<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Education</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 08:00:33 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>KENYA: Tackling underage sex work in Nyanza&apos;s gold mines</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104061331120640t.jpg" />]]>NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike.</description><body><![CDATA[NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike. 

The money Julie makes from the kiosk is not sufficient, so she supplements it by having sex with the miners in exchange for money; it also buys their loyalty.

"These are my clients and I have to please them, so I allow them to do whatever they want so that they can come back tomorrow. If I don't do that, they will go to my competitor," she told IRIN/PlusNews. "The miners have money and they pay well for sex."

Nyatike District is in Nyanza province, which has an HIV prevalence of 14.8 percent, double the national average. The Kenya National Bureau of Statistics ranks Nyatike as one of the 10 poorest districts in the country, despite the gold boom.

At any given time, there are more than 1,000 miners in Nyatike's gold mines; as many as 100 girls also spend their days there.

Back to school

One local NGO, Hope for Africa, has started a programme to try to persuade young girls like Julie back into school.

"These young girls need to get back to school and make their future. We have decided to have counselling sessions where we ask those who are ready to get back to school to do so, and we provide them with commodities that they might need while there," said Miriam Oginga, executive director of the organization.

The NGO aims to provide the girls with school supplies -including sanitary towels, soap and other personal effects - as well as food and even pocket money, to eliminate the reason many of them resorted to sex work. Since the programme started a year ago, some 300 girls have returned to school. 

Caroline Atieno, 13, is one, having dropped out to sell food and sex in the mines. "Now I am in school and I have the small things that I couldn't afford because my parents were poor. At the mines I could get money but I am happier here in school because I will get better money when I finish."

Involving parents

Authorities are also working to prevent parents from encouraging their daughters to hang around the mines.

"Parents here bless sexual relationships between their underage daughters and the miners because these miners have some money to spend both on the girl and on the parents," said Emily Waga, a senior children's officer in the area. "In an area where poverty is common, girls become the best way out of it for many families - at least that is what they believe."

Health workers say sexual relationships between the miners and young girls, coupled with low levels of condom use, put the girls at an elevated risk of contracting HIV. 

"Many girls who come here to the facility, whether married or not, are HIV-positive because they are engaged in sexual relationships where they have no power and the miners, like fishermen, are very mobile and carefree," said Ruth Adero, a maternal and child health nurse at Nyatike District Hospital. 

According to Adero, girls younger than 18 account for 48 percent of all expectant mothers visiting the Nyatike District Hospital.

Targeting miners

Hope for Africa's Oginga noted that in order for the programme to be sustainable, the miners also needed to change their attitude towards sex with underage girls.

"We don't just target the girls, but also the miners because it is they who lure these young girls with money. We reach out to them and use both hard-ball and soft-ball tactics - we tell them men of pride do not prey on young girls but at the same time, we tell them about the law on sexual relationships with minors," she said. 

Julius Owino, a miner, is part of a recently formed committee of miners against sex with school-age girls; it urges young girls to report miners who pester them for sex, but notes that many girls are too afraid of being victimized to go to the authorities. 

"Some of us are now buying [into] the idea that we have been wrong all along buying sex from people young enough to be our daughters; taking them to school is a good idea because it means they are far away from us," he said. "We are reaching out to our fellow miners to help end the trade but I can't lie that it is easy. It has been a way of life here and changing it will take some time."

*Not her real name

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94804</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104061331120640t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NYATIKE 07 February 2012 (IRIN) - Inside a smoky makeshift kiosk, Julie*, 16, can hardly cope with the demand from her clients for a cup of tea and a snack - the men are parched from their work as gold miners in the western Kenyan district of Nyatike.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good results in programme to boost TB detection</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg" />]]>ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</description><body><![CDATA[ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems. 

Tanzania has been battling TB for years, a struggle intensified by the parallel HIV epidemic; approximately 47 percent of new adult cases in the country are HIV-positive. Without proper treatment, about nine in 10 people living with HIV who become ill with active TB will die within two to three months, according to UNAIDS [ http://data.unaids.org/pub/PressRelease/2010/20100722_pr_tb_en.pdf ]. 

The programme, which ran from April to September 2011, systemized the way suspected TB cases were reported and handled. It encouraged healthcare professionals to work closely with community leaders to raise awareness of symptoms at every opportunity, such as at village meetings. It also used posters and slogans to make sure high-risk groups were aware of symptoms. This produced more patient referrals to health centres for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. 

Another crucial part of the TB pilot project was the creation of a "cough register" in each area, recording who was referred to a healthcare professional for further testing, by whom and the results of that referral. 

Management Science for Health collaborated with the NGO, PATH, and the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, with financial support from the US Agency for International Development, at 12 health facilities in northern Tanzania's Arusha and Meru district councils. A crucial tenet of the programme was emphasising that TB and HIV treatment must be done "hand in hand". 

Results 

"In both districts the standard operating procedure intervention has improved TB case notification in children and women," said Zahra Mkome, director, TB/HIV projects at PATH in Tanzania. "[It] improved team work, commitment, motivation of healthcare workers, awareness and involvement of communities in TB control activities." 

An evaluation comparing six months of TB case notification before and after the project showed a 54 percent increase in detection of TB in all forms in Meru, while in Arusha it increased by 117 percent. 

The standard operating procedure “rules” were used to provide clear and simple instructions to the health workers on how to improve TB case detection at different units and sections within health facilities, both outpatient and inpatient departments. Each area was provided with a plan and goals to implement their strategy, plus additional equipment to aid diagnosis such as paediatric score charts. Each area appointed a task force for TB treatment and these groups were encouraged to hold regular feedback meetings. 

Little data exists on the scale of the TB epidemic in Tanzania, and experts believe the records created by this system could prove a crucial tool in combating its spread and establishing where it is already most prevalent. 

One doctor based in a rural practice was particularly encouraged by the increased reporting of paediatric cases. He said some children suffering severe respiratory distress had been saved, "who in normal circumstances would have died". A number of the clinicians involved attributed an increase in notification of cases in the under-16 age group specifically to the wider use of paediatric diagnostic score charts. 

However, several challenges were flagged during the pilot: healthcare workers at Arusha's Selian Hospital said there was an urgent need to strengthen laboratory services to help confirm diagnoses; a lack of microscopes in labs and delays in issuing results were also highlighted. 

Challenges to scale-up 

Rolling out the rules on a national scale could also prove challenging as the majority of Tanzanians live in very rural areas and a poor road network means access to healthcare is limited. 

Mobile diagnosis and training centres that offer new methods of testing - for example, with the use of fluorescence microscopes [ http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001057 ] - could make diagnosis much faster and more accurate. 

"Patients in Tanzania often have to travel very long distances as most live in rural areas, which costs them money to travel every day and some are essentially too week to go on their own as a very large number are already suffering from the weakness that comes with HIV," said Alex Schulzer of the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, which runs patient-centred TB programmes with the government. 

A shortage of medical professionals could also hinder the expansion of the programme; Schulzer recommended the use of lower cadre health workers and the community itself to fill gaps. The Novartis programme gives patients the choice to either take the daily treatment at a health facility under the supervision of a medical professional, or at home, supported by a family or community member. In the case of home-based treatment, the patient and treatment supporter are required to visit the health facility once a week during the two-month intensive phase to refill prescriptions and see a medical professional. 

Schulzer said the programme had created a system that gave patients "the freedom not to have to walk miles to the clinic every day. 

"We also needed to relieve some of the healthcare providers who cannot cope with such large patient numbers on a daily basis," he added. 

ah/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94771</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH AFRICA: Refugee children miss out on school</title><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311400500759t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.

“They told us [the schools] asked them to produce ID documents and permits which they don’t have," she said. "We also found the parents weren't working and couldn't afford to pay school fees, even for public schools."

In early 2011, Manjoro and several other unemployed teachers from Zimbabwe and elsewhere, decided to start a project that would go some way towards meeting the need of local refugee and migrant children for affordable schooling with no bureaucratic strings attached. Word quickly spread and today iTemba Study Centre accommodates about 140 children in five cramped classrooms on the first floor of an office building in Berea. In the mornings the centre is open to pre-primary pupils and in the afternoons, seven volunteer teachers teach grades 1-8 using donated textbooks. 

"It's a good school, but we don't have enough supplies," said Duduzile Zulu, 15, from Zimbabwe, who started coming to the centre about a year ago after her mother's income as a waitress failed to cover the cost of her attending a nearby private school. To progress to Grade 9 she will need to transfer to another school, "but I don't have a birth certificate and my Mum can't get time off work to go to [the Department of] Home Affairs," she told IRIN, adding that she knew of other migrant children who did not attend school at all.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) released a report on refugee education in November 2011 [ http://www.unhcr.org/4ebd3dd39.html ] highlighting the limited access refugee children have to education, particularly at secondary levels and for those living in urban areas. 

Barriers

While the quality of education available in refugee camps varies, the difficulties of accessing education in urban settings are generally greater. In addition to legal and policy barriers and the often prohibitive costs of sending a child to a local school, the UNHCR report noted that: "refugee children often have less support than in a camp-based school in adjusting to a new curriculum, learning a new language, accessing psychosocial support, and addressing discrimination, harassment, and bullying from teachers and peers. They may also encounter a lack of familiarity by local school authorities for the processes of admitting refugee children and recognizing prior learning."

A year-long, yet-to-be published study by the Centre for Education Rights and Transformation at the University of Johannesburg into the rights of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants to education in South Africa found that schools often demanded documents to enrol a child which are not legally required. 

"Often the students don’t have, according to the schools, the right papers," said Ivor Baatjes, one of the study researchers, adding that school principals and staff at public schools were often ignorant of South Africa's actual policy which grants every child the right to access education. "Even for children of undocumented migrants, children have the right to be in school and nothing should be a barrier," he told IRIN.

Demands that parents pay fees at government schools which have been designated as no-fee schools, create a further barrier, said Baatjes, especially for refugees who are often unaware of the law or of their rights. The study also found that those children who are admitted sometimes have to contend with xenophobic attitudes from both teachers and other pupils.

"They treat people equally here," commented Antonia Tshili, a 16-year-old from Zimbabwe, who left a government school last year after the fees became too much for her mother, and started attending iTemba. "At the other school there is this thing that Zimbabweans should go back to their country; they bullied me."  

UNHCR changes tack

Historically, UNHCR provided scholarships for refugee children to study in government or private schools in urban areas, but with nearly half of refugees now living in urban areas and only 4 percent of UNHCR's total budget in 2010 dedicated to education, this approach is no longer viable and the agency now prioritizes working with governments to advocate the integration of refugees into national school systems. 

In South Africa, UNHCR channels funding through local NGOs which educate refugees about their rights and school principals about their obligation to admit refugee children. Additional funding goes to helping refugee children with school books, uniforms and transport while a new approach, being piloted in Durban, is experimenting with donating lump sum contributions to inner-city government schools on the understanding that they will not turn away any refugee child seeking admission.  

"When you look at most of these schools, they host a number of under-privileged children, not only refugees, and the subsidy from government is not great," said Mmone Moletsane, UNHCR community services officer in South Africa. "While no child should be refused education because there’s no money, schools have to survive."

Despite such efforts by UNHCR and the NGO community, Baatjes said that centres like iTemba and a similar project based at Sacred Heart College in the nearby neighbourhood of Observatory, provided "a much needed space and service" to local migrant and refugee communities.

The donor-funded Three2Six Project at Sacred Heart College, now in its fifth year, uses classrooms vacated by the school's regular pupils during the afternoons, to teach refugee children up to Grade 6 level. The project also employs teachers who are refugees themselves and able to overcome language and cultural barriers.  

