<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Ethiopia</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 17:30:41 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>AFRICA: Snake oil salesmen and dodgy HIV &quot;cures&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Uganda's National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm's owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.  

 The drug, known as Virol ZAPPER, was being sold in 37ml liquid doses, each costing about US$210; patients were advised to take 10 drops daily. It was being advertised on local radio and TV stations as a miracle cure for HIV.  

 The sale of such "cures" is a profitable racket for charlatans willing to take advantage of desperate HIV-positive people; here is a collection of some dodgy treatments that have made the news in Africa over the years:  

 Tanzania - In 2011, tens of thousands of people from all over East Africa flocked to the tiny village of Loliondo [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=92360 ] in Tanzania seeking a cure for several diseases, including diabetes, tuberculosis and HIV. Ambilikile Mwasapile, a former Lutheran pastor, was charging 500 Tanzanian shillings - about $0.33 - for a cup for his concoction.  

 Several sick people died in the queues, which at their peak numbered 15,000 people. Studies are being conducted to determine the properties of Mwasapile's treatment.  

 South Africa - A 2008 Cape High Court judgment ruled that clinical trials of multivitamins in the treatment of HIV/AIDS by controversial vitamin salesman Matthias Rath [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=78739 ] were unlawful, and stopped them. The court also prohibited Rath from publishing any more advertisements claiming that his product, VitaCell, cured AIDS, pending further review by the Medicines Control Council.  

 Rath, who had been operating in South Africa since about 2004, claimed his multivitamins treated AIDS, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, bird flu and numerous other illnesses. Rath ran numerous advertisements aimed at convincing HIV-positive people to take his high-dose multivitamins rather than ARVs, available free-of-charge through the public health system, which he claimed were "toxic".  

 Kenya - In 2008, the government warned HIV-positive people in the country's eastern Coast Province [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79915 ] to reject herbal "cures" peddled by fake herbalists who claimed their concoctions contained unique ingredients that could boost the immune system and even cure HIV.  

 An estimated 80 percent of Kenyans use traditional healers either exclusively or in conjunction with western medicine; the government is drafting regulations to stop fraudulent herbalists from practising.  

 Gambia - In 2007, President Yahya Jammeh was roundly denounced by AIDS activists when he said he had found a cure for HIV/AIDS and began treating citizens. Shortly after his announcement, Jammeh expelled [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=70123 ] the most senior UN official in the country for questioning his "cure".  

 The programme is still running, but more Gambians are choosing ARVs over Jammeh's treatment.  

 Ethiopia - In 2007, thousands of HIV-positive patients flocked to Entoto, an ancient mountain north of the capital, Addis Ababa, seeking a "holy water" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=72375 ] cure for AIDS after local priests said they could cure HIV.  

 The Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abune Paulos, later advised patients to continue with their ARVs even as they sought healing at Entoto.  

 São Tome and Principe - In 2007, questions were raised about Dorviro-Sida, [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=74543 ] or "Put AIDS to sleep" in Portuguese, an anti-AIDS herbal remedy produced by Amancio Valentim, president of the Association of Traditional Medicine of São Tome and Principe. Valentim claimed three tablespoons of the brownish syrup, taken every day before meals, could reduce the viral load and make patients feel better; he said four patients who had taken the drug for four years had tested negative for HIV.  

 AIDS activists were concerned the drug could make HIV-positive people complacent about taking their ARVs, and the health ministry said it did not support Valentim's treatment.  

 South Africa - In 2006, a clinic in South Africa's east coast city of Durban began to sell "ubhejane" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39547 ] - a herbal mixture believed to treat HIV/AIDS.  

 The controversial traditional medicine received vast media coverage, mainly due to the backing it received from influential political figures such as the former health minister, Dr Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, and provincial health officials. Ubhejane, a dark brown liquid sold in old plastic milk bottles, had not undergone any clinical trials to test its efficacy. All that the tests confirmed was that it was not toxic.  

 But HIV-positive patients were far more willing to accept the traditional medicine as an effective remedy, flocking to the clinic to buy a full course of the herbal remedy that retailed at R374 ($40).  

 Uganda - In 2006, the Ugandan government banned the use of a popular anti-AIDS herb remedy known as "Khomeini" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39532 ], after tests found it provided no cure. Iranian Sheikh Allagholi Elahi claimed the drug - which contained olive oil and honey and cost $1,650 per dose - could cure HIV/AIDS and TB in three weeks.  

 Studies by experts in Uganda and Kenya found that while patients had gained weight due to the nutritional content of the drug, it was incapable of curing HIV.  

 kr/kn/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94679</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Drought, floods hit education</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181247390096t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials. 

At least 385,000 school-children need "emergency education assistance this school year", Alexandra Westerbeek, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) communication manager in Ethiopia, told IRIN. 

"In addition, 70,000 children among [the] refugee population also need emergency education assistance."  

Parts of the affected regions of Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Diredawa, Gambella, Harar, Oromia, Somali Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR) and Tigray are under-developed and suffer chronic emergencies.    

According to Mohamed Abubeker, head of the special support and inclusive education office at the Ministry of Education, the Afar and Somali regions were the most affected. 

"Between June and July 2011, the drop-out rate had reached 50 percent in some of these areas, although it is now showing a stabilizing trend," Abubeker said. 

A number of formal and alternative basic education schools have also been damaged by wind storms.  

The alternative schools are non-formal programmes for children aged seven to 14, enabling pupils in pastoral areas to cover the equivalent of the first four grades of primary school in three years before transitioning into formal schools. 

“Food for education” 

The school-feeding programme is helping to draw pupils back to school, according to Abubeker. In an e-mail to IRIN, Melese Awoke, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) spokesperson, said WFP and partners were trying to secure additional funding to expand the “food for education” intervention. 

At present, WFP is assisting at least 625,000 children in 1,186 schools in six of the regions. But the WFP intervention is under-funded, according to Melese. 

Funding for emergency education was also a major gap in the humanitarian response from mid-2011, according to UNICEF, which noted that "the challenge for 2012 is to design more flexible programmes which are able to respond to the changing educational needs, whatever they are". 

Newer approaches are needed to tackle the problem. "The severity of the drought has caused different [types] of migration," said Arlo Kitchingman, the education cluster coordinator of the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies.  

"The longer students are out of school, research and experience suggests, the more likely they are not to return..." 

Kitchingman recommended "making the school calendar more flexible to accommodate pastoralists and nomadic movement with the intention that the school year doesn’t fall when the drought is most severe". 

If the school year followed such a pattern, he said, "It wouldn’t matter if children are migrating or moving to different areas, it won’t affect their academic calendar."

bt/aw/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94669</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181247390096t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: AU wants peace, security and bigger global role in 2012</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg" />]]>WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</description><body><![CDATA[WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.

AU Ambassador to the United States, Amina Ali of Tanzania, presented the list of top priorities at a conference on 11 January held at Washington think-tank, the Brookings Institution.

Among them were the regulars - peace and security, enhanced democracy and good governance – as well as improved regional trade and greater involvement of the continent’s large diaspora in African affairs.

The first priority for Africa was the AU's resolve to review its international partnerships to ensure they bring greater benefits to Africa. 

“We are working to be able to build closer partnerships with our international partners so that Africa can really attain a sustainable economy,” Ali told the conference.

The AU wants Africa to manufacture and export finished products to its trading partners rather than just selling them the raw materials as it does now. She cited China, India, the EU and US and other rising stars in trade with the continent, including Turkey and Latin America, and said the AU had held talks on the new breed of partnerships with some of them.

The AU also wants Africa to have a veto-wielding seat on the UN Security Council, and a place at the G20 negotiating table, Ali said.

The peace and security that have eluded Africa for decades continue to be high on the list of problems that the continent needs to resolve, but she spoke only of conflict in Sudan. “The AU will continue to look into issues for Sudan,” Ali said.
 
A report released at the conference, Foresight Africa, highlighted other tinderboxes and called for “urgent instability and warfare policy reviews” to meet the challenges the continent faces in not only Sudan but also in Somalia and Nigeria. [ http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2012/01_priorities_foresight_africa.aspx ]

The report compares the instability in Africa to the decade-old US-led war in Afghanistan, and warned that if “the current trend continues”, a swathe of Africa, stretching from the Horn to Nigeria, “is likely to experience increasing instability and warfare, while narratives of jihadist revolt and terrorist technologies circulate among its citizens”.

The unrest could affect Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, the report says. Clearly, the AU has to do more than just supervise goings-on in Sudan and its new neighbour, South Sudan.

The AU also pledged to "review the mechanism for democratic process in Africa" after the wake-up call from the uprisings in the Arab world, including North Africa, a year ago, Ali said.

The AU will press member states to sign a charter ratified by the AU assembly in 2007, which aims to strengthen democracy and good governance in Africa, she said.

The charter was inspired in part by concern that “unconstitutional changes of governments” are a key cause of insecurity and “violent conflict” in Africa, and by a determination to “strengthen good governance through the institutionalization of transparency, accountability and participatory democracy”.

As of November last year, 38 of the AU’s 54 member states had signed the charter, but only 10 had ratified it. It is notable that nearly all the countries in the areas of Africa that are “likely to experience increasing instability and warfare” have signed the charter, with the exception of Somalia and Eritrea in the east and Cameroon in the west.

Food security

The AU will take steps to establish “food reserves” that give areas that face drought a “cushion” against famine, said Ali. She also voiced fears that parts of west Africa could be hit by drought this year, highlighting the need to rapidly establish food reserves – a tough challenge in a time of high food prices and an economic crisis in Europe, which has hit Africa.

Africa also has to “secure access to markets and competitive prices for farmers” or “risk inciting unrest” and food riots, the Foresight Africa report says.

AU officials will push in 2012 to establish a free trade zone that spans the length and breadth of the continent, Ali said. It would boost commerce between countries, a key step towards development.

At present, less than 15 percent of African trade stays on the continent - the rest is sold abroad.

The last item on the AU wish-list is greater involvement of the African diaspora, said to outnumber Africans at home, in the continent’s affairs.

The AU is due to host an African diaspora summit in May, Ali said.

Ali stressed the importance of the diaspora to the continent: remittances represent a larger revenue source for Africa than overseas development aid.

kdz/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: New PMTCT plan needs men</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia's new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say. 
 
 "Among the pregnant women who come to our hospital, less than 10 percent of them come with their partners," said Etalem Gebrehiwot, head nurse at the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) wing of Gandhi Memorial Hospital. "Those who find out that they are living with the virus usually face a problem while taking medicines, given that most prefer to take it without the knowledge of their partners." 
 
 Studies [ http://www.search4dev.nl/document/185326 ] show that low male partner involvement is one of the challenges to the success of the country's PMTCT programme. 
 
 According to experts, men's involvement in PMTCT can have a positive impact on PMTCT by encouraging their partners to visit antenatal clinics and have skilled health workers attend the birth of their children. In a 2010 Kenyan study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ], male partner involvement in PMTCT reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared to no involvement. 
 
 "The biggest challenge we are currently facing is to convince mothers to get tested in order to determine that they are eligible for PMTCT services... the major reason for their resistance is lack of consent from their husbands or partners, who are more influential in family matters including this," said Aster Shewa, who supervises Zewditu Hospital antiretroviral service centre in Addis Ababa. 
 
 "Besides, after they know their status, most HIV-positive mothers refrain from disclosing it, which usually impacts the way they use PMTCT services and their effectiveness," she added. 
 
 Many men do not see the advantages of an HIV test; one father, whose wife gave birth to a daughter in November 2011, told IRIN/PlusNews: "We are married - what is there to test about?" 
 
 "At the moment, hospitals with PMTCT services are increasing, and we have to work hard in convincing pregnant women, along with their partners, to use health facilities with the service in order to reach zero new infections," said Aster. 
 
 New national plan 
 
 The national accelerated emergency PMTCT plan - launched in December 2011 - has three objectives: reaching 90 percent of pregnant women with access to antenatal care services; ensuring universal access by pregnant women to a skilled attendant during delivery; and providing ARVs to at least 80 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women. 
 
 An estimated 1.2 million Ethiopians are living with HIV, including about 90,000 pregnant women; just 9.3 percent of pregnant women who are eligible for HIV services are currently receiving them. The number of Ethiopian women who visit antenatal clinics is growing - from 616,763 in 2008-2009 to 796,099 in 2009-2010 - and the number of mothers receiving HIV testing as part of PMTCT services has grown to over 70 percent, but just 6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health worker, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf ]. 
 
 "The new plan will focus on increasing the quality of services that expectant mothers get in the health services and also retain those who are using it. We intend to work on both in the demand and supply side of the service," said Tadesse Ketema, a maternal health adviser at the Ministry of Health. 
 
 "Through the health extension programme, the country manages to create easy access for family planning services for many families and that has worked so far. We are now planning to copy that in the PMTCT programme to reach out [to] each pregnant woman and give the service at their convenience," he added. 
 
