervention is very likely means “we have time - lots of time to plan, so we can set up to at least reduce to a minimum the last-minute scramble that is involved in a reactive response,” said Allegra Baiocchi, head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in West Africa (ROWCA).

By planning ahead, agencies can at least make donors aware of the potential need for a large-scale response in the Sahel again this year, and the crisis in Mali could continue to focus donor attention on the region, which is cyclically hit with food insecurity and malnutrition crises.

Some 18 million Sahelians were food insecure in 2012 and vulnerability for millions will carry through to 2013, say aid experts.

An appeal for US$1.6 billion to cover humanitarian needs in the Sahel in 2013 was released today.

Donors favour certainty

Now that scenarios have been discussed, agencies are developing potential operational responses, which need to be aligned with regional and government plans.

But planning a response based on a potential scenario is difficult as donors will usually decline to fund it.

European Union aid body ECHO, one of the principal responders to malnutrition in the Sahel this year, will not allocate money specifically to prepare for military intervention in Mali, said its West Africa head Cyprien Fabre. “We don’t have a specific allocation to prepare for military intervention…. What we are trying to do is to enhance the capacity to respond to unmet needs now,” said Fabre. ECHO recently directed an additional US$26 million to the Sahel.

Some NGOs have private funding, while the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme in Mali have some funds to pre-position stocks for next year, “but it’s hard for everyone to have the flexibility to do this,” said Baiocchi.

“It is very difficult to prepare,” said Germain Mwehu, International Committee of the Red Cross response coordinator in Mali and Niger, “but we are used to always adapting to evolving situations… We are ready if there is an intervention, to the degree that we can be.”

Humanitarian principles

Another concern is which actors are planning to respond to humanitarian consequences. ECOWAS Commissioner for Human Development and Gender Issues Adrienne Yande Diop told IRIN: “We have a mandate to treat those affected with some sort of aid… humanitarian priorities will be food, nutrition, water, health and shelter… We want to be effective and to reach people in need.”

But this has alarmed many humanitarian actors who believe humanitarian and military intervention must be kept separate so as to not to muddy the humanitarian principles of neutrality and impartiality and put humanitarian staff - and populations in need - in danger.

“The ability of humanitarian actors, particularly NGOs, to stay and deliver, is predicated on their acceptance by communities and local authorities. Making sure they are viewed as being separate and independent to military intervention is essential,” said Baiocchi. “As we have seen in other contexts, how we relate to an internationally-supported military intervention can pose serious dilemmas to humanitarians.”

Political interventions usually range from peacekeeping to peace enforcement, to outright combat - the latter poses the most danger to humanitarian principles in the case of integrated missions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94647/AID-POLICY-UN-Integration-under-the-spotlight ].

Most agree more dialogue is needed. “If ECOWAS plans humanitarian actions, that is its right to do so, but it is the modality on the ground that is at stake and where separation is needed,” said Fabre.

For regional humanitarian coordinator for the Sahel David Gressly, this is a chance “to test our systems”. He told IRIN: “There are a lot of countries involved with this planning - getting a common sense of operating assumptions is challenging, though having clarity across the board on what we may have to face in 2013 is an opportunity.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97076/MALI-Humanitarian-impact-of-armed-intervention</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210030958230318t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 700,000 people could be displaced if military intervention goes ahead next year in northern Mali, according to preliminary estimates by humanitarian agencies, who stress that the numbers are just approximations.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: New cholera strain poses prevention challenges</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.

The new strains secrete a toxin severer than usual strains, creating a more virulent illness - with harsher symptoms and a higher infection rate, according to cholera experts in the region.

The same types of strain are believed to be in Sierra Leone, where cholera affected 22,345 people this year: the bacteria are thought to have come to Guinea from Sierra Leone. For now, genetic sequencing has been done only on samples from Guinea; analysis of Sierra Leone samples is under way.

“This discovery of a cholera strain atypical El Tor is worrying, as it confirms the advance of strains that are more severe and more contagious,” said Stanislas Rebaudet, an epidemiologist at the university hospital of Marseilles, France, where the vibrio cholerae strain found in Guinea has been analysed with the support of the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). “This demands stronger prevention and response efforts.”

Africa - West Africa in particular - is the only region of the world where cholera cases are steadily increasing.

Cholera experts say the strain isolated in Guinea was most likely recently imported, and not lying dormant in the environment. “This tells us then that cholera is not an inevitability in this region,” he told IRIN. He noted that this year’s situation in Sierra Leone and neighbouring Guinea demonstrates the importance of cross-border collaboration.

Scientists are continuing their analyses in a bid to identify the source of the strain, epidemiologist Rebaudet says.

This type of strain was present in Zimbabwe in 2009, in the Lake Chad Basin in 2009, and is found in Haiti currently.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97068/GUINEA-New-cholera-strain-poses-prevention-challenges</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera that struck more than 7,000 people in Guinea this year was caused by a new generation of cholera strains - atypical variants of vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, epidemiologists have confirmed.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Defining piracy in the Gulf of Guinea</title><pubDate>Mon, 10 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111011217240688t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - In July last year President Boni Yayi of Benin sent a worried letter to the UN secretary-general. His country was being threatened by the activities of pirates, who were scaring shipping away from the ports on which his country&apos;s revenues depend. He wanted international help of the kind which had been deployed against piracy off the coast of Somalia.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - In July last year President Boni Yayi of Benin sent a worried letter to the UN secretary-general. His country was being threatened by the activities of pirates, who were scaring shipping away from the ports on which his country's revenues depend. He wanted international help of the kind which had been deployed against piracy off the coast of Somalia.

His letter put the issue of piracy off the West African coast onto the world agenda. The attacks continue and still cluster in the vicinity of Benin and its neighbour, Nigeria [ http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centre/live-piracy-map ], but despite UN missions and a Security Council debate, the international community is still unsure of the best way to proceed.

On 6 December Coventry University organized a conference on Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea, in collaboration with London's Chatham House. One thing which emerged very clearly from the sessions was that what is being called piracy in this area is very different from piracy off the East African coast, and the kind of international naval deployment used against Somali pirates is unlikely to help.

In fact Chris Trelawny, deputy director of the Maritime Safety Division at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), suggested that most of what was going on in West African waters was not really piracy at all, within the meaning of the international conventions. "Piracy is defined as happening `outside the jurisdiction of any state', so outside 12 miles is piracy. If it's inside 12 miles we classify that as armed robbery against ships. The difference is jurisdiction. Piracy is a universal crime and states have an obligation to intervene. Inside 12 miles it is the coastal state's responsibility." 

Of the attacks which have been reported to IMO over the past 10 years, only a minority, 108, have happened in international waters: 170 were within territorial waters and 270 actually took place in port. So these are crimes taking place within national jurisdiction, and even though some of the coastal states of West Africa have states and judicial systems which are quite weak, there is no void of authority, like that in Somalia.

Few prosecutions

Using an international naval task force to address the problem is inappropriate in other ways too. Navies can be very good at deterring pirates, or chasing them and recovering stolen weapons and cargo, but they are not designed or trained to collect evidence and process criminals for prosecution. 

One of the speakers at Chatham House was Tony Attah from Shell Nigeria, a company which has suffered severely from maritime crime, sometimes losing whole cargoes of crude oil to pirates. Nigeria has a joint military task force which is now mandated to tackle oil theft but Attah is frustrated by the results. "We are aware that over 1,000 illegal refineries have been destroyed through the efforts of the navy, and a number of tankers full of stolen crude have been seized in high profile raids, but despite the increased focus to date, we are not aware of a single thief being prosecuted or convicted. The big barons behind this criminality walk free."

The oil industry, much of it offshore, is one of the main lures for maritime criminals in the area. And, says Attah, this is not petty crime. "I can tell you this is a well-financed criminal phenomenon, a parallel industry, with a well-developed supply chain and growing sophistication. It includes trained engineers who weld valves to high pressure pipelines, boatyards which construct and supply barges."

Oil is also the reason why the issue is of wider international significance. The region supplies around 40 percent of Europe's oil and 29 percent of that consumed by the USA. Keeping these shipping lanes open and safe is vital for world supply. The outside world is ready to offer some help - both the British Navy and the US Africa Command were represented at the meeting. Both have offered training and capacity building to West African navies and coast guards. 

For these national forces to work together is clearly important because the criminals are so mobile. One speaker likened fighting piracy in the region to sitting on a balloon - push down on one side and it pops up at the other; push on the other side and it pops up somewhere else. Joint military patrols by the Nigerian and Beninois navies reduced attacks in their own waters, but moved the pirates' attention to Togo and Côte d'Ivoire. 

So far that has been the only joint action; apart from that, regional cooperation has mostly involved meetings and seminars, held by regional bodies.

Information gap

One of the major gaps is a lack of information, highlighted at the meeting by Lt-Cmdr Stephen Anderson of the UK's Royal Navy whose ship, the Dauntless, recently returned from a patrol in the Gulf of Guinea, and who had clearly been very struck by the near impossibility of finding out which ships were meant to be there, and which were suspect vessels.

There is a sense at the moment that the region and its international allies are still feeling their way. Piracy off the west coast of Africa is not yet at the same level as that that off Somalia to the east, but there is a clear concern that it could escalate. 

The deputy executive secretary of the Gulf of Guinea Commission, Ambassador Florentina Ukonga, addressed a heartfelt appeal to all those concerned. "With the right combination of efforts. to achieve a common legal framework for the arrest and prosecution of criminals, adequate financial investment and capacity building - piracy can be reduced to a bare minimum.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97004/WEST-AFRICA-Defining-piracy-in-the-Gulf-of-Guinea</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111011217240688t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 10 December 2012 (IRIN) - In July last year President Boni Yayi of Benin sent a worried letter to the UN secretary-general. His country was being threatened by the activities of pirates, who were scaring shipping away from the ports on which his country&apos;s revenues depend. He wanted international help of the kind which had been deployed against piracy off the coast of Somalia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Breaking out of the cold chain</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.

Before, like almost all vaccines, the Meningitis A vaccine (marketed in Africa as MenAfricVac) was only licensed for use if kept at temperatures of 2-8 degrees Celsius.

The breakthrough follows years of rigorous testing of the effect of heat on the vaccine by the regulator Drugs Controller General of India, Health Canada [ http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/index-eng.php ], and the World Health Organization (WHO) Vaccines pre-qualification programme [ http://apps.who.int/prequal/ ].