"While the parents are busy organizing their lives and trying to get papers from Home Affairs, the children come here," explained project coordinator Esther Oliver Munonoka. "The aim is not to keep the children here, but prepare them for proper school. By the time they leave, they can understand English and integrate into any school."

In reality, however, many of the students stay for as long as they can. Nzanga Kapena, 11, from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), who has been coming to the Three2Six Project since 2008, said her mother could not afford "regular schools" and that she does not know what will happen next year when she finishes grade six and will have to leave. "My sisters and brother, when they left here, they just stayed at home," she said.  

Future uncertain

The future of iTemba and the Three2Six Project are also uncertain. Neither are recognized by the Department of Education or receive any public funding. The Three2Six Project receives enough donations from faith-based organizations in Europe that its 150 students can attend for free and are given uniforms, stationery and books, but is still not fully-funded for 2012 and will likely have to cut its Grade 6 class next year despite what Munonoka describes as an ever increasing need for its services.

iTemba charges those parents who can afford it R200 (US$26) a month to cover rental of the building and to pay teachers a small stipend, but according to Manjoro, "a number are failing to afford it."

"My aunt doesn't pay anything for me to come here," said Sarah Dube*, a 16-year-old from Zimbabwe, whose mother sent her and her sister to South Africa "to get a better education".

"I'd like to go to a proper school, but I don't trust myself that I can make it," she added. "I think I'm behind."

*Not her real name

ks/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94766</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201311400500759t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 January 2012 (IRIN) - In the inner-city Johannesburg neighbourhood of Berea, where a large proportion of residents are refugees and asylum-seekers, it is not uncommon to see children playing football in the street or killing time at one of the local parks on a weekday. Judith Manjoro, an out-of-work teacher from Zimbabwe, teamed up with some other community workers two years ago to quiz the children about why they were not in school.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Disabled by the 2005 quake and still out of school</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.
 
His three younger siblings spend their day in school, and Jawad, a top student in his grade till a year ago, assists them with revision and homework. He has himself refused to go to school for over a year as the new private school set up in the area lacks a ramp to accommodate his wheelchair.
 
Jawad lost both legs after he was trapped for over two hours under the rubble of his public school during the devastating quake of 2005 which killed at least 73,000 people in parts of KP (then known as the North West Frontier Province) and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
 
That school is still to be built, and Jawad says he “feels too embarrassed” to be carried into his classroom. To add to his problems, his wheelchair, donated soon after his legs were amputated when he was nine, has also virtually fallen apart. “My family cannot afford a new one,” he told IRIN.
 
According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the 2005 quake left 23,000 children disabled. [ http://reliefweb.int/node/269151 ] UNICEF itself is building “child friendly” [ http://www.unicef.org/pakistan/reallives_4676.htm ] schools across the quake zone, complete with facilities for the disabled, and last year opened 16 more such schools. [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/176113/improving-education-unicef-opens-16-schools-in-azad-kashmir/ ]
 
"At the Child Friendly Schools UNICEF is building, we try to mainstream disabled children. Ramps are provided when needed, but issues like access to schools for children in remote areas are huge ones,” Jan Madad, an education specialist at UNICEF, told IRIN.
 
But the 165 schools UNICEF has agreed to build cannot cater for the needs of all the quake-affected children.
 
According to the Earthquake Relief and Rehabilitation Authority, set up by the government immediately after the quake, 5,751 educational institutions damaged or destroyed by the quake needed to be reconstructed [ http://www.erra.pk/sectors/education.asp ]. Some 73 percent had been completed by the start of September 2011. Work continues on others, but this still means many children have lacked access to school. Some still do, while for the disabled it is sometimes impossible to go back to inaccessible classrooms.
 
Difficult terrain
 
Apart from school design, the terrain where the quake struck affects this. Ali Khan, now 12, lives in the Allai administrative unit of Battagram District. With his legs damaged during the quake, he can only hobble about on crutches. But the 4km walk down a steep mountain path to the school nearest his village is too arduous for him to make.
 
Ali, who once dreamt of becoming an engineer, told IRIN: “This is fate. I have to live with it, and I just help my father the best I can around our farm. This is all that is left for me know.”
 
Scattered across the quake zone, other children are in a similar situation. The 5km distance along a rickety path in her village near Bagh in Kashmir cannot be negotiated in the wheelchair used by Asma Sharif, 13, and she receives only occasional lessons at home from her uncle. “He is too busy to help any more, but at least I have kept up some of the studies I had begun before the quake,” Asma told IRIN from Bagh.
 
Zahoor Uddin, a doctor at the Islamabad-based Hashoo Foundation NGO, which has worked with quake victims since 2005, told IRIN: “The problems are exacerbated because wheelchairs wear out quickly in that terrain, and the victims have no funds to replace them.” In some cases he said tutors had been arranged for children unable to reach school.
 
Carried to school
 
The problems for many children are acute. “I have a nine-year-old pupil, Gul Muhammad, who is carried to school on his father’s back. His friends help him to the toilet, and the hard chairs are uncomfortable for him as he has a back problem. I feel sorry to see him and wish our school had better facilities,” said Alimuddin Ali, 35, a school teacher in Battagram. 
 
He told IRIN he knew of disabled children in other villages with no access to school - either because of distance or the way schools were designed. 
 
“I have read of education by radio in some areas of the world for children in remote communities. Perhaps we can use FM radio to offer them broadcasted lessons,” he suggested.
 
“The thing is these children need to go to schools. Radio can’t help them. My son is growing, I am getting older, and I worry about how long I can carry him to school,” said Gul’s father, Hakim Uddin.
 
kh/eo/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94752</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Jawad Khan, 15, spends most of his day at home in his village in the remote Battagram District of Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa Province (KP), sometimes glancing at a magazine, or occasionally helping his mother shell peas or cut up potatoes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Male circumcision - women need counselling too</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) -  A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.  

 The University of Illinois' Chicago School of Public Health study [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/okeyo_ICASA_FP_abstract.pdf ] of 51 young women - presented in December 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa - found that most women were happy with the appearance of their partner's penis and enjoyed sex more after circumcision.

 However, the study also revealed that more women than men were likely to perceive HIV as a less serious threat - 51 percent of men compared with 76 percent of female participants, and to feel that condoms were less necessary following circumcision - 4 percent of men compared with 51 percent of female participants.  

 A greater number of women than men said after circumcision, they were more likely to have more than one sexual partner - 22 percent compared with 2 percent of men, and to have sex without a condom - 28 percent against 2 percent of men.  

 The study was conducted in Nyanza Province, home to the Luo, Kenya's largest non-circumcising ethnic community and the focus of the country's male circumcision programme. Since 2008, more than 350,000 men have been circumcised in Nyanza alone; the government aims to circumcise 1.1 million men by 2013.  

 The study's authors say the findings highlight the need to involve female partners in the male circumcision process, which has a strong counselling component, impressing upon men the partial nature of the procedure's protection against HIV.  

 "If women do not have a good understanding of the partial protection afforded by male circumcision against HIV, they may view circumcised men as 'safe' or even HIV-negative, just because they are circumcised," said Nelli Westercamp of the University of Illinois School of Public Health, one of the study's authors.  

 "It is crucial to involve women in the male circumcision decision-making, whether through counselling or public health education specifically targeting women. Couples’ counselling before the procedure would perhaps be the most beneficial for women whose partners want to go for the cut," she added. "It will not only clarify the concept of partial protection, but also could make a difference in the men's healing process and time of resumption of sex after the procedure, if the woman is involved and supports the man through the process."  

 According to Ronnie Asino, the district project coordinator for the Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, community outreach programmes target both men and women on all aspects of male circumcision. "We have community outreach programmes where we hold sensitization forums to educate people, including women, on the various aspects of male circumcision," he said.  

 Asino noted that married men were usually accompanied by their spouses and were therefore more likely to benefit from couples’ counselling before the procedure. "Unmarried men will show up alone and it is them whose partners are more likely to miss out on the counselling provided," he added.  

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94703</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Snake oil salesmen and dodgy HIV &quot;cures&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Uganda's National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm's owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.  

 The drug, known as Virol ZAPPER, was being sold in 37ml liquid doses, each costing about US$210; patients were advised to take 10 drops daily. It was being advertised on local radio and TV stations as a miracle cure for HIV.  

 The sale of such "cures" is a profitable racket for charlatans willing to take advantage of desperate HIV-positive people; here is a collection of some dodgy treatments that have made the news in Africa over the years:  

 Tanzania - In 2011, tens of thousands of people from all over East Africa flocked to the tiny village of Loliondo [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=92360 ] in Tanzania seeking a cure for several diseases, including diabetes, tuberculosis and HIV. Ambilikile Mwasapile, a former Lutheran pastor, was charging 500 Tanzanian shillings - about $0.33 - for a cup for his concoction.  

 Several sick people died in the queues, which at their peak numbered 15,000 people. Studies are being conducted to determine the properties of Mwasapile's treatment.  

 South Africa - A 2008 Cape High Court judgment ruled that clinical trials of multivitamins in the treatment of HIV/AIDS by controversial vitamin salesman Matthias Rath [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=78739 ] were unlawful, and stopped them. The court also prohibited Rath from publishing any more advertisements claiming that his product, VitaCell, cured AIDS, pending further review by the Medicines Control Council.  

 Rath, who had been operating in South Africa since about 2004, claimed his multivitamins treated AIDS, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, bird flu and numerous other illnesses. Rath ran numerous advertisements aimed at convincing HIV-positive people to take his high-dose multivitamins rather than ARVs, available free-of-charge through the public health system, which he claimed were "toxic".  

 Kenya - In 2008, the government warned HIV-positive people in the country's eastern Coast Province [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79915 ] to reject herbal "cures" peddled by fake herbalists who claimed their concoctions contained unique ingredients that could boost the immune system and even cure HIV.  

 An estimated 80 percent of Kenyans use traditional healers either exclusively or in conjunction with western medicine; the government is drafting regulations to stop fraudulent herbalists from practising.  

 Gambia - In 2007, President Yahya Jammeh was roundly denounced by AIDS activists when he said he had found a cure for HIV/AIDS and began treating citizens. Shortly after his announcement, Jammeh expelled [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=70123 ] the most senior UN official in the country for questioning his "cure".  

 The programme is still running, but more Gambians are choosing ARVs over Jammeh's treatment.  

 Ethiopia - In 2007, thousands of HIV-positive patients flocked to Entoto, an ancient mountain north of the capital, Addis Ababa, seeking a "holy water" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=72375 ] cure for AIDS after local priests said they could cure HIV.  

 The Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abune Paulos, later advised patients to continue with their ARVs even as they sought healing at Entoto.  

 São Tome and Principe - In 2007, questions were raised about Dorviro-Sida, [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=74543 ] or "Put AIDS to sleep" in Portuguese, an anti-AIDS herbal remedy produced by Amancio Valentim, president of the Association of Traditional Medicine of São Tome and Principe. Valentim claimed three tablespoons of the brownish syrup, taken every day before meals, could reduce the viral load and make patients feel better; he said four patients who had taken the drug for four years had tested negative for HIV.  

 AIDS activists were concerned the drug could make HIV-positive people complacent about taking their ARVs, and the health ministry said it did not support Valentim's treatment.  

 South Africa - In 2006, a clinic in South Africa's east coast city of Durban began to sell "ubhejane" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39547 ] - a herbal mixture believed to treat HIV/AIDS.  