 Ethiopia's "health extension programme" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=72371 ] employs more than 30,000 lower cadre health workers to provide basic health care at village level. The government also intends to use "health development armies" - community groups mobilized to further government health programmes - to create demand and convince the community, including male partners, to benefit from nearby PMTCT services. 
 
 bt/kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94579</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN &amp; EASTERN AFRICA: Drought highlights in 2011</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93426 ] exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people. 
 
 Thousands in Somalia and Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94279 ] began the year by making the dangerous journey to Yemen. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91535 ] Others from these two countries headed for South Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=93403 ] where they faced arrest, deportation and detention. 
 
 Among other innovations, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] the humanitarian response in drought-affected countries across the Horn saw an escalation in the use of cash transfers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94396 ] 
 
 As the magnitude of the drought crisis gained international attention, familiar laments emerged [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] about the failure to heed warnings issued months earlier [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] and learn from previous famines by building resilience to inevitable weather shocks. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] 
 
 Somalia 
 
 The drought was especially hard in Somalia, with the UN declaring a famine in some regions of south-central Somalia. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93280 ] Drought and insecurity forced hundreds of thousands to flee [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93564 ] to neighbouring Kenya, swelling the number of people in the congested Dadaab refugee complex, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93332 ] which for many residents, has been “home” for most of their lives. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93906 ] 
 
 Meanwhile, relief efforts inside Somalia were thrown into jeopardy by the banning of several agencies by the Al-Shabab insurgency [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94321 ] as well as by frequent looting at distribution centres [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94222 ] and also Kenya’s military intervention, aimed at neutralizing the insurgents. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94018 ] US anti-terror legislation has also placed hurdles in the way of aid agencies. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93887 ] 
 
 After visiting Mogadishu on 9 December, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said: "On the humanitarian front, UN agencies and NGOs have done outstanding work. Their collective efforts have saved thousands of lives since famine was declared in July. But the situation - particularly in central and southern Somalia - remains dire. Four million people are in crisis; 250,000 people face famine." 
 
 At the end of 2011 it was rain [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94204 ] which cut off those in need in Somalia. Increased insecurity in northern Kenya saw a police crackdown [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94528 ] on Somali refugees in northern Kenya. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 The year started with calls for action to mitigate the effects of recurrent drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] amid warnings that livestock deaths in northern Kenya could increase as the drought worsened. [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91555 ] When the drought became serious later in the year, farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93540 ] as well as ordinary Kenyans came together to raise funds for the hungry in an unprecedented campaign, Kenyans4Kenya. [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke/ ] 
 
 The drought had a largely overlooked knock-on effect on food prices in poor urban areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93551 ] and led to an escalation of conflict in some pastoralist areas. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93363 ] 
 
 October saw floods which displaced thousands and rendered parts of the country inaccessible due to washed away bridges and impassable roads. At the end of the year the floods were affecting more than 100,000 people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94479 ] and undermining food security recovery. 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 Food shortages, as a result of poor rains, were experienced in early 2011 in the Oromiya and Somali regions, prompting the government and its international partners to appeal for US$226.5 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91865 ] in relief aid for almost three million people. In May, food and non-food aid started arriving. 
 
 A cash transfer programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93641 ] was launched in September to help reach some of the most vulnerable people in Tigray, one of Ethiopia's most food insecure regions. The pilot scheme transfers cash to those least able to earn money. 
 
 Djibouti 
 
 Lack of adequate preparedness to cope with drought was one of the issues highlighted by President Ismail Omar Guelleh in an interview with IRIN on 27 January. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91804 ] "The problem in our region is that we don’t plan properly for what we know is coming. Four months ago, we had a lot of rain. Four months later, we are dying of starvation and lack of water," he said. 
 
 In August, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/CERFaroundtheWorld/Djibouti2011/tabid/7395/language/en-US/Default.aspx ] made a US$3.2 million allocation to UN agencies to help avert an acute crisis caused by the drought. 
 
 Drought and poverty prompted thousands to make the hazardous journey to Yemen, [ http://newsite.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94210 ] with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, estimating that at least 60,000 migrants had arrived in Yemen between January and August 2011, double the number that had arrived during the same period in 2010. 
 
 js/am/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94567</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Depression &quot;overlooked&quot; in treating HIV patients</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens. 
 
 While HIV programmes focus heavily on reducing externalized stigma and ill-treatment of HIV patients by society, little is done to deal with a patients’ self-perception and how that might deteriorate following an HIV diagnosis, speakers said at a session on stigma at the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa in Addis Ababa. 
 
 Studies show that depression is the most common psychiatric disorder among people living with HIV, and is more prevalent among HIV-positive people than the general population. 
 
 "Operational research carried out in Zambia has found a positive correlation between patients who self-stigmatized and failure to adhere to treatment," said Sikazwe Izukanyi from Zambia’s Ministry of Health. "Self-stigma was often found in patients who did not disclose their status to partners or family members - making it difficult to maintain strict adherence to regimens while trying to hide the drugs." 
 
 Izukanyi noted that while counselling was a standard part of HIV care in Zambia, counsellors needed to be made aware of the prevalence of self-stigma and how to deal with it. 
 
 A 2010 Ugandan study [ http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajpsy/article/viewFile/53429/42000 ] by Makerere University found that HIV-positive patients were more critical of themselves, had significantly greater problems making decisions, poorer sleep, tired more easily, experienced more appetite changes and had more cognitive impairment. 
 
 ARVs and self-stigma 
 
 According to a study by Yordanos Tiruneh, an Ethiopian academic with US-based Northwestern University, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy has been key to reducing external stigma by minimizing the visibility of physical imperfections and restoring functional daily activities such as the ability to work. The study, which used 105 interviews with Ethiopian men and women on ARVs, also found that the support networks formed by people living with HIV gave them much-needed social capital. 
 
 However, according to Yordanos, while ARVs were linked to a reduction in external stigma, the study found that they tended to increase internalized stigma, sometimes resulting in failure to properly adhere to ARVs. 
 
 "When I think of the two tablets that keep me alive, I hate myself and I feel that I am dead," one of the study’s interviewees is quoted as saying. "Sometimes I get furious to see myself like a walking corpse, and other times I see myself as a doll that functions with a battery. I would say, without these batteries [pills], I am nothing." 
 
 According to a US study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15764960 ], adherence to ARVs was higher in patients for whom anti-depressants were prescribed. 
 
 A severe shortage of mental health professionals in Africa means that HIV-associated depression is largely ignored. For instance, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/entity/bulletin/volumes/89/3/BLT-10-082784-table-T3.html ], Burundi has just one psychosocial care provider per 100,000, against a target of at least eight, while Ethiopia has less than one, against a similar target. 
 
 "The problem is largely a human resources one; while strengthening health systems, governments should remember to focus on mental-health issues," said Izukanyi. "As it is, we have no systems for screening, diagnosing and treating patients with mental-health issues." 
 
 Among other things, experts recommend [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2948731 ] integrating mental-health services into primary healthcare activities, developing mechanisms to ensure a good supply of psychotropic medication and more research into mental-health issues in Africa. 
 
 kr/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94410</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200706267t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - HIV patients in Africa frequently suffer shame and depression but the continent’s health systems are ill-equipped to handle the issue, which not only affects their quality of life, but can lead to poor adherence to HIV treatment regimens.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM meeting stirs controversy at HIV conference</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106221329230671t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - A meeting to address issues around HIV and men who have sex with men went ahead as scheduled in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 3 December, despite protests and calls for its cancellation by local religious leaders.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - A meeting to address issues around HIV and men who have sex with men went ahead as scheduled in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 3 December, despite protests and calls for its cancellation by local religious leaders. 
 
 The meeting – held a day before the opening of the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa (ICASA) – was organized by the South African-based NGO, African Men for Sexual Health and Rights (AMSHeR) [ http://www.amsher.net/ICASA/MSMHIVPreConference/tabid/389/Default.aspx ]. Originally due to be held at a local hotel, the venue quietly shifted to the UN compound in Addis Ababa. According to participants, it attracted more than 150 participants from 25 African countries, and focused on addressing the problems MSM faced in accessing HIV services. Speakers included UNAIDS executive director, Michel Sidibe. 
 
 Before the meeting, four religious leaders had called a press conference to denounce it. Ethiopia’s Minister of Health, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, persuaded them to cancel the press conference, but that did not stop anti-gay activists from trying to force the cancellation of the meeting. 
 
 A dossier handed out to journalists by anti-gay activists read in part: “Hosting a meeting of such kind in this country is to be inconsiderate of the country’s culture and morals of the people”, adding that the meeting “would tarnish and dirty our culture". 
 
 “Even at the new venue, there were hundreds of protesters outside for half the day,” said one participant, who preferred anonymity. “There is a misconception that the meeting was about promoting or encouraging homosexuality; it was actually a very productive discussion about ensuring that MSM are able to access the same health and HIV services that are freely available to the rest of the population.” 
 
 A 2009 study of the HIV risks of MSM in Addis Ababa found a “non-negligible” number of men having sex with men in the city at risk of HIV; the authors concluded that there was a need for open discussions within wider efforts to combat the epidemic. 
 
 Many Ethiopians were also against the meeting, and believe homosexuality goes against their culture. “To justify a meeting that talks about something against laws of the country in any way is really disappointing and shows lack of respect to a country’s culture, norms and convictions,” said Dandinih Sendekie. 
 
 Homosexuality is illegal in Ethiopia and punishable by between three and 10 years in prison. While the government allowed the meeting to go ahead, gay rights activists doubt it will lead to a positive change for MSM in Ethiopia. 
 
 “We are arrested by the police... that is part of daily life here,” said the activist, a member of Rainbow Ethiopia, an NGO that deals with the sexual health of MSM. “The attitude of many Ethiopians, including medical staff, means that it is very difficult for men who have sex with men to have their health and HIV issues addressed.” 
 
 bt/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94397</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106221329230671t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 05 December 2011 (IRIN) - A meeting to address issues around HIV and men who have sex with men went ahead as scheduled in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 3 December, despite protests and calls for its cancellation by local religious leaders.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Cautionary migration tales are no deterrent</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141155040890t.jpg" />]]>JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years.</description><body><![CDATA[JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years. 
 
 Many are trying to reach Saudi Arabia via Yemen, while thousands of others head for South Africa, Israel and Europe, crossing deserts and seas and placing their lives in the hands of smugglers who often have little regard for their well-being. 
 
 Most of the migration from Ethiopia is undocumented, so accurate numbers are hard to come by, but the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) reported in 2010 that in Yemen alone nearly 35,000 of newly arrived migrants were Ethiopians, accounting for two-thirds of all new arrivals that year. Between January and October 2011, almost 52,000 Ethiopians made their way to Yemen. 
 
 Refugees from Somalia follow similar routes, often using the same smugglers, but their reasons for undertaking these dangerous journeys are more apparent: Somalia has been plagued by armed conflict for nearly two decades and is now in the midst of a famine. 
 
 Ethiopia is not engaged in a civil war, and although parts of the country have been hard hit by drought, it is one of the world’s largest recipients of development aid. However, it also has one of Africa’s largest populations - an estimated 75 million - with a growing rate of youth unemployment and a shortage of job opportunities. 
 
 “The main reason people migrate from Ethiopia to Yemen is because of need - they go there [Saudi Arabia] to earn money,” said Daud Elmi, 28, who left his village of Lafaisa in eastern Ethiopia to find work in Saudi in 2006. 
 
 Instead, he spent a year in a refugee camp in Djibouti, and another three months in a camp in Yemen, avoiding arrest by claiming to be a refugee from Somalia. After failing to earn enough money to cross into Saudi Arabia, he finally returned home. 
 
 Elmi advises others in his town who are planning to migrate to Yemen or Saudi not to take the risk, but a number still do. “Everyone goes there to improve his life,” he told IRIN. “What we earn here is hand-to-mouth - we can’t save. If you go there and send money home, you can build a house, start a business or help your relatives.” 
 
 Tagel Solomon, coordinator of irregular migration programmes at the International Organization for Migration (IOM), confirmed that Ethiopians usually migrate in search of economic opportunities. 
 
 Most are young men like Kadar Mowlid Mahamoud, 23, who teaches English and computer skills. He set off from Lafaisa in 2008, “seeking a better life” in Europe, but was lucky to make it through Somaliland, a self-declared state on the Gulf of Aden, and Yemen. He ran out of water near the Saudi Arabian border and resorted to drinking his own urine, only to be robbed at knifepoint shortly after crossing. 
 
 He eventually found casual labour on construction sites in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia’s capital, and during the 18 months he spent there managed to save a little money. But after being severely injured in a car accident, his savings were wiped out by the hospital bill and he decided it was time to go home. He turned himself in to the authorities and was deported in October 2010. 
 
