<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Gender Issues</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 22 May 2013 07:30:55 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>The making of the Hyogo2 disaster prevention framework</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111208550461t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). 

Countries have since begun discussing [ http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=32535 ] what a follow-up action plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2 (HFA2), should look like. The results of these talks, a sketch of the HFA2, will be presented at the Fourth Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, which begins in Geneva on 19 May [ http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2013/about ].

A draft will be finalized towards the end of 2014, for consideration and adoption at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Japan in 2015. 

The HFA2 will need to take on a number of emerging risks and concerns. While the HFA has helped countries reduce the loss of human lives, the economic consequences of natural disasters have continued to rise. For three consecutive years, natural hazards have cost the world more than US$100 billion a year, according to data from the Brussels-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) released in March 2013 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ].

Additionally, disaster risks are changing: The effects of the changing climate are expected to prompt more intense and frequent extreme natural events, including floods, droughts and cyclones. Urban populations are growing, as is demand for food, ratcheting up pressure on resources like land and water. 

Accountability 

In tackling the HFA2, experts are discussing how to improve accountability. "We have a framework with options to develop good disaster plans in the Hyogo, but how do we make governments, agencies… ensure it is implemented?" Tom Mitchell, head of the climate change programme at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), told IRIN. 

Mitchell says one of the major weaknesses of the HFA is its failure to ensure that "well-crafted" disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies were actually implemented. The agreement is voluntary, and there are no penalties for failing to put in place measures to protect citizens. 

"Because it [HFA] is voluntary, we have to ask how… effective it can be," remarked Frank Thomalla, senior research fellow with the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) in Asia. 

Some question whether the world should consider a legal disaster-prevention treaty with a provision for penalties. 

The new plan’s timing is significant for the global community; 2015 also marks the end of the Millennium Development Goals and possibly the implementation of new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are still under discussion. A new agreement on addressing and adapting to climate change is also likely to be put into place around that time. Aid agencies and think tanks are all calling on the global community to consider the synergies among these policy-shaping developments. 

Many observers now question whether DRR policies should become a part of the legal climate deal, which might ensure their implementation. Countries’ DRR activities are increasingly considered part of their climate change adaptation plans, and are being funded as such. 

But there is no appetite for a legal treaty on DRR, says UNISDR's McFarlane. 

Harjeet Singh, ActionAid's international coordinator for DRR and climate change adaptation (CAA), says he is uncertain if a legal treaty “will bring about a dramatic change… After all, we have seen how [the UN’s] climate convention (UNFCCC) … failed to deliver in the last 20 years." 

Besides, the climate change deal will not consider geophysical events such as earthquakes and other triggers of potential disasters unrelated to climate, he added. 

That fact, plus the range of social and economic factors contributing to disaster risk, calls into question the rationale for viewing DRR, CCA and development from a purely climatological perspective, SEI's Thomalla told IRIN in an email. 

But the Cancun Adaptation Framework adopted by countries at the UNFCCC talks in Mexico in 2010 urges countries to implement the HFA, so it does make it a part of a stronger commitment linked to climate change says UNISDR's MacFarlane. 

Taking measurements 

Under the HFA, countries are required to report on how far they have complied with implementing DRR strategies and policies. But how "reliable is this data?" asked Thomalla. "How much opportunity is there for governments to 'manipulate' the information in order to be seen to be doing something?” 

For instance, a country might report to the HFA that it has established an early warning system to reduce hazard vulnerability. “But how can we be sure that the system works…? That people know how to respond to the warnings?” Thomalla said. 

There is no proper baseline at the start of HFA, nor are there specific targets for countries to follow, said Singh. 

"Targets and milestones for implementation should... be relevant and realistic for each country and agreed on through multi-stakeholder consultations," noted Mitchell in a briefing paper co-authored with colleague Emily Wilkinson [ http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/6663-disaster-risk-management-sustainable-development-policy-post2015 ].

McFarlane and Mitchell suggest the development of a peer-review mechanism, which is just taking off in some developed countries, could be an effective way to ensure countries comply. 

UNISDR Chief Margareta Wahlstrom said there has been a change in mindset since HFA: “The most visible signs of this change are summarized by the facts that 121 countries have enacted legislation aimed at reducing the potential impact of disasters, and 56 countries have national disaster-loss databases, which illustrates the growing recognition that you cannot manage risk management if you are not measuring your disaster losses." 

Mitchell’s ODI briefing paper also suggests "a human rights approach, in which countries fulfil obligations to respect, protect and fulfil basic human rights, including the 'right to safety' of vulnerable people exposed to hazards." 

This suggestion has support. Singh says, “Legislation to ensure safety and security of people is a good first step.” But it has to be implemented effectively all the way down to the community level, and must take into account the voices of the poor and women, he added. 

Thomalla says a rights-based approach would be a good way to address DRR "because many of the drivers of vulnerability result from inequality and marginalization, meaning certain regions and social groups are more vulnerable to hazards than others and are more strongly affected by the impacts.” 

But, again, creating global legislation could be problematic, he noted. "Monitoring and enforcement will also be difficult. Rich countries must come forward to provide resources and transfer skills to developing countries to reduce disaster risks." 

Resilience is key 

Most experts pin their hopes on the new-found interest in "building resilience". Resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97584/105/ ] is billed as a concept that will better link development, DRR and CCA by bringing the humanitarian aid community, which deals with disasters, closer together with development agencies. A focus on resilience might also help push for the implementation of DRR plans and promote funding. 

“The current separation of what is mainly [a] humanitarian response to disasters, through DRR and CCA, from business-as-usual development funding no longer makes sense," said Thomalla. 

In fact, disasters routinely reverse development gains. For example, floods in Thailand in 2012 cost three percent of the country’s annual GDP, affected education and caused the loss of vulnerable families’ household assets. 

“New development goals must factor in risk, whereby all goals, to the extent possible, are risk- informed,” said Antony Spalton, the DRR specialist with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). "Given the significance of the risks posed by climate change, fragility and conflict, a post-2015 framework that better draws together DRR, climate change adaptation and conflict prevention/peace building under a goal or target for resilience could be considered.” 

UNISDR has already drafted a resilience-based disaster plan for the post-2015 development agenda, the Plan of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. It calls for an assurance that “DRR for resilience” is central to post-2015 development agreements and targets. It calls for timely, coordinated and high-quality assistance to countries where disaster losses pose a threat to development, and for making DRR a priority for UN funds, programmes and specialized agencies. 

Singh says countries "should develop a comprehensive resilience strategy rather than a piecemeal …strategy, when ‘pushed’ by donors.” 

Building resilience to a range of changes and risks does make sense, according to Thomalla. But we have a long way to go. 

"While we have made a lot of progress in thinking about resilience as a unifying concept, we need to strengthen our methods and tools to help… develop the institutions and governance structures that enhance resilience and enable them to measure and demonstrate success," he said. 

Ultimately, Singh says, "it all depends on the willingness of country governments to take concrete steps from local to national levels and enhance [the] resilience of poor and vulnerable communities." 

McFarlane says there are lots of ideas and suggestions on the table. Stay tuned. 

jk/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98058/The-making-of-the-Hyogo2-disaster-prevention-framework</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111208550461t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Microcredit helps small businesses buck the system in Madagascar</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161340310590t.jpg" />]]>TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future.</description><body><![CDATA[TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future. 

“Before, I used to make 10,000 to 20,000 ariary (US$4.50 to $9) a day. Now, with the credit, I can make double that amount,” she told IRIN. “I can put my four [grand]children in school, buy some livestock and save the rest of the money. Eventually, I plan to sell other goods also, like rice and other local products,” Sija said. 

Madagascar’s microfinance sector was established in 1990, but it began to experience rapid growth only in the last 10 years; it was worth about 22.7 billion ariary ($10 million) in 2002, and by 2011, it was valued at about 244.4 billion ariary ($112 million) [ http://www.iss.nl/fileadmin/ASSETS/iss/Documents/Research_and_projects/Unlocking_potential_Microfinance.pdf ].

Microfinance is seen as a vehicle to help Madagascar attain some of its Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly the goal on eradicating extreme poverty. The UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) [ http://www.uncdf.org/ ] says about 85 percent of the population lives on less than $1.25 a day. 

The poor often lack access to formal banking and credit services; according to some estimates, only 2 percent of low-income households have access to credit. Instead, they rely on informal money lenders, who charge annual interest rates for unsecured loans of between 120 to 400 percent - compared with microfinance institutions’ (MFI) average rate of 36 percent for the same period, or between 2 and 4 percent a month. (The country’s annual inflation rate was pegged at 5.4 percent in March 2013.) [ http://www.instat.mg ] 

Madagascar’s microfinance sector has about 31 players, which include state, foreign investor and donor-supported initiatives, operating under a legal framework and regulated by Madagascar’s Central Bank [ http://www.banque-centrale.mg ].

Since 2011, the UN Development Programme (UNDP) [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home.html ] and UNCDF have jointly managed the $350,000 Support Programme for Inclusive Finance for Madagascar (PAFIM) [ http://www.uncdf.org/en/madagascar ], which operates through three MFIs and charges a zero interest rate on loans. 

“Through this mechanism we have good hope that the cycle of poverty caused by poor farmers’ debts will be broken,” Fatma Samoura, UNDP’s country representative, told IRIN. 

Education needed 

“People in Madagascar need to work together and the poor here need a direct approach to development. The products are there, but people also need the right education to be able to access them,” said Harinavalona Rajaonah, who works at Ombona Tahiry Ifampisamborana Vola (OTIV), one of the UNDP-partnered microfinance organizations. 

“We have tried to put a culture of credit access into place here. The hardest part is to change the mentality of the people,” Jean Olivier Razafimanantsoa, regional director of the Central Bank-registered credit cooperative Caisses d'Epargne et de Crédit Agricole Mutuelles (CECAM), told IRIN. 

“We work together with other organizations in the city, as some people are a member [of other MFIs] everywhere, and so they take out too many loans. Also, the farmers tend to overestimate how much they need. They want us to finance their rice crop, which is worth 700,000 ariary ($321), but they’ll come and ask for two million ($917). When you ask them how they got to this amount, they don’t know,” he said. 

All microloan borrowers receive business advice, but with technical assistance and funding from UNDP, microfinance players have also established microcredit education programmes aimed at vulnerable groups. 

One such programme, run by CECAM, mainly targets poor female street vendors. Razafimanantsoa says the programme has 1,303 clients, including Sija and other women from St Augustin Village. The women must save between 200 and 400 ariary ($0.09 to $0.18) a week, as part of the initial loan agreement. 

They are then enrolled in lending system that goes through nine cycles, the first entitling the recipient to an 80,000 ariary ($36) loan. Each time the clients repay a loan, they are eligible for another, with progressively higher loan ceilings up to 300,000 ariary ($137). Repayment schedules range from a few months to a year. The programme also offers education on basic money management, family planning and health issues. 

After completing all the cycles, the women become eligible for CECAM’s normal commercial microcredit system. 

“Right now, our goal is for these women to eat three times a day and feed their children, but eventually, they should be able to build up a guarantee to get a commercial business going and enter into the regular CECAM system,” Razafimanantsoa said. 

Cyclone 

The weekly obligatory savings plan acts as a buffer against hard times, which is especially important in this cyclone-prone country. 

After Cyclone Haruna struck Madagascar in February [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97805/Consecutive-catastrophes-hit-Madagascar-s-farmers ], many of CECAM’s clients in Toliara, the regional capital of Atsimo-Andrefana Region, were left penniless. 

“The first weeks, we didn’t give out any more loans, as we were afraid people would just use the money to eat. We are now helping some of the women who have lost their homes to reschedule their loans,” Razafimanantsoa said. 

Prisca, 33, who did not provide her family name, from Belem, a district of Toliara, had entered her second credit cycle, and was using the capital to buy eggs from producers to sell at the market. “After I got the microcredit, I went from selling 100 eggs a day to selling up to 300. I could send the children to a private school and was able to buy some chickens,” she told IRIN. 

But she was left homeless in the wake of the cyclone, and now lives in a displacement camp, sharing a tent with 10 others. “We left with only the clothes on our back. The first week we stayed in a school. Then the BNGRC [National Disaster Risk Reduction Office] came to give us these tents,” she said. 

Prisca owes a 44,000 ariary ($20) debt to CECAM, and in the interim has enrolled in a cash-for-work project. “We’re working to rehabilitate the roads, earning 24,000 ariary ($11) a week. I want to pay the CECAM [debt] first, as that will enable me to take out a new loan. Then, I can earn money again and rebuild the house little by little. This credit is what takes care of our daily needs,” she said. 

In the wake of the disaster, Sija, the fishmonger, was grateful for the loan’s savings requirement. “We pay back our loans from our savings,” she said. “After the cyclone in February, we had some problems paying, as there were no more goods to sell, so it was good I had saved up some money.” 

Growing businesses 

The programmes are working. 

Hanisoa Ravalison, 43, operates a small roadside restaurant selling sausages and simple meals in the village of Ambanitsena, about 26km east of Antananarivo, the capital. Following a visit by an OTIV agent, who recruits prospective clients, Ravalison decided to expand her business. 

“At first, I borrowed money to renovate and enlarge the snack bar and to buy a fridge,” she told IRIN. “Now, I use money to buy more goods, so I can make more profit.” 

Ravalison is in the tenth borrowing cycle of OTIV’s 12 cycles - which have an initial loan of 60,000 ariary ($27.50) and reach a loan ceiling of 440,000 ariary ($201). 

“Before I received training, I just used the money I made to buy whatever was needed. Now, I separate personal expenses and money for the business. I also know the difference between sales and profits and know that I need to use part of the profits to make the company run.” 

On a good day, her restaurant takes in 85,000 ariary ($39). “During holidays and festivals, we sell as many as 100kg of sausages,” she said. 

Her husband has set up a second restaurant, and two of their five children work in the family businesses. Ravalison said her next business plan was to open a wholesale food business. 

Liva Harininana Ramanatenasoa began a small business selling charcoal in Ambanitsena. “One day, an agent from OTIV came along and explained that, with microcredit, I could do better,” she told IRIN. 

With the first loan, Ramanatenasoa bought more charcoal. “Without credit, I would be able to buy 10 bags maximum, but with credit, I could afford as many as 22, so I made a lot more profit,” she said. 

Two years after first enrolling in the microcredit scheme, Ramanatenasoa used the profits from her charcoal business to buy the rights to a stone quarry for 200,000 ariary ($90). She now employs a staff of 14. Profits from the business have enabled her to build a house and put her children in school. 

“If it wasn’t for the credit, I would have still been selling coal,” she said. 

ar/go/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98050/Microcredit-helps-small-businesses-buck-the-system-in-Madagascar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161340310590t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">TOLIARA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Justine Sija, 60, begins her day at 4am, when she buys catch from local fishermen to hawk on the streets of St Augustin Village, in Madagascar’s southern Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The work is hard, but in the last year, access to microcredit has boosted both her business and her hope for the future.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Circumcision plans go awry in Swaziland</title><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270744480110t.jpg" />]]>MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcise the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world&apos;s highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong?</description><body><![CDATA[MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcise the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world's highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong? 

“First they told me that circumcision will not really protect me against HIV. Then they tell me that I cannot have sex for some weeks or months after circumcision. I told them ‘fusaki’ [get out]!” Eric Dlamini, a 22-year-old law student, told IRIN. 

These views are at the heart of the failure of the Accelerated Saturation Initiative (ASI) to achieve more than a fraction of its targeted goal, the circumcision of 80 percent of Swazi males between ages 15 and 49 within a year. 

The programme, a partnership between the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the US-based Futures Group, was launched in 2010, and extended to 30 March 2012 when initial efforts showed a failure to achieve targeted results. But only about 20 percent - or 32,000 - of the targeted demographic were circumcised through the programme. 

US$15.5 million was spent on the programme, or $484 per circumcised male. 

“We do not believe [ASI] was a failure but an additional prevention measure that is contributing to the overall combination efforts to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the country,” US Embassy in Swaziland spokesperson Molly Sanchez Crowe told the local press. 