 The controversial traditional medicine received vast media coverage, mainly due to the backing it received from influential political figures such as the former health minister, Dr Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, and provincial health officials. Ubhejane, a dark brown liquid sold in old plastic milk bottles, had not undergone any clinical trials to test its efficacy. All that the tests confirmed was that it was not toxic.  

 But HIV-positive patients were far more willing to accept the traditional medicine as an effective remedy, flocking to the clinic to buy a full course of the herbal remedy that retailed at R374 ($40).  

 Uganda - In 2006, the Ugandan government banned the use of a popular anti-AIDS herb remedy known as "Khomeini" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39532 ], after tests found it provided no cure. Iranian Sheikh Allagholi Elahi claimed the drug - which contained olive oil and honey and cost $1,650 per dose - could cure HIV/AIDS and TB in three weeks.  

 Studies by experts in Uganda and Kenya found that while patients had gained weight due to the nutritional content of the drug, it was incapable of curing HIV.  

 kr/kn/mw]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94679</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good progress in male circumcision campaign</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) -  The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania's non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.  

 "The response is good and encouraging. Government and health officials are very cooperative," said Charles Wanga, a communications officer with Jhpiego [ http://www.jhpiego.org ], an NGO affiliated with Johns Hopkins University that is working with the government to roll out the programme in Iringa, a region in the southern Tanzanian highlands.  

 An estimated 67 percent of Tanzanian men are circumcised, but prevalence varies from region to region; in some parts of western Tanzania, circumcision levels are as low as 20 percent.  The programme - launched [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91849 ] in 2011 - aims to circumcise 2.8 million males aged between 10 and 34 within five years. It focuses on seven regions in western Tanzania where levels of male circumcision are particularly low: Iringa, Kagera, Mar, Mwanza, Rukwa, Shinyanga and Tabora.  

 Wanga told PlusNews that the project aimed to circumcise 260,000 men and boys in Iringa by 2015; the first phase, which ended in December 2011, was expected to cover 20,000.  

 "Up to September [2011], 30,000 men and boys were circumcised under the programme, which reflects success of 150 percent," he said.  

 According to Jhpiego, most of those volunteering for male circumcision in Iringa are adolescent boys and unmarried men; older, married men have been more reluctant to come forward.  Just 38 percent of Iringa men are circumcised; the region has an HIV prevalence rate of 15.7 percent - about three times the national average.  

 In the northwestern region of Kagera, more than 13,000 men and boys underwent circumcision between 2010 and 2011, according to Songoro Biki, an official with the NGO, International Centre for AIDS Prevention, which is supporting male circumcision in the area.  

 "The response to the campaign is quite promising as more people were showing up voluntarily for the 'cut'; we expect to reach over 300,000 by 2015," he said.  

 He said the service was being provided at the Bukoba Regional hospital and Rubya hospital, in Muleba district, adding that plans were under way to provide the service at Maruku and Izimbya Wards, in Bukoba Rural district.  

 The programme - supported by the Tanzanian government, the US government and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - provides the service free of charge; male circumcision usually costs US$10-17. Tanzania has also trained nurses to perform the procedure, as the country has a shortage of doctors.  

 Three randomized controlled trials in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda provided evidence [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=62729 ] that male circumcision can reduce a man's risk of becoming infected with HIV through heterosexual intercourse by as much as 60 percent.  

 According to the UN World Health Organization [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502511_eng.pdf ], Tanzania needs to circumcise some 1,373,271 men in order to achieve 80 percent prevalence, which would potentially avert 200,000 new HIV infections within five years.  

jk/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94667</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Drought, floods hit education</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181247390096t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials. 

At least 385,000 school-children need "emergency education assistance this school year", Alexandra Westerbeek, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) communication manager in Ethiopia, told IRIN. 

"In addition, 70,000 children among [the] refugee population also need emergency education assistance."  

Parts of the affected regions of Afar, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, Diredawa, Gambella, Harar, Oromia, Somali Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region (SNNPR) and Tigray are under-developed and suffer chronic emergencies.    

According to Mohamed Abubeker, head of the special support and inclusive education office at the Ministry of Education, the Afar and Somali regions were the most affected. 

"Between June and July 2011, the drop-out rate had reached 50 percent in some of these areas, although it is now showing a stabilizing trend," Abubeker said. 

A number of formal and alternative basic education schools have also been damaged by wind storms.  

The alternative schools are non-formal programmes for children aged seven to 14, enabling pupils in pastoral areas to cover the equivalent of the first four grades of primary school in three years before transitioning into formal schools. 

“Food for education” 

The school-feeding programme is helping to draw pupils back to school, according to Abubeker. In an e-mail to IRIN, Melese Awoke, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) spokesperson, said WFP and partners were trying to secure additional funding to expand the “food for education” intervention. 

At present, WFP is assisting at least 625,000 children in 1,186 schools in six of the regions. But the WFP intervention is under-funded, according to Melese. 

Funding for emergency education was also a major gap in the humanitarian response from mid-2011, according to UNICEF, which noted that "the challenge for 2012 is to design more flexible programmes which are able to respond to the changing educational needs, whatever they are". 

Newer approaches are needed to tackle the problem. "The severity of the drought has caused different [types] of migration," said Arlo Kitchingman, the education cluster coordinator of the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies.  

"The longer students are out of school, research and experience suggests, the more likely they are not to return..." 

Kitchingman recommended "making the school calendar more flexible to accommodate pastoralists and nomadic movement with the intention that the school year doesn’t fall when the drought is most severe". 

If the school year followed such a pattern, he said, "It wouldn’t matter if children are migrating or moving to different areas, it won’t affect their academic calendar."

bt/aw/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94669</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201181247390096t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - Parts of Ethiopia are still reeling from the effects of recent drought, flooding, conflict or a combination of the three, resulting in increased numbers of children dropping out of school, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: The downside of male involvement in PMTCT</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg" />]]>KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</description><body><![CDATA[KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ] it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.  

 Silvia*, a 33-year-old mother of six, now living at her mother's home in western Kenya, says her 14-year marriage was doomed the minute she followed her healthcare worker's advice to bring her husband for an antenatal visit after she tested HIV-positive. "I was tested and I was told I was positive; I asked if I could go ahead and just carry the pregnancy and the nurse assured me it was fine," she said. "She, however, asked me to bring my husband when coming for the next visit and I agreed."  

 She convinced her husband to accompany her on her next visit, but when he tested HIV-negative, he accused her of cheating on him. "He left me at the hospital... When I got home, he beat me up and said the child I was carrying wasn't his and he chased me away," she added. "The nurse thought she was helping us but it turned out to be a curse for me."  

 There is limited research into the area of gender-based violence following HIV-testing, but a presentation by the NGO, the Sonke Gender Justice Network, [ http://www.slideshare.net/evonleer/3-ias-men-and-pmtct-peacockvienna-2010 ] at the 2010 International AIDS Society conference in Vienna, Austria, reported that women's experiences upon disclosing their status to their male partners were often "complex and positive": some studies reported violence levels of up to 14 percent, while others stated that about half of HIV-positive women said their partners reacted supportively to the disclosure.  

 According to Beatrice Misoga, PMTCT programme officer with the AIDS Population Health Integrated Assistance (APHIA Plus), gender-based violence is more common in discordant relationships where the man is HIV-negative. "Male involvement has helped realize success with PMTCT programmes where it has been applied because prevention of mother to child transmission is a family issue, but yes, there have been challenges in certain aspects like the possibility of gender-based violence targeting women and more so in a situation where the male partner is not willing to be part of it."  

 Tensions  

 In 2009, Human Rights Watch cautioned [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87598 ] the Kenyan government to ensure that human rights were protected during a large-scale home-based counselling and testing programme; HRW noted that HIV-positive mothers - among them girls under the age of 18 - sometimes suffered violence, mistreatment, disinheritance, and discrimination from their husbands, in-laws, or their own families.  

 Some women, too fearful of the repercussions of revealing their HIV status to their husbands, opt out of PMTCT programmes altogether. "A woman comes to the facility but the moment you mention her man, she disappears and might resurface to give birth - some go to traditional birth attendants," said Julie Miseda, a nurse at Nyanza Province's Siaya District Hospital. "Some will tell you they are not married but the day they give birth, a man appears and claims he is the father.  

 "At times, involving both of them creates tension between them and they tend to keep very crucial information, for example, a history of a sexually transmitted infection, to themselves," she added.  

 Supporting men  

 According to APHIA Plus's Misoga, to preserve the benefits of male involvement in PMTCT, health clinics had to become more aware of the counselling needs of men. "Despite the disadvantages, the benefits of male involvement are immense and what needs to be done is to make these antenatal clinics male friendly. It is also important to give constant information and messages targeting men on the need to be part of prevention of mother to child transmission programmes," she said.  

 Christopher Mukabi, a local peer educator, says male support groups have proved useful in improving the way couples deal with an HIV diagnosis. "Bringing men together in male support groups and then using these groups to convince them to get into PMTCT programmes can help deal with some of the challenges, but stigma and alcoholism are still problems in getting men involved."  

 ko/kr/mw

*Not her real name

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94652</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Mutilated for venturing outdoors</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200906181101130265t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban. 

"When I hired a tutor so my two older daughters could keep up their learning at home, I began receiving threats," explained Salim Jan from Khar, the agency’s main town. He is in a quandary about whether to leave.

“The militants are still here despite the military's claims [ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8548277.stm ] of victory in 2010," he said. 

According to the autonomous Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP), [ http://www.dawn.com/2011/09/25/taliban-fear-forcing-tribal-girls-to-join-seminaries-hrcp.html ] many girls in 2009-10 were forced to join seminaries due to fear of the Taliban. 

"Not a single girl got admission to ninth class in Bajaur, FR [Frontier Region] Kohat and FR Lakki Marwat during 2009-10 due to Taliban threats,” and no girls went to college in Bajaur, FR Lakki Marwat or FR Peshawar either, said the HRCP said in a September report.

Opposition by the Taliban to girls` education, propaganda against it through illegal FM radio channels, threats and the declaring of girls` education a “vulgarity” and un-Islamic, were preventing parents from sending their daughters to schools, it added.

Zuleikha Bibi* told IRIN from her village near the town of Wana that she had heard of women being mutilated by militants, for “offences” such as venturing outdoors without a male escort.

"You who live outside the tribal areas cannot imagine what fear we women live in,” she said. “Here, in South Waziristan, there have been cases of Taliban bursting into homes to `check’ on women's morality. My teenage cousin had her hair chopped off because her head was not properly covered, just a few months back.”

Living in terror

Maryum Bibi, chief executive of the Peshawar-based NGO Khwendo Kor [ http://www.khwendokor.org.pk/ ] (Sister's Home), told IRIN: "Despite the official stance that the Taliban have been defeated, they remain present in remote areas… Women live in terror and have told me their stories of exploitation, harassment or other forms of terrible violence by militants.”

She said accounts contained in a recent study by her organization, which spoke of militants slicing off the breasts of a mother feeding her baby inside her home, had been "verified" by field workers. 

"I have met displaced women who were asked by security staff at camps for sexual favours in exchange for food," she told IRIN. She said women also lived in terror in settled areas with Taliban domination, such as Tank District in Khyber Paktoonkhwa Province.

"The plight of these women is terrible. It will change only if male mindsets can be altered," she said. 

Asia Bibi, 19, who now lives in Peshawar with her family, said: "Every woman in our home agency of Mohmand lives in constant terror. The fear of being humiliated when we step out on the roads, even if we are covered from head to foot, is demeaning, and violence against women is common - not only by militants but also other relatives.”