 Political factors 
 
 Most Ethiopians who leave the country are classified as economic migrants and do not qualify for the protection and assistance that refugees receive, but a 2011 study of migration from the Horn of Africa to Yemen by the Danish Refugee Council [ http://www.mmyemen.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=11104&folderId=11497&name=DLFE-1333.pdf ], notes that “a significant percentage fall in a grey zone that involves elements of economic migration brought on by political and economic oppression”. 
 
 Interviews with new arrivals in Yemen reveal that certain ethnic groups are harassed and suffer discrimination by local government officials in Ethiopia because of their perceived allegiance to rebel armed groups such as the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and even established opposition parties like the Oromo People’s Congress. 
 
 Earlier this year, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that the authorities were carrying out mass arrests of ethnic Oromo Ethiopians, whom they alleged were members of the banned OLF [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/06/ethiopia-free-opposition-members ]. The Danish Refugee Council report said 47 percent of new Ethiopian arrivals registered in Yemen in 2010 were of Oromo ethnicity. 
 
 “You don’t even have to be an OLF sympathiser - any form of communication with someone who might have a link with the OLF could be enough to get you arrested, and this is what is very worrying,” Laetitia Bader, a researcher with HRW, told IRIN. 
 
 A 2010 HRW report [ http://www.hrw.org/node/93605 ] found that ethnic groups such as the Oromos tend to have less access to international aid through donor-supported programmes, jobs and educational opportunities. 
 
 “Oromos are always linked to the Front,” said a 24-year-old woman quoted in the report. “As Oromos we can’t get work or an education. They [the government] will not allow us to develop.” 
 
 Root causes 
 
 Solomon of IOM said the activities of smugglers and their agents have driven up migration from Ethiopia. “Smugglers come to villages and tell people they’ll get jobs [in the Middle East] and it’s relatively easy,” he told IRIN. “There have been a number of arrests as part of a government effort to crack down on this network, but there is a lot of money involved.” 
 
 Local stories of success or failure can be even more persuasive than the smugglers. In Lafaisa, one man is rumoured to have made it to Malta and to be sending money home to his family, but more common are stories like that of Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud [ http://www.irinnews.org/hovreport.aspx?reportid=94278 ], who set off for Italy but spent seven months in various Libyan jails, and another 18 months trying to earn enough money simply to get home. 
 
 Failed attempts to migrate can be financially devastating for a household that has pooled its resources and even sold property to raise the cash for smugglers’ fees. Mohamoud said he would not try again and discouraged others from making the same mistake. “I’m an example for my village,” he told IRIN. “If I had succeeded, all the others would have gone.” 
 
 Yet cautionary tales are not enough to counter the root causes of Ethiopia’s exodus, and even a negative personal experience often does not deter people from trying again. 
 
 IOM is running a project in the Oromia Zone of Amhara in Ethiopia to reduce migration by not only raising awareness of the risks, but by supporting income-generating schemes, and providing youth training. 
 
 No such programme exists in Lafaisa and Mahamoud still wants to go to Europe. “I will wait until the demonstrations [in Yemen] are over, then I’ll go back,” he told IRIN, adding that he advises his students to do the same. 
 
 “I have no future in Ethiopia,” he said. “I’ve seen Europe on TV, and it’s better.” 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94279</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141155040890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud, &quot;Even if I got a visa for Europe…I wouldn’t go&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181334220890t.jpg" />]]>JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud, 30, returned to his home village of Lafaisa, in the Jijiga zone of eastern Ethiopia, six months ago, after his attempt to reach Europe and a better life turned into an ordeal. He talked to IRIN, as well as a roomful of curious neighbours and friends, about his experiences as a migrant in Libya.</description><body><![CDATA[JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud, 30, returned to his home village of Lafaisa, in the Jijiga zone of eastern Ethiopia, six months ago, after his attempt to reach Europe and a better life turned into an ordeal. He talked to IRIN, as well as a roomful of curious neighbours and friends, about his experiences as a migrant in Libya. 
 
 “I wasn’t satisfied with life here. I was a teacher, but I wasn’t earning enough to support my family. I had friends who had gone to Libya and then to Italy, but I only got as far as Libya. 
 
 “I crossed the border of Ethiopia into Sudan; then I crossed the Sahara in a lorry with 160 other people. All of the others were from Somalia - I was the only Ethiopian. One lorry broke down, then another came and took us the rest of the way. 
 
 “I paid the driver US$1,000 - money I got from all of my family and friends - but when we arrived in Libya, the driver wanted another $1,200 and held all of us hostage in his home on a big farm for two days. 
 
 “He gave me a cell phone and told me to call my family to get the money. He only got money from 10 individuals, even though he tortured us with electric shocks. I told my mother to send money but before it came, the Libyan police came and arrested all of us, including the driver. 
 
 “We were taken to a prison in Benghazi where there were about 900 Africans - Nigerians, Somalis, Eritreans and Congolese. After three months we thought we were going to die there. Some were tortured and some tried to kill themselves. We broke out by force, overwhelming the guards, and escaped, but some local people caught me and returned me to the jail. I spent one more month there before they transferred me to a Tripoli prison, where I spent two months. 
 
 “Then they transferred me again to a place called Katron, near the border with Niger, in the Sahara. I was there for a month with 320 Somali people before we escaped again. I found some people from Chad in Katron and stayed with them for 15 days and called my family to send money. My brother sent $300 to someone he knows in Tripoli, but that money paid only for me to be smuggled from Katron to Tripoli. 
 
 “I worked as a porter in Tripoli for 18 months, just to save money to get home. I couldn’t sleep at night because I was so afraid of being robbed; the only safe place to sleep was on graves. I managed to save $700 and pooled my savings with 14 friends to pay a smuggler to take us through Niger and into Chad. We left just before the uprising [in Libya] started. 
 
 “In Chad, people were dying of hunger and UNHCR [the UN Refugee Agency] refused to help us because they were busy helping the local people who were starving. We went on to Darfur in Sudan and UNHCR flew us to Khartoum and then to the Ethiopian border. I was very happy to get home after two years and two months. 
 
 “By the time I got back, one of my sisters had already left for Saudi [Arabia] to work as a housemaid. If I had got back in time, I would have told her not to go. 
 
 “I’m an example for my village - if I had succeeded, all the others would have gone. I don’t have a job now, I’m surviving by Allah, but even if I got a visa for Europe or the United States, I wouldn’t go - I’m dying here.” 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94278</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181334220890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud, 30, returned to his home village of Lafaisa, in the Jijiga zone of eastern Ethiopia, six months ago, after his attempt to reach Europe and a better life turned into an ordeal. He talked to IRIN, as well as a roomful of curious neighbours and friends, about his experiences as a migrant in Libya.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Sub-Saharan sanitation targets “two centuries away”</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector. [ http://www.wateraid.org/ ]
 
 Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are being sidelined as governments concentrate on health and education, says the WaterAid report. Meanwhile, people’s lack of access to clean water and basic sanitation services is holding back social and economic development in the region, costing around 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) every year. 
  
 Loss higher than development aid
 
 Inadequate WASH services cost sub-Saharan Africa more than the whole continent receives in development aid - US$47.6 billion in 2009 - according to WaterAid. 
  
 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the financial impact of inadequate WASH facilities by looking at the health issues linked to poor hygiene, child mortality, waterborne tropical diseases, the time people spend collecting water; and reductions in educational achievement due to illness and girls’ attendance rates at schools. 
  
 “Diarrhoea, 90 percent of which is attributable to inadequate sanitation and dirty water, is the single biggest killer of children in Africa, and yet sanitation targets are off-track,” Tom Slaymaker, one of the report’s authors, told IRIN.
 
 Every day, 2,000 children die from diarrhoea in sub-Saharan Africa. Four out of 10 people do not have access to safe water, while seven out of 10 do not have appropriate sanitation facilities. 
  
 The disparity between rich and poor is stark. Poor people in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to practice open defecation due to inadequate or poorly maintained toilets. 
  
 “Unless this changes, we won't see educational progress and it will hold back progress on child health. If you look at development in industrialized countries, sanitation has been key to enabling economic growth and achieving acceptable living standards,” said Slaymaker.
 
 Ministries not powerful
 
 Progress has been slow partly because WASH is not “sexy”, he commented. “On one level it's just a question of political will. Sanitation is not a sexy topic - politicians much prefer to say they're opening a hospital or school, rather than building some toilets.” 
  
 Most policy-makers in charge of WASH “have access to clean water and good sanitation, so they may not be motivated to address it in a distant rural part of the country,” said WaterAid senior policy analyst John Garret. 
  
 Slaymaker noted that “The water ministry is generally less powerful relative to the education and health ministries - which [tend to] have more civil servants and more leverage with the ministry of finance during and after the budget process - [so] in the scramble for funds, the water ministry and sanitation organizations lose out. This all contributes to the sector being a low priority."
 
 Water and sanitation is not an easy sector to reform, given it is usually spread across different ministries, and there is often “no single unified voice in the national budget process for sanitation”, he added.
 
 “Last chance”
 
 WaterAid calls on donors to double the global aid flow to WASH with an additional $10 billion per year in the run-up to 2015, the deadline for achieving the MDGs.  
  
 African governments need to commit at least 3.5 percent of GDP to sanitation and water to get back on track, Slaymaker told IRIN. Only Lesotho, Kenya, Niger and Tanzania are currently spending more than 0.9 percent of GDP on WASH. In Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and Zambia, the most recent expenditure figures fall well below the original 2009 commitment of 0.5 percent of GDP. 
  
 “Despite all the political commitments, we haven't seen the finances to back it up,” Slaymaker told IRIN. African heads of state met in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, earlier in 2011, and although many of their governments had made a commitment in 2009 to spend 0.5 percent of the annual budget on sanitation, “only one or two countries… realized that,” he said. 
  
 Despite this challenge, Slaymaker still thinks the MDG goal can be met if politicians drastically change course. “This is the last chance to make an effort to get back on track,” he told IRIN. “It's a question of… concerted partnership between donors, governments and the private sector. What's lacking at the moment is that concerted drive.”
 
 jl/aj/he 
  
  
 FACT BOX
 
 Over one billion people will miss the global MDG sanitation target if things continue unchanged 
  
 In Asia, India will not reach its MDG on sanitation before 2047, while Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal will not achieve the target before 2028. 
  
 Lack of access to water and sanitation costs African and Asian countries up to 6 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) each year. 
  
 In India the shortfall in water and sanitation services cost the economy around 6.4 percent of GDP - the equivalent of US$53.8 billion in 2006, according to the World Bank.
 
 In Ethiopia, 193,000 deaths per year are WASH-related, and 71.4 million people have no access to sanitation facilities.
  
 Similar figures apply to Mali, Niger, Benin, Ghana and Congo, where 194,000 deaths a year are WASH-related and 49.5 million people have no access to sanitation facilities. 
  
 According to WaterAid, the Côte d'Ivoire administration targeted 0.06 percent of its GDP to water and sanitation, Ghana spent 0.29 percent, Liberia 0.28 percent, Madagascar 0.28 percent, Nigeria 0.18 percent, Uganda 0.41 percent and Zambia 0.56 percent.
 
 (Sources: World Bank; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 2010; national government documents 2008-2010; WaterAid) 
  
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94241</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290759390875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - It will take two centuries for sub-Saharan Africa to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, according to NGO WaterAid, which calls on national leaders to commit 3.5 percent of their annual budget to the sector.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Urgent drive to act on road safety</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081402170782t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - Increasing traffic accident deaths are a likely consequence of economic and population growth in Africa unless leaders on the continent, already beset by the world&apos;s worst road-safety record, implement a wide-ranging plan to address the second leading cause of deaths of young people, specialists at a major conference told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - Increasing traffic accident deaths are a likely consequence of economic and population growth in Africa unless leaders on the continent, already beset by the world's worst road-safety record, implement a wide-ranging plan to address the second leading cause of deaths of young people, specialists at a major conference told IRIN.
 
 “Africa has the worst road safety record in the world, despite the fact that it has fewer cars than other regions,” Robert Lisinge, an expert in transportation at the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), told IRIN on the sidelines of the Second African Road Safety Conference held in Addis Ababa this month. 
 
 Between 10 and 20 people per 1,000 in Africa own a vehicle. In Western Europe and Canada, the figure is 600; in the United States, more than 800. Yet some 322,000 lives are lost in Africa every year in road traffic accidents, according to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), [ http://www.un.org/ar/roadsafety/pdf/roadsafetyreport.pdf ] which said the phenomenon was robbing the continent of its “breadwinners” and reducing national GDPs by between 1 and 5 percent, or US$10 billion a year.
 
 “We are losing more human capital now and it’s affecting our economies. African governments, as well as others who have a say in this, need to do more to curb this,” Taye Birhanu, an economist with the Transportation and Development Forum, an NGO, told IRIN.
 
 Worse to come?
 
 Increasing populations and an average economic growth of 5 percent make the need for action all the more urgent, said Lisinge.
 
 “If nothing is done, the poor accident record in Africa will even worsen as African countries develop economically and have more vehicles," he said.
 
