<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Egypt</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 17 Apr 2012 12:30:41 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>In Brief: Egypt to target 12.5 million children in polio campaign</title><pubDate>Tue, 17 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909140858060890t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 17 April 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt will launch a four-day polio immunization campaign on 21 April targeting 12.5 million children under five, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 17 April 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt will launch a four-day polio immunization campaign on 21 April targeting 12.5 million children under five, say officials.
 
“The vaccination drops are very important in line with the state’s policy of immunizing the children against this serious disease,” Amr Qandeel, assistant health minister for preventive medicine, told IRIN. 
 
“We call on all parents to show up at health units and centres to allow their children to get the drops.”
 
Egypt was declared polio-free [ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/egypt_30860.html ] in 2006 after recording its last case in 2004. The campaign will cost the government US$5 million, Qandeel said, and involve 800,000 medical personnel.
 
ae/eo/cb
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95305</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909140858060890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 17 April 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt will launch a four-day polio immunization campaign on 21 April targeting 12.5 million children under five, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Rising tide of child abductions</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204111311160287t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - A coalition of 100 Egyptian child rights advocacy groups is intensifying its pressure on the government to take measures to counter rising child abductions across the country, threatening to resort to the UN if the government does not take action.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - A coalition of 100 Egyptian child rights advocacy groups is intensifying its pressure on the government to take measures to counter rising child abductions across the country, threatening to resort to the UN if the government does not take action.
 
“The government does not attach enough importance to the problems suffered by children,” Hani Helal, secretary-general of the Egyptian Coalition on Children’s Rights, told IRIN. “This leads to increasing violations against the children. But if the government does not act now, we will have to take the matter to the UN.”
 
A noticeable rise in child abductions has swept through the country, with the media reporting a new child abduction case every day - either in the capital Cairo or in the other governorates, putting parents on alert and challenging the police service.
 
The Interior Ministry has not given exact figures about the rise in child abductions, but independent security experts say it has increased as much as threefold since a popular uprising ousted former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011. The political transition has been accompanied by an almost total collapse of Egypt’s security system, with police absent from the streets for extended periods of time.
 
“The kidnapping of children has become a very worrying phenomenon,” ex-policeman and security expert Maher Zakhry told IRIN. “Our country’s deteriorating security conditions make this crime more possible.”
 
Egypt’s National Motherhood and Childhood Council called on the government to take action against what it described as a “rising crescendo of child abductions”, warning against the serious consequences of turning a blind eye to the problem. The council has launched a new hotline service through which it can receive complaints by parents, refer them to police and better lobby the government.
 
The Coalition on Children’s Rights says the number of calls about abductions it receives from parents has increased 300 percent - from one or two a day before the revolution, to six or seven on some days now. Helal says most of the people who call his coalition are poor and have no connections. They come from all governorates, but more often from Cairo and the coastal city of Alexandria. Most of the kidnappers know the families of the children they abduct, he added.
 
“We have major difficulties dealing with the government, which does not view children as first-rate citizens like everybody else,” Helal said. “But what I want to say to the government is that its silence will encourage criminals to kidnap even more children in the future.”
 
Advocates are calling for tougher action by the government against criminals; a larger police presence on the streets; and laws that would increase punishments for those who violate children’s rights. Many Egyptians, especially activists involved in the revolution, believe the government is intentionally neglecting safety and security to increase a desire for “the good old days” under Mubarak and to justify the continued rule of the military council that took over after Mubarak left.
 
Motives

Anecdotal evidence appears to indicate two main motives for the abductions - body organs and ransom money.

When Hayam Rabie left her one-year-old daughter, Alia, with neighbours in a vegetable shop while doing some shopping, it did not cross her mind that she would never see her again.
 
But when Rabie, a mother of two from the poor village of Damleeg in the agricultural governorate of Sharqia in the Nile Delta, came back one hour later, she could not find her daughter.
 
That was one year ago.
 
“Until four months ago, I had hopes that I could find my daughter,” Rabie said. “But this hope turned to be a mere illusion.”
 
Rabie discovered that one of her neighbours had kidnapped the girl, hid her inside her home for few days, and then killed her before she put her body in a sack and threw it in a village canal.
 
Mahmud Al Badawi, head of local NGO Egyptian Society for the Assistance of Juveniles and Human Rights, says child abductions and organ trafficking are strongly interconnected in Egypt.

When Rabie’s relatives and neighbours broke into the house of her daughter’s kidnapper, they found empty blood bags, syringes and tubes.
 
“Nobody understood why an uneducated woman would need these tools,” Abdel Aleem Al Guindy, the girl’s father, said.
 
The mother of a child kidnapped in Alexandria told private Al Nahar TV [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaDzsshBxYY&feature=youtu.be ] in February that her son heard children screaming and calling for help while held by his kidnappers. His parents paid a ransom to get him back.
 
“One of the kidnappers told my son that the children would be sold to body organ traders,” the mother said.
 
Ransom
 
Security experts say most kidnappers demand a ransom from the parents of abducted children - starting at 5,000 Egyptian pounds (US$833) and going up to six million pounds (US$1 million), if kidnapped children’s parents are wealthy enough.
 
A famous construction mogul had to pay two million Egyptian pounds (US$333,000) [ http://www2.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=593553 ] in February to secure the release of his two grandchildren.
 
“As a sign of Egypt’s deteriorating security conditions, child abductions have become an easy way for criminals to make money,” ex-policeman Zakhary said.
 
He advises parents not pay ransoms, and instead to report the kidnappings to police. But child rights activists say the police do not have a very good track record of arresting or prosecuting kidnappers, and have only succeeded in rescuing children in a few cases.
 
In April 2011, police arrested five suspects [ http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/385960 ] in relation to the kidnapping of the daughter of Effat Sadat, a businessman and the nephew of the late Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, but only after Sadat paid the kidnappers five million pounds (US$833,000).
 
“Poorer parents, however, cannot find the money necessary for the return of their children,” said Al Badawi of the juveniles’ society. “This is why many of the abductions go unreported because the parents are simply not connected.”
 
ae/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95271</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204111311160287t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 11 April 2012 (IRIN) - A coalition of 100 Egyptian child rights advocacy groups is intensifying its pressure on the government to take measures to counter rising child abductions across the country, threatening to resort to the UN if the government does not take action.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Rising poverty threatens gains in fight against TB</title><pubDate>Tue, 10 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108121221410593t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 10 April 2012 (IRIN) - Rising poverty, overcrowded public transport, and sprawling slums threaten to reverse the gains made in eradicating tuberculosis (TB) in Egypt, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 10 April 2012 (IRIN) - Rising poverty, overcrowded public transport, and sprawling slums threaten to reverse the gains made in eradicating tuberculosis (TB) in Egypt, experts say. 

In recent days, the government has released new figures showing a significant decrease in mortality caused by TB. But medical experts warn the government will never be able to stamp out the disease through a narrow medical approach. Rather, it must tackle the socio-economic problems at the disease’s root if it is to avoid a dramatic increase in infections.

“Our slums, our transport, and the poor economic conditions of millions of Egyptians make many people prone to the disease,” Mahmud Amr, a chest disease expert from Cairo University, told IRIN. “TB will continue to shatter the lives of thousands of people as long as no progress is made in these areas.”

The political instability that followed the overthrow of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011 sent Egypt’s economy into a downward spiral. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94414/EGYPT-Revolutionary-dreams-turn-into-economic-nightmare ] 

In 2011, 25.2 percent of Egyptians became poor, up from 21.6 percent in 2009, according to the state-run Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). [ http://www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/business/2012/02/120128_poverty_in_egypt.shtml ] More than half of these poor people lived in Upper Egypt, it added.

“Although most tuberculosis patients are poor, poverty itself is not the problem,” said Ahmed Attia, head of local NGO Egyptian Society for Fighting Tuberculosis. “The problem lies with the living conditions this poverty brings to people.”

In 2007, 12.2 million people lived in 870 slums across this country, according to CAPMAS. [ http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pages_ar.aspx?pageid=887 ] With whole families living in narrow rooms and sharing toilets and sewage-filled alleyways, these slums, experts like Amr say, offer fertile soil for the spread of serious diseases like TB. 

TB is the third greatest killer in Egypt, after Hepatitis C and Bilharzias, according to Amir Bassam, deputy chairman of parliament’s Health Committee.

Naeema Al-Gasseer, the World Health Organization representative in Egypt, says Egypt is one of nine countries out of 23 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (which  stretches as far as Pakistan), where 95 percent of the region’s TB patients live.

In a recent interview [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4BgbiKBuruo ] with private TV station CBC, Al-Gasseer linked TB to poverty and malnutrition, which also appears to be rising in Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95040/EGYPT-Fears-of-rising-malnutrition-amid-increasing-poverty ] saying “malnutrition is a big problem for both children and adults.” 

Progress 

Despite the challenges, Egypt has managed to make remarkable progress in TB control, according to the Health Ministry. 

Health Minister Fouad Al Nawawy outlined in recent statements to the media huge drops in the effects of TB from 1990 to 2011: TB incidence, [ http://digital.ahram.org.eg/Community.aspx?Serial=843282 ] the number of new cases every year, fell from 34 per 100,000 to 18 cases per 100,000. TB prevalence, the total number of infections in any given year, fell from 79 per 100,000 to 24 per 100,000; and the mortality rate, the number of people who die from TB every year, fell from 4 per 100,000 to 1.1 per 100,000, he said. 

Egypt offers free medical treatment to TB patients in around 32 chest hospitals and the Health Ministry hopes to eradicate the disease altogether by 2019.

But independent experts say the incidence of TB is far higher than the official numbers of 18,000 new patients every year. In a sign of the skepticism that exists in some camps, one lawmaker asked the Health Ministry to give a full breakdown of TB figures in all governorates. 

“The public has the right to know all the facts,” said Basel Adel during a session of parliament on 9 April. “The Health Minister has to tell us what preventive measures his ministry has taken to prevent the spread of these diseases,” he said in reference to TB and meningitis. “There must be immediate action to control these diseases or the present government will be repeating the same mistakes of the governments of the former regime.”

The number of patients in the country’s chest hospitals, for instance, seems to belie claims that the disease is on the decrease.

“We have 50 beds at the TB section,” said Mahmud Abdel Aziz, the head of the Abassiya Chest Hospital. “These beds are always full. When a patient is treated, he/she gets out for other people on the waiting list to take their place.”

Challenges

Experts say Egypt’s ability to make progress in TB control hinges on its success in improving the living conditions of slum dwellers; making its public transport less crowded; and reducing poverty.

“Patients - most of them are poor people from the slums - use public transport, which is always busy, and pass the infection on to others very easily,” the Health Committee’s Bassam said. “The nation’s prisons are also hotbeds for infection.”

Described in numerous human rights reports as being dirty, unfit for human use, and suffering an extreme lack of health care, [ http://almorakeb.com/sys.asp?browser=view_article&ID=14219 ] Egypt’s prisons, according to people like Bassam, send out to society a large number of TB patients. 

This is why Health Ministry specialists pay regular visits to the prisons to make sure they do not turn into centres for TB infection, according to Essam el-Moghazi, head of the Tuberculosis Section at the Health Ministry.

“We must take firm action to eradicate this disease,” el-Moghazi said. “This is why we need everybody to contribute to this action, or this disease can spread like wildfire,” he told IRIN. 

ae/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95262</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108121221410593t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 10 April 2012 (IRIN) - Rising poverty, overcrowded public transport, and sprawling slums threaten to reverse the gains made in eradicating tuberculosis (TB) in Egypt, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Fuel shortage threatens bread supplies</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020922510742t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - It has been three months since a fuel shortage hit Egypt, and people’s patience is wearing thin amid fears the crisis could disrupt the production of subsidized bread.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - It has been three months since a fuel shortage hit Egypt, and people’s patience is wearing thin amid fears the crisis could disrupt the production of subsidized bread.

“I move from one petrol station to another every day to find the fuel necessary for the work of the bakery,” Omar Muselhi, a bakery owner from Giza, told IRIN. “I cannot do this for long. If things get worse, I will close down.”

Most of Egypt’s subsidized bakeries need diesel to operate, and some have had to close, for example in the Nile Delta governorate of Monofiya [ http://www2.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=634879&SecID=296 ] (Arabic).

Outside Muselhi’s bakery, men, women and children form two long lines, and wait their turn.

“I buy 20 loaves of this bread for one pound, whereas the same number sells for four pounds at unsubsidized bakeries,” said Ayman Farahat, standing in line outside the bakery. “This shows how important these bakeries are for people like me.”