Diplaced and vulnerable

In an October 2010 report [ http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Internal%20Displacement%20in%20Pakistan.pdf ] HRCP described specific difficulties faced by displaced women, who had multiple problems getting registered at camps and receiving aid. 

“Involuntary displacement can expose women and girls to a range of factors which may put them at risk of further violations of their rights,” it said. In a separate report on Swat [ http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Swat-Paradise-Regained.pdf ] compiled during the same year, HRCP noted women continued to face many difficulties, including a lack of access to education and a lack of mobility even a year after the conflict in the area ended.

In a press release [ http://www.unic.org.pk/pdf/PR%20UNWOMEN%2020111219.pdf ] commenting on the Khwendo Kor report, entitled Impact of Crisis on Women and Girls in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas), UN Women said: "In crises situations, women are among the most vulnerable. During both relief and early recovery, women and children tend to be affected in very different ways from men." 

FATA are some of the least developed areas of the country, according to official figures, with the literacy rate for women standing at barely 3 percent.

*Not her real name

kh/eo/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94628</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200906181101130265t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - In Bajaur Agency, one of seven tribal areas in northwestern Pakistan, very few girls go to school due to threats by the Taliban.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Flood-affected schools re-open, but challenges remain</title><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201101107210758t.jpg" />]]>CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges. 
 
 "It is better to be in school rather than doing nothing in the evacuation centres. Going to school establishes a sense of normality amid this crisis," Department of Education (DepEd) regional director Luz Almeda told IRIN, referring to the 3 January opening. 
 
 "In times of disaster when many things have been rendered dysfunctional, showing that the education system is functioning again sends a positive message," Yul Olaya, an education officer with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), [ http://www.unicef.org/philippines/index.html ] agreed. 
 
 Tropical storm Washi pummelled northern Mindanao island, including the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Iligan, on 16-18 December, with flash floods as high as 4.3m washing away schools and damaging or destroying close to 52,000 homes. 
 
 According to government estimates, damage to infrastructure, agriculture and school buildings now exceeds US$30 million. 
 
 More than 1,250 people died in the storm, while 176 are still missing, the country's National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reported on 10 January. 
 [ http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/358/NDRRMC%20Update%20Sitrep%20No.34%20re%20TS%20Sendong%2010%20January%202011,%208AM.pdf ] 
 
 Some 24,500 people are still in 55 evacuation centres, many of them schools, down from almost 70,000 at Christmas time. 
 
 More than 200,000, however, are still staying with relatives or in makeshift shelters. 
 
 Figures released by the DepEd indicate that 49 schools in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan were damaged or used as evacuation centres, with two schools in Iligan City completely washed away by raging floodwaters. 
 
 At home in school 
 
 More than one million people were affected by Washi, which triggered flash floods and landslides and forced tens of thousands to seek shelter in evacuation centres. [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/map_1534.pdf ]. 
 
 Three weeks on, the basic needs remain shelter, food, water and sanitation/hygiene as well as health and psycho-social services, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 
 
 Among those displaced, 2,742 families took shelter in 10 schools, according to Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) welfare officer Primitio Rufin. 
 
 "We could not make them leave while we are still building alternative relocation sites for evacuees," said Rufin. 
 
 To cope, classrooms are being shared between evacuees and students. "The classrooms are used in the daytime by the students while the evacuees stay in the gym or covered courts. After classes, the evacuees go back to the classroom to sleep," Rufin explained. 
 
 In schools with large open fields, temporary tent cities have been set up. 
 
 "As of today, it is still a very small number of displaced who have been effectively relocated," admitted Araceli Solamilla, regional director of the DSWD [ http://www.dswd.gov.ph/ ]. "But we're working as fast as we can so that we can have the evacuees moved from the schools by the end of the month." 
 
 "We are continuously identifying areas suitable for relocation. But assessment and of course, building of permanent shelters, will take time," Solamilla added. 
 
 The DSWD hopes to have 70-80 percent of the displaced successfully relocated by end-March. 
 
 Incentives 
 
 Various aid and development agencies had to scramble to clear classrooms and make repairs in time for the 3 January opening, while incentives such as free backpacks with school supplies were given to children on opening day to entice them back to school. 
 
 On its fourth day of opening, the DepEd reported a student turnout rate of 42 percent in elementary and 16 percent in high schools in Cagayan de Oro. 
 
 But they hope this will steadily increase as other issues preventing the children from returning to school are addressed. 
 
 "Some of the children don't want to come to school because they have no uniforms. So many were left with nothing," Myrna Motomall, a DepEd school superintendent for Cagayan de Oro City, explained. 
 
 According to OCHA, initially, the agencies' aim was to help some 34,000 affected school-children in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan with early childhood care and development and basic education, strengthening child rights and protective mechanisms in learning institutions and enhancing capacities of teachers to conduct psycho-social support. 
 
 It has now been established that the number of children needing education assistance surpasses 210,000, 60 percent of whom are in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan cities. 
 
 as/ds/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94613</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201101107210758t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAGAYAN DE ORO 10 January 2012 (IRIN) - A decision to re-open schools in flood-hit northern Mindanao is being cited as key to re-establishing normality even though there are still huge challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>RWANDA: Aiming towards two million medical male circumcisions</title><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270750430610t.jpg" />]]>KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda&apos;s health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts.</description><body><![CDATA[KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda's health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts. 
 
 "We plan to extend free male circumcision services to all men in Rwanda - we are targeting two million circumcisions by 2013," said Simoni Kanyaruhango, head of the national male circumcision programme at the Rwanda Bio-Medical Centre. "The programme has, under the sponsorship of the Global Fund [to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria], extended the necessary kits ... to all district hospitals, which will in turn offer the service free of charge to the public." 
 
 The free male circumcision programme began in October 2011, and officials at the Ministry of Health say demand is growing. 
 
 "Here we carry out circumcisions every weekend but we are looking at including the working days as the demand is increasing by the day," said Christian Ntizimira, director of Kibagabaga Hospital in the capital, Kigali. 
 
 A large randomized controlled trial in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda found that medical male circumcision can reduce a man's risk of contracting HIV through vaginal intercourse by almost 60 percent. 
 
 In order to reach 80 percent coverage - a target set by UNAIDS and the World Health Organization (WHO) under a new plan [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94404 ] to accelerate medical male circumcision in eastern and southern Africa - Rwanda would need to circumcise 1,746,052 men; at present, some 15 percent are circumcised. 
 
 However, with a severe shortage of highly trained medical staff - according to WHO, [ http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS2011_Full.pdf ] Rwanda has just two doctors per 100,000 population - the goal is unlikely to be met unless lower cadre health workers are involved in the campaign. 
 
 Simpler techniques 
 
 At present, the programme is using circumcision surgery, the only WHO-approved method. 
 
 The government is hoping for WHO approval of a device known as the "PrePex system", which delivers "bloodless" male circumcision [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91919 ] and would reduce the need for a sterile environment, anaesthetic and highly trained medical personnel. The PrePex system works through a special elastic mechanism that fits closely around an inner ring, trapping the foreskin, which dries up and is removed after a week. 
 
 "This device has been clinically studied and found effective. We are only awaiting approval from the World Health Organization Technical Advisory Group on technical innovations in male circumcision," said Vincent Mutabazi, lead investigator in the PrePex Clinical study. 
 
 "With WHO approval of the device, we could perform male circumcisions anywhere, any time or even run mobile clinics out to remote communities rather than have men travel long distances for the circumcisions," said Agnes Binagwaho, the Rwandan Minister of Health. 
 
 Education gaps 
 
 Messages on male circumcision have been widely broadcast using print and electronic media, and health centres are also being used to promote the programme. 
 
 However, many in the target population remain unaware or afraid of the procedure. "I know about it of course and I appreciate its importance, but what would happen if I don't heal properly or even heal at all?" asked James Nkuusi, a restaurant owner in Remera, a Kigali suburb. "Besides, my wives are used to me the way I am now - my size, you know. If I got circumcised it would be difficult for me to satisfy them I guess, and I would never let that happen." 

 Experts say male circumcision does not affect [ http://www.malecircumcision.org/publications/documents/Low_cost_leaflet.pdf ] penis size. 
 
 Rwanda Bio-Medical Centre's Kanyaruhango said the government had made significant progress in demystifying the procedure. It is also being careful to emphasize that male circumcision must work in conjunction with other HIV prevention methods to be successful. 
 
 "Male circumcision should only be one element of a comprehensive HIV prevention package, which should include the promotion of condom use, the provision of HIV counselling and testing services and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. And this is what we emphasize," said Kanyaruhango. 
 
 rkm/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94604</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110270750430610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KIGALI 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - This will be a busy year for Rwanda&apos;s health centres as the country attempts to reach its goal of medically circumcising 50 percent of men by June 2013 as part of HIV prevention efforts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Government recalls faulty HIV test kits</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.
 
 In November, the UN World Health Organization removed the Standard Diagnostics Bioline® HIV 1/2 3.0 Rapid HIV Test Kit from its list of approved rapid test kits with immediate effect; the alert was issued after Bioline failed quality assurance tests.
 
 The Tanzanian government has followed neighbouring Kenya [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94586 ] in issuing an immediate recall of all Bioline testing kits in the country.
 
 "What we know so far is that 1,178 test kits have been used in the field, but we have yet to substantiate exactly how many of them were defective," Hadji Mponda, Tanzania's Health Minister, said at a news conference on 5 January.
 
 jk/kr

 ]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94592</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: New guidelines follow recall of faulty HIV test</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 In November, WHO removed [ http://nascop.or.ke/library/HTC/bioline.pdf ] the Standard Diagnostics Bioline® HIV 1/2 3.0 Rapid HIV Test Kit from its list of approved rapid test kits with immediate effect; the alert was issued after Bioline failed quality assurance tests. 
 
 The Kenyan government estimates one million kits were in circulation at the time of the recall, about one-tenth of all the HIV kits available in the country. 
 
 "We followed the World Health Organization alert and have in turn ordered all health facilities and voluntary counselling and testing centres to stop using the kit," said Shahnaz Sharif, Kenya's director of public health at the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. 
 
 New guidelines 
 
 Bioline, which is manufactured in South Korea, was in use as a confirmatory test, the second conducted during standard HIV testing, which uses three tests - an initial screening test, a confirmatory test and if there is a discrepancy, a third, tie-breaker test. 
 
 As a result of the recall, Unigold, the brand used in Kenya as a tie-breaker, now replaces Bioline as the confirmatory test, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test - which requires a blood sample be sent to a laboratory and takes significantly longer than the rapid tests - becomes the tie-breaker. A brand known as Determine retains its place as the official screening test. 
 
 "We have already engaged the services of a supply chain management organization to help with collecting the Bioline kit from facilities countrywide and at the same time, replace it with Unigold; it [the supply chain management firm] has the database of all the health facilities that received the faulty Bioline kit," said Peter Cherutich, deputy director of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme. 
 
 "Health facilities will commence working with the various partners to help trace people who might have been tested with the faulty kit so that they can come for repeat tests," said Jackson Kioko, director of public health and sanitation in Kenya's Nyanza Province, which has the country's highest HIV prevalence levels - 14.8 percent compared with a national average of 7.4 percent. 
 
 Concern 
 
 However, health workers are concerned that the use of the ELISA test will discourage nervous testers. "Except in the cases of infants, HIV tests results have always been instant and that has been the beauty of it; the process of having to wait for your result in case of discrepancies might be very agonizing for many people," said Julie Nasirembe, a nurse at a health facility in Nairobi. 
 