 According to the World Bank/WHO report, if the status quo continues, road deaths will soar by 30 percent by 2020.
 
 There is a “need to awaken people’s consciousness, to stop this silent war often forgotten by society but one of the biggest wars, one that has claimed 10 million lives [worldwide] over the last decade,” says Sandra Vitale, a road traffic accident prevention campaigner, who lost a son in Addis Ababa while he was driving without wearing a seatbelt. 
 
 “Africa has the fastest-growing population statistics and, therefore, we also have to be fast and work as soon as possible by finding an efficient synergy between African nations to work on this issue,” she said.
 
 Under the Accra Declaration signed in the Ghanaian capital in 2007, African transport and health ministers pledged to work to halve road deaths by 2015.
 
 “The problem is that there were no action plans and clear strategies on how to implement the recommendations,” said Lisinge.
 
 Now a more detailed way forward has been set out, in the form of the draft African Plan of Action for the Decade, a continentally tailored version of the WHO’s Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety [ http://www.who.int/roadsafety/decade_of_action/plan/en/ ]
 
 The African plan, which was reviewed at the Addis Ababa conference, envisages the creation of a continental body to  coordinate national strategies, especially with regard to ensuring safety is given more emphasis in the development of road construction. Safer vehicles, public education and post-crash response are other key elements of the African plan, which ministers are expected to endorse in Luanda, Angola, later in November.
 
 “I think some countries have shown quite a lot of progress in terms of political will especially in establishing structures. One problem in Africa is that to prove you have improved your crash figures, you have to have a baseline,” said Elna van Niekerk, an adviser at the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) [ http://www.grsproadsafety.org/page-what_is_grsp-1.html ] , which groups government agencies, the private sector and civil society organizations.
 
 “So it’s very difficult to say that we have really improved on our statistics because we really have to establish that baseline,” she said, adding that the African plan could help further mobilize political leaders across the continent.
 
 The plan calls for mechanisms to monitor activities, indicators and accomplishments.
 
 It also aims to bring down the continent’s average annual fatality rate from the current 32.2 per 100,000 people to 21.3.
 
 “It’s generally accepted that if you put up some ambitious target, you will achieve a result. I am not saying we will exactly achieve halving this in time in each country but there will be significant results,” said Van Niekerk.
 
 bt/am/mw
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94238</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081402170782t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 18 November 2011 (IRIN) - Increasing traffic accident deaths are a likely consequence of economic and population growth in Africa unless leaders on the continent, already beset by the world&apos;s worst road-safety record, implement a wide-ranging plan to address the second leading cause of deaths of young people, specialists at a major conference told IRIN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Migrants risk all for &quot;better life&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141153580531t.jpg" />]]>OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees.</description><body><![CDATA[OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees. 
 
 It is just one leg of a journey that, for most, started in Ethiopia or Somalia and for the fortunate ones will end with a well-paid job in Saudi Arabia. 
 
 The migrants, mostly young Ethiopian men aged between 18 and 30, tend to underestimate the risks of such a journey. In September 2011, the Djibouti government reported that around 60 corpses of Ethiopian migrants had been found near Lake Assal, a saline lake about 120km west of Djiboutiville. 
 
 Whether they died from drinking contaminated water or thirst and exhaustion after being abandoned by their smugglers is not known, but Bjorn Curley, associate protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Djibouti, described their fate as “a symptom of the dangers these people face while making this journey through one of the hottest, most inhospitable areas in the world.” 
 
 Jamal Yimar, a mason from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, survived an eight-day trek to Djibouti only to be robbed on the road to Obock of the 10,000 Djiboutian francs (US$57) needed to pay a smuggler for his passage to Yemen. 
 
 “Here it is miserable for everyone,” he said, standing outside Obock’s main mosque with about 50 other Ethiopian migrants who sleep there at night. “I have to beg to eat.” 
 
 Yimar worked for five months to save the money for this journey but is optimistic about his chances of replacing the stolen cash, crossing to Yemen, a country beset by internal conflict [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ], and reaching the Saudi border. 
 
 “After some time the problems in Yemen will disappear,” he said. “Look at my hands - I can work hard, and there [in Saudi Arabia] they pay a lot of money.” 
 
 Too many to detain 
 
 Rather than deterring migration, Curley of UNHCR says the unrest in Yemen may have made it easier for smugglers to operate. Over 60,000 migrants arrived there between January and August 2011, double the number that arrived during the same period in 2010. Obock’s relative proximity across the Gulf of Aden has made it a popular departure point. 
 
 In this sleepy port town of about 8,000 inhabitants, groups of migrant men, and the occasional woman, are easy to spot, resting in the shade of the mosque, washing their clothes off the pier or walking towards a large patch of scrubland on the outskirts of town where many of them sleep. 
 
 According to research by the Danish Refugee Council in January 2011 [ http://www.mmyemen.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=11104&folderId=11497&name=DLFE-1333.pdf ], others are kept out of sight in smugglers’ homes or on isolated stretches of coastline north of town. 
 
 Between July and October this year, a Migration Response Centre on the outskirts of Obock, operated by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in conjunction with a local NGO, Association pour la Reinsertion et le Development d’Obock (ARDO), registered 2,500 migrants. Many more are thought to have bypassed the Centre, where staff offer water, medical referrals and assistance to the few wishing to return home, but no food or overnight shelter. 
 
 Omar Fradda, Obock’s prefect (top official) puts the number of migrants passing through his town every year at 30,000. “Before, we gave them breakfast, lunch and dinner and paid for boats to take them back to Djiboutiville [from where they were deported], but now it became too many,” he told IRIN. 
 
 He receives no additional money from the government to cover the costs of detaining, feeding and transporting the migrants. “How can we arrest them” said a local police officer, “There are too many, and more every day.” 
 
 Migrants like Yimar, who have been robbed by bandits or their own smugglers, depend on the charity of local people for food and occasional paid work carrying loads from boats in the harbour, but there are limits to how much the town’s small population can give the constant stream of hungry migrants. 
 
 “Before, they gave us something, but now [that] our numbers are increasing they don’t give anymore,” said Melese Fantay, from Ethiopia’s Amhara region. He has spent the last 40 days sleeping rough outside the mosque and begging for food after a smuggler he had paid his last 1,350 Ethiopian birr (US$78) to take him to Yemen disappeared with the money. 
 
 The influx has also strained the resources of Obock’s hospital, where head doctor Helem Arbahim Hassan estimates that 10 out of the 40 out-patients he sees every day are migrants, mostly suffering from ailments caused by their difficult journey, such as malnourishment, malaria and foot injuries. 
 
 More seriously, since June about 100 migrants have been admitted as in-patients, mostly suffering from cholera. “They get it from drinking contaminated water,” Hassan said. “Sometimes they collapse on the road and an ambulance picks them up and brings them here.” 
 
 Deaths at departure points 
 
 Many migrants travel part of the way to Obock by car or truck, but Osman Keno, 21, an electrical engineering student from Ethiopia’s Oromia region, made the entire journey on foot over three weeks, travelling with a group of 32 others he met on the road. 
 
 He said they often went for days without finding water and when they did, filled as many containers as they could carry. A porridge called “besso”, made from barley flour, water and sugar, was the only food they had. 
 
 Keno’s parents did not know where he was until he phoned them from Djiboutiville and asked them to send him some money. He and his fellow travellers had each paid a smuggler 2,000 birr (US$116) to get them to Yemen, but had no idea when they would leave. 
 
 While they talk to IRIN from the patch of scrubland outside town where they have been waiting for the past three days, a local man carrying a stick approaches and the migrants, who include two Somali women, hurry towards him. 
 
 The man arranges them in rows, counts them several times with his stick and then divides them into two groups. Bags of bread and bottled water are distributed. It seems departure is imminent and they will soon be transferred to one of the isolated stretches of coastline north of Obock. 
 
 “It is while here that they have no access to food, safe drinking water or shelter from the sun,” said the Danish Refugee Council report. Migrants often wait between three and five days for favourable sea conditions to cross to Yemen. 
 
 “Several deaths at the departure point have been reported by new arrivals over the past year. Many new arrivals in Yemen need medical treatment for severe dehydration and acute diarrhoea, and some arrive very ill from having drunk sea water,” the authors said. 
 
 Death at sea, either from boats capsizing in bad weather, suffocation or from smugglers forcing passengers off overloaded boats, is another significant risk. Some of the migrants spend their time in Obock learning to swim. 
 
 “I’m not afraid,” said Keno. “My parents want me to come home but I don’t want to go back there, ever.” 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94210</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141153580531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOMALIA: Migrants targeted in Somaliland</title><pubDate>Thu, 10 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910230930160227t.jpg" />]]>HARGEISA 10 November 2011 (IRIN) - Migrants in Somaliland, especially those from Ethiopia, have increasingly come under attack since the government in the self-declared independent state in September ordered employers to fire all &quot;illegal foreigners&quot; as part of its commitment to expelling them from the territory, according to rights organizations.</description><body><![CDATA[HARGEISA 10 November 2011 (IRIN) - Migrants in Somaliland, especially those from Ethiopia, have increasingly come under attack since the government in the self-declared independent state in September ordered employers to fire all "illegal foreigners" as part of its commitment to expelling them from the territory, according to rights organizations. 

"Many of those targeted for attack in the past one-and-a-half months live in the eight IDP [internally displaced persons] camps in Hargeisa," said Abdillahi Hassan Digale, an official of the Ubah Social Welfare Organization, which champions the rights of minorities and IDPs. "We have recorded 23 cases of violations, mostly by security groups [young men hired by the community to provide protection services] in these camps. They ask for bribes from the migrants; if they don't pay up, they are threatened that the police will be notified of their presence in the country."

Digale said most of the illegal migrants targeted were employed as watchmen, domestic servants, rubbish collectors, construction workers, farm hands or latrine diggers.

An estimated 90,000 illegal migrants, mostly Ethiopians, were thought to be in Somaliland by the time the government issued the directive. 

On 25 October, the government announced that foreigners working in Somaliland without permission from the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs would be relieved of their jobs and urged employers to prioritize citizens for work.

Human rights organizations estimate that about 45,000 illegal migrants have left Somaliland since the government directive but those remaining were living in difficult circumstances, with some hiding in their homes for fear of deportation. Others have been camping outside the Social Welfare Centre - run by the international NGO Save the Children with funding support from the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR - fearing attacks and deportation.

Digale told IRIN: "Only 50 percent of the total estimated number of illegal immigrants has left Somaliland while the 50 percent who remain continue to suffer human rights violations in their settlements, afraid the police could deport them or the citizens could attack them. Already, some have not been paid, despite working for their employers for a month-and-a-half. Others have been beaten by members of the local communities."

Abdi-Hakim Mohamed Elmi, an Ethiopian working as a construction worker in Hargeisa, told IRIN his employer had confiscated his tools and refused to pay him for two days' work.

"Three weeks ago, I worked on a construction site in 150-ka street in Hargeisa, earning 70,000 Somaliland shillings [US$12.70] per day; when I was not paid for two days, I decided to report to the Dalodho police station but I was told there was no-one to follow up on my case," Elmi said. "I have not gone back to the construction site since then because I am afraid my employer could hurt me."

Khadir Abdalla, from Ethiopia's Oromiya region, who lives in the Dami IDP settlement in Hargeisa, was attacked 11 days ago by a group of young men in the camp.

"I used to collect trash in the local government area," he said. "A group of young men came to my home one day and asked me to come out. They asked why I was not adhering to the government directive to leave Somaliland. I told them I would go but, instead, they started beating me using sticks and punching me. They took whatever I had. I did not report them to the police because I was afraid... I would be deported."

Ahmed Yare, another Oromo Ethiopian in the Cakaara IDP settlement, said: "Young men came to my house 19 days ago and asked why I had not left the country. I told them I did not have the fare to travel. They beat me up, injuring me in the head before they left."

Rights violations

Ahmed Mohamed Said, chairman of Somaliland's Counter-Trafficking Network - an umbrella body of local NGOs working with the International Office for Migration (IOM) - said it had registered about 50 cases of human rights violations in the past three months, mainly targeting watchmen, domestic workers, latrine diggers, street sweepers and beggars.

"We submitted these cases to IOM who provided the victims with psycho-social support, rehabilitation and food aid," he said. "There are networks of human traffickers supplying labour from Ethiopia and south-central Somalia; when someone arrives in Somaliland, these middle men link them up to potential employers on condition that he will give up a portion of his salary to them."

Ahmed Elmi Barre, director-general of Somaliland's Ministry of Rehabilitation, Resettlement and Re-integration, told IRIN the ministry had not received any reports of human rights violations against Ethiopians in Somaliland.

However, rights groups say at least 30 Ethiopian Somalis were arrested 20 days ago in the border town of Lawya-addo. But Mohamed Muse Bu'ul, governor of the region of Selel - from where Lawya-addo is administered - told IRIN the arrests were for security reasons.

