<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Gender Issues</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 08:00:33 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>KENYA: Tackling underage sex work in Nyanza&apos;s gold mines</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104061331120640t.jpg" />]]>NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike.</description><body><![CDATA[NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike. 

The money Julie makes from the kiosk is not sufficient, so she supplements it by having sex with the miners in exchange for money; it also buys their loyalty.

"These are my clients and I have to please them, so I allow them to do whatever they want so that they can come back tomorrow. If I don't do that, they will go to my competitor," she told IRIN/PlusNews. "The miners have money and they pay well for sex."

Nyatike District is in Nyanza province, which has an HIV prevalence of 14.8 percent, double the national average. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ranks Nyatike as one of the 10 poorest districts in the country, despite the gold boom.

At any given time, there are more than 1,000 miners in Nyatike's gold mines; as many as 100 girls also spend their days there.

Back to school

One local NGO, Hope for Africa, has started a programme to try to persuade young girls like Julie back into school.

"These young girls need to get back to school and make their future. We have decided to have counselling sessions where we ask those who are ready to get back to school to do so, and we provide them with commodities that they might need while there," said Miriam Oginga, executive director of the organization.

The NGO aims to provide the girls with school supplies -including sanitary towels, soap and other personal effects - as well as food and even pocket money, to eliminate the reason many of them resorted to sex work. Since the programme started a year ago, some 300 girls have returned to school. 

Caroline Atieno, 13, is one, having dropped out to sell food and sex in the mines. "Now I am in school and I have the small things that I couldn't afford because my parents were poor. At the mines I could get money but I am happier here in school because I will get better money when I finish."

Involving parents

Authorities are also working to prevent parents from encouraging their daughters to hang around the mines.

"Parents here bless sexual relationships between their underage daughters and the miners because these miners have some money to spend both on the girl and on the parents," said Emily Waga, a senior children's officer in the area. "In an area where poverty is common, girls become the best way out of it for many families - at least that is what they believe."

Health workers say sexual relationships between the miners and young girls, coupled with low levels of condom use, put the girls at an elevated risk of contracting HIV. 

"Many girls who come here to the facility, whether married or not, are HIV-positive because they are engaged in sexual relationships where they have no power and the miners, like fishermen, are very mobile and carefree," said Ruth Adero, a maternal and child health nurse at Nyatike District Hospital. 

According to Adero, girls younger than 18 account for 48 percent of all expectant mothers visiting the Nyatike District Hospital.

Targeting miners

Hope for Africa's Oginga noted that in order for the programme to be sustainable, the miners also needed to change their attitude towards sex with underage girls.

"We don't just target the girls, but also the miners because it is they who lure these young girls with money. We reach out to them and use both hard-ball and soft-ball tactics - we tell them men of pride do not prey on young girls but at the same time, we tell them about the law on sexual relationships with minors," she said. 

Julius Owino, a miner, is part of a recently formed committee of miners against sex with school-age girls; it urges young girls to report miners who pester them for sex, but notes that many girls are too afraid of being victimized to go to the authorities. 

"Some of us are now buying [into] the idea that we have been wrong all along buying sex from people young enough to be our daughters; taking them to school is a good idea because it means they are far away from us," he said. "We are reaching out to our fellow miners to help end the trade but I can't lie that it is easy. It has been a way of life here and changing it will take some time."

*Not her real name

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94804</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104061331120640t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOMALIA: SGBV on rise in Hargeisa IDP camps</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202011314090053t.jpg" />]]>HARGEISA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Cases of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), as well as domestic violence, are increasing in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Hargeisa, capital of the self-declared independent Republic of Somaliland, with social workers attributing the trend to hard economic times made worse by recent drought in the region.</description><body><![CDATA[HARGEISA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Cases of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), as well as domestic violence, are increasing in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Hargeisa, capital of the self-declared independent Republic of Somaliland, with social workers attributing the trend to hard economic times made worse by recent drought in the region. 

"Numbers of the displaced have increased in recent months, with many families coming to town to escape drought; lack of a police presence within the camps and inadequate lighting have contributed to the increase in some of these cases," Shukri Osman Said, an SGBV coordinator for an NGO, Comprehensive Community-Based Rehabilitation Somaliland (CCBRS), told IRIN at the Stadium IDP camp in Hargeisa.  

The Stadium IDP camp, home to an estimated 5,000 families (30,000 people), is one of several IDP camps in Hargeisa where humanitarian organizations such as CCBRS have ongoing programmes aimed at addressing SGBV among vulnerable communities. 

According to Said, CCBRS has been running the SGBV programme in the IDP camps since 2006 with funding from the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. 

"On average, CCBRS handled between 15 and 20 cases of SGBV per month; however, we have noticed that the cases of domestic violence have increased dramatically; in 2011 alone, we had over 500 cases of domestic violence," Said told IRIN. 

"Our SGBV prevention programme has helped somewhat because the SGBV cases have started reducing; our concern is the rise in domestic violence, which is mostly due to men not coping well with economic hardship and ending up venting their frustration on their wives." 

The CCBRS programme, she said, had a component targeting those with physical disabilities and provided orthopaedic aids - such as wheelchairs - to some of the affected IDPs. SGBV coordinators from CCBRS also made home visits for physiotherapy sessions, provided counselling and psycho-social support and referred those requiring specialized treatment and/or legal aid to relevant institutions. 

"Most of the victims of SGBV are poor and cannot afford treatment in private hospitals; some cannot even afford the transport to public hospitals, so we help by referring them to the Sexual Assault Referral Centre in the main hospital in Hargeisa," Said told IRIN. 

"We also refer those requiring legal aid to organizations that help women seek justice." 

Hawo Yusuf, a member of the management committee at the Stadium IDP camp, said the committee supported SGBV survivors by helping them be accepted by society. 

"We help construct shelter for those in need of a place to stay, especially those who become pregnant; we help by tracking and [apprehending] the perpetrators, although our efforts are frustrated when these people are freed without being charged with any offence." 

Livelihood projects 

According to UNHCR Somaliland, Hargeisa is home to approximately 85,000 displaced people who have fled their homes mostly from south and central regions of Somalia, due to various reasons, including drought, limited livelihood opportunities and increased violence. 

"IDPs often live in difficult conditions, more often than not with limited access to basic facilities such as adequate healthcare, good shelter and clean water and sanitation amenities, ample security as well as employment opportunities," the agency said. 

"UNHCR engages IDPs in Hargeisa in various projects like solar lighting or animal husbandry that will equip them with the necessary skills to start up their own businesses and provide a better life for their families." 

CCBRS is implementing an income-generating project, funded by UNHCR, aimed at empowering woman in the IDP camps. Started in 2008, the project has helped transform the lives of the IDPs by providing them with better livelihoods. 

Fouzia Hassan, mother of eight and one of the beneficiaries, told IRIN: "All my children are now in school, thanks to the US$600 grant I received to boost my bread-making business. My business has expanded and I now make between 55 and 65 loaves a day, something I could not have dreamt of doing before the start of this project." 

Hassan said she can now take care of her family better: "I can meet their medical bills, I have built a latrine for the family's use and I have installed a water tank, this is now my home. It has changed my life and my family's." 

js-ah/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94775</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202011314090053t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARGEISA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - Cases of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), as well as domestic violence, are increasing in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Hargeisa, capital of the self-declared independent Republic of Somaliland, with social workers attributing the trend to hard economic times made worse by recent drought in the region.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: The true burden of cancer</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Breast cancer continues to be misunderstood, under-diagnosed and fatal, particularly in developing countries, say researchers, despite more than one million official annual diagnoses and almost half a million recorded deaths annually.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Breast cancer continues to be misunderstood, under-diagnosed and fatal, particularly in developing countries, say researchers, despite more than one million official annual diagnoses and almost half a million recorded deaths annually [ http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/cancers/breast.asp ].  

Even with growing efforts from donors and health agencies to draw more attention to chronic non-communicable diseases [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93756 ], awareness about cancer still lags, said Sara Stulac, clinical director in Rwanda for the US-headquartered Partners in Health NGO.  

"Just bringing up the fact that there are children suffering from cancer in Rwanda, the reaction I often get is 'Oh, cancer - Africa - I never thought about that'."  

"We're victims of our own success, which is very good news," Harvard University's director of Global Equity Initiative, Felicia Knaul, told IRIN, referring to declining numbers of deaths from some communicable diseases in developing countries.  The downside of that success is, "You go on to live through other risks and get other diseases", she added.  

The World Health Organization's (WHO) International Agency on Research on Cancer [ http://globocan.iarc.fr/ ] estimated in 2008 that breast cancer was the most frequently officially diagnosed cancer among women, with an estimated 1.38 million cases.  

It was also the most frequently reported cause of death by cancer for women.  

Eighty percent of up to 3.7 million of deaths by cancer - all types - are reported in developing countries, according to recent research Knaul co-authored with the [ http://ghsm.hms.harvard.edu/uploads/pdf/ccd_report_111027.pdf ] Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Developing Countries at Harvard University. 

Costly care  

Women who reached Rwinkwavu Hospital in Kayonza District in eastern Rwanda, where Stulac works, may have already unsuccessfully sought care elsewhere - often at informal or ill-equipped health centres, she added.  As a result, they frequently arrive at hospital with advanced stages of breast cancer that are harder, more expensive and more painful to cure, said Stulac. 

An estimated 70-80 percent of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at late stages in lower- and middle-income countries, according to Knaul.  But even with early diagnosis, breast cancer can mean a painful and debilitating death in cash-strapped countries where specialists are few and costs are high, said Stulac.  

"Over the course of just seeking a diagnosis, [patients] have depleted their family's resources."  

Cancer prevention and awareness campaigns are infrequent in low-income countries. And when cancer is diagnosed, treatment options can often include palliative care, which is scarce, expensive and stigmatized, according to 2011 oncology research. [ http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/abs/10.2217/fon.11.101 ].  

The Vienna-based International Narcotics Control Board says 90 percent of the world's opiate supply for pain relief is consumed in the most developed countries, leaving little for poorer countries. [ http://www.incb.org/pdf/annual-report/2010/en/supp/AR10_Supp_E.pdf ]  

Gathering data  

Knaul urged combating disease with data. "We have to help women to diagnose more, even when we don't have good access to treatment because that's how we'll get to know that the disease exists."  

Since 1980, breast cancer cases globally have risen annually by 3.1 percent on average, according to recent reports [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61351-2/abstract ], and continued rises are predicted by WHO.  

As a complex group of diseases for which there are few national registries, and ones that lack access to diagnostics and treatment, cancer's true burden remains unknown in many developing countries.  

"We need to research at a very basic level of understanding what the disease looks like. We need better data," said Stulac. 

Knaul's report called for public health systems to boost cancer detection alongside anti-poverty, maternal and child health, sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS programming. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93768 ]  

Breast cancer clinical trials in lower and middle-income countries can help boost tracking and prevention - sorely lacking and almost non-existent in some places, said Ismail Jatoi, chief of surgical oncology at the US-based Texas University Health Science Centre.  "Conducting trials in these countries is a way of setting up infrastructure within [health] centres that are conducting trials."  

While an estimated eight out of 10 cancer cases worldwide are diagnosed in poorer countries, research there only attracts 5 percent of global cancer funding, according to the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control.  

"When research and science have helped us come up with newer and better medications, one of our goals should be to advocate for bringing those medications not just [to] rich people, but [to] poor people as well," said Stulac.  

oja/pt/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94726</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - Breast cancer continues to be misunderstood, under-diagnosed and fatal, particularly in developing countries, say researchers, despite more than one million official annual diagnoses and almost half a million recorded deaths annually.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Male circumcision - women need counselling too</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) -  A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.  

 The University of Illinois' Chicago School of Public Health study [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/okeyo_ICASA_FP_abstract.pdf ] of 51 young women - presented in December 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa - found that most women were happy with the appearance of their partner's penis and enjoyed sex more after circumcision.