Imposed from outside?

Male circumcision has been scientifically proven to reduce a man's risk of contracting HIV through vaginal intercourse by as much as 60 percent. Follow-up studies have found that the effectiveness of male circumcision in HIV prevention is maintained for several years. 

Government health officials, like Minister of Health Benedict Xaba and Khanya Mabuza, the acting director of the National Emergency Council on HIV and AIDS (NERCHA), have noted that ASI taught the country important lessons and left behind several clinics and other health infrastructure. 

But a year after the programme ended, Swazi health officials are still trying to figure out what went wrong. Health workers, who spoke to IRIN on the condition of anonymity, pointed out that the programme was hastily implemented. They wondered why the short implementation time was not extended. Ending the programme, they fear, may suggest to international donors that the country is a hopeless cause. 

“We have been struggling with HIV for 20 years, and we see programmes come and go. Some are fads... and some are not well thought out. The Swaziland programme came from the outside. The health ministry was willing to go along because there was money there. But it was imposed,” said Thandi Mduli, an HIV testing officer in Manzini. 

Officials with health-oriented NGOs admitted to IRIN they are “terrified” of criticizing an initiative funded by the “mighty” US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and involving the global population control NGO Population Services International (PSI). 

The ASI programme was an attempt to duplicate in Swaziland the circumcision successes seen in Kenya and other countries, without apparently doing the pre-campaign ground work. Kenya has carried out an estimated 477,000 circumcisions since its programme started in 2008, according to the government [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96717/KENYA-Push-to-meet-2013-male-circumcision-targets ].

In 2011, UNAIDS and PEPFAR launched a five-year plan to have more than 20 million men in 14 eastern and southern African countries undergo medical male circumcision by 2015. 

Reasons for failure 

“There were a lot of issues involving male circumcision that were not properly explained to Swazi men, so they rejected it and they talked to their friends, and word of mouth was negative instead of positive. This is the opposite of what a campaign like this needs to work,” said NERCHA's Mabuza. 

Other issues included unfamiliarity of the procedure. “When I heard I would still have to wear a condom, I said, ‘What is the point?’” said Samkelo Mduli, a university student. 

A survey commissioned by the Futures Group in 2011 found that although there was a 91 percent awareness of circumcision, nationally, the largest barrier to circumcision was fear of pain. Other barriers included fear of something going wrong, and a general lack of understanding of the procedure [ https://www.k4health.org/toolkits/male-circumcision-swaziland ].

Another reason for the rejection of circumcision was not anticipated by ASI promoters: belief in witchcraft, which is widespread in Swaziland. Criminals are known to seek “strengthening” potions made with human body parts. Killings associated with “ritual murder” routinely correspond with national elections. Victims, usually children or older people, are found with body parts missing. One attack made headlines in the Swazi press recently. 

“That’s also what I wanted to know, and they wouldn’t tell me - what happens to my foreskin once it is cut off?” said Mduli. 

Health Minister Xaba alluded to this when he told the Times of Swaziland, “Some men feared that the foreskin could end up in wrong hands, being used by some unscrupulous people for their ulterior motives.” 

“This is embarrassing and nobody wants to talk about it,” said the programme director of a faith-based HIV/AIDS initiative in Manzini. “The circumcision initiative failed because of this arrogance on the part of its promoters. It would have been easy to be honest and explain to the Swazi men that their foreskins would be incinerated like all surgical refuse. But the promoters said, ‘Oh, no, we can’t talk about witchcraft. What will the donors say?’” 

jh/kn/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98023/Circumcision-plans-go-awry-in-Swaziland</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270744480110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MBABANE 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - It was an ambitious plan to circumcise the majority of men in Swaziland, an effort to reduce the risk of HIV transmission in a country with the world&apos;s highest HIV prevalence. How could it have gone wrong?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Towards increased services for Syrian survivors of sexual violence</title><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304250551050096t.jpg" />]]>NIZIP 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - Turkey&apos;s camps for Syrian refugees are, by many measures, a model of humanitarian assistance. But one important detail appears to have been overlooked: According to aid workers, nowhere in Turkey&apos;s 17 refugee camps can survivors of sexual violence find the level of specialized psychosocial support experts say they so desperately need.</description><body><![CDATA[NIZIP 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - More has to be done to ensure the health and wellbeing of women and children affected by the Syrian conflict, said Babatunde Osotimehin, executive director of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), on a recent visit to Turkey’s Nizip refugee camp, about 40km east of the southern city of Gaziantep.

One of Turkey’s newest camps, Nizip houses some 10,000 refugees, or “guests” as the government prefers to call them, in white canvas tents and containers arrayed in neat numbered rows along the rocky, sun-bleached banks of the Euphrates. 

It is, by many measures, a model of humanitarian assistance.

Amenities include a laundry facility, a mosque, a health clinic, hot water and hot meals, schools and playgrounds, teahouses, hairdressers and a supermarket where refugees can shop for extras using electronic voucher cards. Kids can play organized football and compete in chess tournaments, watch TV and weave rugs. There is gas and electricity, sanitation and tight security.

But Turkish authorities seem to have overlooked one important detail. According to aid workers, nowhere at Nizip, or at any of Turkey’s 16 other camps, can refugee survivors of sexual violence find the level of specialized psychosocial support experts say they so desperately need.

“I am impressed by what I have seen here,” Osotimehin, a former Nigerian health minister, told a group of reporters gathered outside the camp’s school. “It’s remarkable what Turkey has done at its own expense.” But he had also come, he said, to highlight the urgent needs of pregnant and lactating women as well as victims of the sexual violence said to be on the rise across conflict-battered Syria. 

Sexual violence in Syria

Indeed, as a January report  by the International Rescue Committee put it, “rape is a significant and disturbing feature of the Syrian/civil war” - an assertion supported by surveys of refugees in Jordan and Lebanon who consistently cited sexual violence “as a primary reason their families fled the country” [ http://www.rescue.org/press-releases/syria-displacement-crisis-worsens-protracted-humanitarian-emergency-looms-15091 ].

Weeks later, Erika Feller, assistant UN High Commissioner for Refugees, echoed, those concerns, warning of reports that “the conflict in Syria is increasingly marked by rape and sexual violence employed as a weapon of war.” [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44230#.UWQlm_Vfo3G ]

And writing in the Atlantic last month, Lauren Wolfe, director of the Women Under Siege Project, which documents the incidence of rape in conflict zones, described how Syria’s “massive rape crisis” is “creating a nation of traumatized survivors” [ http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/syria-has-a-massive-rape-crisis/274583/ ].

To date, Turkey has taken in around 193,000 refugees in 17 camps, and six new camps are currently under construction. Stretched to capacity, the country has been lauded for its open-door policy and generous aid. But at least one gap remains [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97851/Is-Turkey-s-approach-to-Syrian-refugees-sustainable ].

“From what we have been able to learn, there is virtually no trained psychosocial support [specific to survivors of sexual violence] currently available in the camps,” said Leyla Welkin, a clinical psychologist and gender-based violence consultant working with UNFPA.

Specific services for survivors of SGBV are rarely at the top of the priority list in emergency settings, said Meltem Agduk, a gender programme officer with UNFPA. Like others have done elsewhere, Turkish officials first focused on providing adequate food and shelter to a spiralling number of refugees.   

“You can see that our camps are in better condition compared to Jordanian camps,” said a senior Turkish official. “The people are very happy.”

The government has informed the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) that specialized staff are available to the Syrian refugees, who can be treated inside the camp or referred to hospitals outside the camp where necessary, UNHCR's office in Ankara said. 

But as Welkin told IRIN after a meeting with women `mukhtars’, or village leaders, who teared up when asked about sexual violence, “there is a significant need for professional support.” 

Psychosocial services, more generally, are available to both women and children in the camps, but a lack of private space makes it difficult for women to talk about their experiences of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), perpetuating a culture of silence that severely impedes efforts to address it.

Building capacity

That dearth of psychosocial support for survivors of sexual violence in Turkey’s refugee camps is a function of its scarcity in the country at large, said Welkin, who is based in UNFPA’s office in the Turkish capital Ankara. “When it comes to SGBV, Turkey is very underserved.” 

Lack of personnel is a challenge for the Ministry of Family and Social Policy more widely, Agduk added. In some cities, there is just one psychologist and one social worker to deal with both the normal Turkish caseload, as well as the influx of Syrian refugees (an additional 130,000 have been registered outside the camps). 

In recent years, Turkey has focused on increasing its ability to respond to domestic cases of SGBV, opening one-stop centres where survivors of SGBV can access counselling, legal advice, and other kinds of support all in one place. But Turkey has less experience in treating SGBV in the context of disasters, in which trauma is multiplied, Agduk said. 

The Turkish government has been keen to address the issue of disaster-related SGBV, she added, and has turned to UNFPA for technical expertise.

Together with the Turkish Ministry of Family and Social Policy, UNFPA has designed a pilot programme to prepare and train 24 health care workers to conduct preliminary psychological assessment and treatment in the camps. The programme will also provide general public education on SGBV, said Welkin, including an intervention specifically targeting men, “some of whom will be perpetrators”.

UNHCR has also given Turkish officials its guidelines, or standard operating procedures, for the prevention of and response to SGBV "to be shared among their staff working with Syrian refugees in the camps."

UNFPA has already trained Turkish health care workers in the clinical management of rape, including emergency contraception, prevention of sexually transmitted infections, and collection of forensic evidence. But in the absence of access to counselling, said Welkin, victims are unlikely to present for medical treatment, largely because of the stigma surrounding the issue. Cultural differences and language barriers have also posed challenges, Agduk said.

The new training will begin within a couple weeks, with services likely to be up and running within two months, she said. This first phase of the programme targets health care workers, psychologists and social workers at the municipality and governorate level, with the aim of building capacity inside institutions that can be carried forward. 

“My hope is that this catastrophe can serve as an opportunity for Turkey to take a step forward in SGBV prevention and intervention - that the professionals we train will be able to take these skills from the camps to their own communities,” Welkin said. 

Indeed, government officials see this programme as “opening a door” through which they can establish new services that will be available not only for Syrian refugees, but in case of future disasters.

“It is important that they are now taking it seriously,” Agduk said.

New legislation, passed last year, has significantly improved the laws governing SGBV, for example by expanding the definition to include non-married victims of domestic violence or divorced women who are assaulted by their ex-husbands.

Understanding the needs

Still, the task ahead is not easy, and not least for the fact that the UN now faces a major funding shortfall. Of the US$1.5 billion pledged by international donors to cover Syrian refugee needs for the first half of 2013, just over half has been committed. UNFPA requirements for the Syrian crisis, across the region, for the same period were $20.7 million, but so far, say representatives, the agency has received less than half of that [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97877/Promised-aid-funding-for-Syria-reaches-half-way-point ].

Another challenge is that the scale and range of SGBV-related needs among Syrian refugees are not fully clear. 

“Our concern is not about the number of psychologists trained, but the lack of information about the reality on the ground,” said Ayman Abulaban, Turkey representative of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). He said UNICEF does not currently have information about this, but hopes to in the near future when project activities begin. 

Abulaban said there was a need to assess the gaps, to increase comprehensive prevention and response services, and to create a standardized referral system. He said he hoped a new UNICEF project to increase resilience among children and youth in the camps would help support the government in addressing the needs. (According to a recent Save the Children report, sexual violence in conflict disproportionately affects children and teenagers) [ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/UNSPEAKABLE_CRIMES_AGAINST_CHILDREN.PDF ].

“It is of utmost importance that Syrian refugees can access SGBV services,” he said in a written statement.

In the lead-up to its training, UNFPA, the Ministry of Family and Social Policy and AFAD, the government’s disaster and emergency management unit, will conduct a large assessment of the needs, Agduk said.

Meanwhile, as the fighting in Syria rages on, refugees continue to pour over the border, with some 7,000 new arrivals registering each day across the region. By the end of the year, warned UNHCR’s regional coordinator for Syrian refugees, the number of Syrian refugees in the region could surpass four million [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44602&Cr=syria&Cr1=#.UXjrJiuPgjU ].

The Ministry of Family and Social Policy did not answer IRIN's request for comment. 

pa/ha/cb

*This article provides additional information to an original version published on 2 May 2013. 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97953/Analysis-Towards-increased-services-for-Syrian-survivors-of-sexual-violence</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304250551050096t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NIZIP 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - Turkey&apos;s camps for Syrian refugees are, by many measures, a model of humanitarian assistance. But one important detail appears to have been overlooked: According to aid workers, nowhere in Turkey&apos;s 17 refugee camps can survivors of sexual violence find the level of specialized psychosocial support experts say they so desperately need.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>“Super-fly” threatens “Rambo” cassava, food security</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008030531t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - A tiny, rapidly breeding cyanide-munching insect, dubbed a “super-fly” by scientists, is threatening the food security of millions of Africans.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - A tiny, rapidly breeding cyanide-munching insect, dubbed a "super-fly" by scientists, is threatening the food security of millions of Africans.

The Bemisia tabaci - one of several whitefly species - carries lethal viruses that cause cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which have decimated the hardy cassava plant.

Cassava, a tropical root crop, is the third most important source of calories in the tropics, after rice and maize. According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), it is the staple food for nearly a billion people in 105 countries, where it comprises as much as a third of daily calories consumed. The cheapest known source of starch, cassava is grown by poor farmers - many of them women - often on marginal land; for these people, the crop is vital for both food security and income generation.

The threat to cassava is particularly alarming as the plant is often called the "Rambo" root for its ability to withstand high temperatures and drought. With climate change expected to take a major toll on maize in the coming decades, many hope cassava will offer an alternative route to food security in Africa. Cassava may also prove to be an important source of biofuel [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95694/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Cassava-key-to-food-security-say-scientists ].

Experts plan to take aim at the whitefly this week, at a conference of the Global Cassava Partnership for the 21st Century (GCP21), at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Italy. The conference is dedicated to "declaring war on cassava viruses in Africa."

Pandemics

From the 1980s to the mid-2000s, CMD ravaged more than 4 million square km in Africa's cassava-growing heartland, stretching from Kenya and Tanzania in the East to Cameroon and the Central African Republic in the West. But in recent years, the scientific community developed cassava varieties resistant to CMD.

James Legg, a leading cassava expert at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), who works out of Tanzania, told IRIN, "The premature celebrations for this apparent victory were very soon squashed, however, as sinister new reports were received of the occurrence and apparent spread of CBSD in southern Uganda."

Until then, scientists had assumed that the viruses causing CBSD could not spread at medium-to-high altitudes; the disease had previously only been reported in coastal areas of East Africa and the low-altitude areas around Lake Malawi. "The spread recorded from Uganda instantly cast doubt of the validity of that earlier theory," said Legg. "Worse still, the disease spread out from Uganda over following years, and into the neighbouring countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda."

CBSD is now a pandemic, threatening Nigeria, the world's largest producer and consumer of cassava. The cassava starch industry in Nigeria generates US$5 billion per year and employs millions of smallholder farmers and numerous small-scale processors.

Only in 2005 were scientists able to confirm that the whitefly responsible for spreading CMD was also responsible for spreading CBSD.

"With this realization, it became clear that the spread of these two disease pandemics was really only a consequence of the fact that East and Central Africa was experiencing a devastating outbreak of the whitefly that  transmits both of them," explained Legg.

He told IRIN that in the 1980s, researchers recorded an average of less than  one fly per plant, but by the mid-1990s, the number of whiteflies had  increased a hundredfold.

Arms race

It seems Bemisia tabaci has been assisted by climate change: The warmer temperatures occurring in higher altitudes have created optimal conditions for the insect to breed rapidly, speeding its adaptation and evolution. More  importantly, said Legg, is the fact that these flies seem to have worked out how to do better on cassava plants, whose cyanide production deters all but  a very small group of insects. As the whitefly population has exploded, rapid spread of the viral diseases - CMD and CBSD - was an inevitable consequence.

What makes a bad situation even worse, however, is that these diseases, in  turn, may promote the whitefly. "These insects also seem to have a close  relationship with the viruses that they transmit, and some evidence has  shown that the insects do better on virus-diseased plants, leading to an 'I  scratch your back, you scratch my back' type of mutually beneficial relationship," Legg said.