Bu'ul said: "We know in the region, there are about 450 foreign workers; arrests can happen for security reasons... A year ago, Somali militia who are members of ONLF [Ogaden National Liberation Front] landed in Somaliland's western coast; for this reason it is our duty to keep an eye on the security matters in the area."

maj/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94182</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910230930160227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HARGEISA 10 November 2011 (IRIN) - Migrants in Somaliland, especially those from Ethiopia, have increasingly come under attack since the government in the self-declared independent state in September ordered employers to fire all &quot;illegal foreigners&quot; as part of its commitment to expelling them from the territory, according to rights organizations.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Government moves to address road-accident toll</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081402170782t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - Improved access to emergency medical care and compulsory third-party insurance coverage could help to lower Ethiopia&apos;s high road-traffic accident death toll, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - Improved access to emergency medical care and compulsory third-party insurance coverage could help to lower Ethiopia's high road-traffic accident death toll, say officials.

"At least one person dies out of [every] five car accidents occurring in this country," said Bamlaku Alemayehu, inspector of Ethiopia's National Road Safety Coordination Office. "Most of these victims die due to a lack of proper medical services, such as getting immediate medical assistance on time." 

At least 70 people die in every 10,000 vehicle accidents annually in Ethiopia, according to government reports; the average fatality rate is 60 per 10,000 vehicles across sub-Saharan African countries, according to the World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/3/09-067512.pdf ].

A study by a member of the Swedish Medical University of Lund, Road Traffic Accidents in Ethiopia: magnitude, causes and possible interventions [ http://www.aracneeditrice.it/pdf/1868.pdf ], published in the Advances in Transportation Studies journal, also suggests the numbers could be "in excess of 100 fatalities per 10,000 vehicles", noting that official statistics are susceptible to under-reporting. 

As of 2007-2008, Ethiopia had 95 traffic accident fatalities per 10,000 vehicles, states a 2009 UN Economic Commission For Africa report. 

According to the Lund study, inadequate communication to immediately inform officials and hospital emergency services about traffic accidents in rural areas is a problem, implying "that many accidents and the number of victims cannot be registered".

Poor emergency medical services and the absence of compulsory liability insurance laws are among reasons contributing to the high fatality rates, it says, adding that "in the urban areas, although traffic police and hospitals are available, accident victims are usually evacuated by bystanders who [have] neither the necessary skills nor equipment in pre-hospital care.

"And many of the victims are underprivileged people and they can neither afford out-of-pocket payments nor do they have health insurance to receive healthcare services, [thus many such casualties] are not reported."

A poor road network and limited enforcement of existing traffic laws and the poor condition of vehicles are other factors. 

Under the National Road Safety Strategy Plan, launched in July 2011, Ethiopia hopes to halve the fatality rate by 2020. The plan will tap into more than 30,000 health extension workers, enabling them to provide first-aid services to accident victims.

"These kinds of care-givers could save many lives [lost] as a result of blood loss, since they are living within the community," said Bamlaku. 

The Ministry of Health is also expected to distribute some 800 ambulances to each Woreda (district), train paramedics and strengthen health facilities at the Woreda level through trained emergency medical service personnel. 

"At the moment, the consequences of car accidents [are] terrible considering the capacity of the country's medical services," he said.

Insurance laws

Ethiopia is one of very few countries in the world where third-party liability insurance is not a legal obligation. If and when they become compulsory, such policies will provide compensation for road accident survivors who can neither afford out-of-pocket payments nor health insurance. 

"It might seem a bit late to start this kind of mechanism compared to other countries but it's better late than never," said Byleyegn Bekele, spokesperson for the Insurance Fund administering the compensation scheme. 

A mix of revised laws that set a uniform standard in the issuance of driving licences, empower organizations such as the federal transport authorities and impose heftier fines for traffic violations could also help, according to officials.

Over half of road traffic accident deaths in Ethiopia involve pedestrians, of whom 20 percent are children younger than 18 years old. 

Globally, at least 1.2 million people die on the road every year, with low- and middle-income countries accounting for 90 percent of the deaths, despite having only 48 percent of the world's vehicles, according to a WHO [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241563840_eng.pdf ] global status report on road safety.

Nearly half of those killed are pedestrians, motorcyclists, cyclists and passengers in public transport. 

Ethiopian police records show that between 2003 and 2007, at least 76 percent of fatal accidents were due to driver error, 6 percent due to vehicle defects, 5 percent due to pedestrian error, 2 percent due to road defects and the balance due to other causes. 

"Unless the present trend is arrested, the social and economic problem of road accidents is bound to become more and more serious as the number of cars increases," warns the National Road Safety Strategic Plan.

Road traffic accidents help perpetuate poverty as families struggle with rehabilitation costs or funeral expenses after the loss of breadwinners. The Lund University study noted that the accidents led to "families being deprived or trapped by a cycle of poverty, in a country where there are no social security services".

According to the study, pedestrians and passengers of commercial vehicles were the most vulnerable in Ethiopia, whereas in high-income countries accidents mainly involve private vehicles, with the driver being the main occupant injured or killed. 

WHO projects road traffic injuries will be the fifth-leading cause of death globally by 2030. 

bt/aw/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94165</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111081402170782t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 08 November 2011 (IRIN) - Improved access to emergency medical care and compulsory third-party insurance coverage could help to lower Ethiopia&apos;s high road-traffic accident death toll, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Soon every African village will know what the weather may bring</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data. 
 
 The Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX), [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91170 ] an initiative of the World Meteorological Organization is now able to render the data from regional climate models to the scale people live in, and decision makers work at. The information will not only help countries but also communities in their efforts to adapt to changing weather patterns, and to tailor their disaster risk reduction plans. 

The effort is geared to feed into the next assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), due to be released in 2014. 
 
Although CORDEX aims to “downscale” the data for all regions of the world, Africa has been identified as the most vulnerable by the IPCC and a priority for the initiative. Historically the continent has been under-researched, but for the next two years will be a focus for the programme. 
 
Chris Lennard, a scientist at the Climate Systems Analysis Group at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa, which has one of the only two climate modelling groups downscaling the projections in Africa, said by mid-2012 climate data for people living within 50 kilometres from each other will be available across Africa. 
 
 The other African group, also in South Africa, is based at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria. 
 
 "There are climatologists outside the project who are downscaling up to a 22 km resolution as well," said Lennard. “Although this means data at the scale of cities will be available, when assessing vulnerabilities to climate change in a place like Johannesburg there are many other factors that need to be considered external to the city such as water and food security and power provision for example.” 
 
 How it works 
 
 Projecting the impact of climate change is a complicated process that takes into account changes in the long-term averages of daily weather patterns and many other factors. Climate models are used to simulate processes that occur in the atmosphere, such as the movement of moisture and heat as well as the possible impact of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases on these processes. 
 
 During two meetings in 2011, over 20 African climate scientists met to analyse CORDEX produced data. They decided to divide Africa into three regions for analysis - Southern, East and West. They then sub-divided the regions according to the common characteristics of the rainfall patterns in them. For instance, West Africa has been split into a Southern and Northern region because the south has two peaks per rainy season and the north has only one. 
 
 Climatologists often split regions according to common rainfall patterns because the variables that affect rainfall - movement of air, pressure, temperature, radiation, moisture content - also drive climate change. 
 
 Unfortunately, not all African countries can be assessed because of a lack of adequate scientific support and observational data. 
 
 During the first stage of CORDEX, scientists tested the ability of the various regional climate models to generate data based on actual climate statistics for the period 1988-2010. "The selected historical timeframe is too small to look at any long-term trends," said Lennard. "We wanted to see how the regional climate models simulated the past so we can say something about how they might simulate the future." 
 
 The 14 regional climate models also include factors like the level of small-scale convection, and the interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. The scientists then work on a consensus position based on the results generated by all the models. 
 
 "We have completed this stage and are busy writing up our results so they can be included in the IPCC 5th assessment report," said Lennard. 
 
 The teams are now awaiting results of global projections of climate change from 12 global climate modelling groups already at work in Europe, the US and elsewhere. 
 
 These groups - including the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy; the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute; the Danish Meteorological Institute; and the Iowa State University - are among the world's foremost global climate modelling institutions. They have simulated the earth's climate as far back as 1950 and look as far forward as 2100. 
 
 "Once the global climate model data become available we will start downscaling them, and the downscaled results will be shared with the African teams for analysis. We expect to have the first downscaled model data early in November," Lennard said. 
 
 Making sense of the numbers 
 
 The projections are critical for communities that must adapt to a moodier climate with limited resources. Initial IPCC assessment reports tended to focus on global climate models and predictions that did not factor in underlying socioeconomic conditions or the vulnerability of communities, writes Saleemul Huq, one of the IPCC’s lead authors. [ http://pubs.iied.org/17103IIED.html?c=climate ] "So, for example, model-based physical impacts in the Netherlands look similar to those in Bangladesh - in part because the two countries share a similar topography, both being low-lying deltas - but in reality the impacts on people, and the options for adapting to these, are likely to differ widely,” Huq notes in a briefing paper for the International Institute for Environment and development (IIED). 
 
 “The Netherlands is technologically and financially rich and can adapt to rising sea levels by raising dykes. Bangladesh, on the other hand, cannot afford to build dykes around its entire coast, even if that was the best adaptation solution." More recent IPCC reports have gone for a "more rounded picture of which countries and regions are at highest risk from climate change". 
 
One of the unique characteristics of the CORDEX Africa campaign is that African climatologists will meet with other African scientists who study vulnerability, adaptation and the impact of climate change on people, to translate the model numbers into meaningful, usable information. Experts from countries that include Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe will analyse the data.

"These scientists [who study humanitarian impact of climate change] know for example what thresholds, which, if crossed more frequently would impact detrimentally on communities, so whether the people in a certain area are more vulnerable to five days or eight days of continuous rainfall,” said Lennard. 
 
“We are coming together so that the impacts scientists can ask climatologists their questions, who will then analyse the model output with these questions in mind and provide them with information they can use."
 
 Their answers will also inform the analysis included in the IPCC's fifth assessment, which is devoting four chapters to adaptation. The previous report, in 2007, carried just one chapter on the topic. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94127</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008091519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Information about how climate change may affect any city, town or village in Africa until the next century will be available by mid-2012 as scientists localise global climate data.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA-KENYA: Who rules the range?</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241259410376t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - The border land between Kenya and Ethiopia is a vast, open plain under a big sky. Hard red earth shows through the thin grass of the sun-baked landscape, an expanse of thorny scrub, flat-topped thorn-trees and tall red anthills. There are no fences or other visible boundaries, and few people, just occasional groups of cattle or goats with their herders. To the untutored eye it can look like empty land, where wandering nomads graze their animals at random.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - The border land between Kenya and Ethiopia is a vast, open plain under a big sky. Hard red earth shows through the thin grass of the sun-baked landscape, an expanse of thorny scrub, flat-topped thorn-trees and tall red anthills. There are no fences or other visible boundaries, and few people, just occasional groups of cattle or goats with their herders. To the untutored eye it can look like empty land, where wandering nomads graze their animals at random. 
 
 But there is nothing random about it. This unpromising landscape can provide a good living for livestock if it is carefully managed, and the herds are kept on the move across the seasons so they make the optimum use of each area of pasture and each water source. Over the years, the herders have built up a great body of expertise about how best to manage the area's resources.
 
 And the land is also definitely not "empty" in the sense that it belongs to no one - the people of the area are quite clear about whose land is whose, in terms not of individuals, but of different communities.
 
 Sara Pavanello, who has just completed a three-year study [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5976&title=rules-range-natural-resources-management-kenya-ethiopia-horn-africa ] of how natural resources are managed in the area, says: "The pastoralists I spoke to very often used collective terms, saying for example, 'Our resources, we decide, we manage…' For pastoral communities, the rangeland as a whole is perceived as one single economic resource that’s communally owned, even if this tract of rangeland has been divided by the international border. At the same time different ethnic groups own, or exercise control over specific territory and the natural resources found within it." 
 
 This does not mean that they exclude everyone else. They understand that other groups need access to the pasture and water sources at certain seasons. That kind of temporary access is traditionally negotiated between the elders of the different communities. Elders told Pavanello: "Today they need us; tomorrow we will need them." She describes this kind of sharing as being seen as an "insurance policy for the future". 
 
 Land ownership conundrum 
 
 It is a model that makes perfect sense to the Borana, Gabra and Garri, the three ethnic groups which live along and across the border, but one that the conventional authorities struggle with, both in Ethiopia and Kenya. Land in Kenya is, for the most part, in private ownership. In Ethiopia all land belongs to the people, represented by the state. Neither system is designed to cope with private land, communally owned. 
 
 In Ethiopia, farmers are granted land to cultivate, and have security of possession under the constitution. Pavanello and her co-author, Simon Levine, say pastoralists’ rights are much weaker. The constitution gives them the right to use free land for grazing but, they write "the operative word here is free; the moment the state chooses to claim any grazing land, and declare it no longer 'free' the pastoralists lose any right to graze."
 