 However, the study also revealed that more women than men were likely to perceive HIV as a less serious threat - 51 percent of men compared with 76 percent of female participants, and to feel that condoms were less necessary following circumcision - 4 percent of men compared with 51 percent of female participants.  

 A greater number of women than men said after circumcision, they were more likely to have more than one sexual partner - 22 percent compared with 2 percent of men, and to have sex without a condom - 28 percent against 2 percent of men.  

 The study was conducted in Nyanza Province, home to the Luo, Kenya's largest non-circumcising ethnic community and the focus of the country's male circumcision programme. Since 2008, more than 350,000 men have been circumcised in Nyanza alone; the government aims to circumcise 1.1 million men by 2013.  

 The study's authors say the findings highlight the need to involve female partners in the male circumcision process, which has a strong counselling component, impressing upon men the partial nature of the procedure's protection against HIV.  

 "If women do not have a good understanding of the partial protection afforded by male circumcision against HIV, they may view circumcised men as 'safe' or even HIV-negative, just because they are circumcised," said Nelli Westercamp of the University of Illinois School of Public Health, one of the study's authors.  

 "It is crucial to involve women in the male circumcision decision-making, whether through counselling or public health education specifically targeting women. Couples’ counselling before the procedure would perhaps be the most beneficial for women whose partners want to go for the cut," she added. "It will not only clarify the concept of partial protection, but also could make a difference in the men's healing process and time of resumption of sex after the procedure, if the woman is involved and supports the man through the process."  

 According to Ronnie Asino, the district project coordinator for the Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, community outreach programmes target both men and women on all aspects of male circumcision. "We have community outreach programmes where we hold sensitization forums to educate people, including women, on the various aspects of male circumcision," he said.  

 Asino noted that married men were usually accompanied by their spouses and were therefore more likely to benefit from couples’ counselling before the procedure. "Unmarried men will show up alone and it is them whose partners are more likely to miss out on the counselling provided," he added.  

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94703</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southern Sudanese women face multiple risks - report</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112051302100173t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey. 

“In the home, the place where they should feel most secure, women face numerous threats,” states the report [ http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/facts-figures/women-security/HSBA-threats-in-the-Home.pdf ]

 “One in seven South Sudanese women will die in pregnancy or childbirth.” A married woman of childbearing age is expected to become pregnant at least once every three years until menopause, it explained. Coupled with low contraceptive use amid polygamous unions, this increases the risk of disease.  

Women are also exposed to “endemic” domestic violence. With fathers in many communities traditionally enjoying automatic custody rights, the "risk of losing their children forces many South Sudanese women to remain in abusive marriages". 

Widows are especially vulnerable, due to a lack of public safety nets. “Do they want to hear about our suffering? What will they do with it?" asked a Member of Parliament interviewee. 

"If somebody like me who is an MP and a widow cannot get any support, what about those women in the villages who have nobody to speak for them?" 

Hunger is also a problem, with high food prices piling pressure on already struggling families, adds the report. 

aw/am/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94696</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112051302100173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Unsafe abortions &quot;on the rise&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191259520657t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new study by the New York Guttmacher Institute states that the number of women having induced abortions has stayed stubbornly high since the last such report in 2003, and that the marked reduction in the eight years before that has not been maintained.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new study by the New York Guttmacher Institute states that the number of women having induced abortions has stayed stubbornly high since the last such report in 2003, and that the marked reduction in the eight years before that has not been maintained.  [ http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf ]

Almost half of all abortions are categorized by the institute as “unsafe”, and this figure is rising – it estimates 49 percent in this latest (2008) study compared with 44 percent at the time of the baseline study in 1995. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 13 percent of maternal deaths, and a vast amount of suffering and ill-health can be attributed to the consequences of unsafe abortion.

Abortion is a worldwide phenomenon, and although variations exist between regions, they are not huge. Developed countries have an estimated 24 abortions for every 1,000 women aged 15 to 44; the rate in developing countries is 29 per 1,000. Around one in five pregnancies ends in abortion.

Dr Iqbal Shah of the WHO’s Department of Reproductive Health stressed the universality of the predicament. “One should say that no woman actually wants to become pregnant to have an abortion. It is the result of an accident. And at the WHO we estimate that this amounts to 33 million accidental pregnancies a year, which of course can lead to abortion. And where that is restricted by law, they have no choice but to resort to unsafe procedures.”

The main author of the report, Gilda Sedgh, said: “Abortion laws tend to be restrictive in developing countries. The majority of abortions are unsafe, and some people are sure that those abortions are unsafe because they are happening in very poor countries with very poor health systems. And that is true, and that is important... but even within developing countries, illness and death from abortion have declined where abortion laws have been liberalized. We have evidence from South Africa where the abortion law was liberalized in 1997... the annual number of abortion-related deaths, within three years of the liberalization of the law, fell by about 90 percent.” 

Burden of death

Commenting on the research, Beverly Winikoff, of Gynuity Health Projects in New York, said: “Almost the entire burden of death due to abortion occurs in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Somehow, we typically act as if this were neither surprising nor troubling. But there are no regional biological differences in women that could account for this discrepancy; there is no procedure to prevent death that is unknown to practitioners where the toll is high; there are no costly technologies needed to avoid these deaths. If a lack exists, it is a lack of caring – a willingness to sacrifice lives to an ideological moral high ground, to social acceptability or to the maintenance of a political comfort zone.”

The figures show that a woman who feels she has to have an abortion will go ahead regardless of the law. The only difference will be whether she is able to terminate her pregnancy safely. The study gives no support at all to the idea that making abortion illegal stops it happening. In fact, it shows that the highest rates of abortion are in countries where abortion is illegal. 

Sedgh says: “The abortion rate is actually lower in sub-regions characterized by liberal laws, compared with [those] characterized by restrictive abortion laws.” But she adds, “That’s not to say that these laws lead to lower or higher abortion rates; our findings add to the evidence that abortion rates are especially correlated with trends in contraceptive use. Basically the higher the contraceptive use, the lower the abortion rate.”

Contraception funding

Thus a stalling in the availability of contraception is the underlying reason behind a stalling in the reduction in abortions. Sedgh told IRIN: “In some countries this stalling has been attributed to the funding for family planning not keeping pace with the demand, which has been constantly increasing both as the size of the population has been growing and as women and couples increasingly want to have small families. So the supply is not keeping up with the demand.

“In some countries it also has to do with the limits of the family planning programmes that are in place, which don’t offer a wide range of methods. So at first you can see an increase, as the need which is most easily met is met. But the quality of the family planning services needs to expand. They need to offer a wider range of methods. They need to make sure that information and counselling is there to match women to the methods that they need.”

Stigmatization

Sedgh and her colleagues confine themselves to medical statistics, avoiding the politics of abortion. But Richard Horton, editor of the London-based medical journal, The Lancet, which published the research, said: “We have found at The Lancet that the mere mention of the word ‘abortion’... leads to a phenomenal and visceral reaction against even discussing the issue. I was involved in a commission on women’s and children’s health last year... and in our final report we drew attention to the issue of abortion, and the American representative on the commission explicitly came to me and asked me to remove the word ‘abortion’ from our draft.  

“Even under an Obama administration it is not possible to have an open discussion about abortion in international agencies and commissions. And this stigmatization, this censorship around the issue of abortion, is what is causing the enormous distortion in priorities for women’s health today.”

eb/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94683</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201191259520657t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new study by the New York Guttmacher Institute states that the number of women having induced abortions has stayed stubbornly high since the last such report in 2003, and that the marked reduction in the eight years before that has not been maintained.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good progress in male circumcision campaign</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) -  The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania's non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.  

 "The response is good and encouraging. Government and health officials are very cooperative," said Charles Wanga, a communications officer with Jhpiego [ http://www.jhpiego.org ], an NGO affiliated with Johns Hopkins University that is working with the government to roll out the programme in Iringa, a region in the southern Tanzanian highlands.  

 An estimated 67 percent of Tanzanian men are circumcised, but prevalence varies from region to region; in some parts of western Tanzania, circumcision levels are as low as 20 percent.  The programme - launched [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91849 ] in 2011 - aims to circumcise 2.8 million males aged between 10 and 34 within five years. It focuses on seven regions in western Tanzania where levels of male circumcision are particularly low: Iringa, Kagera, Mar, Mwanza, Rukwa, Shinyanga and Tabora.  

 Wanga told PlusNews that the project aimed to circumcise 260,000 men and boys in Iringa by 2015; the first phase, which ended in December 2011, was expected to cover 20,000.  

 "Up to September [2011], 30,000 men and boys were circumcised under the programme, which reflects success of 150 percent," he said.  

 According to Jhpiego, most of those volunteering for male circumcision in Iringa are adolescent boys and unmarried men; older, married men have been more reluctant to come forward.  Just 38 percent of Iringa men are circumcised; the region has an HIV prevalence rate of 15.7 percent - about three times the national average.  

 In the northwestern region of Kagera, more than 13,000 men and boys underwent circumcision between 2010 and 2011, according to Songoro Biki, an official with the NGO, International Centre for AIDS Prevention, which is supporting male circumcision in the area.  

 "The response to the campaign is quite promising as more people were showing up voluntarily for the 'cut'; we expect to reach over 300,000 by 2015," he said.  

 He said the service was being provided at the Bukoba Regional hospital and Rubya hospital, in Muleba district, adding that plans were under way to provide the service at Maruku and Izimbya Wards, in Bukoba Rural district.  

 The programme - supported by the Tanzanian government, the US government and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - provides the service free of charge; male circumcision usually costs US$10-17. Tanzania has also trained nurses to perform the procedure, as the country has a shortage of doctors.  

 Three randomized controlled trials in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda provided evidence [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=62729 ] that male circumcision can reduce a man's risk of becoming infected with HIV through heterosexual intercourse by as much as 60 percent.  

 According to the UN World Health Organization [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502511_eng.pdf ], Tanzania needs to circumcise some 1,373,271 men in order to achieve 80 percent prevalence, which would potentially avert 200,000 new HIV infections within five years.  

jk/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94667</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: The downside of male involvement in PMTCT</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg" />]]>KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</description><body><![CDATA[KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ] it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.  

 Silvia*, a 33-year-old mother of six, now living at her mother's home in western Kenya, says her 14-year marriage was doomed the minute she followed her healthcare worker's advice to bring her husband for an antenatal visit after she tested HIV-positive. "I was tested and I was told I was positive; I asked if I could go ahead and just carry the pregnancy and the nurse assured me it was fine," she said. "She, however, asked me to bring my husband when coming for the next visit and I agreed."  

 She convinced her husband to accompany her on her next visit, but when he tested HIV-negative, he accused her of cheating on him. "He left me at the hospital... When I got home, he beat me up and said the child I was carrying wasn't his and he chased me away," she added. "The nurse thought she was helping us but it turned out to be a curse for me."  

 There is limited research into the area of gender-based violence following HIV-testing, but a presentation by the NGO, the Sonke Gender Justice Network, [ http://www.slideshare.net/evonleer/3-ias-men-and-pmtct-peacockvienna-2010 ] at the 2010 International AIDS Society conference in Vienna, Austria, reported that women's experiences upon disclosing their status to their male partners were often "complex and positive": some studies reported violence levels of up to 14 percent, while others stated that about half of HIV-positive women said their partners reacted supportively to the disclosure.  

 According to Beatrice Misoga, PMTCT programme officer with the AIDS Population Health Integrated Assistance (APHIA Plus), gender-based violence is more common in discordant relationships where the man is HIV-negative. "Male involvement has helped realize success with PMTCT programmes where it has been applied because prevention of mother to child transmission is a family issue, but yes, there have been challenges in certain aspects like the possibility of gender-based violence targeting women and more so in a situation where the male partner is not willing to be part of it."  