As a result, very remote populations will access the vaccine more easily, the logistics of vaccine campaigns will be simpler, and vaccine campaign costs will drop both for partners and for national governments, said Michel Zaffran, coordinator of WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) [ http://www.who.int/immunization_delivery/en/ ], and Marie-Pierre Preziosi, director of the meningitis Vaccine Project, a partnership between international NGO PATH [ http://www.path.org/ ] and WHO.

Costs will not drop significantly immediately, but will diminish as more vaccines are relicensed, says WHO. Cost implication studies are under way in northern Benin and Chad. 

While cold chain limitations do not tend to limit coverage, they do overburden health workers, says WHO. 

Even industrialized country vaccine campaigns have trouble sticking to the cold chain, and each year thousands of vaccines are thrown away due to cold chain failure, even if the vaccine might still have been unaffected, according to WHO. 

“This is a breakthrough,” said Zaffran. “It is the first vaccination ever to be licensed for use in a developing country with the flexibility to take us out of the rigid temperature structure. It is a great simplification of logistics. And it opens the door for other manufacturers to follow suit.”

Why so long?

But the vaccine is nothing new - merely the license has changed following analysis of years of data on the vaccine’s stability - that is, how well it can withstand temperature rises and other conditions.

“The potential for some vaccines to remain safely outside the cold chain for short periods of time has been widely known for over 20 years,” said Zaffran in a recent communiqué. “But this is the first time a vaccine intended for use in Africa has been tested and submitted to regulatory review and approved for this type of use.”

It took decades to get here because agencies got stuck in a mindset, said Zaffran. The EPI was set up in the 1970s to immunize as many children against diseases as quickly as possible, and put in place simple rigid rules to avoid risk: one of which was to keep vaccines cold. “It was quite difficult to move away from this mentality,” said Zaffran.

Regulators and manufacturers are “very conservative in order to protect the population,” said Preziosi. “It took a while for all the documentation to be gathered to convince them to go ahead.” 

Strict controls remain: “This is not a “green light to do anything with a vaccine - it still needs to be kept… at no more than 40 degrees, for any more than four days," stressed Zaffran.

Hepatitis B next?

“The momentum is there. I am quite confident that within the next year or two, we’ll have one or two more re-licensed in this way,” he said.

Analysis on the heat stability of Hepatitis B and HPV [ http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/whatishpv.html ] (human papillomavirus) vaccines is under way; next on the list are yellow fever, rotavirus and pneumococcal disease. 

Even the oral polio vaccine - one of the most heat-sensitive vaccines - was shown to be stable when the cold chain broke down in a part of Chad, according to a recent study though WHO was emphatic that rather than licensing the vaccine it will gradually be phased out as progress towards eradication inches along. 

Meningitis progress

The MenAfricVac, which costs just under 50 US cents per dose, was designed for use in the 26 countries that span the African meningitis belt, from Senegal to Ethiopia. 

Some 100 million people aged 1-29 across 10 countries have been vaccinated thus far; a further 16 countries are planned between now and 2016. 

Early results have been very positive: Burkina Faso [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92985/WEST-AFRICA-Meningitis-cases-dramatically-down ] has had the lowest level of epidemic meningitis in 15 years, and the campaign is achieving “herd immunity” - that is, those either too old or too young to have received the vaccine have also been shown to be clear of the bacteria. 

Meningitis A could be eliminated in the meningitis belt if the mass campaign continues, says Preziosi, and if governments then incorporate it in their routine immunization programmes. 

But more funding beyond the US$160 million from the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ], and contributions from national governments, will be needed to complete the campaign, she warns. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96827/HEALTH-Breaking-out-of-the-cold-chain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 20 November 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers currently immunizing thousands of children and young adults against Meningitis A in Benin are currently doing so without having to spend days preparing ice packs and sourcing generators and fridges to load on trucks because the vaccine has now won approval for being kept at up to 40 degrees Celsius for as long as four days.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-BISSAU: Cholera on the rise</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211131326420939t.jpg" />]]>BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone, they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health.</description><body><![CDATA[BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing ], they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health. 

Adelino Gomes, a doctor in charge of cholera treatment at the Simão Mendes national hospital in the capital Bissau, says he has treated 500 cases in recent weeks and believes the epidemic may not yet have reached its peak. 

Guinea-Bissau’s low-lying capital with its minimal to non-existent water and sanitation facilities makes it an ideal breeding ground for cholera.

François Bellet, a water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) specialist with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in West Africa, says the strain was probably passed on from fishermen [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95837/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-what-s-working ] in Sierra Leone and Guinea, though this has not yet been confirmed. 

The outbreak has spread across seven of Guinea-Bissau’s nine administrative areas, according to the Ministry of Health. 

Simão Mendes is short on medicines to help victims, said Gomes, adding that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is helping to treat patients. UNICEF and the World Health Organization are also supporting treatment, as well as helping detect cases and giving public hygiene messages to prevent the spread.

The government spends 6 percent of its budget on water and sanitation, according to the Finance Ministry. WASH facilities are “catastrophic” said one aid worker, but prevention at the household level has improved incrementally since 2009, said Bellet.

A 2008 cholera epidemic [ http://www.epicentre.msf.org/qui-sommes-nous ] in Guinea-Bissau affected 14,222 people and killed 225, according to MSF research wing Epicentre.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96772/GUINEA-BISSAU-Cholera-on-the-rise</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211131326420939t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BISSAU 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - As cholera case rates decline in Guinea and Sierra Leone, they are on the rise in Guinea-Bissau, with 1,500 cases reported and nine deaths as of 11 November, according to the Ministry of Health.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Strike threats mar groundbreaking debt deal</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181538220617t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Trade union leaders in Guinea are contemplating a general strike over salary demands and other grievances, after the government proposed a raise for civil servants far lower than unions are demanding.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Trade union leaders in Guinea are contemplating a general strike over salary demands and other grievances, after the government proposed a raise for civil servants far lower than unions are demanding.

“It’s starting,” said an analyst in the capital Conakry, referring to friction, as the government’s call for continued belt-tightening loses some of its force now that Guinea has reached a long-sought debt relief deal.

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on 26 September approved [ http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/09/26/imf-world-bank-announce-two-point-one-billion-debt-relief-guinea ] US$2.1 billion debt relief package for Guinea, under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) [ http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm ] Initiative.

Many observers say the government of President Alpha Condé, in appealing to the people to accept austerity measures until after the decision, created unrealistic expectations. “Wait till the PPTE [French acronym for HIPC], all will be better after PPTE - that’s what we heard from the government for months,” said Mohammed Barry.

Guinea has the world’s largest bauxite reserves, as well as significant deposits of iron, gold and diamonds, and has enormous agricultural potential, yet still most people struggle to eat two proper meals a day. More than half of Guineans live in poverty; the level has increased steadily for the past five years.

The Condé government, which came to power in 2010 after the country’s first competitive election, has received high marks for stabilizing the currency, bringing down inflation and other macroeconomic reforms - this after inheriting, according to the World Bank, “a massively mismanaged and unbalanced economy, rampant poverty and social tensions, large accumulated debts and arrears, low growth and an ineffective public service”.

Conveying the need for continued fiscal restraint is just one of many challenges observers say the government faces following the HIPC decision.

“This is just a first step on a long road full of more sacrifices,” said civil society leader and former agriculture minister Abdourahamane Sano. “There is a huge job ahead to consolidate the gains… and the government must do better at communicating that.” 

“Insufficient communication”?

The government acknowledges a gap, according to André Loua, adviser in Guinea’s Finance Ministry. “There was perhaps insufficient communication about what the debt relief actually represents,” he told IRIN. “The government is now putting in place a strategy to more fully explain this.”

Loua said the HIPC agreement - in which Guinea’s annual external debt service will fall from an average of $170 million to $49 million - is “but the beginning of a long process, but a process that, properly carried out, will indeed result in better living conditions for the people”.

While the HIPC initiative is meant in part to free up funds for poverty reduction and development, the debt relief - and the macroeconomic reforms that got Guinea there - will not automatically be felt by the struggling farmer or Conakry's degree-holding unemployed youth.

“This $120 million per year, of course, does not allow us in a short time to address all Guinea's needs - roads, building schools, rehabilitating hospitals, raising salaries, and more,” said Kabiné Komara, former prime minister and once a director at the African Export-Import Bank. But he said the reforms Guinea has put in place lay a foundation for economic growth that can progressively meet these needs and improve people's living conditions.

Union leaders - who are pushing for a 200-percent raise - say times are tough, with salaries stagnant against a high cost of living. The government has said pay rises must be gradual; this week it proposed a 15-percent raise for civil servants, up from its 10-percent offer last week. (Currently most civil servants earn between $50 and $150 a month.)

Scraping to get by

As tough as conditions might be for a government worker raising a family, most Guineans scrape to get by in the informal sector or are unemployed. Prices of fuel and staple foods shot up after Condé took power and remain high. The cost of basic goods continues to climb. A sack of onions nearly tripled in price in recent weeks - to about $18, said a woman in Conakry.

“Average citizens without stable jobs, if we don’t score some kind of work today, we don’t eat today - simple as that,” said 27-year-old driver Sow Mamadou Oury.

Throughout Conakry, young men and women weave in and out of traffic hawking snacks, clothing, toilet paper, toys. According to Guinea’s June 2011 progress report [ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1261.pdf ] on poverty reduction, as of 2007 more than two-thirds of the working population were “independent workers”. Formal enterprises are “rarely created” in Guinea, it notes, while informal activities "barely provide a living".

For Guinea to attract more private enterprises it will have to become more business-friendly [ http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/guinea ] - for example, improving electricity, facilitating access to finance, tackling corruption. The country is ranked 179 out of 183 countries [ http://rru.worldbank.org/BESnapshots/Guinea/default.aspx ] in the World Bank and International Finance Corporation’s annual index of business regulation and enforcement.

Both the mining and agricultural sectors could significantly better people’s living conditions, the World Bank says, and both are severely hampered by poor infrastructure and mismanagement. The Condé government has made a push to revive agriculture.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96591/GUINEA-Strike-threats-mar-groundbreaking-debt-deal</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210181538220617t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Trade union leaders in Guinea are contemplating a general strike over salary demands and other grievances, after the government proposed a raise for civil servants far lower than unions are demanding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: “Fear has switched sides”</title><pubDate>Mon, 01 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209280758040236t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 01 October 2012 (IRIN) - Three years after a stadium massacre in the Guinean capital Conakry in which hundreds of people were killed, injured and raped during a military crackdown on a rally to protest against the presidential candidacy of coup leader Moussa Dadis Camara, there are indications that impunity may be coming to an end.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 01 October 2012 (IRIN) - Three years after a stadium massacre in the Guinean capital Conakry in which hundreds of people were killed, injured and raped during a military crackdown on a rally to protest against the presidential candidacy of coup leader Moussa Dadis Camara, there are indications that impunity may be coming to an end.