Scientists are working towards solutions. A member of Legg's team is examining the impact of climate change on the whitefly in search of ways to  deal with the pest. Other planned projects are working to control whiteflies  directly, either through introducing other beneficial insects that kill  whiteflies, or through producing varieties that combine whitefly and disease resistance.

Efforts to breed high-yielding, disease-resistant plants suitable for  Africa's various growing regions will involve going to South America, where cassava originated, and working with scientists at the cassava gene bank of  the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), IITA's sister  organization, in Colombia. CIAT is the biggest repository of cassava cultivars in the world.

Experts at the conference in Italy will also discuss a more ambitious plan to eradicate cassava viruses altogether. The aim will be to develop a regional strategy that gradually replaces farmers' infested cassava plants with virus-free planting material of the best and most disease-resistant cultivars. Approaches to developing these cultivars will include new molecular breeding and genetic engineering technologies to speed up selection. The hope of the team is that by joining forces, and employing the whole range of technologies available, a lasting impact will be made in tackling a crop crisis that poses the single greatest challenge to the future of Africa's cassava crop.

jk /rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97986/Super-fly-threatens-Rambo-cassava-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008030531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - A tiny, rapidly breeding cyanide-munching insect, dubbed a “super-fly” by scientists, is threatening the food security of millions of Africans.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Countering the radicalization of Kenya&apos;s youth</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305031222150686t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Unemployment, poverty and political marginalization are contributing to the Islamic radicalization of Kenya&apos;s youth, a situation experts say must be addressed through economic empowerment and inclusive policies.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Unemployment, poverty and political marginalization are contributing to the Islamic radicalization of Kenya's youth, a situation experts say must be addressed through economic empowerment and inclusive policies.

Youth unemployment is extremely high, as are levels of political disenchantment. An estimated 75 percent of out-of-school youths are unemployed, according to the US Agency for International Development (USAID) [ http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/education-and-youth/51 ]. 

"The unemployment crisis is a ticking bomb. Over 60 percent of the population is under 25. You cannot ignore that," said Yusuf Hassan, the Member of Parliament for Nairobi’s Kamukunji Constituency, which has a large Muslim population. "A huge and significant population is restless. And the gap between the rich and poor is getting wider."

"When access to resources is based on ethnic, cultural or religious characteristics or there is a growing divide between the 'haves' and 'have nots' in countries and communities, economic conditions further contribute to instability," says a new report by the Institute for Security Studies in Africa (ISS) [ http://www.issafrica.org/assessing-the-vulnerability-of-kenyan-youths-to-radicalisation-and-extremism ]. "Countries confronted by large differences between 'haves' and 'have nots' are additionally vulnerable to conflict, which may include resorting to acts of terrorism."

Marginalized and radicalized

A string of grenade attacks - some allegedly by Somali Islamist insurgent group Al-Shabab or their sympathizers - have occurred in the Kenyan towns of Garissa, Mombasa and the capital, Nairobi, since Kenya began its military incursion in Somalia in October 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94018/KENYA-SOMALIA-A-risky-intervention ].

But Islamic radicalization is not new to Kenya. Kenyans were involved in the 1998 US embassy bombings in Nairobi and the Tanzania city of Dar es Salaam; the coordinated attacks, which killed more than 220 people, were Africa's first suicide bombings by Al-Qaeda's East Africa cell. In a 2002 dual car-bomb and suicide attack on a hotel and plane in Mombasa, at least one of the suspects was Kenyan.

Muslims make up an estimated 11 percent [ http://www.knbs.or.ke/docs/PresentationbyMinisterforPlanningrevised.pdf ] of Kenya’s population; large Muslim communities can be found in the country’s northeast and in the coastal region. Traditionally, Kenya’s Muslims are moderate, with the community peacefully seeking participation in politics. But ISS pointed to the historical political marginalization of Muslims - right from negotiations for Kenya’s independence, in which ethnic Somalis, who are overwhelmingly Muslim, were not represented - as a contributor to the radicalization of young people. 

“Although Kenya is a secular state, it is essentially a Christian country because of the dominant Christian population… There is the perception that Islam is ‘alien’, despite the fact that it came to Kenya before Christianity,” the report notes.

The report also found that some young Kenyan Muslims have been influenced by radical preaching, which leads them to believe that wars being fought against Muslims abroad - for example, in Afghanistan and Iraq - are part of “a global campaign against Islam”.

According to a 2011 report [ http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/433 ] by the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea, non-Somali Kenyan nationals constituted the largest and most organized non-Somali group within Al-Shabab.

Taking advantage of vulnerable youth 

"We've already seen the rumblings of 'Pwani si Kenya' [Coast is not Kenya, the slogan of a separatist group in Kenya’s Coast Province] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96630/Briefing-Kenya-s-coastal-separatists-menace-or-martyrs ] - radicalized, marginalized, poverty-stricken young people are saying, ‘we don't belong to Kenya’," said Hassan, who was seriously injured in a 2012 grenade attack in his constituency. 

The ISS report found that Islamist militants were exploiting sub-standard socioeconomic conditions, and the government's inability to provide basic services, by positioning themselves as providers of assistance. "Creating or infiltrating bona fide charity organizations... is a sure way to win the general support of ordinary people," the report said. 

The report points to the growing influence of the Muslim Youth Centre (MYC), a Kenyan group whose objectives include promoting community health and social welfare, but which also advocates "an extreme interpretation of Islam and prepares members to travel to Somalia for 'jihad' [holy war], thus attracting the attention of security agencies in Kenya and abroad." According to the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea [ http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2012/544 ], Al-Shabab announced a merger with MYC in 2012.

Hassan Sheikh, a cleric in the northeastern town of Garissa, said extremist groups have taken control of many mosques and Islamic schools, setup orphanages, and employed teachers and imams.

"North Kenya is a hub for mercenaries. You can easily get [attract] them - it’s out of poverty,” said Khalif Aabdulla, a civil rights activist from Wajir, also northeastern Kenya.
NGOs and government officials in Kenya acknowledge an urgent need to develop a counter-radicalization policy to prevent young people from turning to violent groups, and some say Kenya’s newly elected government may be an opportunity to tackle the issue. NGOs say the government must do more than promote economic empowerment among marginalized communities; it must also foster a sense of belonging.

"There are some efforts to use the Council of Imams or Islamic Preachers' Association to talk to the youths," said Mwalimu Mati, CEO of governance watchdog Mars Group Kenya. "The moderates are trying to assist the government, but I can't say it's a complete success." 

Counter-productive counter-terrorism

"The problem is exacerbated by counter-terrorism programmes by the Kenya police who carry out mass raids rather than targeted arrests. It keeps the youths feeling repressed generally. They then identify that as oppression based on religion," Mati said. He says the problem is primarily in North Eastern District, Eastleigh and Coast Province. 

The ISS report describes the current approach as "collective punishment based on perceptions".

"Most perceptions are completely wrong, especially that Somali nationals are responsible for attacks in Kenya or that Kenya is an innocent bystander when acts of terrorism are committed on its soil," it stated. 

Following attacks in Nairobi, ethnic Somalis - both Kenyan and foreign nationals - said they experienced xenophobia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94090/KENYA-Xenophobia-fear-follow-Nairobi-blasts ] and lived in constant fear of arrest.

Under the government of former president Mwai Kibaki, both the Ministry for Peace-building and Conflict Management and the Ministry for Education told IRIN that they had no programmes to address radicalization.

The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sport said they ran "empowerment programmes" in conjunction with the formal education system. But as Leah Rotitch, a director in the education ministry, said, "The people Al-Shabab target are normally young people who are out of school."

The persecution felt by ethnic Somalis and other Muslim communities has only increased [ http://www.kenya-today.com/news/kenyan-muslims-fear-the-worst-over-proposals-to-boost-police-powers ] in recent years, with police allegedly engaging in extrajudicial use of force and even killings of terror suspects; the police deny these claims.

"Since the passing of the new anti-terror bill, we have seen a huge spike in extrajudicial killings. And terrorism has become an easy label," said Horn of Africa analyst Abdullahi Halakhe. "Such efforts only succeed in alienating the local population, who usually have critical human intelligence. They are turning the Islamic radicalization of young people into a matter of national security, making those young people their enemies, thus making it worse."

The ISS report calls for "introspection on the part of the police officer stopping and searching a person because he looks Somali".

Reaching the young

Tom Mboya, who established the Inuka Kenya Trust in response to the role young people played in perpetrating the post-election violence of 2007-2008, says now is an opportunity to engage the youth. "They're what should be the engine of this country," he told IRIN.

"Devolution is positive," he says, referring to the process of decentralizing power from Nairobi [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97726/Briefing-Devolution-to-transform-Kenya ], which was set in motion by Kenya's new constitution. Mboya believes this process will create opportunities for young people. But, he says, "in parts of the country more prone to violent extremism, there needs to be policy in place. The leadership will have to be more alive to that problem".

A focus on young people formed a key part of new President Uhuru Kenyatta's election campaign - his government will now have to work out an acceptable and effective approach in tackling the issue of violent extremism. 

Mars Group's Mati says using moderate imams to neutralize potentially radical youths does not work because young people no longer regard them as credible. "It's a generation gap - control over youths has somehow become difficult. In the old days, what an imam said went. The radical preachers are young," he said.

Hadley Muchela, programmes manager for Kenyan rights group Independent Medico-legal Unit, says targeting violent extremism will require sensitivity because, thanks to the way the issue has been handled in the past, it is often seen as an indictment against all of Islam. "You find very few Kenyans willing to go into it," he said. 

Abdikadir Sheikh, who works with the Sustainable Support and Advocacy Programme, a local NGO, said the group has set up a pilot project to dissuade youth in the northeastern towns of Dadaab and Garissa from joining extremist groups. 

"We are very careful or [we could] lose our lives; you can’t confront radicalization directly - you need different approaches," he told IRIN. "We have established a strong team of more than 600 youths… some have so far joined colleges. We plan to work with the county governments.” 
The ISS report warns that "there is no quick fix for the level of radicalization seen in Kenya".

"The biggest threat to stability in Kenya will be if extremists succeed in dividing Kenya between Muslim and non-Muslim," the report said. 

jh/na/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97982/Countering-the-radicalization-of-Kenya-apos-s-youth</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305031222150686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Unemployment, poverty and political marginalization are contributing to the Islamic radicalization of Kenya&apos;s youth, a situation experts say must be addressed through economic empowerment and inclusive policies.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Women yet to regain their place</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041258200194t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than their counterparts in the region; today, despite steps taken after decades of conflict and sanctions, Iraqi women do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and many are subjected to gender-based violence.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, the UN says, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than other women in the region. But years of dictatorship, sanctions and conflict, including the US-led invasion one decade ago, led to deterioration in women’s status. 

“Across the board, women are suffering more [than they used to],” said Sudipto Mukerjee, deputy head of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Iraq. 

Despite steps taken towards gender equality since 1990, Iraqi women today do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and too many are subjected to gender-based violence 

Due to years of war and political instability, 10 percent of households are headed by women, most of them widowed, but many of them divorced, separated or caring for sick spouses. 

“They represent one of the most vulnerable segments of the population and are generally more exposed to poverty and food insecurity as a result of lower overall income levels,” the UN said in a March 2013 fact-sheet [ http://unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xqx9gxy7Isk%3D&tabid=2790&language=en-US ].

Education 

According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the government, the ratio of girls to boys in primary school rose from 0.88 in 2006 to 0.94 in 2011; in secondary school, the ratio rose from 0.75 in 2006 to 0.85 in 2011. According to IRIN calculations, the enrolment of girls is growing at a faster rate than that of boys.

However, had Iraq progressed at the same rate as other countries in the region, according to UNICEF, it would have already reached 100 percent enrolment for both boys and girls in primary schools - achieving the third Millennium Development Goal of eliminating gender disparity in education [ http://www.unicef.org/equity/files/PMACEquitypresentation.pdf ]. 

According to Iraq Knowledge Network (IKN) survey of 2011, 28.2 percent of women 12 years or older are illiterate, more than double the male rate of 13 percent. Young women - those aged 15 to 24 - living in rural areas are even less educated; one-third of them are illiterate. 

Employment 

Similar inequality can be seen in the labour force. 

According to the IKN survey, only 14 percent of women are working or actively seeking work, compared to 73 percent of men [ http://www.japuiraq.org/documents/1681/IKN_S4_LaborForce_en.pdf ]. Those who are employed are mostly working in the agricultural sector, and women with a diploma have a harder time finding jobs: 68 percent of women with a bachelor’s degree are unemployed. 

The representation of women in parliament increased from 13 percent in 1990 to 27 percent in 2006, meeting the one-quarter female representation quota imposed in 2005, but this is still far below the national target of half. 

Physical safety 

Women’s health concerns have seen some gains. The percentage of births attended by skilled personnel has risen significantly in the last decade [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97964/War-leaves-lasting-impact-on-healthcare ]. And the maternal mortality rate - which at 84 per 100,000 births in 2006 was the highest in the region - appears to have dropped significantly, to 24 per 100,000 in 2011, according to the World Health Organization [ http://rho.emro.who.int/rhodata/ ].

Still, domestic violence, honour killings, female genital mutilation (FGM) and human trafficking remain threats to many Iraqi women and girls. In the northern autonomous Kurdistan region, 42.8 percent of women have experienced FGM, according to the 2011 MICS [ https://www.yousendit.com/download/UVJneFlUY1M1bmo1SE1UQwv ].

In 2011, nearly half of girls aged 10 to 14 were exposed to violence at least once by a family member, and nearly half of married women were exposed to at least one form of spousal violence, mostly emotional, but also physical and sexual, according to a survey by the government and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/I-WISH_Report_English.pdf ].

For more, check out this UN fact-sheet on women in Iraq [ http://unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xqx9gxy7Isk%3D&tabid=2790&language=en-US ].

For other development indicators, visit IRIN's series: Iraq 10 years on [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-ten-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact ].

ha/rz

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A decade after US-led forced toppled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, IRIN examines the progress in basic living standards.
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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97976/Women-yet-to-regain-their-place</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041258200194t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than their counterparts in the region; today, despite steps taken after decades of conflict and sanctions, Iraqi women do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and many are subjected to gender-based violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Little support, no justice for Mali rape survivors</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305061358090140t.jpg" />]]>GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.

Aminata Touré* was on her way to her uncle’s house in the city of Gao in June 2012 when she was stopped by two men on a motorbike. “I had no choice. They were armed and threatened to kill me,” she said. While one of the men held her baby, the other took her to a nearby bush. “They took me and they did everything they could do, they raped me. Afterwards, they left me in the bush,” she told IRIN.

Since the insurgency began in the north soon after the March 2012 military coup, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has registered 2,785 cases of sexual and gender-based violence, though its Mali spokesperson, Eduardo Cue, says the real figure is much higher. Most of the cases involved rape; others included forced marriage and sex work.

When insurgents entered Gao they systematically went through each neighbourhood, stealing from some and assaulting others, said residents.

Local journalist and activist Ami Idrissa managed to stay safe by hiding in her house. Others were not so fortunate, she said. “Everyone has a sister or cousin who was raped. Daughters were assaulted in front of their fathers, women in front of their husbands. Many are still traumatized by what they saw or experienced that day,” Idrissa told IRIN.

Many residents told IRIN that members of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) were usually the perpetrators. MNLA spokespeople in France were unavailable for comment.

When Islamic militant groups arrived soon afterwards, they perpetrated different kinds of abuse, said Idrissa, who was forced to quit her job as a radio host by Islamists who would not tolerate a woman’s voice on the radio.

“MNLA raped women. MUJAO [the Islamist rebel Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa] instead forced women to marry them; in the end their marriages resulted in another system of rape when only one man married the woman and many men participated in the marriage,” she told IRIN.

Undocumented

The number of forced marriages among northerners and insurgents has not been fully documented. A UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) protection team found one case of forced marriage when questioning 105 displaced people in Mopti who hailed from Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu. They also uncovered eight rapes, including that of a 13-year-old girl, and 44 cases of sexual abuse.

