<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - East Africa</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 17:30:39 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>KENYA: Clashes highlight dangers of devolution</title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202030927370598t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Politically motivated violence in the northern Kenyan town of Moyale, which has left dozens dead and tens of thousands displaced in recent weeks, shows little sign of abating and there are fears that the clashes could continue until elections are held for new local government positions.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Politically motivated violence in the northern Kenyan town of Moyale, which has left dozens dead and tens of thousands displaced in recent weeks, shows little sign of abating and there are fears that the clashes could continue until elections are held for new local government positions. 

The main two pastoralist communities involved, the Borana and the Gabra, have a long history of sometimes violent competition over resources.  But by many accounts, an unintended consequence of Kenya’s new devolutionary constitution has raised the stakes considerably. 

The prospect of real political and budgetary power - concentrated since independence in distant Nairobi - rather than water, pasture and cattle-raid vendettas, now drives the violence. 

“Every conflict in 2012 will have political and ethnic implications and can therefore not be treated as normal criminal activity,” Mzalendo Kibunjia, chairman of the National Cohesion and Commission (NCIC), said in a recent statement [ https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=172600292840170&id=133856426714557 ]. 

The NCIC is a government entity set up in 2008 to eliminate ethnic discrimination and promote inter-communal reconciliation. 

“The conflicts in northern Kenya must be treated as electoral related and not be dismissed as conflict over water, pasture and cattle rustling. 

The NCIC has established that the ongoing violent conflicts [in Moyale and Isiolo http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94312 ] are politically motivated in anticipation of the 2012 elections,” Kibunjia said. 

However, presidential, legislative and local elections might not be held until early 2013 according to a recent High Court ruling. 

The Kenya Red Cross added: [ http://www.kenyaredcross.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=251&Itemid=124 ] “The trigger of the current conflict is allegedly competition over positions in the county government structures as designated in the new Kenyan constitution and land-related issues.” 

Incitement  

The spate of sporadic clashes is thought to have been sparked by a single killing in early November just across the border with Ethiopia.  

Since then, political leaders from each community have allegedly incited violence against the other, regardless of whether those members are combatants. 

“Different communities used to share mixed schools, mixed waterholes, mixed shopping centres, mixed everything. Now they can’t be on the same street together,” said one aid worker, who recently visited the town. 

Several political leaders, including a former member of parliament, have been arrested on suspicion of fuelling the increasingly generalized conflict. 

“Here, a politician can kill his opponents, it happens every [election] year, but not a single politician or trader known to have planned and killed people has ever been convicted,” Aba Dika, an elder in Moyale, told IRIN. 

However, Eastern Province Police Commander Marcus Ochola told IRIN such impunity was on the way out. 

“I am confident our officers, who are still collecting additional evidence, will support strong cases against those responsible for these skirmishes,” he said. 

Another police official said detectives were investigating reports that some suspects had used social media to incite violence and congratulate kinsmen when prominent members of rival communities had been killed. 

Aid workers who visited Moyale said hundreds of houses had been burnt and that crops, livestock and property had been destroyed. 

There have also been reports of shortages and increasing food prices due to the interruption of transport and the closure or destruction of shops. 

Thousands of people – insecurity has prevented an accurate assessment - have been displaced from their homes, with many fleeing into southern Ethiopia.

The Red Cross estimates that 9,500 families – some 57,000 people – have fled, 60 people have been killed and more than 1,000 houses burnt. 

The worst-affected areas include the settlements of Heilu, Kinisa, Buthye, Bori, Mansile, Illadu, Manyatta and Odda. 

Traumatized  

“The extent of displacement now and the indiscriminate targeting of the violence – women, children and older persons, any member of the [rival] community has been killed – have left people really traumatized,” said one humanitarian official, who asked not to be named. 

“The fear is that between now and elections [we] will see displacement and returns, displacement and returns, with nothing really in balance. There won’t be much room for manoeuvre until some sort of political solution is agreed upon. 

That seems very far away right now, from what we have seen,” he added. “It’s not easy to arrange peace meetings when the parties are so mistrustful and fearful of the other’s intentions. Willingness and commitment are not there at the moment, it seems. Willingness to cease hostilities has been very low. It’s quite tragic,” said the aid worker.

Education blow Education has been badly affected in Moyale, with 18 of the area’s 31 schools yet to reopen after the Christmas break and many school-age children among the displaced, either in Ethiopia or in makeshift camps. 

Livestock trader Abduba Wario said his income had dried up because the town’s livestock market was closed and he had been unable to send his two daughters to school in the central Kenyan town of Meru. 

"It's risky, no trucks are available. I appeal to the government and NGOs to provide all school-children with transport and police escorts for learning in other parts of the country," he said. 

The state of education facilities serves as an important indicator of the wider security climate, according to the aid worker. 

“Children returning to school is the first step in terms of reconciliation, a return to normality. If it is safe for children to go to school it is also safe for health workers and others to return to their posts,” he said. 

Amid reports that leaders of warring communities have mobilized across the porous border, Kenyan security forces are working with those from Ethiopia. "We are liaising with our counterparts in Ethiopia to trace the fighters who fled when Kenyan security officers were deployed to quell the fight,” said a security official, who asked not to be named.  

na-aw-am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94789</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202030927370598t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - Politically motivated violence in the northern Kenyan town of Moyale, which has left dozens dead and tens of thousands displaced in recent weeks, shows little sign of abating and there are fears that the clashes could continue until elections are held for new local government positions.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: The LRA - not yet a spent force</title><pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108260920200187t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The belief that the end is nigh for Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) - a small but ruthless transnational armed group operating in four African states - underestimates its resilience and overestimates the unity and capability of the forces ranged against it, say analysts.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The belief that the end is nigh for Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) - a small but ruthless transnational armed group operating in four African states - underestimates its resilience and overestimates the unity and capability of the forces ranged against it, say analysts. 

