<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Education</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 13:31:49 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Boko Haram attacks hit school attendance in Borno State</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305141119440092t.jpg" />]]>KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.</description><body><![CDATA[KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.

Most of the children are primary school students, according to the official. Thus far Boko Haram (BH) has burned or destroyed 50 of the state's 175 schools, he said. Teachers in the state confirmed the estimate.

Students are staying at home for fear of attack, or are being transferred to private Islamic schools, known in the north as Islamiyya. On 6 May state schools officially reopened following a six-week break, but many have stayed closed, as officials and teachers fear attack.

BH gunmen had initially targeted schools - most of them primary - at night, detonating grenades and home-made explosives or dousing classrooms with gasoline and setting them alight, according to military and education officials.

But on 18 March BH shifted tactics, attacking four schools in Maiduguri, capital of Borno State (population 4.17 million, according to the 2006 census), in broad daylight, killing four teachers and seriously injuring four students.

On 9 April suspected BH members killed two school teachers in their homes, and four officials of the Borno State Feeding Committee, which runs a primary and secondary school feeding programme, while they were on an inspection tour of schools in Dikwa town, Borno State.

The shift to direct attacks on educators and students has rattled teachers, leaving many too frightened to go to work.

"We have been asked to resume classes but we are too afraid to return to school despite the stationing of a military post outside the school,” said Hajara Modu, a school teacher at Customs primary school in Maiduguri.

Secondary school enrolment is only 28 percent in Borno State - the lowest in the country, according to a 2010 Nigeria Education Data Survey.

On 10 April BH leader Abubakar Shekau claimed ordering the attacks on schools in an Internet video post, citing Nigerian military raids on Islamic schools in Maiduguri as the impetus.

Adama Zannah, a father of four students attending Sanda Kyarimi secondary school, one of the four schools affected in the 18 March attacks, told IRIN: "I want my children to attend school but they can only do that if they are alive... I can't allow them to go to school in this atmosphere of fear when schools are burnt and gunmen open fire during classes."

Islamic school attendance up

Many parents see the safest option as Islamic schools, which have seen a sharp rise in enrolment rates over recent months. These are private religious schools which teach an Islamic education, though some include English and maths in the curriculum.

Given the demand, fees at some Islamic schools have also increased - by 300 percent since the beginning of the year in some cases, according to parent Muhammad Kolo. He used to pay US$1.90 per month to educate his two children but the fee is now $7.60.

Borno State information commissioner Inuwa Bwala said the state government will try to strengthen Islamic schools with more money and more materials, and standardize their curriculum to teach children the Koran alongside Western education. (BH literally means “Western education is a sin” in Hausa).

Militarized schools

The school districts worst-affected by the arson attacks include old Maiduguri city and four local government areas - Marte, Kala-Balge, Gamboru Ngala and Mabar - in the northern part of Borno on the border with Cameroon and Chad, where BH has a strong presence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97988/Displaced-still-homeless-after-clashes-in-Baga-Nigeria ].

Many students from these areas have been taken to neighbouring Dikwa District to take their May and June exams, protected by a heavy military detail.

The government has deployed soldiers in at-risk schools across the state but some parents fear this puts their children in yet more danger.

"The presence of soldiers makes them more prone to attack by BH which considers the military as their main enemy," said Ahmad Kyari, a resident of Gwange Quarters in Maiduguri city where all the schools in the area have been burnt; his three children are at home.

Attacks on schools violate children's right to education, as well as a number of human rights. In situations of conflict, they may also violate international humanitarian law and criminal law, and may constitute war crimes [ http://www.protectingeducation.org/what-international-laws-are-violated ].

"I'm really afraid to go to school. The thought of gunmen storming the school and opening fire or throwing explosives gives me the shivers and this is a thought that fills the minds of many students like me," said Nura Babani, a student of Sanda Kyarimi secondary school which was attacked on18 March.

"It is too dangerous to go to school now, especially with the attacks on some schools in broad daylight during classes,” student Maryam Habib, told IRIN.

In some areas where the government was trying to renovate schools, BH had set them ablaze again. Gwange II primary school in the Gwange area of Maiduguri city, considered a major BH stronghold, was burnt four times by BH, each time after undergoing renovation.

The school-burnings "sabotage government's effort at improving on education in Borno State", Borno State information commissioner Bwala told IRIN.

"It is not possible to learn in an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. How do you expect a teacher to put in his best and a child to learn effectively when they are always on edge, in anticipation of gun and bomb attacks. This is killing education here," said the Ministry of Education official.

The federal government is exploring ways to forge a dialogue with BH [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96915/Analysis-Hurdles-to-Nigerian-government-Boko-Haram-dialogue ] but thus far, there has been little progress, and in recent weeks the militants have been staging a fierce comeback in the northeast. Over 3,600 people have been killed in BH-related violence since 2009, including extrajudicial killings by Nigerian security forces, according to Human Rights Watch.

aa/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98032/Boko-Haram-attacks-hit-school-attendance-in-Borno-State</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305141119440092t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Women yet to regain their place</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041258200194t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than their counterparts in the region; today, despite steps taken after decades of conflict and sanctions, Iraqi women do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and many are subjected to gender-based violence.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, the UN says, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than other women in the region. But years of dictatorship, sanctions and conflict, including the US-led invasion one decade ago, led to deterioration in women’s status. 

“Across the board, women are suffering more [than they used to],” said Sudipto Mukerjee, deputy head of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Iraq. 

Despite steps taken towards gender equality since 1990, Iraqi women today do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and too many are subjected to gender-based violence 

Due to years of war and political instability, 10 percent of households are headed by women, most of them widowed, but many of them divorced, separated or caring for sick spouses. 

“They represent one of the most vulnerable segments of the population and are generally more exposed to poverty and food insecurity as a result of lower overall income levels,” the UN said in a March 2013 fact-sheet [ http://unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xqx9gxy7Isk%3D&tabid=2790&language=en-US ].

Education 

According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the government, the ratio of girls to boys in primary school rose from 0.88 in 2006 to 0.94 in 2011; in secondary school, the ratio rose from 0.75 in 2006 to 0.85 in 2011. According to IRIN calculations, the enrolment of girls is growing at a faster rate than that of boys.

However, had Iraq progressed at the same rate as other countries in the region, according to UNICEF, it would have already reached 100 percent enrolment for both boys and girls in primary schools - achieving the third Millennium Development Goal of eliminating gender disparity in education [ http://www.unicef.org/equity/files/PMACEquitypresentation.pdf ]. 

According to Iraq Knowledge Network (IKN) survey of 2011, 28.2 percent of women 12 years or older are illiterate, more than double the male rate of 13 percent. Young women - those aged 15 to 24 - living in rural areas are even less educated; one-third of them are illiterate. 

Employment 

Similar inequality can be seen in the labour force. 

According to the IKN survey, only 14 percent of women are working or actively seeking work, compared to 73 percent of men [ http://www.japuiraq.org/documents/1681/IKN_S4_LaborForce_en.pdf ]. Those who are employed are mostly working in the agricultural sector, and women with a diploma have a harder time finding jobs: 68 percent of women with a bachelor’s degree are unemployed. 

The representation of women in parliament increased from 13 percent in 1990 to 27 percent in 2006, meeting the one-quarter female representation quota imposed in 2005, but this is still far below the national target of half. 

Physical safety 

Women’s health concerns have seen some gains. The percentage of births attended by skilled personnel has risen significantly in the last decade [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97964/War-leaves-lasting-impact-on-healthcare ]. And the maternal mortality rate - which at 84 per 100,000 births in 2006 was the highest in the region - appears to have dropped significantly, to 24 per 100,000 in 2011, according to the World Health Organization [ http://rho.emro.who.int/rhodata/ ].

Still, domestic violence, honour killings, female genital mutilation (FGM) and human trafficking remain threats to many Iraqi women and girls. In the northern autonomous Kurdistan region, 42.8 percent of women have experienced FGM, according to the 2011 MICS [ https://www.yousendit.com/download/UVJneFlUY1M1bmo1SE1UQwv ].

In 2011, nearly half of girls aged 10 to 14 were exposed to violence at least once by a family member, and nearly half of married women were exposed to at least one form of spousal violence, mostly emotional, but also physical and sexual, according to a survey by the government and the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/I-WISH_Report_English.pdf ].

For more, check out this UN fact-sheet on women in Iraq [ http://unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=xqx9gxy7Isk%3D&tabid=2790&language=en-US ].

For other development indicators, visit IRIN's series: Iraq 10 years on [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-ten-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact ].

ha/rz

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A decade after US-led forced toppled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, IRIN examines the progress in basic living standards.
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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97976/Women-yet-to-regain-their-place</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041258200194t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - In the 1980s, Iraqi women enjoyed more basic rights than their counterparts in the region; today, despite steps taken after decades of conflict and sanctions, Iraqi women do not have equal educational or employment opportunities, and many are subjected to gender-based violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Schools try to play catch-up</title><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/20071029t.jpg" />]]>BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Iraq’s education system was once the jewel of the Middle East. Today, it is struggling to catch up, with five million children out of school, according to a 2007 survey.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Thanks to growing oil revenues in the 1970s, Iraq had, by the early 1980s, developed a generous public services system. It was seen to have the best education system in the region, with near-universal primary school enrolment and an effective literacy programme. 

Had Iraq progressed at the same rate as other Middle Eastern countries, primary school enrolment for both boys and girls would be 100 percent today, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) [ http://www.unicef.org/equity/files/PMACEquitypresentation.pdf ].

Instead, Iraq’s education system is largely playing catch-up. 

Its downfall began with the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s, and the Gulf War of 1991. It was exacerbated by the squeeze on resources caused by a decade of international sanctions throughout the 1990s, which resulted in lower teacher salaries, higher turnover, fewer qualified teachers, less professional development, neglected infrastructure and reduced access to resources like periodicals, according to the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Government statistics [ http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_19/3.htm ] show a 10 percent drop in primary school enrolment rates, from 90.8 in 1990 to 80.3 in 2000. Enrolment in Iraq’s vocational and technical schools dropped by half in the same decade. 

Following the US-led invasion of 2003, UNESCO reported [ http://www.unesco.org/education/iraq/na_13jan2005.pdf ] widespread arson and looting of educational facilities, with vocational schools, for example, losing 80 percent of their equipment, according to the Ministry of Education. A 2003 assessment [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTIRAQ/Overview/20147568/Joint%20Needs%20Assessment.pdf ] by the UN found that looting had affected 3,000 schools. Teacher training institutes were affected in all but the northern Kurdish governorates; libraries and colleges were looted and burned, UNESCO said. 

Brain drain 

De-Baathification - the occupying forces’ policy of removing from office all officials belonging to the deposed leader’s Baath party - furthered the educational decline by triggering a brain drain in universities, it added. 

“Emerging evidence indicates that the third war in three decades - the US-led invasion from 2003 to 2010 - has left behind a dilapidated education system affected by safety concerns, rising costs, and acute shortages of teachers and learning materials,” the University of Pittsburgh’s M. Najeeb Shafiq wrote in a 2012 article [ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059312000685 ] in the International Journal of Educational Development. 

In the four years following the invasion, at least 280 academics were killed by insurgents and militias, IRIN report in 2007, leaving Iraq without a strong, educated elite to help the country - and the education system - recover [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/62983/IRAQ-The-exodus-of-academics-has-lowered-educational-standards ].

“We used to have all [sorts of] qualified people that build the country and organize the system in all fields,” said Hassan al-Hamadani, a member of parliament. “Now most of those people have left the country; many doctors and engineers have left as they were threatened.” 

Enrolment, attainment 

The impact of the 2003 invasion on enrolment rates, specifically, is less clear because statistics are inconsistent. 

Some, like those in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), conducted by the government and UNICEF, show an increase in net enrolment of children aged 6 to 11, from 68.2 percent in 2000 [ http://www.childinfo.org/files/iraq1.pdf ] to 85.8 in 2006 [ http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS3_Iraq_FinalReport_2006_eng.pdf ]. Other statistics [ http://www.ibo.org/ibaem/conferences/documents/EDUCATIONINIRAQBYWARANDOCCUPATIO1.pdf ] show the opposite: a massive drop from 93 percent enrolment in 2000 to 54 percent in 2006. Statistics in Iraq in general are widely viewed as unreliable, and those on enrolment differ based on children’s age groups and whether they are measuring net enrolment (the percentage of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary school) or gross enrolment (the percentage of children of any age who are enrolled in primary school). 

What appears clear, however, is that Iraq is not as far ahead as it could have been. The 2011 MICS produced a net enrolment rate of 90.4 percent (among those 6 to 11 years old), just under the government’s 1990 rate of 90.8. Yet one in seven secondary-school-age children is studying at the primary level. Only 44 percent of students complete primary school on time. 

And while secondary school enrolment has increased in recent years, according to the MICS, less than half of students continue past grade 6. In 2007, a joint World Bank and government survey found five million school-age children out of school. 

“Enrolment is not the same as attainment,” said Sudipto Mukerjee, deputy head of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Iraq. “Getting them to school is easy, but getting them to complete their studies is more difficult.” 

In addition, enrolment rates vary significantly based on gender, social status and geographic region. And while the quality of the textbooks has improved in the past decade, and there is no longer pressure on students to join the Baath party, some degree of sectarianism and corruption has found its way into the school system since 2003, said Ali al-Hussaini, a high-school student in Baghdad. 

“Sometimes a teacher makes fun of Sunnis and some other teacher makes fun of Shiites,” al-Hussaini said. “Now, all the teachers are corrupt. If I want to pass in the exams, I have to pay money - $200 for each class. Otherwise, they will make it impossible to pass.” 

Literacy 

Like primary education, literacy was an important focus in Iraq decades ago. In 1978, the government launched the Comprehensive National Campaign for the Compulsory Eradication of Illiteracy, but that campaign slowed after the wars of the 1980s and 1990s. 

Statistics on the adult literacy rate also vary widely: UNESCO notes an increase [ http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/UIS-literacy-statistics-1990-2015-en.pdf ] from 74.1 percent in 2000 to 78.2 percent in 2010, but a 2010-2015 strategy document [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Literacy_needs_report.pdf ] points to evidence suggesting that “Iraq faces a critical situation with increasing numbers of out-of-school children and rising adult illiteracy rates, especially in the rural areas, among youth and adults, and among women and other socially marginalized groups.” 