Observers say there is a 35 percent shortfall in fuel supplies. The government blames hoarding for the crisis. Thousands of cars queue outside petrol stations from early morning, while long queues form outside gas cylinder centres.

“We are doing our best to solve the problem, but what is happening is abnormal,” Petroleum Minister Abdallah Ghorab said on 24 March. “Some people take the subsidized fuel and sell it on the black market.”

The Petroleum Ministry has increased daily diesel supplies from 36,000 tons to 38,000 tons; petrol supplies from 16,000 to 18,000 tons; and gas cylinders from one million to 1.3 million.

But despite the move, there are numerous reports [ http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/741881 ] (Arabic) of fighting over fuel, reflecting citizens’ exasperation, and the need for further government intervention

Ambulance services are also at risk.

“The drivers go to petrol stations from early morning,” Naeem Rizk, the operations manager at Cairo’s main ambulance point, told IRIN. “Sometimes they spend the whole day waiting, but when their turn comes, they are told the fuel is over.”

When a policeman recently called Rizk to ask for help after he was wounded in a fight against armed men on the outskirts of Cairo, Rizk could not find an ambulance with enough fuel to take the policeman to hospital. The policeman’s colleagues had to call the Interior Ministry to borrow some.

Mohamed Abdullah, a 30-year-old ambulance driver, says his job has become even more stressful. “There are always long queues at petrol stations…This prevents me from reaching patients in time. The patients’ relatives always yell at me.”

Rethinking subsidies

Some economists believe the current crisis may force the government to rethink its fuel subsidies’ policy. Egypt spent the equivalent of US$83.3 billion subsidizing fuel over the past five years, according to the Petroleum Ministry.

“Around 60 percent of these subsidies go to people who do not deserve them,” said Rashad Abdo, a leading economist from Cairo University. “This makes it necessary for the government to rethink these subsidies.”

The government is currently reconsidering its support to major industrial institutions, which account for almost 70 percent of fuel subventions.

“If we can reduce petroleum subsidies by 10 percent, we can channel this money for the building of houses, hospitals, or schools,” said Petroleum Minister Ghorab. “We need to deliver subsidies to those who deserve them,” he was quoted as saying by al Masry Al Youm newspaper [ http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=331089 ] (Arabic) on 11 March.

Another government plan envisages the issuing of vouchers to poorer citizens to enable them to buy cooking gas for the equivalent of 83 US cents instead of US$5 for everyone else.

ae/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95222</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204020922510742t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - It has been three months since a fuel shortage hit Egypt, and people’s patience is wearing thin amid fears the crisis could disrupt the production of subsidized bread.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Over 50 million affected in Muslim world in 2011</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.  

In 2011, 38 of the 57 OIC member countries and 55 million people were affected by “disasters and chronic emergencies”, Atta Elmanan Bakhit, OIC assistant secretary-general for humanitarian affairs, said at the Dubai International Humanitarian Aid & Development Conference & Exhibition. [ http://www.dihad.org/ ] Disasters brought a total financial loss of US$68 billion in those Muslim countries, he said, quoting figures that will be published in OIC’s annual report, to be released later this month.  

These numbers do not include political crises, namely the Arab Spring, and are tabulated based on information from member states. They are up from 2010 when 36 countries and 48 million people were affected, with $53 billion in losses, according to an OIC survey.  

“In the Muslim world now, we have regularly a lot of disasters,” Bakhit said, adding that the OIC has had no choice but to start playing a larger role in humanitarian affairs. The OIC is active in coordinating humanitarian assistance in Somalia, where it has access [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=94010 ] in many areas Western aid workers do not; and along with the UN, the OIC accompanied the government in the first humanitarian assessment [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95102/SYRIA-Aid-workers-give-cautious-welcome-to-start-of-humanitarian-assessment ] of areas affected by the unrest in Syria.

ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95226</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110191145450734t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - The Muslim world is increasingly in the “eye of the cyclone”, with disasters and crises affecting tens of millions of people in Muslim countries last year, a senior official with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) told a humanitarian conference in Dubai.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Livestock disease puts livelihoods, food security at risk</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20067103t.jpg" />]]>QALUBIA 27 March 2012 (IRIN) - A new strain of foot-and-mouth disease in Egypt has killed several thousand livestock, put farmers’ livelihoods at risk and could threaten regional food security, say local and international experts.</description><body><![CDATA[QALUBIA 27 March 2012 (IRIN) - A new strain of foot-and-mouth disease in Egypt has killed several thousand livestock, put farmers’ livelihoods at risk and could threaten regional food security, say local and international experts.
 
“Urgent action is required to control a major outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease and prevent its spread throughout North Africa and the Middle East, which could have serious implications for food security in the region,” the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) warned [ http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/129919/icode/ ] on 22 March. 
 
“If the virus kills more cattle, there will be more economic suffering for a large number of people,” said Mohamed Al Falw, a veterinary officer in Sawaris village, in the Greater Cairo governorate of Qallubia. “The government cannot just keep talking and leave these farmers to face this tragedy on their own.”
 
The virus affects cloven-hoofed animals especially cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, and causes serious production loss. So far, it has killed 8,355 animals, most of them calves, and infected 54,137 others, according to Hatem Farag, [ http://www2.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=634636&SecID=12 ] (Arabic), Egypt's assistant health minister for veterinary medicine.
 
FAO says the disease is putting Egypt’s 6.3 million buffalos and cattle, and 7.5 million sheep and goats, at risk.
 
According to Assistant Health Minister Farag, vaccination efforts are under way, with vets visiting cattle farms across the nation to vaccinate livestock, and advise farmers to keep cattle and other livestock apart to prevent the virus from spreading.
 
However, Saeed Bayoumi, a vet from Qalubia, said the government was using old vaccines which may not be effective.
 
Nearly 90 percent of Sawaris’s 4,000 residents depend on cattle for beef and milk. 
 
“What kind of future can my family and I have while the disease kills our cattle one by one? These cattle are our only source of income, but their death puts the prospects of the whole family at risk,” said Abdel Haleem Abdel Salam, 52, a farmer from Sawaris.
 
Since February, Abdel Salam has lost four of his eight cows, and those remaining are producing less milk. His weekly income is down from 700 Egyptian pounds (US$116) to about 300 (US$50), making it hard for him to feed his family.

“Before this disease took the cattle away, we could at least eat and repay our debts,” he said. “But this is not easy to do now… I am left with these four cattle only. If the virus takes them away, too, my children and I will starve at worst, go begging at best.”
 
ae/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95172</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20067103t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">QALUBIA 27 March 2012 (IRIN) - A new strain of foot-and-mouth disease in Egypt has killed several thousand livestock, put farmers’ livelihoods at risk and could threaten regional food security, say local and international experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Health system needs cash injection</title><pubDate>Mon, 19 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108121221410593t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 19 March 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt’s public health system is in disarray and needs to be better funded if it is to reach more people and provide more effective health care, say experts.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 19 March 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt’s public health system is in disarray and needs to be better funded if it is to reach more people and provide more effective health care, say experts.
 
“A lack of equipment, nurses, and doctors has rendered the nation’s hospitals totally dysfunctional,” said Khairy Abdel Dayem, chairman of Egypt’s Medical Association. “The few patients who get [decent] medical treatment have to pay for it.” 
 
The country has a very high prevalence of chronic diseases, including liver infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, according to the World Health Organization. [ http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/whocdscsrlyo2003/en/index4.html ] It also has higher infection rates for invasive medical, dental, or paramedic procedures than many other countries with comparable socio-economic conditions and hygiene standards, says WHO.

“Hospitals receive huge numbers of patients every day, placing an immense strain on the national health budget,” said Mohamed Abdel Hamid, a senior Medical Association member.
 
Health spending amounted to 3.9 percent (4.5 million pounds or US$750 million) of Egypt’s total budget in 2011, according to one newspaper [ http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/472099 ] (Arabic). Abdel Hamid and his colleagues are lobbying to raise health expenditure to 15 percent of the budget, but this could be wishful thinking, given projected budget deficits for next year [ http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-03-12/egypt-budget-deficit-may-reach-25-billion-official-says ] due to election expenses and increased payments to state employees. 
 
“Health reform cannot happen without money,” said Abdel Hamid. “Money will enable health officials to buy equipment, medicines, improve conditions inside hospitals, and train doctors and nurses. A low health budget for the next fiscal year just means this country’s health failings will continue for another year.”
 
The situation is made worse by the fact that nearly 40 percent of Egypt’s 83 million people are not covered by the national health service because only people who work for the government and the private sector have state health insurance. Their subscription is debited from their salaries. While that could change if a proposed new health insurance law is passed by parliament, experts say the issue of funding will remain.
 
Kidney patients

Kidney dialysis patients are one group getting a poor service. Last month 30 contracted hepatitis C after undergoing dialysis at a hospital in the industrial city of Kafr Al Zayat, 60km north of Cairo, according to the head of the parliamentary health committee, Akram Al Shaer.
 
There are 44,000 kidney failure patients in Egypt, according to Assistant Health Minister Abdel Hamid Abaza, and the government spends 900 million Egyptian pounds (US$150 million) annually treating them. But Al Shaer says [ http://www2.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=592041 ] the treatment methods in hospital leave the patients at risk of hepatitis infection.
 
Another medical expert, Sherif Murad, said because dialysis equipment is rarely cleaned or sterilized, haemodialysis becomes more risky. “This is why we should seek other alternatives,” said Murad, a kidney disease professor from Ain Shams University. 
 
Lack of insulin for diabetes sufferers
 
An acute medicine shortage [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93450/EGYPT-Missing-out-on-vital-medicines ] has plagued Egypt for months now, with little action from the government. Manufacturers cite rising raw material prices in international markets and falling medicine prices in local markets, saying government controls on medicine prices have hurt the market. 

Diabetic patients have been complaining about insulin shortages in state-run hospitals. One afflicted mother told a local newspaper she had been going to Abulreish Hospital in Cairo for months to get insulin for her diabetic son.
 
“But every time I go, they [hospital officials] tell me that they do not have this insulin,” the mother told Al Midan newspaper. “This means that I have to buy the insulin from the pharmacy outside, which makes the whole thing intolerably costly to me.”
 
There are five million diabetes sufferers in Egypt, of whom about 60 percent need insulin including 400,000 children, according to Ashraf Ismail, head of the Diabetes Institute, Egypt’s main medical institution offering treatment to diabetes sufferers. “Most of these children get the disease due to genetic reasons,” Ismail said. 
 
ae/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95097</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108121221410593t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 19 March 2012 (IRIN) - Egypt’s public health system is in disarray and needs to be better funded if it is to reach more people and provide more effective health care, say experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: Call for educational reform to create &quot;knowledge society&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). 
 
"[Arab countries] will have no alternative but to tackle this issue," said Amat Al Alim Alsoswa, assistant secretary-general and director of the Regional Bureau for Arab States at the UN Development Programme (UNDP). "If you talk about any kind of reform - political, judicial - education is an integral part of it. Otherwise, it will be an artificial reform," she told IRIN at the sidelines of the event in Dubai. 
 
The Arab Knowledge Report (AKR), published by UNDP and the UAE-based Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, called for action to better enable the region's youth to participate in the so-called "knowledge society" and move beyond the poverty and unemployment that led to mass demonstrations and the toppling of several governments last year.
 
According to some estimates, more than 60 percent of the population of Arab countries is under the age of 25. 
 
But the potential of Arab youth has so far been limited by weak corporate governance, high rates of corruption, weak indicators of freedom, absence of democracy, increasing rates of poverty and unemployment, restrictions on women's freedom and the failure of economic reforms to achieve social justice and provide youth employment opportunities, the report said.
 
The report found that the Arab world continues to lag behind, with a "sharp drop" in cognitive skills among youth, including problem-solving, written communication, use of technology, and the ability to search for information. The average student scored 33 out of 100 in these areas. 
 
Other statistics are equally scathing: In 2007, 29 percent of Arabs above the age of 15 were illiterate, compared to 16 percent globally; in 2010, 19 percent of Arab children under 6 had access to public childcare centres, compared to 41 percent globally; and Arab students continued to rank poorly in international exams. The region has seen an exponential growth in internet use, but remains below the global average in terms of its exploitation. 
 
The Arab Spring changed some of that - youth clearly used technology to communicate their message, and in many countries their protests have led to a freer and more democratic environment. (Broadening freedom of thought was one of the main recommendations of the 2009 Arab Knowledge Report. [ http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/october/the-arab-knowledge-report-2009-towards-productive-intercommunication-for-knowledge.en ]) But this year's report warns that Arab countries need to do more to take advantage of the openings provided by the Arab Spring. 
 