 The authorities also tend to want to introduce resource management schemes to make the rangelands more productive, failing to see and understand the subtle and flexible management systems already in place involving elders and community institutions. 
 
 In their research Pavanello and Levine found cases where local administrators were enforcing ideas of ownership, citizenship and nationality which cut across the communities’ traditional right to manage their lands. In Kenya they say district officials reportedly cited the principle of freedom of movement for Kenyan citizens under the constitution in order to allow Somali clans into the rangelands of Borana clans around Moyale, despite the elders’ protests that it would exhaust the grazing. 
 
 On the other side of the border Ethiopia’s policy of "ethnic federalism" puts the Garri in Somali Region and the Borana in Orommiya, and has led, say Pavanello and Levine, to administrators pressing pastoralist communities to adopt a more exclusionary approach to natural resources, failing, they say, “to recognize the fact that granting secondary users rights of access is in customary law a legal obligation, which reinforces, rather than undermines the primary holders' claims of ownership rights and sovereignty over their territory”. 
 
 Cross-border mixed committees 
 
 The challenge is clearly how to harmonize traditional and formal regulation in a way which allows the flexibility and freedom of movement on which the productivity of the rangelands depends. Here the paper focuses on the growth of cross-border mixed committees on which both local government officials and community elders are represented, along with other groups such as young people and women. Set up mostly to deal with cattle raiding, the committees have also had some success in the joint management of pasture and water resources in the border areas, with communities from both sides sharing the resources and jointly negotiating access for other groups. 
 
 The idea of these mixed committees generated a lot of interest at the launch of the report earlier this month at London’s Overseas Development Institute. Jeremy Swift, a pastoralist development specialist with a lifetime of experience in the field, said bringing formal and customary regulation together was necessary, but likely to be difficult. "Formal rules have to be uniform throughout the country; customary rules are place and time specific. This is only likely to work if there is a real delegation of authority, which governments are not usually happy about and not likely to do willingly." 
 
 John Morton of the University of Greenwich cautioned against any attempt to bypass formal government structures. "Clearly this border is very fluid, but the states are still real, and you have to respect state authority and boundaries. You don’t do people any favours by over-stressing cross-border action which may label pastoralists as having divided loyalties." 
 
 The co-author of the report, Simon Levine, said they also had some reservations about the hybrid committees. "For example, in a case where it is the committee which decides who can use a water point, you are in effect negating the idea that the people who used to call themselves the owners of that land now have the right to exclude anyone. Now that may be a good thing or it may be a bad thing, but it does seem to me that it is not necessarily always going to be a good thing, especially where you know that the power relations within the committee may not always be equal… I would have thought the idea of hybrid committees is possibly and hopefully a way forward, but one that needs an awful lot more caution than I heard expressed today."
 
 eb/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94053</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110241259410376t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 24 October 2011 (IRIN) - The border land between Kenya and Ethiopia is a vast, open plain under a big sky. Hard red earth shows through the thin grass of the sun-baked landscape, an expanse of thorny scrub, flat-topped thorn-trees and tall red anthills. There are no fences or other visible boundaries, and few people, just occasional groups of cattle or goats with their herders. To the untutored eye it can look like empty land, where wandering nomads graze their animals at random.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Mixed responses to mixed migration in Africa</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180839560213t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 28 September 2011 (IRIN) - Abdul worked as a journalist in Somalia before death threats from Al-Shabab militia drove him to leave his native country and head for Mozambique where friends told him he would receive help at Maratane refugee camp in Nampula Province.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 28 September 2011 (IRIN) - Abdul worked as a journalist in Somalia before death threats from Al-Shabab militia drove him to leave his native country and head for Mozambique where friends told him he would receive help at Maratane refugee camp in Nampula Province. 
 
 The boat he boarded in Mombasa had 110 other passengers - some Somalis with stories similar to his own, and others Ethiopians, either fleeing their own armed conflicts or drought or both - all crammed together in one vessel by a smuggler aiming to maximize profits. 
 
 Now Abdul and his fellow passengers are all being detained in the same prison in southern Tanzania. Neither the Mozambican police who arrested them in the northern town of Palma and then violently deported them to the Tanzanian border, nor the immigration officials who found them there - naked and stripped of all their belongings - attempted to determine which of the migrants were asylum-seekers entitled to receive protection and assistance, and which were economic migrants subject to immigration laws. 
 
 Countries like Tanzania are starting to realize that their immigration laws are not adequate to deal with the phenomenon of “mixed migration” whereby refugees, asylum-seekers, economic migrants and even victims of human trafficking may be using the same routes, means of transport and smuggling networks to reach a shared destination, but are driven by different motives and have different claims to protection and humanitarian assistance. 
 
 “It has become incredibly difficult to distinguish between different streams of migrants,” commented Vincent William, programme manager for the Southern African Migration Programme at the South Africa-based Institute for Democracy in Africa (IDASA). “There’s just a lot of uncertainty about how to manage mixed flows and concerns about not allowing people to abuse the asylum system.” 
 
 While much of this movement is originating from the Horn of Africa, the cycle of violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has also generated large numbers of refugees as well as those simply seeking better employment and educational opportunities. 
 
 Meanwhile, Zimbabwe’s complex and inter-linked political, social and economic crises of recent years have created the region’s largest cross-border movement with recipient countries struggling to distinguish between those fleeing political persecution, those in search of a livelihood and those driven by a combination of factors. 
 
 For many the preferred destination is South Africa, the country that not only offers the best prospects for employment, but also has the region’s most progressive refugee laws. While there are few legal channels for unskilled migrants to enter South Africa, foreign nationals who apply for asylum can remain in the country for as long as it takes to process their claim and during that time they enjoy freedom of movement and the right to work. The result is an asylum system that has been overwhelmed by more applications than any other in the world, according the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 
 
 Roni Amit, a researcher at the African Centre for Migration and Society at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, said South Africa's Department of Home Affairs has dealt with the backlog of asylum applications mainly by rejecting more people. “The rejection rate is now something like 96 percent," she told IRIN. "Decisions are very cut and pasted and not really individualized.” 
 
 Business booming for smugglers 
 
 Under the UN Refugee Convention, refugees are defined as individuals who are forced to remain outside their country of origin because of a well-founded fear of persecution. The Organization of African Unity (now renamed the African Union) definition is slightly broader and includes people compelled to leave their country due to “events seriously disturbing public order”. 
 
 Most countries rely on the UN definition, but in countries like Tanzania, immigration officials lack the training or the resources to screen large groups of migrants. 
 
 “Every migrant is treated like a criminal so the same treatment is given to the migrants and their smuggler,” said Monica Peruffo of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), which recently conducted an assessment of Tanzania’s immigration procedures and facilities. 
 
 The job of immigration officials is not made easier by the fact that migrants like Abdul, who have genuine claims to asylum, often delay applying for it until they have reached their chosen destination. Not only does this make them vulnerable to being treated as illegal immigrants in the countries they travel through, it can also harm their chances of being admitted to South Africa. In recent months, South African border officials have started denying entry to asylum-seekers based on the principle that they should have sought asylum in the first safe country they reached. Although no such principle exists in international or domestic law, it has not prevented South Africa from using it as a basis to turn away asylum-seekers from the Horn of Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ]. 
 
 "If you try to enter through an official border post and you’re denied entry, then your next step is to enter the country illegally and that’s where smugglers come in," said Witwatersrand University’s Amit. 
 
 Sheik Amil of the Somali Community Board, which represents the interests of Somalis in South Africa, confirmed that business was flourishing for smugglers who charge up to US$3,000 to bring Somalis to South Africa from Kenya, where many begin their journeys at the refugee camps near the border. 
 
 "They have to get half the money before they leave and the other half when they arrive," said Amil, adding that migrants who failed to come up with the second instalment were often held hostage by their smugglers until a friend or relative produced the cash. 
 
 Others have paid with their lives. An unknown number of Horn migrants have died at sea with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) reporting that 11 asylum-seekers drowned off the coast of Mozambique in January 2011 alone, while eight suffocated aboard a closed container truck driving from Maratane to South Africa in February. 
 
 Governments "increasingly paranoid" 
 
 In September 2010, Tanzania hosted a regional conference on the issue of mixed and irregular migration. Delegates from government and civil society talked about the need to respect the human rights of all migrants, regardless of their legal status and broaden legal migration channels to reduce dependence on smugglers and illegal border crossings. The meeting ended with calls for greater regional cooperation on migration issues, improved national laws and policies to deal with mixed migration, and better border management. 
 
 But in the last year, little has been done to implement the conference’s recommendations. While UNHCR and IOM have continued to advocate putting in place more protective measures, such as constructing refugee reception centres at border posts where proper screening of migrants could take place, and replacing forced deportations with voluntary return programmes, governments tend to view the irregular movement of large groups of migrants through their countries as a threat to national security and have responded by detaining and deporting them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93759 ] 
 
 Horn migrants who do make it to refugee camps in Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe, often use them as a place to rest and regroup before continuing their journey to South Africa, a practice that has heightened concerns about security and abuses of the asylum system. 
 
 "Governments have become increasingly paranoid and it does lead to a situation where genuine asylum-seekers are excluded because of the actions of non-asylum seekers," said IDASA's William, adding that "worries about foreigners taking jobs" often formed a backdrop to such concerns. 
 
 In March of this year, South Africa passed amendments to its immigration legislation [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] that decreased the amount of time asylum-seekers have to make a formal application for asylum after entering the country, and increased the penalties for those found guilty of violating immigration laws. 
 
 "They don’t really seem to have a policy perspective that provides a rational justification [for the amendments]," said Witwatersrand University’s Amit. "There's just a general perception that there are too many people entering the country and taking jobs." 
 
 A Southern African Development Community (SADC) protocol to facilitate the movement of persons has the potential to reduce irregular migration by creating more possibilities for legal migration, at least within the region, but has stalled since being adopted in 2005. For the protocol to come into effect, nine of SADC's 15 member states have to ratify it but so far only five have done so and no implementation plan has been developed. 
 
 The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) have agreed in principle on similar protocols but William said progress on implementation had been very slow. 
 
 "There’s concern about potential security risks, but the overriding concern is probably the economic one. There's a perception that migrants will flow to countries with the biggest economies." 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93844</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180839560213t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 28 September 2011 (IRIN) - Abdul worked as a journalist in Somalia before death threats from Al-Shabab militia drove him to leave his native country and head for Mozambique where friends told him he would receive help at Maratane refugee camp in Nampula Province.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Defeating kala azar needs more than new treatment</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004151245320875t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Access to treatment for a killer tropical disease that affects up to half a million people annually is being jeopardized by international inattention, despite the introduction of a new combination therapy, health experts warn.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Access to treatment for a killer tropical disease that affects up to half a million people annually is being jeopardized by international inattention, despite the introduction of a new combination therapy, health experts warn.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala azar, is the worst form of a disease caused by the unicellular leishmaniasis parasite, which is transmitted by sand fly bites. It leads to high fever, severe weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, anaemia and, if left untreated, death in up to 100 percent of patients. In terms of parasitic killers, VL comes second only to malaria.

"Over the years, there has been neglect of kala azar by pharmaceutical companies as well as funding agencies because the affected do not have purchasing power," said Monique Wasunna, assistant research director at the Kenya Medical Research Institute and Africa head of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) [ http://www.dndi.org/ ]. 

"Labs are not interested in kala azar, unlike avian flu, for example. For instance, for TB [Tuberculosis], governments are paying for treatment but kala azar treatment relies on support from WHO, MSF [Médecins sans Frontières] and others," said Mercè Herrero, of the World Health Organization's Leishmaniasis National Control Programme in Ethiopia.

"Kala azar has also not been a priority even in the data surveillance by governments. In Bangladesh, for instance, there are only 7,000 reported cases per annum but they expect about 40,000."

WHO estimates that globally about 1.5 to two million new leishmaniasis cases occur annually but only 600,000 are officially declared.

In the absence of an effective oral medication, most treatment for kala azar consists of a 30-day course of injections, a tall order in many remote areas with minimal or poorly funded health infrastructure.

In 2010, WHO recommended a new, cheaper combination therapy, one that slashes treatment time to 17 days. This is already in use in South Sudan but other endemic countries in east Africa have yet to roll it out, even if they have begun to make the necessary regulatory changes.

"Neglected diseases and patients mean that even when there are new treatments and hope, they are too far from the headlines and donor priorities to get support to governments. This is why we are calling for urgent action," said Wasunna.

South Sudan, which gained independence in July 2011, faces other hurdles: insecurity and flooding in areas such as Jonglei State have hampered the response to recent outbreaks [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90788 ], says Mounir Lado, Director for Endemic Tropical Diseases Control in South Sudan's Health Ministry.

"In Old Fangak [in Jonglei] we are using about 400 syringes a day; we need supplies and the training of health workers on diagnostic techniques and case management," he said.