A literacy campaign launched in 2010, Literacy Initiative for Empowerment (LIFE), and a new literacy law approved in 2011 are likely to improve the rates further [ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/about-this-office/single-view/news/unesco_praises_the_iraqi_parliament_for_approval_of_the_new_literacy_law/ ].

For other development indicators, visit IRIN's series: Iraq 10 years on [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-ten-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact ].

af/da/ha/rz

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A decade after US-led forced toppled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, IRIN examines the progress in basic living standards.
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]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97928/Schools-try-to-play-catch-up</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/20071029t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Iraq’s education system was once the jewel of the Middle East. Today, it is struggling to catch up, with five million children out of school, according to a 2007 survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Children bear brunt of CAR crisis</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301830240086t.jpg" />]]>BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup by the Séléka alliance.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97721/CAR-coup-comes-amid-deepening-humanitarian-crisis ] by the Séléka alliance.

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), some 2.3 million children are directly affected by the breakdown of law and order and the interruption of basic services.

On 12 April, 14 children were wounded in the capital, Bangui, when a rocket-propelled grenade fell on a playing field. Two days later, a rocket landed on a church, killing seven people, including three infants, and wounding 11 children - three of whom had to have their legs amputated.

“It’s scandalous that children are being caught in crossfire as they go about their daily lives, playing football or going to church,” said Souleymane Diabaté, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) representative in CAR.

“Children who fall sick with basic diseases” such as malaria are also in need of medical attention, said Ellen Van Der Velden, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) head of mission in CAR.

Yet healthcare provision outside of main hospitals has been unpredictable. “In some areas [of Bangui] the health centres are functional, in others they are closed, again in others minimal services are being delivered. The situation may change quite quickly. One day a [health] centre could be operational, the next it can be closed,” said Van Der Velden.

Children’s homes targeted

A Bangui centre for street children, run by the Voix du Coeur (Voice of the Heart) Foundation, “suffered a lot during these recent events,” according to its director, Ange Ngassenemo.

“Two children died and several were injured during the looting. We were also visited by Séléka, on the pretext of looking for young thieves, and they also looted what little the children had,” added Ngassenemo.

“We unfortunately don’t have the necessary means. This situation is becoming harder and harder as more and more children come here, and taking care of them becomes a crushing burden for our little organization,” he said.

“We call on the state to help us. Couldn’t they get us running water for the children, who need to wash themselves and their clothes… We estimate there are about 6,000 street children in Bangui. If they come to us and we send them away, it becomes dangerous and is not a viable solution. It would be better to help us help them,” he added.

On April 13, armed men thought to be part of Séléka looted a Bangui orphanage run by SOS Children’s Villages, after letting off their weapons to intimidate staff members.

“The children were hiding under their beds. Staff members were in tears when they spoke to me,” said the city’s archbishop, Dieudonné Nzapalainga.

“There are no guns in these houses. There are just children. What’s happening? This was no weapons search, it was looting. Shooting in the air, scaring people to death… I am outraged by this situation,” he said on Radio France Internationale.

Recruited by all sides

Various armed groups continue to recruit children, according to UNICEF, which warned in a 12 April statement [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_68681.html ] that such practices violated international law.

More than 2,000 children, both boys and girls, were associated with armed groups and self-defence organisations before conflict resumed in December 2012, the agency said, adding that the practice continued after the fall of Bangui.

“Recruiting children is both morally unacceptable and forbidden under international law,” said UNICEF’s Diabaté. 

“We have called on the new leadership in CAR [Séléka ] to ensure that all children associated with armed groups should be released immediately and protected from further violations [of law],” he said in the statement, adding that those now in power had demonstrated their intention to do just that.

“UNICEF is committed to working with them to ensure that there is an immediate halt to new recruitments and support a process of identification, verification and reintegration of children.”

According to Amy Martin, who heads OCHA’s Bangui branch, “The presence of child soldiers is evident amongst the ranks of Séléka.”

“Recruitment into the national army was ongoing a few weeks ago but is less evident now,” added Martin.

Out of school

Insecurity has forced thousands of children and teachers from schools in Bangui, and has interrupted educations in regions in the east and north of the country. 

“Schools have remained closed in Bangui and elsewhere since March. There is vacation soon, so families who can afford to hire tutors for catch-up courses will do so over vacation. [But] not everyone can afford this,” said Martin.

The education ministry remains sceptical about the re-opening of schools with insecurity still rife. “The children are understandably at home because the security situation demands it,” said Education Minister Marcel Loudegue. 

Schools are also among the properties that have been looted since the rebel takeover, with teachers, like civil servants, remaining unpaid.

In a 23 April statement, UNICEF warned [ http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/children%E2%80%99s-education-central-africa-republic-devastated-conflict-un ] that hundreds of thousands of students are at risk of missing out on the entire school year, “with half the country’s schools shuttered.”

UNICEF’s Diabaté said: “The new government must prioritize protection of and investment in the country’s education system, in order to respect and fulfil children’s basic right to education and to provide this generation of children with hope for a healthy future.” 

Literacy levels are low in the CAR, with over one million children out of school in total, according to UNICEF.

cd-k/am-aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97921/Children-bear-brunt-of-CAR-crisis</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301830240086t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup by the Séléka alliance.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Iraq 10 years on: the humanitarian impact</title><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg" />]]>BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - The humanitarian legacy

Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97895/Iraq-10-years-on-The-humanitarian-legacy ]

Water and Sanitation: Are the taps flowing? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97894/Are-the-taps-flowing ]

Electricity: Blistering black-outs [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97896/Blistering-black-outs ]

The forgotten displacement crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97905/The-forgotten-displacement-crisis ]

Economy grows, but how many benefit? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97909/Economy-grows-but-how-many-benefit ]

Education: Schools try to play catch-up [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97928/Schools-try-to-play-catch-up ]

Human Security: More freedom but less security? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97937/More-freedom-but-less-security ]

Aid work: From restrictions to access challenges [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97952/From-aid-restrictions-to-access-challenges ]

War leaves lasting impact on healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97964/War-leaves-lasting-impact-on-healthcare ]

Gender: Women yet to regain their place [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97976/Women-yet-to-regain-their-place ]

Food security: Less dependent on food rations [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97991/Less-dependent-on-food-rations ]

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-10-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Education takes a hit in Myanmar’s Kachin State</title><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304230910310459t.jpg" />]]>MAI JA YANG 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Traditional Kachin music fills the community hall as a troupe of singers bellows out a song for family and friends at the Teacher Training College in the town of Mai Ja Yang. It is a night of celebration for 65 graduates who have upgraded their teaching skills in Myanmar&apos;s northern Kachin State, not far from the Chinese border.</description><body><![CDATA[MAI JA YANG 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Traditional Kachin music fills the community hall as a troupe of singers bellows out a song for family and friends at the Teacher Training College in the town of Mai Ja Yang. It is a night of celebration for 65 graduates who have upgraded their teaching skills in Myanmar's northern Kachin State, not far from the Chinese border.

Elsewhere in this remote, mountainous region, which has more than 83,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs), there is little to celebrate. A 17-year-old ceasefire between the Burmese government and the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), who have been fighting for greater autonomy for the past six decades, collapsed in June 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95616/MYANMAR-Kachin-conflict-continues-one-year-on ].

“In December [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97273/Myanmar-s-Laiza-town-tense-after-government-attacks ] we had to postpone studies at the school I was working at for a few months because of the fighting around Laiza,” 22-year-old Aung Gam Haundang, who will resume teaching next month at the middle school in the de-facto capital of the Kachin Independence Organization (KIO - political arm of the KIA), told IRIN.

“The biggest problem is we need more teachers. However, many who are qualified are afraid to work in the area because of the ongoing conflict and the recent attacks,” Haundang said.

Some 47,000 people are in IDP camps in KIA-controlled areas, with thousands more staying with host families, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported on 18 April [ http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-humanitarian-bulletin-issue-march-2013 ].

Thousands of school-age children have been affected by the conflict, with varying access to education facilities.

In KIA-controlled areas, volunteer teachers have been used to maintain education services for the displaced. However, financial support for this effort is lacking. A comprehensive assessment of the education sector is urgently needed to better determine the number of children in need of education support, gaps in school supplies, and the absorption capacity of existing schools, OCHA said.

School closures

Before the ceasefire collapsed, there were 262 state schools in KIA-controlled areas. Today there are 229, many of them overcrowded and under-resourced, local authorities say; many have been forced to close due to nearby fighting.

In Mai Ja Yang's only high school, classes operate in two shifts, starting at 6.30am, and mid-afternoon.

Prior to the conflict, just 600 children were enrolled at the school. However, an additional 700 teenagers from the camps have since joined - 200 of them from Northern Shan State, currently staying at a boarding house on the edge of town.

“We heard fighting and gunfire near our village last year so we fled the area, running in all directions,” 14-year-old Saing Toya from Northern Shan State told IRIN. “My parents wanted me to continue my studies in a safe area and promised that I could return home once the village is more secure.”

The newly graduated teachers are being assigned to several recently constructed primary and secondary schools near Mai Ja Yang and Laiza.

Headmaster La Raw at the Teacher Training College says 15-20 of the graduates will be posted to IDP camps where assistance is needed most.

Recently, the college sent two teachers to Yangon to attend a peace-building training course, joining representatives from other ethnic groups in Myanmar.

As the singers finish their song, La Raw points out that music is a big part of Kachin culture, but also represents the harmony that is now needed to maintain peace.

“We hope to have peace-building training implemented in future school curriculums,” La Raw said, adding, “and we hope that some of the Burmese generals will attend.”

Meanwhile, Yaw Sau of the Central Education Department in Laiza expressed concern over recent policy changes in Myanmar's education system which no longer recognizes official matriculation exams taken at schools in KIA-controlled areas - a move which could have serious repercussions for children once a peace deal is finally reached.

“One hundred and thirty-six students just completed their exams earlier this month, but the Myanmar government no longer recognizes the tests as official national level exams,” Yaw Sau said, noting that prior to June 2011, such exams were recognized.

ss/ds/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97899/Education-takes-a-hit-in-Myanmar-s-Kachin-State</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304230910310459t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAI JA YANG 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Traditional Kachin music fills the community hall as a troupe of singers bellows out a song for family and friends at the Teacher Training College in the town of Mai Ja Yang. It is a night of celebration for 65 graduates who have upgraded their teaching skills in Myanmar&apos;s northern Kachin State, not far from the Chinese border.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Far from home, but closer to school in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.

But fleeing home has come with an unexpected benefit - for the first time the girls are going to school.

“They were so excited to get pencils and crayons from their teacher,” said their mother, Ameena Bibi, who herself never attended school.

They had fled recent fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97760/Fighting-in-Pakistan-s-Tirah-Valley-displaces-40-000-people ] in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency, part of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), along with nearly 48,000 other recently displaced people - almost half of them children [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

Far from home, many having travelled for days by foot, these families are in need of temporary shelter, food, clean water and other essentials - which the government and aid agencies are having difficulty providing.

Of the US$366 million needed for humanitarian assistance in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province this year, only $64 million is currently available, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Still, the camp offers educational services at a level that were simply not available back home.

“A few days ago I enrolled my two daughters,” Bibi told IRIN. “It was easy because so many little girls were going, and camp staff came and helped them enrol. At our home village in the Tirah Valley, there is no school close enough to our home for the girls to attend.”

Literacy and school enrolment rates back home in FATA are the lowest in the country.

“The overall literacy rate in FATA is 19.9 percent, and literacy rate is 34.2 percent for boys and 5.75 percent for girls,” said Deeba Shabnam, education programme officer for UNICEF in Peshawar, the capital of KP Province.

Yet at the camp, she said, overall literacy stands at 42.7 percent - 44.4 percent for boys and 37 percent for girls.

She attributed this improvement to “strong community mobilization, accessible schools, child-friendly learning environments, and school supplies provided to schools and students.”

Returning home

The recent mass flight from Tirah Valley was just the latest in many waves of displacement from FATA; Pakistan may soon become one of the few countries with more than a million internally displaced persons (IDPs) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

IDPs who have returned home in the last few years say the absence of quality education feels more acute after spending time at Jalozai.

“There are just no good schools here. We have moved to Khar [the principal city of Bajaur Agency, FATA] so my children could get a decent education, since schools in our village are very poor,” said Muhammad Saleemullah, a father of three.

But he complained that many teachers had left Bajaur to escape fighting, and that standards were poor. He feared his 12-year-old son would drop out as he found it “useless”.

“He and my two younger children miss the far better school they attended at Jalozai, where we lived for three years, till late 2011,” Saleemullah said.

Owais Khan fled conflict in Bajaur Agency in 2004, and ended up in Jalozai. There, his two daughters, now 13 and 15, started school. Khan returned to his village last year.

“There was no school beyond primary level in our village. My daughters are bright and so keen to learn; I sent them to Peshawar to live with my sister, gain an education and have a better future,” he said.

He added that “most girls who come back from camp schools give up learning”, at least in Bajaur, where he said the few available schools are of very poor quality.

But while parents like Saleemullah and Khan are disappointed by the schools at home, they say living in the camps has given them a stronger appreciation of education.

“I know families from FATA areas who had previously not enrolled [their] children in schools, choosing to do so once they return from Jalozai,” said Muhammad Sadiq, a volunteer teacher at the camp.

“One child I began teaching in 2006 has just done very well in his school-leaving exams in Kurram Agency, and will be going to college in Kohat [a town in KP], so camp education does influence lives, in some cases at least. This boy, Hakim, will have a better future,” Sadiq said.

FATA: bottom of the class

“The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded the pace of growth in education sector,” said a 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [ http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf ] carried out by the FATA Secretariat, with support from the government and UN agencies.

“Bearing in mind FATA has a traditional society, with low economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority,” it said.

Primary level enrolment rates in FATA stand at 46.3 percent - 64.8 percent for boys and 26.8 percent for girls - while national primary enrolment for both genders stands at over 90 percent, according to government data.