The Arab world must develop the infrastructure for information technology; encourage innovation; create an investment-friendly environment; focus on social, political and economic reforms; and improve education. 
 
Education neglected intentionally?
 
For a long time, observers say, many Arab governments intentionally neglected education because they thought that an uneducated public would be less likely to rebel. 
 
Shortcomings in the education system were also due to a "culture of silence", Hassan El Bilawi, professor of the sociology of education at Helwan Unviersity in Cairo, told the audience at the launch. "We have before us a cultural challenge - we are suffering from cultural backwardness. Many changes took place in the Arab world but they have not been related to the methodology of teaching or the culture of schools. We have to make sweeping reforms," he said. 
 
Past reforms have been seen as a "technical task" entrusted to bureaucrats in Arab ministries of education, without the support of state policies or civil society, said Moudi Al Homud, former minister of education of Kuwait. "Consequently, we have failed." She urged governments to move beyond the "cosmetics" of educational reform. 
 
But Ghaith Fariz, director of the report, said the knowledge gap is due to more than just poor education. 
 
"It's an issue that involves all sectors of the society. It's much beyond education. Civil society has a role. Family has a role," he told IRIN. Intellectual property rights is another area, for instance, in which "we, as Arabs, are basically absent." 
 
Participants at the report's launch also highlighted the importance of youth being involved in finding solutions. 
 
"If we take the lead, we will destroy what the youth have done," said one participant from Jordan. "The youth have to define the next steps." 
 
ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95075</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103151326060715t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 15 March 2012 (IRIN) - If the Arab Spring is to have any lasting impact, education must top the priority list of post-revolutionary reforms in the Arab world, experts said yesterday at the launch of the 2010-2011 Arab Knowledge Report in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Helping refugee women to fend for themselves</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203090800240206t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Fatma Soleman’s small table at a special International Women’s Day bazaar in a suburb of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, was a bustle of activity as visitors admired handmade jewelry, colourful bags and gold-embroidered wallets on display.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Fatma Soleman’s small table at a special International Women’s Day bazaar in a suburb of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, was a bustle of activity as visitors admired handmade jewelry, colourful bags and gold-embroidered wallets on display.
 
For the past 12 years Soleman has been teaching hundreds of refugee women in Cairo how to create handicrafts and successfully sell them. “I teach women that they can do it,” she said. “I’m working to help refugees become self-reliant.”
 
Since she fled Eritrea 20 years ago, Soleman has been driven by a desire to move beyond the difficult life of being a refugee. “There are jobs if you want to work [in Egypt], but it depends on you,” she added.
 
Egypt is a signatory to the Geneva Convention for Refugees, but it bans them from seeking lawful employment, posing a survival challenging for the refugees. 
 
Figures provided by NGO Amera, [ http://www.amera-egypt.org/ ] which provides assistance to refugees, show there are at least 500,000 undocumented migrants in Egypt. Of these, only 43,000 are recognized as refugees, of whom 12,000 receive a monthly allowance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95012/ ] of US$33-66 from the UN Refugee Agency.
 
Soleman fled what was then part of Ethiopia when she was 17. With no educational or professional background, she took up handicrafts as a way to earn a little money. Soon, she realized that other women could do this. 
 
“There was no programme from any NGO to teach people how to start their own business,” she explained. Even today, most educational opportunities for refugees in Cairo focus on computer and language skills. 
 
She partnered with a well-known local NGO and started to teach women how to make jewelry. “The market was very bad, and women are in competition with Egyptian crafters,” she says. Then she started teaching her students how to approach small handicraft stores throughout Cairo, and seek business opportunities and exposure through selling at bazaars. 
 
“We push [these women] a lot to succeed,” she says.
 
Popular programme
 
The programme grew popular with women refugees, and Soleman says she now has about 50 students, most of whom are from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan, but also from Iraq and Palestine. There are even a few Egyptian women. 
 
With the help of five volunteers, she offers classes in crochet, glass-painting, jewelry-making and sewing. This year was also special because her programme started receiving financial help from the American University in Cairo, where the training takes place. 
 
The university provides them with material and sewing machines, and also helps with marketing. 
 
Still, it is difficult to earn a living through handicrafts in Cairo, since the profits are very low compared to the amount of time women put in. “People like easy work,” she said with a smile. 
 
While work opportunities are greater for refugee women than men, many women only work as maids.
 
“Women don’t have protection,” Soleman added. Employers will sometimes not provide food, or will not pay them their monthly salary of US$65-80. Beyond the money, Soleman believes her programme - or any work, for that matter - also helps women move on.
 
“Many refugees don’t accept their life in Egypt, so they’re really depressed.” Working keeps them busy and gives them a chance to meet other people, preventing them from dwelling on their traumatic experiences, she says. 
 
Back at her table, a customer picks up a long necklace made of large orange-and-brown beads. “How much?” she asks. “Sixty pounds,” replies Soleman, or about $10. The customer hands over the money. 
 
She has plans for her programme, and they’re all about finding new marketing ideas, she says. “I want to sell more,” she added.
 
af/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95050</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203090800240206t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 12 March 2012 (IRIN) - Fatma Soleman’s small table at a special International Women’s Day bazaar in a suburb of the Egyptian capital, Cairo, was a bustle of activity as visitors admired handmade jewelry, colourful bags and gold-embroidered wallets on display.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Fears of rising malnutrition amid increasing poverty</title><pubDate>Fri, 09 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200804101t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 09 March 2012 (IRIN) - Nasser Ali Hossan Morsy, who worked as a porter in central-northern Egypt, knew he needed another source of income when he suffered lower back problems last year so he decided to take a loan and buy a motorcycle.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 09 March 2012 (IRIN) - Nasser Ali Hossan Morsy, who worked as a porter in central-northern Egypt, knew he needed another source of income when he suffered lower back problems last year so he decided to take a loan and buy a motorcycle.
 
The motorcycle, he reasoned, would help him provide for his wife and five children. Once operational, it could also help him pay back the 3,500 Egyptian pound loan (US$580). But things took a turn for the worse when the motorcycle was stolen, and shortly after, major protests erupted throughout Egypt in February 2010, leading to the ousting of then President Hosni Mubarak.
 
Since then Morsy has been scrambling to make ends meet in his home town of Maghagha, some 175km south of Cairo. Between his debt and back problems, earning enough to feed his wife and children, aged two months to 16 years, has been a real challenge. “I don’t find enough food because there’s no more work,” he said.
 
He is not alone. “Poverty is a common result of the 25 January revolution,” said Nabil Gamil Mohamed, professor of paediatrics at Minya University and regional head of political party the Muslim Brotherhood. Increasing poverty, he added, has had two effects: new cases of malnutrition have emerged, and families already dealing with malnutrition are facing more pressure to feed properly. 
 
In Maghagha’s Qulyan neighbourhood, where Morsy lives, many people now feed only on `ful’ (cooked and mashed fava beans) and sesame-sprinkled ta’meyya (deep-fried fava bean patty) sandwiches. Their daily diet does not include fruit, vegetables or dairy products, and last time most had meat was last November, during Eid al-Adha, he said. It had been donated by the local al-Gama’ayat al-Shara’aya, the social arm of the Muslim Brotherhood. 
 
According to Awad Abdul Hafiz, head of the charity al-Gama’ayat al-Shara’aya responsible for Qulyan, about 30 new needy families registered with his organization last year. It is a small number, mainly because Maghagha did not witness the same level of violence that rocked the Egyptian capital and the Nile delta.
 
Currently, his organization provides about 650 Maghagha families with a meal every two weeks, and a minimum monthly food allowance of 20 Egyptian pounds ($3) per child. This supplements an average monthly family income of 200-300 Egyptian pounds ($33-50). 
 
Al-Gama’ayat al-Shara’aya’s money comes from roughly 1,000 donors, but the economic turmoil in which Egypt finds itself has had an impact on this as well. “There’s been a slight decrease in donations since the revolution,” says Abdul Hafiz.
 
Low incomes
 
According to figures released by the World Food Programme (WFP) in November, [ http://www.wfp.org/content/egypt-status-food-security-and-vulnerability-december-2011 ] the monthly income of about 77 percent of vulnerable households in Egypt did not cover their monthly needs. 
 
Another WFP report released in December but based on 2009 government data showed that governorates in Upper Egypt were already at great risk from food insecurity, which was linked to their precarious economic situation. 
 
According to Alia Hafiz, a nutrition programme officer at WFP’s office in Cairo, an assessment is currently under way to examine the consequences of last year’s events on food security and vulnerability. However, she added, anecdotal evidence suggests that poverty is on the rise in Upper Egypt, and that malnutrition is following an upward trend in the region. 
 
“Malnutrition is an issue that is not improving, and it is not stable. It may be on the rise because of the unstable situation,” she said.
 
Experts say malnutrition in Egypt is not related to a shortage of food, but rather to a lack of access to proper foods, leading to a deficiency in essential micronutrients. Indicators from the 2009 data showed that 30 percent of Upper Egyptians suffered from caloric deprivation, and 49 percent had poor dietary diversity. 
 
Almost a third of Upper Egyptians suffer from iron, zinc, or vitamin A deficiency. Iron deficiency leads to loss of attention and low productivity, which impinges on education and work. “Anaemia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93571/EGYPT-Government-moves-to-tackle-iron-deficiency-anaemia ] mainly affects children, because their bodies have higher demands,” said Hafiz.
 
A lack of vitamin A may lead to night blindness, also known as nyctalopia, while zinc deficiency may cause severe diarrhoea and pneumonia. These two health problems are common among children in the governorate of Minya, according to Mohamed of Minya University. 
 
“This is a vicious circle, because diarrhoea and pneumonia weaken the immune system, and a weak immune system leads to more diarrhoea and pneumonia,” he added. 
 
af/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95040</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200804101t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 09 March 2012 (IRIN) - Nasser Ali Hossan Morsy, who worked as a porter in central-northern Egypt, knew he needed another source of income when he suffered lower back problems last year so he decided to take a loan and buy a motorcycle.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Thousands of refugees miss out on UNHCR living allowance*</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106020923260525t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Thousands of registered refugees in Cairo are no longer receiving a monthly US$33-66 per person living allowance from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) after Caritas, one of UNHCR’s service providers in Egypt, closed its office on 7 February.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Thousands of registered refugees in Cairo are no longer receiving a monthly US$33-66 per person living allowance from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) after Caritas, one of UNHCR’s service providers in Egypt, closed its office on 7 February.

Caritas, which assists UNHCR with the payment of allowances and health services, was forced into the move after the Egyptian government withheld its funds.  

The Ministry of Social Solidarity reviews all incoming foreign funds destined for NGOs in Egypt. Human Rights Watch researcher Heba Morayef believes there is a link between “administrative delays” faced by registered NGOs and the prosecution or investigation of NGOs allegedly receiving unregistered funds.

Many of the roughly 12,000 affected refugees, according to a community organization close to UNHCR, have been unable to buy their own food, and some face eviction. 

“It’s a serious problem, and the fact that we’re already in March… We’re extremely concerned,” said Elizabeth Tan, UNHCR’s deputy commissioner in Cairo.

Emergency programmes have been set up to manage the crisis, with help ranging from food banks, to loans to certain families to enable them to pay their rent.

Tan said the Ministry of Social Solidarity’s funds review is normally a smooth procedure, but this year there had been delays. “I don’t have any answers as to why it’s happening now,” she said.

Morayef believed the NGOs most affected were those engaged in the promotion of democracy.

In December, riot police raided 17 NGOs in Cairo, and 43 domestic and international employees were put on trial accused of using illegal foreign funds. A travel ban imposed on the accused foreigners was lifted on 4 March.

Caritas seems to be the only humanitarian organization facing delays in accessing its funds, according to Tan and Morayef. 

The Egyptian government bars refugees from seeking employment. The refugees are mainly from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan, and normally receive the allowance as soon as they are registered as refugees.

af/cb

*On 6 March IRIN learnt from UNHCR's Tan that the refugees had started receiving their allowances on 5 March after Caritas resumed operations, following an "interim arrangement" allowing Caritas to pay the refugees their monthly allowances "in a way that doesn't circumvent the Ministry's instructions". Core administrative issues with the Ministry of Social Solidarity were yet to be resolved, she stressed.