The LRA is seen as being in “survival mode”. It has a lightly armed 250-strong militia dispersed across a territory half the size of France, and uses “terror” tactics to subdue local populations and is facing a coordinated response from the armies of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Central African Republic (CAR), South Sudan, Uganda and the USA. 

In recent weeks African Union (AU) special envoy for affairs relating to the LRA Francisco Madeira, and the Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General Abou Moussa have toured Kinshasa, Bangui, Juba and Kampala to discuss regional military cooperation, following authorization from the AU Peace and Security Council in November 2011, with the support of the UN, for them to deal decisively with the LRA. 

Ashley Benner, a policy analyst at the Enough Project [ http://www.enoughproject.org ] - a US NGO lobbying for an end to mass atrocity crimes - told IRIN: “The proposed AU intervention force will consist of approximately 3,500-5,000 troops from the four affected countries. The mandate and goals of the mission are to end the LRA, protect civilians, and lead to security and stability in the affected countries.” 

The USA has deployed about 100 military advisers - they carry weapons for self-defence only - to assist the region’s military forces, but Benner said this would not be sufficient. 

“The advisers need to be bolstered by more capable troops, greater intelligence and logistical capabilities, including helicopters, improved collaboration between regional forces, and increased efforts to encourage LRA members to leave the group,” she added. 

Sandra Adong Oder, a senior researcher at the conflict management and peacebuilding unit at Pretoria-based think-tank the Institute for Security Studies, told IRIN the same military actors involved in previous and failed attempts to eradicate the LRA were involved in the AU initiative, and asked: “It [the initiative] may be doing more, [but] is it any different?” 

Top priority? 

The LRA was also not a top priority for the four affected countries: Kony’s forces, were no longer operating in Uganda; they were more than 1,000km from Kinshasa and so not seen as a key security issue for the DRC; they are not threatening any economic interests or political constituencies in CAR; and South Sudan was grappling with more urgent security considerations, said Oder. 

In a research note entitled The AU’s Regional Initiative Against the LRA: Prospects and Implications [ http://www.iss.org.za/iss_today.php?ID=1420 ] published on 30 January, Oder said: “The regional intervention force… is based on some assumptions that the LRA is an easy problem to solve, and that the insurgent group’s threat capability has been reduced. This may prove to be a grave mistake… 

“The new force should therefore not merely improve on existing military operations, but needs to refrain from merely duplicating operational structures and techniques that do not work, while at the same time leaving the military command in the hands of national governments, which could fuel suspicion and intraregional tensions within the alliance, which in turn could severely limit cooperation and coordination - and hence the AU’s overall ownership of the mission… 

“This time round, the consequences of another failure will be prohibitive, in the sense that once committed, the AU mission would then have to use all necessary force to avoid failure, and would be under immense pressure to escalate military involvement to ensure success,” the note said. 

The International Working Group on the LRA, in a World Bank June 2011 report entitled: Diagnostic Study of the Lord’s Resistance Army, [ http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&entityID=000386194_20111103040219 ] written by Philip Lancaster and Guillaume Lacaille, said: “It should be remembered that the LRA only has to survive to succeed… 

“As long as it [the LRA] is present, it is capable of generating insecurity in the region. To survive, it needs only to avoid, as much as possible, direct contact with superior armed forces and continue to resupply itself from vulnerable civilians. As long as it retains the freedom to choose the time and place of its attacks, it retains the tactical and strategic initiative,” the World Bank report said. 

In the past month, LRA Crisis Tracker, [ http://www.lracrisistracker.com ] a real-time mapping platform for crimes committed by Kony’s forces, has attributed six deaths and 14 abductions to the armed group. 

Ugandan leadership? 

Uganda, the regional military power, is expected to take the lead role in the military operations by virtue of its acknowledged professionalism compared to the region’s other forces, and its close working relationship with US forces over the past few years, although its dominance in an intervention force could increase regional tensions, especially between Kampala and Kinshasa: Last year DRC President Joseph Kabila asked his counterpart Yoweri Museveni to halt operations in his country against the LRA by the Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF), and it is unclear how this impasse will be resolved. 

Oder said although the Ugandan army was “overstretched” with its commitments to the AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), it had a personnel score to settle with the LRA, after previous encounters had exposed the “weaknesses, corruption and competences” of the UPDF. “It’s about saving face and pride,” she said. 

A 2 February 2012 Enough Project report entitled Ensuring Success: Four Steps Beyond US Troops to End the War with the LRA [ http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/ensuring-success-four-steps-beyond-us-troops-end-war-lra ] by Sasha Lezhnev, said Uganda’s best troops were in Somalia and it did not have any bases in the DRC. “Some 90 percent of LRA attacks over the past six months have taken place in [DR] Congo… The shortage of troops is also hurting civilian protection efforts, which are in urgent need of a boost.” 

Skilled bush fighters 

The bush fighting skills of LRA fighters have been masked and overshadowed by their reputation as a ragtag bunch of bandits, marauding and raping, reliant on abducted children brainwashed into soldiering under Kony, and with an absolute disregard for human rights. The LRA is responsible for thousands of deaths and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people across the four-country region. 

“We have ample evidence from reports of the past 20 years that the LRA are a force to be reckoned with. Ruthless as they are, their tactics are well adapted to the terrain and the nature of the forces they face,” Philip Lancaster - former head of the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration division of the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC), the predecessor of the current UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO), and coordinator of the UN Group of Experts on the Congo - said in an August 2011 article entitled the Lord’s Resistance Army and Us. [ http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2011/08/guest-blog-lords-resistance-army-and-us.html ] 

“The LRA make deliberate use of terror to tie up military forces and survive by hit-and-run attacks that are well-planned and flawlessly executed,” he wrote. 