Not only are communities often isolated and undeveloped, but some schools have been targeted by fighters in the area.

A September 2012 media report [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/students-left-behind-pakistans-tribal-regions ] said: “Schools are a popular target for militants, often because they educate girls or because their curriculum is not considered Islamic enough for the Pakistani Taliban, which wields significant influence in the region.”

An estimated one in every 10 schools in FATA has been destroyed since 2008, according to information from the FATA Secretariat. The school that remain are often without teachers, many of whom have fled. And parents fear sending their children to schools that could end up being attacked.

School registration at Jalozai camp was suspended after a bomb attack on 21 March, but with 35 to 40 percent of the camp’s 60,000 residents [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/D927619B0A8659BB802570A7004BDA56?OpenDocument ] under the age of 18, education services are considered paramount, and schools resumed after three days.

“It is amazing when children come to school for the first time and begin to discover small marks on paper mean something,” said Sadiq.

There are currently 25 schools running at Jalozai, 13 for boys and 12 for girls, with a total 7,000 children in attendance. The smaller Togh Sarai camp in Hangu District, KP Province - population 5,800 - has two schools run by the local government and UNICEF, with 800 children enrolled.

Sadiq told IRIN that children who came from schools in many FATA areas were often surprised that they were “not beaten or treated unkindly at schools here and loved learning in a pleasant environment.”

“I believe the exposure to better quality education helps parents realize its value.”

kh/jj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: In Somalia, relative peace belies rocky road ahead</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303261138190439t.jpg" />]]>MOGADISHU 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - Since the August 2011 withdrawal of Al-Shabab insurgents from the Somali capital, Mogadishu, security has improved, allowing for the gradual resumption of government functions. But sporadic suicide attacks, conflict-related population displacement and socio-economic problems persist, exemplifying some of the daunting challenges still ahead.</description><body><![CDATA[MOGADISHU 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - Since the August 2011 withdrawal of Al-Shabab insurgents from the Somali capital, Mogadishu, security has improved, allowing for the gradual resumption of government functions. But sporadic suicide attacks, conflict-related population displacement and socio-economic problems persist, exemplifying some of the daunting challenges still ahead. 

On 18 March, for example, a car bomb in Mogadishu left several people dead.

Somalia's President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud responded in a statement: "We can only presume at this stage that this cowardly attack is the work of Al-Shabab. They have been severely weakened and now resort to terrorism and murder of innocent Somali citizens. Al-Shabab/Al-Qaeda forces have no place in this world, and we will not allow them to have [a] place in Somalia."

Al-Shabab has since claimed responsibility for the attack.

Below, IRIN provides an overview of Somalia's recent progress and the many challenges that remain.

What does relative stability look like in Somalia?

Recent gains by the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and Somali forces against the Al-Shabab insurgents have given the government some breathing space. Members of the Somali diaspora are now returning [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95886/SOMALIA-One-million-return-to-Mogadishu ] due to the increased stability [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95480/SOMALIA-Mogadishu-on-the-up ].

"We are no longer scared of the heavy shelling exchanged by Al-Shabab and African Union forces," Abdullahi, a businessman in the Bakara Market, told IRIN. The market was previously an Al-Shabab stronghold. 

"More children are going to school, businesses are opening, and there been a construction boom," added another Mogadishu resident. "There has been a really big change."

According to the mayor of Mogadishu, Mohamed Ahmed Nur Tarsan, there has been a significant improvement in the security situation there. 

"When Al-Shabab was ruling parts of Mogadishu, all government MPs [members of parliament] and politicians could not rent houses but were all caged in the presidential palace. Now, they live in various neighbourhoods of Mogadishu," he said.

The lighting up of two arterial roads in Mogadishu has allowed businesses there to remain open after dark; children can also be seen playing in the streets. "I am playing football with my friends until late at night," Mohamed Hassan, 12, told IRIN in the Mogadishu district of Howlwadag.

There are plans to gradually light up other major roads in Mogadishu in a bid to boost business.

What are the remaining security threats? 

But "insecurity remained a key challenge throughout the country in February," according to an update [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Somalia%20Humanitarian%20Snapshot%20February%202013%20Issued%20on%206%20March%202013%20-%20Info%20graphic.pdf ] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), issued on 6 March.

"An explosion occurred in Mogadishu's Abdiaziz District. The vehicle-borne improvized explosive device [VBIED] attack was carried out by a suicide bomber. One person was confirmed dead and three others were injured.

"In Kismayo, 11 people were killed in clashes between rival pro-government and clan-based militias. The clashes may be related to the long political tension in the Juba region over the formation of a regional state," the update said, adding that a suicide attack on 11 February in Gaalkayo had killed one person and wounded 27 others.

Dozens of households also fled areas in the Bay and Bakool regions to the town of Luuq, and others fled to Dollo Ado refugee camp in Ethiopia, fearing armed clashes in Diinsoor and the onset of the lean season, it said. 

Meanwhile, an Al-Shabab blockade in Bakool has led to a rise in the cost of basic foodstuffs. 

"The cost of 50kg of rice was 400,000 Somali shillings (US$24) a year ago, and it is 800,000 Somali shillings ($48) today," Osman Ali, a father of eight, told IRIN by telephone. "I have spent all I had. Now, I am almost about to sell my houses to get food for my children." 

Mohamed Moalin, the commissioner of Bakool's regional capital of Hudur, said that Al-Shabab is preventing food from reaching the town.

"Al-Shabab controls the main roads that lead to Hudur, and they would not allow vehicles carrying food to enter the [areas] we control, and this has resulted [in] hardships for the people." Residents there now rely on food brought in by donkey carts.

In a 21 March press release, following the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops from Hudur, AMISOM sought to reassure residents, stating it "is working closely with the Federal Government of Somalia in their efforts to re-establish a security presence in the area."

AMISOM Force Commander General Gutti said, "We have in place contingent measures to ensure that areas in Bay and Bakool remain stable and secure in the event of further Ethiopian troop withdrawals."

The Somali government is also grappling with acts of criminality by its armed forces. 

Several hours after the execution of three soldiers for killing civilians, the chairman of Somalia's Supreme Military Court, Hassan Mohamed Hussein Mungab, told IRIN: "We will not tolerate killers and rapists within the armed forces. We will kill them because they denied the very people they were supposed to protect the right to life."

Armed, uniformed men have also been accused of robbery. "I have had my mobile phone forcibly taken by two uniformed men," Abdikafi Mohamed, a resident of Mogadishu, said.

International focus on the security sector was reflected in the March partial lifting of a UN arms embargo [ http://irinnews.org/Report/97703/Briefing-The-risks-and-rewards-of-easing-Somalia-s-arms-embargo ] on Somalia, which will  allow the government to continue to train and equip its armed forces.

How have development efforts fared?

The Somalia government also struggles to ensure access to health [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97709/New-plan-to-ensure-universal-healthcare-in-Somalia ] and education. 

The lack of experienced health professionals and supplies is a challenge, said Mohamud Moallim Yahye, the deputy minister for development and social services. 

"Most of our doctors are junior and they do not have access to the right equipment to carry out their work. With the help of our Turkish brothers [through Turkish NGOs], we want to rebuild the country's health institutions and gradually get free public hospitals," Yahye told IRIN, adding that the ministry hopes to engage more with development partners. 

"Donors and aid organizations used to engage with local NGO and private individuals while providing services, but now things are changing - health interventions across the country will be conducted through the Ministry of Social Services [and] Development."

An estimated four million Somali children are also missing out on schooling, according to the social services ministry. The ministry hopes to send at least one million children to school in 2013, even as former government schools are currently housing hundreds of internally displaced persons. 

A standard syllabus must also be developed. "There are various syllabuses in use in the country which impart different cultures and values among Somalis, so developing a standard curriculum is a challenge," said Yahye. 

Has peace affected the economy?

Financial issues remain paramount. The Somali shilling has been strengthening against the US dollar over the last couple of months, with adverse effects. 

At present, $100 is being exchanged for 1.7 million Somali shillings, compared to 2.2 million in the recent past.

"My brother in Britain sends me $100, but it buys less shillings than before, which means I can buy less goods or services. It's good to have our money strengthened, but it does not have increased purchasing power," said Liban Galad, a student in Mogadishu.

"We used to eat three times a day, but we have reduced [this to] two," Fatima Rashid, a mother of five, told IRIN.

Somalia does not have a functioning central bank to regulate the supply and demand of currencies.

"For the last two decades, no legal sufficient money has been printed, so there [are] less shillings in Somalia, and the rise in demand for the shilling has devalued the dollar," Mohamed Sheikh Ahmed, an economics lecturer at the SIMAD University, told IRIN.

Investors and returnees have also flooded the market with dollars. "Somali investors are coming home with dollars. All salaries are paid in dollars. Tax is paid in dollars. And agencies, especially [the] Turkish, are paying in dollars - huge amount[s] of dollars," he added.

Some business people could also be hoarding Somali shillings leading to a higher demand.

To help to stabilize the fluctuating exchange rate, Ahmed suggests printing more 1,000 shilling notes, but says longer-term measures are needed. "The most practical [solution] in the long term is the printing of new money with [a] strong central bank, which can control the demand and the supply [of currency]," he said, adding that the government should also start paying salaries and collecting taxes in Somali shillings.

amd/aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 26 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97734/Briefing-In-Somalia-relative-peace-belies-rocky-road-ahead</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303261138190439t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOGADISHU 26 March 2013 (IRIN) - Since the August 2011 withdrawal of Al-Shabab insurgents from the Somali capital, Mogadishu, security has improved, allowing for the gradual resumption of government functions. But sporadic suicide attacks, conflict-related population displacement and socio-economic problems persist, exemplifying some of the daunting challenges still ahead.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Scientists call for development goals to protect Earth</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201007131052570015t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Development can no longer focus exclusively on improving people’s lives. Countries must now link poverty eradication to protection of the atmosphere, oceans and land, said a group of international scientists in a comment piece published today in the journal Nature. They propose six Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that do just that.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Development can no longer focus exclusively on improving people’s lives. Countries must now link poverty eradication to protection of the atmosphere, oceans and land, said a group of international scientists in a comment piece published today in the journal Nature. They propose six Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that do just that. 

The UN has committed [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95691/73/ ] to developing a set of SDGs to build upon the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which come to an end in 2015 [ http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1300 ]. But the UN’s first meeting on defining the SDGs has just ended in New York, with countries still undecided on the way forward. 

“It is not enough simply to extend MDGs, as some are suggesting, because humans are transforming the planet in ways that could undermine development gains,” write the 10 scientists in their article, Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. The group is led by David Griggs, the director of the Monash Sustainability Institute in Australia and the former head of the scientific assessment unit of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 

Co-author Johan Rockström, director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre, said in a statement, “Mounting research shows we are now at the point that the stable functioning of Earth systems is a prerequisite for a thriving global society and future development.” 

Their proposed SDGs aim to ensure: thriving lives and livelihoods; sustainable food security; sustainable water security; universal clean energy; healthy and productive ecosystems; and governance for sustainable societies. 

A new model 

The authors assert that the classic model of sustainable development, which has served the world since 1987- three integrated pillars: economic, social and environmental - is flawed because it does not reflect reality. 

“As the global population increases towards nine billion people, sustainable development should be seen as an economy serving society within Earth’s life support system, not as three pillars,” said co-author Priya Shyamsundar, of the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics in Nepal. 

The scientists have proposed redefining sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present while safeguarding Earth’s life-support system, on which the welfare of current and future generations depends”. 

But many of the MDGs have not yet been achieved, and some developing countries are concerned that a new focus on the SDGs could divert aid and add additional responsibilities that they are unable to handle. 

In discussions in New York last week, a Botswana representative said all possible goals should be treated with equal value, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development’s reporting services. Botswana's representative added that if a scheduled stocktaking of the MDGs in September 2013 “shows unfinished business, then completing pending issues should be the first priority” [ http://www.iisd.ca/post2015/ ].

But the authors say that the MDGs are the driving force of their proposed SDGs. For instance, the goal on thriving lives and livelihoods seeks to “end poverty and improve well-being through access to education, employment and information, better health and housing, and reduced inequality while moving towards sustainable consumption and production.” 

“This extends many targets” of the MDGs, they say, while working towards the longer-term goals of reducing the vulnerabilities of coming generations. 

“Goals on food, water and energy security would be designed to deliver long-term - sustainable - provision of these basic needs,” co-author Owen Gaffney, of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, told IRIN. “They must reduce vulnerability and improve resilience.” 

Sustainability efforts growing 

There is greater awareness of the need for sustainable development than a decade ago, prompted partly by climatic shocks that have become intense and frequent. Increasingly, global forums - such as a recent international meeting on drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97673/From-drought-policy-to-reality ] - have begun to focus on sustainable development as a way of dealing with these shocks. 

"There is a growing realization that adaptation will increasingly become part of development," said Gaffney." There could be more joined-up thinking here. We will see more and more impacts from climate change, and this will hit developed nations and developing countries alike." 

A variety of scientific initiatives have emerged to help develop the SDGs, including projects by the UN Environment Programme and the International Human Dimension Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). The authors of the Nature comment, for example, are part of Future Earth [ http://www.icsu.org/future-earth ], a 10-year international research programme that works with scientists and policymakers to generate sustainable development solutions. 

And last week, a new international alliance of research institutes, the Independent Research Forum, identified eight major shifts that must take place for sustainable development to be achieved [ http://www.iied.org/think-tank-alliance-identifies-eight-shifts-needed-for-sustainability ]. They are shifts: 

- From donor/beneficiary country relationships to meaningful international partnerships 
- From top-down decision-making to processes that involve everyone 
- From economic models that do little to reduce inequalities to those that do 
- From business models based on enriching shareholders to models that also benefit society and the environment 
- From meeting relatively easy development targets - such as improving access to financial services - to actually reducing poverty 
- From conducting emergency response in the aftermath of crises to making countries and people resilient before crises occur 
- From conducting pilot programmes to scaling-up the programmes that work 
- From a single-sectoral approach, such as tackling a water shortage through the water ministry, to involving various sectors, like the agriculture and energy sectors, which also depend on water 

The abundance of initiatives has sparked concern that the processes are uncoordinated and could lead to a duplication of efforts. To better synchronize the parallel processes, Gaffney said the International Council for Science and other organizations are holding meetings in New York this week. 