Gao resident Mouna Awata, whose daughter was arrested for not wearing the hijab, told IRIN: “Girls were arrested, brought to the mayor’s office and then transferred to the prison. That’s where they raped the women. They had mattresses there and everything.”

One father who withheld his name told IRIN his 15-year-old daughter called him from inside the prison in Gao. “She told me there was a naked man waiting for her on the roof. She escaped... that’s when she called me.”

Gao resident Miriam Cissé*, 18, was forced to marry a man twice her age in mid-2012. When she moved to her husband’s house she found out what she had feared all along - that he was part of MUJAO. “He forced me to sleep with him. When I refused he beat me,” she told IRIN. When she finally managed to escape she took a bus to Bamako. Afraid her husband will follow her to the capital she is hoping local NGO Sini Sanuman can help her to find a place to stay.

With little to no administration in the north [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97892/Plea-for-return-of-officials-to-northern-Mali ], there is insufficient support for women who have been abused. Local and international NGOs and UN agencies such as UNICEF, are helping women in the north and south, but resources are limited. UNICEF is supporting community-level child protection committees and is raising awareness of protection norms among social workers to try to avert further incidents of abuse.

Gao-based local NGO GREFFA has set up a clinic giving medical help to survivors of abuse, and help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases at the regional hospital. Survivors also receive medical attention in local clinics, said Gao midwife Mariam Maïga.

Meanwhile, women who fled south to Mopti and Bamako often face financial as well as medical problems. In Bamako Sini Sanuman provides medical and psychological help to survivors of abuse, but its director, Alpha Boubeye, said they could not help northerners who arrive in the capital with their food or rent requirements, "something that they desperately need".

The organization is struggling to keep up with the scale of need. In one Bamako neighbourhood Sini Sanuman identified over 300 cases of sexual assault among women who had arrived from the north since April 2012.

“Before the conflict no one was really tending to women who were victims of sexual abuse. We have had to set up a whole new strategy, training social workers and psychiatrists,” Boubeye told IRIN.

Stigma

Uncovering the extent of abuse continues to be very difficult in a country where rape is considered shameful.

“Many women do not dare to talk about being raped. They are afraid that their husbands will leave them and that they will be segregated from society,” journalist Idrissa told IRIN. “Before MNLA and MUJAO rape outside the house was not a problem in Mali. The rebels made it an issue.”

“Being raped is a very shameful thing in Mali and our social workers often visit the women many times before they open up," said Boubeye.

And pursuing justice is not even considered an option by many abuse survivors. Touré returned home to her husband in Gao, but she has not pursued a case against her attackers. “I want the men who raped me to go to jail, but I’m ashamed for everyone else to see me,” she told IRIN.

Her focus is to support her family in increasingly difficult humanitarian conditions, she added.

According to Daniel Tessogué, state prosecutor in Bamako, only one case of sexual assault linked to the 2012 conflict is being prepared to go to court.

*not their real names

kh/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97983/Little-support-no-justice-for-Mali-rape-survivors</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305061358090140t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Floods highlight disaster management challenges in Kenya</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040926510583t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97830/In-East-Africa-heavy-rains-test-emergency-preparedness ] has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.

At least 89,515 Kenyans had been displaced by floods, according to a recent Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) report [ https://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/REPORTED%20sitrep%202013%20FLOODS%2023rd%20April%202013-1.pdf ]. Sixty-two people were killed and many others were injured. The floods, caused by heavy rains in mid-March and early April, have affected areas in the central, eastern, northeastern, Rift Valley and western regions, and in Nairobi, the capital.

Inadequate response 

Disaster response in Kenya is often inadequate and characterized by a failure to act on early warnings, according to Mohamed Sheikh Nur, an aid agency consultant.

"What the government is doing now in the name of disaster response is neither effective nor adequate. I am yet to see a special kitty [fund] set [aside] to help the disabled, pregnant women, children and the sick. The [bulk of what] they are doing is only focused on distribution of food.”

According to Muhammed*, an HIV-positive father of six, more attention should be paid to vulnerable groups, such as those living with HIV. 

"We need special care. Some of us have developed complications for failing to take [anti-retroviral] drugs. Some of us lost their drugs, some contracted waterborne diseases,” he told IRIN, from the Madogo area of the Tana River Delta region. 

Pregnant women and infants are also vulnerable. 

"Cases of pregnant women with delivery complications are prevalent. We have lost three mothers who required caesarean operations. They died because they could not reach Isiolo Town, where the service is available. The road remains cut off," Abdi Sora, an Isiolo County representative, told IRIN. 

Ibaq Ahmed, an official with the Marsabit Women Development Organization, located in northern Kenya, called for the construction of health centres and the deployment of medical personnel to rescue the sick during such crises. 

Poor coordination 

Lack of accurate data is also a problem.

Commenting on the number of people displaced by flooding in the northeastern area of Garissa, community leader Issa Hussein said: “The reality is that no assessment of the situation been conducted since the rains started four weeks ago.”

“Politicians and communities have either no or different figures," added an aid worker there.

But the Garissa County commissioner, Maalim Mohamed, said the government has a reliable network to assess needs and offer timely assistance. 

So far, Mohamed said, military helicopters have been used to supply food and non-food items to at least 34,000 flood-affected people there. 

Experts have, in the past, attributed poorly coordinated and unnecessarily expensive disaster responses in Kenya to the lack of a disaster management policy. Such a policy would facilitate the creation of a national disaster management authority [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88067/KENYA-Plugging-the-gaps-in-disaster-preparedness ] to coordinate all institutions’ activities in disaster prevention, mitigation and response.

The policy [ http://www.sprogrammes.go.ke/images/ndpo.pdf ], currently in draft form, recommends the creation of disaster trust funds, district contingency plans and insurance initiatives, among other measures. 

On 18 April, Deputy President William Ruto announced that the government will table a bill in parliament on the establishment of a national disaster management authority. The authority will help to correct the current disaster management approach, which is based on guesswork and is often erroneous, Ruto said. 

Poor infrastructure

The development of modern roads in rural areas will also help prevent disaster-affected populations from being cut off from aid. 

In the Tana River Delta area, for example, roads have been impassable, and military helicopters have been used to airlift dozens of people marooned by flood waters. 

“Poor infrastructure, [and the] complete absence of roads in some settlements makes rescue and relief efforts difficult, costly [and] risky for aid workers," said a KRCS disaster response team official in the region, who wished to remain anonymous.

"Central [and] county governments must strive to improve road networks in areas prone to calamities like floods, hunger and conflicts. It’s more costly to contain disasters and less costly to prevent them,” the KRCS official said.

In northern Kenya, a poor road network led to a rise in livestock prices in the predominantly pastoral region, and some markets closed because of poor access, Tom Lolosoli, an official with the Samburu Development Forum, told IRIN. 

Building resilience 

According to KRCS, projects to empower vulnerable communities in rural areas, who are often worst-hit by disasters, can help to build resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97584/Understanding-resilience ]. 

In the region of Isiolo for example, two KRCS pilot projects in the area of Korbesa have led to a reduction in the number of people dependent on food relief, from 2,013 in 2011 to 1,069 today. 

Project members engage in crop farming and retail work, and they are encouraged to diversifying the livestock they keep, according to Malik Adan of the KRCS Disaster Risk Reduction project.

“The potential benefit of resilience projects is enormous and helps a lot to empower communities in areas synonymous with famine, drought and floods.”

*Name changed

na/aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97916/Floods-highlight-disaster-management-challenges-in-Kenya</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040926510583t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Iraq 10 years on: the humanitarian impact</title><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg" />]]>BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - The humanitarian legacy

Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97895/Iraq-10-years-on-The-humanitarian-legacy ]

Water and Sanitation: Are the taps flowing? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97894/Are-the-taps-flowing ]

Electricity: Blistering black-outs [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97896/Blistering-black-outs ]

The forgotten displacement crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97905/The-forgotten-displacement-crisis ]

Economy grows, but how many benefit? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97909/Economy-grows-but-how-many-benefit ]

Education: Schools try to play catch-up [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97928/Schools-try-to-play-catch-up ]

Human Security: More freedom but less security? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97937/More-freedom-but-less-security ]

Aid work: From restrictions to access challenges [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97952/From-aid-restrictions-to-access-challenges ]

War leaves lasting impact on healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97964/War-leaves-lasting-impact-on-healthcare ]

Gender: Women yet to regain their place [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97976/Women-yet-to-regain-their-place ]

Food security: Less dependent on food rations [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97991/Less-dependent-on-food-rations ]

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-10-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Far from home, but closer to school in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.

But fleeing home has come with an unexpected benefit - for the first time the girls are going to school.

“They were so excited to get pencils and crayons from their teacher,” said their mother, Ameena Bibi, who herself never attended school.

They had fled recent fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97760/Fighting-in-Pakistan-s-Tirah-Valley-displaces-40-000-people ] in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency, part of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), along with nearly 48,000 other recently displaced people - almost half of them children [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

Far from home, many having travelled for days by foot, these families are in need of temporary shelter, food, clean water and other essentials - which the government and aid agencies are having difficulty providing.

Of the US$366 million needed for humanitarian assistance in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province this year, only $64 million is currently available, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Still, the camp offers educational services at a level that were simply not available back home.

“A few days ago I enrolled my two daughters,” Bibi told IRIN. “It was easy because so many little girls were going, and camp staff came and helped them enrol. At our home village in the Tirah Valley, there is no school close enough to our home for the girls to attend.”

Literacy and school enrolment rates back home in FATA are the lowest in the country.

“The overall literacy rate in FATA is 19.9 percent, and literacy rate is 34.2 percent for boys and 5.75 percent for girls,” said Deeba Shabnam, education programme officer for UNICEF in Peshawar, the capital of KP Province.

Yet at the camp, she said, overall literacy stands at 42.7 percent - 44.4 percent for boys and 37 percent for girls.

She attributed this improvement to “strong community mobilization, accessible schools, child-friendly learning environments, and school supplies provided to schools and students.”

Returning home

The recent mass flight from Tirah Valley was just the latest in many waves of displacement from FATA; Pakistan may soon become one of the few countries with more than a million internally displaced persons (IDPs) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

IDPs who have returned home in the last few years say the absence of quality education feels more acute after spending time at Jalozai.

“There are just no good schools here. We have moved to Khar [the principal city of Bajaur Agency, FATA] so my children could get a decent education, since schools in our village are very poor,” said Muhammad Saleemullah, a father of three.

But he complained that many teachers had left Bajaur to escape fighting, and that standards were poor. He feared his 12-year-old son would drop out as he found it “useless”.

“He and my two younger children miss the far better school they attended at Jalozai, where we lived for three years, till late 2011,” Saleemullah said.

Owais Khan fled conflict in Bajaur Agency in 2004, and ended up in Jalozai. There, his two daughters, now 13 and 15, started school. Khan returned to his village last year.

“There was no school beyond primary level in our village. My daughters are bright and so keen to learn; I sent them to Peshawar to live with my sister, gain an education and have a better future,” he said.

He added that “most girls who come back from camp schools give up learning”, at least in Bajaur, where he said the few available schools are of very poor quality.

But while parents like Saleemullah and Khan are disappointed by the schools at home, they say living in the camps has given them a stronger appreciation of education.

“I know families from FATA areas who had previously not enrolled [their] children in schools, choosing to do so once they return from Jalozai,” said Muhammad Sadiq, a volunteer teacher at the camp.

“One child I began teaching in 2006 has just done very well in his school-leaving exams in Kurram Agency, and will be going to college in Kohat [a town in KP], so camp education does influence lives, in some cases at least. This boy, Hakim, will have a better future,” Sadiq said.

FATA: bottom of the class

“The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded the pace of growth in education sector,” said a 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [ http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf ] carried out by the FATA Secretariat, with support from the government and UN agencies.

“Bearing in mind FATA has a traditional society, with low economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority,” it said.

Primary level enrolment rates in FATA stand at 46.3 percent - 64.8 percent for boys and 26.8 percent for girls - while national primary enrolment for both genders stands at over 90 percent, according to government data.

Not only are communities often isolated and undeveloped, but some schools have been targeted by fighters in the area.

A September 2012 media report [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/students-left-behind-pakistans-tribal-regions ] said: “Schools are a popular target for militants, often because they educate girls or because their curriculum is not considered Islamic enough for the Pakistani Taliban, which wields significant influence in the region.”

An estimated one in every 10 schools in FATA has been destroyed since 2008, according to information from the FATA Secretariat. The school that remain are often without teachers, many of whom have fled. And parents fear sending their children to schools that could end up being attacked.

School registration at Jalozai camp was suspended after a bomb attack on 21 March, but with 35 to 40 percent of the camp’s 60,000 residents [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/D927619B0A8659BB802570A7004BDA56?OpenDocument ] under the age of 18, education services are considered paramount, and schools resumed after three days.

“It is amazing when children come to school for the first time and begin to discover small marks on paper mean something,” said Sadiq.

There are currently 25 schools running at Jalozai, 13 for boys and 12 for girls, with a total 7,000 children in attendance. The smaller Togh Sarai camp in Hangu District, KP Province - population 5,800 - has two schools run by the local government and UNICEF, with 800 children enrolled.

Sadiq told IRIN that children who came from schools in many FATA areas were often surprised that they were “not beaten or treated unkindly at schools here and loved learning in a pleasant environment.”

“I believe the exposure to better quality education helps parents realize its value.”

kh/jj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>For women, urbanization is a mixed bag</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181441170873t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Countries across Africa are experiencing unprecedented urban growth, presenting women with greater economic and social opportunities as well as greater risks to their safety and welfare.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Countries across Africa are experiencing unprecedented urban growth, presenting women with greater economic and social opportunities as well as greater risks to their safety and welfare.

Unlike their rural counterparts, women in urban areas are thought to enjoy greater social, economic, political opportunities and freedoms.  In an editorial [ http://eau.sagepub.com/content/25/1/3.full.pdf+html ], the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) said that urban women are able to “engage in paid employment outside the family, better access to services, lower fertility rates, and some relaxation of the rigid social values and norms that define women as subordinated to their husbands and fathers and to men generally”.

Even so, these women are likely to continue experiencing forms of gender discrimination. According to UN-HABITAT, “notable gender gaps in labour and employment, decent work, pay, tenure rights, access to and accumulation of assets, personal security and safety, and representation in formal structures of urban governance show that women are often the last to benefit from the prosperity of cities.”

Inequalities, risks

UN-HABITAT estimates [ http://www.unhabitat.org/pmss/getElectronicVersion.aspx?nr=3457&alt=1 ] 40 percent of Africa’s estimated one billion people now live in cities and towns. About 51 percent of these people live in slums. Many governments struggle to maintain services and infrastructure - and women and girls are the most affected by these shortcomings.

Expensive public transport systems also hinder women’s mobility, and many are forced to live in poor housing in the face of escalating living costs.

In her paper, Cities through a “gender lens”: a golden “urban age” for women in the global South? [ http://eau.sagepub.com/content/25/1/9.abstract ], Sylvia Chant of the London School of Economics said, “While women make significant contributions to their households, neighbourhoods and the city through their paid and unpaid labour, building and consolidating shelter and compensating for shortfalls in essential services and infrastructure, they face persistent inequalities in terms of access to decent work, physical and financial assets, mobility, personal safety and security, and representation in formal structures of urban governance.”

In an interview with IRIN, Cecilia Tacoli from IIED said, “The risks that women face with urbanization are related largely to inadequate infrastructure and services,” and the lack of personal safety and security.

Tacoli says women living in poor urban neighbourhoods have to compensate for a lack of services and infrastructure by working longer hours, “looking after children who are always ill as a result of inadequate water and sanitation” and making sure the “family is fed, while living in a home with very little space for cooking and storing food.”

Urban crime remains a serious problem for women. A 2011 study by Action Aid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/actionaid_2011_women_and_the_city.pdf ] noted that insecurity in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, “restricted women’s earnings, the sustainability of their small businesses, and thus their empowerment.”