 Tensions  

 In 2009, Human Rights Watch cautioned [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87598 ] the Kenyan government to ensure that human rights were protected during a large-scale home-based counselling and testing programme; HRW noted that HIV-positive mothers - among them girls under the age of 18 - sometimes suffered violence, mistreatment, disinheritance, and discrimination from their husbands, in-laws, or their own families.  

 Some women, too fearful of the repercussions of revealing their HIV status to their husbands, opt out of PMTCT programmes altogether. "A woman comes to the facility but the moment you mention her man, she disappears and might resurface to give birth - some go to traditional birth attendants," said Julie Miseda, a nurse at Nyanza Province's Siaya District Hospital. "Some will tell you they are not married but the day they give birth, a man appears and claims he is the father.  

 "At times, involving both of them creates tension between them and they tend to keep very crucial information, for example, a history of a sexually transmitted infection, to themselves," she added.  

 Supporting men  

 According to APHIA Plus's Misoga, to preserve the benefits of male involvement in PMTCT, health clinics had to become more aware of the counselling needs of men. "Despite the disadvantages, the benefits of male involvement are immense and what needs to be done is to make these antenatal clinics male friendly. It is also important to give constant information and messages targeting men on the need to be part of prevention of mother to child transmission programmes," she said.  

 Christopher Mukabi, a local peer educator, says male support groups have proved useful in improving the way couples deal with an HIV diagnosis. "Bringing men together in male support groups and then using these groups to convince them to get into PMTCT programmes can help deal with some of the challenges, but stigma and alcoholism are still problems in getting men involved."  

 ko/kr/mw

*Not her real name

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94652</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IRAQ: New research highlights link between FGM/C and mental disorders</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201130942410803t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - New data out of Iraq shows what many psychologists suspected though little research had confirmed: Girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are more prone to mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - New data out of Iraq shows what many psychologists suspected though little research had confirmed: Girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are more prone to mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Results of the research [ http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0213-61632011000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en ] - conducted by Jan Ilhan Kizilhan of the University of Freiburg, an expert in psychotraumatology (psychotherapy for people who have suffered extreme trauma) - were published in the April-June 2011 edition of the European Journal of Psychiatry.

Kizilhan found “alarmingly high rates” of PTSD (44 percent), depression (34 percent), anxiety (46 percent) and somatic disturbances (mental disorders whose symptoms are unexplainable physical illnesses - 37 percent) among a group of 79 circumcised girls in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq, aged 8-14, who did not otherwise suffer any traumatic events.

These rates were up to seven times higher than among non-circumcised girls from the same region and were comparable to rates among people who suffered early childhood abuse.

Last year, shortly after receiving the results of the research, Kizilhan said, the Kurdish parliament in northern Iraq banned [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/25/iraqi-kurdistan-law-banning-fgm-positive-step ] FGM/C.

He told IRIN he hopes the results will also lead to more and better treatment of PTSD among girls who have undergone FGM/C, using special techniques which include the family in the process as much as possible.

The existence of FGM/C in the Middle East is less known than in Africa. Estimates of the prevalence of FGM/C in Iraqi Kurdistan vary wildly depending on the province, but surveys have indicated the overall figure could be around 40 percent. The region is home to five million people, but has just 13 psychologists and only one with expertise in psychotherapy, Kizilhan said.

ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94638</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201130942410803t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - New data out of Iraq shows what many psychologists suspected though little research had confirmed: Girls who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are more prone to mental disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Mutilated for venturing outdoors</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200906181101130265t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban. 

"When I hired a tutor so my two older daughters could keep up their learning at home, I began receiving threats," explained Salim Jan from Khar, the agency’s main town. He is in a quandary about whether to leave.

“The militants are still here despite the military's claims [ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8548277.stm ] of victory in 2010," he said. 

According to the autonomous Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), [ http://www.dawn.com/2011/09/25/taliban-fear-forcing-tribal-girls-to-join-seminaries-hrcp.html ] many girls in 2009-10 were forced to join seminaries due to fear of the Taliban. 

"Not a single girl got admission to ninth class in Bajaur, FR [Frontier Region] Kohat and FR Lakki Marwat during 2009-10 due to Taliban threats,” and no girls went to college in Bajaur, FR Lakki Marwat or FR Peshawar either, said the HRCP said in a September report.

Opposition by the Taliban to girls` education, propaganda against it through illegal FM radio channels, threats and the declaring of girls` education a “vulgarity” and un-Islamic, were preventing parents from sending their daughters to schools, it added.

Zuleikha Bibi* told IRIN from her village near the town of Wana that she had heard of women being mutilated by militants, for “offences” such as venturing outdoors without a male escort.

"You who live outside the tribal areas cannot imagine what fear we women live in,” she said. “Here, in South Waziristan, there have been cases of Taliban bursting into homes to `check’ on women's morality. My teenage cousin had her hair chopped off because her head was not properly covered, just a few months back.”

Living in terror

Maryum Bibi, chief executive of the Peshawar-based NGO Khwendo Kor [ http://www.khwendokor.org.pk/ ] (Sister's Home), told IRIN: "Despite the official stance that the Taliban have been defeated, they remain present in remote areas… Women live in terror and have told me their stories of exploitation, harassment or other forms of terrible violence by militants.”

She said accounts contained in a recent study by her organization, which spoke of militants slicing off the breasts of a mother feeding her baby inside her home, had been "verified" by field workers. 

"I have met displaced women who were asked by security staff at camps for sexual favours in exchange for food," she told IRIN. She said women also lived in terror in settled areas with Taliban domination, such as Tank District in Khyber Paktoonkhwa Province.

"The plight of these women is terrible. It will change only if male mindsets can be altered," she said. 

Asia Bibi, 19, who now lives in Peshawar with her family, said: "Every woman in our home agency of Mohmand lives in constant terror. The fear of being humiliated when we step out on the roads, even if we are covered from head to foot, is demeaning, and violence against women is common - not only by militants but also other relatives.”

Diplaced and vulnerable

In an October 2010 report [ http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Internal%20Displacement%20in%20Pakistan.pdf ] HRCP described specific difficulties faced by displaced women, who had multiple problems getting registered at camps and receiving aid. 

“Involuntary displacement can expose women and girls to a range of factors which may put them at risk of further violations of their rights,” it said. In a separate report on Swat [ http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Swat-Paradise-Regained.pdf ] compiled during the same year, HRCP noted women continued to face many difficulties, including a lack of access to education and a lack of mobility even a year after the conflict in the area ended.

In a press release [ http://www.unic.org.pk/pdf/PR%20UNWOMEN%2020111219.pdf ] commenting on the Khwendo Kor report, entitled Impact of Crisis on Women and Girls in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), UN Women said: "In crises situations, women are among the most vulnerable. During both relief and early recovery, women and children tend to be affected in very different ways from men." 

FATA are some of the least developed areas of the country, according to official figures, with the literacy rate for women standing at barely 3 percent.

*Not her real name

kh/eo/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94628</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200906181101130265t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA-SOMALIA: Dadaab leaders flee after killings, threats*</title><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg" />]]>DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.</description><body><![CDATA[DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 mostly Somali residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.

These deaths, and threats to other refugees, came after an agreement by refugee leaders to step up vigilance with patrols in Dadaab after roadside bombings. Police blamed the attacks on Al-Shabab, a Somali insurgent group, now being targeted by the Kenyan military in Somalia.

The police, one of whose officers was killed in the latest blast, on 19 December, believe Al-Shabab has established a presence in the complex. Some refugees told IRIN that police, during a robust response, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94528 ] had told them to hand over the “evil ones” living among them.

Police detained several people in two of Dadaab’s camps – Ifo and Hagadera - during the vigilance patrols.

A few days later, on 29 December unidentified gunmen shot dead Ahamed Mahmoud Mohamed, a community leader in Hagadera camp. Three days after that, another community leader was fatally shot in Ifo camp.

Both men played prominent roles in Community Peace and Security Teams (CPSTs), a kind of volunteer police service set up several years ago.

“These people were killed in the fight between Kenyan [police] forces and Al-Shabab,” one refugee leader told IRIN, asking not to be named.

“It is not safe any more to work as a leader during this critical situation. If you don’t work with the police the police will crack down, but if we cooperate, Al-Shabab will target us,” he said.

One inhabitant of Ifo camp, where residents last week handed over to police bomb-making equipment they had discovered, said: “We sleep with a lot of fear in the night, because we are afraid of being attacked by those who hid the explosives.” 

A youth leader from Dagahaley, another of Dadaab’s camps, said he left the complex after receiving “several threatening calls” and hearing about unfamiliar people searching for me in the [residential] blocks. 

“Since I was part of the community security team, I am very fearful for my life.” 

He said the caller had warned him, in Somali: “If you don’t stop what you are doing, we will come to where you are.”

“There is no protection in Dadaab, it is just [becoming] like Somalia. People are killed in broad daylight so I can’t risk my life there,” he added.

Threats

“There have been some people who have received threats who have been evacuated,” Lennart Hernander, Kenya representative of the Lutheran World Federation, an NGO that provides training for the CPSTs and is responsible for housing and security in Dadaab.

While these refugees had some position of responsibility in Dadaab, they were not all working with the CPSTs, he said.

“We don’t know why it happened and don’t want to speculate,” he said of the two killings.

The CPSTs “are extremely important in solving daily problems in the camps, such as domestic violence, arguments between refugees, queue jumping, all sorts of problems that occur”, Hernander told IRIN.

“They are especially important for the protection of women; they patrol the camps day and night. We are quite sure they prevent sexual abuse.

“We have to review the whole [CPST] system,” he said.

Insecurity in Dadaab has resulted in the humanitarian presence and response being limited to essential services only. General food distributions were briefly interrupted in late 2011, but resumed shortly before the New Year. 

“Now that the community leaders who played the role of aid workers are targeted, we will have no one to rely on. Delivery of services is turning very difficult. We are in a very bad situation,” said Hassan Bunow, a long-term resident of Ifo camp. 

All these factors, coupled with high food prices and good rains back home, have prompted some refugees to return to Somalia, according to Mohamud Jama, a community leader in Ifo camp.

“We know and have seen that many families who lived in Ifo 2 have gone back to their farms in southern Somalia. They had initially fled from famine but now there is rain. If you visit now, you will find very many empty tents,” he added, without giving details of numbers.

Police criticized

Several youths were detained on 5 January after community members reported bomb-making equipment found in Ifo camp. 

“They arrested our innocent children for no reason when we volunteered to cooperate with them. Now the whole village is in terror of the police. Other sections of the camp are afraid to give information [after seeing] how violent the police acted today,” said one resident.

Citizens’ Rights Watch, a lobby group, gave a damning account of the police response after it visited Dadaab recently, accusing the police of committing several gang rapes and looting and destroying property.

However, Kenya Police deputy spokesman Charles Owino Wahongo dismissed the allegations.

"Claims of police harassment of people in Dadaab or in northern Kenya in general are not sincere because nobody has ever reported to the police about these claims,” he told IRIN.

“If indeed there are cases of high-handedness by security agencies, including the police in their security operations in Dadaab, we are open to receive such complaints and deal with them within the law. Up to this point, we can’t talk much about them," he added.

mh/am/mw

*This is a revised version of a story first published earlier on 9 January

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94596</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>RWANDA: Aiming towards two million medical male circumcisions</title><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270750430610t.jpg" />]]>KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda&apos;s health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts.</description><body><![CDATA[KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda's health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts. 
 
 "We plan to extend free male circumcision services to all men in Rwanda - we are targeting two million circumcisions by 2013," said Simoni Kanyaruhango, head of the national male circumcision programme at the Rwanda Bio-Medical Centre. "The programme has, under the sponsorship of the Global Fund [to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria], extended the necessary kits ... to all district hospitals, which will in turn offer the service free of charge to the public." 
 
 The free male circumcision programme began in October 2011, and officials at the Ministry of Health say demand is growing. 
 