"More coordination is essential,” he said, “but the process is happening very rapidly." 

jk/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97700/Scientists-call-for-development-goals-to-protect-Earth</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201007131052570015t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Development can no longer focus exclusively on improving people’s lives. Countries must now link poverty eradication to protection of the atmosphere, oceans and land, said a group of international scientists in a comment piece published today in the journal Nature. They propose six Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that do just that.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Drive for quality in global education post-2015</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303211305360467t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.

“We need a goal that encompasses our broad aim of quality education, equitably delivered, for all children,” said Caroline Pearce, head of policy at the Global Campaign for Education (GCE).

The meeting was one of 11 global consultations [ http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/area-of-work/post2015.shtml ] on the post-2015 development agenda.

Millennium Development Goal 2 - to achieve universal primary education - succeeded in pushing up enrolment rates: in 2010 some 90 percent of children were enrolled in primary school, up from 82 percent in 1999, according to the UN.

But the goal was narrow and even more narrowly interpreted: it focused only on access to primary education, and implementers tended to judge success by enrolment rates rather than completion rates.

And the quality in many cases, was very poor. Some 250 million of the 650 million children completing primary school lacked basic numeracy and literacy skills, according to the 2012 Education for All Global Monitoring Report [ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/themes/leading-the-international-agenda/efareport/ ], (GMR), while half of all teachers in Africa have little or no training, according to UNESCO.

Too many untrained teachers

In Niger there are just 1,059 trained teachers at lower secondary level for 1.4 million children. “It’s shocking. Would you send your child to a school with no trained teachers? The lack of a sense of urgency around this is shocking,” said Pearce.

The focus will now shift to look at quality and learning outcomes - this is very welcome, said Susan Nicolai, research manager at the Overseas Development Institute, who has worked for over a decade in emergency and development education.

A task force on learning metrics, set up by the Brookings Institution, is addressing what kind of basic learning competencies should be measured. National assessment tests are likely to feature.

“We don’t want a narrow understanding of quality,” warned Pearce.

“Quality needs to go beyond literacy and numeracy to focus on broader issues like a safe learning environment, creative thinking… This may be a stretch for some countries, but we want them to be stretched.”

Education experts also stressed the need to extend basic education beyond primary to include at least three years of secondary school. Discussions are still under way as to whether basic education coverage should start at four to include one year of early childhood education.

A couple of governments have tried to extend universal education to the first three years of secondary - notably the Kenyan government, which pushed up enrolment rates by extending free primary schooling to include early secondary schooling in 2008. “The aim is to create that expectation on a global level,” said Nicolai.

Equity and access

Equity and access are likely to feature much more centrally. “The progress [in education attendance] has happened mainly among groups that are easiest to reach,” said Nicolai. “The most marginalized still struggle with access - whether that is girls, rural populations, children with disabilities, those living in conflict or disaster-affected situations, and a whole range of other groups.”

One third of children out of school are estimated to have a disability, while the poorest quintile is four times less likely to attend school than the richest quintile, according to a 2012 GMR policy paper.

But improving access is not just about reaching out to marginalized groups or setting up more schools in rural areas - it involves creating an environment where these children want to attend school. Research in South America and South Asia by GCE in 2012 showed girls’ experience of school was much more negative than boys’ and that most did not feel they were learning in a safe environment.

UN agencies UNICEF and UNESCO, which led the consultation process, will outline the outcomes to be presented at a High Level Panel on the post-2015 development agenda [ http://www.balipost2015.org/ ] in Bali, Indonesia next week. The goals will then be refined over the next couple of months.

The shift in focus to new goals and themes does not mean the current focus on universal access to primary education will drop off, stressed consultation attendees. “There is still a sense of unfinished business, and this will not be forgotten,” said Nicolai.

Call for more government spending

But expanding the scope post-2015 will cost more. The share of government spending on education in developing countries has increased from 2.9 percent to 3.8 percent of GDP in low-income countries since 1999, according to UNESCO. GCE calls for this to reach 20 percent.

Following the introduction of the MDGs, official overseas development aid (ODA) to education increased dramatically, but the share of overall aid targeted to education has stagnated at 10 to 12 percent of the total, while the share of health has more than doubled, according to research by the Overseas Development Institute [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7776.pdf ].

According to GCE estimates, donors in the Development Assistance Committee [ http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacmembersdatesofmembershipandwebsites.htm ] (an OECD forum) channelled less than 3 percent of their aid to basic education between 2005 and 2009 once tied aid and other factors were excluded. GCE calls for 10 percent of ODA to target basic education.

“This is not that extreme. Almost all groups consulted in the UN 2015 global survey [ http://www.myworld2015.org/ ], prioritized education. And education has a huge impact on all other areas - youth employment, climate change, HIV. It is key to building stable democratic societies, and yet it is still wildly underemphasized in donor priorities,” said Pearce.

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]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97695/Drive-for-quality-in-global-education-post-2015</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303211305360467t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 21 March 2013 (IRIN) - Education experts gathered in the Senegalese capital Dakar this week to discuss what priorities should look like once the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) expire in 2015. The conclusion: more focus on quality and how to measure it; on equity and access for hard-to-reach children; and on what should happen during the first three years of secondary school.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Children break rocks to pay for school in Sierra Leone</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303051223520371t.jpg" />]]>FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.</description><body><![CDATA[FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.

Child labour is nothing new in Sierra Leone, but the brutal job of breaking stones with a hammer for hours on end in the baking heat has raised particular concern. Even for adults, the work is extremely tough, and injuries are common.

The rock-breakers are paid for finished gravel, or aggregate - sold at 5,000 leones (about US$1) per large plastic tub - but sales are sporadic and unpredictable.

Education and child labour are often closely entwined in Sierra Leone, where schooling can impose a severe financial strain. Although primary education is nominally free, parents must pay for uniforms, books, pens, transport and in some cases contributions to teachers’ salaries. To send their children to school, therefore, many parents must also send them to work.

In 2007 Foday Mansaray, a former mobile-phone salesman, set up a completely free school in the village of Adonkia, a few kilometres outside the capital Freetown, in a bid to get children out of the quarries.

The severely under-funded Borbor Pain Charity School of Hope currently has 380 students, all of whom have worked as stone-breakers, but Mansaray estimates there are up to 3,000 more children engaged in the practice throughout the country.

However, such is the level of poverty among many local families that despite paying nothing for their education most of the school’s children still have to work, and will often have to continue to do so once they move on to more senior schools.

Sierra Leone’s economy grew by over 20 percent last year, fuelled by the resumption of iron-ore mining, but the mineral boom has yet to be felt by most Sierra Leoneans.

View slideshow: [ http://www.irinnews.org/photo/Slideshow/83/Children-break-rocks-to-pay-for-school-in-Sierra-Leone ]

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97669/SLIDESHOW-Children-break-rocks-to-pay-for-school-in-Sierra-Leone</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303051223520371t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">FREETOWN 18 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in Sierra Leone are paying for their own education or helping their families make ends meet by working as rock-breakers for the country’s construction industry.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Call to end neglect of emergency education in Mali</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210050938270763t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Aid workers and experts are calling for more attention to education in Mali, where 200,000 children are out of school due to the crisis but where money for emergency education has yet to come forward.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Aid workers and experts are calling for more attention to education in Mali, where 200,000 children are out of school due to the crisis but where money for emergency education has yet to come forward. 

Though most schools in northern Mali are closed or thinly staffed, and thousands of children risk missing two years of schooling, donors have once again de-prioritized education to focus on what they say are more direct life-saving activities. 

The 2013 humanitarian appeal for Malis calls for US$18 million to fund emergency education activities this year. So far nothing has been pledged [ http://fts.unocha.org/reports/daily/ocha_R32_A985___14_March_2013_(12_42).pdf ]. The Sahel-wide call for $36 million (including the above), has also received no pledges [ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AusGu5uwbtt-dGY4Y0VFQWNOejUyQWNsXzFJT1YxMXc&single=true&gid=5&output=html ].

Last year within the emergency appeals in Mali, Chad and Mauritania, emergency education was funded at 6.4 percent, 14.5 percent and 0 percent respectively. 

UNICEF has been able to mobilize just under US$3 million for emergency education activities from other funding sources.

"Most of the donors have drawn back after the [2012] crisis - we are still trying to mobilize as much funding as possible," Euphrates Gobina, head of education at UNICEF in Mali, told IRIN.

Emergency education advocates have for years tried to leverage more funding and awareness for the importance of education activities in emergency response, but while some progress has been made [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/81437/GLOBAL-Emergency-education-gains-ground ] - including minimum standards for emergency education response - the money often does not come through. 

Education activities made up just 0.9 percent of global received humanitarian funding in 2012.

The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) says dozens of schools in the north have been closed, destroyed, looted or, in places, contaminated with unexploded ordnance. It estimates the education of 700,000 children across Mali has been disrupted by the crisis. 

In the north, some 5 percent of schools have reopened in Timbuktu; a handful in Kidal; and more in Gao, but only 28 percent of teachers were estimated to have returned to work there as of the end of February, said UNICEF.

Many teachers are too afraid to return to the north, while already overcrowded schools in the south cannot cope with the influx. 

"The school year is three semesters. If you lose four months, you lose the school year," warned Youssuf Dembélé, who is teaching displaced northern Malians in the central town of Mopti. Funding for the over-stretched school rarely comes in, he said. "It's too willy nilly. It's not well-organized. They say money is coming, but it never does."

Disconnect

The problem is that while parents and children prioritize education in emergency response, donors tend not to. The 2012 Sahel crisis was seen by donors as a food security and malnutrition crisis, thus sectors that are linked to this but seen as tangential, such as water and sanitation, health and education, were neglected.

"Parents ask for it [education]," said Lori Heninger, director of the International Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE). "Droughts are usually slow-onset and are not going to go away. How do you say to people in a chronic drought scenario: we're going to give you food, water and shelter - what does that mean for the development of the child, and for the development of that society in general?"

"If there are ways to learn about how to use the land in this changing paradigm, that will only happen through education," she added.

Ample evidence has been collected over the years demonstrating how important it is for children to return to school - for their psychosocial well-being, to help safeguard them in crises [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82272/GLOBAL-Does-emergency-education-save-lives ], and to enable their parents to rebuild their lives while their children are at school. However, such evidence appears to have had only a marginal impact in long-term crises like the Sahel's. 

"It's changing slowly," said Heninger, "but given the fact that 80 percent of what we call crises are long-term in nature, the fact that 0.9 percent of last year's humanitarian budget went to education, is pretty abysmal." 

Sector already stressed pre-crisis

While immediate help is needed to save the school year for Malian students, the long-term support donors give to education in Mali has also been severely depleted following donor cuts [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96049/MALI-Not-a-fragile-state-yet ] in response to the March 2012 coup d'état. 

Big donors, including the European Commission, USA, the Netherlands, Canada and others, withdrew donor support to the government following the coup. Half of the 2012 education budget was donor-fed. 

Some donors, such as the Netherlands, tried to find ways to keep up the funding and redirect it away from the Education Ministry towards NGOs; the Canadian International Development Agency redirected some of its funding for school materials directly to UNICEF.

Since the transitional government adopted a transition roadmap in January 2013, many donors, including the European Commission, restarted aid with education a priority. But severe gaps remain.

"Before the crisis the education system was already challenged in Mali," said UNICEF's Gobina. "An already stressed system has received displaced children in many schools: class sizes have ballooned, there are not enough materials - the infrastructure was just not prepared for this emergency." 

But a lesson to be applied in future is to include emergency education in overall education sector planning, particularly in crisis-prone countries, said Gobina. 

Refugee education

The lack of emergency education funding is a disincentive for the many qualified teachers who are volunteering in makeshift schools to teach their former pupils. 

Masa Mohamed, from Timbuktu, is teaching many of her former pupils at a school in Mbéra refugee camp in eastern Mauritania. But there are big differences: she used to teach 30 per class, now she must handle up to 100. "We don't have enough teachers, we don't have enough schools, we just teach in a tent, there are no desks, and it's very difficult." NGO Intersos pays her a small fee for her work, but most of the teachers are not paid. 

Ahmed Ag Hamama was a school director in Timbuktu. His old school has opened, he said, but it has no students or teachers. His school's 400 former students are in Mopti, Ségou, Kayes and Bamako in Mali, as well as in Mauritania and Burkina Faso, he said. 

Some 15 Malian refugee teachers are teaching in Mbéra, most of them paid with a small food ration. "It is not enough - life is very expensive here. Conditions are not good, and there is not enough food," he said commenting on the World Food Programme family ration size. 

"A guardian will be paid 90,000 ouguiya ($300 per month) but a teacher is not paid," he complained. 

Teachers in refugee camps in Niger, Burkina Faso and Mauritania, as well as in Mali, said displaced children showed signs of trauma. Many of them are just "not there", said Konaté Souleymane who is teaching in Goudeba camp in northern Burkina Faso. "Students are distracted, their minds are elsewhere."

UNICEF is trying to work with the Education Ministry in Bamako to find ways to get teachers working in the north, said Gobina.

According to school prinicpal Hamama, who is an ethnic Tuareg like most of the refugees in Mbéra, two fellow Tuareg teachers had recently left Mbéra to pick up their salaries in Bamako, but they were held at gunpoint for 24 hours. 

"We can't go back to Mali [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97585/The-returns-challenge-in-Mali ] if this is the situation," he said. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97656/Call-to-end-neglect-of-emergency-education-in-Mali</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210050938270763t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Aid workers and experts are calling for more attention to education in Mali, where 200,000 children are out of school due to the crisis but where money for emergency education has yet to come forward.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Keeping pastoralist children in school in Ethiopia</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in the pastoral regions of Ethiopia are dropping out of school despite government and donor efforts to bring schools closer to them. Recurrent natural disasters such as drought and flooding, as well as inter-ethnic clashes, are major factors in school dropouts.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Keeping pastoralist children in school in Ethiopia

ADDIS ABABA, 14 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in the pastoral regions of Ethiopia are dropping out of school despite government and donor efforts to bring schools closer to them. Recurrent natural disasters such as drought and flooding, as well as inter-ethnic clashes, are major factors in school dropouts.