Guinean youth Thierno Ousmane Diallo says these days when he hears certain security officials on the radio, he has noticed a slight change in tone. “I hear an ever-so-slight difference,” he says. “They don’t sound quite as brazen as before.”

The difference he is picking up might be part of what many Guineans say are the rumblings of a transformation in the fight for the rule of law.

Diallo is among several men allegedly tortured by gendarmes in 2010 following unrest linked to a heated presidential election campaign. This year international and national human rights groups filed complaints about the case as well as a 2007 violent crackdown by security forces on demonstrators. In May 2012 Guinean judges made indictments [ http://www.fidh.org/Guinean-justice-follows-up-on-the ] in the 2010 torture case, allowing criminal investigations to be opened.

The May indictments are part of a series of legal moves Guineans say were “unthinkable” only a couple of years ago. In February Guinean judges filed charges [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94862/GUINEA-Charging-of-top-army-official-makes-waves ] against high-level military official Col Moussa Tiégboro Camara for alleged involvement in the 28 September 2009 stadium massacre [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96411/GUINEA-Fresh-tears-steeled-will ].

On 13 September 2012 another official, Col Abdoulaye Chérif Diaby, was indicted over the stadium attack. The two are among several people named by a UN commission of inquiry [ http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F2009%2F693&Submit=Search&Lang=E ] as possibly criminally liable.

“The legal actions we’ve seen against some security officials - many of them regarded as untouchable - have put a germ of doubt in the minds of people who might have in the past carried out abuses without a second thought,” said Hassane II Diallo, a magistrate in Conakry who heads a programme on judicial reform at the Justice Ministry.

In 54 years of independence Guinea has seen countless cases of torture, rape and other violations by security forces with no legal consequences. The very fact that Guinean judges have brought charges is remarkable, say Guineans.

Mamadou Alpha Barry, communications officer at the Gendarmerie, told IRIN: “I can’t comment on the fight against impunity. It’s the justice department that deals with it. I can only talk about security… Reforms are under way in the security forces. We are working with the population and relations between security forces and the population are much better.”

“Germ of doubt”

If the indictments against former and current officials plant a “germ of doubt” in the minds of security forces, they also encourage victims and steel their determination to go after their assailants, people injured in the stadium attack and other events told IRIN.

“Fear has switched sides,” said Aliou Barry, president of Guinean human rights watchdog ONDH, who was severely beaten by soldiers in election-related violence in 2010. “The authorities are clearly now aware that justice could actually be rendered in Guinea.

“I was astounded that a Guinean judge would even hear us out,” he said. “This was unheard of here.” He said legal progress has encouraged victims not to be manipulated by offers of money for silence; it used to be that families would automatically take that up, seeing no use in the judicial route.

One woman who preferred anonymity showed IRIN scars on her arms and legs where, she said, soldiers attacked her with knives as they raped her in the stadium on 28 September 2009. She said she is determined to continue testifying and doing whatever she must.

“My most fervent desire is to see my rapists behind bars,” she told IRIN. “I am fighting to restore my dignity.”

No one says victims are no longer fearful or that security forces no longer carry out abuses. Torture victim Diallo, since charges were brought in that case, regularly receives threats in person and on the telephone. Some indicted officials, like Camara, retain their positions in government.

Guinea has yet to put in place a mechanism to protect victims and witnesses, said Louis-Marie Bouaka, head of the UN High Commission for Human Rights in Guinea.

“The Guinean judiciary will not change overnight,” said the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) in a recent report [ http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/rapguinee596ang.pdf ]. “But a different climate seems to be prevailing” in the judiciary, the executive and civil society.

FIDH is working alongside Guinean human rights groups and has filed complaints on behalf of victims of torture and other violations.

Low bar

Magistrate Diallo says “only in Guinea” would indictments and the opening of criminal investigations be seen as remarkable.

“We’re coming from so far behind - the bar is so low,” he said. “These moves are far from sufficient. No one can know how serious the authorities are about this until we see concrete acts to follow these indictments.”

Foromo Frédéric Loua, a lawyer and president of the Guinean legal NGO Mêmes Droits pour Tous (Equal Rights for All), says for him the indictments do not stand for much. “Nothing has been done officially to truly go after those who have violated human rights. Much remains to be done. And the violations continue.”

Indeed many Guineans say citizens continue to face abuses by police and gendarmes. They do not perceive a change in the climate, or progress in the fight against impunity. IRIN spoke with the families of two young men who were shot dead during unrest on 21 and 22 September - the families say by gendarmes.

Sealing gains

Tough work lies ahead for a judicial sector severely lacking in human and material resources.

It was only in August 2012 that the Guinean judges investigating the 28 September 2009 attack received materials such as computers and other equipment to carry out their work.

The portion of the national budget allocated to the judiciary is 0.29 percent, according to magistrate Diallo.

"The judiciary continues to be grossly underfunded,” said Corinne Dufka, senior Africa researcher for Human Rights Watch (HRW), which has done extensive research on impunity in Guinea. “In order to have progress on the rule of law you have to properly fund, train and equip the police; you have to fund the judiciary."

HRW in a 27 September statement said the judges investigating the 28 September massacre have made “some important strides”, including interviewing more than 200 victims and bringing charges against Camara and Diaby.

But HRW says “more than 100 victims await the opportunity to provide statements to the investigating judges, and possible mass graves have yet to be investigated.” Judges have yet to interview Moussa Dadis Camara, who held power in Guinea following a December 2008 military coup, and Cpt Claude Pivi, whom human rights groups have implicated in the violence and who continues to hold the post of presidential security minister.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96419/GUINEA-Fear-has-switched-sides</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209280758040236t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 01 October 2012 (IRIN) - Three years after a stadium massacre in the Guinean capital Conakry in which hundreds of people were killed, injured and raped during a military crackdown on a rally to protest against the presidential candidacy of coup leader Moussa Dadis Camara, there are indications that impunity may be coming to an end.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Fresh tears, steeled will</title><pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209280748560449t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - One after the other, women visiting their sick friend Aïssatou Baïlo Diallo, a 42-year-old teacher in Guinea’s capital Conakry, are overcome with emotion and leave her bedside crying. Diallo has been in and out of hospitals since she was raped in the 28 September 2009 stadium attack, and in recent weeks her health has deteriorated rapidly. Three years after the stadium massacre, the pain is fresh.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - One after the other, women visiting their sick friend Aïssatou Baïlo Diallo, a 42-year-old teacher in Guinea’s capital Conakry, are overcome with emotion and leave her bedside crying. Diallo has been in and out of hospitals since she was raped in the 28 September 2009 stadium attack, and in recent weeks her health has deteriorated rapidly. Three years after the stadium massacre, the pain is fresh.

Three years ago, at Conakry’s 28 September Stadium, hundreds of people were injured or killed and hundreds of women raped when the military cracked down on a rally to protest the presidential candidacy of coup leader Moussa Dadis Camara. The stadium is named for the date in 1958 when Guineans voted against adopting the French Constitution.

But if the survivors’ pain endures, so does their determination. People who have allegedly been tortured, raped or otherwise injured by security forces in Guinea say they are committed to sticking with the judicial process. Legal experts say the victims' solidarity -including a pledge not to accept bribes in exchange for silence - is making an enormous difference. 

Human rights and legal groups say the fight against impunity in Guinea is advancing slowly but surely [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/09/27/guinea-stadium-massacre-victims-await-justice ]. In the past several months, current and former government ministers have been charged with crimes relating to the stadium attack, and other officials face charges for later crimes including torture. 

But much tough and delicate work lies ahead. The International Criminal Court (ICC), which did a preliminary examination in Guinea days after the attack, is closely watching; it will take up the case if the Guinean authorities do not carry through. ICC Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda said after a visit in April 2012 that she is encouraged by the progress, and that either Guinea or the ICC will prosecute. "There is no third option," she said.

Thierno Ousmane Diallo, who was among several men who were allegedly tortured by security forces in 2010, says he’s received several death threats since the case came to light. “I make these statements openly because I know I’m telling the truth,” he told IRIN. “We are afraid, yes - but we must be brave. This happened to people before us, now it's happened to us. We can do something so others don't live through it in the future."

Slideshow: http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Default.aspx?id=63

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96411/GUINEA-Fresh-tears-steeled-will</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209280748560449t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 28 September 2012 (IRIN) - One after the other, women visiting their sick friend Aïssatou Baïlo Diallo, a 42-year-old teacher in Guinea’s capital Conakry, are overcome with emotion and leave her bedside crying. Diallo has been in and out of hospitals since she was raped in the 28 September 2009 stadium attack, and in recent weeks her health has deteriorated rapidly. Three years after the stadium massacre, the pain is fresh.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera outbreak easing</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.

Between late August and 16 September, new cholera cases per week have dropped from 2,110 to 1,418 in Sierra Leone and from 1,152 to 346 in neighbouring Guinea, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in a report. [ http://ochaonline.un.org/rowca/UrgencesEmergencies/Cholera/tabid/7891/language/en-US/Default.aspx ]

“The situation is improving faster in Guinea in terms of new cases and in Sierra Leone in terms of lethality. The number of affected districts remains unchanged: 12 out of 13 in Sierra Leone and 11 out of 33 in Guinea,” OCHA said.

In Sierra Leone, updates from 84 health centres in the hardest hit Western Area indicated that there were 112 cases and one death in 32 health centres, and no deaths or cases in the rest on 18 September, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

“I think it doesn’t necessarily mean it [the cases] would not go up. It does seem that things are getting better, but we need to be cautious. It’s certainly a good sign of the huge amount of work we have been doing,” said Nicole Robicheau of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

The outbreak is Sierra Leone’s worst in 15 years. The government declared a national emergency in August. The authorities and aid groups have rallied to treat thousands of infected people, educate the population on basic hygiene practices and sanitize water sources.

“In the long run cholera prevention is a question of hygiene and sanitation, especially in densely populated areas. Access to safe water and sanitation facilities remains very limited in Sierra Leone,” said Angela Griep, UNICEF’s external relations chief in Sierra Leone.

Mohamed Kamara, a resident of Mabella slum in the Sierra Leonean capital whose brother recently died of cholera, decried the poor sanitation [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96112/WEST-AFRICA-Cleaner-toilets-to-save-slums-from-cholera ] in his neighbourhood of congested tin shacks as well as the unhygienic habits of people living there.