LRA fighters value reconnaissance, are skilled in ambush techniques and the evasion of air surveillance, are trained in both irregular and regular forms of warfare and have adapted to different climatic regions from rainforests to arid wastelands. “Their extraordinary ability to survive, even when constantly on the move, gives LRA fighters an edge over all pursuing armies,” the World Bank report said. 

The notion that the LRA’s estimated 250 fighters and their dispersal into small cells indicates weakness, is misleading, the World Bank report said. “While the LRA has been weakened over the past two years, it is premature to regard them as lacking capacity, since the number of the core fighters is not much lower now than what it has been throughout the years.” 

The response to any concerted military effort against them is likely to be accompanied by the LRA’s “very crude way of operating” in using civilians as targets, Oder said. 

Civilian protection 

The Ugandan 2008 offensive against the LRA, Operation Lightning Thunder, resulted in a sharp rise in the number of LRA attacks on civilians, rather than a drop-off: There were two successive Christmas massacres in 2008 and 2009. 

“These events, particularly the massacre of December 2009 in the Makombo area of Haut Uélé, DRC, provoked questions about the wisdom of offensive operations against the LRA without adequate accompanying measures to protect civilians in the area of operations,” The World Bank report said. 

“The military response from UN peacekeeping and national forces has been totally inadequate insofar as they focus on providing limited static defence of a small number of civilian settlements. The LRA just find the ones that aren’t protected. Since none of the armies deployed have a policy of pursuit after attack, the LRA consistently escape with loot and abducted recruits,” says Lancaster’s article. 

“A major component of the military operations to apprehend Kony and his senior leadership should be civilian protection,” said Benner. 

Kony, an indicted war criminal, has also received an unexpected boost from the undermining of Uganda’s Amnesty Act with the trial of former LRA commander Thomas Kwoyelo, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93377 ] which “is further worsening chances that LRA fighters will come out; the case has sparked fear of prosecution among the LRA ranks,” the Enough Project report said. 

The UN Disarmament, Demobilization, Repatriation, Reintegration and Resettlement (UNDDRR) exercise has been viewed as a major weapon in deconstructing the LRA through its propaganda campaign to encourage defections. 

The Enough Project report quoted a former LRA captain who had defected from the armed group. “I spent 18 years with Kony. The only thing that can be effective now against the LRA is the gun. Don’t leave the UPDF alone - the international community should step in. US advisers won’t be effective, though. You need joint troops from other countries. Kony doesn’t fear the US advisers because he knows the number [of Ugandan troops and US advisers] now is small. One LRA unit can defeat 10 UPDF units.” 

go/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94794</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108260920200187t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 03 February 2012 (IRIN) - The belief that the end is nigh for Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) - a small but ruthless transnational armed group operating in four African states - underestimates its resilience and overestimates the unity and capability of the forces ranged against it, say analysts.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good results in programme to boost TB detection</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg" />]]>ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</description><body><![CDATA[ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems. 

Tanzania has been battling TB for years, a struggle intensified by the parallel HIV epidemic; approximately 47 percent of new adult cases in the country are HIV-positive. Without proper treatment, about nine in 10 people living with HIV who become ill with active TB will die within two to three months, according to UNAIDS [ http://data.unaids.org/pub/PressRelease/2010/20100722_pr_tb_en.pdf ]. 

The programme, which ran from April to September 2011, systemized the way suspected TB cases were reported and handled. It encouraged healthcare professionals to work closely with community leaders to raise awareness of symptoms at every opportunity, such as at village meetings. It also used posters and slogans to make sure high-risk groups were aware of symptoms. This produced more patient referrals to health centres for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. 

Another crucial part of the TB pilot project was the creation of a "cough register" in each area, recording who was referred to a healthcare professional for further testing, by whom and the results of that referral. 

Management Science for Health collaborated with the NGO, PATH, and the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme, with financial support from the US Agency for International Development, at 12 health facilities in northern Tanzania's Arusha and Meru district councils. A crucial tenet of the programme was emphasising that TB and HIV treatment must be done "hand in hand". 

Results 

"In both districts the standard operating procedure intervention has improved TB case notification in children and women," said Zahra Mkome, director, TB/HIV projects at PATH in Tanzania. "[It] improved team work, commitment, motivation of healthcare workers, awareness and involvement of communities in TB control activities." 

An evaluation comparing six months of TB case notification before and after the project showed a 54 percent increase in detection of TB in all forms in Meru, while in Arusha it increased by 117 percent. 

The standard operating procedure “rules” were used to provide clear and simple instructions to the health workers on how to improve TB case detection at different units and sections within health facilities, both outpatient and inpatient departments. Each area was provided with a plan and goals to implement their strategy, plus additional equipment to aid diagnosis such as paediatric score charts. Each area appointed a task force for TB treatment and these groups were encouraged to hold regular feedback meetings. 

Little data exists on the scale of the TB epidemic in Tanzania, and experts believe the records created by this system could prove a crucial tool in combating its spread and establishing where it is already most prevalent. 

One doctor based in a rural practice was particularly encouraged by the increased reporting of paediatric cases. He said some children suffering severe respiratory distress had been saved, "who in normal circumstances would have died". A number of the clinicians involved attributed an increase in notification of cases in the under-16 age group specifically to the wider use of paediatric diagnostic score charts. 

However, several challenges were flagged during the pilot: healthcare workers at Arusha's Selian Hospital said there was an urgent need to strengthen laboratory services to help confirm diagnoses; a lack of microscopes in labs and delays in issuing results were also highlighted. 

Challenges to scale-up 

Rolling out the rules on a national scale could also prove challenging as the majority of Tanzanians live in very rural areas and a poor road network means access to healthcare is limited. 