In February, at least 17,000 primary school children in Ethiopia were reported [ http://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-weekly-humanitarian-bulletin-11-february-2013 ] to have dropped out since the beginning of the 2012-2013 school year, mainly due to drought-related migration.

In the northeastern Afar Region, some 15 schools have closed down due to a lack of water during the current dry season, affecting some 1,899 children, 29 percent of whom are girls, according to an 11 March update [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Humanitarian%20Bulletin_11%20March%202013.pdf ] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Ongoing conflict between the Oromo and Somali communities is also affecting education. “In conflict-affected areas of Oromia’s East Hararghe zone, some 10,600 children (40 percent girls) from 35 primary schools in Kumbi, Gursum, Meyumuluke and Chenasken [districts have remained] without schooling for over three months,” the update said.

In the southeastern Somali Region, seasonal flooding, ethnic conflict between residents in border areas, and even internal conflicts within the Somali ethnic group often adversely affect schooling, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

In 2012, for example, a flood emergency in the region severely affected schools in several districts. “During the flooding emergency that occurred in June 2012, around 3,196 girls dropped out of school. Most of the schools located in the seven woredas [districts] were flooded, with eventual destruction of all educational materials and school infrastructure,” said UNICEF.

During the emergency, UNICEF supported the creation of temporary learning spaces for the affected children.

Alternative schools

Children in pastoral regions often seasonally migrate with their families due to adverse weather or insecurity.

The Ethiopian government, through its Alternative Basic Education Center (ABEC) programme, has been taking schools closer to such children.

“It is to include the under-developed pastoralist regions that we needed to devise an inclusive and comprehensive strategy specifically for the areas. The regions and way of life there needed a different approach. We had to take the schools to the children, not the other way around,” Mohammed Abubeker, head of the special support and inclusive education department at Ethiopia’s Ministry of Education, told IRIN.

“And now, after years of efforts, we have in the regions… formal and non-formal schools. A student would find at least one informal school in every kebele [an administrative unit under the district].”

The ABEC programme has helped at least a quarter of a million rural Ethiopians living beyond the reach of the formal education system to access basic schooling, according to a statement [ http://transition.usaid.gov/press/frontlines/fl_may12/FL_may12_ETH_EDU.html ] by the US Agency for International Development (USAID).

But the alternative education ends at the fourth grade, and in some areas, children must walk two hours to the formal school to continue learning, notes USAID. “Not surprisingly, some still drop out, mainly for poverty-related reasons, including the families’ need for their children’s labour or their inability to pay for room and board near the schools.”

Pastoralists’ seasonal migration also means that, “learning spaces are closed, which results in [the] closure of more Alternative Basic Education Centres,” notes UNICEF.

‘Migrating’ education

In response to the pastoralists’ movements, education officials are seeking ways to ensure learning continues.

“In the pastoralist regions, people there often move either by choice or [are] forced due to conflicts or drought,” said Mohammed of the education ministry. “In such situations, we use mobile schools, which are really doing well. The teachers and education materials are made to move with the pastoralist[s], so the kids will continue to learn.”

“Also, we have recently started networking the schools so when kids leave one area, we alert schools in the areas they [are migrating to] so that they can take them in,” he added.

Jointly with the UN World Food Programme (WFP), the education ministry is also running a school feeding system programme that is helping to attract pupils to schools.

UNICEF is also trucking water to drought-affected areas. “If kebeles are benefitting from water trucking, schools will not be closed since the communities are getting water,” notes UNICEF.

Despite the challenges, some success has been seen in educating children in pastoral regions, Mohammed told IRIN, adding that the Afar and Somali regions had gross enrolment rates of 75 and 83 percent, respectively.

“We have been doing well…but there are still many problems we need to solve. Our wish is that not a single child drops out permanently. Unfortunately, we are not there yet.”

kt/aw/rz

 ]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97662/Keeping-pastoralist-children-in-school-in-Ethiopia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children in the pastoral regions of Ethiopia are dropping out of school despite government and donor efforts to bring schools closer to them. Recurrent natural disasters such as drought and flooding, as well as inter-ethnic clashes, are major factors in school dropouts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Vaccine suspicion aggravates measles outbreak in Nigeria</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303131042200398t.jpg" />]]>KANO 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - An ongoing measles outbreak, which killed 36 children and infected over 4,000 in northern Nigeria between 16 February and 9 March, has been linked to a drop-off in immunizations due to vaccine shortages in regional health clinics and widespread suspicion of the vaccine, say government health officials.</description><body><![CDATA[KANO 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - An ongoing measles outbreak, which killed 36 children and infected over 4,000 in northern Nigeria between 16 February and 9 March, has been linked to a drop-off in immunizations due to vaccine shortages in regional health clinics and widespread suspicion of the vaccine, say government health officials.

Many parents have declined to vaccinate their children against measles as they believe the vaccine is harmful, according to Ado Mohammed, director-general of Nigeria's National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA). 

"Parents are largely to blame... for their refusal to have their children immunized against preventable diseases including measles due to unfounded suspicion that such vaccines are harmful to children, following persistent rumours that polio vaccine causes infertility in children," he told IRIN.

Distrust of vaccines has grown as parents often do not differentiate between the polio vaccine and other immunizations, according to Mohammed. The 12 states affected by the measles outbreak mirror those where polio is endemic and where resistance against the polio vaccine is highest.

Kano State has reported over 1,000 measles cases, and Katsina State 1,260.

Nigeria's junior health minister, Ali Pate, agrees (as did Kano State's health commissioner Abubakar Labaran Yusuf, and Katsina health commissioner Hussaini Yammama): "The measles outbreak is a direct consequence of parents refusing to immunize their children," he said, adding: "Measles is a disease that is 99 percent preventable."

Following incremental progress on reducing resistance to polio vaccine campaigns, on 8 January 2013 gunmen killed 10 polio vaccinators [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97486/Vaccinator-killings-set-back-Nigerian-polio-eradication-drive ] in separate attacks on two polio clinics in Kano two days after a radio station aired a programme which discussed suspicion of the polio vaccine.

Measles is a highly contagious viral respiratory tract infection that infects over 20 million people - most of them children - each year. It can be fatal if not treated quickly. Symptoms include high fever, coughing and skin rashes. Some 158,000 people, most of them children under five, died of measles in 2011, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Infants are immunized against measles for life at nine months as part of routine immunizations in hospitals and health centres. Other vaccines include yellow fever, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus.

"I don't allow my children to take any immunization because I don't believe they are safe. The West has been insisting we give polio vaccines to our children which we have refused, and now they insist we take our children for routine immunization which I see as another way of giving our children what we are trying to avoid in the polio vaccine," Shehu Gomo, a father of five, told IRIN.

Mamman Nababa, a father of three, told IRIN: "How could I be so naive as to allow my children to be given polio drops by people who go door-to-door giving the vaccine free while the government has failed to provide medication for most urgent diseases affecting us such as malaria and typhoid?... There is something sinister in the polio vaccine and this is evident from their desperation in forcing us to give the vaccine to our children.”

Vaccine shortage 

Health workers and parents said a shortage of vaccines has also contributed to low routine immunization coverage.

Lami Shuaibu, a nurse at a government hospital in Kano, told IRIN that many parents return to hospital week after week for routine vaccinations only to find doctors have run out of medicine. "At a certain stage they become fed up and stop going because they come to think it is a waste of time and energy," he told IRIN.

On 7 March 2013 Hajara Ibrahim's two-year-old daughter was admitted to Hasiya Bayero Paediatric hospital in Kano with measles. Ibrahim said she abandoned the idea of immunizing her child after several visits to hospital without getting the vaccines.

Mohammed blamed the local authorities that run health care centres for the lack of vaccines.

Nigeria’s Health Ministry supplies vaccines to states through NPHCDA for use in regional health centres.

"Some local governments don’t pick up the vaccine deliveries that we supply to states, which creates shortages at primary health care centres, depriving willing parents' access to such vaccines for their children," Mohammed told IRIN.

The national health authorities have procured 10 million doses from the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) to try to vaccinate seven million children in the affected states over the coming days as an emergency response to the outbreak.

NPHCDA will also supply solar-powered refrigerators to affected areas to stockpile vaccines.

Health officials, WHO and UNICEF were already planning a nationwide measles campaign for 33 million under-fives in June and August 2013.

aa/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 13 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97636/Vaccine-suspicion-aggravates-measles-outbreak-in-Nigeria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303131042200398t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANO 13 March 2013 (IRIN) - An ongoing measles outbreak, which killed 36 children and infected over 4,000 in northern Nigeria between 16 February and 9 March, has been linked to a drop-off in immunizations due to vaccine shortages in regional health clinics and widespread suspicion of the vaccine, say government health officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>The returns challenge in Mali</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303041217470500t.jpg" />]]>GAO/DAKAR 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 3,000 Malians who fled towns and villages in the north when armed men occupied their homeland have headed home, but the vast majority are staying put in the south or in neighbouring countries, for fear of insecurity, reprisal killings, and in the knowledge that basic services are still sorely lacking.</description><body><![CDATA[GAO/DAKAR 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 3,000 Malians who fled towns and villages in the north when armed men occupied their homeland have headed home, but the vast majority are staying put in the south or in neighbouring countries, for fear of insecurity, reprisal killings, and in the knowledge that basic services are still sorely lacking. 

“Recent attacks and fighting, unexploded ordnance, the fear of reprisals, and the lack of basic services, are all elements dissuading people from returning,” said Helene Caux, spokesperson with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 

Most of the 170,300 registered refugees in Mauritania, Burkina Faso, Niger and Algeria, are ethnic Tuaregs or Arabs, and many of them fear reprisal attacks [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97386/Killings-disappearances-in-Mali-s-climate-of-suspicion ], being targeted by the Malian army, criminality and the presence of jihadists in some communities. 

Timbuktu school director Amhedo Ag Hamama, a Tuareg now volunteering as a teacher in Mbéra refugee camp in eastern Mauritania, told IRIN: “No one [in Mbéra] is ready to go back… Living conditions are very difficult here, there is not enough food, teachers are working for no pay, but we will not return until there is sustainable peace.” 

Many refugees IRIN spoke to talked of the 1990-91 Tuareg rebellion in the north that caused them to flee. “We will only return if there is a viable solution,” Hamama continued, “not if in one, two, three years, we will have to flee again… We are scared of reprisal killings. We are scared of attacks from Malian soldiers. No one dares return.” 

UNHCR stresses the need for reconciliation efforts, together with efforts to combat impunity, to encourage peaceful coexistence between communities and help long-term stabilization, according to a 1 March briefing. 

Hamama has a paid job to return to in Timbuktu, but “even the money won’t draw me back,” he said. “Who can assure our safety, our security? No one. I do not have confidence in anyone.”

Restricted movement

Some want to flee but cannot. Arab shopkeeper Najim Ould Abadallah told IRIN he wants to go to Burkina Faso but is afraid of being harassed or detained at the military checkpoints en route. 

After hiding in his house for three weeks, he fled to a neighbour’s house and upon returning found his house looted - by Malian soldiers, a neighbour told him. 

Some Tuareg families from rural villages in Gao Region have fled to Gao town, as they feel they are safer there. Ahmed Haïdara, a Tuareg from Djebok, 40km east of Gao, took refuge with his family in a sandy courtyard belonging to house on the outskirts of Gao. "We are safe here. I trust Mali's army to protect us,” he told IRIN. “In Djebok there is nothing - no soldiers, no policemen. The Islamists can come back any time," he told IRIN.

Many cattle-herders sold their animals to pay for transport to flee and cannot afford to return, according to IOM spokesperson, Judy Dacruz. “Likewise many farmers were unable to plant because of displacement and thus have no way of supporting themselves through the rest of the year,” she said.

UNHCR and IOM are not encouraging or facilitating returns because of the security situation, but Caux pointed out: “We cannot prevent people going back spontaneously.” 

Some families are travelling up to Mopti in central Mali, and taking a boat onto Timbuktu. 

Most of the people IOM talked to said they wanted to return as soon as possible, with almost all wishing to go back this year, while a small group said they would wait longer for the situation to stabilize. 

Alongside NGOs such as Catholic Relief Services, IOM provides food packages and emergency kits for displaced families at major transit points such as Mopti in central Mali. 

Governance and basic services

As well as security, many say they are waiting for a return of basic services and governance structures - particularly mayors and a judicial structure - to be in place before returning. In an IOM survey displaced Malians also stressed the need for livelihood opportunities to be in place [ http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-and-views/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2013/pbn-listing/displaced-families-from-malis-no.html ].

While some government officials have returned to Gao town, which was occupied by separatist Tuareg rebels and militant Islamists last spring, government officials have yet to take up office. 

Social services are still largely provided by humanitarian organizations; shops remain closed and the same is true for banks, some food markets and pharmacies. Very few Tuaregs or Arabs remain. 

Schools are only now reopening, having closed in early January following the French-led intervention. In Timbuktu, schools have reopened but are all empty, said Hamama, as most of the students and teachers are living in Mbéra refugee camp.

Families who have registered their children in schools in the south want to wait out the school year before re-enrolling elsewhere, said UNHCR’s Caux. 

If people do start to return in large numbers, huge pressure could be put on infrastructure in transit points such as Mopti and Ségou, where stocks of food, water and medical supplies are running low, said Dacruz. “Government and humanitarian agencies need to start planning for receiving the IDPs [internally displaced persons].”

Fresh displacements

Meanwhile, ongoing conflict in the mountainous area north of Kidal, as well as recent fighting in Gao town, continue to cause fresh displacement. 

IOM monitors have counted an additional 18,702 people fleeing areas of conflict since the French invasion on 11 January 2013 [ http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-and-views/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2013/pbn-listing/displaced-families-from-malis-no.html ].

Some 260,665 Malians were registered as being displaced within the country as of the end of February 2013 - up from 227,207 in December 2012.