 "Here we carry out circumcisions every weekend but we are looking at including the working days as the demand is increasing by the day," said Christian Ntizimira, director of Kibagabaga Hospital in the capital, Kigali. 
 
 A large randomized controlled trial in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda found that medical male circumcision can reduce a man's risk of contracting HIV through vaginal intercourse by almost 60 percent. 
 
 In order to reach 80 percent coverage - a target set by UNAIDS and the World Health Organization (WHO) under a new plan [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94404 ] to accelerate medical male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa - Rwanda would need to circumcise 1,746,052 men; at present, some 15 percent are circumcised. 
 
 However, with a severe shortage of highly trained medical staff - according to WHO, [ http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf ] Rwanda has just two doctors per 100,000 population - the goal is unlikely to be met unless lower cadre health workers are involved in the campaign. 
 
 Simpler techniques 
 
 At present, the programme is using circumcision surgery, the only WHO-approved method. 
 
 The government is hoping for WHO approval of a device known as the "PrePex system", which delivers "bloodless" male circumcision [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91919 ] and would reduce the need for a sterile environment, anaesthetic and highly trained medical personnel. The PrePex system works through a special elastic mechanism that fits closely around an inner ring, trapping the foreskin, which dries up and is removed after a week. 
 
 "This device has been clinically studied and found effective. We are only awaiting approval from the World Health Organization Technical Advisory Group on technical innovations in male circumcision," said Vincent Mutabazi, lead investigator in the PrePex Clinical study. 
 
 "With WHO approval of the device, we could perform male circumcisions anywhere, any time or even run mobile clinics out to remote communities rather than have men travel long distances for the circumcisions," said Agnes Binagwaho, the Rwandan Minister of Health. 
 
 Education gaps 
 
 Messages on male circumcision have been widely broadcast using print and electronic media, and health centres are also being used to promote the programme. 
 
 However, many in the target population remain unaware or afraid of the procedure. "I know about it of course and I appreciate its importance, but what would happen if I don't heal properly or even heal at all?" asked James Nkuusi, a restaurant owner in Remera, a Kigali suburb. "Besides, my wives are used to me the way I am now - my size, you know. If I got circumcised it would be difficult for me to satisfy them I guess, and I would never let that happen." 

 Experts say male circumcision does not affect [ http://www.malecircumcision.org/publications/documents/Low_cost_leaflet.pdf ] penis size. 
 
 Rwanda Bio-Medical Centre's Kanyaruhango said the government had made significant progress in demystifying the procedure. It is also being careful to emphasize that male circumcision must work in conjunction with other HIV prevention methods to be successful. 
 
 "Male circumcision should only be one element of a comprehensive HIV prevention package, which should include the promotion of condom use, the provision of HIV counselling and testing services and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. And this is what we emphasize," said Kanyaruhango. 
 
 rkm/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94604</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270750430610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda&apos;s health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: New PMTCT plan needs men</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia's new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say. 
 
 "Among the pregnant women who come to our hospital, less than 10 percent of them come with their partners," said Etalem Gebrehiwot, head nurse at the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) wing of Gandhi Memorial Hospital. "Those who find out that they are living with the virus usually face a problem while taking medicines, given that most prefer to take it without the knowledge of their partners." 
 
 Studies [ http://www.search4dev.nl/document/185326 ] show that low male partner involvement is one of the challenges to the success of the country's PMTCT programme. 
 
 According to experts, men's involvement in PMTCT can have a positive impact on PMTCT by encouraging their partners to visit antenatal clinics and have skilled health workers attend the birth of their children. In a 2010 Kenyan study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ], male partner involvement in PMTCT reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared to no involvement. 
 
 "The biggest challenge we are currently facing is to convince mothers to get tested in order to determine that they are eligible for PMTCT services... the major reason for their resistance is lack of consent from their husbands or partners, who are more influential in family matters including this," said Aster Shewa, who supervises Zewditu Hospital antiretroviral service centre in Addis Ababa. 
 
 "Besides, after they know their status, most HIV-positive mothers refrain from disclosing it, which usually impacts the way they use PMTCT services and their effectiveness," she added. 
 
 Many men do not see the advantages of an HIV test; one father, whose wife gave birth to a daughter in November 2011, told IRIN/PlusNews: "We are married - what is there to test about?" 
 
 "At the moment, hospitals with PMTCT services are increasing, and we have to work hard in convincing pregnant women, along with their partners, to use health facilities with the service in order to reach zero new infections," said Aster. 
 
 New national plan 
 
 The national accelerated emergency PMTCT plan - launched in December 2011 - has three objectives: reaching 90 percent of pregnant women with access to antenatal care services; ensuring universal access by pregnant women to a skilled attendant during delivery; and providing ARVs to at least 80 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women. 
 
 An estimated 1.2 million Ethiopians are living with HIV, including about 90,000 pregnant women; just 9.3 percent of pregnant women who are eligible for HIV services are currently receiving them. The number of Ethiopian women who visit antenatal clinics is growing - from 616,763 in 2008-2009 to 796,099 in 2009-2010 - and the number of mothers receiving HIV testing as part of PMTCT services has grown to over 70 percent, but just 6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health worker, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf ]. 
 
 "The new plan will focus on increasing the quality of services that expectant mothers get in the health services and also retain those who are using it. We intend to work on both in the demand and supply side of the service," said Tadesse Ketema, a maternal health adviser at the Ministry of Health. 
 
 "Through the health extension programme, the country manages to create easy access for family planning services for many families and that has worked so far. We are now planning to copy that in the PMTCT programme to reach out [to] each pregnant woman and give the service at their convenience," he added. 
 
 Ethiopia's "health extension programme" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=72371 ] employs more than 30,000 lower cadre health workers to provide basic health care at village level. The government also intends to use "health development armies" - community groups mobilized to further government health programmes - to create demand and convince the community, including male partners, to benefit from nearby PMTCT services. 
 
 bt/kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94579</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Ten big stories in 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907170659220562t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It&apos;s been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about &quot;the end of AIDS&quot;. At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It's been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about "the end of AIDS". At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.
 
 IRIN/PlusNews brings you 10 HIV-related stories that made headlines in 2011:
 
 AIDS turns 30 - The first case of HIV was reported in 1981, and 2011 was a year of reflection [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92883 ] on the growth of the epidemic and progress made in the fight against it.
 
 In 30 years, an estimated 30 million people have died, another 34 million are living with the virus and an estimated 7,000 new infections occur every day. An estimated 6.6 million people were on treatment globally by December 2010, but some nine million people who qualified for antiretrovirals (ARVs) did not receive them.
 
 ARVs as Prevention - The little pills that turned HIV from a death sentence into a chronic condition could now help us prevent new HIV infections. In May, the HPTN 052 study, [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92710 ] a large, randomized controlled trial, found that earlier initiation of HIV treatment led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to the HIV-uninfected partner.
 
 Activists have called on the UN World Health Organization (WHO) to rapidly develop guidelines on the use of ARVs as prevention.
 
 AIDS funding - In November, poor funding forced a board meeting of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in Accra, Ghana, to cancel [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94293 ] its 11th round of funding, which was to fund programmes from 2011 to 2013. The international financing mechanism is responsible for about 70 percent of HIV treatment in developing countries.
 
 Earlier in the year, the Kaiser Family Foundation and UNAIDS released a report [ http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/7347-07.pdf ] showing that funding fell from US$7.6 billion in 2009 to $6.9 billion in 2010 - the first time funding has dropped [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93521 ] in more than a decade of tracking HIV/AIDS spending. Between 2002 and 2008, spending rose more than six-fold before levelling off in 2009.
 
 Disappointing prevention trials - In April, a three-country study, known as FEM-PrEP, [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92514 ] was halted after daily doses of the ARV Truvada, used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), failed to prevent HIV infection in the women participating.
 
 In September, the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) for the Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic (VOICE) study - which aimed to test the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of the daily use of one of two different ARV tablets or of a vaginal gel - recommended [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93847 ] that women assigned to the tenofovir tablet should discontinue use because the study would be unable to show a difference in effectiveness between the drug and a placebo.
 
 In November, on the recommendation of the DSMP, the trial discontinued [ http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3909 ] the use of the tenofovir-containing gel - and a control placebo gel - on the grounds that it was not effective in preventing HIV in the women participating in the trial.
 
 Gaffe-prone politicians - In November, South African media reported that Helen Zille, premier of the Western Cape and leader of the Democratic Alliance, while addressing a wellness summit hosted by the Western Cape Health department, called for people who knowingly infected people with HIV to be charged with attempted murder. She also questioned why government should foot the bill for people who contracted HIV through "irresponsible behaviour" and urged the government to shift its focus from the treatment to the prevention of diseases.
 
 HIV activists in South Africa were angered by Zille's remarks; rights organization Treatment Action Campaign [ http://www.tac.org.za/community/node/3203 ] called them "misleading and unscientific".
 
 Uganda's recently appointed health minister, Christine Ondoa, was in August berated by AIDS activists for comments she allegedly made in an interview with a local newspaper on 1 August. According to Uganda's Observer newspaper, Ondoa claimed to know three people who had been cured of HIV through prayer. 
 
 The two join a long list of blunders [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93411 ] by African leaders on the subject of HIV.
 
 Anti-gay legislation in Africa - As a new session of parliament began in May, MPs backing a tougher anti-gay bill [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92739 ] - which includes a death penalty clause for repeat offenders - said they would persevere with it, despite President Yoweri Museveni's calls [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87728 ] for them to drop it.
 
 In November, Nigeria's Senate voted to criminalize gay marriage, gay advocacy groups and same-sex public displays of affection. The bill must be passed by the House of Representatives and signed by President Goodluck Jonathan before becoming law, but AIDS activists have said it can only serve to drive gay Nigerians further underground and away from HIV prevention and care services.
 
 Western countries have responded to the growth of anti-gay legislation; British Prime Minister David Cameron has threatened to withhold aid to countries violating the rights of their gay citizens, while US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in December that the Obama administration would Use its foreign policy to combat efforts abroad to criminalize homosexual conduct. Following Clinton's speech, Malawi - which in 2011 arrested gay rights activist Gift Trapence - has said it will review its anti-homosexuality legislation.
 
 Threats to generic ARVs - According to activists, the European Union (EU) in 2011 continued to push for tougher intellectual property rules in its negotiations with India over the terms of a free trade agreement. India - known as the 'pharmacy of the developing world' - produces the vast majority of the ARVs used in developing countries.
 
 Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis is also back in the Indian courts, challenging patent laws aimed at preventing the extension of drug patents for minor changes in existing products, a practice known as "evergreening". If Novartis is successful, India will be forced to grant more patents on drugs than they currently do, which will keep newer drugs out of reach of those who need them the most. 
 
 In March, UNAIDS released a policy brief [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92222 ] to help countries make intellectual property rights work for them, amid growing concerns over access to Indian generics. 
 
 Contraception and HIV risk - Helping women avoid unwanted pregnancies is an important part of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, so when a study [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93908 ] conducted in seven African countries found that women who relied on hormonal shots - many African women use the contraceptive Depo-provera - to prevent pregnancy doubled their HIV risk, HIV programmers were left confused and disappointed. Published in The Lancet in October, the study also found that in women who were HIV-positive, using "the shot" doubled the chances that they transmitted HIV to their partners. 
 
 According to Jared Baeten, one of the study's authors, previous studies have suggested that perhaps contraception can lead to microscopic thinning of the vaginal mucous membrane and changes to the genital tract, making it easier for HIV to establish itself. 
 
 UNAIDS has called for more research and analysis ahead of a January 2012 meeting when WHO will review various studies as it prepares to revise recommendations on HIV and contraception use. 
 
 Medicines Patent Pool - In July, Gilead Sciences became the first pharmaceutical company to sign [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93213 ] a licensing agreement with the Medicines Patent Pool. The patent pool was established in 2010 by the international health financing mechanism, UNITAID, and aims to stimulate innovation and improve access to HIV medicines through the negotiation of voluntary licences on medicine patents that enable generic competition and facilitate the development of new formulations. 
 