Mobile diagnosis and training centres that offer new methods of testing - for example, with the use of fluorescence microscopes [ http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001057 ] - could make diagnosis much faster and more accurate. 

"Patients in Tanzania often have to travel very long distances as most live in rural areas, which costs them money to travel every day and some are essentially too week to go on their own as a very large number are already suffering from the weakness that comes with HIV," said Alex Schulzer of the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, which runs patient-centred TB programmes with the government. 

A shortage of medical professionals could also hinder the expansion of the programme; Schulzer recommended the use of lower cadre health workers and the community itself to fill gaps. The Novartis programme gives patients the choice to either take the daily treatment at a health facility under the supervision of a medical professional, or at home, supported by a family or community member. In the case of home-based treatment, the patient and treatment supporter are required to visit the health facility once a week during the two-month intensive phase to refill prescriptions and see a medical professional. 

Schulzer said the programme had created a system that gave patients "the freedom not to have to walk miles to the clinic every day. 

"We also needed to relieve some of the healthcare providers who cannot cope with such large patient numbers on a daily basis," he added. 

ah/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94771</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201103231336000697t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARUSHA 01 February 2012 (IRIN) - A pilot community programme to improve TB detection in northern Tanzania has shown good results and could be replicated nationwide as the country seeks to improve its TB treatment and prevention systems.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH SUDAN-UGANDA: Economic migrants battle xenophobia</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301016300558t.jpg" />]]>JUBA/KAMPALA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Petty traders from Uganda, South Sudan&apos;s largest trading partner, crowd into Konyo Konyo market in Juba selling used clothes, vegetables and household wares. Lacking economic prospects at home, they come in the hope of finding better opportunities in Juba&apos;s booming post-war economy.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA/KAMPALA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Petty traders from Uganda, South Sudan's largest trading partner, crowd into Konyo Konyo market in Juba selling used clothes, vegetables and household wares. Lacking economic prospects at home, they come in the hope of finding better opportunities in Juba's booming post-war economy.

There are about one million Ugandans living in South Sudan, according to the Kampala City Traders’ Association (KACITA). But life is not easy for the Ugandan traders who supply South Sudan with many essential goods.

On a side road at the market, a Southern Sudanese policeman wearing orange fatigues strikes a passing Ugandan with his rubber whip a few times, seemingly without any provocation. The Ugandan winces and then continues on his way.

Watching the incident from a small Ugandan-owned restaurant in the market, Ugandan migrants say such incidents - and much worse - are not uncommon. They say they have been beaten, arrested without cause and faced a plethora of other forms of harassment by Southern Sudanese security forces.

Hassan has been living in Juba for three years, selling used clothes. He has lost count of the number of times he has been beaten by security forces. “They come and ask you where your immigration [papers] are, and even if you have [them], they take you to the police without any [reason]. They beat you and tell you, ‘Bring money!’”

Just that day, says Hassan, Southern Sudanese police tried to extort money from him. “They beat me and they asked me, ‘Where is your money? Why are you working here, we don’t want you to work here, go back to Uganda.’”

Suing the government

KACITA spokesman Issa Sekkito said he and the Ugandan Ministry of Trade had compiled a list of more than 100 Ugandans claiming compensation from the government of South Sudan for harassment, confiscation of goods and property, failure of the government to pay for goods and services provided and in some cases, injuries and loss of life.

“We talked about people drowned in the River Nile, killing, raping of women, torture... Some people are lame now because of the problems they got. The brutality in some cases left their lives unrecoverable.” Ugandans are seeking US$48 million in compensation from the government, he said.

“Isolated Incidents”

Elizabeth Majok, Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Commerce in South Sudan, did not deny that such incidents may have occurred. But she said any harassment faced by Ugandan traders was the result of misconduct by individuals, and not institutional or systemic failure.

“You will not rule out one-to-one cases and this can happen even with Southern Sudanese. But if there are thousands of Ugandans and one faces certain incidents, which are isolated, it shouldn’t be [taken] like it is happening to everybody.”

Majok said the Ugandans who came to South Sudan were met with generally favourable business conditions and were not systemically discriminated against. “The whole market is being controlled by foreigners, from retailers to wholesalers to importers - everybody. And there is no discrimination. They are being given licences like locals and being facilitated by the Bank of Southern Sudan,” she said.

Military history

But this is not the first time security forces in South Sudan have faced allegations of human rights abuses against civilians. Boutros Biel, head of the South Sudanese Human Rights Society for Advocacy, said he had recorded incidents of killings, rapes, arbitrary arrest and torture.

“Generally, the security [forces’] behaviour is not only problematic to the foreigners but to the nationals themselves,” he said.

Biel said he believed that abuses by security forces stemmed from South Sudan’s history. Many of the security personnel in the new nation were formerly soldiers in the rebel army that fought for liberation from the North. “In the military background in the South, there was no mercy in dealing with your enemies... A person with a gun was more powerful [than a person without],” said Biel, explaining that many in the security forces take advantage of that fact and violate the rights of civilians.

Prejudice

Though human rights violations by security forces in South Sudan may happen to both foreigners and nationals, there is a strong undercurrent of xenophobia against Ugandans, according to Fred Ssenoga, spokesman for Joint Action for Redemption of Ugandan Traders in Sudan.

Ssenoga said that when intervening on behalf of Ugandan traders in Juba he was often met with prejudice. “I go to the police and they say, ‘If you had not come here, would you have faced problems?’... When [Southern Sudanese] see Ugandans participating in [the economy] they think they are taking over their work.”