 There is also concern about the impact the recall will have on public confidence in HIV testing, especially as the country pushes for universal access to HIV counselling and testing. 
 
 "We don't know how widely this Bioline kit might have been used but it definitely eroded your confidence, not only in the health facilities but even in yourself, because if you test negative you are not sure if you are accurately negative," said Dan Mutisya, a resident of Kenya's capital Nairobi. 
 
 ko/kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94586</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EGYPT: Calls for minors to be kept out of political clashes</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg" />]]>CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.</description><body><![CDATA[CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.
  
 “I have seen hundreds of children leading the fight against military and civilian policemen in violent clashes across the nation over the past months,” Mahmud al-Badawi, a lawyer and the chairman of local NGO Egyptian Association for the Assistance of Juveniles and Human Rights, [ http://www.euromedalex.org/fr/node/14635 ] told IRIN. “This is totally against local and international laws.”
  
 Children were caught up in deadly clashes between demonstrators and military policemen guarding the cabinet and parliament buildings in central Cairo on 17 December. Some were seen hurling stones at the police and setting public buildings on fire.
  
 Some children were injured, others were killed in the violence, which has persisted since protests began against former president Hosni Mubarak in February 2011.
  
 “Too often children are caught up in the spiralling violence,” said Philippe Duamelle, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) representative in Egypt, in a statement [ http://www.unicef.org/egypt/media_6754.html ] on 22 December. “Reports and first-hand testimony by children paint a graphic picture of how the latest confrontations affect them.”
  
 Children were also caught up in deadly clashes near Cairo’s Tahrir Square on 23 November. Activists say most of those involved in violence live on the streets. That is why the problem of street children should be at the top of the National Salvation government’s agenda, they say.
 
 “The government has to pay some attention to these children who suffer a deplorable lack of the most basic services,” said Fadia Abu Shahba, an expert from the state-run National Centre for Social and Criminological Research. “These children have found no care whatsoever from society.”
  
 Cash inducements?
  
 According to Mahmud al-Badawi, children have been exploited and cajoled into participation in Egypt’s political conflicts.
  
 When clashes occurred outside the cabinet building on 17 December, he hurried to the scene along with other colleagues and found children holding money and cigarettes. 
  
 “The fact that these children were holding money shows that they might have been paid by somebody to be part of these incidents,” said al-Badawi. 
  
 Whether these children were paid to attack military policemen guarding the cabinet and the parliament buildings remains to be seen. A large number of juveniles taking part in the clashes were arrested and are being interrogated, according to local media reports.
 
 “UNICEF urges the authorities and all other parties to fully respect the rights of children and protect them in accordance with Egyptian and international humanitarian and human rights law,” said Philippe Duamelle. “They should not be victims of violence nor unnecessary witnesses to violence.”
  
 ae/eo/cb
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94587</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112210656030269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CAIRO 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The involvement of children in violence during ongoing clashes between protesters and police in Egypt should be addressed because it is against international norms, say child rights activists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: New PMTCT plan needs men</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia's new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say. 
 
 "Among the pregnant women who come to our hospital, less than 10 percent of them come with their partners," said Etalem Gebrehiwot, head nurse at the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) wing of Gandhi Memorial Hospital. "Those who find out that they are living with the virus usually face a problem while taking medicines, given that most prefer to take it without the knowledge of their partners." 
 
 Studies [ http://www.search4dev.nl/document/185326 ] show that low male partner involvement is one of the challenges to the success of the country's PMTCT programme. 
 
 According to experts, men's involvement in PMTCT can have a positive impact on PMTCT by encouraging their partners to visit antenatal clinics and have skilled health workers attend the birth of their children. In a 2010 Kenyan study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ], male partner involvement in PMTCT reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared to no involvement. 
 
 "The biggest challenge we are currently facing is to convince mothers to get tested in order to determine that they are eligible for PMTCT services... the major reason for their resistance is lack of consent from their husbands or partners, who are more influential in family matters including this," said Aster Shewa, who supervises Zewditu Hospital antiretroviral service centre in Addis Ababa. 
 
 "Besides, after they know their status, most HIV-positive mothers refrain from disclosing it, which usually impacts the way they use PMTCT services and their effectiveness," she added. 
 
 Many men do not see the advantages of an HIV test; one father, whose wife gave birth to a daughter in November 2011, told IRIN/PlusNews: "We are married - what is there to test about?" 
 
 "At the moment, hospitals with PMTCT services are increasing, and we have to work hard in convincing pregnant women, along with their partners, to use health facilities with the service in order to reach zero new infections," said Aster. 
 
 New national plan 
 
 The national accelerated emergency PMTCT plan - launched in December 2011 - has three objectives: reaching 90 percent of pregnant women with access to antenatal care services; ensuring universal access by pregnant women to a skilled attendant during delivery; and providing ARVs to at least 80 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women. 
 
 An estimated 1.2 million Ethiopians are living with HIV, including about 90,000 pregnant women; just 9.3 percent of pregnant women who are eligible for HIV services are currently receiving them. The number of Ethiopian women who visit antenatal clinics is growing - from 616,763 in 2008-2009 to 796,099 in 2009-2010 - and the number of mothers receiving HIV testing as part of PMTCT services has grown to over 70 percent, but just 6 percent of births are attended by a skilled health worker, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS10_Full.pdf ]. 
 
 "The new plan will focus on increasing the quality of services that expectant mothers get in the health services and also retain those who are using it. We intend to work on both in the demand and supply side of the service," said Tadesse Ketema, a maternal health adviser at the Ministry of Health. 
 
 "Through the health extension programme, the country manages to create easy access for family planning services for many families and that has worked so far. We are now planning to copy that in the PMTCT programme to reach out [to] each pregnant woman and give the service at their convenience," he added. 
 
 Ethiopia's "health extension programme" [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=72371 ] employs more than 30,000 lower cadre health workers to provide basic health care at village level. The government also intends to use "health development armies" - community groups mobilized to further government health programmes - to create demand and convince the community, including male partners, to benefit from nearby PMTCT services. 
 
 bt/kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94579</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201105121223560149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - Ethiopia&apos;s new plan to eliminate mother-to-child HIV transmission by 2015 cannot be attained unless men are more meaningfully involved in reproductive health, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Call for more coordinated approach to child protection</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201041152580355t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.
 
 Among the recommendations identified were: the need to align social norms, national laws and international standards of protection; the need to improve the development of children within their locale; the promotion of community mechanisms for child protection; the inclusion of children’s views in any protection regime; and joint initiatives to protect children from unlawful cross-border movement.
 
 The 79-page report [ http://www.tdh.ch/en/documents/which-protection-for-children-involved-in-mobility-in-west-africa ] drawn up by representatives of several national and international NGOs, entitled Quelle protection pour les enfants concernés par la mobilité en Afrique de l’Ouest? (What Protection for Child Migrants in West Africa?) looked at the problem in Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea and Togo in 2008-2010.
 
 “At the governmental level measures are generally limited to passing national laws. Joint action might simply amount to police intercepting and repatriating children,” said Moussa Harouna, programme coordinator for NGO the African Movement of Child and Youth Workers, stressing that greater unity of action was required by governments and international organizations to support village development initiatives and set up child protection measures. 
 
 The report calls on states and development agencies to integrate child migration into their development and child protection strategies. It wants any future ECOWAS action on the movement of people, particularly children, to be an essential part of a “coherent and pragmatic policy” against human trafficking and child labour.
  
 In addition, it calls on individual states to boost their ability to find victims of child trafficking and to differentiate this practice from other forms of mobility. 
  
 Push factors
 
 Children may leave their communities because of conflict within the family, or the desire for education, apprenticeships or job opportunities to help their families. Some parents force their children to leave, but often departure is voluntary and motivated by the quest for a better life.
  
 Zelmet Fatimah and Zeydata Amina from Niger, two girls who beg along the Teteh Quarshie Interchange, a busy highway in the Ghanaian capital Accra, say they left home because of hunger. “There is no food there,” said Zeydata, “I come here every day with my sisters and my parents to beg for money. I beg because we don’t have money and I am hungry.”
  
 However, push factors are many and varied: “The children’s motivations are rooted in the current changing world… It is misleading to believe that a state, civil society and development partners have the capacity and sufficient legitimacy to end, simply, this many-sided practice of child mobility,” said the report. 
  
 Positive outcomes
  
 While no one knows the precise scale of child migration, the report says outflows of children are generally from Mali, Niger and Guinea-Bissau, and their destinations are Benin, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo.
  
 Outflows north are less intense. The report says just 10 percent of the total number of children seeking to reach the Maghreb and Europe are from West Africa. Many are seasonal travellers, leaving for short or medium periods at the end of the farming season. 
  
 The migration of children is not always a negative phenomenon: migrant children send money home. Those from the same community might collectively fund a project. 
  
 Harouna said this had been the case in some villages in the Niger region of Makalondi, near the border with Burkina Faso, where migrant children had jointly paid to build a school for their community. The effect had been to encourage those who were too young to migrate to remain in their communities, at least for much longer, and others to return. 
  
 “The objective is no longer to stop migration at all cost,” Haround said. “It is also to improve conditions in the communities so that children do not have to leave to seek fortunes and a better life. Yet, even if they do, then organized protection must be provided within their host states or new communities in their own countries.” 
  
 oss/cb
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94582</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201041152580355t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - A new report on child migration in West Africa says thousands of children are being sold, exchanged or transported out of their communities each year in violation of internationally-recognized rights of the child, and calls on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to persuade governments to better protect these children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIDDLE EAST: The year that was</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.
 
 “Despite the fact that the Arab Spring may have brought hopes for freedom, democracy and better living conditions, it has not been without cost,” said Abdul Haq Amiri, head of the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in the Middle East.
 
 Here are the top 10 humanitarian consequences of a momentous year in the region, focusing on Egypt, Libya, Syria and Yemen. 
 
 Lives lost 
 
 2011 began with an 18-day uprising against former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak which left more than 800 people dead and over 6,000 injured. By year end, sporadic clashes between protesters, security forces and “thugs” had killed at least another 81 people and injured hundreds more. 
 
 In Syria, a crackdown against demonstrators demanding President Bashar el-Assad step down led to more than 5,000 dead - though the number is constantly changing. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93772 ] 
 
 In Yemen, at least 2,700 protesters, tribal supporters, defected soldiers and government-aligned army members and policemen have been killed in what began as peaceful protests against President Ali Abdullah Saleh but increasingly involved an armed opposition. Some 24,000 others were injured since the protest movement broke out in the first week of February, according to the NGO Dar al-Salam.
 
 Former rebels in Libya estimate the war there killed 50,000 people. 
 
 Displacement 
 
 Thousands fled Syria for Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93129 ] due to fighting between government forces and protesters, supported by army defectors. The economic situation of many host families in Lebanon was strained, and Syrians were attacked along and across the border, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94230 ] leaving them vulnerable not only in their home country but also when seeking refuge. 
 
 So-called sectarian clashes in Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93937 ] as well as a series of attacks on Coptic Christian churches, led as many as 100,000 Christians to flee the country in the months that followed the revolution, according to a local NGO. 
 
 In Libya, many people were unable to return to their homes because of the heavy damage and sensitive politics. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94332 ] 
 
 Iraq prepared for an influx of returnees from places affected by instability. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92748 ]
 
 Migration 
 
 The Arab Spring both affected the millions of migrants already in the Middle East and North Africa when uprisings erupted across the region; and also created new migration flows. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92186 ] 
 
 In Libya, sub-Saharan African migrants were accused of fighting alongside former leader Muammar Gaddafi and targeted by rebel forces. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93763 ] Hundreds of thousands of migrants left Libya during the war, in many cases returning to communities that did not have the capacity to support them. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93769 ] 
 
 In Egypt, migrants returning from Libya came home to a difficult reality [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94128 ] and heightened nationalism led to violence and discrimination against foreigners, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94294 ] including migrants and refugees. 
 