]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95012</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106020923260525t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 05 March 2012 (IRIN) - Thousands of registered refugees in Cairo are no longer receiving a monthly US$33-66 per person living allowance from the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) after Caritas, one of UNHCR’s service providers in Egypt, closed its office on 7 February.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Sayed Ahmed Abdellatif, &quot;I&apos;m ready to die at sea&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202120822340428t.jpg" />]]>BOGOR 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - Egyptian asylum-seeker Sayed Ahmed Abdellatif, married with six children, says he is ready to risk everything to reach Australia - even his family.</description><body><![CDATA[BOGOR 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - Egyptian asylum-seeker Sayed Ahmed Abdellatif, married with six children, says he is ready to risk everything to reach Australia - even his family. 

Hundreds of asylum-seekers lose their lives each year on the dangerous journey, many of them women  and children. In December, an overloaded vessel, carrying some 250 mostly Iranian and Afghan asylum-seekers, sank off Indonesia's eastern Java island, killing all but 47 on board. 

But for 41-year-old Abdellatif, who faces possible extradition and a 15-year prison sentence of hard labour in Egypt [ http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2002/13994.htm ] for his religious affiliations, the risk is worth it. He now plans to pay people smugglers up to US$17,000 to move his family to Australia. IRIN met Abdellatif outside the Indonesian town of Bogor, now a hub for asylum-seekers in the country, on the eve of his trip. 

"It's been almost 20 years that I have been on the run and I can't take it any more. I've given up hope. Egypt is supposed to be a Muslim country, but in reality it isn't. Those who follow their beliefs openly face the risk of arrest and detention. I myself was arrested three times. Thousands of people face similar persecution, which is why I fled. 

"Since leaving Egypt, I have taken my family from Albania to the UK and then onward to Iran. For years I languished in an Iraqi refugee camp there - pretending to be Palestinian lest I be found out and returned to Egypt. Later we travelled to Malaysia via India on fake passports and onward to Indonesia; again illegally. Throughout this journey, I faced repeated arrest and detention, as have members of my family. 

"I arrived in Malaysia from Iran in 2010 before making my way to Indonesia in the hopes of taking my family to the UK. After boarding the plane in Jakarta, we were again arrested in Singapore and sent back to Indonesia on 3 June 2010. I applied for refugee status on 30 August 2010, but almost two years on have no idea what is happening with my case. 

"As a result, I have no choice but to make my way to Australia on my own. I cannot return to Egypt and I can't stay here. I lost 20 years of my life looking for a safe place for myself and my family. Now I need to risk it all, including the life of my one-year-old son who was born here. 

"Everyone tells me it's dangerous and yes, the risks are high, but I have to do it. We will sell everything we have to make this happen, including my wife's gold, to make what I'm told is a three-day journey to Australia. Generally people smugglers charge $6,000 per person, but they charge less for young children. 

"I know there is no guarantee I will make it. I also know I am putting the lives of my children at risk, but I'm ready to die at sea. 

"If I go by boat, at least I have a hope of reaching Australia. If I stay here, I have nothing." 

According to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR, there are more than 4,000 asylum-seekers and recognized refugees in Indonesia today. 

ds/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94852</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202120822340428t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BOGOR 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - Egyptian asylum-seeker Sayed Ahmed Abdellatif, married with six children, says he is ready to risk everything to reach Australia - even his family.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Where emergency crews need rescuing</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202140940110751t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - In Egypt’s political turmoil, one segment of society has been largely forgotten: the first aid responders who risk their lives to rescue victims of violence.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - In Egypt’s political turmoil, one segment of society has been largely forgotten: the first aid responders who risk their lives to rescue victims of violence.
 
Ambulance drivers and paramedics say they do not have adequate protection, insurance or job security, despite facing increased risk and hostility in the year since a popular uprising toppled former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. 
 
“We have been more prone to violence and aggression after the revolution,” Ahmed Mohamed, a 34-year-old first aid responder who works with the Ministry of Health, told IRIN. “It is becoming common for us now to be attacked, injured or even killed.”

People like Mohamed have been at the centre of violent clashes over the last few months - between civilian and military policemen, and protesters demanding the vision of the revolution be upheld. They have braved gunfire, teargas, and birdshot pellets (which cause serious injury but do not kill) to reach victims and take them to hospital for treatment. 
 
Hundreds went on strike late last month to demand medical, social and life insurance, and permanent positions. The strike lasted about two weeks before participants cut it short to respond to renewed clashes in Cairo on 4 February.
 
In the eye of the storm
 
When tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets in January and February 2011 to demand a change of government, Mohamed was in the central protest area, Tahrir Square, like his colleagues in other cities like Suez and Alexandria, to offer help to victims. They saw people shot in the head; others in the eyes. 
 
But they, too, came under repeated attack. Ambulance crews were attacked for money or equipment, and first aiders believe the culprits are former inmates who escaped during the revolution and are still at large. (The Ministry of Interior estimates them to be about 4,500). 
 
In an atmosphere of increased fear and suspicion in Egypt, first aiders have also been met by aggressive behaviour from the families of victims they treat, accused either of being part of the conflict or of not doing enough to save their loved ones.
 
When Mohamed and some of his colleagues rushed to Tahrir Square on 4 February to help a victim of clashes between protesters and policemen following fatal soccer riots in the Mediterranean city of Port Said, he was insulted by the relatives of the victims at a nearby hospital, who accused him of arriving too late. 
 
“Emergency workers take no sides and people need to understand this,” said Mohamed Mohei, the Emergency Section coordinator at the Egyptian Red Crescent. “If an emergency worker is attacked or injured, he will not be able to offer help to anybody.”
 
Risks
 
Ahmed Mohamed is one of 7,000 emergency aid responders working for the Egyptian Health Ministry. None of them has insurance. 
 
“This means that if I fall ill, I need to pay for my treatment,” said Alaa Aly, another first aider. “I have been doing this in fact since I started doing this job three years ago.” 
 
A colleague of Aly from the Nile Delta Governorate of Monofiya died about three months ago after getting into an accident while rushing victims to the hospital in an ambulance. Because emergency workers do not have the right to any type of pension, his family now depends on charity to live, Aly said. 
 
One aid responder told IRIN he had to pay for his uniform. Another said that if he gets into an accident while driving an ambulance, he has to pay for the damage himself.
 
“Some of our colleagues have contracted serious diseases like hepatitis C,” said Saudi Diab, another first aider. “How can you avoid contracting diseases when you have to be close to human blood all the time?”
 
Blood tests
 
So far, the government has shown little sympathy for the demands of the emergency first aiders. It responded to the strike by running advertisements in newspapers about vacancies for emergency aid responders and is now requiring all emergency responders who want permanent positions and insurance to undergo blood tests first. The responders, who underwent tests when they first started working, fear they have acquired diseases on the job and will be dismissed if they test positive. 

In an interview with IRIN, Khalid Al Khatib, head of the Emergency Section at the Health Ministry, acknowledged his staff worked without permanent contracts or insurance, but said the Health Ministry was not to blame. 

“This was a state policy in the past. The nation's administrative system is crippled with too many workers, but we promise that we will give the aid responders permanent contracts and insurance as soon as the government tells us that it has the budget necessary for this. The aid responders are doing a great job in fact."

Trauma 
 
Ahmed Mohamed, the Health Ministry responder, sees a lot in the course of his work. He remembers trying to save a road accident victim in Cairo. When he got to the site of the accident, he saw some of the man’s body parts scattered all around the place. 
 
“Things like this happen to me every now and then,” Mohamed said. “The clashes that have been on the rise after the revolution between demonstrators and policemen leave a large number of victims behind. Some of these victims are in a critical condition. Death has actually become an intrinsic part of my job.” 
 
According to Salah Hozayen, a leading psychologist from Ain Shams University, the consequences for aid responders include compassion fatigue, acute stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder. “This makes psychological intervention for these workers indispensible.” 
 
But while Mohamed has shown symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, he has never heard of psychological intervention.
 
“I fail to sleep at night after a tragic incident,” he said. “Sleeplessness is becoming part of my job too.”
 
ae/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94859</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202140940110751t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 14 February 2012 (IRIN) - In Egypt’s political turmoil, one segment of society has been largely forgotten: the first aid responders who risk their lives to rescue victims of violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: The Egyptian revolution one year on</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202100947260484t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Activists and trade unions have announced 11 February as a day of general strike and civil disobedience in Egypt - in protest against continued military rule.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Activists and trade unions have announced 11 February as a day of general strike and civil disobedience in Egypt - in protest against continued military rule. 
 
One year after forcing their long-time ruler Hosni Mubarak to step down on 11 February 2011, many Egyptians are confused about the achievements of the revolution so far.
 
On the one hand, many say they are freer and more politically-empowered after asserting themselves - not only during the popular uprising that forced the president to leave after three decades in power - but also in the months that followed, in the form of continued protests against their new rulers and at the ballot box. 
 
On the other hand, with an ailing economy, skyrocketing food prices, growing unemployment, inconsistent health services, continued deadly clashes, a weak new parliament, and a perceived unwillingness of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) to leave power after taking over from Mubarak, many are asking what the revolution has brought them. 
 
People are, in some cases, getting fed up with the revolution itself. Cairo’s central protest square, Tahrir, does not have the energy it used to and many activists feel disillusioned. They never expected the revolution to be such a lengthy process, and are facing antagonism from some Egyptians who just want the violence, insecurity and economic deterioration to end. 
 
In an increasingly divided Egypt, there is one thing everyone seems to agree on: Egypt is not where they wished it would be one year later. 
 
Ailing economy
 
Addressing the first post-revolution parliament on 31 January, Prime Minister of the National Salvation Government Kamal Al Ganzouri could find no better word to describe the condition of the national economy than “bad”. 
 
Al Ganzouri said internal debts jumped from 147 billion Egyptian pounds (US$245 million) in 1999 to 857 billion pounds (US$1.4 billion) at present, and that 1,500 factories had already closed, while the government had to take measures to reduce the budget deficit by 20 billion pounds.
 
Revenues from tourism, a main source of foreign currency, tumbled to $2.8 billion at the end of 2011 from $14 billion the previous year, according to independent economist Abdel Monem Al Sayed. The local currency lost 12 percent of its value against the US dollar over the same time period, he added. 
 
These figures might explain a surging unemployment rate. Unemployment stood at 8.9 percent of the work force in 2010, but in 2011, the rate rose to 11.9 percent, according to the state-run Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics. 
 
Some independent experts expect the rate to increase in the future as the economy continues to perform poorly and tourism proves to be incapable of compensating for the revenues it lost to political uncertainty and security turmoil. The return of over half a million Egyptians from Libya has not helped.
 
The Egyptian economy grew at 2.5 percent in 2011, down from 4.8 percent in 2010. Pre-revolution forecasts put the economic growth rate at 5.8 percent, according to former Finance Minister Samir Radwan. 
 
Price rises
 
Apart from scarcity, some basic commodities are becoming intolerably expensive for most Egyptians. The price of fruit and vegetables is doubling, while beef, chicken, and fish have become the privilege of the rich. Tomatoes sell for the equivalent of 50 US cents (up from 25 cents), potatoes for 65 cents (up from 25 cents) and beef for $12 per kilogram. 
 
The majority of Egyptians - who do not have natural gas delivered to their homes - have to wait for hours outside gas cylinder distribution centres. The alternative is to buy the gas cylinder for $6.6 on the black market. The same cylinder sells for $1 at official distribution centres. 
 
Natural gas and petrol scarcity is threatening the ability of subsidized bread bakeries to continue operating, according to some bakery owners. 
 
The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics on 31 January announced that 25.2 percent of the population was poor - living on less than $2 a day - as of 2011, compared with 21.6 percent of the population in 2010. 
 
The agency added that 51 percent of poor people lived in the south of Egypt in 2011, compared with 44 percent in 2010. 
 
Health sector struggles 
 
The security vacuum that hit the nation in the wake of the revolution has made hospitals insecure, despite the government’s best efforts. The dwindling economy has led to shortages in pharmacies and hundreds of thousands of people struggle to find medicines and vaccines. Top of the list of scarcities are insulin and medicine for the heart and liver diseases. 
 
The head of the Heart Institute on 16 January said that doctors had already stopped conducting open heart surgery because of an extreme shortage of 15 medicines which protect patients against blood-clotting. Four days earlier, officials from the Cancer Institute in Tanta in the Nile Delta said the institute was in urgent need of 12 essential medicines that were scarce on the market. Such complaints are voiced every day, reflecting a deeply troubled health sector. 
 
Compounding medicine shortages is an endless cycle of protests and strikes by doctors and pharmacists who either want a salary increase or permanent work contracts. 
 