“One day I went for prayers and I saw a man coming from the toilet holding the [water] kettle with his wet hands… he left without cleaning his hands or the kettle properly. Another man came to use the same kettle. I feel that such habits increase the spread of cholera in Mabella,” Kamara said.

Torrential rain [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours ] in August worsened the outbreak, adding to health risks such as poor hygiene, unsafe water sources and improper waste management that are believed to have triggered the disease.

“Cholera is preventable. It is frustrating to see many people infected and dying of cholera. We are emphasizing that people should get help when they get cholera. I think the message is getting across,” Robicheau told IRIN.

Urban slums worst hit

“We are educating people on hygiene. Many people don’t have access to safe water. That’s an issue that should be addressed. People who live in poverty in small villages don’t even have the money to buy soap to wash their hands before eating or after going to the toilet.”

West Africa has some of the world’s lowest access rates to clean water and basic sanitation facilities, according to the UN.

Cholera infections in both Guinea and Sierra Leone tend to hit densely-populated, poorly-serviced urban slums hardest.

“Many of my customers have stopped buying food from me,” said Zainab Conteh, a food vendor in Mabella. “A customer last month ate my food and later started vomiting. He told his friends and relatives that my food which he ate infected him with cholera. I was embarrassed and humiliated. I had to stop selling food for a week because health inspectors came and ordered me to improve on the way I prepare food.”

UNICEF said in an 18 September statement that it was maintaining its efforts in treating and preventing the disease to ensure infections continue to reduce.

“We should not stop fighting cholera before the number of cases has gone down to zero and even then we want to put preventive measures in place so that we increase the chances that one day this disease will disappear in Sierra Leone,” UNICEF’s emergency specialist Moira Fratta said in the statement.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96379/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-outbreak-easing</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 24 September 2012 (IRIN) - The cholera outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone that has killed 392 people and infected more than 25,000 others since February is slowing down, say aid groups who also call for sustained measures to wipe out the disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Conakry residents demand cholera vaccine</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - With Guinea facing its gravest cholera outbreak since 2007, some residents of the capital Conakry are clamouring to be vaccinated.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - With Guinea facing its gravest cholera outbreak since 2007, some residents of the capital Conakry are clamouring to be vaccinated.

Conakry - where rubbish is piled high at every turn, many neighbourhoods flood regularly and just 2.2 percent of households are linked to a sewage system - has seen at least 3,630 cases of cholera this year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sierra-Leon_Guinea-Cholera-01sept2012.pdf ] making it by far the hardest-hit area.

“We’re facing that pressure,” said Sakoba Keïta, head of disease prevention in the Guinean Health Ministry. “Some Conakry residents hear that their home communities have been spared thanks to the vaccine and they want protection too.”

The cholera vaccine has shown promising results in the handful of communities where it has been used: none of those vaccinated have been infected.

Protection from cholera is generally assured with proper hygiene, good sanitation and access to safe water; it is precisely because of Guinea’s lack of water and sanitation systems that the vaccine has an important role, health experts say.

As of 4 September 5,938 people across Guinea were reported infected with cholera - a bacterial illness that can kill within hours if untreated - with 111 deaths, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Neighbouring Sierra Leone is facing its worst cholera epidemic since 1995, with 15,834 cases, including 251 deaths as of 3 September, according to OCHA. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours ]

For now cholera vaccination is not generally done on a large scale. WHO and partner agencies are planning a cholera vaccine stockpile for epidemic control (see box) and looking at the possibility of introducing the two-dose oral vaccine into national immunization programmes in endemic areas.

Giving the vaccine early

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and the Health Ministry vaccinated some 143,000 people in Boffa and Forecariah prefectures in April-May, early in the cholera outbreak. [ http://ww.irinnews.org/Report/95837/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-what-s-working ]

MSF specifically wanted to test the effectiveness of giving the vaccine early in an epidemic, to see its potential in strengthening overall response, said Iza Ciglenecki, MSF project manager for diarrhoeal disease.

“The vaccine Shanchol was pre-qualified by WHO in late 2011; we were already working in Guinea and we had the opportunity to use it early in an outbreak,” she told IRIN. At about US$1.85 per dose Shanchol is cheaper than the other WHO-approved oral cholera vaccine, Dukoral.

MSF is studying the effectiveness of the campaign. [ http://epicentre.msf.org/en/field%20studies-to-document-%20first-outbreak-response-immunization-oral-cholera-vaccine-africa ]

Guinean health official Keïta said he envisions that in future the vaccine will be part of the fight against cholera. “Because despite the lack of proper sanitation… and the lack of water in the zones initially affected here, the vaccine enabled us to stop cholera's spread.”

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in July issued guidance on the oral cholera vaccine, recommending “engagement with governments, WHO and partners to consider oral cholera vaccine use pre-emptively in endemic, at-risk and humanitarian settings and reactively in outbreaks.”

Watsan also vital

Medical experts are quick to emphasize that the vaccine must not detract from other vital prevention measures like proper hygiene and water treatment - and adequate water and sanitation infrastructure in the longer term.

Keïta said vaccinations are always coupled with prevention education and the distribution of bleach. “The vaccine is to complement other measures. But it’s clear - in the areas where we vaccinated, the problem of drinking water access is still critical, the problem of sanitation is still critical. The bleach we gave out was enough to cover just one month. People are still living in pre-outbreak conditions and they've not been infected."

As of 2010, only 18 percent of Guinea's 10 million people used sanitation facilities considered adequate for avoiding contamination - 32 percent in urban areas, 11 percent in rural - according to the latest report by water/sanitation monitors at UNICEF and WHO. [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMPreport2012.pdf ] Some 74 percent of people used protected drinking water sources, though only 11 percent having piped water on their premises.

Water access varies widely by region. Cholera-infected communities in the Boffa and Boké regions live on islands where there is no drinking water supply, according to local health officials. Residents travel by boat or barge to mainland communities to fill up jerry cans.

Guinean health officials recently vaccinated some 7,500 people preparing to go on the Hajj pilgrimage. The Health Ministry is likely to use some of the remaining 48,000 doses in Boké and will later decide where to deploy the rest.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96301/GUINEA-Conakry-residents-demand-cholera-vaccine</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131317520366t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - With Guinea facing its gravest cholera outbreak since 2007, some residents of the capital Conakry are clamouring to be vaccinated.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: The missing parliament</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201007141314230081t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Guineans are hopeful that the 5 September resignation of the electoral commission president - one of the opposition’s principal demands - will break a political impasse and move the country to a long-overdue parliamentary election.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Guineans are hopeful that the 5 September resignation of the electoral commission president - one of the opposition’s principal demands - will break a political impasse and move the country to a long-overdue parliamentary election.

Electoral commission head Lousény Camara, seen as an ally of President Alpha Condé, said in a statement that he was stepping down “in the superior interest of the nation” so that the electoral process can move forward. 

Opposition groups have repeatedly accused Condé’s government of planning to rig the vote that was supposed to be held within six months of the 2010 presidential elections.

Since the presidential poll, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89627/Analysis-Guineans-to-choose-leader-for-the-first-time-ever ] Guinea has been stuck between a chaotic past and aspirations for a stable democracy. The absence of an elected parliament has not only held up donor funds but fuelled ethnic tensions and threatened to reverse hard-won gains, observers say. 

“It seems that all political discourse these days comes down to arguments over when the legislative election will finally be held, or who's going to try to rig the legislative election,” UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator Anthony Ohemeng-Boamah told IRIN. “The country needs to move past that, return to normalcy and focus energies on improving the lives of Guineans.”

A military junta seized power in 2008 after the death of Lansana Conté [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82075/GUINEA-Uncertainty-in-wake-of-24-year-president-s-death ] who had ruled Guinea for 24 years. Autocratic leaders and military regimes have been at the helm of the West African country since independence in 1958. The 2010 polls brought hopes for stable and democratic governance. 

Although President Condé’s victory was contested, Guineans - even those who insist his opponent, Cellou Dalein Diallo, won - said they accepted him so that the country could move on. But the failure to hold legislative elections has stirred up mistrust and tensions. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96199/GUINEA-Deadlock-over-parliamentary-elections ]

Dropping the ball

Guinea formed a transitional parliament in early 2010 - the Conseil National de la Transition (CNT) - whose members are not elected; the body had a temporary mandate until legislative elections are held. CNT president Hadja Rabiatou Serah Diallo says Guinea’s political parties and the rest of civil society dropped the ball after the presidential election. 

“During the transition, political parties, unions, civil society, women - everyone was unified and we spoke with one voice,” Diallo told IRIN. “Then, after the presidential election, because of party and individual interests, everyone went off in his own direction, and we all forgot… We all forgot too quickly that we needed to remain united for the interest of the nation. We thought we could say `mission accomplished’ but the transition was not yet complete.”

“It’s the poorest Guineans who carry the heaviest burden of having no parliament. The lack of development, relentless poverty - it’s the poorest who pay,” Diallo added.

Despite having some of the world’s largest bauxite reserves as well as gold, iron ore and diamonds, most Guineans struggle to get by. The European Union resumed cooperation with Guinea after the formation of a civilian government in 2010, but it has withheld much of the 174.3 euros (US$219.2 million) it had offered pending legislative elections.

“Everyone agrees this transition period has dragged on for too long,” says Ousmane Sylla, Guinea’s ambassador in Brussels. In mid-August he appealed to Guinea’s political parties to put aside what he calls “minor quarrels” and proceed with elections. 

“A parliament is not a necessity just in terms of satisfying donors - it’s a necessity for the Guinean people,” Sylla told IRIN. “It’s extremely important that the people will finally be able to say `we have elected our representatives who are tuned in to our daily challenges’. Once we finish these elections, I assure you, Guinea will see greater national unity and social calm and that will facilitate development.”

Guineans hope that holding parliamentary polls will ease the current tensions.
“Holding the legislative election will allow us to finish with this political turmoil and all the street demonstrations that end up in deaths and injuries and that hurt business,” vendor Aissata Sylla told IRIN. “To be able to make a living, we need peace.”