However, despite this xenophobia and harassment, Ugandan migrants are likely to keep going to South Sudan for the financial rewards. As Hassan, the clothes vendor, said, “I get more money than those who stay [in Uganda]. I have already built a big house in Uganda with the money I have got here.”

je/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94755</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201301016300558t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA/KAMPALA 30 January 2012 (IRIN) - Petty traders from Uganda, South Sudan&apos;s largest trading partner, crowd into Konyo Konyo market in Juba selling used clothes, vegetables and household wares. Lacking economic prospects at home, they come in the hope of finding better opportunities in Juba&apos;s booming post-war economy.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SLIDESHOW: Living on the edge in Kenya&apos;s Turkana region</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201130915190726t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - The 850,000 residents of northwestern Kenya&apos;s vast and parched Turkana region face some of the most inhospitable living conditions on Earth.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - The 850,000 residents of northwestern Kenya's vast and parched Turkana region face some of the most inhospitable living conditions on Earth.

On their own, meagre average annual rainfall of between 300mm and 400mm and frequent droughts pose surmountable challenges. In the past, the predominantly livestock-raising population was able to travel far to find browse and water; a sustainable, cyclical livelihood.

However, access to such greener pastures is now curtailed by agricultural development, out-of-bounds national parks, and the prevalence of small arms in the wider region.

View the slideshow
AccordingThere is little to fall back on. Infrastructure - roads, electricity, water supplies, schools, sanitation facilities, health centres, communications, social services and media access - are at best inadequate, if not virtually absent. Political clout is negligible. Poverty levels are at least 20 percent greater than the national average.

Insecurity, nomadism, and the sheer vastness of the remote region - it covers some 70,000 sqkm - have greatly limited intervention by government agencies and international partners.

All these factors contributed to malnutrition rates that topped 37 percent in some areas during the extreme drought of 2011. Food insecurity is permanent; many in Turkana have depended on food aid since before Kenya gained independence in 1963.

Related Reports

Drought exacerbates conflict in Turkana [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85252 ]
Illiteracy hampers treatment programmes [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93324 ]
Turkana reels from severe drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93210 ]
The dangers of pastoralism [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=85252 ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94739</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201130915190726t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - The 850,000 residents of northwestern Kenya&apos;s vast and parched Turkana region face some of the most inhospitable living conditions on Earth.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Shortage of HIV test kits raises concerns</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg" />]]>NAROK 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Voluntary counselling and testing centres around Kenya are turning people away due to a shortage of HIV testing kits after the recall in December of more than one million faulty HIV tests.</description><body><![CDATA[NAROK 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Voluntary counselling and testing centres around Kenya are turning people away due to a shortage of HIV testing kits after the recall in December of more than one million faulty HIV tests.

"We have had a shortage of the test kits for the past month and we have had to turn away patients. There are serious gaps with the supply chain and this has led to constant shortages of these crucial commodities," said John Sankok, director of the Christian Missionaries Fellowship, which runs several health clinics in the Rift Valley Province's Narok South District.

"We have had to prioritize and use the kits available for testing expectant mothers, because this is very crucial," he added.

In November, the UN World Health Organization removed the Standard Diagnostics Bioline® HIV 1/2 3.0 Rapid HIV Test Kit from its list of approved rapid test kits with immediate effect; the alert was issued after Bioline failed quality assurance tests.

The Kenyan government has since withdrawn it; an estimated one million kits were in circulation at the time of the recall, about one-tenth of all those available in the country; Tanzania has also banned the tests.

Bioline was used as a confirmatory test, the second conducted during standard HIV testing, which uses three tests - an initial screening test, a confirmatory test and if there is a discrepancy, a third, tie-breaker test.
As a result of the recall, Unigold, the brand used in Kenya as a tie-breaker, now replaces Bioline as the confirmatory test, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test - which requires a blood sample be sent to a laboratory and takes significantly longer than the rapid tests - becomes the tie-breaker. A brand known as Determine retains its place as the official screening test.

Senior government officials blamed the shortage on congestion at the Mombasa port.

"There have been problems with the port due to slow clearance of cargo occasioned by congestion and this has led to delays in distributing Unigold," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme. "We, however, expect things to normalize by the end of this month."

Sankok said until the Unigold kits arrive, his clinics and other were stuck. "The HIV testing procedure is such that you cannot do a test if you are missing any of the kits. So until the Unigold gets to the facilities, nothing will happen in terms of HIV testing," he said.

People seeking HIV testing have also expressed frustration with the delays.

"It is very discouraging when you go to the facility when you really want to get tested, then you are turned way and when you return after some time you are turned away again," said Judith*, a VCT client in Narok.

*Not her real name

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94741</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAROK 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - Voluntary counselling and testing centres around Kenya are turning people away due to a shortage of HIV testing kits after the recall in December of more than one million faulty HIV tests.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UGANDA: Basua community battles for survival</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261331170493t.jpg" />]]>BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV. 

Uganda has two indigenous forest communities - the Batwa people of the southwest, a larger group originally from Rwanda and Burundi, and the Basua in the west who came from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Already marginalized for their short stature and for being traditional forest dwellers, the Basua have continued to receive less assistance than the Batwa because they are more geographically isolated and have a smaller population, numbering just 100. 

Forced resettlement 

Western Uganda's Semliki Forest - the historical home of the Basua - became a National Park in 1993, and as a result, the community has lost its hunter-gatherer existence; they now have to request permission to fish and collect medicinal herbs and firewood, and are forbidden from hunting. 

The Basua have been moved around ever since, most recently to a village outside the small trading town of Bundimasoli in 2007, after a local NGO won a grant from the European Union to build a village for them, but the project collapsed under corruption allegations before it was completed. The community still has no clear rights to the land where it was resettled, and struggles to access basic services such as clean drinking water and healthcare. 

"Imagine someone is used to maybe going to the office, working, making phone calls, going to the ATM, withdrawing money... then you dump them in the forest instead," said Fred Lulinaki, a programme director at the East and Central Africa Association for Indigenous Rights (ECAAIR). “If they survive, it will be just by luck." 