According to Cathy Mcllwaine of the University of London, while urbanization could provide women with an opportunity to effectively cope with violence due to available institutional support and economic resources, often “social relations can be more fragmented, which can lead to greater incidence of violence, as can the pressures of urban living, such as poverty, engagement in certain types of occupation, poor-quality living conditions and the physical configuration of urban areas.”

And despite urban areas having better equipped health clinics and more doctors, the expense of such healthcare often puts it out of the reach of poor women [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc/files/SOWC_2012-Main_Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf ].

Organizing

Still, many women in urban areas manage to organize themselves into community savings groups, which help them save money to ensure their priorities are addressed.

The authors of the paper Community savings that mobilize federations, build women’s leadership and support slum upgrading [ http://eau.sagepub.com/content/25/1/31.abstract ] say that “although the amount that each individual saves is modest, when aggregated in community savings funds, it is often large enough to attract external resources that allow support for larger-scale initiatives”.

The authors note: “Building on communities’ strengths rather than on their weaknesses helps develop a voice and identity, and these federations can negotiate with governments and other stakeholders to improve and upgrade their settlements.”

ko/rz
]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97868/For-women-urbanization-is-a-mixed-bag</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181441170873t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Countries across Africa are experiencing unprecedented urban growth, presenting women with greater economic and social opportunities as well as greater risks to their safety and welfare.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Subsidies and GM crops back on food policy menu</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161022260325t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.

IRIN talked to some of the leading food security experts on the emerging issues highlighted in, among other new reports, the 2012 Global Food Policy Report by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) [ http://www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2012/food-policy-2012 ].

Subsidies are back

Countries like Malawi, caught in a trap of cyclical droughts, have provided subsidized fertilizer to boost food production but have come under attack for promoting unsustainable support to their farmers. “The position of donors on fertilizer subsidies is quite scandalous, given what is happening in their own countries,” says Peter Hazell, a leading agriculture expert who has worked with the World Bank and IFPRI.

A drought in the US and fluctuating food prices have led policy-makers there and in the European Union (EU) to rethink protection and support for their farmers.

The US Farm Bill governs agriculture policy and is updated every four years, but the 2008 legislation was extended to September 2013. The proposed bill recommends an expanded insurances programme with new crop insurance subsidies so farmers receive money when income from certain crops falls below a targeted level, and sets target prices for crops that trigger payments when revenues fall for several consecutive years at much higher levels than before.

The EU has done away with export subsidies that supported the disposal of surplus production abroad, but its EU Common Agriculture Policy ensures high levels of direct support to farmers and protects its own markets.

Jim French, policy advisor to Oxfam America, says the organization “does not object to a nation’s right to invest in and protect its agricultural interests”, but subsidies can “sometimes distort both the market and production in ways that impact global hunger and poverty rates”, and notes that some of the proposals in the new US Farm Bill “included moving back to subsidies“.

Agriculture expert Steve Wiggins, of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), says if rich countries are providing subsidies, it does not mean poor countries should emulate their bad example.

He argues that subsidies in rich countries “do not prevent any African government from providing decent rural access roads, from funding research and extension, maintaining competitive exchange rates, and so on”. It is export subsidies that affect farmers in Africa, but poor countries can protect themselves from cheap imports by imposing tariffs.

Hazell points out that subsidies have helped countries like Malawi. “Perhaps the right lesson for Africa is not that subsidies are always bad, but that they need to be designed and implemented in more targeted ways that include a built-in exit strategy,” and address financial viability.

These developments have prompted experts and activists to call for reviving the stalled Doha round of talks at the World Trade Organization (WTO), which was to consider subsidies, tariffs and trade distortion in agriculture.

The GM debate

The US Congress adopted a clause in its 2013 agriculture budget bill that effectively bars the department of agriculture from any attempt to halt planting or harvesting a GM crop, even if the call comes from the judiciary, sparking outrage. India imposed a 10-year moratorium on field trials of GM crops in 2012.

Organizations like Greenpeace and activists worldwide welcomed India’s decision, but the IFPRI report describes it as a significant setback to food policy, and mainstream scientists argue that GM crops offer a way out of deepening food insecurity as growing conditions like the weather and water become compromised by climate change. IFPRI researchers P K Joshi and Devesh Roy note that the moratorium, "not based on scientific logic, will have negative effects on frontier research and demand-driven technology generation".

The adoption of the US clause, nicknamed the “Monsanto Protection Act”, was described by Greenpeace as a “sad day for democracy and the future of our food”. Mark Bittman, a food writer for the New York Times, cites interviews with the Union of Concerned Scientists stating that GM crops purported to be weed- and insect-resistant are actually failing [ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/why-do-g-m-o-s-need-protection/ ].

There is no reliable proof that GM crops are harmful to human beings. “That’s not the same thing as saying that the potential isn’t there for novel proteins and other chemicals to generate unexpected problems,” Bittman writes, “which [is] why we need strict, effective testing and regulatory systems.”

The debate on GM crops is polarized between supporters and those who think it will have long-term impacts on biodiversity, possibly health, and lead to a takeover of food production by corporations like Monsanto. This has also been the case in Africa, where some countries have banned GM maize as food aid.

Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize Laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food, described India’s moratorium as “nonsensical”, and said it “reduces India’s efforts to assure sustainable food security for its population”. He is among the mainstream scientists who prefer to be open-minded on GM technology and believe that while it might not be the panacea to climate-proof plants, it is a tool with some potential to ensure food security in the coming decades.

“The regulation of the use of improved crop varieties in the United States is best done by the relevant agencies within the federal government, and not by the judiciary,” he told IRIN. “Lack of understanding and insufficient knowledge among some judges are likely to result in erroneous decisions.”

Hazell, who also backs the mainstream view on GM technology, likens the current situation to the state of computer science in the early 1960s. “While the critics were still obsessed with problems of mainframe computers, the industry was busy developing laptop and portable computers that transformed not only the industry, but also the world. Let’s hope that something similar happens with the plant sciences, otherwise we are going to see a lot more famines and deforestation in the years ahead. None of this is to say that we don’t need sound biosafety regulation, but that should be based on science and national priorities, not driven by the misinformed anti-science views of a few international NGOs."

A new measure of productivity

Historically, farmers and countries alike have relied on yields to measure productivity, but in the past decade - total factor productivity (TFP) - which takes into account fixed factors like land, labour, capital, and the cost of direct inputs like fertilizers, has been gaining ground.

Alejandro Nin-Pratt of IFPRI says this method “is straightforward, as is the ratio of total output over total input, in other words, how much output is being produced by unit of total input.”

Hazell agrees that TFP “is a better measure… than yield, which just captures the productivity of land. TFP growth improves with new technologies and investments like irrigation that raise the returns to fixed factors.”

He points out that “one reason why farmers in Africa remain so poor is because agricultural growth there has been driven largely by increases in the cropped area and farm labour, with very little growth in TFP.“

Gender in agriculture

FAO’s 2011 annual report focused on the role of women in agriculture, signalling a new trend. Since then, the US Agency for International Development, IFPRI, and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative have even developed an index to measure women’s empowerment in agriculture.

“The West makes gender equality an end in itself, and this can be counterproductive in many cultures,” Hazell says. “There is evidence that empowering women farmers, especially in Africa, is important… But this calls for practical and well-focused interventions that take account of local socioeconomic context, not for the construction of national gender empowerment indices that become goals in themselves.”

ODI’s Wiggins insists the goal should be, “All girls in school until they are 16, at least… taking care of children before 36 months, and making sure they are properly nourished.”

Ruth Meinzen-Dick, IFPRI senior research fellow, says there is a lack of rigorous evaluation of approaches that have worked to empower women in agriculture. They have launched a Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project (GAAP) to conduct assessments.

jk/he

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97809/Subsidies-and-GM-crops-back-on-food-policy-menu</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161022260325t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Iraq’s disputed territories, a health services vacuum</title><pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304021125040657t.jpg" />]]>KANDAL 02 April 2013 (IRIN) - The status of Iraq’s disputed territories was supposed to be resolved by a referendum in 2007. More than five years later, the vote has not taken place. Meanwhile, residents have been caught in between, with neither the central government in Baghdad nor the Kurdish Regional Government in Erbil willing to provide basic services. Those in need of healthcare have few options.</description><body><![CDATA[KANDAL 02 April 2013 (IRIN) - At 9am in the northern Iraqi village of Kandal, female residents are gathering in the leafy courtyard of the local mosque. But they have not come to pray; they are here to see the doctor - a rare opportunity in this part of the country. 

Kandal sits on a busy main road connecting Erbil, capital of the northern autonomous Kurdish region of Iraq, to Kirkuk, one of several disputed territories. Located in Makhmour District, in Kirkuk Governorate, the land Kandal sits on is claimed by both the central government in Baghdad and the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG). 

Although the status of the disputed territories was supposed to be resolved by a referendum before the end of 2007, the vote still has not taken place. Meanwhile, their residents have been caught in between, with neither side willing to provide basic services. 

“This place is not a country,” said Jwan Abdullah, an English teacher at the small village school. “We have no government; there is no doctor, no hospital. We don’t have a [phone] number for emergencies, and we need this.”

There is only one small clinic in the nearby town of Makhmour to service the area’s nine villages, which have a total population of around 300 families. The clinic is a small general practice, ill-equipped to handle many cases. 

“My son broke his arm playing football,” said the local mukhtar, or village leader. “And they just gave him a pain killer and said we had to go to the emergency hospital in Erbil,” some 100km away. 

Falling between the cracks

KRG would like to build a permanent hospital in the area, says Raad Najmadeen, director of medical services at the Erbil Directorate of Health. But the political situation in the region means any attempt to do so would be seen as a land grab. 

“The problem is, as I see it, if you build a health centre, this land will be allocated to the [KRG] Ministry of Health, so you will make this land permanently for the ministry… They may see that we are taking the land by this process. So it’s sensitive.” 

Instead, these villages depend on visits from KRG’s mobile hospital - which has an operating unit, a dental unit, a lab, an x-ray, and ultrasound and gynaecological support - and a mobile team with ambulances stocked with simple medication and equipment. But these visits occur only once or twice a year. 

The Kurdish government has plans to set up an emergency unit halfway between Makhmour and Erbil that would service the district and give residents access to an emergency number and to ambulances. 

But in the meantime, the lack of any emergency services means transportation is a problem, particularly for women in Kandal, none of whom knows how to drive. 

One woman, Berivan, said the Makhmour clinic had diagnosed her with a kidney infection and told her to return for follow-up treatment, but she has been unable to make the 10km journey. 

“My husband is a peshmerga [member of the Kurdish security forces] and he isn’t here to take me. Without a car, you have to stand on the side of the road and wait for someone to pick you up.” 

The journey to the hospital in Erbil can take over an hour - sometimes the difference between life and death. Berivan’s aunt’s experience is a case in point. 

“One morning she was very short of breath, so we took her to the clinic in Makhmour,” Berivan said, “but they said she had to go to Erbil. In the car on the way, she just stopped breathing and died.” 

Mobile care for women

Because of the particular challenge women face in reaching healthcare, START, a women’s empowerment organization, teamed up with the Kurdistan Ministry of Health to provide mobile health services in the area, focusing on women and children. With French embassy funding, the NGO will send a general practitioner to one of six villages in the area every week for the next three months to provide basic healthcare and respond to gynaecological needs. 

“We follow [up with] the women about their family planning. Here they have many kids, so we examine and provide for them - condom, contraceptive tablet, intra-uterine device... Everything is portable. We have all types of medicines,” said Afifa Sayid, a doctor with the visiting medical team.

This is the second such programme by START, and the Iraqi government has a similar programme in other disputed areas. But when funding for such programmes runs out, residents here will be back to square one. 

The poor, high-sugar diet also takes a toll on local health, Sayid says, and the local pharmacists are an inadequate substitute for trained medical care. 

“Here they have chronic disease: high blood pressure, diabetes. Their general condition is not good. It’s very important to have a hospital in the same place to follow-up with them every day. I went to five villages before this village: No hospital. It should be that in every village you have a health centre or every day a portable centre. Every day, not every week.” 

By lunchtime, Sayid had seen 55 women. 

One patient, who requested anonymity, suffered from conjunctivitis. “She was given the wrong medicine” by a local pharmacist, Sayid said, “and now her eye is bleeding.” 

The health programme also raises awareness about women’s health issues, like breast cancer and female genital mutilation, which is practiced in Iraqi Kurdistan, and it trains girls on first aid and the use of medicine. “These girls will be the focal points of any health services and any awareness campaign,” said START director Safin Ali.

The programme also aims to reveal the area’s health needs. 

“[A reason for] bringing the KRG staff members and their buses and their staff members is to draw their attention to the fact that this area needs a hospital. A mobile medical unit can help in the short term but in the long term, they need to build a hospital here.” 

hg/ha/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97771/In-Iraq-s-disputed-territories-a-health-services-vacuum</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304021125040657t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANDAL 02 April 2013 (IRIN) - The status of Iraq’s disputed territories was supposed to be resolved by a referendum in 2007. More than five years later, the vote has not taken place. Meanwhile, residents have been caught in between, with neither the central government in Baghdad nor the Kurdish Regional Government in Erbil willing to provide basic services. Those in need of healthcare have few options.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Boost for healthcare in DRC</title><pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme [ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-british-boost-for-healthcare-in-drc ] aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.

Civil war has destroyed much of the country’s health infrastructure, as well as the road networks and vital services such as electricity, meaning patients often have to travel long distances to health centres that may not be equipped to handle their complications.

IRIN has put together a list of five health issues in DRC that require urgent attention:

Maternal and Child Health - DRC’s maternal mortality ratio [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_DRC_SoWMy_Profile.pdf ] is 670 deaths per 100,000 live births, with an estimated 19,000 maternal deaths annually. The country has a severe shortage of health workers - less than one health professional is available per 1,000 people.

With 170 out of every 1,000 children dying before they reach the age of five and 10 percent of infants underweight, DRC has one of the worst child health indicators [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/pdfs/SOWC%202012-Main%20Report_EN_13Mar2012.pdf ] in the world. It is one of five countries in the world in which about half of under-five deaths occur. Some of the biggest killers of children are diarrhoea, malaria, malnutrition and pneumonia.

Sexual violence - Several studies report high levels of sexual violence perpetrated against women, children and men in DRC, both by armed groups and within the home; one study [ http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=186342 ], conducted in the North and South Kivu and Ituri in 2010, found that 40 percent of women and 24 percent of men had experienced sexual violence.

Between the stigma of rape and the dearth of decent health services in DRC, sexual violence often leaves survivors injured, infected with sexually transmitted illnesses and severely traumatized. Some of the main requirements are first aid and trauma services, counselling, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, HIV post-exposure prophylaxis and access to contraception.

During a recent visit to eastern DRC, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague announced $312,110 in new funding [ http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/press/news/uk-announces-funds-to-help-survivors-of-rape-democratic-republic-of-congo.html ] to support the NGO Physicians for Human Rights, which works at Panzi Hospital in South Kivu Province, “to help efforts to develop local and national capacity to document and collect evidence of sexual violence”.

Diarrhoeal diseases - The consumption of unsafe water is one of the main causes of the diarrhoeal diseases - such as cholera - that infect and kill children and adults in DRC. A cholera epidemic that started in June 2011 has infected tens of thousands and killed more than 200 people. In the capital, Kinshasa [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95384/DRC-Poor-sanitation-systems-hinder-fight-against-cholera ], which has been hit by the epidemic, less than 40 percent of people have no access to piped water. According to the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_68359.html ], 36 million people in DRC live without improved drinking water, and 50 million without improved sanitation.

Some of the measures to boost access to safe water and sanitation include hygiene awareness campaigns, rehabilitation of water supply and of sanitation facilities, disinfection of contaminated environments, chlorination of water, and distribution of soap.

Immunization - Despite the existence of an effective vaccine for measles at a cost of roughly $1 per vaccine, the disease is one of the leading killers of children in DRC. According to the Global Alliance for Vaccines [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/news/gavi-features/2012/seth-berkley-visits-dr-congo-to-view-progress-on-immunisation/ ], 20-30 percent of children in DRC do not have access to immunization. Some challenges to universal vaccine coverage include the poor road network, the size of the country (DRC is Africa’s second largest country), unreliable electricity for vaccines that require refrigeration, and low awareness within the population.