But only a fair and transparent election will bring stability, said a Conakry resident who identified himself as Perrussot. “We are not against Condé - we don’t want to block him from doing his job. We simply want a democracy based on truth. We want a parliamentary system where everyone has a voice.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96260/GUINEA-The-missing-parliament</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201007141314230081t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Guineans are hopeful that the 5 September resignation of the electoral commission president - one of the opposition’s principal demands - will break a political impasse and move the country to a long-overdue parliamentary election.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Breastfeeding versus old wives tales</title><pubDate>Mon, 03 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031112180900t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Countless babies in Guinea are not given their first breast milk for hours - however long it takes a designated family member to bring water that is used to rinse special Koranic verses inscribed on a wooden tablet. This symbolic liquid, the first thing many babies ingest, is just one example of a custom believed to protect children but that can instead jeopardize their health.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Countless babies in Guinea are not given their first breast milk for hours - however long it takes a designated family member to bring water that is used to rinse special Koranic verses inscribed on a wooden tablet. This symbolic liquid, the first thing many babies ingest, is just one example of a custom believed to protect children but that can instead jeopardize their health.

Breastfeeding is almost universally practiced in Guinea. The problem, health experts say, is that it is rarely early or exclusive - both recommended for optimal health. A 2011-12 health and nutrition survey in Guinea by the Health Ministry with UN Children's Fund showed that 18.5 percent of women practice exclusive breastfeeding in a baby’s first six months - down from 32.9 percent in a 2008 study. The rate varies by region.

The World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/index.html ] and UNICEF recommend that an infant be breast-fed within one hour after birth and consume only breast-milk for the first six months.

The period from birth to two years old is seen as the “critical window” for the promotion of growth, health, behavioural and cognitive development. The survey showed that 5 percent of children in Guinea aged five and below are acutely malnourished, with 34.5 percent suffering chronic malnutrition.

At a community health centre in the Petit Simbaya neighbourhood of the capital Conakry, Fatimata Camara sat with her one-month-old son, Aboubacar, after having him weighed. When Aboubacar was born, she explained, her husband’s younger brother came with the talisman - the Koranic-verses’ water that would be the baby’s first intake.

It is common in many parts of West Africa to give this rinse-water to someone who is ill or thought to be under a curse. In many Guinean communities it is also believed to protect newborns. Some 85 percent of Guinea’s population is Muslim, though by no means all practice the Koranic rinse-water treatment on newborns.

“The baby had this medicine before receiving breast milk,” Camara said. She said she has given the infant only breast milk since.

Aboubacar was 1.8kg at birth, and that day weighed in at 3kg. For him the ritual does not appear to have caused a problem, but it is a dangerous practice, health workers say, given the likelihood of causing infections.

The same applies to simple water, water mixed with shea butter, and kinkeliba (a tea from a local plant) all of which are commonly given to an infant before and/or along with breast milk.

“Many people find it hard to believe - given that they themselves need water to survive - that a baby can go without water,” said Mamady Kaba, head of maternal and infant health and nutrition with the international NGO Terre des Hommes-Lausanne in Guinea.

He said in many cases if a weeks-old baby dies, even if the child was fed liquids other than breast milk, family members generally blame the mother’s milk.

“They say the milk is `bad’,” Kaba said. “Family members generally then discourage her from breastfeeding subsequent children. Sometimes the woman is stigmatized.” He said to this day some people use an age-old “test” - pouring some of the woman’s breast milk on an ant. If the ant dies, people say that it proves the milk is bad.

A family affair

A battle Kaba fought in his own household illustrates the challenge of improving infant health and nutrition.

When his wife gave birth he quarrelled with his mother, his mother-in-law and other family members, who wanted to give the baby water, kinkeliba and other items customarily fed to infants.

“When I said no - that my child would have only breast milk - my mother and mother-in-law took this as an affront,” Kaba told IRIN. “They said, `we won’t let this child get sick before our eyes because of your rules.’ They schemed with my wife - `we can give the baby other things while he’s not here.’ My mother stopped talking to me for a while. I was even called to the village to explain myself to the elders there.”

It was a long battle but he and his wife stuck it out. When they took the baby for consultations and weighing - which showed steady growth - he always showed the results to the family. “It was palpable evidence - they really didn’t have an argument against that.”

Also at the Conakry health centre was Kadiatou Diallo with her two-month-old son, her first child. She said the baby, who has steadily gained weight since birth, has consumed nothing but breast milk. The 20-year-old student lives with her husband, who has had some education, his older brother and the brother’s wife.

“They all know about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding,” Diallo said. “My sister-in-law talked to me about all this while I was pregnant and when I had the baby."

Indeed, involving family members - especially the woman’s husband and his mother - is integral to promoting exclusive breastfeeding, said Sylla Nima, who educates women about infant and child nutrition at Donka Hospital in Conakry.

“We invite the husbands and other family members,” she said. “Especially the mother-in-law,” another health worker added. Sylla talks to families about the potential harm of some customs and explains that breast milk contains everything a baby needs. She also educates women about breastfeeding techniques and the importance of hygiene.

A woman who had come to the nutrition session at Donka for the first time that day had her ailing infant on her lap. The five-month-old was about the same weight as at birth.
The woman said she had recently started giving the baby store-bought milk products because she was not producing enough breast milk.

“Women often tell us that,” said Sylla. “But usually it’s just a lack of understanding about how breast milk production works. Most women have ample milk to nourish an infant. We show them different techniques to sustain production.”

What the woman might not have understood is that the lapse in breastfeeding while she gave her child artificial milk probably contributed to what she thought was a low supply of breast milk, said Ibrahima Sory Diallo, a doctor at Donka Hospital.

The use of store-bought milk products - liquid and powdered - probably contributed to the drop in exclusive breastfeeding rates in Guinea as shown in the 2008 and 2011-12 studies, according to UNICEF. The agency says the decline is probably due to three factors: aggressive marketing of milk products has some women adding them to their babies' diet; the 2008 study might have overstated the rate of exclusive breastfeeding; and socio-political instability in Guinea has hit community nutrition education activities.

Motivation by example

Donka health worker Nima said women who come to the sessions share their experiences and watch the growth rate of the children, and they see for themselves the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding.

Seeing positive experiences of other women and their babies is a powerful motivator for changing feeding practices, according to a study by aid group Action Against Hunger - Spain conducted in Conakry’s Matoto District. Beliefs that can work against breastfeeding - including that sexual relations could make breast milk dangerous for a baby - are heavily ingrained and are applied by 50 percent of Matoto’s population, the study found.

Therefore significant improvement will take time, the report says. "However, people who have benefited from nutrition education programmes in the past and who have changed their practices can be effective in educating others in the community.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96230/GUINEA-Breastfeeding-versus-old-wives-tales</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209031112180900t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 03 September 2012 (IRIN) - Countless babies in Guinea are not given their first breast milk for hours - however long it takes a designated family member to bring water that is used to rinse special Koranic verses inscribed on a wooden tablet. This symbolic liquid, the first thing many babies ingest, is just one example of a custom believed to protect children but that can instead jeopardize their health.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA-SIERRA LEONE: Cholera - rising with the downpours</title><pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.

The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said Sierra Leone was facing its worst cholera outbreak in 15 years. Ten out of the country’s 13 districts have been affected and the government has declared the outbreak a national emergency.

Guinea’s capital, Conakry, has been the hardest hit in the country, with 3,247 cases so far. Cholera has also broken out in nine of Guinea's 33 districts, OCHA said.

“The onset of the rainy season in West Africa has caused an increase in cholera cases on both sides of the border between Sierra Leone and Guinea. The rains are particularly heavy in Sierra Leone this year,” said Laura Marconnet, an external relations officer with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Sierra Leone.

Prevalence is high in the congested slum areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96112/WEST-AFRICA-Cleaner-toilets-to-save-slums-from-cholera ] in the capitals of Guinea and Sierra Leone which have few clean toilets and most people defecate in the open, often dangerously close to open wells which are the source of water for most residents.

Freetown’s densely populated Mabella slum, with tin shacks and poor drainage, has been badly affected. There are several community water taps, but residents complain of lack of adequate toilets, which are usually clogged with water and waste during the rainy season.

“We have seen a dramatic increase in the last 5-6 weeks in cases especially in Freetown. The response is quite difficult in terms of coordinating resources,” said Amanda McClelland, the Africa emergency health adviser at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). “The conditions in Freetown are the perfect storm for cholera.”

“We know we haven’t contained it by any means and it has the potential of increasing further and becoming a regional issue,” McClelland told IRIN.

On 17 August, Sierra Leonean President Ernest Bai Koroma declared the outbreak a national public health crisis. The authorities and aid groups have ramped up efforts to treat, inform people and improve sanitation to stem further escalation.

"We are moving quickly to increase our capacity to handle all the new patients that will arrive,” said Karen Van den Brande, head of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) mission in Sierra Leone. “Our present cholera treatment facilities are stretched to the limit with patients. Everybody is at risk.” A new quick-disbursing humanitarian funding facility [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96211/AID-POLICY-Money-in-a-hurry ] is being used for the first time to help tackle the emergency.

Pipe clean-up

Sierra Leone’s national water company has begun a major dam and pipe clean-up to help reduce the spread of cholera.

"There is every possibility that the pipe water system may have been infected since there are many broken water pipes flowing with water which need to be fixed in many parts of city,” said Martin Bash Kamara, deputy minister for energy and water resources. “People should take every precaution to purify the water by boiling it before drinking, cooking or other domestic purposes to avoid contamination."

West Africa has some of the world’s lowest rates of access to water and sanitation. Only 12.8 percent of Sierra Leone’s 5.5 million people have access to proper sanitation and 42.9 percent do not have access to clean drinking water; 28.9 percent defecate in the open, according to UNICEF. In Guinea, only 19 percent of the population has access to improved sanitation and 71 percent of its 10 million people have access to safe drinking water sources. [ http://www.afro.who.int/en/guinea/who-country-office-guinea.html ]

“This is the underlying cause for cholera outbreaks in West and Central Africa. Although measures for cholera response can help contain the spread of the disease and reduce the number of fatalities, it is essential to also tackle the underlying cause of this disease,” said UNICEF’s Marconnet.

The cholera outbreak has not peaked yet, said Marconnet and the rainy season is expected to last for the next two months. Treatment and other efforts to improve sanitation are expected to lower the rate of infection. Cholera is treatable and can be prevented through better hygiene.

“With increased coordinated efforts… we hope that the epidemic in the coming months will decrease due to scaled interventions,” said Charles Mugero of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Sierra Leone.

So far this year, more than 37,400 cholera cases have been reported in 15 West African and Central African regions.