Some Basua men and women find casual jobs such as hauling wood, but most sit around the village with nothing to do. Some have turned to alcohol. Of the 40 children, Lulinaki said only two attend school, either because they are orphaned or their parents cannot afford the cost of pens and school fees. Fifteen of the community's children are orphans. 

HIV 

Ezekiel Mugisa, local coordinator of the Organisation for the Survival of the Basua (OSIBA), said the first documented case of HIV among them was in 1985, but the virus really established a foothold when the Allied Democratic Forces - a Ugandan rebel group - launched a movement to overthrow the Ugandan government for the DRC in the mid-1990s. The Ugandan troops sent to fight the insurgents set up camp near the Basuas’ home; soldiers and suppliers offered money and goods in exchange for sex with Basua women, or raped them. 

Rumours have long circulated in Uganda that sex with Basua women cured back pain and HIV. Stan Frankland, an anthropologist at Scotland's University of St Andrews, has been working with and advocating for the community since he first visited them as a tourist in 1990. He helped establish OSIBA. 

Frankland said the myths stemmed from a belief that as forest dwellers, the Basua "have some spiritual aspect to them. That they're not fully human... they might transmit this power." 

Even with the troops gone and education campaigns debunking supposed AIDS cures, transactional sex remains common. For many women, it is the only viable way of supporting themselves. HIV is a secondary concern to getting enough to eat. 

There are no official statistics on HIV prevalence among the Basua, but those who do know they are HIV-positive have limited access to, or knowledge about, treatment. Since Save the Children pulled out recently, the nearest source of treatment is a health centre 20km away - few of the Basua can afford the transport costs. Even when they did have access to ARVs, there was no formal process to teach people why the drugs were important or how to take and store them. Instead, many would trade the drugs for food, according to Mugisa. 

"The [Basua] are dying," said Basua King Geoffrey Nzito, who had just concluded a burial ceremony. "I want people to join hands so at least they can come to a solution that is good for us." 

Powerless 

The Basuas’ situation mirrors the problems indigenous groups around the world are facing, says Rebecca Adamson, president and founder of First Peoples Worldwide (FPW), a group that makes small, direct grants to indigenous groups to help carry out livelihood projects that they design and develop. 

Adamson said she had seen many indigenous groups kicked off land they had lived on and cultivated for hundreds of years, so that governments and companies could access it for mining, industry or tourism. Once they are displaced, there is little funding to help the groups integrate into life outside the forests. 

The funding that exists is often driven by NGOs without the input of the indigenous people, so they "remain at the whims of what western society wants for them instead of what they want for themselves", she said. 

Adamson is afraid that "we will be seeing large-scale extinction of certain groups" like the Basua. 

ECAAIR is seeking funding to launch livelihood projects for the Basua community that build on the skills they have from life in the forest – fishing, bee-keeping, growing garlic - and turning them into sustainable businesses. As they wait for funding, association members have already started teaching basic bookkeeping classes to the community. 

"This skills training is aimed at reducing vulnerability and dependence, which will also reduce the HIV and AIDS," Lulinaki said. 

Frankland is also encouraging the community to be more active about protecting their health. In December he led a discussion about the dangers of transactional sex. The lesson seems to have stuck. Since the beginning of the year, Nzito said he and other members of the community have been driving away the men who come at night seeking out Basua women. 

It is a small step, but the community also urgently requires access to HIV treatment and education; other health crises – mainly malnutrition and untreated malaria - are also affecting the community. 

Frankland said the Basua acknowledged their fear that the community would soon die out. "There are only 100 of them. If you can't save 100 people, how are you going to make it work on a larger scale?" 

ag/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94732</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201261331170493t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUNDIMASOLI 26 January 2012 (IRIN) - The marginalized western Ugandan Basua community is fighting extinction; forcibly removed from their forest home two decades ago, they have struggled to cope with modern life and have been ravaged by health crises, including HIV.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH SUDAN: Building a blood bank</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251109040186t.jpg" />]]>JUBA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small fridge in the corner of Juba Teaching Hospital’s laboratory is the only blood bank in South Sudan, the world’s newest nation with some of the worst health statistics in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small fridge in the corner of Juba Teaching Hospital’s laboratory is the only blood bank in South Sudan, the world’s newest nation with some of the worst health statistics in the world. 

Health workers say a lack of blood is the main cause of mortality at the country’s main but extremely under-resourced hospital, and they face the anguish of having to watch patients who could be saved die. 

“Sometimes they bleed until they die and we cannot do anything about it,” said Wani Mena, head of the hospital. “The first cause, the major cause, of maternal mortality in our department is bleeding,” said Chuol Kuma, an obstetrics and gynaecology consultant. 

While the rest of the hospital is sometimes left for days without power due to frequent cuts, capacity to keep more blood is hampered by only having a small fridge in the laboratory - the only room with a back-up generator. 

“The blood bank we have is a very small refrigerator. It only takes around 50 units of blood. This is not enough,” Kuma said. 

A 20-year-old mother of two recently died after suffering complications from a late miscarriage. “She needed an immediate blood transfusion and she needed blood and then she got the blood late and died,” he said. 

This woman, like many others who enter the hospital, was already anaemic. 

“The need for blood is so great in this place because of injuries. Anaemia is one of the most common presentations to our hospitals, both of women who are pregnant and for those who have malaria... and sometimes they die from it,” said Mena. 

Fight for blood 

But most of the time, the small amount of blood in the family-sized fridge cannot be touched even in emergencies, as it has been donated for specific patients due for surgery. 

“Currently the system that exists is that somebody gets sick, relatives come and donate blood. That is not a good system. We should have a stock of blood that we can give to any patient in need of it, and immediately,” said Mena.