 The agreement allows for the production of several of Gilead's HIV medicines, including tenofovir and emtricitabine, as well as two integrase inhibitors, which block retroviral replication, cobicistat and elvitegravir (both still in development), and combinations that include these medicines. 
 
 The US National Institutes of Health was the first [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90643 ] patent holder to join the pool when it licensed the life-prolonging antiretroviral (ARV), darunavir, in October 2010. 
 
 New HIV targets - "Zero new infections, zero stigma and zero AIDS-related deaths" was the bold new goal [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92962 ] set during the UN High-Level Meeting on AIDS in June. 
 
 The meeting concluded with the adoption of a declaration that seeks, by 2015, to double the number of people on ARVs to 15 million, end mother-to-child transmission of HIV, halve tuberculosis-related deaths in people living with HIV, and increase preventive measures for the "most vulnerable populations". 
 
 The goal appeared within reach when in December US President Barack Obama [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94371 ] pledged to provide HIV treatment to some six million people globally by 2013, an increase of two million on the previous target.
 
 kr/llg/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94562</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907170659220562t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It&apos;s been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about &quot;the end of AIDS&quot;. At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Low awareness of hidden FGM/C practices</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112070730060875t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - In certain cafés close to medical colleges in Pakistan, and of course within the institutions themselves, students studying gynaecology speak of some unexpected sights they have seen.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - In certain cafés close to medical colleges in Pakistan, and of course within the institutions themselves, students studying gynaecology speak of some unexpected sights they have seen.

"Recently, we examined a woman who complained of pain in her genital region. We were shocked to see when we examined her that she had suffered some mutilation of her private parts. I have read about these practices but I didn’t know they took place here," Zeba Khan, a 4th year medical student, told IRIN.

Though female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) takes place, the practice is hidden, hardly ever spoken of, barely known about. The country, for instance, is considered to be "free" [ http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_circ.htm ] of FGM/C, like a number of other Muslim majority countries in the region. Indeed, this view is widely held. "No such thing happens here," Saadia Ahmed, a gynaecologist, told IRIN.

But there is evidence which suggests this widely held view may be inaccurate.

"I can still remember when it happened," Zehra Ali*, 22, told IRIN. She said soon after her eighth birthday, her mother "gave me a big bowl of ice-cream" and then led her to a spare bedroom where an elderly woman spoke to her kindly, had her lie down on the bed and do "a terrible" thing. Zehra says a small part of her clitoris was quickly snipped off, that she felt "some pain" but mainly a strong sense of being "violated". She said the episode, which she "never forgot", causes her problems "now that I am married" and that she needed counselling before she was willing to consent to sex, "for psychological not physical reasons".

Bohra community

Zehra belongs to the Bohra community, a sect of the majority Muslim population which numbers some 100,000, according to official figures, and is based mainly in the southern province of Sindh. The Bohras are among the few communities practising FGM/C in Pakistan. 

Other groups which carry out the mutilation are groups with African or Arab origins, such as the ethnic Sheedi community [ http://www.sanalist.org/sana/newsite/pdfs/Sheedi%20Community%20of%20Sindh.pdf ] which numbers several thousand, came to the country originally as slaves during the 19th and 20th centuries, and is based primarily in Sindh. There has been little research on the practice among these groups.

Zehra believes that even today at least 50-60 percent of Bohra women undergo circumcision, involving usually a symbolic snipping of the clitoris. "In the past there was more mutilation, and I think 80-90 percent of women suffered it. More awareness has helped reduce the practice," she said.

"I have seen females who have suffered `khatna’ as female circumcision is called. Sometimes there is merely a symbolic snipping of some skin, but in some women - especially those who are not so young, there is somewhat more extensive cutting," said a midwife (she preferred anonymity) in the Tando Muhammad Khan District of Sindh, who has attended to Sheedi women. She said she herself did not perform circumcisions.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), FGM/C "includes procedures that intentionally alter or injure female genital organs for non-medical reasons". [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ ] It says an estimated 100-140 million girls and women worldwide are living with FGM/C, 92 million of them in Africa.

"Symbolic" cutting

Shershah Syed, a former president of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, who devotes his practice to serving deprived women, told the media [ http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2011/08/the-dark-side-of-custom/ ] he had come across cases in urban Pakistan where women have undergone the procedure.

"In Pakistan, with growing awareness [of the effects of FGM/C], they are now doing it merely symbolically, with only a bit of skin being removed. But even so, I find it to be in clear violation of human rights. There is absolutely no scientific evidence supporting any medical benefit of the procedure. In fact, it can lead to health complications," said Syed.

The WHO lists the string of complications that can arise from the procedure, including repeated infections, cysts, infertility, higher childbirth complications and the need for repeated surgeries.

"In our community, this practice has taken place for generations. The girls nowadays have it done in sterile conditions. It is rarely spoken of. It is just something the women know about and do," said Raazia*, 60, a member of the Bohra community and a grandmother. She says her granddaughters "will be safely circumcized."

"The impact is not just on health, it is psychological too. Such practices leave deep scars, and in our country these have not been studied at all, because so little is known about the mutilation of women in this way," said Aliya Rizvi, a psychologist.

*Not her real name

kh/ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 26 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94534</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112070730060875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 26 December 2011 (IRIN) - In certain cafés close to medical colleges in Pakistan, and of course within the institutions themselves, students studying gynaecology speak of some unexpected sights they have seen.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOMALIA: Rape on the rise amid &quot;climate of fear&quot; in Mogadishu IDP camps</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221039320333t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported rapes in camps for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, has risen sharply, creating &quot;a climate of fear&quot;, according to a civil society source.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported rapes in camps for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, has risen sharply, creating "a climate of fear", according to a civil society source. 
 
 "We have had the problem of rape in the city but what we are witnessing now is on a scale never seen before," said Mama Hawo Haji, a women's rights activist. "For instance, in the last two days alone, we have taken 32 rape cases to the hospital; in the past four months we recorded 80 cases."
 
 The numbers could be higher, Haji said, as many women do not report rape, fearing that the perpetrators could return to hurt them.
 
 "In many cases, the perpetrators are government security forces who are supposed to protect the women; this has led to a climate of fear in the camps," she said.
 
 Haji said one of the reasons for the surge in rape cases was the fact that there were many more IDPs without protection in the city - "be it protection from the clan or the government".
 
 Mohamed Moge, a human rights activist, told IRIN the government was not in control of its own security forces. "The TFG [Transitional Federal Government] does not really have complete control over those it claims are its forces."
 
 He said the disorganization within the ranks of the TFG was "a big contributing factor to the overall insecurity, not only rape".
 
 A civil society activist, who requested anonymity, told IRIN that in Badbaado, one of the largest camps in the city, a baby was killed few days ago when men jumped over a fence in an attempt to rape the women. "One of them landed on the baby, who died instantly."
 
 Many of the IDPs fled their homes for Mogadishu because of drought and famine and violence in the south and central parts of the country in search of food and safety. 
 
 Jooqey* arrived in Mogadishu in June seeking food for her family. In November, men in uniform attacked the IDP camp she was in and looted her food rations before raping her.
 
 "I had received the food that afternoon and they knew it; they took my food and honour," she said. "I want to go back home as soon as I can. I know who some of them are and cannot do anything."
 
 Jooqey said she was afraid to report the rapists to anyone. "I don’t want to suffer again."
 
 Roar Bakke Sorensen, communications specialist with the UN Population Fund, told IRIN: "UNFPA is extremely worried about these allegations we hear almost daily now from Mogadishu. We are scaling up our activities... Last month we trained staff in the newly developed information management system, which is a tool that we use to collect and analyze data, so that we can target our response and give the survivors adequate assistance according to their human rights."
 
 Protection proposal
 
 Abdullahi Shirwa, head of Somalia's National Disaster Management Agency, told IRIN his organization had forwarded a proposal to the cabinet to protect all IDPs.
 
 "We proposed the creation of a special unit to protect the camps; we also proposed that any member of security forces or outside who rapes should be arrested and charged quickly and given tough sentences," Shirwa said.
 
 He said his agency was waiting for the cabinet to act on the proposal - "I hope we will get a positive response soon." 
 
 However, Haji said rape was on increase yet the government was not addressing it and "giving the attention it deserves. They [government] seem busy fighting each other instead of protecting the public."
 
 She said women's groups were raising awareness of the issue and would continue to do so "until someone listens to us. We will continue shouting from the rooftops until rape stops." 
 
 Calling on Somali men to join women in stopping the menace, Haji said: "I want all Somali men to remember that their mother is a woman, their daughter is a woman, their sister is a woman and their wife is a woman. How would they feel if any of them was raped? I want them to feel angry whenever a woman is raped."
 
 ah/js/mw 
 
]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94520</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221039320333t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported rapes in camps for internally displaced people (IDPs) in Mogadishu, the Somali capital, has risen sharply, creating &quot;a climate of fear&quot;, according to a civil society source.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>YEMEN: Unrest puts child marriage issue on back burner</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112211256280976t.jpg" />]]>DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.
 
 Several hundred girls in Dhamar have been forced into early marriages because their families need money, she told IRIN. "The number of child marriage victims is increasing, but no one pays attention to the problem because of the political unrest."
 
 Draft legislation on "safe motherhood", including articles banning child marriages, has not been debated as a result of the ongoing political unrest which interrupted parliament business, said MP Mohammed Qowarah, adding: “If there had been no protests, the parliament would have taken good steps towards tackling the phenomenon."
 
 Figures on the extent of early marriage in Yemen vary, but all indicators suggest the problem is widespread. A 2009 report by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour estimated that 25 percent of all females marry before the age of 15.

According to an 8 December report [ http://www.hrw.org/node/103334/section/2 ] by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the turmoil which has swept Yemen since early 2011 has overshadowed the plight of child brides.
 
 "Marrying early cut short their education,” said the report. “Some said they had been subjected to marital rape and domestic abuse. There is no legal minimum age for girls to marry in Yemen. Many girls are forced into marriage and some are as young as eight.”
 
 Yemen's political crisis has left child marriage at the bottom of the political agenda, said Nadya Khalife, an HRW women's rights researcher covering the Middle East and North Africa.
 
 "But now is the time to move on this issue, setting the minimum age for marriage at 18, to ensure that girls and women, who played a major role in Yemen's protest movement, will also contribute to shaping Yemen's future," she said.
 
 According to Widad al-Badwi, a human rights activist, many rape and early marriage crimes go unreported in Yemen.
 "Women are oppressed,” said al-Badwi, who participated in the launch of a 16-daynationwide awareness campaign in the media [ http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?cat=142 ] by the UN Population Fund, UNFPA, from 25 November to 10 December aimed at fighting domestic violence.
 
 The HRW report concluded that girls are being forced into marriage by their families, and then having no control over whether and when to bear children and other important aspects of their lives.
 
 “Short-lived"
 
 "Marriage of child girls is most often short-lived. It ends up in the child bride having trauma after being raped or abused by the husband,” said sociologist al-Masri.
 
 According to Arwa Omar, a social science teacher with more than 20 years experience in several all-girl schools in the capital Sana’a, child marriage is commonplace but ends up in failure.
 
 “In some tribal communities, girls are engaged even at age five, but marriage may take place just four or five years later," Omar said. "Child brides feel happy with the new clothes and jewelry they get ahead of the wedding party. But later on, they pay a big price for that… A child girl gets nothing from marriage except dropping out of school and having trauma."
 
 Mohammed Ali Nasser, a judge at Dhamar Governorate’s penal court, said a dozen child marriage contracts had been annulled by the court in the past three months.
 
 "Child marriages fail as child brides often run away," he told IRIN. Such cases end up in court, with the husband usually claiming parents of the bride should repay him for the cost of the wedding (up to the equivalent of US$4,500), he added.
 