Reliable kala azar diagnosis involves aspirations from the bone marrow, lymph node or spleen, which require skilled microscopy.

At least 10,000 kala azar cases were recorded in South Sudan in 2010, with 6 percent resulting in death, he said. 

Vector control is useful only under certain conditions and often requires infrastructure and vigilance beyond the capability of many endemic countries, according to WHO.

Co-infection concerns

WHO's Herrero said another emerging concern was co-infection of kala azar and HIV.

"The two diseases are mutually reinforcing: HIV-infected people are particularly vulnerable to VL, while VL accelerates HIV replication and progression to AIDS," states WHO. Kala azar causes lowered immunity.

The situation is exacerbated by the fact that the risk of treatment failure for kala azar is high regardless of the drug used and that all co-infected patients will relapse - and eventually die - unless given antiretroviral therapy. 

"Further, co-infected patients can serve as human reservoirs, harbouring numerous parasites in their blood and becoming a source of infection for the insect vector," warns WHO.

"The situation may soon worsen in Africa and Asia where the prevalence and detection of HIV and leishmania co-infections still are probably largely underestimated."

aw/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93825</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201004151245320875t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 26 September 2011 (IRIN) - Access to treatment for a killer tropical disease that affects up to half a million people annually is being jeopardized by international inattention, despite the introduction of a new combination therapy, health experts warn.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Pastoralists have their own solutions</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20063820t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Pastoralists&apos; mechanisms for managing their resources and determining access rights among different communities in the Kenya-Ethiopia borderlands should be given much more attention at the national policy level if the viability of pastoralism is to be strengthened, states a new report.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Pastoralists' mechanisms for managing their resources and determining access rights among different communities in the Kenya-Ethiopia borderlands should be given much more attention at the national policy level if the viability of pastoralism is to be strengthened, states a new report.
 
"The rangelands are not open tracts of idle land, over which pastoralists and their livestock move randomly to use water and grazing land," states a Humanitarian Policy Group September Working Paper, Rules of the range: natural resources management in Kenya–Ethiopia border areas. [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/5976.pdf ]
 
 "Rather, the existence and enforcement of customary rules and norms of reciprocity around natural resources management have historically played a key role in controlling and regulating both land use and social relations between ethnic groups." 

But traditional herd movement is being threatened by activities such as the expropriation of rangeland for irrigation farming, fragmentation by settlements and conflict. 
 
Mobility has often been blamed for fuelling conflict but mobility is the cure, not the problem, says the study, arguing that "conflict, food insecurity and land degradation are mainly the results of policies designed to restrict mobility". It recommends the recognition of the cross-border nature of pastoralism and the involvement of customary land institutions in rangeland management. 
 
 aw/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93785</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20063820t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Pastoralists&apos; mechanisms for managing their resources and determining access rights among different communities in the Kenya-Ethiopia borderlands should be given much more attention at the national policy level if the viability of pastoralism is to be strengthened, states a new report.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MOZAMBIQUE/TANZANIA: Horn migrants beaten, deported, imprisoned</title><pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109141242550621t.jpg" />]]>MTWARA 19 September 2011 (IRIN) - Near the coastal town of Mtwara, Tanzania’s border with Mozambique is marked only by the River Ruvuma which is wide and relatively shallow at this point just before it drains into the Indian Ocean. Young men loll in small, wooden boats checking their cell phones and waiting for passengers to ferry across to the other side, but business has been slow in the last two months since groups of migrants desperate to complete a journey that began thousands of kilometres to the north stopped arriving at the river’s banks.</description><body><![CDATA[MTWARA 19 September 2011 (IRIN) - Near the coastal town of Mtwara, Tanzania’s border with Mozambique is marked only by the River Ruvuma which is wide and relatively shallow at this point just before it drains into the Indian Ocean. Young men loll in small, wooden boats checking their cell phones and waiting for passengers to ferry across to the other side, but business has been slow in the last two months since groups of migrants desperate to complete a journey that began thousands of kilometres to the north stopped arriving at the river’s banks. 
 
 “For the last two or three months we haven’t had big movements like we had between February and April,” said Henry Chacha, an immigration officer from the nearby Kilambo border post. “For the last two or three weeks, we haven’t had any migrants.” 
 
 At the height of the activity around Mtwara in early 2011, the migrants - most of them from Ethiopia and Somalia - typically arrived in groups of 100 or more on boats operated by smugglers, usually from the Kenyan port city of Mombasa. 
 
 According to one Somali migrant who made the trip, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93724 ] the groups were dropped off near Mtwara, and then found their way to the river delta where they paid the waiting fishermen in money or goods for passage to the other side. From there, they trekked through thick forest for several days before crossing into Mozambique and arriving at Palma, a small coastal town where the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) and the government’s National Institute for Refugee Assistance (INAR) had set up an informal camp behind the local police station to cater for the migrants’ basic needs before transporting them to Maratane refugee camp in Nampula Province. 
 
 For most, Maratane was merely a place to rest, regroup and make contact with their smugglers’ agents who would help them reach their final destination: South Africa - the only country in the region where asylum-seekers and refugees have freedom of movement and the right to work and run businesses rather than being confined to camps. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 But around May of this year, the movement of migrants from the Horn of Africa across the River Ruvuma began reversing in direction. According to immigration authorities in Mtwara, groups of migrants, stripped of their belongings and clothing, and many bearing the marks of severe beatings, began appearing near the river. 
 
 “We saw them at the delta, naked,” said Hamidu Mkambala, the regional immigration officer for Mtwara. “We gave them food and clothing and then we took them to a court of law and then prison. We don’t have any other shelters for them.” 
 
 About 500 Ethiopians and 50 Somalis are now being held at Mtwara prison, while about 600 Ethiopian and 170 Somali migrants are in other prisons around Tanzania. 
 
 Harrowing journey 
 
 Most of those interviewed at Mtwara prison told similar stories of weeks at sea on overloaded boats that either dropped them off in Mtwara or took them all the way to the north coast of Mozambique. From there they were picked up by police but instead of being transferred to Maratane, they were robbed of their possessions, beaten and then dumped next to (or in) the River Ruvuma. 
 
 One young Somali woman recounted a harrowing month-long journey from Mombasa to Mozambique on rough seas. At one point the crew of the boat she was travelling on forced three of her fellow passengers off the over-loaded vessel and into the sea where they were left to drown. When they finally reached Mozambique, the migrants were greeted by locals who “took all they had”. 
 
 “A white man came and put us in a mini-bus and took us to another place near a police station,” she continued. “He told the police to take us to the refugee camp but after he left, they beat us and fired bullets over our heads,” she said, crying and showing a badly swollen leg that had not healed two months after one of the policemen struck it with the barrel of his gun. 
 
 One of the Ethiopian prisoners at Mtwara said four of the men in his group had died after they were beaten so severely by the Mozambican police that they drowned when they were thrown into the River Ruvuma. 
 
 Others survived by waiting for a low tide and then forming a human chain to wade to the other side of the river where they were discovered by local villagers. 
 
 “They came from nowhere with no clothes,” a woman from one of the villages near the river told IRIN. “They said they came from Mozambique. We fed them and then showed them the way to the immigration office in Kilambo.” 
 
 Small border posts like the one at Kilambo are ill-equipped to deal with large groups of naked and hungry migrants, most of whom cannot speak the local language. “We have no budget to feed them,” said Mkambala. “We feed them from our own pockets and give them clothing.” 
 
 After a day or two staying in the open outside the immigration office in Kilambo, the migrants were transported to the police station in Mtwara for processing before being taken to court and then to the now overcrowded prison. 
 
 Government denial 
 
 UNHCR has confirmed the migrants’ accounts and called on the Mozambican government to stop the deportations which contravene the country’s obligations under the UN Convention on Refugees. 
 
 However, at a meeting on 16 September convened by local NGO the Mozambican Human Rights League, which also has evidence of abuses against migrants found near the Tanzanian border, representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of the Interior denied that irregular deportations were taking place, while at the same time describing the migrants as a threat to national security. 
 
 “It’s a very clear sign that the position of the government is becoming stricter on the issue,” commented Matteo Gillerio, a field officer with the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Mozambique who was present at the meeting. 
 
 According to Mtwara regional immigration officer Mkambala, a recent meeting between immigration chiefs from Mozambique and Tanzania to discuss the irregular deportations did not end in any agreement, but the situation may have resolved itself, at least temporarily, as smugglers appear to have started circumventing the trouble spot between Palma and Mtwara. 
 
 Chacha, the immigration officer at Kilambo (on the Tanzanian side), said no migrants had been seen near the river since July, and Gillerio said the camp in Palma was also currently empty. However, he worried the movement would resume in November with the start of the rainy season which would bring improved conditions at sea and make it more difficult for the Mozambican police to patrol border areas. 
 
 “The [refugee] camps in Kenya are filling up,” he pointed out. “I think when they’re in a condition to travel, they will, because they’re not going to find jobs in Kenya.” 
 
 Homeward bound? 
 
 For the Ethiopians imprisoned in Tanzania, their journey will soon end where it started. An IOM initiative funded by the Japanese government, brought a delegation from Ethiopia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Tanzania in August to document those being held in prisons and arrange their voluntary return home starting from the end of September. 
 
 “All of them told us they want to go back home,” said Ethiopia’s director of Foreign Affairs, Melaku Bedada, who formed part of the delegation. He added that his Ministry would be engaging their Mozambican counterparts in a discussion about the abuses the migrants experienced in that country. “A person has to be treated humanely, even if they’re illegal,” he said. 
 
 The fate of the Somali prisoners is less clear. In the absence of a functioning government in Somalia to negotiate their release, members of Dar es Salaam’s local Somali community have been advocating on their behalf. Ahmed Ally, a leader in that community, said that after repeated calls to various relevant agencies and government departments, immigration officers had informed him that the Somalis would be released soon and taken to the Kenyan border. From there, he said, Somali elders have agreed to pay their transport to Nairobi where they will likely find refuge among that city’s sizeable Somali community. 
 
 Most of the imprisoned migrants IRIN spoke to declared they would not attempt the journey again. 
 
 “If I go home, I will just pray for rain. I won’t come to Mozambique again,” said one young man who left Ethiopia because the drought had made it impossible for him to farm. 
 
 But the young Somali woman with the injured leg insisted she did not want to go home. “There is still fighting there,” she said. “I want to go somewhere peaceful… maybe South Africa.” 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93759</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109141242550621t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MTWARA 19 September 2011 (IRIN) - Near the coastal town of Mtwara, Tanzania’s border with Mozambique is marked only by the River Ruvuma which is wide and relatively shallow at this point just before it drains into the Indian Ocean. Young men loll in small, wooden boats checking their cell phones and waiting for passengers to ferry across to the other side, but business has been slow in the last two months since groups of migrants desperate to complete a journey that began thousands of kilometres to the north stopped arriving at the river’s banks.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Pressure on maize price grows</title><pubDate>Thu, 08 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007031410t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 08 September 2011 (IRIN) - The cost of maize meal, a staple in many African countries, is set to go up, and wheat prices are heading in the same direction, according to the latest Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) global price update.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 08 September 2011 (IRIN) - The cost of maize meal, a staple in many African countries, is set to go up, and wheat prices are heading in the same direction, according to the latest Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) global price update. [ http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/csdb/en/ ]
 
 Maize stocks in the USA, the world’s largest exporter, are at their lowest level for 30 years, and the high prices are also affecting wheat, which is increasingly replacing maize as an animal feed, said Abdolreza Abbassian, secretary of the Intergovernmental Group on Grains at FAO. 
 
 “The price of maize could impact on the budgets of aid agencies responding to the crisis in the Horn,” he added. 
 
 Globally, more maize is consumed than wheat as it is used by humans, animals and also to produce biofuels. 
 
 Earlier in 2011, a combination of higher fuel prices and increased biofuel production in the USA had reduced maize stocks. Now, high temperatures and poor rains in the US corn belt - roughly covering western Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas - have sharply reduced expected maize production, said the US Department of Agriculture in its August 2011 forecast. [ http://www.usda.gov/oce/commodity/wasde/latest.pdf ] 
 
 The Department’s September 2011 forecast expected next week is likely to reflect this, said Abbassian. Maize prices in August 2011 were up by 80 percent on August 2010, and up by more than 105 percent compared to August 2009, he said. 
 
 As global maize supplies get tighter with the USA exporting less, the pressure on wheat has been increasing. Wheat prices in August 2011 were up by 23 percent compared to August 2010, and up 54 percent compared to August 2009. 
 
 Global hikes can take up to six months to filter down to different countries. 
 