 Despite a host of problems in Yemen, Somali and Ethiopian refugees and migrants continued streaming into the country in unprecedented numbers, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ] often accused of being a party to the conflict between Saleh and the protesters trying to oust him.
 
 Meanwhile, tens of thousands of Yemenis illegally entered neighbouring Saudi Arabia in search of work. Saudi authorities say they detained 239,000 illegal immigrants in 2011, up 37 percent on the year before. 
 
 Access to health care 
 
 The often-violent crackdown on protests in Egypt’s Tahrir Square led to a shortage of vital medicines in pharmacies [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93450 ] and a sharp drop in blood donors. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93264 ] Amid the security vacuum that followed Mubarak’s departure, hospitals became dangerous places. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94299 ]
 
 In certain parts of Yemen, vaccination rates decreased by 20-40 percent as a result of the country's political and economic challenges. Hospitals struggled to cope [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93794 ] with increased demand among protesters. Health care facilities were barely functioning and access remained limited due to a lack of security, leading some health workers to flee their hospitals and clinics. Military presence in and around hospitals in Yemen led some wounded to seek treatment in private clinics. 
 
 Similarly in Syria, activists said they were afraid to take wounded protesters to hospitals, for fear they would be arrested by security forces there. 
 
 In Libya, the severely wounded had a hard time reaching hospitals [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93627 ] and the government struggled to secure medical treatment for the war-wounded abroad. 
 
 Access to education
 
 The unrest in the region set back the likelihood that many countries would achieve the Millennium Development Goals for education [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92091 ] by 2015. 
 
 In Egypt, nationwide demonstrations and repeated confrontations between demonstrators and military policemen forced several schools and educational institutions to close, while parents complained that their children were attacked by thugs on their way to school. Some rights groups said criminals used arms to take money from schoolchildren.
 
 In Yemen, hundreds of thousands of children stayed at home because their schools were either housing displaced people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93688 ] or being used as army barracks. 
 
 In the Syrian city of Homs [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94529 ] a school came under attack. 
 
 On the positive side, the children of displaced Syrians in Lebanon were able to enrol in public schools in northern Lebanon.
 
 Access to basic services 
 
 Yemen faced acute water and power outages. By year end, the price of water-trucking had risen to US$8 per cubic metre in some places, 2-3 times more than in March 2011. The power went out for more than 20 hours a day in most of the country's main cities, including the capital Sana'a, due to repeated attacks on the national grid. 
 
 Some areas of Libya went without water and electricity for months due to severe damage to infrastructure; and activists in Syria said water and electricity were cut from certain cities for days at a time before and during military operations.
 
 Economy 
 
 Across the region, the Arab Spring led to higher food and fuel prices, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] less availability of certain products on the market, people losing their jobs, enterprises going out of business, and investors being wary. The economies of Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94414 ] Syria [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94077 ] and Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94482 ] were particularly hard hit. Libya’s oil production dropped significantly and it had trouble accessing funds frozen under sanctions against Gaddafi. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94394 ]
 
 Food security 
 
 The devastated economies forced families to make difficult choices. In Yemen, where one third of people did not have enough to eat before the crisis, aid workers warned of shocking malnutrition figures. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94533 ]
 
 The price of basic food commodities in Yemen increased by 43 percent on average over the course of 2011, in a country where families spend 30-35 percent of their daily income on bread. 
 
 The Studies and Economic Media Center, a local think tank, warned that the number of food-insecure people increased from seven million to nine million in 2011 because of the unrest. 
 
 In Syria, the government made cash payments [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91999 ] to thousands of vulnerable families to stem food insecurity.
 
 The Egyptian government was incapable of maintaining the bread subsidy that many poor Egyptians rely on, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92682 ] and there were signs of increasing malnutrition in Upper Egypt.
 
 Proliferation of weapons
 
 Weapons proliferation increased in the region, especially in Libya, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94559 ] where an estimated 120,000 fighters needed to be demobilized; and surprisingly, in places like Egypt, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94308 ] where citizens purchased small arms to defend their families. An increasing number of army defectors led to a more violent Arab Spring in Yemen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94000 ] and in Syria, where the UN resident coordinator in September warned of the risk of civil war. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93816 ]
 
 In Yemen, less government control has led tribesmen to break into military camps, looting small, medium and heavy arms. 
 
 Aid delivery 
 
 Insecurity and the spread of conflict in several areas of Yemen hindered access of humanitarian actors and made aid delivery even more complex. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93883 ] 
 
 Syria has been virtually off-limits for aid workers and certain areas of Libya remained inaccessible for months due to fighting during the war. 
 
 According to one UN official, the unrest in the region caused some Gulf countries to cut some of their foreign spending and refocus funds internally, to appease the local population and avoid uprisings in their own countries. The Palestinian Authority, for example, complained of decreased donor funding: [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93550 ]
 
 ae/ay/jg/ha/cb
 
 ]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94581</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109211220490031t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 04 January 2012 (IRIN) - When hundreds of thousands of people across the Arab world poured into the streets in 2011 to demand freedom from dictatorship, they set in motion a series of events which not only created humanitarian needs in countries that were otherwise relatively stable, but also exacerbated existing humanitarian and developmental challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTHERN AFRICA: Pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines: 
 
 1. Swaziland's financial meltdown - As early as January, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) was warning that drastic measures were needed to stave off a financial crisis in the tiny mountain kingdom of Swaziland. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91609 ] The IMF's recommendations were largely ignored and the country's economic freefall continued with the main losers being the elderly whose pensions were suspended, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92263 ] orphans and vulnerable children whose school fees went unpaid, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93726 ] people living with HIV who faced an uncertain supply of antiretroviral drugs, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93256 ] and subsistence farmers who stopped receiving government support. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94113 ] The outlook for 2012 does not look any better with officials already predicting an increase in food security for most Swazis. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94481 ] 
 
 2. Malawi's escalating political and economic crisis - Concerns about human rights and economic mismanagement saw Malawi fall out of favour with Western donors who had provided 40 percent of the country's budget. The withdrawal of UK aid to the country in June hit the healthcare sector particularly hard. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92877 ] President Bingu wa Mutharika's increasingly autocratic rule, together with rising food prices and fuel shortages, contributed to widespread protests in July. The security forces' heavy-handed response, which left at least 18 people dead, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93325 ] did nothing to restore donor confidence in the government. Poverty looks set to worsen in rural areas where many smallholder farmers are no longer benefiting from a reduced Farm Input Subsidy Programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93954 ] and in urban areas where a slew of price increases are already taking their toll on the poor. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94498 ] 
 
 3. Deepening poverty in Madagascar - Two years after a coup which deposed President Marc Ravalomanana, Madagascar's political crisis remains unresolved and sanctions which froze all but emergency donor aid remain in place. IRIN's coverage tracked how the country's political stalemate has made an already poor country, even poorer [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92236 ] with the demise of free primary school education, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92235 ] a severely under-funded health sector and increasing levels of food insecurity made worse by a shortage of rain followed by flooding. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91970 ] In one impoverished town, IRIN followed a group of girls who had abandoned school to pan for a few flecks of gold. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92938 ] Signs that the country might finally be moving towards the restoration of democracy have not been enough to lift the sanctions, but donors have continued to find ways to deliver desperately needed aid. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94351 ] 
 
 4. Continuing political instability in Zimbabwe - Zimbabwe's unity government remains far from unified and incidents of political violence escalated following President Robert Mugabe's call for elections. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91506 ] Despite some improvements in the dire state of affairs at public health facilities [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93765 ] and more assistance to orphans and vulnerable children, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93858 ] mainly due to donor programmes, many Zimbabweans still faced economic hardship in 2011. Dry weather in the country's southern provinces caused crops to fail and put an estimated one million rural Zimbabweans in need of food assistance by the end of the year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94286 ] In urban areas, a shortage of clean water and sanitation caused an outbreak of typhoid [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94237 ] and created the conditions for a potential resurgence of cholera. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94452 ] 
 
 5. South Africa’s borders - The region's most developed nation is a magnet for migrants, but economic pressures fuelled continuing attacks on foreigners in 2011, particularly those operating shops in townships. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] The government's handling of xenophobia was deemed inadequate by civil society groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93130 ] while changes in policy indicated an official hardening of attitudes towards migrants. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94337 ] A two-year moratorium on deportations of undocumented Zimbabweans came to an end in October, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93912 ] new legislation created more hurdles for asylum-seekers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92286 ] and an unofficial policy of barring migrants from entering the country had a knock-on effect in neighbouring countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93403 ] 
 
 6. Flooding and livelihoods - Heavy rain at the beginning of the year brought localized flooding to many parts of the region, decimating crops and testing authorities' disaster preparedness. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91754 ] The floods claimed 104 lives in Namibia and a further 91 in South Africa, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93294 ] washed away the possibility of a harvest for subsistence farmers in Lesotho [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91925 ] and threatened the food security of affected populations throughout the region. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91881 ] 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94564</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106091122580057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - In 2011 the global economic crisis combined with poor governance, financial mismanagement and unpredictable rainfall to push several southern African countries to the point of crisis. Others responded to rising unemployment and increased pressure on national budgets by hardening their attitude towards immigrants and closing their borders to asylum-seekers. IRIN covered developments from all over the region, but the following stories consistently grabbed headlines:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TECHNOLOGY: IRIN&apos;s pick of the year 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting. 
 
 Here is a round-up of IRIN articles on important humanitarian technology in 2011: 
 
 Humanitarians in Libya used the Ushahidi [ http://www.ushahidi.com ] initiative to map the crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92686 ] and plan their interventions. 
 
 An electronic voucher scheme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94024 ] is being used to fight malnutrition by providing nutritious food to HIV-positive Zimbabweans on antiretroviral therapy and their families. 
 
 EpiCollect, [ http://www.epicollect.net ] developed by Imperial College, London, allows the geospatial collation of data [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93675 ] collected by mobile phone; Kenyan vets are using it for disease surveillance, monitoring outbreaks, treatments, vaccinations and animal deaths. 
 
 The Nepalese government and World Health Organization are mapping health facilities using GPS to help the country [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92413 ] plan disaster response in case of a major earthquake. 
 
 Tennis ball-sized mud balls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94224 ] were thrown into flood water in the hope of improving the quality of stagnant water following weeks of flooding in Thailand. 
 
 Using FrontlineSMS [ http://www.frontlinesms.com ] - an open-source software enabling users to send and receive text messages with groups of people - village malaria workers [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93662 ] in Cambodia can now report, in real time, all malaria cases in their villages to the Malaria Information and Alert System in Phnom Penh with a simple text message, including the patient's name, age, location and type of parasite. 
 
 The "Kenyans for Kenya" [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative used mobile cash transfer services to raise more than US$7 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] during the drought which affected northern and eastern parts of the country. 
 
 Tweetback, an Egyptian fundraising campaign [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93495 ] to help slum-dwellers, raised $218,855 within 10 days of its formation in July. 
 
 In Bangladesh, Airtel, a private mobile operator, has teamed up with the Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, the Centre for Global Change and two international NGOs (Oxfam and CARE) to provide early weather warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93914 ] to fishermen at sea using GPS. 
 