 Health risks
 
 "Birth-related complications are common among underage mothers in Yemen. Many cases of child mothers under age 15 died in labour," said Intesar Ali, an obstetrics and gynaecology specialist at the government-run al-Thawrah Hospital in Sana’a.
 
 A report by the World Population Foundation [ http://www.wpf.org/reproductive_rights_article/facts ] says girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as those in their twenties, and girls under 15 are five times as likely to die as those in their twenties.
 
 According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Yemeni women face a lifetime risk of maternal death which is nearly four times higher than the average for the region. The rate of infant mortality is around 60 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is among the highest worldwide. [ http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/gender/pdf/e08_yem.pdf ]
 
 "International donors invest millions of dollars on education and health reform in Yemen," HRW's Khalife said. "Without a ban on child marriage, none of the international aid will prevent girls from being forced to leave school and from the health risks of child marriage."
 
 ay/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94517</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112211256280976t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MADAGASCAR: Legal aid clinics help rural women</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg" />]]>MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</description><body><![CDATA[MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar's current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country's ailing judicial system. 
 
 In the southeast of Madagascar, women's rights used to be defended in special village councils, called 'anakavy amin-dreny' (the “sisters and mothers”). Although the village chief was always male, he was obliged to discuss issues with the head woman and the “sisters and mothers” had the authority to punish abusive husbands or male relatives who refused to share inherited land. 
 
 While these traditional structures still exist, in modern Madagascar they have no real power to protect women from abuses and the official judicial system has done little to address the gap. While the country’s laws put women on an equal status with men, legal institutions lacked resources to implement legislation even before the crisis. 
 
 An assessment by the Women’s Legal Rights Initiative, a US Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded programme, described Madagascar's justice sector as plagued by poverty and corruption: "There are not enough personnel, let alone trained personnel, or resources in the judicial system. There is only one forensic laboratory for the entire country; some police stations have neither paper nor typewriters." 
 
 The situation has deteriorated further since Andry Rajoelina's ousting of President Marc Ravalomanana in 2009. During two years of political deadlock, the police and the courts have virtually stopped functioning in some provinces due to lack of funding. The country is served by just 35 courts which are difficult for people in rural areas to reach. With illiteracy rates as high as 80 percent among rural women, even those who can make it to a court have difficulty understand the proceedings. 
 
 Local chiefs not the answer 
 
 Armandine Razanapako, 50, an inhabitant of Mananjary on the south-east coast, is a case in point. After she separated from her husband in 2006, he refused to pay child support for their three children. “I don’t have a job, and I had to pay school fees,” she said. 
 
 In Mananjary people usually turn to local chiefs to mediate in disputes, but in Razanapako’s case, they were not very helpful. “These men are good in resolving family quarrels, where everybody attends a meeting and talks. But when it comes to making a husband pay, he will have to take the family of the husband into consideration, so there was no concrete result,” she recalled. 
 
 Razanapako and her children tried to survive by walking 11km out of town to cut cloves during the weekends. Razanapako also washed clothes for neighbours and sold charcoal on the street. Finally, the head of her `fokotano' or neighbourhood advised her to go to Trano Arozo, a legal aid clinic housed in a cramped building next to the central market, where groups of women try to make a living selling vegetables. 
 
 “I wasn’t afraid to go there, as I was only asking for the rights of my children,” she said. “I went on 17 June and on 20 June I got money.” Now, when neighbours in similar situations ask her what she did to make her husband pay up, she sends them to Trano Arozo. 
 
 Set up by local NGO Fiantso in 2007 with funding from the UN Development Programme, the Netherlands-based Inter-church Organization for Development (ICCO), and the Ministry of Justice, Trano Arozo was southeastern Madagascar's first legal aid clinic. 
 
 In 2008, Fiantso set up two more such clinics in Manakara and Farafangana and in 2010, three more were opened in the south of the country with funding from the European Union. The clinics are under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice, but managed by Fiantso. 
 
 Justice within reach 
 
 According to Amélie Razafindrahasy of Fiantso, the purpose of the clinics is to ensure that justice is within reach, especially for women. “Victims are often poor, and don’t have the means to travel far to reach authorities. As they are scared, they often prefer to stay silent. The clinics help them on their way,” she said. 
 
 Getting fathers to pay child support is one of the main tasks of the Legal Aid Clinic in Mananjary where about 75 percent of clients are women. “The problem is that the men don’t have a lot of money either. We negotiate with them about how much they can pay; once they agree, they both sign,” Ratsimbaharisoa explained. “If he signs, and doesn’t pay up, we’ll send them on to the real court, but this rarely happens.” 
 
 The clinic's legal advisers serve about 50 clients a month and deal with marital problems as well as disputes over land rights and unpaid loans. Staff also do outreach programmes in the local community, organizing meetings at schools and villages and informing people about their legal rights. 
 
 "People don't know their rights, but they change when they get the right information, " Ratsimbaharisoa said. 
 
 “These institutions have become the road to take for the poor...They contribute to peace in the rural communities and help people to overcome their fear of stepping into an office.” 
 
 ar/ks/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94519</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221050020777t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANANJARY 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Legal aid clinics are playing an important role during Madagascar&apos;s current political and economic crisis, especially for poverty-hit rural women who are under-served by the country&apos;s ailing judicial system.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Helping women to end sex-for-fish culture</title><pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112191003560821t.jpg" />]]>KISUMU 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - For the past five years, Achieng*, a 35-year-old widow and mother of six, has sold fish on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria; like many women in the fish trade, Achieng often has to have sex with fishermen in order to get the best catch of the day, a system known in the local Luo language as &apos;jaboya&apos;.</description><body><![CDATA[KISUMU 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - For the past five years, Achieng*, a 35-year-old widow and mother of six, has sold fish on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria; like many women in the fish trade, Achieng often has to have sex with fishermen in order to get the best catch of the day, a system known in the local Luo language as 'jaboya'.
 
 "When you are a woman and you want to get into the business of selling fish, you must be ready to lose your pride and use your body for bargaining," she told IRIN/PlusNews. "Being ready to give sex as and when it is needed by the fishermen... it guarantees your survival here on the beach."
 
 'Jaboya' has long been associated with the high levels of HIV infection in Kenya's western Nyanza Province, where HIV prevalence is over 14.9 percent, double the national average of 7.4 percent. It is even higher among fishing communities. The Kenya HIV Prevention Response and Modes of Transmission Analysis 2009 [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTHIVAIDS/Resources/375798-1103037153392/KenyaMOT22March09Final.pdf ] reported that HIV prevalence among fishing communities stands at 30 percent, while an estimated 25 percent of all new infections in Nyanza are attributed to this group.
 
 An estimated 27,000 women are involved in the fish trade in Nyanza either directly or indirectly, according to the Ministry of Fisheries.
 
 Achieng says she is aware of the risks, but the immediate needs of her family override any concern she may have about contracting HIV.
 
 "You know you can get HIV... but then you remember you have a family that needs to be provided for, and you say, let me die providing for them," she said. 
 
 According to Charles Okal, the provincial AIDS and sexually transmitted infections coordinator for Nyanza, while efforts to reach out to fishing communities with HIV prevention messages have begun to show results, the continued poverty of women means they remain vulnerable to 'jaboya'.
 
 "Fish trade that goes along with sex-for-fish continues to be one of the greatest challenges in the prevention of HIV in Nyanza... There are still challenges which involve the economic and social vulnerabilities of the women involved in the trade," he said.
 
 Economic empowerment
 
 A recent donation of six boats to women's groups in Nyanza by the US Peace Corps shows some of the ways 'jaboya' can be addressed; the women are able to fish for themselves, eliminating dependence on fishermen.
 
 "When you have nothing, those who have something must tell you to bend over backwards for them. Now we have boats and we will no longer be at anybody's mercy," Millicent Onyango, one of the beneficiaries of the US Peace Corps' "No Sex for Fish" project. 
 
 According to Okeyo Owuor, director of the Victoria Institute for Research on Environment and Development, which is part of the initiative, empowering women economically is key to ending the dangerous fish-for-sex trade. "These women need fish but they don't own any boat. This means they have to play along with whoever has the boat and these are men who will demand for sex before giving any fish. But when you empower them to own the boat, then they have the ultimate power to say no to sexual demands," he said. 
 
 "Six boats might look small but many such initiatives can make an impact in ending the sex-for-fish trade if replicated over time. It is important to start from somewhere," he added.
 
 Many of the women trading in fish across Lake Victoria's landing sites have formed groups to help them save money to buy their own fishing equipment.
 
 "We want to help ourselves by putting some of our savings aside so that when we have enough, we can buy our own boats and nets and help each other. So we will have nearly all women who are at the beaches own a boat either individually, or as a group," said Lillian Rajula, the leader of one such group.
 
 According to Nyanza AIDS coordinator Okal, economic programmes must go hand in hand with other HIV prevention methods like the promotion of voluntary medical male circumcision, condom use and behaviour change communication. 
 
 "Apart from the need to empower the women, behaviour change communication targeting men is important so that they look at the women as business partners and not sex partners; these kind of efforts are ongoing and are being embraced, albeit slowly," he said. 
 
 *Not her real name
 
 ko/kr/cb
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94497</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112191003560821t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KISUMU 19 December 2011 (IRIN) - For the past five years, Achieng*, a 35-year-old widow and mother of six, has sold fish on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria; like many women in the fish trade, Achieng often has to have sex with fishermen in order to get the best catch of the day, a system known in the local Luo language as &apos;jaboya&apos;.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UGANDA: Challenging plan to eliminate mother-to-child transmission</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - A plan to virtually eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Uganda by 2015 by adopting a more cost-effective treatment regimen, beefing up health infrastructure and increasing women&apos;s access to family planning, comes with high expectations and significant challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - A plan to virtually eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Uganda by 2015 by adopting a more cost-effective treatment regimen, beefing up health infrastructure and increasing women's access to family planning, comes with high expectations and significant challenges.
 
 After heterosexual transmission, vertical transmission is Uganda's second leading cause of new infections – the country registers at least 20,000 new infections through childbirth each year. In the absence of any interventions, transmission rates range from 15 to 45 percent, but with effective PMTCT interventions this can be lowered to below 5 percent. 
 
 "We have not made a lot of headway on PMTCT; the interventions we have work [but] we have to make a new commitment," Jane Ruth Aceng, director-general of Uganda's health services, said during a recent meeting to evaluate the elimination plan. 
 
 Uganda started offering PMTCT in 2000, with the initial programme calling for a single dose of the antiretroviral (ARV), Nevirapine, during delivery. The programme was revised in 2006 to introduce combination ARV regimens, but the delivery of those drugs has not been consistent, something the new plan aims to change.
 
 According to Godfrey Esiru, the Ministry of Health's national PMTCT coordinator, there are at least 1,590 facilities offering PMTCT. However, success will require more than just a rapid scale-up to virtually eliminate vertical transmission by 2015 - a target in line with global HIV prevention goals; Uganda will need to overcome the structural bottlenecks and communication gaps that have plagued its PMTCT programme.
 
 A struggling programme
 
 Comprehensive PMTCT services - which include counselling and testing, the use of combination ARVs, safe delivery and proper infant feeding practices - are often limited to larger national and regional referral hospitals, but the smaller health centres that are often the closest options for rural women can only offer limited facilities. 
 
 And access to the health system does not guarantee access to PMTCT services; although more than 90 percent of women seek antenatal care at least once during their pregnancy, just 42 percent go on to give birth with the assistance of skilled health professionals. 
 
 According to Leonard Okello, country director for the International HIV/AIDS Alliance, the country's myriad problems begin with an ongoing shortage of trained health workers and basic equipment in the community health facilities that pregnant women access most frequently.
 
 "When the nurses know [a mother] is HIV-positive and they have only one pair of gloves, even the nurses... would find it difficult to help, because they're not sure they won't get infected themselves," he said. 
 