In 2010, 36 percent of cholera cases globally were reported from Africa, which accounted for between 93 and 98 percent of cases worldwide between 2001 and 2009, according to WHO, noting Africa last recorded such a low rate in 1995. [ http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html ] In 2010, 317, 534 cholera cases were reported to WHO, with more than 50 percent occurring in the Americas, notably in Haiti. However, the officially reported cases do not necessarily reflect all the occurring cases due to underreporting and other technical limitations.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96212/GUINEA-SIERRA-LEONE-Cholera-rising-with-the-downpours</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208310944020368t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 31 August 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy rainfall is accelerating the spread of cholera in Sierra Leone and Guinea, where existing health risks such as poor hygiene practices, unsafe water sources and improper waste management are believed to have triggered the disease which has killed 327 people and infected more than 17,400 in both countries since February.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Money in a hurry</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207250702040125t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 30 August 2012 (IRIN) - A new quick-disbursing humanitarian funding facility is being used for the first time to help tackle a serious cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, where more than 220 people have died and the authorities have declared a national emergency.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 30 August 2012 (IRIN) - A new quick-disbursing humanitarian funding facility is being used for the first time to help tackle a serious cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, where more than 220 people have died and the authorities have declared a national emergency.

The UK’s Rapid Response Facility (RRF) was established by the Department of International Development (DFID) after a critical independent assessment [ http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/HERR.pdf ] of its operations by Lord Ashdown. The report highlighted the way in which agencies had to produce hasty and often highly speculative proposals in order to get funding for emergencies, saying they could then find themselves locked into a course of action which might not be the most effective.

RRF was set up in March with a total of 33 organizations declared to have a proven record of response and pre-qualified to benefit from its funding. All that was needed was a suitable emergency.

That trigger came last week when the Sierra Leone government declared a national crisis as the death toll rose in the cholera outbreak, which has also hit neighbouring Guinea.

After a discussion with Sierra Leone President Ernest Karoma to discuss what was needed, the UK’s secretary of state for international development, Andrew Mitchell, decided to release the RRF. “Basically because this is a good situation for it,” a DFID spokesman told IRIN. “There are a lot of NGOs working in Sierra Leone who needed a quick source of supplies and funds, and we could also use our private sector contacts to get things to them.” Just over US$3 million is being made available.

Once the initial decision had been made, things moved fast. Agencies on the RRF “approved list” which had a presence in Sierra Leone and expertise in water and sanitation were invited to apply for funds. “Because they are pre-qualified, it makes it a much quicker turnaround,” said the DFID spokesman. “We know them and we are confident that they know what they are doing.”

“Fast”

Save the Children (SC) got the invitation to apply on the evening of 22 August, calling for submissions by the afternoon of 23 August, and they were informed within just a few hours that their application had been successful.

“It was fast,” said Benedict Dempsey, SC’s senior humanitarian affairs adviser, “And yes, it was hard work. But it was all in the interest of speed. We have constantly been asking for things to happen more quickly, so our people were quite happy with that.”

The DFID money does not normally appear in the NGOs’ bank accounts straight away, but Dempsey told IRIN that was not an issue. “Getting confirmation is what enables us to act. If you don’t have that confirmation you have to take a huge financial risk in order to act, and if it goes wrong you can end up with a huge black hole in your funding.”

The six successful agencies moved quickly in their turn. The International Rescue Committee (IRC) started their programme on 25 August in Kono and Kenema districts where they were already active. These are areas not yet seriously affected by cholera so most IRC efforts are going into prevention.

Antonio Cabral, the IRC’s regional programme manager, says the nature of this emergency meant that they could start work more or less straight away. “An emergency like this is slightly different from what we expected the RRF to be for - we had been thinking of an earthquake, something like that. But this is something which has been on the cards for a while; we were aware of the outbreak, and had resources in the area.”

Private sector role

Cabral, like Dempsey, is interested in DFID’s declared intention to involve the private sector and to play a coordinating role itself. DFID cites logistic companies like DHL and suppliers of various kinds of sanitation equipment as the principal partners. “As we understand it, it is about trying to coordinate supplies,” said Cabral, “and getting better prices for procurement, especially of those things which have to be bought internationally. It will probably mean that the cost to agencies will be lower. Also because of the good relations DFID has traditionally had with the Sierra Leone government, the supplies should get into the country quicker.”

Both SC and IRC see the move to fleeter, more flexible funding mechanisms for emergencies as a general trend among donors, not confined to the UK.

Cabral pointed out that the Swedish development agency (SIDA), for instance, is even faster than DFID, and disburses money in advance for emergencies which may arise over the coming year.

“So we have got a pot of money for rapid response, which is sitting there and it is up to us to tell them: ‘There is an emergency, and we want do this and this, and are you OK with that or not?’ And they will tell us yes or no within a matter of hours.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96211/AID-POLICY-Money-in-a-hurry</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207250702040125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 30 August 2012 (IRIN) - A new quick-disbursing humanitarian funding facility is being used for the first time to help tackle a serious cholera outbreak in Sierra Leone, where more than 220 people have died and the authorities have declared a national emergency.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GUINEA: Deadlock over parliamentary elections</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208271218070175t.jpg" />]]>CONAKRY 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Political battles have intensified in Guinea after the government thwarted an opposition rally to demand free parliamentary elections, raising fears that a return to stability and development after years of dictatorship and misrule could be in jeopardy.</description><body><![CDATA[CONAKRY 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Political battles have intensified in Guinea after the government thwarted an opposition rally to demand free parliamentary elections, raising fears that a return to stability and development after years of dictatorship and misrule could be in jeopardy.

Security forces on 27 August surrounded a residence in the capital, Conakry, where opposition leaders had gathered, and blocked them from holding a planned march. Witnesses said the forces also threw tear gas canisters into the courtyard of another opposition leader earlier in the day. Interim government spokesman Damantang Camara said the authorities had stopped the march to avoid chaos.

“Given the tense socio-political context in Guinea and in the sub-region, we had announced that this march would not be allowed at this time,” Camara told IRIN. “The risk of violence was high. Be it a rally of the opposition or of government supporters, this is not the moment.”

In response, opposition groups announced that they would pull out of government institutions, including the transitional parliament and the independent electoral commission. Their march was intended to call attention to the urgency of holding free and transparent legislative elections, which by law should have taken place within six months of the 2010 presidential poll. Opposition leaders accuse President Alpha Condé’s camp of planning to rig the legislative polls.

“We cannot possibly cooperate with this government until we see some indication that it has the political will to respect the rule of law,” said Faya Millimouno, a member of the opposition movement who was among those blocked from holding the march.

“Nowhere in the world would this behaviour be accepted. We are more and more convinced that we are dealing with a rogue government.”

Arsène Gbaguidi, Guinea director of US-based National Democratic Institute (NDI), said blocking the opposition march was likely to deepen Guinea’s political problems at a time when the country can least afford it.

“The events of 27 August could force both the government and the opposition to harden what are already rigid stances… This at a time when the authorities must face the tough development challenges of this country,” Gbaguidi told IRIN.

“Today, from a social, political and even military point of view, we’ve got the impression that all the warning indicators are at red. It’s an explosive situation and we can’t know when it’s going to boil over.”

Veteran protester

President Condé himself was once a veteran opposition leader and is known for his decades-long fight for democracy in Guinea, which held its first democratic election in 2010, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89627/Analysis-Guineans-to-choose-leader-for-the-first-time-ever ] two years after a military junta seized power following the death of Lansana Conté, who had ruled the country for 24 years also after a military coup.

“The sequestration of opposition leaders is humiliating and is a blow to Guinea’s image and to that of Alpha Condé, who worked for decades to bring democracy to Guinea,” said NDI’s Gbaguidi.

Thierno Madjou Sow, the head of the Guinea Human Rights Organization and a long-time rights activist who worked with Condé in the past, said the current wrangling portrayed the difficulty of introducing democracy in a society where the leader has always ruled supreme.

“Even people who are in the opposition today - they cannot say they would not conduct themselves in the same way once in power,” Sow said. “In the Guinean constitution, the people are sovereign. But the reality - here and in other African countries - is that the chief is sovereign…

“We need a new vision of what is a `chief’,” he said, adding that citizens perpetuate the trend by failing to demand their rights.

Ethnicity

Guinea has also been plagued by ethnic conflict. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86819/GUINEA-Caravans-and-kola-nuts-keeping-a-lid-on-communal-tensions ] Condé’s rival in the 2010 presidential elections, Cellou Dalein Diallo, is from the Peulh community, one of Guinea’s two main ethnic groups, while Condé is from the other large group, the Malinké. The president is seen as promoting Malinké at the expense of other groups.

Diallo claims that eight of his supporters have been killed by security forces since Condé came to power and says the Peulh feel increasingly snubbed by Condé’s government.

“Because of this frustration, among my supporters, moderates are becoming hardliners, and that’s very dangerous for Guinea,” Diallo told IRIN.

A Conakry resident, who identified himself only as Eugene, said he is dismayed by what he calls “ethnocentrism” by Condé’s government. He cited a recent incident in which security forces allegedly killed villagers in Zoghota area in Guinea’s forest region. The incident followed an uprising by residents over a local mining company’s policies which they said sidelined locals in favour of Malinké workers.

Opposition leaders and human rights activists say the killings are simply a continuation of the impunity that has reigned in Guinea for decades - a phenomenon, they say, they had hoped would end with the transition.

Government spokesperson Camara said they have fervently condemned the incident in Zoghota and that the local leader had been sacked and an investigation was under way. The UN resident/humanitarian coordinator in Guinea, Anthony Ohemeng-Boamah, said reforming the police and the army was urgent.

Belt-tightening

President Condé has been praised by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for initiating economic reforms which have seen inflation fall to 15 percent in June (from 21 percent at the end of 2010), but many say they have not seen improvements in their lives.

“This good performance is the result of strong efforts to restore budget discipline and avoid the need for bank-financing of the budget by keeping expenditures in line with available resources, supported by tight monetary policies of the central bank,” the IMF said in an 8 August statement.

“We understand belt-tightening but the belt is ready to pop,” said Entraineur Kaba, a Conakry resident who preferred to be identified by his nickname.

Kaba said that only two in every 10 families in Conakry eat three meals a day. A man sitting next to him butted in: “Three meals a day! Who? Guineans have forgotten what it’s like to have three meals.”

Guinea, which has the world’s largest reserves of bauxite - the raw material for aluminium - also has gold and diamonds, but its people remain among the poorest in the world.

"Guinea has everything and Guineans have nothing" is a common refrain, said Perrussot, also a resident of the capital city.