 A handheld, battery-powered device [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94483 ] which can take a drop of blood, urine or sputum and tell a community health worker in a remote village whether a feverish child has malaria, dengue or a bacterial infection is in development by Canadian scientists. 
 
 The Burkina Faso Red Cross sends bluntly worded text messages to government officials, employers, traditional leaders, teachers, business owners and housewives several times a year in an effort to reduce the widespread exploitation of domestic workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92708 ] by raising awareness of their rights. 
 
 As part of efforts to reform the mining sector, an initiative in the Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94465 ] aims to map artisanal mining sites, transportation routes, and mineral trading points, reflecting the security and human rights situation on the ground, using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. 
 
 The Map Kibera project, [ http://www.mapkibera.org ] which uses hand-held global GPS devices to collect geographic information in Nairobi's largest slum, is providing vital information [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91545 ] on the availability and location of health, security, education and water/sanitation services. 
 
 kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94565</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080636t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - Computers and mobile phones are already essential to humanitarian planning, and 2011 saw the growth of technology-based humanitarian interventions, from the use of GPS (global positioning systems) to provide early weather warnings to real-time health reporting.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Ten big stories in 2011</title><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907170659220562t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It&apos;s been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about &quot;the end of AIDS&quot;. At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It's been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about "the end of AIDS". At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.
 
 IRIN/PlusNews brings you 10 HIV-related stories that made headlines in 2011:
 
 AIDS turns 30 - The first case of HIV was reported in 1981, and 2011 was a year of reflection [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92883 ] on the growth of the epidemic and progress made in the fight against it.
 
 In 30 years, an estimated 30 million people have died, another 34 million are living with the virus and an estimated 7,000 new infections occur every day. An estimated 6.6 million people were on treatment globally by December 2010, but some nine million people who qualified for antiretrovirals (ARVs) did not receive them.
 
 ARVs as Prevention - The little pills that turned HIV from a death sentence into a chronic condition could now help us prevent new HIV infections. In May, the HPTN 052 study, [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92710 ] a large, randomized controlled trial, found that earlier initiation of HIV treatment led to a 96 percent reduction in HIV transmission to the HIV-uninfected partner.
 
 Activists have called on the UN World Health Organization (WHO) to rapidly develop guidelines on the use of ARVs as prevention.
 
 AIDS funding - In November, poor funding forced a board meeting of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in Accra, Ghana, to cancel [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94293 ] its 11th round of funding, which was to fund programmes from 2011 to 2013. The international financing mechanism is responsible for about 70 percent of HIV treatment in developing countries.
 
 Earlier in the year, the Kaiser Family Foundation and UNAIDS released a report [ http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/7347-07.pdf ] showing that funding fell from US$7.6 billion in 2009 to $6.9 billion in 2010 - the first time funding has dropped [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93521 ] in more than a decade of tracking HIV/AIDS spending. Between 2002 and 2008, spending rose more than six-fold before levelling off in 2009.
 
 Disappointing prevention trials - In April, a three-country study, known as FEM-PrEP, [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92514 ] was halted after daily doses of the ARV Truvada, used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), failed to prevent HIV infection in the women participating.
 
 In September, the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) for the Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic (VOICE) study - which aimed to test the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of the daily use of one of two different ARV tablets or of a vaginal gel - recommended [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93847 ] that women assigned to the tenofovir tablet should discontinue use because the study would be unable to show a difference in effectiveness between the drug and a placebo.
 
 In November, on the recommendation of the DSMP, the trial discontinued [ http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3909 ] the use of the tenofovir-containing gel - and a control placebo gel - on the grounds that it was not effective in preventing HIV in the women participating in the trial.
 
 Gaffe-prone politicians - In November, South African media reported that Helen Zille, premier of the Western Cape and leader of the Democratic Alliance, while addressing a wellness summit hosted by the Western Cape Health department, called for people who knowingly infected people with HIV to be charged with attempted murder. She also questioned why government should foot the bill for people who contracted HIV through "irresponsible behaviour" and urged the government to shift its focus from the treatment to the prevention of diseases.
 
 HIV activists in South Africa were angered by Zille's remarks; rights organization Treatment Action Campaign [ http://www.tac.org.za/community/node/3203 ] called them "misleading and unscientific".
 
 Uganda's recently appointed health minister, Christine Ondoa, was in August berated by AIDS activists for comments she allegedly made in an interview with a local newspaper on 1 August. According to Uganda's Observer newspaper, Ondoa claimed to know three people who had been cured of HIV through prayer. 
 
 The two join a long list of blunders [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93411 ] by African leaders on the subject of HIV.
 
 Anti-gay legislation in Africa - As a new session of parliament began in May, MPs backing a tougher anti-gay bill [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92739 ] - which includes a death penalty clause for repeat offenders - said they would persevere with it, despite President Yoweri Museveni's calls [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87728 ] for them to drop it.
 
 In November, Nigeria's Senate voted to criminalize gay marriage, gay advocacy groups and same-sex public displays of affection. The bill must be passed by the House of Representatives and signed by President Goodluck Jonathan before becoming law, but AIDS activists have said it can only serve to drive gay Nigerians further underground and away from HIV prevention and care services.
 
 Western countries have responded to the growth of anti-gay legislation; British Prime Minister David Cameron has threatened to withhold aid to countries violating the rights of their gay citizens, while US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in December that the Obama administration would Use its foreign policy to combat efforts abroad to criminalize homosexual conduct. Following Clinton's speech, Malawi - which in 2011 arrested gay rights activist Gift Trapence - has said it will review its anti-homosexuality legislation.
 
 Threats to generic ARVs - According to activists, the European Union (EU) in 2011 continued to push for tougher intellectual property rules in its negotiations with India over the terms of a free trade agreement. India - known as the 'pharmacy of the developing world' - produces the vast majority of the ARVs used in developing countries.
 
 Swiss pharmaceutical giant Novartis is also back in the Indian courts, challenging patent laws aimed at preventing the extension of drug patents for minor changes in existing products, a practice known as "evergreening". If Novartis is successful, India will be forced to grant more patents on drugs than they currently do, which will keep newer drugs out of reach of those who need them the most. 
 
 In March, UNAIDS released a policy brief [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92222 ] to help countries make intellectual property rights work for them, amid growing concerns over access to Indian generics. 
 
 Contraception and HIV risk - Helping women avoid unwanted pregnancies is an important part of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission, so when a study [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93908 ] conducted in seven African countries found that women who relied on hormonal shots - many African women use the contraceptive Depo-provera - to prevent pregnancy doubled their HIV risk, HIV programmers were left confused and disappointed. Published in The Lancet in October, the study also found that in women who were HIV-positive, using "the shot" doubled the chances that they transmitted HIV to their partners. 
 
 According to Jared Baeten, one of the study's authors, previous studies have suggested that perhaps contraception can lead to microscopic thinning of the vaginal mucous membrane and changes to the genital tract, making it easier for HIV to establish itself. 
 
 UNAIDS has called for more research and analysis ahead of a January 2012 meeting when WHO will review various studies as it prepares to revise recommendations on HIV and contraception use. 
 
 Medicines Patent Pool - In July, Gilead Sciences became the first pharmaceutical company to sign [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93213 ] a licensing agreement with the Medicines Patent Pool. The patent pool was established in 2010 by the international health financing mechanism, UNITAID, and aims to stimulate innovation and improve access to HIV medicines through the negotiation of voluntary licences on medicine patents that enable generic competition and facilitate the development of new formulations. 
 
 The agreement allows for the production of several of Gilead's HIV medicines, including tenofovir and emtricitabine, as well as two integrase inhibitors, which block retroviral replication, cobicistat and elvitegravir (both still in development), and combinations that include these medicines. 
 
 The US National Institutes of Health was the first [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90643 ] patent holder to join the pool when it licensed the life-prolonging antiretroviral (ARV), darunavir, in October 2010. 
 
 New HIV targets - "Zero new infections, zero stigma and zero AIDS-related deaths" was the bold new goal [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92962 ] set during the UN High-Level Meeting on AIDS in June. 
 
 The meeting concluded with the adoption of a declaration that seeks, by 2015, to double the number of people on ARVs to 15 million, end mother-to-child transmission of HIV, halve tuberculosis-related deaths in people living with HIV, and increase preventive measures for the "most vulnerable populations". 
 
 The goal appeared within reach when in December US President Barack Obama [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94371 ] pledged to provide HIV treatment to some six million people globally by 2013, an increase of two million on the previous target.
 
 kr/llg/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94562</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907170659220562t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 29 December 2011 (IRIN) - It&apos;s been a roller coaster of a year in HIV and AIDS. AIDS turned 30 in 2011, and with new evidence of the effectiveness of HIV treatment as prevention, experts are increasingly talking about &quot;the end of AIDS&quot;. At the same time, however, funding for HIV has become ever more uncertain, jeopardizing efforts to put new, life-saving science into action.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Five faces we were watching in 2011</title><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112271050530671t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - From scientific breakthroughs to herbal &quot;cures&quot;, HIV was never far from the headlines in 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - From scientific breakthroughs to herbal "cures", HIV was never far from the headlines in 2011. 
 
 IRIN/PlusNews brings you some of the people behind this year's headlines: 
 
 Mandisa Dlamini - Mandisa, daughter of murdered HIV activist Gugu Dlamini, took centre stage [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92929 ] at the South African AIDS Conference in the country's port city of Durban. Thirteen years after she was killed because of her HIV status, Gugu's murder continues to be a potent symbol of the dangers of stigmatization. 
 
 Mandisa's story was an emotive reminder of the darker side of HIV aid and activism; she said following her mother's death, which has been used to draw international attention to HIV stigma, friends were few and far between. Her story of growing up alone and becoming a teenage mother following Gugu's death before being taken in by a social worker she now calls mother, was not only a window into the lives of so many children, but also a commentary on how the HIV response often fails the most vulnerable ones left behind. 
 
 Myron Cohen - A professor of medicine, microbiology and immunology and public health at the US University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Myron Cohen was the principal investigator in HPTN 052, [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92710 ] the landmark randomized controlled trial which provided definitive proof that antiretroviral treatment reduces HIV transmission. 
 
 Hailed as one of the major scientific breakthroughs of 2011, "treatment as prevention" presents an opportunity for high burden countries to make real progress in significantly reducing the number of new HIV infections. 
 
 Ambilikile Mwasapile - The Tanzanian herbalist, a retired Lutheran pastor, made news with a concoction of herbs he claimed could cure [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92360 ] several ailments, including diabetes, tuberculosis and HIV infection. 
 
 At his busiest, Mwasapile was reported to be seeing up to 2,000 people a day from all over the East African region; news outlets reported that people died from various illnesses while waiting to see him. 
 
 HIV activists criticized the Tanzanian government for failing to reign in Mwasapile and properly advise people living with HIV that they must continue with their HIV medication, even after taking his drink. 
 
 David Kato - One of Uganda's leading gay rights activists, David Kato [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91744 ] was murdered on 26 January, leaving the country's gay community afraid and angry. Kato was vehemently opposed to an anti-homosexuality bill [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92739 ] - still before parliament - which would impose the death penalty on people found guilty of "aggravated homosexuality". 
 
 The continued stigmatization of men who have sex with men, in Ugandan society and under Ugandan law, has been pinpointed as one of the main reasons they have failed to access HIV services, despite being categorized as a "most at-risk" population. 
 
 In October 2010, Kato - a schoolteacher by profession - had his name and photograph and name published by a local tabloid, The Rolling Stone, under the headline, "Hang Them". He and others named in the publication sued, and a judge ruled that the paper had violated their constitutional rights to privacy and ordered compensation. 
 