 The government has faced criticism for a perceived lack of political commitment to PMTCT, but with the launch of the new programme, activists are hopeful that the country will now give the intervention due attention.
 
 A cornerstone of the new plan is a shift to the World Health Organization’s latest guidelines on PMTCT [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241599818_eng.pdf ]. Starting in January 2012, Uganda will begin the shift from its current regimen - which involves single-dose ARVs from 14 weeks, during delivery and for seven days after delivery for women with a CD4 count, a measure of immune strength, of 350 or below - to Option B, which involves putting eligible women on triple-therapy ARVs from the 14th week of pregnancy until one week after breastfeeding has ended, which can be up to one year.
 
 Some activists argue, however, that Uganda should join Malawi and leapfrog both choices to Option B-plus, whereby all HIV-positive pregnant women begin combination ARVs, irrespective of their CD4 count. 
 
 "We are wasting money in debates, seminars, meetings, conferences on whether we should do it or not," said Okello. "Just do it [Option B-plus]. Let's get moving."
 
 Due to a cash crunch [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92043 ], the shift to Option B has been delayed, and the country opted first to transition all facilities to Option A, for which it had the drugs in stock. Starting with the launch in January, Option B will be rolled out in phases, first to national and regional referral hospitals, and then to health centres throughout the country.
 
 By February 2013, Esiru said the ministry hoped to roll out Option B to all facilities that offer PMTCT. It also hopes to introduce PMTCT into an additional 20 percent of the country's sub-county health centres; just 10 percent offer PMTCT services.
 
 Wider improvements ahead
 
 Under the plan, the ministry's reproductive health division will work to improve the uptake of contraceptives to at least halve the number of unintended pregnancies, especially among HIV-positive women. The unmet need for family planning in Uganda is estimated at 41 percent, and the country's population growth rate of 3.3 percent is one of the world's highest.
 
 Village health teams will also become more aggressive in reaching out to the community with rapid HIV tests, specifically to identify HIV-positive pregnant women who have not yet entered the health system. After birth, women need to remain connected to health services, to family planning specialists and to resources for testing their child's HIV status. 
 
 The Ministry of Health is in the process of consolidating all infant HIV testing to one lab in Kampala that has an automated system – which many regional testing locations lack. Through a network of hubs, government drivers gather blood samples from health centres around the country and deliver them to the central Kampala lab within days. 
 
 "Something that was two weeks is now something like two days," said Charles Kiyaga, national coordinator for early infant diagnosis, adding that the system made it easier to track down HIV-positive children and get them started on treatment quickly.
 
 Health workers will have to undergo training to make the transition from Option A to Option B, while new health workers will have to be placed in regional facilities and quickly trained. In addition, the supply of drugs and basic supplies will need to be consistent. 
 
 The ministry has not yet finalized the cost of the plan, though it is certain to be high. There is money available, though, both from the Ugandan government and donors. Funding from the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief will almost certainly make up the majority; in 2010 alone, it gave Uganda more than US$14.8 million for PMTCT, according to ministry documents. Officials hope that if the programme shows initial success, more donors will sign on to support it. 
 
 ag/kr/mw
 
]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94478</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - A plan to virtually eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Uganda by 2015 by adopting a more cost-effective treatment regimen, beefing up health infrastructure and increasing women&apos;s access to family planning, comes with high expectations and significant challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: HIV traps women and girls in poverty - report</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171301500296t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report [ http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/the_socio-economicimpactofhivatthehouseholdlevelinasiaaregionala.html ].

Women, representing a quarter of all people living with HIV in Indonesia, shoulder family finances when their partners can no longer work, or when they face education and employment discrimination, said the report.

"Discrimination against people with AIDS is still very strong in Indonesia, especially for women. Many HIV-positive women are being called 'bad women' or 'bad girls', but at the same time, many of them have to work more after their husbands were diagnosed with HIV," said Chya Wibisono, an HIV-positive officer at the local NGO, Indonesia Women's Positive Network. [ http://www.ippi.or.id/ ].

Women in HIV-affected households put in longer hours but were less likely to own their homes, livestock and vehicles. They were also more likely to be widowed and denied inheritance rights - the case for 71 percent of all HIV-affected widows.

Across all countries covered by the study (Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam), HIV-affected households experienced significant drops in incomes, savings, assets, and ability to buy protein-rich food.

Compared with non-HIV-affected families, affected families in Indonesia were 38 percent more likely to live below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per person per day - the second highest of all the countries surveyed - with more than a quarter of these households reporting having to sell assets to pay medical costs, the report says.

While antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV is provided free, the medication has reached about half of patients in need, compared with 94 percent in Cambodia, where free ART coverage has proven to be effective in reducing households' financial burden, according to the UNDP report.

"Real [progress] has been made to improve ART coverage in Indonesia. The percentage of coverage has increased significantly from 25 to 50 percent over the last three years, but this is still far from enough," said Nancy Fee, country coordinator of UNAIDS in Indonesia.

As of December 2009, some 18,000 people had reported HIV at an advanced stage, of whom 6,653 were receiving ART, according to the government. [ http://aidsdatahub.org/dmdocuments/indonesia_2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf ].

People were going without medication mostly because they had not tested for HIV and did not know their status; in addition, continuity and availability of ART stock as well as availability of certified health workers to administer the drugs were challenges, according to the government.

Different for girls

Daughters in HIV-affected families were also more likely to be pulled out of school than sons to take care of their sick family members.

"It is most often [girls] who are removed first. This is both to save resources spent on schooling, as well as to utilize the girl child for labour," said Clifton Cortez, health and development practice leader at the Bangkok-based UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre.

The UNDP report suggested conditional cash transfers - paying children based on their school enrolment and attendance - to encourage parents to keep children in school.

According to the World Bank [ http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/BSP/GENDER/Images/Women%20Girls%20HIV%20Education%20and%20Workplace_Joint%20paper_FINAL.pdf ], the risk of HIV infection is more than halved for young people, particularly girls, who stay in school and complete a basic education.

In Indonesia, 28 percent of women surveyed between the ages of 15-24 had not heard of HIV and had little knowledge of condom usage, said the UNDP report.

"No discrimination"

However, Nafsiah Mboi, secretary of the government's National AIDS Commission, dismissed concerns that women and children bore the economic brunt of HIV.

"There is no specific scheme for HIV-affected families or women, but everyone who is poor can ask for assistance. There is no discrimination," she said.

While a National Social Security System (SJSN) has been in place since 2004 - a basic framework for reforming the country's social security programme covering health insurance, employment injury, pensions and death benefits - the International Labour Organization estimated 54 percent of the country's population (mostly workers in the informal economy, employees without contracts and their families) were still excluded in 2011 from the national social health protection scheme.

Instead of small government-funded isolated projects, Fee from UNAIDS said the country needed a "universal social protection floor" - a minimum level of essential social services and income security for all in times of economic and financial crisis - to ensure everybody, including those affected by HIV, had equal access to healthcare and other social services.

Parliament approved legislation on 28 October that aims to implement SJSN and provide universal health insurance coverage by 2014.

sh/pt/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 15 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94480</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108171301500296t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 15 December 2011 (IRIN) - The number of reported HIV cases has tripled in Indonesia in recent years, curtailing productivity and trapping affected girls and women, especially, in poverty, according to a recent UN Development Programme (UNDP) report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Rural women make themselves heard in Durban</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112091110220734t.jpg" />]]>DURBAN 09 December 2011 (IRIN) - While heads of state and negotiators gathered behind closed doors at the 17th conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, more than 500 women from across Africa arrived by the busload at the nearby University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) chanting and singing.</description><body><![CDATA[DURBAN 09 December 2011 (IRIN) - While heads of state and negotiators gathered behind closed doors at the 17th conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, more than 500 women from across Africa arrived by the busload at the nearby University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) chanting and singing. 
 
 "They are refusing to sign the deal! We want a legally binding agreement with sanctions. Men, you don't know what you want!" a woman sang, echoing the same frustration that negotiators from developing countries are facing inside the UN conference centre, trying to push more powerful countries to commit to emissions reductions. 
 
 For the duration of the official conference, UKZN hosted an alternative, a "People's Space", where activists, environmental justice organizations and social movements converged to build solidarity at the grassroots level and pressure governments to take a tougher stance on causes of climate change. 
 
 The Rural Women's Assembly, a network of women's groups from more than 10 African countries, including Mozambique, Swaziland, Lesotho, South Africa, Zimbabwe and Burundi, came together in Durban, joining the civil society meetings outside the conference seeking to raise awareness about the impact climate change will have at the grassroots level. 
 
 A 2010 Oxfam report states that 75 percent of the world's poor live in rural areas and that rural livelihoods are especially vulnerable to climate change. [ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/policy/climate_change/downloads/rr_climate_change_adaptation_full_290410.pdf ]
 
 "You know, we feel the impact of climate change, but it is difficult for us to understand it. Sometimes we have a lot of rain, sometimes we have none at all," Ana Paula Tawakal of the National Union of Farmers of Mozambique, told IRIN. "The problem affects us as women because we are the main food producers and we depend on the rain. We are not like men, who can migrate to find work elsewhere." 
 
 The Durban conference, unlike previous climate gatherings, included substantial participation from NGOs. But many on the outside of the conference felt they did not sufficiently represent their interests. "Ninety-five percent of NGOs cannot represent us," said Mercia Andrews, director of the Trust for Community Outreach and Education, part of the Rural Women's Assembly. 
 
 She added: "There is hardly any or no relationship between the conference and social movements. They say that the negotiations are too technical for poor people and therefore they, the technocrats, have the knowledge and can negotiate. We are saying no, there should be no negations without us, that we don't inform. It is us, the mass base and peasant and labour movements, which hold power. We are the ones who can push for change. Both NGOs and governments must begin to realize this." 
 
 Resistance 
 
 In Durban, more than 6,000 people took to the streets on 3 December in a Global Day of Action, calling for climate justice and for a legally binding mechanism on emissions reductions. Holding banners like "Stop Cooking Africa" and "Listen to the people, not polluters", the protesters made their way through the city to the conference centre. South African activists made a link between apartheid and climate change, with banners such as "1948-2010 - it's just the same game for the same companies that equipped apartheid". Some activists called for the conference to be shut down entirely. 
 
 "For 16 times now, it's been failure by these elites to make a deal that will save the planet. And each group here has separate grievances, so there may be women farmers, trade unionists, democracy activists," Patrick Bond, from UKZN's Centre for Civil Society, told IRIN. "People are not optimistic because the balance of forces is so adverse. Think of the 1 percent doing all the deals on Wall Street and the London Stock Exchange. These are the same people that are here in Durban, and all they are interested in is their own national interests, especially fossil fuel interests." 
 
 As the conference comes to a close, the EU and an alliance of developing countries are urging the US and big developing countries such as India and China to sign a deal that will enable a roadmap toward a legally binding agreement on emissions reductions. 
 
 "It's really frustrating to developing countries that developed countries are not increasing their ambitions," said Rashmi Mistry, climate change advocacy coordinator for Oxfam. "We're really concerned because time is running out. If we continue along this path, it's been estimated by the International Energy Agency that in the next five years, we won't be able to prevent the worst onset of climate change." 
 
 zm/oa/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94436</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112091110220734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DURBAN 09 December 2011 (IRIN) - While heads of state and negotiators gathered behind closed doors at the 17th conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, more than 500 women from across Africa arrived by the busload at the nearby University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) chanting and singing.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Girls fight for the right to education</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071001340078t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Armed with only a slightly used copy book sent by her aunt from Peshawar, the capital of the northwestern Khyber Pakhtoomkhw’a province, Azeera Gul, 12, is fighting for the rights of girls to an education.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Armed with only a slightly used copy book sent by her aunt from Peshawar, the capital of the northwestern Khyber Pakhtoomkhw’a province, Azeera Gul, 12, is fighting for the rights of girls to an education.