Cultural taboos and a lack of awareness about the risk-free benefits of giving blood also mean that getting relatives to give blood to save a life is often a struggle that staff do not win. 

“In some tribes, somebody cannot, for example, give blood to his in-law, or somebody cannot receive blood from a foreigner, things like that,” said lab supervisor Charles Stanley Mazinda. 

Other staff say families avert their eyes or want to know their loved one will make it before committing themselves. Amin Gerald, a nurse at Torit Hospital, about four hours’ drive from Juba, said he had come to give blood for his wife. 

He understands the importance of giving blood, but would not do it for a stranger. 

Gerald says he often comes across people who believe that giving blood will make them ill or weaken them, or that blood should never be mixed as it could kill the patient.  

But Mazinda said that when there is an emergency, people rush to the laboratory expecting blood, only to find it cannot be touched. 

Fighting fear 

Technician Charity Ritti said the laboratory used to divert blood to emergency patients whose relatives promised to donate afterwards, but when they did not come back, staff faced a backlash from donors.   

“The owners of the blood will come and quarrel and sometimes they even want to beat us,” she said. 

Ritti is concerned that often the bank only has one unit of key blood types, such as O-negative, but says changing people’s mindsets to build up reserves is extremely difficult. 

“They are afraid of donations - we have people coming here from Kenya, Uganda and Khartoum [Sudan] and giving blood... but our people here cannot face free donations,” she said. 

“Sometimes we screen them, then we say go and have breakfast and they never come back,” she said. 

Changing attitudes Hospital staff say awareness campaigns and better medical education are needed, among the huge challenges facing a nation where only 16 percent are literate and very few have access to health facilities. Even local doctors admit they too are scared to donate. 

“There’s just not a lot of cultural education about giving blood and still being healthy. I think in the US and UK and Europe we are very educated about that,” said Matthew Fentress, an American doctor working at Juba Hospital. 

In addition, Mazinda said getting people to the blood screening stage was a challenge, as people feared finding out they were HIV-positive. 

“Sometimes we screen some blood donors, and when they are [HIV-]positive, we tell them to go to the VCT centre down the road, but some of them don’t reach there [and flee],” he said.  

Bridging the gap The government is planning to build a national blood bank here this year that will hold up to 200 pints (113 litres). 

Meanwhile, doctors from the Harvard Initiative in Massachusetts have set up a “virtual blood bank” to try to beat storage and power problems. 

The bank is made up of a database of pre-screened volunteer donors who are willing to come in and replace a unit of their blood type. 

Fentress said this would free up blood for emergencies and when the hospital cannot get blood from patients’ friends and families. 

“Right now we’re really focused primarily on foreigners, as their attitudes are already changed,” he said. 

The hospital is advertising on the internet and in community centres, such as churches, until a government campaign hopefully ensures South Sudan’s first “real” blood bank is filled. 

“It is just the beginning and I hope it will succeed. But I think they need assistance from the communities. There must be medical education or health education for the communities so that they accept to come and donate freely so that we may have enough blood in our blood bank,” said Kuma.  

hm/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94719</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201251109040186t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small fridge in the corner of Juba Teaching Hospital’s laboratory is the only blood bank in South Sudan, the world’s newest nation with some of the worst health statistics in the world.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Male circumcision - women need counselling too</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) -  A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.  

 The University of Illinois' Chicago School of Public Health study [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/okeyo_ICASA_FP_abstract.pdf ] of 51 young women - presented in December 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, at the 16th International Conference on AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections in Africa - found that most women were happy with the appearance of their partner's penis and enjoyed sex more after circumcision.

 However, the study also revealed that more women than men were likely to perceive HIV as a less serious threat - 51 percent of men compared with 76 percent of female participants, and to feel that condoms were less necessary following circumcision - 4 percent of men compared with 51 percent of female participants.  

 A greater number of women than men said after circumcision, they were more likely to have more than one sexual partner - 22 percent compared with 2 percent of men, and to have sex without a condom - 28 percent against 2 percent of men.  

 The study was conducted in Nyanza Province, home to the Luo, Kenya's largest non-circumcising ethnic community and the focus of the country's male circumcision programme. Since 2008, more than 350,000 men have been circumcised in Nyanza alone; the government aims to circumcise 1.1 million men by 2013.  

 The study's authors say the findings highlight the need to involve female partners in the male circumcision process, which has a strong counselling component, impressing upon men the partial nature of the procedure's protection against HIV.  

 "If women do not have a good understanding of the partial protection afforded by male circumcision against HIV, they may view circumcised men as 'safe' or even HIV-negative, just because they are circumcised," said Nelli Westercamp of the University of Illinois School of Public Health, one of the study's authors.  

 "It is crucial to involve women in the male circumcision decision-making, whether through counselling or public health education specifically targeting women. Couples’ counselling before the procedure would perhaps be the most beneficial for women whose partners want to go for the cut," she added. "It will not only clarify the concept of partial protection, but also could make a difference in the men's healing process and time of resumption of sex after the procedure, if the woman is involved and supports the man through the process."  

 According to Ronnie Asino, the district project coordinator for the Nyanza Reproductive Health Society, community outreach programmes target both men and women on all aspects of male circumcision. "We have community outreach programmes where we hold sensitization forums to educate people, including women, on the various aspects of male circumcision," he said.  