In Tinzawatene, in Kidal Region in the far north of Mali, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is trying to support people fleeing fighting. The supply of food and other items here and in Kidal and Tessalit has been seriously affected by the conflict and the closure of the border with Algeria, said UNHCR in a communiqué [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97453/Utter-destitution-for-north-Mali-displaced-ICRC ].

“They have come from Kidal, Gao and even from as far as Ménaka, some 600km away. We are currently helping 1,100 families, a figure that might rise as fighting continues,” said Valery Mbaoh Nana with ICRC in Gao.

kh/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 04 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97585/The-returns-challenge-in-Mali</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303041217470500t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GAO/DAKAR 04 March 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly 3,000 Malians who fled towns and villages in the north when armed men occupied their homeland have headed home, but the vast majority are staying put in the south or in neighbouring countries, for fear of insecurity, reprisal killings, and in the knowledge that basic services are still sorely lacking.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>How justice works in Pakistan’s tribal areas and beyond</title><pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207050724420908t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan&apos;s tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan's tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.

Talking to IRIN from the town of Khar in Bajaur, he said “tribal justice” was practised in the country, and killings had been carried out following verdicts delivered by `jirgas’ (gatherings of unelected tribal elders).

He did not see these as extra-judicial killings or a violation of the law, saying: “We have our own means to keep order here… Yes, over the years, killings have been carried out on `jirga’ orders - for murder, adultery or other offences.”

Traditional justice is strong in many of these areas - but that comes at the expense of universally accepted legal rights, say campaigners.

“The `jirga’ may offer justice in some cases, but there are flaws and there is evidence that the will of powerful tribal elders holds sway over the less influential,” Asad Jamal, a Lahore-based lawyer, told IRIN. The less influential, he said, “would include women”.

The `jirga’ courts are a community-based form of justice, deciding right and wrong in areas where national official judicial structures are out of reach.

Their power is particularly strong in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which are only covered by limited parts of the Pakistan Penal Code and the 1973 constitution.

Instead, FATA operates under the Frontier Crimes Regulation [ http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/fcr_2011.pdf ] (FCR) of 1901: colonial-era laws that condone collective punishments and lack a right of appeal or trial by jury.

Those who campaign against the justice of `jirgas’, say they often deliver injustice, in part because women have so little power over their decisions.

“Since women are not represented on the `jirgas’, verdicts often go against them,” Samar Minallah Khan, a human rights activist and documentary film-maker who has worked extensively in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), told IRIN from Islamabad.

Far-reaching influence

The hold of tradition and “traditional justice” extends beyond the more legally autonomous tribal belts.

Minallah said women in KP were “frequently produced before jirgas”, most often in cases of `swara’ [ http://www.khyber.org/articles/zafar/SwaraThePriceofHonour.shtml ] or “marriages of exchange”, where they were handed over to an aggrieved party to settle a dispute, including murder or other crime. “Under-age girls are often produced before jirgas by their fathers in such cases,” Minallah said.

The `jirgas’ often help reinforce discrimination against women, which can be particularly acute in rural areas in the north.

In the remote Kohistan District of KP where, technically speaking at least, national law applies, three men were shot dead in January this year as a result of a long-standing tribal feud [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/493163/kohistan-video-case-police-arrests-remaining-suspects-in-triple-murders/ ] involving allegations their brothers had mingled with unrelated women.

“In Kohistan, the ease with which people are willing to kill women, often on `jirga’ orders, is shocking. It is just something completely acceptable to them,” said Farzana Bari, chairperson of the Women’s Study Centre at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad and a well-known women’s rights activist who headed a Supreme Court inquiry into the case.

“In our culture men and women unrelated to each other are not permitted to mingle at all,” Nazir Kohistani, a businessman who now lives in Peshawar but has origins in Besham, Kohistan, told IRIN. He said he had moved to Peshawar when his three daughters were infants “so they could be educated and lead a normal life.”

Women’s rights curtailed

Maryum Bibi, head of the Peshawar-based NGO Khwendo Kor (Sisters’ Home, in Pashto), which promotes the education and empowerment of women, told IRIN: “Such traditions, and the power of `jirgas’ hold back women - preventing even their education, as well as other rights.”

A survey by the Islamabad-based NGO Sustainable Policy Development Institute (SDPI) conducted in six KP districts and Punjab Province, the results of which were released to the media last month [ http://dawn.com/2013/01/31/survey-results-highlight-violence-against-women/ ], found a large proportion of men in both provinces believed that there were situations in which it was necessary to use physical violence against women, and that banning violence was a “Western concept”.

Nevertheless, SDPI’s monitoring and evaluation team said that traditional `jirga’ courts still had a degree of popularity in the surveyed areas.

“It is difficult to change established ways,” said Shandana Bibi* who now lives in Peshawar, but hails from Mohmand Agency. “We as women can only try, but despite my efforts I have been unable to persuade my husband to allow our two daughters to study beyond grade five.”

She says she will need to “fight hard” to allow her daughters to receive even vocational training in sewing or embroidery, and the right to leave their home to receive the training.

Businessman Kohistani says he has come up against the same issues. He told IRIN: “In areas such as ours, there are women who never, ever leave the four walls of their home, simply moving from the home of their parents to that of their husbands. I did not want my daughters, or my two sons, to grow up in such a culture, and therefore I escaped it.”

However, escape is not possible for most. Nor do they necessarily wish to abandon old ways.

“We live as are grandfathers and great grandfathers did, we keep to our own ways as tribesmen; we believe life must follow tradition so we preserve our culture - and we are proud of the morality that comes with this,” said Javaid Khan from Bajaur.

He says his main concern is to “keep change away since it will worsen, not improve our lives, ruining morality, especially for women, who need to be modest and kept away from public life.”
 
*not a real name

kh/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 20 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97511/How-justice-works-in-Pakistan-s-tribal-areas-and-beyond</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207050724420908t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 20 February 2013 (IRIN) - Justice in Pakistan&apos;s tribal border areas is a contested issue.

“We are quite clear what justice is. If someone kills, commits adultery or some other offence, they deserve to die,” said Javaid Khan of the Utman Khel tribe in Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal agencies (districts) along the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Rising insecurity in northern Kenya</title><pubDate>Mon, 18 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209130913510804t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO-NAKURU 18 February 2013 (IRIN) - Over the past two months, an estimated 1,000 families have been forced from their homes in Baringo, a district in Kenya’s northern Rift Valley, because of recurrent conflict between the local Tugen and Pokot communities.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO-NAKURU 18 February 2013 (IRIN) - Over the past two months, an estimated 1,000 families have been forced from their homes in Baringo, a district in Kenya’s northern Rift Valley, because of recurrent conflict between the local Tugen and Pokot communities. 

Residents blame the escalating conflict on politics ahead of the 4 March general elections. 

“The politicians want to become popular by sending us away so that they can expand their supporters’ grazing land,” Michael Kandie, an ethnic Tugen, told IRIN in the Sibilo area. “By arming the Pokot to steal our livestock, the politicians are assured of winning in the forthcoming elections.”

The Pokot blame the Tugen, and an insufficient government presence in the region, for the violence.

Joseph Todokin, an East Pokot resident, said, "The police have lost the battle. They are scared, [and] gangs of bandits roaming in Baringo, Pokot and Turkana are very confident. They know the police are few in number. They are bolder and can now kill the police at will."

In November 2012, at least 40 police officers were killed in a botched operation to recover stolen livestock along the Suguta Valley, in the northern Rift Valley area of Baragoi, exemplifying the security challenges there.

High stakes 

In Baringo, the violence is being carried out by young men who seem to have received training, according to a recent report by the National Council of Churches in Kenya (NCCK), the Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre (IDPAC) and the Peace Corps. 

“Raiders appear well coordinated and are reasonably trained, assuming formations similar to police and military manoeuvres during raids,” it states.

Government officials deny the involvement of security officials in training these groups.

“Late last year, we had army officers training here. The rustlers could have observed [them] from a distance, practiced and perfected their manoeuvres,” Daniel Kirui, the Baringo East district commissioner, told IRIN.

Kirui attributed some of the violence to political incitement over disputed administrative boundaries. “This is a major cause of the recurrent conflict and cattle rustling.”

Kenya’s new devolutionary constitution has raised the political stakes [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94789/KENYA-Clashes-highlight-dangers-of-devolution ] in the neglected northern regions [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-depth/87469/83/Another-Kenya-The-humanitarian-cost-of-under-development ] considerably by promising real political and budgetary power at the county level.

Peace talks have been unsuccessful.

“Every time we meet as elders and agree to keep peace, politicians re-incite the youth, and we are pushed further away, and our animals stolen,” Stanley Rottok, a Tugen elder, told IRIN, adding that many people will be unable to vote in the 4 March elections as a result of their displacement.

“If the government gets serious, there would be peace and co-existence among all pastoralist communities, but for now, we remain neglected and rejected.”

The NCCK/IDPAC/Peace Corps report urged the government to put in place measures to prevent further violence; it also recommended revamping the education sector there to boost basic literacy. 

“But peace and protection remains our most basic needs,” said Rottok.

Adverse conditions 

The Kenya Red Cross Society’s (KRCS) has distributed food to the displaced families and is providing free medical care. Malaria, upper respiratory infections and waterborne diseases are the most common illnesses being reported.

Some of the displaced are sleeping out in the open, while others are staying with host families or in KRCS tents.

According to John Lokaala, KRCS Rift Valley logistics officer, there is a need to construct pit latrines to stem the spread of diseases. “They also need non-food items like mosquito nets, blankets, utensils and others.”

At least 12 schools in the area have also been shut down, with some teachers fleeing insecurity.

“It is unfortunate to see children fail to attend school due to human-caused conflict, especially [in] an area where literacy levels are already wanting,” added Lokaala.

The violence has also led to the closure of the main Ngiyang livestock market there. 

"We ask the government to urgently open the Ngiyang market. Many people have lost their work [and] source of food. The closure is creating more problems and poverty,” Pepe Kitamba, an ethnic Pokot, told IRIN.

According to Joshua Onyango, the Baringo North district commissioner, “Finding a solution is hard and slow.”

Police officers from the anti-stock theft unit have so far been deployed to hot spots in the region such as Loruk, Chemoi, Kapturo and Chepkesir, added Onyango.

The Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission is also expected to help to address boundary disputes in the Baringo and Pokot administrative areas.

The Northeast 

Garissa, in Kenya’s North Eastern Province, is also experiencing a rise in insecurity due to the activities of armed gangs.

According to Osman*, a civil servant in Garissa, residents are living in fear.

"Last week, a police sergeant was shot dead in public. A day earlier, a military personnel died in a grenade attack in [neighbouring] Wajir. Two policemen were [also] injured in the attack close to the police station. They [gangs] are targeting security officers right in the towns. This is worrying," said Osman.

Abdi Haji, another Garissa-based civil servant, told IRIN that insecurity had worsened despite the massive deployment of security forces there. A number of attacks have taken place in the area since Kenya invaded Somalia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94018/KENYA-SOMALIA-A-risky-intervention ] in 2011. The attacks are often attributed to sympathizers of the Somali insurgent militia Al-Shabab.

"Garissa has suffered the worst and highest number of grenade [and] gun attacks. Civilians, policemen and military forces have been killed. This town is the most dangerous place in Kenya. Nobody is safe."

Mistrust between the public and the police contributes to the problem.

"We are afraid. In case you report these guys, you will find them back in the streets. Two people at Bulla Iftin [Village] have been killed after they allegedly submitted the names of the suspects who had attacked police posts and police on patrol. It’s a clear case of corruption," said a resident of Bulla Iftin, on the outskirts of Garissa town. 

Residents have threatened to arm youths to retaliate against the killer gangs. "We know them [gang members]. Two are retired military officers, some were police officers, while a few were formerly bandits. Their financiers are wealthy traders and Somalia’s Al-Shabab group," said a resident who preferred anonymity.

A member of the area’s Islamic Council of Imams and Preachers, Sheikh Muhumed, said, "Those people who are committing these crimes are known. They have been reported to the police, but it’s strange not even a single arrest or conviction has been made after all the killings and attacks." 

According to Garissa County Commissioner Maalim Mohamed, 100 police reservists are being recruited to help the regular police. However, he stressed that unless local communities actively participate, efforts to curb the violence would be futile.

"Let the truth be told, these criminals are being harboured by our people. We can only win this fight with their help," he told IRIN.

*name changed

rk-na/aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 18 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97499/Rising-insecurity-in-northern-Kenya</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209130913510804t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO-NAKURU 18 February 2013 (IRIN) - Over the past two months, an estimated 1,000 families have been forced from their homes in Baringo, a district in Kenya’s northern Rift Valley, because of recurrent conflict between the local Tugen and Pokot communities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Vaccinator killings set back Nigerian polio eradication drive</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151402460743t.jpg" />]]>KANO 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Unknown gunmen on mopeds shot dead 10 polio vaccinators last week in separate attacks on two polio clinics in the northern Nigerian city of Kano, capital of a polio-endemic region where concerted global efforts are being made to stamp out the virus by the end of 2013.</description><body><![CDATA[KANO 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Unknown gunmen on mopeds shot dead 10 polio vaccinators last week in separate attacks on two polio clinics in the northern Nigerian city of Kano, capital of a polio-endemic region where concerted global efforts are being made to stamp out the virus by the end of 2013. 

In 2012 polio infected 28 children in Kano State, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 

Health officials fear the attacks will slow progress on the polio campaign in the region. 

“The attack on polio immunization workers is a setback to the [polio] programme and the success we have recorded so far… [The] polio eradication campaign is a very important issue with the Kano State government,” Kano State Health Commissioner Abubakar Labaran Yusuf told IRIN. 

“This shooting is a serious threat to polio immunization in Kano,” Aminu Ahmed Tudunwada, head of Kano State Polio Victims Trust Association (KSPVTA), told IRIN. “It will take at least three months to get the programme back on track because vaccinators are now scared of going out to do their work.” 

Polio vaccinator Naja’atu Usman, 21, was shot but survived the attack. Her elder brother said his sister would continue her work to eradicate polio when she recovered. “When she fully recovers we will encourage her to continue because polio eradication campaign is a noble undertaking,” he told IRIN. 

The vaccinators had just finished a four-day polio immunization campaign in two districts of Kano State and were about to start a one-day mop-up exercise to reach children missed in the initial round. 