HIV - More than one million people in DRC are living with HIV; 350,000 of these qualify for life-prolonging antiretroviral drugs, but only 44,000 - or 15 percent - are actually on treatment. Just 9 percent of the population knows of their HIV status, largely because of low awareness, but also because of a shortage of facilities - for instance, only one laboratory in the country is equipped to carry out polymerase chain reaction tests for early infant diagnosis.

Just 5.6 percent of HIV-positive pregnant Congolese women receive ARVs to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies; according to government figures, the mother-to-child transmission [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/95346/DRC-End-of-mother-to-child-HIV-transmission-still-a-long-way-off ] rate is about 37 percent.

Humanitarian agencies have called on the government and donors to urgently boost funding [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/95412/DRC-HIV-effort-needs-government-donor-commitment-to-succeed ] for HIV prevention, treatment and care.

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97761/Boost-for-healthcare-in-DRC</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Gender relations are changing along with climate</title><pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091113510766t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - A changing climate will inevitably have an impact on gender relations in conservative rural communities, but not enough is being done to boost the resilience of women - already disadvantaged by traditions of inequality.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - A changing climate will inevitably have an impact on gender relations in rural communities, but not enough is being done to boost the resilience of women - already disadvantaged by traditional inequalities. 

The UN International Strategy for International Risk reduction (UNISDR), has been arguing for  mainstreaming gender in disaster risk reduction programmes for over a decade. "Disasters don’t discriminate, but people do," the agency noted. "The potential contributions that women can offer to the disaster risk reduction [DRR] imperative around the world are often overlooked and female leadership in building community resilience to disasters is frequently disregarded." [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/9922_MakingDisasterRiskReductionGenderSe.pdf ] 

The need for gender awareness in programming became apparent after the Asian Tsunami in 2004, in which more women than men were killed. Research by Oxfam in parts of Indonesia and India after the wave struck found that women were more vulnerable partly because they were more likely to be unable to swim, and many were in harm's way because they were standing on the shore waiting for the men to bring in the fish they would process and sell [ http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1502_bn050326tsunamiwomen.pdf ].

The development agency CARE, along with Kulima Integrated Development Solutions, a South Africa-based consultancy, is trying to develop a methodology to conduct gender-sensitive vulnerability analysis. “Most NGOs have longstanding gender commitments, and are beginning to incorporate them in their climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction,” says Kulima’s Katharine Vincent, who is working on the methodology using Mozambique as their testing ground. 

“However, what we have noticed is that despite ongoing theoretical commitment, there is a lack of support tools (handbooks, guidebooks, methodologies, etc.) which particularly address questions of how to integrate a gender-sensitive approach to CCA [climate change adaptation] and DRR projects. CARE have observed that their own Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA), whilst widely respected and used, could be stronger in advocating a gender-sensitive approach,” she added. 

So far, CARE's CVCA has been updated and now includes questions directed at women and men separately - providing women with a freer voice. 

Although NGOs and aid agencies are beginning to look at gender, Babette Resurreccion, a senior researcher at the Stockholm Environment Institute, believes a more transformative agenda is needed. While lauding efforts to consider gender-specific vulnerabilities to make men and women more resilient, she noted that “Bouncing back to normal [the conventional meaning of resilience] should not include bouncing back to a situation of gender inequality. 

"Building resilience should also transform," she noted. 

jk/he 

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97727/Gender-relations-are-changing-along-with-climate</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091113510766t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 25 March 2013 (IRIN) - A changing climate will inevitably have an impact on gender relations in conservative rural communities, but not enough is being done to boost the resilience of women - already disadvantaged by traditions of inequality.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Boosting support for IDPs outside DRC’s formal camps</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207101215300298t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian agencies in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) North Kivu Province are working to increase their support for hundreds of thousands of displaced people living outside formal camps with little humanitarian support, often relying on the kindness of sometimes equally vulnerable host communities.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian agencies in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) North Kivu Province are working to increase their support for hundreds of thousands of displaced people living outside formal camps with little humanitarian support, often relying on the kindness of sometimes equally vulnerable host communities.

Fighting in North Kivu in 2012 displaced some 590,000 people, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). In total, some 914,000 people are displaced in the province. According to the NGO Refugees International (RI), some 802,000 of these are living outside formal camp settings.

“Only 112,000 North Kivu IDPs live in UNHCR-operated camps, while 230,000 are in spontaneous settlements, and the rest are living with host communities,” RI advocate Caelin Briggs [ http://refugeesinternational.org/content/back-field-drc ] told IRIN following a mission to the province.

“Across the board, we found extremely harsh conditions, particularly in the non-official camps - spontaneous settlements and people living with host families,” she added. “Food is the number one need mentioned. For instance, between July and December 2012, there was no food distribution in Masisi [territory]. They try to get day labour on nearby farms, but there is just not enough work to go around.”

Briggs noted that protection was another issue of concern. “In Goma, there is a big threat to women fetching firewood, especially as they now have to go deeper into the forest for it,” she said. “They are advised to go in groups, but this is not really helpful against a group of armed men.”

The DRC government has not yet ratified the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009 - also known as the Kampala Convention [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force ] - the world’s first legally binding instrument aimed specifically at aiding people displaced within their own countries.

Harmonizing programmes

“Until recently, there was very little assistance and coordination of activities in spontaneous sites and for IDPs living in host families and other displacement situations,” Simplice Kpandji, the UN Refugee Agency’s (UNHCR) public information officer in DRC, told IRIN. “Over the last few months, the humanitarian community has sought to create a new, more holistic coordination/assistance system which includes not only CCCM [camp coordination/camp management] camps but also other displacement situations.”

“Approaches to distribution, registration, security… etc. are being harmonized to ensure that all IDPs in various situations of displacement are treated equally,” he added.

RI is making the case for the “the activation of a national-level CCCM cluster to jointly address the needs of displaced persons living in CCCM camps as well as those living in spontaneous settlements and with host families” [ http://refugeesinternational.org/policy/letter/letter-deputy-special-representative-monusco ]. In some countries, humanitarian actors working within a particular field, such as shelter or health, coordinate their activities through “clusters” [ http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/coordination-tools/cluster-coordination ]. CCCM activities in the DRC are handled by a “working group” under the larger protection cluster.

Kpandji said that although the CCCM working group has been working “very much like a cluster”, it lacks access to funding mechanisms available to clusters, such as the Central Emergency Response Fund [ http://www.unocha.org/cerf/ ] and pooled funds.

In January, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) joined UNHCR in coordinating spontaneous sites in North Kivu.

“Little is done for IDPs outside the formal camps, which is why IOM has developed a strategy to care for IDPs in spontaneous sites and those living with host communities,” said Laurent de Boeck, chief of IOM’s mission in the DRC.

“IOM has a three-tier approach to IDPs outside the camps: understanding and registering the people displaced using a displacement tracking matrix; analyzing the pull-push factors leading to displacement, and assessing the ability of host families to cope with crisis; and, based on the needs, deliver the immediate needs of the IDPs [including] food and non-food items, and encourage other humanitarian actors to help as well.

“Finally, we aim to build the resilience of the IDPs, both where they are and in their places of origin - when and if return is safe. We aim to create durable solutions, whether this means insertion into host communities, return back to their places of origin or… formal re-localization,” he added.

Addressing the risks

De Boeck noted that displacement from one community to another could create tensions and make host communities vulnerable to possible insecurity.

He said access and identification of host families was particularly difficult. “Often both the displaced and the host families are vulnerable so there is a dilemma on who to focus on,” he said.

“One risk for UNHCR and partners is encouraging the creation of collective sites in areas with insufficient/inadequate conditions to provide effective protection and assistance,” said Kpandji.

“Contingency plans in the province should be updated regularly to ensure that suitable reception areas are identified in advance, and that the humanitarian community is prepared,” he added. “Close cooperation with authorities - who should identify land for displacement sites in advance - should be maintained.”

According to De Boeck, there is also a need for better harmonization between national humanitarian policy and regional implementation.

“In the overall approach, there is a misunderstanding between Kinshasa and the provincial level. Efforts are focused very much on North Kivu, with no systematic approach in other provinces,” he said. “There are good initiatives by the government, i.e., the ministerial and national policy on development as well as a new governmental decree giving the Ministry of Humanitarian Action a coordination role. This needs to be reflected at the provincial level.”

He added, “There is a need to dialogue with the population to better understand their needs and how to meet them.”

Kpandji also pointed out the need to develop the agencies’ ability to rapidly evaluate and respond to displacement, “in particular with regards to child protection and support to community-based protection mechanisms”.

Funding

“Funding is a major challenge. We are really advocating for increased funding for IOM and UNHCR, as well as for OCHA’s US$30.5 million [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA_Humanitarian%20Action%20in%20the%20DRC%2018%20January%202013%20_%20FINAL.pdf ] request to cover the basic needs of IDPs in North Kivu,” said Briggs.

“Our needs are $13 million over 12 months, and we will have $4 million before the end of the month, allowing us to work for six months… This is all for our work in North Kivu,” said de Boeck. “We will also be appealing for funds for our operations in Province Orientale and South Kivu.”

“Funding remains an issue. Sure, it is important, but equally as important - and arguably more important - is the end of fighting, an end to these sporadic bouts that prevent access and [hinder] aid organizations’ work,” said one aid worker, who preferred anonymity. “Money without access does not get us anywhere.”

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97702/Boosting-support-for-IDPs-outside-DRC-s-formal-camps</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207101215300298t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Humanitarian agencies in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) North Kivu Province are working to increase their support for hundreds of thousands of displaced people living outside formal camps with little humanitarian support, often relying on the kindness of sometimes equally vulnerable host communities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Drive for quality in global education post-2015</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303211305360467t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.

“We need a goal that encompasses our broad aim of quality education, equitably delivered, for all children,” said Caroline Pearce, head of policy at the Global Campaign for Education (GCE).

The meeting was one of 11 global consultations [ http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/area-of-work/post2015.shtml ] on the post-2015 development agenda.

Millennium Development Goal 2 - to achieve universal primary education - succeeded in pushing up enrolment rates: in 2010 some 90 percent of children were enrolled in primary school, up from 82 percent in 1999, according to the UN.

But the goal was narrow and even more narrowly interpreted: it focused only on access to primary education, and implementers tended to judge success by enrolment rates rather than completion rates.

And the quality in many cases, was very poor. Some 250 million of the 650 million children completing primary school lacked basic numeracy and literacy skills, according to the 2012 Education for All Global Monitoring Report [ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/ ], (GMR), while half of all teachers in Africa have little or no training, according to UNESCO.

Too many untrained teachers

In Niger there are just 1,059 trained teachers at lower secondary level for 1.4 million children. “It’s shocking. Would you send your child to a school with no trained teachers? The lack of a sense of urgency around this is shocking,” said Pearce.

The focus will now shift to look at quality and learning outcomes - this is very welcome, said Susan Nicolai, research manager at the Overseas Development Institute, who has worked for over a decade in emergency and development education.

A task force on learning metrics, set up by the Brookings Institution, is addressing what kind of basic learning competencies should be measured. National assessment tests are likely to feature.

“We don’t want a narrow understanding of quality,” warned Pearce.

“Quality needs to go beyond literacy and numeracy to focus on broader issues like a safe learning environment, creative thinking… This may be a stretch for some countries, but we want them to be stretched.”

Education experts also stressed the need to extend basic education beyond primary to include at least three years of secondary school. Discussions are still under way as to whether basic education coverage should start at four to include one year of early childhood education.

A couple of governments have tried to extend universal education to the first three years of secondary - notably the Kenyan government, which pushed up enrolment rates by extending free primary schooling to include early secondary schooling in 2008. “The aim is to create that expectation on a global level,” said Nicolai.

Equity and access

Equity and access are likely to feature much more centrally. “The progress [in education attendance] has happened mainly among groups that are easiest to reach,” said Nicolai. “The most marginalized still struggle with access - whether that is girls, rural populations, children with disabilities, those living in conflict or disaster-affected situations, and a whole range of other groups.”

One third of children out of school are estimated to have a disability, while the poorest quintile is four times less likely to attend school than the richest quintile, according to a 2012 GMR policy paper.

But improving access is not just about reaching out to marginalized groups or setting up more schools in rural areas - it involves creating an environment where these children want to attend school. Research in South America and South Asia by GCE in 2012 showed girls’ experience of school was much more negative than boys’ and that most did not feel they were learning in a safe environment.

UN agencies UNICEF and UNESCO, which led the consultation process, will outline the outcomes to be presented at a High Level Panel on the post-2015 development agenda [ http://www.balipost2015.org/ ] in Bali, Indonesia next week. The goals will then be refined over the next couple of months.

The shift in focus to new goals and themes does not mean the current focus on universal access to primary education will drop off, stressed consultation attendees. “There is still a sense of unfinished business, and this will not be forgotten,” said Nicolai.

Call for more government spending

But expanding the scope post-2015 will cost more. The share of government spending on education in developing countries has increased from 2.9 percent to 3.8 percent of GDP in low-income countries since 1999, according to UNESCO. GCE calls for this to reach 20 percent.

Following the introduction of the MDGs, official overseas development aid (ODA) to education increased dramatically, but the share of overall aid targeted to education has stagnated at 10 to 12 percent of the total, while the share of health has more than doubled, according to research by the Overseas Development Institute [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7776.pdf ].

According to GCE estimates, donors in the Development Assistance Committee [ http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacmembersdatesofmembershipandwebsites.htm ] (an OECD forum) channelled less than 3 percent of their aid to basic education between 2005 and 2009 once tied aid and other factors were excluded. GCE calls for 10 percent of ODA to target basic education.

“This is not that extreme. Almost all groups consulted in the UN 2015 global survey [ http://www.myworld2015.org/ ], prioritized education. And education has a huge impact on all other areas - youth employment, climate change, HIV. It is key to building stable democratic societies, and yet it is still wildly underemphasized in donor priorities,” said Pearce.

aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97695/Drive-for-quality-in-global-education-post-2015</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303211305360467t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Bride trafficking to China could rise</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303190649480043t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.

“The numbers of identified cases are still small, but this number could rise given the social demographics in play,” Lisa Rende Taylor, chief technical adviser for the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ], told IRIN, noting that in the past marriage trafficking to China had only been known from countries bordering China (Myanmar [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92868/MYANMAR-Bride-trafficking-to-China-unveiled ], Laos and Vietnam).

In China, government figures for 2012 indicated that there were 117.78 newborn boys for every 100 newborn girls. It is estimated there will be 24 million more men than women at marrying age by 2020.

In 2012, at least three suspected cases of marriage trafficking were reported from Cambodia, with hundreds more from the region. Most cases go unreported.

cl/ds/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97677/In-Brief-Bride-trafficking-to-China-could-rise</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303190649480043t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Nepal’s maternal mortality decline paradox</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206281331180868t.jpg" />]]>KATHMANDU 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - While health experts applaud Nepal’s declining maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in recent years, they say this gain is unsustainable if the country does not address its lack of qualified health staff, especially midwives, to keep women in childbirth alive.</description><body><![CDATA[KATHMANDU 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - While health experts applaud Nepal’s declining maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in recent years, they say this gain is unsustainable if the country does not address its lack of qualified health staff, especially midwives, to keep women in childbirth alive.

Between 1996 and 2006, Nepal nearly halved its MMR, from 539 deaths per 100,000 live births, to 281, according to the latest Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) [ http://www.measuredhs.com/publications/publication-fr257-dhs-final-reports.cfm ]. A 2012 UN report [ http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Trends_in_maternal_mortality_A4-1.pdf ] estimated the 2010 MMR at 170. (The range of uncertainty went from a low estimate of 100 to a high estimate of 290.)

Observed declines since the early 1990s make Nepal, together with Bangladesh, the most recent “success story”, comparable to countries like Malaysia, Thailand and Cuba that gained ground decades earlier, Julia Hussein, lead author of a 2011 medical appraisal [ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0019898 ] of Nepal’s MMR reduction, told IRIN.