Conakry residents told IRIN it would be easier to tolerate belt-tightening if they saw more positive efforts from Condé’s government to avoid ethnic divisions, protect human rights and tackle impunity.

np/ob/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96199/GUINEA-Deadlock-over-parliamentary-elections</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208271218070175t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CONAKRY 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Political battles have intensified in Guinea after the government thwarted an opposition rally to demand free parliamentary elections, raising fears that a return to stability and development after years of dictatorship and misrule could be in jeopardy.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Cleaner toilets to save slums from cholera</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208151606380006t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN/CONAKRY/ACCRA/DAKAR 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are scrambling to treat thousands of cholera patients in Sierra Leone’s capital, Freetown, where the number of infections is mounting by over 250 per day. Most patients are from the city’s various urban slums, where open defecation is rife, toilets are rare, sewage is improperly disposed of, and awareness of cholera is very low. Water and sanitation specialists say unless these problems are addressed, cholera will continue to flourish both in Sierra Leone and throughout West Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN/CONAKRY/ACCRA/DAKAR 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are scrambling to treat thousands of cholera patients in Sierra Leone’s capital, Freetown, where the number of infections is mounting by over 250 per day. Most patients are from the city’s various urban slums, where open defecation is rife, toilets are rare, sewage is improperly disposed of, and awareness of cholera is very low. Water and sanitation specialists say unless these problems are addressed, cholera will continue to flourish both in Sierra Leone and throughout West Africa.

By 15 August, 19,370 people had contracted cholera in West Africa, the most affected countries being Sierra Leone (9,613 cases), Ghana (5,121 cases), Niger (5,023 cases), and Guinea (802 cases), according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 

“There is a massive failure to take cholera seriously in this region, and to publicize it,” said a West Africa cholera specialist. “Ultimately, if you want to get rid of cholera you need to address the structural issues that cause it.” The money is there, “it is a question of tapping into it and taking responsibility for your citizens.”

Take cholera seriously

Most West African countries are falling far short of their Millennium Development Goal to double the proportion of citizens with access to proper sanitation facilities - just 37 percent of inhabitants can access a clean toilet, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). [ http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmpfinal.pdf ]

As in Freetown, a high proportion of the cholera cases in Conakry, the Guinean capital, and Accra, Ghana’s capital, are concentrated in urban slums, where there are few clean toilets and most people openly defecate, often dangerously close to open wells that are the source of water for most residents.

The cholera outbreak now has a caseload of 60 per week in Conakry and Accra and is thought to be past its peak, when there were 90 to 100 cases per day in each city, but Charles Gaudry, head of Médecins sans Frontières in Guinea, warned that “We must still be on our guard.”

Governments tend to clean up the cholera mess once it is in full swing rather than working on prevention, said an independent water and sanitation (WASH) specialist in West Africa. “It is government’s responsibility to address the very basic sanitation rights of its citizens.”

Donors, too, prefer to fund reactively, hence “UNICEF’s ‘Sword and Shield’ [response-prevention] strategy is more sword than shield,” noted Patrick Laurent, West Africa WASH coordinator at UNICEF.

When aid agencies approached the African Development Bank in 2011 for cholera prevention support in the Central African Republic, the response was: "When you report a cholera case, we’ll give you the money."

In Guinea, just one or two aid agencies - Action against Hunger and UNICEF - work on cholera prevention with the government, while one - MSF - is doing the bulk of the treatment and transmission containment.

Ghana: prosecution over publicity

In Greater Accra, with 77 percent of the country’s cholera cases, at least 20,000 people have no toilet or use bucket latrines (a pot that is periodically dumped outside), according to Accra health department director Simpson Boateng. Those living near the sea simply defecate on the beach.

The Ghanaian government banned open defecation and bucket latrines in 2010, and arrests all perpetrators, said Boateng. “We need to continue to educate them [people], but more importantly, you will be arrested when caught,” he told IRIN. “As I speak, over 1,000 landlords have been prosecuted for still using pan latrines in their houses.” The city council is establishing a ‘sanitation court’ to try the culprits. “We are simply enforcing the by-laws which frown upon this conduct,” he said.

Rather than crackdowns, more awareness-raising is needed, suggested Accra residents, including journalists, who had no idea there was a cholera outbreak in their city.

Unlike in neighbouring Guinea and Sierra Leone, where the governments are weak and rely on aid agencies to drive the response, the Ghanaian authorities are leading the cholera response but have “underplayed it” for political purposes, said WASH specialist Laurent.

The recent death of President John Atta Mills and the approaching parliamentary elections have drawn the attention of most government officials for weeks.

Give them an alternative

Arrests may be a temporary deterrent, but people will continue to defecate in the open as long as they have no alternative, say aid agency staff. Just 17 percent of Accra’s residents, and 8 percent of rural Ghanaians, have access to an adequate toilet, according to the government’s 2008 health survey.

The key is to get communities all over West Africa to want to use and maintain clean toilets. In Sierra Leone, UNICEF is pushing “community-driven total sanitation”, in which communities move away from open defecation once they understand its consequences, and go on to build and maintain clean toilets themselves.

In this model, UNILEVER, which manufactures cleaning products, has worked with UNICEF and local partners in Gambia, and with Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor, a non-profit group, in Ghana to form The Clean Team. The process is: trigger a demand for toilets through behaviour change; arrive at a price that works for everyone; and then make clean toilets available.

An ongoing project in Kumasi, south-central Ghana, targeted 100 families, most of whom were sharing dirty latrines. Each was given a free chemical toilet with a sealed waste container that was exchanged two to three times per week. A family of five pays about US$15 per month for the service, which is less than it costs to use the public toilet.

The waste is processed in the city’s septic tank system, but the municipality hopes to use it to produce biofuel in the future. Thus far the scheme has improved hygiene, lowered household costs and reduced the use of plastic bags for defecation, otherwise known as "flying toilets", said Clean Team manager Asantewa Gyamfi. The plan is to expand it to 1,500 families. 

Keeping toilets clean

Transferring such an intensive approach to an urban slum setting in Freetown is a challenge, said UNICEF’s Sierra Leone communications, Gaurav Garg. Most of Freetown’s flood-prone slums are hemmed in by the ocean and/or mountains, and there is simply no room to build new toilets - public latrines are the only option.

An urban WASH consortium - made up of NGOs Oxfam, Action against Hunger, Save the Children, GOAL, and Concern - charged with helping the government improve sanitation in Freetown’s slums, has decided that improving and rebuilding public toilets is the only option, but keeping them clean is the real challenge, said Marc Faux, the group coordinator.

Community committees have been set up to run the toilets. Each is given four roles: collect money for their use (usually 100-200 leones per person [2 to 4 US cents] use the money to clean and repair the toilets; communicate the community’s sanitation concerns to political decision-makers; and make sure waste is dumped safely. Health officials say until each of these jobs is done well, use will continue to be low.

To date, most of the waste from public latrines has been dumped in nearby rubbish tips or into the sea. The NGO consortium is currently experimenting with a low-technology device that pumps waste into containers that can then be taken to trucks. Another method being tested is a device used to separate urine from faecal matter, which can then be turned into compost over an 18-month period.

These and other innovations are an important start to addressing the myriad challenges in unsanitary, densely populated, coastal cities such as Freetown, Conakry and Accra. But they will only make a dent in cholera prevention. The issue must be addressed, “not on a project-by-project basis, but holistically, involving education, health systems, water and sanitation infrastructure - the lot,” said Mariamme Dem, West Africa head of NGO Wateraid in Senegal. 

That looks a long way off. For now, NGOs like MSF are hastily setting up treatment centres to care for the cholera victims who come their way - as they have done every few years since the 1980s.

aj/js/ic/bb/sda/he

Fact Box

Cholera in Niger

In Niger, the situation is different in terms of topography and humanitarian context. Some 99 percent of the cholera cases are in the Tillaberi Region in the southwest of Niger, on the Niger River. The rest are in refugee camps in Ouallam, in southwestern Tillaberi.

Cholera has broken out against a backdrop of high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity, and large numbers of refugees who fled the takeover of northern Mali. The rains and insecurity make it difficult to access some cholera-hit villages, said UNICEF’s Patrick Laurent.

“If you add all of the above conditions, plus the rainy season, floods and poor sanitation, it’s not surprising to see a cholera outbreak,” he noted.

The government has a low capacity to respond to cholera but is willing to collaborate with the many relief and aid agencies working to alleviate the emergency there, said Laurent. “For me, this is half the battle.”

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96112/WEST-AFRICA-Cleaner-toilets-to-save-slums-from-cholera</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208151606380006t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN/CONAKRY/ACCRA/DAKAR 16 August 2012 (IRIN) - Aid agencies are scrambling to treat thousands of cholera patients in Sierra Leone’s capital, Freetown, where the number of infections is mounting by over 250 per day. Most patients are from the city’s various urban slums, where open defecation is rife, toilets are rare, sewage is improperly disposed of, and awareness of cholera is very low. Water and sanitation specialists say unless these problems are addressed, cholera will continue to flourish both in Sierra Leone and throughout West Africa.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Cholera - what&apos;s working?</title><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009141728560425t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN/DAKAR 10 July 2012 (IRIN) - After years of cyclical cholera outbreaks in West Africa, water and sanitation standards are still notoriously low in most of the affected countries, but in some areas the cholera response is working better now than in the past. IRIN spoke to governments and aid agencies about innovations and traditional wisdom for preventing cholera. </description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN/DAKAR 10 July 2012 (IRIN) - After years of cyclical cholera outbreaks in West Africa, water and sanitation standards are still notoriously low in most of the affected countries, but in some areas the cholera response is working better now than in the past. IRIN spoke to governments and aid agencies about innovations and traditional wisdom for preventing cholera.

By the end of June 2012, cholera had killed nearly 200 people in West Africa and infected 10,330 according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Numbers are continuing to rise, particularly in the Sahel zone, where a recent upsurge has killed 60 people and infected 2,800. On 2 July 34 cases and two deaths - both children - were reported in northern Mali near Gao, on the edge of the Niger River.

Elsewhere in West Africa case numbers are rising, but are lower than this time in 2011, when 82,070 people had contracted cholera, or in 2010 when 60,000 West Africans in the Lake Chad Basin, which includes parts of Chad, Niger, Nigeria and Cameroon, were infected.

But West Africa is just at the start of its rainy season – cholera usually peaks between August and December.

Cholera is characterized by diarrhoea and vomiting, and can cause death within hours if it is particularly virulent, or hits weak victims like children.