Health workers were trying to vaccinate 90 percent of all children under five to build up “herd immunity”, or a group’s ability to withstand an epidemic. 

Nigeria, alongside Pakistan and Afghanistan, is one of three countries still considered to have endemic polio. Of the 222 polio cases recorded worldwide in 2012, 121 were from Nigeria, according to the WHO. 

Resistance to polio campaigns 

In the past, clerics have claimed polio vaccines contained the AIDS virus, while Kano residents told IRIN they did not understand the emphasis on polio when they lacked basic medicines such as for treating malaria in their children. 

There is also a logic to resistance to polio campaigns in northern Nigeria if one addresses the context, writes political economist and researcher at Harvard University, Shelby Grossman [ http://shelbygrossman.com/2013/02/the-logic-of-polio-vaccine-resistance-in-northern-nigeria/ ].

For instance, vaccinators are not always trained health professionals and go door-to-door to administer vaccines, rather than providing them in health centres where people expect medical care; the campaign has been centred on the Muslim north rather than the Christian south; in 2005 at least 100 children were paralysed by a vaccine-induced polio outbreak; and the word for polio in local language Haussa is `shan inna’, which literally means “to drink blood”, and is known as a spirit that consumes limbs - thus many root the disease in a spiritual, rather than a bio-medical problem. 

Kano State government suspended polio immunization between August 2003 and September 2004 due to allegations by Muslim clerics that the vaccine could render girls infertile as part of a US-led plot to depopulate Africa. 

The suspension contributed to the spreading of the polio virus to 17 countries that had been declared polio-free, including Sudan, Angola, Chad, Niger, Central African Republic, Somalia and Democratic Republic of Congo, according to WHO. 

Radio journalists accused 

The killings of the polio workers came two days after Kano-based Wazobia FM radio broadcast a popular programme called Sandar Girma, in which journalists accused traditional chiefs and government officials of taking money from the West to force on them a polio campaign that had harmful consequences, reviving conspiracy theories surrounding polio campaigns. 

On 10 February police in Kano questioned those involved in the programme, releasing them the following day. Although there was no proof to link the journalists with the deadly attacks, the police accused them of airing a programme that incited the killings. 

Meanwhile, Nigerian officials have vowed to push on with the polio eradication campaign. 

Nigeria’s junior health minister and head of the presidential committee on polio eradication, Ali Pate, led a federal government delegation to Kano on a condolence visit over the attacks. "We will not be deterred... We will continue helping children by protecting them from a disease that can be prevented," he told a gathering of officials and traditional chiefs. 

aa/aj/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 15 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97486/Vaccinator-killings-set-back-Nigerian-polio-eradication-drive</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302151402460743t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANO 15 February 2013 (IRIN) - Unknown gunmen on mopeds shot dead 10 polio vaccinators last week in separate attacks on two polio clinics in the northern Nigerian city of Kano, capital of a polio-endemic region where concerted global efforts are being made to stamp out the virus by the end of 2013.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Ugandan authorities concerned as HIV self-test kits hit the market</title><pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 06 February 2013 (IRIN) - The sale of HIV test kits to the public by private chemists in Uganda is causing concern among health officials, who feel that HIV testing should remain in the hands of professionals and be accompanied by counselling.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 06 February 2013 (IRIN) - The sale of HIV test kits to the public by private chemists in Uganda is causing concern among health officials, who feel that HIV testing should remain in the hands of professionals and be accompanied by counselling.

A number of pharmacies in the capital, Kampala, are stocking HIV test kits imported from China, India and several European countries; they retail for as little as 3,000 Uganda shillings (US$1.12).

"There is high demand for the HIV test kits. People come to buy them here. We sell a Determine [brand] kit at 3,000 [shillings]," one dispenser at PlusMedic Pharmacy in Wandegeya, a suburb of Kampala, told IRIN.

"I personally buy the kits from the pharmacies. I do HIV self-testing monthly in order to know my status. I don't trust my husband. I believe he cheats without taking consideration of HIV," said Janat*, a local resident.

"The kits are available in several pharmacies. You just walk in and ask for them. I embrace my results, whether it's positive or negative. Once the test shows positive, I will go for a confirmatory test in a health unit," said Hillary, another resident.

Unsanctioned

Several countries are considering [ http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/july/20120704hometesting/ ] introducing regulated over-the-counter HIV tests. In July 2012, the US Federal Drug Administration [ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm310542.htm ] approved a rapid HIV test kit for sale to the public.

However, while the Ugandan government is keen to have more people to know their HIV status - just 45 percent of men and 66 percent of women have ever been tested and received results, according to the latest AIDS Indicator Survey [ http://health.go.ug/docs/UAIS_2011_REPORT.pdf ] - senior health officials say they have not approved the private sale of self-test kits and would prefer the public to continue to use the health provider- or client-initiated HIV counselling and testing model recommended by the country's national HIV strategy.

"People need to be careful of these kits. There are several mushrooming health service providers [pharmacies and other unqualified personnel], which are illegal, quack and not genuine at all. They are not approved by us," Christine Ondoa, Uganda's Health Minister, told IRIN.

"Our policy is HIV counselling and testing. As a ministry, we are improving and strengthening our health laboratories services across the country for reliable and accurate results," she added.

"All the HIV kits that enter Uganda through the normal channels meet the required international standards, but the danger of these test kits is misuse," said Gordon Sematiko, the executive director of the country's National Drug Authority (NDA).

"Self-testing is a complicated one. I am not sure whether those who buy the kits know how to use them," said the Wandegeya drug dispenser. "Drawing blood samples and putting them in the strip to get correct results is a hard process. It's better and advisable for the couples to go and test in a health facility."

Sematiko notes that the NDA has concerns about counterfeit test kits being imported into the country. "It's hard for us to test their quality," he said. "Those who default the law, we shall take them to the professional bodies like Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council, the Council of the Pharmaceutical Society of Uganda, and Allied Health Professionals Council of Uganda for disciplinary action."

Counselling critical

Some officials say HIV testing can be highly emotional and should be managed by trained professionals.

"There are usually sentiments depending on the outcome of the results. Imagine a person conducts an individual HIV test and gets a positive result - what happens without counselling?" said Godfrey Esiru, national coordinator for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV at the Ministry of Health. "Some people can end up attacking or killing their partners if the results show HIV positive."

The country has seen a number of cases [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/90905/UGANDA-Deadly-consequences-of-inadequate-HIV-counselling ] of people killing their spouses over HIV-positive test results, highlighting the need for proper counselling following HIV testing.

"HIV counselling offered along with testing has been demonstrated to be an effective intervention for HIV infected participants, who typically increase their safer behaviours and decrease their risk behaviours," said Dan Travis, a spokesman for the US Agency for International Development (USAID), which supports HIV testing and counselling services in the country. "HIV testing without such linkage often confers little or no benefit to the patient."

However, senior Ugandan policy makers said they would be open to the idea of self-testing down the line, as long as it was properly regulated.

"It's important for people to know their HIV status in Uganda. I see science moving fast and making it easier for us," said David Kihumuro Apuuli, director-general of the Uganda AIDS Commission. "If we are to reach many people in Uganda, we require more sophisticated means like self-testing. However, we need to regulate it."

*name changed

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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97419/Ugandan-authorities-concerned-as-HIV-self-test-kits-hit-the-market</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 06 February 2013 (IRIN) - The sale of HIV test kits to the public by private chemists in Uganda is causing concern among health officials, who feel that HIV testing should remain in the hands of professionals and be accompanied by counselling.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Schools reopen in Mali’s Timbuktu</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210050941200814t.jpg" />]]>BAMAKO/TIMBUKTU/DAKAR 04 February 2013 (IRIN) - Children returned to school in Timbuktu in northern Mali on 1 February, a week after Islamist groups fled.</description><body><![CDATA[BAMAKO/TIMBUKTU/DAKAR 04 February 2013 (IRIN) - Children returned to school in Timbuktu in northern Mali on 1 February, a week after Islamist groups fled. 

Teachers say about half of all schoolchildren fled [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96463/MALI-Northerners-fight-to-learn ] northern Mali in 2012 when Islamist groups took over much of the north and shut down many public schools, dismantled the curricula in others, and sent some children to Koranic schools. 

“You cannot imagine the joy I felt in returning to this classroom,” said the director of Timbuktu’s main primary school, Coulibaly Ami Doucaré. She abandoned the school last April when Timbuktu was taken over by Islamist group Ansar Dine. 

“It’s important we save this school year. We’ll do everything we can to catch up, even if we have to study on Sundays,” she said, appealing to all teachers who fled to return. A campaign to recruit volunteer primary school teachers has signed up 12 so far. 

Aminata Touré, a student in the ninth class, told IRIN: “First of all, I feel like I’ve been let out of prison. I can walk around town, I can dress as I like - look, I’m wearing jeans. My second joy is that I have been reunited with my class, my friends, my teachers and my school-books. I thought the school year was ruined, but now I will be able to pass my diploma and go to the lycée next year.” Most Timbuktu schoolchildren lost at least four months of the school year. 

Mamadou Mangara, governor of Timbuktu Region, encouraged parents to do all they could to help repair schools so that all can reopen. 

Many schools were destroyed in Timbuktu and Gao, with tables and benches looted or damaged. Education network Education For All and local NGO Cri de Coeur have ordered 100 school desks and benches, as well as notebooks and pens to be sent to schools in the north, said Cri de Coeur president Almahady Cissé.

Half of the 5,000 students at the Teaching Academy of Timbuktu have fled to central and southern Mali or to neighbouring countries, according to a teacher there, Mamadou Camara. The Ministry of Education estimated at the end of 2012 that 10,000 displaced children from the north had no access to education.

In addition to help with school repairs, other priorities for Timbuktu’s residents are to repair dozens of damaged health centres and bring in fuel to run the electricity and water supply, said Timbuktu mayor Hallé Maïga. 

Food insecurity in the north is mounting due to disrupted supply routes and shortages of staple products, according to aid agencies. Earlier assessments by the UN World Food Programme indicated that 585,000 northern Malians were food-insecure out of an estimated population of 1.3 million [ http://mali.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/document/ocha-rapport-de-situation-23 ].

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 04 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97409/Schools-reopen-in-Mali-s-Timbuktu</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210050941200814t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAMAKO/TIMBUKTU/DAKAR 04 February 2013 (IRIN) - Children returned to school in Timbuktu in northern Mali on 1 February, a week after Islamist groups fled.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Uganda begins rollout of provider-initiated HIV testing</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20080704t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - All people who seek treatment in health centres in Uganda will be offered HIV testing and counselling under a new plan to increase access to HIV prevention and treatment.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - All people who seek treatment in health centres in Uganda will be offered HIV testing and counselling under a new plan to increase access to HIV prevention and treatment.

The acting programme manager of the AIDS Control Programme at the Ministry of Health, Alex Ario, says the campaign, 'Know your Status', will be rolled out in phases to accommodate the country's struggling health system [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96332/uganda-patients-go-private-as-state-sector-crumbles ] and low health worker numbers.

The system has been tested [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/78691/UGANDA-Routine-HIV-testing-boosts-uptake ], with promising results, in selected districts since 2006. The UN World Health Organization issued guidelines [ http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/9789241595568_en.pdf ] for healthcare provider-initiated counselling and testing in 2007.

"This is provider-initiating counselling and testing to a person attending healthcare facilities. The patient will be counselled and educated before the tests," Ario told IRIN/PlusNews. "I call upon Ugandans to embrace the campaign and accept it."

Uganda employs a number of testing strategies, including: routine HIV testing for pregnant women; client-initiated counselling and testing; home-based HIV testing; couples HIV testing; mobile HIV testing; and moonlight (night-time) testing for high-risk groups such as sex workers.

According to government statistics [ http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/ce_UG_Narrative_Report[1].pdf ], HIV testing is available in 80 percent of county-level health centres but only 22 percent of sub-county-level health centres. The number of people tested for HIV annually has gone up from 1.1 million in 2008 to 5.5 million in 2011.

Multiple benefits

The new strategy is part of efforts to lower Uganda's HIV prevalence, which climbed from 6.4 percent to 7.3 percent between 2006 and 2011. Studies [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059356 ] have shown that beyond the benefits of having HIV-positive people identified and referred for treatment, provider-initiated counselling and testing may also result in less risky sexual behaviour, reducing levels of HIV transmission.

"There are so many benefits of knowing their HIV status. Those who are HIV-negative will be careful and avoid engaging in risky behaviours. They will carry out preventive options such as partner notification, abstinence and safer sex," Ario said. "Those who are HIV-positive will be enrolled in antiretroviral treatment and have increased opportunities for social support to live normally."

AIDS activists have welcomed the start of the new programme, but warn that the government must improve the health system in order to cope with the likely increase in treatment numbers.

"It's a good initiative. It will enable people to guard and take care of themselves. But our health system is struggling. It has not measured up. We have serious shortages of health workers in the health facilities," Florence Buluba, the executive director of the National Community of Women Living with AIDS (NACWOLA), told IRIN/PlusNews. "The government first needs to address the challenges the health sector is facing before rolling out the programme."

She also stressed the need for adequate health worker training to ensure patients' rights were respected. "How are they going to handle the repercussions of those found to be HIV-positive? How can they handle the blame or abandonment issues? They need to educate, persuade, encourage and prepare people before the results are released," she said.

The AIDS Control Programme is currently training health workers in routine HIV testing and counselling; the training involves pre-test information, counselling, testing, disclosure of results, post-test information, initiation on HIV care, treatment and follow-up. It is hoped that by December 2013, all public health facilities will offer routine HIV testing.

Challenges

The Ministry of Health will have to conduct large-scale media campaigns to educate the public about the voluntary nature of the programme; already, a number of media outlets in Uganda have wrongly described the programme as "mandatory" or "forced" HIV testing.

An upcoming HIV prevention and control bill [ http://www.scribd.com/doc/31680838/HIV-and-AIDS-Prevention-and-Control-Bill-2010 ] criminalizes the deliberate transmission of HIV, makes HIV testing mandatory for pregnant women and allows health workers to disclose one's HIV status to their sexual partner. Analysts worry that if this bill is passed, it could affect [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/81636/UGANDA-Draft-HIV-bill-s-good-intentions-could-backfire ] the uptake of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling.