 In November 2011, a court sentenced a man to 30 years in prison for the murder of Kato. However, activists continue to claim there was a cover-up of the events surrounding his death. 
 
 Barack Obama – The US is already a global leader in the fight against HIV – close to half the 6.6 million people who accessed ARVs in 2011 did so through the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) – and in December, President Barack Obama reaffirmed his government’s commitment to ending the pandemic when he pledged [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94371 ] to provide treatment to six million people globally by 2013, an increase of two million on PEPFAR's previous target. 
 
 He also pledged that the US would provide ARVs to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission to 1.5 million women, support 4.7 million male circumcisions in eastern and southern Africa, and fund the distribution of at least one billion male condoms. 
 
 kr/llg/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94548</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112271050530671t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 27 December 2011 (IRIN) - From scientific breakthroughs to herbal &quot;cures&quot;, HIV was never far from the headlines in 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>YEMEN: Unrest puts child marriage issue on back burner</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112211256280976t.jpg" />]]>DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.
 
 Several hundred girls in Dhamar have been forced into early marriages because their families need money, she told IRIN. "The number of child marriage victims is increasing, but no one pays attention to the problem because of the political unrest."
 
 Draft legislation on "safe motherhood", including articles banning child marriages, has not been debated as a result of the ongoing political unrest which interrupted parliament business, said MP Mohammed Qowarah, adding: “If there had been no protests, the parliament would have taken good steps towards tackling the phenomenon."
 
 Figures on the extent of early marriage in Yemen vary, but all indicators suggest the problem is widespread. A 2009 report by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour estimated that 25 percent of all females marry before the age of 15.

According to an 8 December report [ http://www.hrw.org/node/103334/section/2 ] by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the turmoil which has swept Yemen since early 2011 has overshadowed the plight of child brides.
 
 "Marrying early cut short their education,” said the report. “Some said they had been subjected to marital rape and domestic abuse. There is no legal minimum age for girls to marry in Yemen. Many girls are forced into marriage and some are as young as eight.”
 
 Yemen's political crisis has left child marriage at the bottom of the political agenda, said Nadya Khalife, an HRW women's rights researcher covering the Middle East and North Africa.
 
 "But now is the time to move on this issue, setting the minimum age for marriage at 18, to ensure that girls and women, who played a major role in Yemen's protest movement, will also contribute to shaping Yemen's future," she said.
 
 According to Widad al-Badwi, a human rights activist, many rape and early marriage crimes go unreported in Yemen.
 "Women are oppressed,” said al-Badwi, who participated in the launch of a 16-daynationwide awareness campaign in the media [ http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?cat=142 ] by the UN Population Fund, UNFPA, from 25 November to 10 December aimed at fighting domestic violence.
 
 The HRW report concluded that girls are being forced into marriage by their families, and then having no control over whether and when to bear children and other important aspects of their lives.
 
 “Short-lived"
 
 "Marriage of child girls is most often short-lived. It ends up in the child bride having trauma after being raped or abused by the husband,” said sociologist al-Masri.
 
 According to Arwa Omar, a social science teacher with more than 20 years experience in several all-girl schools in the capital Sana’a, child marriage is commonplace but ends up in failure.
 
 “In some tribal communities, girls are engaged even at age five, but marriage may take place just four or five years later," Omar said. "Child brides feel happy with the new clothes and jewelry they get ahead of the wedding party. But later on, they pay a big price for that… A child girl gets nothing from marriage except dropping out of school and having trauma."
 
 Mohammed Ali Nasser, a judge at Dhamar Governorate’s penal court, said a dozen child marriage contracts had been annulled by the court in the past three months.
 
 "Child marriages fail as child brides often run away," he told IRIN. Such cases end up in court, with the husband usually claiming parents of the bride should repay him for the cost of the wedding (up to the equivalent of US$4,500), he added.
 
 Health risks
 
 "Birth-related complications are common among underage mothers in Yemen. Many cases of child mothers under age 15 died in labour," said Intesar Ali, an obstetrics and gynaecology specialist at the government-run al-Thawrah Hospital in Sana’a.
 
 A report by the World Population Foundation [ http://www.wpf.org/reproductive_rights_article/facts ] says girls aged 15-19 are twice as likely to die in childbirth as those in their twenties, and girls under 15 are five times as likely to die as those in their twenties.
 
 According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Yemeni women face a lifetime risk of maternal death which is nearly four times higher than the average for the region. The rate of infant mortality is around 60 deaths per 1,000 live births, which is among the highest worldwide. [ http://www.jica.go.jp/activities/issues/gender/pdf/e08_yem.pdf ]
 
 "International donors invest millions of dollars on education and health reform in Yemen," HRW's Khalife said. "Without a ban on child marriage, none of the international aid will prevent girls from being forced to leave school and from the health risks of child marriage."
 
 ay/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94517</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112211256280976t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAMAR 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - Poverty and unemployment, exacerbated by the current political unrest, are driving up child marriages in Dhamar Governorate and elsewhere in Yemen, says Asmaa al-Masri, a sociologist at Dhamar University.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: HIV and the risk of non-communicable diseases</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109200935030609t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - While antiretroviral drugs have significantly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV, the virus - and often the ARVs themselves - can make people more susceptible to non-communicable diseases than the rest of the population.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - While antiretroviral drugs have significantly improved the life expectancy [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93269 ] of people living with HIV, the virus - and often the ARVs themselves - can make people more susceptible to non-communicable diseases than the rest of the population. 
 
 Here are six non-communicable diseases that are more likely to affect people living with HIV: 
 
 Heart disease - Several studies have made the link between coronary disease and HIV infection: one [ http://www.retroconference.org/2011/PDFs/809.pdf ] presented at the 18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) in March 2011 found that HIV-infected participants had an increased risk of "acute myocardial infarction" - heart attack - compared with demographically and behaviourally similar HIV-negative study participants. 
 
 Another 2011 study [ http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/171/8/737 ] found that HIV infection was a risk factor for heart failure, with ongoing viral replication associated with a higher risk of developing heart failure. 
 
 The link between ARVs and heart disease is less clear; one study [ http://www.retroconference.org/2011/Abstracts/40434.htm ], also presented at CROI, found that HIV infection increased the risk of coronary heart disease, but ARVs and higher CD4 counts – a measure of immune strength - significantly reduced this risk. However, a 2011 Canadian study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21499115 ] found that several ARVs - abacavir, efavirenz, lopinavir, and ritonavir - were all associated with an increased risk of heart attack. 
 
 Cervical cancer - After breast cancer, it [ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/714655 ] is the second most common cancer among women worldwide; more than 80 percent of new cases and deaths from the disease occur in developing countries. 
 
 Studies have found that HIV-positive women are at higher risk of human papillomavirus (HPV), a precursor to cervical cancer; women with low CD4 counts seem to be particularly vulnerable. 
 
 HPV can be prevented with a vaccine recommended for pre-adolescent girls before they reach their sexual debut but the vaccine is too expensive for most women in developing countries. In addition, cervical cancer screening levels remain very low in many poor countries; for instance, just 3.2 percent of Kenyan [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93209 ] women aged 18-69 are tested every three years, compared with 70 percent of women in the developed world. 
 
 Other cancers - People living with HIV are more susceptible to several cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, anal cancer, skin cancer and liver cancer - than HIV-negative people, a new study has found. 
 
 Published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, the study [ http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/18/1055-9965.EPI-11-0777.abstract?sid=5134a395-412a-4cdf-b8b1-bf5d5beee14f ] found that immunodeficiency was positively associated with all cancers examined except prostate cancer. The authors recommended starting antiretroviral therapy earlier to maintain high CD4 levels. 
 
 Mental illness - Studies show that the prevalence of mental illness among HIV-positive in-patients and out-patients in the US ranges between 5 and 23 percent compared with 0.3-0.4 percent in the general population. 
 
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB124/B124_6-en.pdf ], apart from the psychological impact of HIV, the virus has direct effects on the central nervous system, leading to neuropsychiatric complications, including HIV encephalopathy, depression, mania, cognitive disorders, and dementia. 
 
 Studies also show that depression can lead to high-risk behaviour [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21078150 ], including transactional sex, partner abuse and low condom use. 
 
 However, depression is frequently overlooked [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94410 ] by healthcare providers; a severe shortage of mental health professionals in developing countries means patients often suffer in silence. 
 
 Kidney disease - Known as HIV-associated nephropathy [ http://www.nephrologyrounds.org/crus/nephus_0809_07.pdf ], kidney disease is relatively common in people living with HIV. The virus interferes with the kidneys' ability to function correctly, particularly in people with advanced HIV who have a low CD4 count and a high viral load, as well as older people. 
 
 Poorly functioning kidneys can cause other health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, bone disease, and anaemia. 
 
 Certain ARVs, tenofovir in particular, have also been associated [ http://journals.lww.com/jaids/Fulltext/2010/01010/Impact_of_Tenofovir_on_Renal_Function_in.10.aspx ] with a decline in renal function. 
 
 Liver disease - A leading cause of morbidity and death among HIV-positive individuals [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62001-6/fulltext#bib3 ], it is mainly caused by co-infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, insulin resistance or side-effects of medicines. 
 
 Experts say early identification and proper management of liver disease in HIV-infected people are crucial to improve long-term outcomes. 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94522</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109200935030609t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 22 December 2011 (IRIN) - While antiretroviral drugs have significantly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV, the virus - and often the ARVs themselves - can make people more susceptible to non-communicable diseases than the rest of the population.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Stigma hinders participation in clinical HIV trials</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200905060840100871t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Would-be participants in HIV research often refuse to volunteer out of fear of being labelled as HIV-positive and subsequently stigmatized by their communities, according to a recent study conducted in Kenya.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Would-be participants in HIV research often refuse to volunteer out of fear of being labelled as HIV-positive and subsequently stigmatized by their communities, according to a recent study conducted in Kenya.
 
 Conducted by the USA's Research Triangle Institute International and published by the US National Library of Medicine [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21964057 ] in November, the study involved over 130 participants - including current and former study participants, community leaders and study staff - at two research centres in Nairobi. 
 
 "Volunteers are often assumed by family and community members to be HIV positive because of their participation in vaccine research... HIV-related stigma is perceived as pervasive and damaging in the communities where volunteers live, thus they fear consequent stigma if people believe them to be HIV positive," the authors say in the study abstract. "Potential volunteers fear being tested for HIV, a prerequisite for participation, because of possible disclosure of HIV status in communities with high perceived HIV-related stigma."
 
 According to Walter Jaoko, lead researcher at the Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, misinformation about HIV clinical research is one of the biggest impediments to people's participation in research, which is a crucial part of finding ways to combat the virus.
 
 "People will tell you they will get infected with HIV if they participate in the study or some other people will tell them the same," he told IRIN/PlusNews. "This is mainly misinformation and it is a big problem getting people to willingly participate in clinical studies - not just for HIV but for many other diseases."
 
 Protus Momanyi, a 33-year-old Nairobi resident, said the main impediment to his participation in HIV research was the requirement for an HIV test. "I have never been tested for HIV and I fear going for it for my own reasons," he said. 
 
 The study authors concluded that there was a need for "integration of stigma-reduction programming into education and outreach activities for volunteers and the communities in which they live".
 
 ko/kr/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94513</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200905060840100871t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 December 2011 (IRIN) - Would-be participants in HIV research often refuse to volunteer out of fear of being labelled as HIV-positive and subsequently stigmatized by their communities, according to a recent study conducted in Kenya.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