The victims: children

Francois Bellet, the West Africa water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programme specialist at UNICEF, worries that people who are hungry or malnourished as a result of the food crisis in the region are particularly vulnerable to infection. UNICEF is particularly concerned about the Sahel, where the spread of cholera is aggravated by a massive displacement of people fleeing the conflict in northern Mali.

In some areas - such as Niger’s regions along the Niger River - the Ministry of Health reports nearly three times as many cholera patients this year as in 2011.

An estimated 400,000 children in Niger are suffering from severe malnutrition this year. “A child below the age of five who has recovered from severe and acute malnutrition will be back for treatment in a matter of days or weeks if he or she is drinking contaminated water,” Guido Borghese, UNICEF’s advisor on Child Survival and Development, said in a communiqué.

The transmitters: fish

Cholera spreads along West Africa’s waterways - coastal regions, rivers and lakes - where busy fishing and trade routes run. The coast is “like a cholera highway”, said Bellet, as are major waterways such as the Niger River, which flows through Guinea, Mali, Niger, Benin and Nigeria.

The bacteria build up under the scales of fish and are often still there if the fish on sale in the markets have not been properly cleaned.

Given the role of women role in cleaning, descaling, smoking and selling fish in most of West Africa, it is they and their children who are particularly vulnerable to infection. Children make up some 80 percent of the cases in Sierra Leone’s Port Loko district, according to UNICEF.

The Guinea-Sierra Leone outbreak started on the island of Yeliboya in Sierra Leone’s Kambia district before spreading to islands off the coast of Guinea and into Forecariah prefecture. Islands in Boffa prefecture are known for their poor sanitation services and high levels of trade - perfect conditions for cholera to spread, said Bellet.

Vaccine: a new approach

The cyclical nature of cholera and the fact that immunity builds after large-scale epidemics are some of the reasons for this year’s lower caseload, said practitioners.

In Chad - which so far has zero cases this year compared to 5,000 in 2011 - widescale prevention efforts have paid off. And in Guinea the response has been much quicker and more coordinated this year.

In addition, a new approach has been tested in Guinea - notably a cholera vaccine used by Médecins Sans Frontières-Switzerland (MSF) for the first time in Africa to stem an epidemic.

The vaccine has had good results so far. In the Boffa and Forecariah prefectures of Guinea, where 77 percent of the population were given the double dose, and 95 percent received a single dose, there have been no cases reported since, said Iza Ciglenecki, innovation coordinator for diarrhoeal diseases at MSF-Switzerland. It is too early to know the full results, she said, but when used in other regions the vaccine has been 65-75 percent effective in stemming the spread of the disease.

This is potentially a huge step forward, but at US$3.70 for two doses the vaccine is expensive. The World Health Organization (WHO) and NGOs are discussing guidelines for when to use it in response to future epidemics. “If we multiply these interventions in the future, we could even create regional stocks to make it cheaper, but it is too early to say - we need to learn more first,” said Francois Verhoustraeten, Guinea programme officer at MSF-Switzerland. 

All responding agencies, including MSF, stressed that the vaccine is not a standalone solution and should be seen as a supplementary activity. “We put a lot of effort into all the strategies at once,” Ciglenecki told IRIN, referring to the need to raise awareness of public hygiene, targeting cholera hot spots, setting up early warning systems, and treating water. Agencies such as MSF, UNICEF and Action contre la faim (ACF) - Action against Hunger - an international NGO, have been implementing these measures for years in West Africa's cholera-prone areas.

Modern medical breakthroughs should not replace important basic hygiene practices: wash your hands after defecating, before cooking or eating, and try to disinfect water that may be dirty, say aid agency staff. Neither should they negate the usefulness of age-old techniques, said Bellet.

Speed

Guinea’s response has been quick this year. People have learned lessons from the 2007 and 2008 outbreaks, the latter of which took one and a half years to clear up, said Grant Laeity head of emergencies for UNICEF in West Africa.

The Sector Chief of Khounyia in Kaback Island, Forecariah, told UNICEF that this year’s cholera strain was particularly virulent (he has witnessed six outbreaks on the island). But the local health clinic managed the cases within a couple of hours, and the next day sent samples for confirmation to Conakry, the capital, 35km away. A full water and sanitation package was sent to the island four days later.

In late June Guinea reported 997 cholera infections and 41 deaths, with about 50 cases in Conakry.

Monitoring has also improved. Six surveillance posts have been set up in high-risk zones across the country to detect potential cases and respond to them immediately, said Beatriz Navarro Rubio, head of ACF in Guinea.

“In Guinea we saw good surveillance plus an early declaration by the authorities, leading to prompt action by all, which was encouraging,” said Laeity “If we could have what we had in Guinea across the region it would mean… when cholera broke out we could go and nip it in the bud.”

Coordination between the responding actors has been “very good” said Rubio. Inter-agency disaster simulation exercises had taken place shortly before the outbreak, so everyone was ready to step into gear when cholera hit.

Guinea’s Ministry of Health has taken a strong lead in bringing the Ministries of Education, and Energy and Water Resources on board to agree on simple countrywide messaging that is spread in schools and on local radio said Guarav Garg, a communications specialist at UNICEF in Sierra Leone. The messages have reached an estimated one million of Guinea’s six million people. “Coordination ebbs and flows, but they [the Health Ministry] are in control,” said Garg.

“Most of the cases have been addressed, which shows that the individual and collective prevention measures that we have taken are starting to work,” said Dr Hawa Touré, national director of the Ministry of Health.

Sierra Leone: slow

In Sierra Leone the response has been less efficient. UNICEF said some 2,742 cases have been reported since February, starting in Kambia and Port Loko in the north, then moving to Pujehun in the south.

A spike in the number of cases in Kambia town in late May “set off alarm bells”, said Garg, as it is just a 2.5 hour drive from the capital, Freetown. “Rains have come early and a lot of people live close to rivers and openly defecate - this is a bad combination,” he noted.

So much untreated sewage has been pumped into Sierra Leone’s rivers and coastal waters that much of the water itself is contaminated with the cholera bacteria, UNICEF said.

The Ministry of Health has tested and chlorinated water points since December 2011, but most people use private wells, so it is not known whether they have been chlorinated or not, Garg told IRIN.

Innovations in cholera prevention here include UNICEF’s community-led approach to improved sanitation - which has vastly improved public hygiene in parts of the six districts where it has been implemented, but Kambia is not among them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83127/SIERRA-LEONE-Communities-take-charge-one-latrine-at-a-time ]

Sierra Leone has two things in its favour, said Garg: improving WASH services is a strong pillar in the government’s upcoming poverty reduction strategy, and elections will be held in December. “The last thing you want is a cholera outbreak before the elections - they’re [the government] realizing you can keep on responding, or you can start to prevent,” he commented.

Priorities

As well as improving surveillance, better understanding the region’s cholera hot spots, and speedier government declarations of an outbreak, in a region with high volumes of cross-border trade and people-movement, coordinated prevention and response now needs to be a priority, say aid agencies.

In Côte d’Ivoire for instance, the current outbreak spread from Ghana; in 2011 cholera spread from Nigeria to Chad to Cameroon; cholera regularly passes between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau.

The governments of Sierra Leone and Guinea should quell further cross-border spread by quarantining the disease and creating a “protective shield” in the forested area between the countries, says UNICEF. 

And all affected countries need to carry out cross-border simulation exercises – as recently took place in the Lake Chad Basin – so agencies understand their role as soon as an outbreak hits. 

aj/js/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95837/WEST-AFRICA-Cholera-what-apos-s-working</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009141728560425t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN/DAKAR 10 July 2012 (IRIN) - After years of cyclical cholera outbreaks in West Africa, water and sanitation standards are still notoriously low in most of the affected countries, but in some areas the cholera response is working better now than in the past. IRIN spoke to governments and aid agencies about innovations and traditional wisdom for preventing cholera. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Donor fatigue forces WFP to cut refugee rations</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.

The cuts have already affected 16,000 refugees in Malawi’s Dzaleka camp who have been on half rations since March, while a further 120,000 refugees in Uganda began receiving half rations of cereals in May. 

According to WFP, another 100,000 refugees in Tanzania saw their maize rations cut by 50 percent starting from last week, and rations for some 54,000 refugees living in Rwanda are expected to be cut in August unless donors come forward with more funding.

“Even the full ration wasn’t enough,” said Sanky Kabeya, a 24-year-old resident of Dzaleka who spoke to IRIN at the end of March. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95259/EDUCATION-Online-learning-inspires-refugees ] “I haven’t taken breakfast this morning and many are in the same situation.”

Gustave Lwaba, another resident of the camp, said the usual monthly ration of 13kg of maize had gone down to 7kg, while rations of cooking oil, pigeon peas, sugar and salt had also been cut by half. "There are people in the camp who rely on relatives who've been resettled," he said. "The rest really starve because the rations can't last a month."

Michelle Carter, country director for the Jesuit Refugee Service in Malawi, which runs a number of educational and other programmes in the camp, said the cuts were “clearly leading to a fair amount of hunger… I know children are coming to school hungry,” she told IRIN. 

“The food is only lasting two weeks and if they’re on their own it’s much worse because they can’t combine rations.”

Noting that only a very small percentage of the refugees had any source of income, she said single mothers, unaccompanied minors and the elderly and disabled had been particularly hard hit by the reduced rations.

A protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Malawi, Gavin Lim, said his agency planned to carry out an assessment in the coming months to determine the full impact of the ration cuts but that reports of more women in the camp turning to survival sex were already coming in.

Difficult to become self-reliant

Most countries in southern and eastern Africa have an encampment policy for refugees which restricts their freedom of movement and reduces their chances of becoming self-reliant. Some earn a small income running informal businesses outside the camps but competition with often equally impoverished locals is fierce and has led to outbreaks of violence. 

In May, a number of refugees who were selling goods at a small trading centre outside Dzaleka were assaulted by local traders who accused them of undermining their businesses. According to Carter, the Malawian government plans to withdraw trading licenses for refugees from July.

Many of Dzaleka's residents have lived in the camp for over a decade. Indeed, an increasing proportion of refugees today live in what UNHCR describes as "protracted" exile (in 2011, more than seven million refugees had lived outside their country for more than five years). Donors are increasingly reluctant to shoulder the burden of feeding these long-term refugees.

Commenting on the funding shortfall, WFP spokesperson for east and southern Africa David Orr said: "There is inevitably some donor fatigue regarding longstanding or protracted refugee loads; these funding issues affect more than just food."

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95597/AFRICA-Donor-fatigue-forces-WFP-to-cut-refugee-rations</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>