Insecurity
 
The most shocking recent example of insecurity was the killing of 74 and the injuring of around 200 people during football riots [ http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57369854/egypt-73-killed-in-clashes-after-soccer-match/ ] in the Mediterranean city of Port Said on 1 February. It was the worst of many incidents of violence in the country since Mubarak’s departure, and reinforced the feeling of many Egyptians that the state was not present. 
 
A proliferation of weapons and deteriorating security conditions have rendered hijackings and robberies common news in Egypt. And people are increasingly taking the law into their own hands. 
 
Bedouin tribesmen in the Sinai abducted 25 Chinese workers [ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4183333,00.html ] and 19 border guards [ http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/648156 ] in two separate incidents in less than two weeks, in protest over the detention or killing of fellow tribesmen.
 
In late January, hundreds of civil servants decided to prevent tens of cruise ships carrying foreign tourists from crossing a certain point on the River Nile until the civil servants were given permanent contracts by the government. 
 
Inefficient governance 
 
Many in Egypt say they do not long for the days of the former regime, but they express discontent at SCAF’s transitional governance since Mubarak’s fall. 
 
They say the military council is not transparent, participatory, accountable, responsive, or even efficient. 
 
Many members of the newly elected parliament point to the recent presidential election law as an example. The military council issued the law, which will regulate the next presidential elections, without consulting parliament. 
 
The new parliament, elected over the course of the past few months, remains at the helm of the military council, and its majority party - the Muslim Brotherhood - is often at odds with the wishes of activists in Tahrir square.
 
Optimism
 
Despite this widespread deterioration, Egyptians still have reason to feel optimistic. In a newly-found sense of voter empowerment, millions of Egyptians showed up at polling stations across the nation in November and December to choose members for the first post-revolution parliament. Around 47 percent of the voters chose the Muslim Brotherhood, an Islamist organization banned for decades under the former regime. 
 
Egypt also expects to hold its first post-Mubarak presidential elections this year. 
 
ae/ha/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94836</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202100947260484t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 10 February 2012 (IRIN) - Activists and trade unions have announced 11 February as a day of general strike and civil disobedience in Egypt - in protest against continued military rule.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Anti-bird flu campaign planned</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200801131t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - A nationwide campaign to stop the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt is to be launched by the government in a few weeks, say officials, but details are still sketchy.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - A nationwide campaign to stop the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt is to be launched by the government in a few weeks, say officials, but details are still sketchy.

The new plan, which will involve coordination between the Health Ministry, the Agriculture Ministry and poultry producers, requires close monitoring and various bio-safety measures.

“These measures are just a small part of a more general plan to curb the spread of the virus in our country,” Saber Abdel Aziz, a senior official from the state-run General Organization for Veterinary Services, told IRIN. “We will also offer incentives to poultry growers to look for signs of illness in their animals, report sick ones, and practice bio-security.”

H5N1 has infected 159 and killed 55 people in Egypt since 2006.

The most recent fatalities occurred on 19 January 2012 - [ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_01_19b/en/ ] a two-year-old girl from Cairo, and a 31-year-old man from Fayoum Governorate in the Nile Delta. Epidemiological investigations indicated they had both been exposed to backyard poultry.

Abdel Aziz and his colleagues at the General Organization for Veterinary Services say they will work hard to prevent this from happening again by applying bio-security prevention measures.

“Taking commonsense precautions to prevent the disease from coming onto a farm is a cornerstone of keeping the poultry healthy,” he said. “But apart from these commonsense precautions, we will give training to poultry farm workers, make basic infection control, and promote the use of personal protective equipment.”

Aziz said, however, that funding for the plan was still being negotiated with the Finance Ministry.

The latest two avian flu deaths, along with a Health Ministry announcement that 2011 saw the highest number of H5N1 infections ever, has created anxiety across the country. The ministry said 40 people had contracted the virus in 2011, up from 23 in 2010. More shocking still, 16 of the 40 who contracted the virus last year died.

Ineffective government?

Amr Qandeel, head of preventive medicine at the Health Ministry, attributed the rise in virus infections to a weakening supervisory role of the government.

Exactly a year has passed since the start of the Egyptian uprising. During this time there have been three different health ministers; widespread strikes and political unrest; and the police have been either in a degree of  disarray or preoccupied with containing demonstrations: Tackling H5N1 and enforcing bio-safety measures has inevitably, therefore, not been a top government priority.

In 2010, the government took measures to curb bird flu infections, including banning inter-governorate poultry movements and acting against poultry breeders who did not abide by the declared safety measures. But independent health experts like Saeed Aun say more needs to be done.

Egyptians, particularly in poor districts and the countryside, rear chickens and other animals at home. Aun describes this home breeding of birds as “risky”. Unlicensed poultry farms - numbering around 40,000 - are also a challenge.

“These are places the government does not reach,” Aun said. “This means that any talk about preventive measures will be futile as long as this very large number of farms is not part of the process.”

ae/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94728</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200801131t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - A nationwide campaign to stop the spread of H5N1 avian influenza in Egypt is to be launched by the government in a few weeks, say officials, but details are still sketchy.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: 2012 – “The Year of Crisis” in the Middle East</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112191307520496t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - If you thought 2011 was a historic year for the Middle East, 2012 is likely to be even more unpredictable.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - If you thought 2011 was a historic year for the Middle East, 2012 is likely to be even more unpredictable.

The region was swept up by mass demonstrations that forced four dictators out of power, threatened the rule of several others, and created huge humanitarian needs. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94581 ]

But analysts say the region may get even hotter in the coming months, with serious consequences for security, displacement, livelihoods and access to food and water. 

“2012 is going to be the year of crisis,” said Riad Kahwaji, founder and chief executive officer of the Dubai-based Institute for Near East & Gulf Military Analysis (INEGMA). 

The following are some of the flashpoints and vulnerabilities to look out for: 

Syria

President Bashar al-Assad’s vow on 10 January to fight “terrorists” with an “iron fist” has Syrian activists worried that the crackdown will only get worse. The UN says more than 5,000 civilians and army defectors have probably been killed so far, while the government says 2,000 members of its security forces have died in the violence. 

According to the Turkish and Lebanese governments, more than 25,000 people fled Syria in 2011, though many have since returned. The UN has said there are pockets of humanitarian needs in the country, including reduced livelihoods, food insecurity and temporary cut-offs from basic services, which it said are likely to increase with the ongoing violence. 

A mission of Arab League monitors sent to Syria is struggling: it has acknowledged it needs assistance to carry out its tasks; its members have come under attack; and one of its monitors resigned in protest at what he called a “farce” of a mission. Al-Assad mocked the League during his speech, saying it had failed for six decades to do anything for Arabs. 

A failure of the Arab League mission means the UN will likely get involved, Edward Djerejian, a former US ambassador to Syria, told the BBC.

If Sunni powerhouses Turkey and Saudi Arabia funnel weapons to the majority Sunni opposition movement in Syria, “it’s quite likely that the uprising would take an even more sectarian tone and you would have the potential for a second Iraq in Syria whereby political allegiances are based entirely on sect and ethnicity, militias are formed, the state collapses and you have a full-blown civil war”, said Christopher Phillips, a lecturer in international relations of the Middle East at Queen Mary college, University of London. The Syrian regime could also use a civil war as a way of clinging to power, he told IRIN.

Israeli Defence Minister Ehud Barak has said he expects al-Assad to fall within months and Israel has prepared for the eventuality of taking in fleeing refugees from al-Assad’s minority Alawi sect. 

If and when al-Assad’s government falls, Syria will be confronted by various challenges, including the polarization of sects, possible revenge killings or sectarian war, and an unpredictable reaction from Lebanon-based Shia militant group Hezbollah, and its backers in Iran.  

Iraq, Iran and Israel 
 
Analysts warn the increasingly violent and sectarian nature of the conflict in Syria is already contributing to violence in Iraq, could lead to conflict in Lebanon, Israel, the occupied Palestinian territory and/or Iran, and could trigger a regional war.  

An emboldened Sunni protest movement in Syria has already helped inspire Sunnis in Shia-led Iraq to rise up again, Phillips said. Suicide attacks, car bombs, and assassinations have targeted Shia neighbourhoods since US troops withdrew. Analysts say Shia Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has failed to make the political elite inclusive, leaving Sunnis feeling threatened and causing them increasingly to try to exert their influence. Iraq is already on an escalating path of violence. 

The risk of losing al-Assad, a key ally, has heightened Iran’s perception of risk and may have contributed to ramped-up rhetoric between Iran and both the US and Israel over Iran’s nuclear programme and its threat to close the Strait of Hormuz, a narrow waterway leading to the Persian Gulf through which one-fifth of the world’s oil passes. 

“The sense of anxiety in Iran is quite high. This also increases the possibility of miscalculations there that could ignite a regional war,” Kahwaji said. 

Al-Assad’s fall would also weaken Hezbollah in Lebanon and tempt Israel to try to take the group out once and for all. “With the Syrian regime gone, Hezbollah would lose all supply lines with Iran and will appear to Israel as easy prey,” Kahwaji told IRIN. An attack on Hezbollah would fan old sectarian flames in Lebanon.

Gaza

The Israelis may also seek to weaken Hamas, the militant group that rules the Gaza Strip, which has been strengthened by the rise of moderate Islamists in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya. 
Israeli military leaders have already warned that an attack on Gaza, similar to Operation Cast Lead [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=82301 ] in 2008-2009 is increasingly likely [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94484 ]. Ron Gilran, manager of the intelligence department at Max Security Solutions, a risk consulting company based in the Middle East, went a step further, describing it as “inevitable”. [ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4169475,00.html ]
Some analysts say a US election year means Israel will face less opposition, due to domestic pressure, from the Obama administration and thus will have more room to act – both in Gaza and against Iran – “with any number of unexpected, unintended - and potentially disastrous - consequences”, Louise Arbour, president of the International Crisis Group, said. [ http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/27/next_years_wars?page=full ] 
 
However, others say the US is unlikely to greenlight a controversial Israeli attack during an election year. 

Yemen 

Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh’s agreement to step down in February has halted mass protests that had engulfed the capital Sana’a and other cities, but observers are not convinced of a peaceful resolution.  

“Yemen stands between violent collapse and a thin hope of a peaceful transfer of power,” Arbour said. 

Elections scheduled for February could be very divisive and a failure to implement the political agreement could trigger further civil unrest and increased insecurity, according to the UN. 

Violence due to ongoing conflicts between the government and rebels in the north, as well as Al-Qaeda-affiliated militants in the south, continues to displace people and challenge the government’s ability to provide basic services.

Aid workers expect the number of internally displaced and severely food-insecure people to rise to 700,000 and 5-7 million people respectively in 2012. They also expect this year to bring increased malnutrition, outbreaks of communicable diseases, and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases for children, as well as decreased school attendance and water availability. 

The UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has identified Yemen as the country at most extreme risk of a humanitarian emergency in the Middle East in 2012, appealing for more than twice the funding it requested last year to meet needs in the country. 

Counter-revolution 

In those countries where uprisings have succeeded in pushing dictators out of power, the transitions have not been as smooth as many had hoped. 

“There is the potential that by the end of 2012, things look far less democratic and positive than they are now,” Phillips told IRIN. 

In Egypt, the failure of revolutionary youth and parties to make political gains after the uprising might be cause for trouble, according to Cairo University political science professor Amira Al Shanawany. 

“They are not part of any of the post-revolution governments,” Al Shanawany said. “They could not make any tangible victories in the parliamentary election either.” 

The resultant frustration might give rise to more political and social unrest in the next year in the form of more demonstrations and confrontations with military and civilian policemen, she said. Delayed reaction to results of the first elections, in which Islamists won the majority, could also spell trouble. 

In Libya, militias hanging on to their weapons [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94559 ] continue to pose a threat to the country’s stability as the interim central government struggles to exert control. 

Livelihoods

Economies hard hit by the Arab Spring - Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Tunisia - are unlikely to bounce back in 2012, according to Walid Khadduri, an adviser to the Middle East Economic Survey [ http://www.mees.com/ ]. 

“A lot of the money – both Arab and international – pledged to these countries has not really arrived,” Khadduri said, and foreign investors are unlikely to return immediately amid continued instability.”

In Egypt, for example, a widening budget deficit (150 billion pounds or nearly US$25 billion), coupled with falling revenues, will reduce the government’s ability to subsidize basic commodities this year, contributing to increased poverty and malnutrition, according to Ain Shams University economics professor Yumn Al Hamaki. 

Even in countries that do have the money, like Iraq (with projected oil revenue of $100 billion in 2012) and Libya (which is expected to return to pre-war levels of oil production by June), wealth may not trickle down to the people, Khadduri said, because of corruption or lack of functioning government. 