Experts are still deciphering the past decade’s declining MMR in Nepal.

“The problem we have is that the data we need to identify causes of maternal mortality reduction are not actually there,” said Hussein, who, rather, looked for changes associated with the decline. “The paradox in Nepal is that skilled birth care is still very low, yet maternal mortality is decreasing.”

Though there is generally a positive association between increasing rates of births attended by skilled birth attendants (SBAs) and a falling MMR, this correlation is not very strong for countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, Hussein told IRIN.

Nepal’s success is explained by many factors, said Kabiraj Khanal, the Ministry of Health and Population’s under-secretary. “Maternal mortality has not reduced because of just one reason - different interventions have been implemented simultaneously.”

What’s working?

Top reasons identified by health practitioners were fertility declines, societal changes and government programmes to enhance both supply and demand of maternal care.

Women now give birth on average to 2.6 children versus 4.6 children 15 years ago, a decline Khanal credited to social and economic developments, including male partners migrating for work.

“Nepal has quite a strong family planning programme,” added Hussein. Half the women surveyed in the 2011 DHS reported using contraception. But, she added: “Fertility reduction can only improve maternal mortality levels to a certain extent, because eventually you are going to reach a point where women still want to have babies.”

Hussein found improvements in women’s education, empowerment, wealth, and living standards were also strongly associated with a declining MMR. Nepal’s Human Development Index, which assesses a population’s well-being by measuring poverty, education and life expectancy, increased from 0.34 in 1990 to 0.46 in 2012; female literacy jumped from 35 percent in 2001 to 57 percent a decade later.

“On the demand-side, people’s health-seeking behaviour has changed, and on the supply side, health facilities, hospitals, services, and health workforce have increased,” said Ganga Shakya, maternal and neonatal health adviser for the UK-funded government technical assistance project, Nepal Health Sector Support Programme.

Under a Safe Motherhood Programme, in 2009 the government started offering free deliveries and travel stipends of US$5.80, $11.50, and $17.30 for women to reach accredited birthing facilities in plain, hilly, and mountainous districts, respectively. Women also get close to $5 if they seek health care pre-delivery at least four times, in line with international health recommendations.  

Health facilities receive cash to procure drugs and other materials for deliveries - $11 for vaginal births, $34 for managing obstetric complications and $80 for Caesareans.

In the absence of professional midwives, pregnant women in Nepal depend on 4,000 SBAs certified in certain core midwifery skills, and counselling provided by 52,000 female community health volunteers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96462/NEPAL-Key-role-for-female-health-volunteers ] who are part of a government initiative launched in 1988 to fight maternal and neonatal (infants 28 days and younger) deaths.

“They [volunteers] are often seen as doctors in the remote villages… They are… constantly in touch with the poorest women who often have difficulty making long journeys to the hospitals,” said Jung Shah, a hospital director in the mid-western region’s main government health centre.

The percentage of births assisted at delivery by someone formally trained in birthing has almost doubled in the last five years to 36 percent in 2011.

Delivery assistance by an SBA in rural areas has more than doubled in the last five years, from 14 percent to 32 percent, though pregnancy in the mountains is still mostly a solitary family affair, with as few as 15 percent of women getting outside trained assistance during childbirth.

And more births are taking place in a health facility - from 18 percent in 2006 to 35 percent in 2011. In the same period, districts with at least one facility performing Caesarean sections rose from 30 to more than 50 districts, with a more drastic increase in centres offering 24-hour delivery services - from 300 to 1,200. Abortion was legalized in 2002, with 300 sites now registered nationwide.

“We are focusing on whatever women die from,” said Shilu Aryal, obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN) consultant at the Family Health Division in the Health and Population Ministry.

When postpartum haemorrhage was identified as the biggest maternal killer, female volunteers distributed tablets of misoprostal (a drug that causes the uterus to contract and lessens blood loss) to women’s homes [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92702/HEALTH-Childbirth-made-safer ] to reduce the risk of excessive bleeding after home deliveries.

The Health Ministry also recently decided to provide blood transfusions to pregnant mothers for free, in addition to no-cost oxytocin injections (to stop bleeding) at health facilities since 2002.

What needs improvement?

While the country is on track to achieve its Millennium Development Goal of cutting MMR by three-quarters of its 1990 level (down to 134 deaths per 100,000 live births), the government is cautious.

“We will eventually reach a plateau, after which it will be difficult to further reduce our maternal mortality. At that point, we will need people skilled in midwifery,” said Senendra Raj Upreti, director of the Family Health Division.

In 2006 Nepal developed a national policy on SBAs to address the fatally low numbers of pregnancies aided by SBAs, which back then stood at 18 percent. The policy proposed measures to improve midwifery skills among nurses, doctors and auxiliary nurse midwives, (the latter receive less education and practical training than midwives). The policy foresaw providing at least three years of training to a new group of professional midwives.

Since then, the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) has drafted a Bachelor in Midwifery curriculum for Nepal and studied how to incorporate it into national academic institutions.

“Professional midwives can prevent up to 90 percent of maternal deaths where they are authorized to practice,” suggested a 2012 UNFPA study. “Investing in midwives has been identified as the quickest and the most cost-effective solution for scale-up in skilled attendance at all births” - an indicator Nepal still lags far behind in. Its goal is for 60 percent of women to give birth with the help of a skilled practitioner; the most recently recorded rate is 36 percent.

Last month, the government set up a task force on midwifery education whose chair hopes to enrol the country’s first midwives by 2014.

Health care staffing

But lack of midwives is only a small part of the larger recruitment challenge facing Nepal, especially in most remote areas where health staff are reluctant to relocate.

Neither the distribution of health workers nor their total count has budged in the past 15 years, said Aryal, the OB-GYN consultant. “[In Nepal] 15 years ago, there were 10 million people, now we have reached 30 million, but we have the same number of people working in the hospitals.”

A 2011-2015 government health human resources plan [ http://www.nhssp.org.np/human_resources/HRH%20Strategic%20Plan%20Final.pdf ] pinpointed this disparity; in the last decade the population grew by 45 percent while public health staffing increased by only 3 percent.

Nepal has 0.29 health workers for every 1,000 people, a small fraction of the World Health Organization recommended 2.3 needed to offer basic lifesaving care, including vaccinations for every 1,000 residents.

And while the private sector has expanded significantly, those facilities are mostly in urban areas (in a country where some 80 percent of the population lives in rural areas) and are unaffordable to the poor.

Nepal needs to improve its referral system in remote areas to transport women with medical complications, said Asha Pun, maternal and neonatal health specialist at the UN Children’s Fund office in Kathmandu.

Family planning access is still perilously out of reach for youths, said UNFPA’s former deputy representative in Nepal, Geetha Rana. Twenty-seven percent of married women nationwide have an unmet need for family planning, increasing to 42 percent if only counting women aged 15-19 - significant given half of all females in Nepal are married by age 18.

Hussein, the researcher, suggested improving Nepal’s death registration [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97389/Why-civil-registration-matters-in-Asia ] to understand what has - and has not - worked in slashing maternal deaths. “Things are reducing, but you can only learn lessons from it if you set up data collection systems that allow you to explain it.”

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97667/Analysis-Nepal-s-maternal-mortality-decline-paradox</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206281331180868t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATHMANDU 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - While health experts applaud Nepal’s declining maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in recent years, they say this gain is unsustainable if the country does not address its lack of qualified health staff, especially midwives, to keep women in childbirth alive.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Condoms needed in PNG prisons</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201012021344220326t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Papua New Guinea (PNG) study released today calls for condoms to be made more widely available in prisons.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Papua New Guinea (PNG) study released today calls for condoms to be made more widely available in prisons.

“All prisoners must have condoms,” Angela Kelly, one of the authors of the study [ http://www.pngimr.org.pg/research%20publications/Kelly%20et%20al%202012%20%20Emerging%20HIV%20Risk%20in%20PNG.pdf ] by the PNG Institute of Medical Research, told IRIN, noting that they could help prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Although condoms are one of the government’s key HIV prevention tools, there is no official policy in place regarding prisons, with many viewing their distribution as supporting male-to-male sex which is illegal in PNG.

The study found that unsafe, forced and consensual male-to-male sex was taking place in four of the country’s 19 overcrowded prisons visited; some sexual relations were long-term, some sex was for goods or as a punishment, and some involved more than one partner.

Only one of the four prisons provided condoms to inmates; most prison staff believed condoms encouraged sex, the study found. While there is no figure for HIV prevalence in PNG prisons, it is widely believed to exceed the national average of 0.8 percent.

ds/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97646/In-Brief-Condoms-needed-in-PNG-prisons</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201012021344220326t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - A Papua New Guinea (PNG) study released today calls for condoms to be made more widely available in prisons.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Afghan women navigate a challenging judicial landscape</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070814t.jpg" />]]>FAIZABAD 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - Sadaf Ahmadi*, 18, from the northern Afghan province of Badakshan, has arrived battered and bruised at a women’s refuge centre in Faizabad. It is her fifth such visit.</description><body><![CDATA[FAIZABAD 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - Sadaf Ahmadi*, 18, from the northern Afghan province of Badakshan, has arrived battered and bruised at a women’s refuge centre in Faizabad. It is her fifth such visit.

Every time it is the same. Staff at the centre, run by Women for Women, an Afghan NGO, try to offer support, but every previous time local community leaders or the government courts send her back to her husband and the beatings continue.

Now she hopes the government court will end her three-year marriage.

“I have pain in my hand,” said Ahmadi, reluctantly lifting her headscarf to reveal scars from past fights, and fresh bruises from the most recent. “I wanted to have a shower and he started kicking me. I fainted, so I don't know how he beat me after that.”

While figures on how such disputes are resolved vary, a December 2011 report [ http://www.usip.org/publications/traditional-dispute-resolution-and-afghanistan-s-women ] by the US Institute of Peace says at least 80 percent of cases are settled through “traditional dispute resolution [TDR] mechanisms”.

However, many see TDR as bad for women’s rights.

“We are not in favour of tribal decisions because they tend to favour men,” said Nafisa Qaderi of the government’s Women’s Affairs Department in Badakshan. “From our information, about 20 percent of decisions made by elders violate the rights of women.” 

TDR mechanisms often mean `shuras’ or `jirgas’ - hearings held by tribal elders to resolve disputes - but they include the Taliban’s justice system and judgments handed down by religious leaders.

Tribal elder Habibullah from Darayom District in Badakshan works with `jirgas’ in the province. He says it is true that women's rights are sometimes violated and tribal elders may not be very aware of all relevant laws.

However, he says the responsibility of `jirgas’ is to solve disputes among family members while maintaining stable family relationships and harmonious communities. 

“This is effective,” said Habibullah. “If a woman takes her case to the government she may get justice, but she cannot preserve her family relations. In `jirgas’ the case gets resolved and relations are kept intact.”

Violence against women is rising, said Sayeda Muzhgan Mustafawi, deputy minister for women’s affairs, at a press conference in January.

Corrupt judiciary

One of the main reasons Afghans resort to TDR, says an Afghan Integrity Watch (AIW) report, [ http://www.iwaweb.org/Reports/PDF/Mobilizing%20Communities%20For%20Court%20Watch%20-%20English.pdf ] is that they do not trust the judiciary.

Bribery, nepotism and cronyism plague the formal justice sector, say critics.

A 2010 AIW corruption survey of a range of Afghan institutions [ http://www.iwaweb.org/corruptionSurvey2010/NationalCorruption2010.html ] ranked the justice sector as the most corrupt, threatening the legitimacy of the state and creating a gap between citizens and state.

Public misperceptions, a lack of education and professionalism in the sector, and the absence of district level staff due to insecurity and/or remote locations, were cited in the report as factors contributing to eroding trust in the judiciary.

Observers, analysts, humanitarians and tribal elders who spoke to IRIN also said that while state courts may be more aware of women’s rights, their effectiveness is constrained by ineptitude, lack of capacity and corruption. 

“The problem,” said Adbul Wahab, an elder and lead prosecutor in Kunar Province for the past 18 years, “is that the formal court system does not follow women's cases seriously. They still follow what is good traditionally.”

He cited several cases where officials had been bribed to hand back fleeing wives to their husbands’ families, something that in several cases has led to the women being killed.

“I haven’t seen any courts which exercise competent jurisdiction in cases of violence against women,” said a government official working at the Women’s Affairs Department in Badakshan, who asked not to be named for security reasons.

Women’s rights law 

The 2009 Elimination of Violence against Women law (EVAW) was a step in the right direction but its implementation is patchy. 

EVAW condemns  child marriage; forced marriage; the buying and selling of women for the purpose, or under the pretext, of marriage; `ba’ad’ (giving away girls as payment to settle a dispute); forced self-immolation; and 17 other acts of violence, including rape and beating; and specifies punishments for perpetrators.

Where judges base their verdicts on EVAW, justice for the victims is more likely, according to a report by the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) [ http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/AF/UNAMA_Nov2011.pdf ].
Official statistics of violence against women are not available, but from March 2010 to March 2011, the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission registered 2,299 incidents that could be classified as acts of violence against women under EVAW.

Of the 2,299 incidents, prosecutors opened 594 cases (26 percent); indictments were filed in 155 (7 percent), and in 101 cases (4 percent) the courts based their judgements on EVAW. 

Most of the registered cases were processed outside the state system through mediation, pressure to withdraw a case, and traditional tribal systems. 

Tribal elders change mindsets

In late 2010, tribal elders from Nader Shah Koat District in the southern province of Khost banned the practice of `ba'ad’, a tradition illegal under international human rights laws, Afghan law, and - most Islamic scholars agree - Shariah law.

A 2010 UNAMA report [ http://unama.unmissions.org/Portals/UNAMA/Publication/HTP%20REPORT_ENG.pdf ], describes the tradition as “one of the most egregious types of violence against women in Afghanistan”.

The fact that tribal elders took matters into their own hands and banned the practice is important, said Lyric Thompson, a women’s rights advocate  with experience in Afghanistan who works for the Washington-based NGO International Center for Research on Women .

"That is important not only because many of the issues faced by women and girls are dealt with in the traditional or community justice sphere, but also because it dispels the myth that any assertion of women's rights - to live free from violence or to get an education, earn an income, etc. -is a "Western imposition".

“These messages coming at the mosque, from a traditional leader who is deeply connected to the people in the community, are often far more powerful than a billboard or radio message saying the same. It's about meeting people where they are,” said Thompson.

Following the decision by Nader Shah Koat District elders to ban `ba'ad’, seven other districts followed suit.

Observers say the act of banning `ba'ad’ by elders in one of the most conservative provinces in Afghanistan shows not only the weakness of the government's justice system, but also how tribal elders can be used as effective allies to help tackle violence against women in the country.

Innovative work with elders

Last month’s meeting in Istanbul of the Girls Not Brides initiative, a global partnership to end child marriage,  highlighted, says Thompson, how innovative work was now being done with traditional and religious leaders, elders and other culturally important entities.

“Many of the advocates coming from Muslim-majority states like Pakistan were talking about successes - whether it's at the parliamentary level or at the community level - that would just not have been possible without the support and engagement of religious leaders.”

The Afghanistan Rule of Law Stabilization Program (RLS-I - launched by the US Agency for International Development in the eastern province of Nangarhar in 2010), is designed to increase elders’ knowledge of Afghan laws.

Under RLS-I women have learned more about their rights under Shariah law. This has not only resulted in women demanding their inheritance portions, said Mussarat Arif Momand, senior field monitoring and evaluation officer with RLS-I, but also men demanding the same on their behalf. 

“Our surveys indicate that local people trust the elders more than government. In many cases, the state can’t control the entire district alone, so they need local elders to help them resolve disputes,” said Mussarat.

Mission impossible?

Meanwhile, efforts are also being made to improve local state courts. 

AIW has run a programme [ http://www.iwaweb.org/Reports/PDF/Mobilizing%20Communities%20For%20Court%20Watch%20-%20English.pdf ] to improve access and trust in formal court systems in Kapisa and Bamyan provinces. 