"Institutionalizing this practice is good, but it will not reduce the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in Uganda unless it... makes use of other platforms like collaborating with the media and other networks to publicize the proposed strategy," said Joan Esther Kilande, administrative and programmes assistant for the NGO Action Group for Health, Human Rights and HIV/AIDS (AGHA) Uganda.

A 2010 study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20387980 ] of the challenges of provider-initiated counselling and testing in Uganda found some of them to be: counselling HIV-discordant couples; poor follow-up of HIV-infected clients; low levels of male involvement; frequent stock-outs of supplies; and shortages of counsellors, lab personnel and referral services.

"These challenges must be addressed in order to optimize the success of [provider-initiated testing and counselling] programs at providing universal access to HIV testing and counselling services," the authors recommended.

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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97367/Uganda-begins-rollout-of-provider-initiated-HIV-testing</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/20080704t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - All people who seek treatment in health centres in Uganda will be offered HIV testing and counselling under a new plan to increase access to HIV prevention and treatment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Education disrupted by teachers’ strike in Kenya’s Dadaab refugee camp</title><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204041222370310t.jpg" />]]>DADAAB 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Close to 40,000 primary school children in Kenya&apos;s northeastern Dadaab refugee complex have had their educations interrupted by a two-week-long teachers&apos; strike over unpaid salaries.</description><body><![CDATA[DADAAB 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Close to 40,000 primary school children in Kenya's northeastern Dadaab refugee complex have had their educations interrupted by a two-week-long teachers' strike over unpaid salaries.

Due to funding difficulties, the African Development and Emergency Operation (ADEO), a local NGO that was responsible for primary education in Dadaab's Ifo camps, had to hand the programme over to another NGO, Islamic Relief, on 1 January. However, ADEO has not paid more than 600 teachers from 19 schools their December 2012 salaries.

The strike has been ongoing since the school year started on 7 January.

"I will not go to class until my little money is paid," said Ina Jama Hire, a teacher at Horsed Primary School.

"There have been uncountable promises which were never fulfilled, and we have lost patience now. It is unfortunate that meagre incentives given to the refugee teachers are delayed for almost two months," said Abdikadir Abdille Burash, one the representatives of the teachers’ association. "Although some of us attended the schools this week, we want UNHCR [the UN Refugee Agency] to immediately intervene."

ADEO, whose problems started in November, when teachers' salaries were paid later than usual, says it is dealing with a number of issues, but paying teachers' outstanding salaries is its top priority. The organization is involved in negotiations with the teachers to ensure that the school calendar can resume on 28 January.

Humanitarian agencies in Dadaab provide services to a population of 500,000 - in a camp built to house just 90,000 - but say they are strapped for cash. According to UNHCR, up to 60 percent of primary school-aged children in the complex are out of school [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92256/KENYA-SOMALIA-Hungry-for-learning-in-Dadaab-camps ]; just one-third of girls [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95272/KENYA-Overcoming-cultural-obstacles-to-girls-education-in-Dadaab ] between five and 13 go to school, while for those aged 14 to 17, one in 20 are enrolled.

"The funding situation is critical. While UNHCR has the same global budget as 2012, there are a number of simultaneous global emergencies, including Syria and Mali, so the Kenya budget is smaller than last year," said Mans Nyberg, senior external relations officer at UNHCR's Dadaab sub-office.

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]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 25 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97333/Education-disrupted-by-teachers-strike-in-Kenya-s-Dadaab-refugee-camp</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204041222370310t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DADAAB 25 January 2013 (IRIN) - Close to 40,000 primary school children in Kenya&apos;s northeastern Dadaab refugee complex have had their educations interrupted by a two-week-long teachers&apos; strike over unpaid salaries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>People return to battle-scarred Malian town of Diabaly</title><pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301231606170607t.jpg" />]]>DIABALY/BAMAKO 23 January 2013 (IRIN) - Residents of Diabaly, in the Ségou region of central Mali, have returned to find their town heavily scarred from the week of heavy shelling it endured until 21 January.</description><body><![CDATA[DIABALY/BAMAKO 23 January 2013 (IRIN) - Residents of Diabaly, in the Ségou region of central Mali, have returned to find their town heavily scarred from the week of heavy shelling it endured until 21 January. 

Diabaly, with a population of 35,000, was briefly captured by Islamist groups on 14 January, leading to air strikes by French forces, which officially liberated it one week later. Most Islamists fled on 18 January. 

Resident Mariam Sissoko, was one of the first of those who had fled the fighting to return. “I no longer recognize Diabaly. Everywhere you look there are burnt-out cars and tanks, destroyed buildings. The stadium has been completely destroyed. Frontless shops have been looted,” she told IRIN. 

Shelling destroyed dozens of homes and shops, as well as the principal school’s four classrooms. 

On one side street in the town civilians surveyed the burned-out wreckages of eight rebel pick-up trucks. The military camp, which the rebels used as a base, is in disarray and littered with ammunition, clothes, empty food packages and a few copies of the Koran. 

Most of the dead bodies have been cleared from the streets, though one or two remain. Near the river lay the body of a man, as yet unidentified but thought to be a civilian. It is unknown how many rebels, Malian forces or civilians died in the fighting. 

Aminata Kassoge, another resident, told IRIN she knew of at least three people from her neighbourhood who were killed. Some Malian soldiers injured in the fighting are recovering in the hospital in Ségou. 

Children play by the riverbed where French and Malian troops who now patrol the streets have parked their armoured cars. Malian soldiers proudly display boxes of machine gun ammunition and an assortment of hand grenades left behind by the fleeing rebels. 

On the other side of the gravel road is the church where the rebels left their mark, decapitating a statue of the Virgin Mary, smashing religious artefacts and flipping over wooden benches. 

Local priest Father Daniel is not at home, but his 16-year-old daughter, Estelle Kouaté, shows us a room where rebels scribbled Koranic verses on the wall. She fled to a neighbour’s house when the Islamists entered the town. “They told us we'll die together and those who insisted on leaving were non-believers,” she said. 

Most of the dozens of families who fled Diabaly - by bicycle, donkey, car or motorbike - to neighbouring villages Koroma and Niono or to Ségou, the first major town on the road north from the capital Bamako, have since returned. 

Shaken 

Many of those who remained are still shaken. When armed forces bombed the rebel camp, weapon caches and vehicles, the rebels initially dug in; some took refuge in people’s homes, residents told IRIN. 

Resident Cherif Moulaye told IRIN Islamists taking shelter in houses threatened to kill people if they complained. Some residents holed up at home watched as shops were looted and animals stolen. 

Ségou region’s mayor stressed the need to start rebuilding; his first priority is to rebuild the school and find a temporary school in the meantime. 

Roadside vendors and traders in the market have gradually returned to work, some selling their wares at inflated prices; the cost of rice is up by 27 percent, sugar by 20 percent. 

There is also a severe fuel shortage because much of the fuel was looted, according to teacher Diarra Moulaye. But, while some residents reportedly sided with the rebels, others are relieved they are gone, and that the fighting is over. 

Toutou Traore’s mud-brick house has been blackened in the fighting and jagged pieces of shrapnel are stuck in the wall. “The air strikes pushed back the rebels, without them we would have been finished. Diabaly would have become a ghost town like Timbuktu or Gao,” he told IRIN. 

Rising number of displaced 

As fighting has continued elsewhere, the number of displaced has risen: some 7,500 Malians have fled to neighbouring countries, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR): 4,208 to Mauritania, 1,829 to Burkina Faso and 1,300 to Niger. 

Far fewer are estimated to be freshly internally displaced: 1,479 have fled to Mopti, 1,136 to Bamako and 984 to Ségou, bringing the total number of internally displaced since 2012 to 228,920. 

In Konna, 60km northeast of Mopti in central Mali, sources told UNHCR that about 5,000 people had left during fighting, but are now on their way back. The agency heard a similar pattern for Niono, in Ségou Region. 

Agencies are gearing up to help the displaced, though in some areas access remains restricted. 

Ibrahim Almahadi, director of social and economic protection in Ségou, looks tired sitting behind his wooden desk at the social services office. "The authorities are struggling to help the IDPs [internally displaced persons]. Now that Diabaly was retaken we’re hoping that people will return home, but we’re worrying more people will come from Douentza, Gao and Timbuktu as the fighting continues,” he told IRIN. 

Two-thirds of the displaced are living with host families, who are resorting to borrowing money and food, selling goods and reducing the amount of food they eat to survive, according to the UN World Food Programme. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97322/People-return-to-battle-scarred-Malian-town-of-Diabaly</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301231606170607t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DIABALY/BAMAKO 23 January 2013 (IRIN) - Residents of Diabaly, in the Ségou region of central Mali, have returned to find their town heavily scarred from the week of heavy shelling it endured until 21 January.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: More than 1.3 million child labourers in Yemen</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204111323530980t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - The results of the first ever national child labour survey in Yemen suggest the country has more than 1.3 million child labourers, about 17 percent of all children.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - The results of the first ever national child labour survey [ http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_201431/lang--en/index.htm ] in Yemen suggest the country has more than 1.3 million child labourers, about 17 percent of all children.

An estimated 469,000 children aged 5-11, especially girls, are working as child labourers, with the survey authors saying "a sharp drop in the school attendance rate occurs when a child is employed."

The study defines as child labourers anyone under the age of 14 who is employed, and those in the 14-17 age group who work more than 30 hours a week, or are involved in any designated hazardous economic activities and occupations.

"Working at such a young age can deprive children of their potential, their dignity and their childhood. It can also be harmful to their physical and mental development," Frank Hagemann, deputy regional director for the Arab states from the International Labour Organization (ILO), told IRIN. ILO, the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Social Development Fund provided support to the government's Central Statistical Organization (CSO), which conducted the survey in 2010. ILO and CSO released a report this week based on the findings.

Poverty was identified as the key driver of child labour, as well as the lack of employment opportunities for school graduates and the large and growing numbers of young people; 42.5 percent of the population are under 15 [ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ym.html ].

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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 16 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97263/In-Brief-More-than-1-3-million-child-labourers-in-Yemen</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204111323530980t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 16 January 2013 (IRIN) - The results of the first ever national child labour survey in Yemen suggest the country has more than 1.3 million child labourers, about 17 percent of all children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Typhoon-hit Filipino schools to reopen</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111111110520t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.

“Never before have we had to deal with devastation of this magnitude. But we need to establish some kind of normalcy for the children,” Dodong Atillo, a communications officer with the Department of Education, told IRIN.

A state of national calamity was declared by President Benigno Aquino on 7 December. The opening of schools after Christmas [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97101/PHILIPPINES-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors-face-bleak-Christmas ] was delayed as many schools were being used as evacuation centres.

According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 569 schools, both primary and secondary, were damaged or destroyed by the storm, resulting in US$24.5 million worth of damage; 231,681 students were affected.

While classes will resume in schools that were partially damaged, children whose schools were totally destroyed will be taught in tents erected outside, UNICEF said.

“What we see is the devastation of the entire education system, not just damage to classrooms,” said Yul Olaya, a UNICEF emergency education officer from Davao.

In the municipalities of Boston, Cateel and Baganga in Davao Oriental, there are only two schools left.

“There are some areas where schools are now totally gone. This sends a signal to children that they can’t [ever] go back to school again,” Olaya said.

In response, aid agencies and development groups have set up tents as temporary learning spaces for informal children’s play sessions. Using drama, song and dance, children are encouraged to talk about their experiences. Gathering the children in temporary learning spaces is also a way for education officials to track and count the children as well as check on their health.

Typhoon Bopha (local name Pablo), struck Mindanao on 4 December, affecting more than 6.3 million people and leaving an estimated 2,000 dead or missing. More than 200,000 homes were damaged or destroyed.

According to the latest information from the Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, 13,940 people were still in 87 evacuation centres [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/NDRRMC%20Update%20Sitrep%20No%2038%20re%20Effects%20of%20Typhoon%20Pablo%20Bopha.pdf ], as of 25 December, while more than 900,000 were living in the ruins of their homes or staying with host families.

The storm, the strongest to hit Mindanao since records began, made landfall three times, triggering landslides and extensive flooding in the east of the island, particularly in the provinces of Davao Oriental, Surigao del Sur and Compostela Valley.

Challenges ahead

More than a month after the storm, electricity has yet to be fully restored, forcing many schools to rely on generators, while continuous rains are hampering clean-up efforts.

“The rain and the winds frighten the children. Some parents with very young children would rather not have their kids go to school at all,” said Gary Lara, principle of Boston Elementary School.

“It is really depressing to wake up every day and see the devastation and what used to be our homes in shambles around us."

On 8 January [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Typhoon%20Bopha%20Situation%20Report%20No.%2014%20as%20of%208%20January%202013.pdf ] the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance (OCHA) reported an inadequate amount of psychosocial support on the ground to reach education workers and schoolchildren.

Many people have also expressed concern over the long-term effect the storm could have on education.

Teresita Canatra, a school teacher at the Central Elementary School in New Bataan, Compostela Valley Province, believes attendance may be lower among older children who may be compelled to look for odd jobs to help their families survive.

Typhoon Bopha also washed away cumulative records of a student’s academic performance.

“Even if the children go back to school, how will we know if we can promote our students to the next grade? What will they show to prove they completed certain school levels?” asked Canatra, one of 1,200 teachers affected by the storm. Her family was displaced and spent days in a nearby sports complex that served as an evacuation centre.

According to experts, children in crisis benefit from the sense of normalcy provided by going to school. Unfortunately, in many cases, educational facilities are destroyed. Recovery is slow and is also hindered by weak systems and infrastructure as well as insufficient funding for rapid disbursement, said a recent article [ http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2012/10/31-natural-disasters-winthrop ] by the Washington-based Brookings Institution.

as/ds/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97227/Typhoon-hit-Filipino-schools-to-reopen</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111111110520t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of children across typhoon-hit Mindanao island in the southern Philippines will return to school on 14 January, more than a week later than schools elsewhere in the country, as officials struggle to get education back on its feet.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>