Youth unemployment – a major driver in the Arab Spring – continues to be a major challenge for the region, with more than half the population in Arab states younger than 25 and unemployment largely exceeding the global average. 

One-quarter of college graduates in Egypt and 30 percent of those in Tunisia cannot find full-time jobs, according to the UN Development Programme's (UNDP) 2011 Human Development Report (HDR) [ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf ]. 

Resource scarcity 

The Arab region is the world’s most arid: one-quarter of the population lives on land that cannot be productively cultivated – more than in sub-Saharan Africa, the 2011 HDR said. Water problems affect more than 60 percent of the region’s extreme poor, it added. Arab states have the greatest urban pollution of all regions and the world’s highest dependency on fossil fuels. 

“People are more concerned with security and how to manage these uprisings and new constitutions. Water and energy and food security will not be prioritized,” Rabi Mohtar, executive director of the Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, told IRIN.

“Already, we were at a crisis. Now… it’s going to get worse.”  

In Sudan and Morocco, nearly 40 percent of people live on degraded land - four times the global average - seriously affecting long-term ability to meet food needs, the HRD said. In Iraq, more than half the population is unhappy with its water supply, the report added. In Egypt, farmers will find it more difficult to find the necessary water for their fields. 

“Our population continues to grow, but our share of the water of the Nile [River] does not increase,” said Maghawry Shehata, an adviser to the Egyptian Irrigation Minister. 

Countries in the region are prone to drought and the increasing effects of climate change - land erosion, expanding deserts and severe water shortages - could sharpen existing hardships facing Arab states, the HDR warned.  Population growth and urbanization are further challenging the region.

“This is a slow-onset disaster, but very much a source of concern,” Abdul Haq Amiri, head of OCHA in the Middle East, told IRIN. 

There are already signs of increasing malnutrition in Yemen and Egypt. The United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia all consume water at many times the sustainable rates, while Jordan and Syria threaten to exhaust their renewable resources - “heightening tensions within the countries and with neighbours”, the HRD said. 

Troubles between Egypt and other Nile Basin countries are likely to grow as some of these countries, including Ethiopia, go ahead with plans to build Nile dams that might affect Egypt’s share, Shehata said. The positions of the newly created South Sudan and the new military regime in Egypt on this issue have yet to be fully understood and may also tip the balance. 

ae/ha/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94633</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112191307520496t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - If you thought 2011 was a historic year for the Middle East, 2012 is likely to be even more unpredictable.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Calls for minors to be kept out of political clashes</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.
  
 “I have seen hundreds of children leading the fight against military and civilian policemen in violent clashes across the nation over the past months,” Mahmud al-Badawi, a lawyer and the chairman of local NGO Egyptian Association for the Assistance of Juveniles and Human Rights, [ http://www.euromedalex.org/fr/node/14635 ] told IRIN. “This is totally against local and international laws.”
  
 Children were caught up in deadly clashes between demonstrators and military policemen guarding the cabinet and parliament buildings in central Cairo on 17 December. Some were seen hurling stones at the police and setting public buildings on fire.
  
 Some children were injured, others were killed in the violence, which has persisted since protests began against former president Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.
  
 “Too often children are caught up in the spiralling violence,” said Philippe Duamelle, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) representative in Egypt, in a statement [ http://www.unicef.org/egypt/media_6754.html ] on 22 December. “Reports and first-hand testimony by children paint a graphic picture of how the latest confrontations affect them.”
  
 Children were also caught up in deadly clashes near Cairo’s Tahrir Square on 23 November. Activists say most of those involved in violence live on the streets. That is why the problem of street children should be at the top of the National Salvation government’s agenda, they say.
 
 “The government has to pay some attention to these children who suffer a deplorable lack of the most basic services,” said Fadia Abu Shahba, an expert from the state-run National Centre for Social and Criminological Research. “These children have found no care whatsoever from society.”
  
 Cash inducements?
  
 According to Mahmud al-Badawi, children have been exploited and cajoled into participation in Egypt’s political conflicts.
  
 When clashes occurred outside the cabinet building on 17 December, he hurried to the scene along with other colleagues and found children holding money and cigarettes. 
  
 “The fact that these children were holding money shows that they might have been paid by somebody to be part of these incidents,” said al-Badawi. 
  
 Whether these children were paid to attack military policemen guarding the cabinet and the parliament buildings remains to be seen. A large number of juveniles taking part in the clashes were arrested and are being interrogated, according to local media reports.
 
 “UNICEF urges the authorities and all other parties to fully respect the rights of children and protect them in accordance with Egyptian and international humanitarian and human rights law,” said Philippe Duamelle. “They should not be victims of violence nor unnecessary witnesses to violence.”
  
 ae/eo/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94587</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: The year that was</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.
 
 “Despite the fact that the Arab Spring may have brought hopes for freedom, democracy and better living conditions, it has not been without cost,” said Abdul Haq Amiri, head of the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Middle East.
 
 Here are the top 10 humanitarian consequences of a momentous year in the region, focusing on Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen. 
 
 Lives lost 
 
 2011 began with an 18-day uprising against former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak which left more than 800 people dead and over 6,000 injured. By year end, sporadic clashes between protesters, security forces and “thugs” had killed at least another 81 people and injured hundreds more. 
 
 In Syria, a crackdown against demonstrators demanding President Bashar el-Assad step down led to more than 5,000 dead - though the number is constantly changing. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93772 ] 
 
 In Yemen, at least 2,700 protesters, tribal supporters, defected soldiers and government-aligned army members and policemen have been killed in what began as peaceful protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh but increasingly involved an armed opposition. Some 24,000 others were injured since the protest movement broke out in the first week of February, according to the NGO Dar al-Salam.
 
 Former rebels in Libya estimate the war there killed 50,000 people. 
 
 Displacement 
 
 Thousands fled Syria for Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93129 ] due to fighting between government forces and protesters, supported by army defectors. The economic situation of many host families in Lebanon was strained, and Syrians were attacked along and across the border, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94230 ] leaving them vulnerable not only in their home country but also when seeking refuge. 
 
 So-called sectarian clashes in Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93937 ] as well as a series of attacks on Coptic Christian churches, led as many as 100,000 Christians to flee the country in the months that followed the revolution, according to a local NGO. 
 
 In Libya, many people were unable to return to their homes because of the heavy damage and sensitive politics. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94332 ] 
 
 Iraq prepared for an influx of returnees from places affected by instability. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92748 ]
 
 Migration 
 
 The Arab Spring both affected the millions of migrants already in the Middle East and North Africa when uprisings erupted across the region; and also created new migration flows. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92186 ] 
 
 In Libya, sub-Saharan African migrants were accused of fighting alongside former leader Muammar Gaddafi and targeted by rebel forces. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93763 ] Hundreds of thousands of migrants left Libya during the war, in many cases returning to communities that did not have the capacity to support them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93769 ] 
 
 In Egypt, migrants returning from Libya came home to a difficult reality [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94128 ] and heightened nationalism led to violence and discrimination against foreigners, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94294 ] including migrants and refugees. 
 
 Despite a host of problems in Yemen, Somali and Ethiopian refugees and migrants continued streaming into the country in unprecedented numbers, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ] often accused of being a party to the conflict between Saleh and the protesters trying to oust him.
 
 Meanwhile, tens of thousands of Yemenis illegally entered neighbouring Saudi Arabia in search of work. Saudi authorities say they detained 239,000 illegal immigrants in 2011, up 37 percent on the year before. 
 
 Access to health care 
 
 The often-violent crackdown on protests in Egypt’s Tahrir Square led to a shortage of vital medicines in pharmacies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93450 ] and a sharp drop in blood donors. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93264 ] Amid the security vacuum that followed Mubarak’s departure, hospitals became dangerous places. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94299 ]
 
 In certain parts of Yemen, vaccination rates decreased by 20-40 percent as a result of the country's political and economic challenges. Hospitals struggled to cope [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93794 ] with increased demand among protesters. Health care facilities were barely functioning and access remained limited due to a lack of security, leading some health workers to flee their hospitals and clinics. Military presence in and around hospitals in Yemen led some wounded to seek treatment in private clinics. 
 
 Similarly in Syria, activists said they were afraid to take wounded protesters to hospitals, for fear they would be arrested by security forces there. 
 
 In Libya, the severely wounded had a hard time reaching hospitals [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93627 ] and the government struggled to secure medical treatment for the war-wounded abroad. 
 
 Access to education
 
 The unrest in the region set back the likelihood that many countries would achieve the Millennium Development Goals for education [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92091 ] by 2015. 
 
 In Egypt, nationwide demonstrations and repeated confrontations between demonstrators and military policemen forced several schools and educational institutions to close, while parents complained that their children were attacked by thugs on their way to school. Some rights groups said criminals used arms to take money from schoolchildren.
 
 In Yemen, hundreds of thousands of children stayed at home because their schools were either housing displaced people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93688 ] or being used as army barracks. 
 
 In the Syrian city of Homs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94529 ] a school came under attack. 
 
 On the positive side, the children of displaced Syrians in Lebanon were able to enrol in public schools in northern Lebanon.
 
 Access to basic services 
 
 Yemen faced acute water and power outages. By year end, the price of water-trucking had risen to US$8 per cubic metre in some places, 2-3 times more than in March 2011. The power went out for more than 20 hours a day in most of the country's main cities, including the capital Sana'a, due to repeated attacks on the national grid. 
 
 Some areas of Libya went without water and electricity for months due to severe damage to infrastructure; and activists in Syria said water and electricity were cut from certain cities for days at a time before and during military operations.
 
 Economy 
 
 Across the region, the Arab Spring led to higher food and fuel prices, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] less availability of certain products on the market, people losing their jobs, enterprises going out of business, and investors being wary. The economies of Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94414 ] Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94077 ] and Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94482 ] were particularly hard hit. Libya’s oil production dropped significantly and it had trouble accessing funds frozen under sanctions against Gaddafi. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94394 ]
 
 Food security 
 
 The devastated economies forced families to make difficult choices. In Yemen, where one third of people did not have enough to eat before the crisis, aid workers warned of shocking malnutrition figures. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94533 ]
 
 The price of basic food commodities in Yemen increased by 43 percent on average over the course of 2011, in a country where families spend 30-35 percent of their daily income on bread. 
 
 The Studies and Economic Media Center, a local think tank, warned that the number of food-insecure people increased from seven million to nine million in 2011 because of the unrest. 
 
 In Syria, the government made cash payments [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91999 ] to thousands of vulnerable families to stem food insecurity.
 
 The Egyptian government was incapable of maintaining the bread subsidy that many poor Egyptians rely on, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] and there were signs of increasing malnutrition in Upper Egypt.
 
 Proliferation of weapons
 
 Weapons proliferation increased in the region, especially in Libya, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94559 ] where an estimated 120,000 fighters needed to be demobilized; and surprisingly, in places like Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94308 ] where citizens purchased small arms to defend their families. An increasing number of army defectors led to a more violent Arab Spring in Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94000 ] and in Syria, where the UN resident coordinator in September warned of the risk of civil war. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93816 ]
 
 In Yemen, less government control has led tribesmen to break into military camps, looting small, medium and heavy arms. 
 
 Aid delivery 
 
 Insecurity and the spread of conflict in several areas of Yemen hindered access of humanitarian actors and made aid delivery even more complex. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93883 ] 
 
 Syria has been virtually off-limits for aid workers and certain areas of Libya remained inaccessible for months due to fighting during the war. 
 
 According to one UN official, the unrest in the region caused some Gulf countries to cut some of their foreign spending and refocus funds internally, to appease the local population and avoid uprisings in their own countries. The Palestinian Authority, for example, complained of decreased donor funding: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93550 ]
 
 ae/ay/jg/ha/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94581</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FILM: Our most-watched films of 2011</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011. 
 
 1. Slum Survivors (2007) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4142 ]: More than a billion people live in slums worldwide, hundreds of thousands of them in the Nairobi slum of Kibera. The film tells the stories of a few Kibera residents and charts their remarkable courage in the face of extreme poverty. 
 
 2. Soldiers’ Stories (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4786 ] follows two Ugandan soldiers - a female gunner and a male nurse - serving in the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) at a critical stage in the battle for Mogadishu between Al-Shabab insurgents and the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government. From their training in Uganda to deployment in the shattered city in July 2011, Roselyn Namutebi and Otto Moses share their thoughts and fears on the frontline of one of the world's most intractable crises. 
 