They used local monitors to oversee trials in their communities, gave them training, and then disseminated the information gathered by the monitors to address people's concerns related to judicial institutions.

They say they saw “a gradual upturn” in community participation in overseeing trials, which in turn led the community to successfully lobby for judges to be sent to districts that previously had none.

“The more you get in need of more sophisticated demands, the more you'll need the state institutions and the less you can rely on traditional mechanisms,” said Yama Torabi, AIW's executive director.

bm/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97631/Afghan-women-navigate-a-challenging-judicial-landscape</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070814t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FAIZABAD 12 March 2013 (IRIN) - Sadaf Ahmadi*, 18, from the northern Afghan province of Badakshan, has arrived battered and bruised at a women’s refuge centre in Faizabad. It is her fifth such visit.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>South Sudan&apos;s gender gap still too wide</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303071354430616t.jpg" />]]>RUMBEK, LAKES STATE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Years after the end of South Sudan’s war with Sudan, the country’s women still find themselves on the front line - this time, battling abuse, child marriage, and a dowry system that commodifies them from birth.</description><body><![CDATA[RUMBEK, LAKES STATE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Years after the end of South Sudan’s war with Sudan, the country’s women still find themselves on the front line - this time, battling abuse, child marriage, and a dowry system that commodifies them from birth.

According to an assessment of gender-based violence (GBV) in South Sudan, released by the Conflict and Health Journal [ http://www.conflictandhealth.com/content/7/1/4/abstract ] on 6 March, 68 percent of females and 63 percent of males - out of a sample of 680 respondents - agreed that “there are times when a woman deserves to be beaten”.

“You can’t speak to people about going to the police if they don’t even think it’s wrong,” said Paleki Matthew, who runs the NGO South Sudan Women’s Empowerment Network (SSWEN). 

And too many women are victims of sexual violence. 

“We’ve seen cases of women being abused, most especially the youth,” Olive Makwira, a maternity ward nurse in Rumbek, capital of Lakes State, told IRIN.

One of the youngest cases, she said, was a nine-year-old admitted with vaginal bleeding; her parents denied it was the result of abuse.

Most cases of abuse are girls and women between ages 12 and 30, said Abendego Mabior Nyinde, a nurse specializing in the treatment of GBV who runs an International Rescue Committee (IRC) clinic. “Some I see [are] eight years, 10 years, and even below that,” he said.

The odds are stacked against victims of GBV.

“It becomes quite difficult for the women to say what happened to them,” Makwira said, adding that if abuse is suspected, “the community casts them out”. 

Too young to consent

Marriage itself can set the stage for abuse. The age of consent in South Sudan is 18, but the 2010 Sudan Household Health Survey [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MICS4_Sudan_2010.pdf ] indicates about 38 percent of girls are married before that age; this figure rises to 54 percent for the poorest households.

Customary law considers any menstruating woman fit for marriage. “In some communities, a girl’s period is announced with a flag on the roof,” said Izeduwa Derex-Briggs, South Sudan representative for UN Women. She added that communities were mostly ignorant of statutory laws.

Additionally, many members of the police and judiciary still practice early marriage, reinforcing the tradition.

“We believe early marriage is a form of GBV and inequality,” said SSWEN’s Matthew. SSWEN tries to pass laws protecting women and girls, but these efforts rarely reach beyond the capital, let alone to cattle-keeping communities like Lakes, where girls can net their families up to US$100,000 in dowry.

“The relatives give a girl to the husband according to the cows they bring,” said Francis Dawood, a doctor in the Rumbek maternity ward. The girls are often married to much older men.

Child marriage often compels girls to drop out of school; in South Sudan only 16 percent [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96237/Analysis-South-Sudan-struggles-to-meet-demand-for-education ] of women can read and write.

And the physical effects can be deadly - early pregnancy is a major reason South Sudan has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95900/SOUTH-SUDAN-The-biggest-threat-to-a-woman-s-life ].

Human Rights Watch [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/07/south-sudan-end-widespread-child-marriage ] (HRW) is urging the government to increase its efforts to stop the practice.

"The country’s widespread child marriage exacerbates South Sudan’s pronounced gender gaps in school enrolment, contributes to soaring maternal mortality rates, and violates the right of girls to be free from violence, and to marry only when they are able and willing to give their free consent," HRW said in a statement.

Silence, denial

GBV is rarely reported. Nyinde says he deals with about four abuse cases a week, nearly all sexual, but knows that there are many more out there, as families and authorities hush up rapes to avoid the stigma that can ruin a girl’s chance of getting married. 

As information about healthcare improves, women are increasingly seeking care for sexually transmitted infections following sexual assault. But out of over a dozen women IRIN spoke to, including activists and health professionals, only one highlighted a non-medical or compensatory reason for reporting rape.

Despite the existence of police special protection units to address these crimes, women who report rape often get no results. “Most of these officers are rotated, move or drop out, so you train a load of people and they’re transferred. It’s not consistent,” Matthew said. “If you go in and report abuse, you will most likely just be sent back to that house.” 

After rights groups like HRW and Amnesty International reported serious army abuses [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/23/south-sudan-end-abuses-disarmament-forces-jonglei ] - including rape - during a disarmament exercise in Jonglei State last year, one member of parliament declared that sexual violence did not exist in South Sudan.

“We don’t even have a word for rape, so how could we?” he challenged baffled reporters.

Another government spokesman said no soldier would commit such an act because the punishment during decades of war had been death by firing squad.

But leading academic and undersecretary for culture Jok Madut Jok says that during the war, a “revolutionary ethos” among freedom fighters dictated that women should have as many children as possible to repopulate. “That became a license for people to expose any women they came across to the possibility of procreation - for young men to have children, in case they died soon.”

Socio-economic gap

Aside from the “standard physical and sexual violence that takes place, you have economic and social violence, which I think is much more widespread," said Jenny Becker, IRC’s Lakes gender specialist.

“Marriage is really expensive here now. The average is around 30 cows,” which cost an average of $500 each, said Nyinde. 

With the price so high, women are rarely able to leave their husbands. “The family will say they paid you lots of cattle,” said widow Mary Yai, who knows five women who have been trapped in violent marriages for years. 

“If she has no source of economic empowerment, how can she get up and leave her husband’s house?” asked Derex-Briggs.

Reports of abuse are usually handled within the man's family, a custom authorities often defer to.

“If there’s any punitive measure, the man has to pay some cows, and it’s sorted out by the family. The cases never see the light of day,” said Derex-Briggs. 

“I’ve seen judges that will come and drag fathers in and give them a warning or write an edict to say you must not marry [off] your daughter until she is 18 or she must finish school, but they will not at the moment prosecute anyone for it as they actually fear for their lives,” said Becker.

In cases of divorce, husbands automatically get custody of the children unless they are too young, in which case wives care for them until they reach the determined age, and then they are handed over to the fathers. 

Jacqueline Novello, gender director at the Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare, says the practice of wife inheritance is also an issue: "Sometimes [widows] are forced to find someone to take care of their children, like she has to marry the brother of her dead husband."

“Lack of access to health services is also a lack of rights," Derex-Briggs added. 

“When we are pregnant, they do not take us to the clinic, and it is very dangerous when we have problems, or women don’t get enough to eat. There are many women here who are malnourished and they die,” said Monica Ajak Mading.

Economic empowerment

But change is coming, however slowly.

"The transitional constitution has given women equal rights to work, get the same salaries and get access to anything like a man, including education. But there is a big gap," Novello said. "The laws are there, but the gender issues are here and we need to work on rights awareness."

A new land act, for example, grants women the right to inherit property from their husbands, but like many guarantees for women, it currently exists only paper.

"It's tradition itself which puts the women in a very submissive position. If you see agriculture, you see all the processes are being done by women - from farming to selling at market. But when it comes to money, the men control everything and take it," she added.

Still, Novello says community leaders are gradually getting on board with government efforts to protect women's rights and welfare.

In a country where women typically lack access to financial services, IRC’s “Bank in a Box” scheme allows women to buy small shares, loan to one another, and gain interest. Bank “manager” Teresa Aduong was able to pay for medicines and school fees, and she wowed her community by saving enough to bring home a bull and improve her farm.

“I've seen so many women whose lives have changed,” Aduong said. 

IRC’s Becker says schoolgirls and their male peers are increasingly pushing back against child marriage. “They speak out. And I think the more women who are educated and are in school and know that this is against the law, that’s when you’ll start seeing change.”

hm/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 08 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97616/South-Sudan-apos-s-gender-gap-still-too-wide</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303071354430616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RUMBEK, LAKES STATE 08 March 2013 (IRIN) - Years after the end of South Sudan’s war with Sudan, the country’s women still find themselves on the front line - this time, battling abuse, child marriage, and a dowry system that commodifies them from birth.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Congo, few pygmy women have access to reproductive health services</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2112045t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).

The study, Determinants of the Use of Reproductive Health Services by Indigenous Peoples, was conducted in four regions of Congo - Likouala, Sangha, Plateaux and Lekoumou - where most of the 43,500 indigenous people live.

In terms of reproductive health, "the numbers are not encouraging" for indigenous women, UNFPA representative David Lawson told IRIN. 

"While 94 percent of the general population gets antenatal care, only 37 percent of pregnant aboriginal women receive such services; and while 93 percent of Congolese women usually give birth in a health centre, only 4 percent of indigenous women do so,'' said Lawson, citing the study.

"The risks are enormous for indigenous women because they do not receive emergency care at birth," he added.

According to the same study, at least 45 percent of Congolese women use contraceptive methods, while only 25 percent of indigenous people do so, "because of a lack of access to family planning".

Also, 50 percent of indigenous people said they were not getting any information on HIV/AIDS (the country has an HIV prevalence rate of 3.2 percent), while studies show that 99 percent of Congolese are getting information on the epidemic and prevention methods.

Why the gap?

There are several reasons for this gap.

"Pygmy women, like men, move around and often live in the bush far from health centres, in the provinces,” said the country’s director-general of health, Alexis Elira Dokekias.

"In order not to disrupt their way of life, we send health services to these populations. In Lekoumou, where their concentration is very high, we decided that health care is free," he said.

The indigenous people’s customs, extreme poverty, low education levels and traditional beliefs help explain why they are on the fringes of the health system.

"Generally, indigenous women give birth in the forest without the assistance of a midwife. They consider their traditional medicine there to be the best in the world," ethnologist Sorel Eta told IRIN.

"Their medicine has no adverse consequences, contrary to what one might think. You must accept the pygmies as they are and respect their expertise," said Eta.

"Instead, there should be a comprehensive approach that allows indigenous peoples to preserve traditional medicine in reproductive health, but also to enjoy the benefits of modern medicine," David Lawson advised.

Aboriginal people make up 2 percent of the population, as opposed to 10 percent a few years ago. In 2011 the country enacted a law on the “promotion and protection of their rights”. But NGOs are demanding better implementation of the law to counter - however slightly - the discrimination they face.

lmm/cb/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97574/In-Congo-few-pygmy-women-have-access-to-reproductive-health-services</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2112045t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Rubber squeezing out cassava around Abidjan</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302261252160678t.jpg" />]]>DABOU 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers near Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire’s commercial capital, are abandoning cassava, a staple for many Ivoirians, and switching to natural rubber, a move which may jeopardize food self-sufficiency, analysts say.</description><body><![CDATA[DABOU 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers near Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire’s commercial capital, are abandoning cassava, a staple for many Ivoirians, and switching to natural rubber, a move which may jeopardize food self-sufficiency, analysts say.

Large numbers of farmers began to take an interest in rubber in the past decade thanks to high prices resulting from a surge in global demand, Alphonse Gnaoré Koh, an expert from the National Rural Development Agency (ANADER) in Dabou, a main rubber centre 50km west of Abidjan, told IRIN.

Prices jumped from 200 CFA francs per kilo in 2002 to 1,200 per kilo in 2007, but have fallen back since then to 550 per kilo, he said.

The rubber rush is pushing out farmers of cassava, agro-economist Daouda Dahaux from Abidjan’s Swiss Centre for Scientific Research told IRIN, and there is evidence that cocoa farmers may not reign supreme for long either [ http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/ivory-coast-economy-cocoa-rubber-farming-crops ].

Côte d’Ivoire started to grow rubber industrially in the 1950s, and the crop became more widespread when village plantations were created in the 1980s, according to Koh. The crop was originally grown in the southern forest areas along the coast but is now spreading north, especially in central-western and central-eastern parts of the country.

Stable income

Farmers say rubber gives them a more stable and predictable income because they can harvest 10 months a year, whereas cassava is harvested only once a year. Moreover, harvesting cassava is demanding work compared with rubber which is easier to grow, Dahaux said. A rubber tree can live for 40 years.

“With rubber, we harvest and we are paid every month. It’s like being a civil servant,” farmer Jean Essis N’Guessan, based in Debrimou, a village near Dabou, told IRIN. N’Guessan started to plant rubber last year on his cassava farm and plans to replace all the cassava in three years when the rubber trees will have grown. Natural rubber can be harvested seven years after the trees are planted.

His brother, David Esmel, is a retired civil servant and planted rubber along with cassava two years ago. “For many farmers, rubber is more important than cassava now,” N’Guesssan told IRIN. Revenues from rubber are much more substantial than from cassava, he said. “With rubber, you can have the lifestyle of someone working in Abidjan. It’s attractive.”

One hectare of rubber can provide a gross monthly income of about 400,000 CFA (US$800), said Koh. Côte d’Ivoire’s minimum salary is set at 36,600 francs per month.

Farmers’ interest in rubber has also been boosted by the political crisis over the past decade, Dahaux told IRIN. “In the face of political uncertainty, many people have opted for perennial crops.”

Côte d’Ivoire, Africa’s top rubber grower and the seventh largest in the world, produced 230,000 tons of rubber in 2012, according to Albert Konan, executive secretary of the Rubber Development Fund. Annual production of 600,000 tons is envisaged by 2025, he said.

About two-thirds of the farmland in Dabou region is used to grow rubber and the trend is on the rise, Koh said.

A cultural tradition in jeopardy?

However, cassava is widely used in southern Côte d’Ivoire to produce attiéké, a side dish accompanying most meals, and the switch to rubber could lead to cassava shortages in future.

“If nothing is done to support cassava, and if we consider the population growth in a city like Abidjan, there will likely be substantial shortages in 10-15 years,” Dahaux said. “The threat is real.”

In Debrimou, the first signs of cassava shortages have already appeared, inhabitants told IRIN.

“There’s less and less cassava in the region,” Madeleine Coulibaly, 48 and mother of three, told IRIN. “Without cassava, how will we eat in the future?”

Southern ethnic groups, including the Adioukrou from Dabou, are among those making balls of attiéké and selling them, but producers now have to travel up to 150km to buy the cassava, the price of which has consequently risen, Coulibaly said.

A ball of attiéké which used to cost 250 CFA francs (50 US cents) a few years ago, now costs 350-400 (70-80 US cents), Koh said.

“Without cassava, Adioukrou women don’t have anything to do,” said Joséphine Koproyeï, 62.

The National Centre of Agronomic Research has created new varieties of cassava with better yields in the past few years, bringing women more autonomy and a sense of achievement [ http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/09/cote-divoire-new-cassava-varieties-bring-women-autonomy/ ].

Coulibaly complained that this is not the case with rubber. “Our husbands are planting rubber for them, and only for them. It does not suit us,” she said.

A cultural tradition is in jeopardy, stresses Jacques Lathes, chief of a neighbourhood in Débrimou. “Attiéké is part of the culture of the Adioukrou people. Our region derived its wealth from cassava.”

“All the remaining cassava plantations are about to be invaded by rubber,” Lathes told IRIN. “This is worrying.”

om/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 26 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97547/Rubber-squeezing-out-cassava-around-Abidjan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302261252160678t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DABOU 26 February 2013 (IRIN) - Farmers near Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire’s commercial capital, are abandoning cassava, a staple for many Ivoirians, and switching to natural rubber, a move which may jeopardize food self-sufficiency, analysts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>