Although her school in the tiny town of Kabal in the Swat Valley is still in a ramshackle state after being burnt down during the Taliban insurgency in 2008, which ended in 2009 after a Pakistan military operation, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=82864 ] Gul insists she wants to become a school teacher and educate other girls in her village. 

Gul is not alone in wishing to bring change to her valley. One story that galvanized the international media is that of Malala Yousafzai [ http://www.maati.tv/2011/11/21/meet-malala-yousafzai-13-year-old-pakistani-girl-nominated-for-international-children-peace-prize/ ]. In 2009, she began campaigning from her remote village in Shangla in Swat against the Taliban for the right to education for girls.

She was nominated for the International Children’s Peace Prize, presented annually by the Dutch organization KidsRights, for her pioneering efforts to raise awareness about the treatment of girls in her homeland. Though she did not win the award [ http://childrenspeaceprize.org/2011/11/21/michaela-mycroft-winner-of-international-children%E2%80%99s-peace-prize-2011/ ] , her nomination brought home the problems of Swat to millions in the country and won her national recognition [ http://www.firstpost.com/topic/place/pakistan-paice-awards-to-malala-yousafzai-from-prime-minister-pakista-video-q-F85tptgOU-226-10.html ] with an award from the prime minister.

“This award is a great prize for me. I want education for the girls of Swat,” Yousafzai, now 13, told IRIN.

She is not the only young campaigner. “I want to become a doctor,” said Ludia Bibi, 14, in Mingora. “That is the only way I can help people here and make sure women in particular get the care they need.”  

Maria Toor Pakai, 19, grew up in South Waziristan, where women rarely venture out of their homes. She defied tradition by playing squash [ http://archives.dawn.com/archives/87335 ] and is today a top-ranked national player.

“I knew my daughter was different and wished to encourage her,” said Maria’s father, Shamsul Qayyum Wazir, who took her to Peshawar in 2002, eager to grant her the opportunity she would have been denied at home. “We had received threats from the Taliban warning us to stop her playing,” he told IRIN.

Today, Pakai lives and trains in Toronto [ http://www.thestar.com/sports/article/1039040--squash-prodigy-flees-taliban-to-toronto ], her story inspiring others. “I always think of the hard rocks of my land, and how tough they made me,” she said.

But while such young women have fought back, others find it harder to do so. “I want my daughters to have a better life than I do, but it is hard here,” said Ujala Gul, 40, a mother of three girls who lives in a village near Saidu Sharif, the capital of Swat. “I am afraid they will end up as powerless housewives just like me, subservient to their husbands.” 

Determination

Even so, the girls seem more determined than the boys given the harder struggle that lies ahead for them [ http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2009/01/17/pakistani-taliban-force-girls-schools-to-close/ ] and the struggle they have had to gain any education at all.

“I feel I must do something with my life. Things here must change, otherwise lives for girls and women will never ever change,” Samira Ahmed, 12, told IRIN. She is helping to run classes near Kabal for girls who are not able to go to school.

“There are so many little girls here who could change the future. I have educated daughters and I know they can change the lot of a family. That’s why I want to help all those that I can,” said Mullahzai Tauqir, 65, a grandfather and retired teacher who now runs voluntary classes for out-of-school children near Mingora. “I think my efforts and theirs will one day make a real difference and create real change here.” 

kh/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94418</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071001340078t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Armed with only a slightly used copy book sent by her aunt from Peshawar, the capital of the northwestern Khyber Pakhtoomkhw’a province, Azeera Gul, 12, is fighting for the rights of girls to an education.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: SWAT women face dual burden</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112060914140708t.jpg" />]]>MINGORA 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Women in the Swat Valley in the Khyber Pakhtoonkh&apos;wa province are working harder than ever to keep their households running.</description><body><![CDATA[MINGORA 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Women in the Swat Valley in the Khyber Pakhtoonkh'wa province are working harder than ever to keep their households running. 
 
 To some extent this makes them happy, allowing them to reclaim lives put on hold during the militant Taliban reign, which ended in July 2009 after a military operation, allowing tens of thousands of IDPs to return [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85249 ]. 
 
 "We are no longer compelled to wear the suffocating blue burqas imposed by the Taliban; the girls are back at school and women are again working in the cosmetic factories, the schools and so on from which they were forced out," Aqila Khan, 42, a social activist, who once again is wearing a white chador, told IRIN in Mingora, the principal town of Swat. 
 
 But though militancy has receded, women in Swat face a double burden. The devastating floods of 2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90026 ] , followed by less intense but still damaging flash floods in 2011, took a big toll on agriculture, chiefly the maize crop. "This was our main money-earning crop," farmer Riaz Khan told the media [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/291499/high-and-dry-floods-take-their-toll-on-swats-agriculture/ ] in the town of Kabal in Swat. 
 
 The District Coordination Officer of Swat told IRIN that "reconstruction work in the valley following the floods was well on track". Bridges have been built by the military with foreign donor support [ http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/pakistan/highlights-faits/2011/PontChailShagaiBridge.aspx?lang=en&view=d ] and some efforts have certainly been made to restore livelihoods. 
 
 But still things are difficult and women frequently bear the brunt. "Lots of men work in the tourist industry here. Hotels and cafes were washed away in the 2010 floods, destroying all they had built after the militant conflict, and then there were major agricultural losses in both 2010 and 2011," Aqila Khan said. 
 
 Many women are struggling simply to put food on the table. "I sold the bangles I received for my wedding 10 years ago. It was all the gold we had but my husband had lost his job as a hotel waiter, and with the money we bought hens, goats and began replanting vegetables," Salma Bibi, 30, told IRIN. 
 
 Her problems are not over, however. "My husband is out all day looking for work. He is desperate. I tend our three young children, the animals, look after the fields, fetch water from a stream [7km] away from our village near Mingora, cut timber to cook and perform all the household chores. Other women work like me too to bring in money - but by the end of the day we are worn out. Look at my cut, torn hands," she said displaying her palms. 
 
 Taliban concerns 
 
 "I worry about the militants coming back because my sister and I were forced out of college for nearly two years and we cannot seem to catch up again. This means we cannot help our elderly parents by earning an income in the coming years," said Zaitoon Bibi, 18. Her brothers struggle to restore their fields and replant the peach trees they lost. 
 
 Many other women must take on the dual burden of earning an income and running the household as their husbands try to rebuild homes, lives and livelihoods. Given the acute losses experienced by the tourism industry, which employed tens of thousands, people are asking for more help. 
 
 "We have received no compensation and no help from anyone. We know that right now it is our wives who are keeping the households running. But this is unfair on them. We have to find a way to get back to work, and we believe the authorities must somehow help us," said Sharaft Ahmad, 36, whose wife works as a schoolteacher, as well as looking after the household and cattle. 
 
 "Things cannot continue like this for ever. We also live in fear of another disaster and somehow normality has to be found here so that families can live with some peace of mind and without continued strain," he said. 
 
 kh/mw ]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94400</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112060914140708t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MINGORA 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - Women in the Swat Valley in the Khyber Pakhtoonkh&apos;wa province are working harder than ever to keep their households running.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: More than just a word game</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021203540454t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - While poor countries are jostling to ensure the lives of their people are protected in a deal on the changing climate being negotiated in Durban, various NGOs, agencies and research institutes are lobbying to get a word into the negotiating text. They include groups who are keen on the words “nutrition security”, and others who want to ensure that “women and children” feature in the text each time the word “vulnerable” appears.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - While poor countries are jostling to ensure the lives of their people are protected in a deal on the changing climate being negotiated in Durban, various NGOs, agencies and research institutes are lobbying to get a word into the negotiating text. They include groups who are keen on the words “nutrition security”, and others who want to ensure that “women and children” feature in the text each time the word “vulnerable” appears. 
 
 “It is not opportunistic. We are pushing for the empowerment of women and the recognition of the words ‘nutrition security’ - by that we are addressing so many issues at the same time,” said Cristina Tirado, director of the Centre for Public Health and Climate Change at the US-based Public Health Institute. 
 
 “Protection and promotion of nutrition and health are essential components of climate-resilient and sustainable development,” she added. ”Women serve as agents of change. Through their unique roles in the family and child care, agricultural labour, food and nutrition security, health and disaster risk reduction, they can be instrumental in addressing climate change, health and nutrition in an integrated way.” 
 
 In the developing world women are almost entirely responsible for growing the food for their households, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Yet only 10 to 20 of every 100 land owners is a woman, says the World Bank’s World Development report 2012, which focused on gender equality and empowerment. [ World Bank report: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2012/0,,contentMDK:22850821~pagePK:64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:7778063,00.html ] 
 The weight of words 
 
 Including such words in the text of the proposed climate change deal can translate into money for programmes related to them, says Jazmin Burgess, a climate change policy and research officer with the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Women and children are the most vulnerable segment of any society - children even more so - she maintains. 
 
 UNICEF and Burgess were involved in a long battle to ensure the word “children” featured in the text on the proposed new Green Climate Fund, set up to provide money for those most vulnerable to a changing climate. 
 
 Recent research has shown women and children are more likely than men to die from natural hazards. A study of 141 countries found that more women than men die from natural hazards, the World Bank says in their report. 
 
 UNICEF notes that some of the leading killers of children - malnutrition, cholera, diarrhoea, dengue fever, malaria - are highly sensitive to climate change. Any funds for programming on any of these issues would now ensure that children were targeted, said Burgess. 
 
 Tirado has been lobbying [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91193 ] for some years for the inclusion of the words “nutrition security” and is among various organizations and forums - the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN), the World Food Programme (WFP) and NGO Action Against Hunger (ACF) - that have written a paper to position women as the catalyst in delivering nutrition security and health in a world becoming more difficult to live in because of climate change. [ http://unscn.org/files/NutCC/Paper_Enhancing_Women_leadership_final.pdf ] 
 
 Tirado hopes the significance given to empowering women in the Durban talks will influence countries to develop especially the aspects addressing nutrition and health issues in their National Adaptation Plans. 
 
 Empowering women and children works 
 
 Catherine Zanev, from Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction at WFP, said the agency's experience in emergencies has shown that “in the hands of women, food is far more likely to reach the mouths of needy children. Whenever possible, WFP therefore distributes food and cash to women in emergencies, empowering them to better manage crises.” 
 
 By doing this, aid agencies not only ensure their programmes are more effective but also have a long-term impact on improving the status of women, said Harjeet Singh, climate expert at Action Aid International. “So it is a win-win for all.” 
 
 The move has worked. Zanev cited the management of communal granaries constructed by WFP in Cameroon’s dry north, left almost entirely in the hands of women. 
 
 “After one year of operation of the granaries, the number of hectares cultivated and the level of food production had increased significantly, contributing also to social stability, as it encouraged the male work force to stay in the community. No more emergency operations have been necessary in the region since setting up the community granaries.” 
 
 Denise Coitinho Delmuè, executive secretary of the UNSCN said it was “very important that things are done simultaneously to be mutually reinforcing, empowering women for taking a catalytic role in improving nutrition. It therefore requires that from the analysis and design phases of nutrition programming, women take centre stage.” 
 
 She cited examples of such programmes from Brazil, which managed to reduce its malnutrition levels by 70 percent in six years. Women’s literacy classes concentrate on nutrition, including information on preparing traditional and indigenous food. 
 
 Local school feeding programmes in Brazil buy produce from small scale farmers who are mostly women and mothers of children at the school. 
 
 UNICEF's Burgess says climate change education among school children in parts of Asia has helped to spread awareness in societies with a high population of illiterate adults. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94375</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021203540454t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - While poor countries are jostling to ensure the lives of their people are protected in a deal on the changing climate being negotiated in Durban, various NGOs, agencies and research institutes are lobbying to get a word into the negotiating text. They include groups who are keen on the words “nutrition security”, and others who want to ensure that “women and children” feature in the text each time the word “vulnerable” appears.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