 3. Turning the Page? (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4511 ]: In August 2000, a peace accord was signed in Burundi, bringing to an end more than a decade of ethnic conflict. This film analyses the fragile state of the peace process in the wake of elections held in 2010. 
 
 4. In Search of Stability (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4710 ]: In November 2010, a presidential election in Côte d’Ivoire led to a wave of violence between supporters of incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and the internationally recognized winner of the poll, Alassane Ouattara. The film examines the prospects for lasting peace and the need for equitable justice. 
 
 5. The Sex Worker (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4443 ]: This film profiles Sou Southevy, a 70-year-old transgender sex worker who has been plying the streets of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh since he was thrown out of home by his parents at the age of 14. Through the worst ravages of the Khmer Rouge regime and since, Sou has been subjected to terrible discrimination and at times violence, and in the absence of any support groups working with transgender and gay men, he decided to start one himself. 
 
 6. Bolivia’s Changing Climate (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4263 ]: In Bolivia, melting glaciers and erratic rainfall patterns are driving tens of thousands of people to the capital La Paz in search of water. 
 
 7. Leprosy (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4540 ]: Part of a series featuring neglected diseases, this film was shot in a leper colony in Egypt and highlights the stigma attached to the disfiguring disease which affects more than 200,000 people worldwide. 
 
 8. A Question of Trust (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4665 ]: Nepal’s decade-long civil war ended in November 2006 with a comprehensive peace agreement. The Maoist rebels won elections two years later and a Constituent Assembly was also elected to write a new constitution. However, by 2009, the peace process was not complete, with little progress made on key issues like the disarmament and integration of thousands of Maoists ex-fighters. 
 
 9. Bus Schools (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4739 ]: Millions of children living in the slums of Delhi in India do not have access to formal education. Many parents would rather put their children to work than send them to school. So the schools featured in this film - converted buses - travel to the children. 
 
 10. The Colonel (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4596 ]: One of several Heroes of HIV [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4869&SeriesID=2 ] profiled by IRIN Films, Col Felix Ntungumburanye was the first member of the Burundian army to declare himself HIV-positive. Doing so during a time of conflict left him fighting on two fronts: against rebels and stigma. Ten years later, largely thanks to the colonel’s courage, the army’s policies on HIV/AIDS have been transformed. 
 
 em-js/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94553</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Police brutality focuses minds</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - One of the key moments in the build-up to the 25 January uprising and the overthrow of Egypt’s former President Mubarak was the alleged beating to death of a young man, Khaled Said, by police in Alexandria - an event which galvanized Egyptians around the issue of police brutality.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - One of the key moments in the build-up to the 25 January uprising and the overthrow of Egypt’s former President Mubarak was the alleged beating to death of a young man, Khaled Said, by police in Alexandria - an event which galvanized Egyptians around the issue of police brutality.
  
 Amid allegations of ongoing police brutality, security sector reform, which is vital for the country’s economic and social stability, is becoming an increasingly vociferous demand of protesters and civil society representatives.
  
 Former policeman Ihab Youssef, now campaigning for better relations between the police and public but who is often met with distrust and scepticism on the street, told IRIN: “The gap between policemen and ordinary citizens continues to grow day after day and if this gap is not bridged, Egypt will be in danger… Concerted efforts must be made for the relationship between police and citizens to get back on track.” 
  
 During Mubarak’s 30-year rule, attitudes towards the police hardened, and hatred seemed to have taken the place of respect, contributing to a serious security vacuum in the aftermath of the 25 January uprising. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94308 ] 
  
 “It is important that the government take steps sooner rather than later to strengthen the relationship between the police and the citizenry,” James Rawley, the UN resident coordinator in Egypt, told IRIN. 
  
 Perhaps by choosing 25 January, Police Day, as the starting point for their revolt, the protesters meant to signal to the police that they should treat political opponents of Mubarak fairly and correctly. [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=025tZBT6_1w&feature=related ] (Arabic). 
  
 “Ordinary citizens do not trust policemen,” said political activist Ashraf Al Baroudy. “They do not even think that these policemen are sincere in trying to protect their security.” 
  
 According to the Arab Network for Human Rights, a local NGO, most low-ranking policemen - especially those of the Central Security Agency sent out with sticks and clubs to face protesters - are poor and uneducated. 
  
 One-man crusade?
  
 Ex-policeman Youssef has founded an NGO called Police and the People, with the aim of creating understanding between the two sides.
  
 He listens to ordinary citizens’ demands and draws up strategies for the reform of the Interior Ministry. He once took a group of ordinary citizens to a police station and held a round-table meeting between them and the officers inside in a bid to promote better understanding.
  
 When he started his group in 2006, Youssef was mostly ignored, but during the uprising when the police became a focus for public anger, his organization seemed to acquire more relevance. Youssef and his colleagues have since held meetings between hundreds of citizens, policemen, and security officials.
  
 “The public have a bad mental image about policemen and this image has formed in part because of what people hear about the violations of policemen,” Youssef said. “This is why we have recommended a complete upgrade of the Interior Ministry, the creation of appropriate channels of communication between citizens and policemen, and also a reconsideration of the type of curricula future policemen will study at the Police Academy.” 
  
 To achieve his ends, Youssef also suggests the creation of community policing units - made up of policemen and ordinary citizens.
  
 He keeps sending suggestions to the Interior Ministry, but in the current political turmoil, engagement has been difficult. So far, the Interior Ministry has not announced any plans for reform.
  
 In a separate effort, some policemen have set up a “Coalition of Policemen” which aims to improve communication with citizens [ http://www.facebook.com/groups/216869891666234/ ] (Arabic). The small number of policewomen generally adopt a low profile. 
 
 “The former regime used policemen to silence the opposition and humiliate ordinary people,” said Yasser Abulmagd, a police officer who founded the coalition. “Some policemen also committed violations against citizens, adding insult to injury. This is why it was important for people like me to take some action.” 
  
 New interior minister
  
 Newly-appointed Interior Minister Mohamed Ibrahim has been out and about, meeting people on the street to encourage them to cooperate with police; he also pays surprise visits to police stations to make sure the police are providing a good service, and has promised a change of culture within the ministry.
  
 Since his appointment as part of a new “national salvation” government, uniformed police have been more in evidence on the streets and drivers say they have been better treated. Egyptians who go to the Traffic Department to renew their driving licenses say they no longer have to pay bribes to get things done.
  
 It remains to be seen, however, whether Ibrahim’s gestures will have any impact on the way people perceive the police. 
  
 Some do not expect relations between the police and citizens to improve until the Interior Ministry releases the thousands of people it has detained without charge since the start of the year.
  
 Activist Nasser Amin, a member of the state-run National Council for Human Rights, estimates the number of such people in jail at 6,000. “These people are in prison only because policemen suspected them,” he said. 
  
 ae/ha/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94505</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 20 December 2011 (IRIN) - One of the key moments in the build-up to the 25 January uprising and the overthrow of Egypt’s former President Mubarak was the alleged beating to death of a young man, Khaled Said, by police in Alexandria - an event which galvanized Egyptians around the issue of police brutality.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Revolutionary dreams turn into economic nightmare</title><pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071014390671t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Thunderous chanting by thousands of demonstrators in Tahrir Square echoed on Falaky Street, hundreds of metres away, but fava bean seller Ashraf Ibrahim could find no reason to join in the revolutionary fervour.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Thunderous chanting by thousands of demonstrators in Tahrir Square echoed on Falaky Street, hundreds of metres away, but fava bean seller Ashraf Ibrahim could find no reason to join in the revolutionary fervour. 
 
 "The revolution has brought people like me nothing but loss and poverty," Ibrahim, 36, told IRIN. "I wish it had never happened." 
 
 Almost 10 months after the euphoria that followed the ousting of Hosni Mubarak, large sections of the population find themselves close to total economic ruin. 
 
 The people who had initially hailed the popular uprising that ended Mubarak's 30-year rule as opening the way for their political well-being and economic welfare, are now blaming the revolution for their deteriorating economic conditions, having seen it bring nothing but job losses, higher commodity prices and political turbulence. 
 
 The ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces recently said Egypt's foreign reserves would plunge by a third to US$15 billion by the end of January and the budget deficit would grow, possibly leading to a review of sensitive subsidies [ http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7B100G20111202 ]. 
 
 The Central Bank put reserves at $22 billion at the end of October, down $2 billion from a month earlier and showing a faster decline than in previous months. Economists say even that level leaves limited firepower to cope with a looming currency crisis. 
 
 "Tourists have stopped coming, factories are closing down, and hundreds of thousands of people have already lost their jobs," said Rashad Abdou, an economics professor at Cairo University. "The indicators just reveal the very sensitive economic crisis this country has started to slip into after the revolution." 
 
 These indicators have already turned into painful reality for ordinary Egyptians such as Ibrahim. This time last year, the father of six could not find space on this busy street near several ministries to seat his many customers. 
 
 Now, however, the turbulence in the vicinity of Tahrir Square is cutting the numbers of people showing up at government offices, destroying Ibrahim's business and making him anxious about the future. 
 
 "Before the revolution, I earned enough money to pay the rent for the flat, feed my children, and send them to school," Ibrahim said. "Day after day I find all these things impossible to do. Matters might even get worse." 
 
 Tough realities 
 
 Away from Tahrir Square, the post-revolutionary economic deterioration is equally palpable. About 337,000 Egyptians lost their jobs in 2011, according to the state-run Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics [ http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=530324&SecID=12 (Arabic) ]. The unemployment rate has risen to 11.9 percent from 8.9 percent in the third quarter of the last fiscal year [ http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pepo/101.pdf (Arabic) ]. 
 
 "Egypt's current political and security conditions are not conducive to any economic growth," said Yumn Al Hamaky, an economics professor at Egypt's second-largest state university, Ain Shams. "Arab and foreign investors are leaving and this could result in more job losses." 
 
 The Central Bank of Egypt referred on 24 November to a 20 percent decrease in the flow of investments to Egypt in the first half of the current fiscal year. 
 
 Most of the cuts were in the tourism sector where millions of Egyptians work, according to Abdou, while some tourism workers had to accept a halving of their salaries. 
 
 "Occupancy rates in the nation's hotels are less than 8 percent at present and things can get worse if security and political conditions do not improve," Abdou said. "Some countries are even asking their citizens not to come to Egypt." 
 
 On the edge 
 
 About 64 million Egyptians - out of a population of 85 million - receive subsidized rice, lentils, cooking oil, sugar and tea, using ration cards [ http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=315214&IssueID=2300 (Arabic) ] but the Social Solidarity Ministry cannot extend the use of such cards for subsidized food, despite rising food prices, say ministry officials. 
 
 According to James Rawley, the UN Resident Coordinator in Egypt, 20 per cent of Egyptians are classified as below the poverty line and another 20 per cent are just above it. 
 
 "Investment has pretty much frozen up, Egypt is using up much of its foreign exchange, and there is pressure on the exchange rate," said Rawley. "If we have a devaluation, then prices for commodities, including food, may well rise. And higher food prices would increase vulnerability, which can show up in many forms, including increased malnutrition, which is already a serious problem in Egypt." 
 
 And the people are rebelling. On 5 November, the residents of Al Badrasheen village in the south of Giza stopped a cargo train carrying two tonnes of wheat and stole its contents, an act billed by some as the early signs of the "revolution of the hungry". 
 
 Ahmed Khorshid, an adviser to the Minister of Agriculture for food research, says deteriorating economic conditions can be seen throughout Egypt, but more particularly in the south, where the government has neglected development for decades, resulting in "unbelievable" poverty and malnutrition rates. 
 
 "Just go there and you will see for yourself how people are not able to satisfy the most basic of their needs," Korshid said. 
 
 ae/mw/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94414</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112071014390671t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 07 December 2011 (IRIN) - Thunderous chanting by thousands of demonstrators in Tahrir Square echoed on Falaky Street, hundreds of metres away, but fava bean seller Ashraf Ibrahim could find no reason to join in the revolutionary fervour.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Citizens take up arms amid insecurity</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111251002200613t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 25 November 2011 (IRIN) - It took Ahmed Fawzi, a College of Islamic Studies graduate, only a few hours after seeing a man robbed and killed by a group of criminals to buy a gun.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 25 November 2011 (IRIN) - It took Ahmed Fawzi, a College of Islamic Studies graduate, only a few hours after seeing a man robbed and killed by a group of criminals to buy a gun.

"I just did not want to be killed like this innocent man," Fawzi, 26, told IRIN. "My father died years ago and I am responsible for defending my family in the absence of all types of security."