 The price of rice has also risen, mostly driven by a policy change in Thailand, the world’s largest rice exporter, which has set high purchase prices from farmers. “This hike is temporary and will come down as soon as there is pressure from markets on Thailand in the next few months,” Abbassian said. 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93683</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007031410t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 08 September 2011 (IRIN) - The cost of maize meal, a staple in many African countries, is set to go up, and wheat prices are heading in the same direction, according to the latest Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) global price update.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: New cash transfer programme to reach vulnerable communities</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200811272t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 02 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an effort to help some of the most vulnerable people in one of Ethiopia&apos;s most food insecure regions, the government of Tigray has launched a pilot scheme to transfer cash to those least able to earn money for themselves. If successful, it could be adopted country-wide.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 02 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an effort to help some of the most vulnerable people in one of Ethiopia's most food insecure regions, the government of Tigray has launched a pilot scheme to transfer cash to those least able to earn money for themselves. If successful, it could be adopted country-wide. 

The scheme follows a series of interventions by the local government designed to improve food security among a fast-growing, predominantly rural population. According to a recent report [ http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art18/ ] published by the journal Ecology and Society, recent initiatives "such as water harvesting schemes, employment generation schemes, and promotion of technology adoption significantly contribute to a higher likelihood of household food security status" in Tigray. 

According to the country's Central Statistics Office, the region, whose population is around 4.5 million has more than 217,000 orphans and 69,000 people with disabilities, as well as 119,000 destitute elders and 6,734 child-headed households 

A document from the Labour Bureau explains that "the needs of this vulnerable segment of the population cannot be fully addressed with the current limited government and donor support." 

Among the beneficiaries of the pilot is Tigisti Adhano, 38, a widow living in Hintalo-Wejerat. 

"I have three children, all of them still in school. With the growing problem at home, I was struggling to keep them there," she said. "But now I don't think I should ever worry about that," she said, referring to a new social protection initiative from which she is benefiting. 

The Social Cash Transfer Pilot Programme aims to benefit "extremely poor and at the same time labour-constrained" families, according to the region's Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs. 

In addition, the programme aims at "increasing school enrolment and attendance and improving health and nutrition of children living in the target group". 

Due to the effects of persistent drought, past wars, HIV/AIDS and poverty, along with the global food price hikes, the number of vulnerable people such as Tigisti and her children is high. 

The project aims to set up social protection mechanisms for vulnerable groups and transfers a small amount of resources to them and assesses the impact of these transfers on their lives. It operates through Community Care Coalitions (CCCs). 

The bureau is piloting a social protection minimum package in two woredas (districts), Abiadi and Hintalo-Wajirat (with a population of 17,000 and 152,000 respectively). 

Across both woredas, a total of about 3,300 households will receive one or a combination of instruments, consisting of social pensions, basic household poverty grant, disability grant and child support grant. The project began on 12 August. 

The grants range from 80 to 160 birr or US$4.80-$9.70 per month per household, depending on specific composition, and the project is expected to cost a total $2.3 million to March 2014. 

Targeting school enrolment 

Douglas Webb, one of the designers of the project, from the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) said the programme was different from existing safety net initiatives [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=75709 ] "as it is designed to benefit those vulnerable people that can't work or who shouldn't be working, like under-aged children". 

The indicators in other African countries show that such programmes "tend to improve school enrolment, [and] nutritional and health status of this particular community", he said. 

"This is an important step to provide a social protection safety net for vulnerable population groups in a manner that is affordable, community-based and which limits dependency," said UNICEF representative to Ethiopia, Ted Chaiban. 

He said it would help to provide an "important lesson that can be brought into policy dialogue around how Ethiopia can build on existing social protection strictures". 

The Federal Minister of Social and Labour Affairs, Abdulfetah Abdulahi, said the programme would be referred to for a new social protection policy being drawn up. "Based on its result, we will use it intensively throughout the country," said the minister. 

bt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93641</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200811272t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 02 September 2011 (IRIN) - In an effort to help some of the most vulnerable people in one of Ethiopia&apos;s most food insecure regions, the government of Tigray has launched a pilot scheme to transfer cash to those least able to earn money for themselves. If successful, it could be adopted country-wide.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Thinking outside the traditional funding box</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109011208400413t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion. 
 
 So far, so traditional. What has not been counted has been the response of ordinary people to the disaster unfolding on their TV screens. Here is a round-up of some initiatives that have tapped into popular philanthropy. 
 
 Kenyans for Kenya - One of Kenya's most successful funding drives ever, the campaign [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] aimed to raise 500 million shillings - about US$5.28 million - in one month; that target was reached in 10 days. The initiative then aimed for one billion shillings - $10.56 million - and by 1 September, had collected more than $7 million. The money has been used to send tonnes of food to crisis-affected areas through the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS). 
 
 Corporate sponsors have been conspicuous givers, but private citizens contributed more than $1.6 million using MPESA, a mobile phone money transfer service run by telecoms firm Safaricom. 
 
 FeedKE - A separate campaign started by a Kenyan Twitter user, Ahmed Salim [ http://twitter.com/#!/ahmedsalims ], gained some popularity among internet users. Using the Twitter hashtag #FeedKE, the campaign also used mobile money transfers to raise more than $15,000, which was also channelled through KRCS. 
 
 Telethons - A three-day telethon organized by the United Arab Emirates Red Crescent Authority in August raised more than $17 million. The Red Crescent has also collected more than 400 tonnes of food for the drought and set up clinics in Somalia. 
 
 Another telethon, organized by the South African NGO, Gift of the Givers, and the South African Broadcasting Corporation, raised more than $170,000. This was just a fraction of the nearly $3 million that Gift of the Givers says has been raised by South Africans. 
 
 The diaspora - Millions of people from the Horn of Africa live abroad and regularly spend a portion of their earnings sending remittances to their families; Ethiopians and Somalis living abroad send more than $1 billion home annually. According to media reports, remittances from the Somali diaspora to the worst-hit areas in the south of the country are up by 10 percent. 
 
 The US Agency for International Development [ http://blog.usaid.gov/2011/07/meeting-with-somali-americans-about-the-crisis-in-the-horn-of-africa ] says several Somali NGOs in Minneapolis have joined forces with the American Refugee Committee in an initiative called Neighbours for Nations that unites and mobilizes diaspora community efforts to provide relief and development services in Somalia. 
 
 Celebrity buzz - From Bono to Beyoncé, celebrities have thrown their weight behind the campaign to feed millions in the region. Bob Marley's family released a new video for the legend's song, High Tide or Low Tide, to help raise awareness and money for the drought in East Africa as part of the 'I'm gonna be your friend' [ http://imgonnabeyourfriend.org ] campaign in conjunction with Save the Children. 
 
 Jay Z and Kanye West courted controversy when they destroyed a $350,000 Maybach Mercedes for the video of their track, Otis [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoEKWtgJQAU&ob=av2n ], but the two artists say the vehicle will be auctioned and the proceeds used to assist the drought response. 
 
 In August, Canada-based Somali musician K'Naan - whose hit, Waving Flag, was the World Cup 2010 anthem - visited his homeland for the first time in decades to raise awareness about the food crisis.
 
 kr/oa/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93633</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109011208400413t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Food for body and soul</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108110714560640t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - Three years ago, Munit* was hungry, lonely and HIV-positive; her husband refused to be tested and she felt burdened by her secret status, unable to share her daily struggles with friends and family.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - Three years ago, Munit* was hungry, lonely and HIV-positive; her husband refused to be tested and she felt burdened by her secret status, unable to share her daily struggles with friends and family. 
 
 When she joined other women in the Breedlove Project, she was grateful for the nutritional support she received, and even more so for the opportunity to meet other HIV-positive women with similar experiences. 
 
 "My secrets are here and they are safe. Nobody else knows my status, even my husband refuses to get tested so it is me and the people you see here," said Munit, bouncing her child on her lap at Addis's Gandhi Hospital. 
 
 The Breedlove Project - named after a lentil and potato blended soup package given to its beneficiaries - aims to integrate HIV, food and nutrition programming. It targets women living with HIV, pregnant or lactating, and those caring for children and on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. 
 
 Shared experiences 
 
 "My predecessor at one hospital saw HIV-positive people discussing in a group when they came for their treatment; it was very fruitful and that is how she came up with the coffee ceremony idea," said Wasihun Eshetu, the project coordinator. "It is very helpful for them to deal with stigma and discrimination as they each become a support to one another." 
 
 The project has been implemented in five hospitals, 12 health centres and two orphanages in Addis Ababa in cooperation with the city and federal authorities. Ethiopia has an HIV prevalence rate of 2.4 percent, with an estimated 1.2 million people living with HIV. In Addis Ababa, the HIV prevalence is 9.2 percent, representing more than 200,000 people living with HIV. 
 
 "When you are pregnant, hearing the news of having HIV in your blood can be very troubling especially if you don't have a person you can share the burden with," said one counsellor, who preferred anonymity. "What we hope to do here for the beneficiaries is be their confidante... we went through the same thing and are trained to counsel so we can offer them advice and direct them how to seek medical help." 
 
 The counsellors often have to advise women not to listen to their families and friends about motherhood and breastfeeding. "It is likely that family members or neighbours who suggest these things are unaware of the mother's HIV status," the counsellor added. "It is us against them to win hearts of the mothers which is very difficult on many occasions; [for example] if the mother wants to breastfeed her child, that requires taking various precautions." 
 
 For the women who attend the coffee ceremonies, the flexibility and discretion the project offers are its main benefits. "It is much easier to seek advice here; I can call them or drop by to get advice on everything," said Lelena. "I cannot call the hospital doctors; meeting them by appointment is hard by itself." 
 
 Breedlove is implemented by Project Concern International (PCI) [ http://www.projectconcern.org/site/PageServer ], which says the combination of nutritional support and a trusting environment in which to share experiences has improved the levels of ARV adherence among the women and their children. 
 
 Improving food security 
 
 "We used to hear complaints from many people on ART who said the treatment was weakening them and that it was killing them by the day; this was mainly because they didn't have... sufficient food to eat," said Walleligne Alemaw, PCI Ethiopia country director. 
 
 Food insecurity is a major problem in Ethiopia; an estimated 4.2 million Ethiopians are threatened with starvation as the Horn of Africa experiences what has been described as its worst drought in 60 years. Lack of food is a widely acknowledged barrier to successful ARV therapy, and can increase the side-effects [ http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010340 ], including headaches, stomach pain, dizziness, shivers, loss of energy and fainting. 
 
 Funded by the US Agency for International Development, Breedlove receives 75MT of the lentil blend and the "Harvest Pro" vegetable blend annually; since it started in 2007, the project has supported 5,275 women and children. 
 
 "It has been three years since I [started] on the project; I am taking my drugs and get counselling and other support... I have been doing fine. I am well," said Munit. 
 
 Farming 
 
 Breedlove also offers urban gardening and poultry farming training. 
 
 "The nutrition the project provides is a very modest support and the food is a supplementary diet, so the beneficiaries need other food; these components help them secure that," said Wasihun. "It is also an exit strategy for the project's eventual completion." 
 
 Participants carry out either direct soil gardening or container gardening and are offered seeds, including kale, Swiss chard, lettuce, cabbage, tomato, green pepper, carrot, and beet. They also receive farming tools. For poultry farming, each participant receives two roosters, six laying hens, 50kg of chicken feed and a cage. 
 
 While many participants have reported improved access to fresh, nutritious food for their families and income from excess food and eggs, the project has not been without its problems. 
 
 Challenges 
 
 "Only a few of us followed through after the training to benefit from urban gardening and poultry; only a few of us - maybe one in 10 - have our own house that has a backyard or space to do that," said one beneficiary, who preferred anonymity. "I was on the programme but road expansion led to my house demolition and the house I got in exchange doesn't have space. Most of the beneficiaries live in a rented small house that doesn't have such a space and your landlord also may not be willing. In most cases I have seen it is difficult to benefit from the programme after the training. 
 
 "The overall idea is wonderful; I, for example, make around 400 Birr [US$23.30] in a month washing clothes," she added. "Now, I have to take care of my child and it is increasingly very difficult and tiresome to do what I used to do so income generating or a food source is very nice to have but I don't think urban gardening is working for most of us." 
 
 While reiterating the importance of an exit strategy for the project, PCI officials admit it would be ideal outside Addis Ababa where there is more space for such initiatives. 
 
 They said alternatives were being discussed but they needed funding partners. Planned trainings include: how to identify and establish business opportunities, basic financial and budget skills to calculate expenses/profits, creating and managing a budget and facilitating links to local markets to sell products. It also plans to link women to networks of other female entrepreneurs. 
 
 Some of the other challenges include the long distances for the women to travel; overburdened staff, leading to insufficient communication about the proper use of the soup; inadequate promotion of the urban gardening component and insufficient rations, as most women share with their families rather than consuming it themselves. 
 
 Stigma also remains high, with many participants attending hospitals far away from home for fear of being spotted by neighbours, and others hiding the Breedlove visits from their husbands. 
 
 kt/kr/mw 
 
 *One name used to protect her identity

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93526</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108110714560640t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 18 August 2011 (IRIN) - Three years ago, Munit* was hungry, lonely and HIV-positive; her husband refused to be tested and she felt burdened by her secret status, unable to share her daily struggles with friends and family.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