Egyptians are discovering the need to defend themselves,  in the wake of the uncertainty and insecurity following the overthrow in February of the 31-year regime of Hosni Mubarak. 

Police stations have been attacked, vandalized and torched, while thousands of inmates managed to escape prisons across the country.

"Tens of millions of innocent citizens do not feel safe because there is a marked rise in crime and also a noticeable absence of policemen," said Maher Zakhari, an independent security analyst. "These people have the right to feel secure and because the state does not offer them this security, they have to take matters into their own hands."

More than 5,000 inmates are still at large, according to Major General Muktar Al Mullah, a member of Egypt's ruling military council. Other experts say that more than 80,000 guns, pistols, rifles, and machine guns were stolen from police stations in January and are still in criminals' hands.

People started forming vigilante groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91854 ] during and immediately after the revolution to protect their property. Now, however, personal security has become an issue, and it is not uncommon to find long queues outside arms shops in Cairo.

After the man was robbed and killed, Fawzi and other people in the poor Cairo neighbourhood of Al Sahel called the military to report the incident, but they were not interested. "They told us that they were coming, but they did not do that," Fawzi said. "This taught me that if I do not defend myself, nobody else will."

Fear

Reports of rising crime keep the vast majority of Egyptians in a state of fear, underlined by a recent poll by international research organization Gallup [ http://www.gallup.com/poll/150467/egyptians-safety-fears-mount-revolution.aspx ], which says that 40 percent of Egyptians are afraid to walk alone at night, describing this trend as a "popular hysteria".

Gallup researchers, who enlisted the views of 1,000 Egyptians in April, advise Egyptian policymakers to work on tackling "perceived fear" rather than just security problems, understanding that perceptions can affect the Egyptian economy and political sphere as much as actual crime rates.

But to people like Yasser Mohamed, a taxi driver in his mid-30s, fear of crime is more than just a perception. He has seen thugs who try to stop motorists on the road to steal their cars, using all types of arms.

"The other day, a group of criminals stopped a friend of mine, took his car, but they were kind enough not to kill him," Mohamed said. "This is why I always keep a knife with me. True, it can do nothing to scare a thug with a gun, but this is what I can get now.

"Everybody is afraid," he said. "People cannot just stand idly by and watch thieves threatening their lives and taking money from their pockets. They must do something to defend themselves."

Rising insecurity is one of the complaints of thousands of protesters who have filled the streets in recent days, clashing with policemen in demonstrations across Egypt. The protesters, some of whom have occupied Cairo's Tahrir Square again in recent days, say the Interior Ministry and the ruling military council intentionally neglect the criminals who fill the streets, and put political activists in jail instead. They accuse the council of fomenting insecurity so that people long for the "old days".

Thriving business

Egyptians' desire to create their own security systems in the total absence of government has pushed the price of arms to unprecedented heights, according to arms dealers [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vlialh6_E0 (Arabic) ].

One told the private CBC TV station that prices had tripled in the months after the 25 January revolution that ousted former president Hosni Mubarak.  

Egyptians have to obtain a special licence from the Interior Ministry to own weapons, but because this is such an arduous process, most people resort to unlicensed arms sellers. This has created a special market for weapons coming from countries such as Libya.

Demonstrators in the Nile Delta city of Mansura have used firearms against policemen in recent clashes, and in Cairo, a  major-general  with the Interior Ministry was shot during the protests. 

Fawzi paid 2,000 Egyptian pounds (US$335) for a gun. He says he had to borrow the cash from friends. "But a pistol like this one equals the lives of many people because it can save the lives of these people," he said.

ae/ha/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94308</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111251002200613t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 25 November 2011 (IRIN) - It took Ahmed Fawzi, a College of Islamic Studies graduate, only a few hours after seeing a man robbed and killed by a group of criminals to buy a gun.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Refugees hit by discrimination, violence amid heightened nationalism</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200806114t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - Refugees living in the Egyptian capital Cairo have faced more discrimination and less help from the authorities since a popular uprising overthrew former president Hosni Mubarak, according to community leaders.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - Refugees living in the Egyptian capital Cairo have faced more discrimination and less help from the authorities since a popular uprising overthrew former president Hosni Mubarak, according to community leaders.
 
 Personal safety on Cairo's streets has worsened for Egyptians and foreigners alike since the protests in January and February, which have been re-ignited in recent days - but refugees have been particularly vulnerable.
 
 "Generally, there's no security on the streets," said Klovirt Jalo, chairman of Nuba Mountains International Association, a community organization for the Nuba of Sudan in Cairo.
 
 Although violent incidents have decreased in recent months, incidents of harassment and discrimination towards refugees have not returned to pre-January levels, said Omar, a Somali refugee, who preferred a pseudonym because of the nature of his work. As police crack down on what Egyptian protesters are now calling a second revolution, the situation for refugees could deteriorate.
 
 Refugees who spoke to Agnes Czajka, a professor at the American University in Cairo, during research she conducted in the summer, said they feared violence and harassment would increase during the elections due on 28 November. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94239 ] 

 Jalo said the police had been less than willing to deal with incidents reported by refugees or undocumented migrants since January. He cited a recent hit-and-run case in which a Sudanese woman was killed. "The police did not believe us," he said, so no police report could be filed.
 
 Before the January protests, Omar said, "if you paid a bribe, the police would help you. Now, they'll keep the bribe and do nothing."
 
 During the January protests and in subsequent weeks, media reports depicted a difficult situation for Cairo's refugee community: a sharp increase in sudden and forced evictions, as well as illegal arrests by Egyptian civilians for not carrying proper identification. Attacks and rape of women became more prevalent.
 
 Omar said it was almost impossible to find bread for 25 piastres (US$0.04), because most bakers now had a special price for refugees (1 Egyptian pound, or US$0.17). In addition, Egyptians were now served first, and at busy times, refugees could wait 30 minutes to buy bread, he said.
 
 Women are dealing with greater difficulties, according to Omar, and they no longer ventured out alone, because of regular name-calling and groping on the streets. "For Egyptians, black women are prostitutes," he said.
 
 Increased nationalism
 
 Egyptians blamed foreigners for contributing to the increase in commodity prices, and taking Egyptians' jobs, leading to strong anti-foreigner sentiments, according to Czajka.
 
 After her field work in the summer of 2011, she concluded that Egyptian nationalism played a significant role.
 
 "Nationalism has the tendency to turn more xenophobic in moments of hardship," said Czajka.
 
 The continuous state discourse that foreigners were meddling in Egypt's affairs had also not helped refugees, she said.
 
 "It's always easier to blame outsiders," said Czajka.
 
 According to Elizabeth Tan, deputy representative at the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Egypt, some Egyptians associated the refugee population with the former regime, which, they believed, allowed them in the country.
 
 "Now it's over, so you can go home," goes the popular thinking, referring to former president Hosni Mubarak's era, she said.
 
 Most refugees and undocumented migrants in Egypt come from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan.
 
 According to UNHCR, there are 43,000 registered refugees and asylum-seekers in Egypt. Unofficial estimates of undocumented migrants put their numbers at between 250,000 and 500,000.
 
 At risk in the Sinai
 
 In the ungoverned Sinai Peninsula, African migrants from the Horn and Sudan seeking new lives in Israel are sometimes held for ransom, beaten, tortured, and gang-raped by Bedouin tribesmen. But recently, information about migrants targeted for their organs has emerged [ http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2011/11/08/death-in-the-desert/ ]. In extreme cases, they have been killed. Graphic details of the organ theft in Sinai were revealed by several news outlets, including the private Egyptian 25 channel [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufsvp2iXJMg ].
 
 "This is both dreadful and disgusting and the government must save these innocent African asylum-seekers, whose only mistake was to seek a better life away from their war-torn and poverty-stricken countries," said Tarik Zaghlol, director of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights (EOHR). "If the people who commit these crimes against Africans are not stopped today, Egyptians might fall prey to them tomorrow," he told IRIN.
 
 Local observers cast doubt on the ability of the Sinai Bedouins to remove the organs of the African migrants themselves and say they are a mere cog in Egypt's larger organ trafficking machine.
 
 This view is supported by Hamdy Al Azazy, head of local NGO New Generation Foundation, who was reported as saying experienced doctors were involved in the operation.
 
 "Mobile clinics using advanced technology come from a private hospital in Cairo to an area in the deserts of mid-Sinai and conduct physicals on the Africans before they choose those suitable, then they conduct the operation," Al Azazy said [ http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/03/world/meast/pleitgen-sinai-organ-smugglers/ ].
 
 Trafficking centre
 
 Egypt is notorious for being a source, transit, and destination country for women and children who are subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking, according to the US Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report 2011 [ http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164231.htm ], which refers to the suffering African migrants experience in Egypt en route to Israel.
 
 Migrants are frequently shot dead by Egyptian border police, arrested, put in jail, and deported as they try to cross the border. Not long ago, scores of migrants were still suffering from torture and rape in Sinai at the hands of their Bedouin captors because they could not pay to be allowed to cross into Israel [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92921 ].
 
 "We have always condemned these practices," Zaghlol of EOHR said. "The surprising thing still is that the government does not do anything to stem these practices."
 
 The renewal of mass protests and the deaths of dozens of protesters in recent days are likely to make refugee and migrant rights even less of a priority.
 
 af/ae/ha/mw
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94294</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200806114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - Refugees living in the Egyptian capital Cairo have faced more discrimination and less help from the authorities since a popular uprising overthrew former president Hosni Mubarak, according to community leaders.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Insecurity adds to troubled health sector’s woes</title><pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110111147160093t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - As doctors and nurses in the state-run Ahmed Maher Hospital rush to treat the wounded after clashes between protesters and the security forces in Tahrir Square, they worry that they too could become the victims of Egypt’s rising violence.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - As doctors and nurses in the state-run Ahmed Maher Hospital rush to treat the wounded after clashes between protesters and the security forces in Tahrir Square, they worry that they too could become the victims of Egypt’s rising violence.
 
 Among the people milling around the emergency department as an ambulance siren announces the arrival of more casualties could well be armed thugs, out to rob the staff, patients or to settle old feuds, Egypt’s health workers have come to learn. 
 
 “This is getting really serious,” Mahmud Ameen, a first-aid specialist at the hospital, told IRIN. “I go to the hospital to save people’s lives, not to risk my own life.”
 
 Ten months after a popular uprising ended the 31-year regime of former president Hosni Mubarak, hospitals and staff are facing an unprecedented crisis.
 
 “Attacks against hospitals have never stopped since Egypt’s security system crumbled in the wake of the revolution,” said Ahmed Hussein, a senior member of Egypt’s independent Medical Association. “Doctors just feel that the hospitals are intentionally neglected by the government.” 
 
 The government has stopped counting the number of attacks, but according to media reports, they happen almost daily. To signal his desperation over the insecurity, Health Minister Amr Helmy on 15 November sued the Interior Minister for failing to protect health centres [ http://www.egynn.com/?p=8817 (Arabic) ].
 
 Breakdown 
 
 State-run Um Masryeen Hospital closed its emergency unit this week after armed men, stealing medical equipment and drugs, stabbed a nurse who got in their way. “How in God’s name can doctors work under these conditions?” asked Sobhi Zahran, a doctor. 
 
 The insecurity is not just a Cairo phenomenon. Earlier this month, staff at the Red Crescent Hospital in Sohag, in southern Egypt, reported an attack by angry relatives of a patient who had passed away. In June, gun-wielding men broke into the Al Arish Hospital in Sinai and kidnapped a patient who was undergoing  surgery, and in May armed men killed a patient in the intensive care unit in a hospital in Minya, southern Egypt.
 
 “The list of attacks can go on and on for ever, showing the need for real action here,” said Nabil Al Garhy, chairman of the Medical Association in Minya. “Doctors are being kidnapped, patients are being killed, and hospitals are being vandalized. How long will the government continue to passively watch?”
 
 Egypt’s doctors already work under difficult conditions, ranging from drug and equipment shortages to low wages.
 
 Cardiologist Rashwan Shaaban said that to buy a pair of new shoes, he had to save his full salary for at least three months. “The conditions of this country’s doctors are deplorable,” he told IRIN. “My salary does not exceed 2,000 pounds [US$335], although I have been doing this job for 20 years now.”
 
 Earlier this year vital medicines [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93450 ] were in short supply.
 
 ae/oa/mw
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94299</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110111147160093t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 24 November 2011 (IRIN) - As doctors and nurses in the state-run Ahmed Maher Hospital rush to treat the wounded after clashes between protesters and the security forces in Tahrir Square, they worry that they too could become the victims of Egypt’s rising violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