 Asino noted that married men were usually accompanied by their spouses and were therefore more likely to benefit from couples’ counselling before the procedure. "Unmarried men will show up alone and it is them whose partners are more likely to miss out on the counselling provided," he added.  

ko/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94703</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907271222000139t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - A small Kenyan study has found that more women than men feel HIV is a less serious threat after their male partners are circumcised; the study also made local news for finding that female partners of recently circumcised men found sex more enjoyable.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH SUDAN: Nyaluak Deng Awuol, “This child, who will look after him now?”</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201231001550169t.jpg" />]]>JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nyaluak Deng Awuol is caring for her orphaned nephew, five-year-old Ajai Mawut Garang, who is recovering from a gunshot wound in Juba hospital. He was injured along with dozens more in the latest revenge attack in South Sudan’s Jonglei state, which the government said killed more than 80 people in the town of Duk Padiet, Duk County.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nyaluak Deng Awuol is caring for her orphaned nephew, five-year-old Ajai Mawut Garang, who is recovering from a gunshot wound in Juba hospital. He was injured along with dozens more in the latest revenge attack in South Sudan’s Jonglei state, which the government said killed more than 80 people in the town of Duk Padiet, Duk County.  

Government and UN forces have failed to quell the ethnic violence that has reached a dramatic peak in recent weeks as a militia of up to 8,000 youths from the Lou Nuer, joined by some Dinka, attacked the minority Murle, exacting revenge for a long-standing vendetta over cattle that has turned increasingly deadly [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94673 ].  

Aid agencies and authorities in the newly independent nation, whose euphoric birth just six months ago united the nation after decades of civil war with Sudan, are increasingly concerned at the violent nature of attacks that have left mainly women, children and the elderly among the dead and injured as they could not run from attackers. Nyaluak Deng Awuol spoke to IRIN about her experience: 

“This child is my sister’s. She was killed in the attack with her other three children. 

“The Murle came and attacked the people. When they attacked, we escaped while they killed all the others. 

“They shot people with guns and killed people with knives. When they shoot someone and they are still alive, they have to finish them with a knife. 

“I have seen many people die, including my sister. “Those with children were killed. If you had three to four children, you could not run fast. Those without children could run faster, so those with several children died, and the old people. 

“I found my sister dead and this one child alive. 

“His mother had been killed with three children, and when I went looking for them, this one was still alive and sitting up, looking for someone. 

“The village has been burnt down and the people have been scattered. Even until now some people cannot be traced - it is a very big trouble. 

“They have killed people and they have stolen herds of cattle. “There is no protection - people in the village do not have guns, so they [attackers] just came in and killed people and took everything. “Those who attacked Duk Padiet are Murle army - they are the soldiers wearing the green uniform; it is revenge. 

“The ones who remain will die with anger. Some of them have even had their clothes taken. “People from my village are too weakened to [take] revenge. So many are dead. It is up to the government to think and act now. “But this child, who will look after him now?” 

hm/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94704</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201231001550169t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Nyaluak Deng Awuol is caring for her orphaned nephew, five-year-old Ajai Mawut Garang, who is recovering from a gunshot wound in Juba hospital. He was injured along with dozens more in the latest revenge attack in South Sudan’s Jonglei state, which the government said killed more than 80 people in the town of Duk Padiet, Duk County.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH SUDAN: Moving beyond violence in Jonglei</title><pubDate>Mon, 23 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201231003550397t.jpg" />]]>JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Wounded civilians from both sides of an escalating conflict between the Lou Nuer and Murle communities in South Sudan’s Jonglei state lie side by side in the steaming heat of a hospital ward in the new country’s capital, Juba.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Wounded civilians from both sides of an escalating conflict between the Lou Nuer and Murle communities in South Sudan’s Jonglei state lie side by side in the steaming heat of a hospital ward in the new country’s capital, Juba. 

At least 120,000 people have been affected by the violence, according to the UN’s latest assessment, which could easily rise. 

"The violence in Jonglei hasn’t stopped… our contingency plan for Jonglei could reach about 180,000 people," while half that number already need food aid, South Sudan’s UN Humanitarian Coordinator Lise Grande said on 20 January. 

Local officials have suggested "thousands" of people have been killed in the last few weeks, but this could not be independently confirmed and the UN said it was not possible to provide a count of casualties sustained over such a vast area in so short a time. 

In the hospital, Amon Lull Chop fans her four-year-old daughter Nyaduk, who was unable to keep up as the family fled an attack on the town of Duk Padiet in Duk County last week, which the government says killed more than 80 people. Another 70 or so died in similar attacks by members of the Murle community over the past two weeks. 

“She slept alone until I came back the following morning and I found the child, and her intestines were outside where they shot and stabbed her,” she says, pointing to a bandage stretching from Nyaduk’s navel up to her chest. 

These attacks came after about 8,000 Lou Nuer youths, reportedly joined by some of the country’s dominant Dinka group, marched in late 2011 on Pibor County, razing villages and killing and abducting woman and children. 

The UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) tracked the deadly column as it snaked its way towards Pibor town. But even with the support of 800 government soldiers, its 400 peacekeeping troops in Pibor town were greatly outnumbered so UNMISS could only advise civilians to flee into the bush or get behind protective lines in the town. 

Thousands of people like Lilkeng Gada took the advice and ran, but were hunted down in their hiding places. 

“We were going to hide from the Lou Nuer, and they came and found us,” she said. “We were just sitting down, and they came all of a sudden, and they shot us down. I fell on the floor and they left me, and one child ran, but two of my children and my husband were shot dead right there. 

“Now, I’m alone. I don’t know what to do now, how to bring up the children. We had cows and they were taken… I don’t know how we will survive.”
 
Targeting the vulnerable
 
Peter Nanou, on another hospital bed in Juba, with a cast on his leg from where he was shot, says he could not save his grandmother from the attack on his village near Pibor. 

“I was the one looking after her. When the Lou Nuer attacked I ran with my mother and my grandmother was left behind and shot dead,” he said. 

Aid agencies and the authorities have expressed shock at the number of women, children and elderly who have been killed or wounded in the attacks. 

Medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) said half the patients it airlifted from an 11 January attack on Wek village, Uror County, were under the age of five. 

Most had gunshot wounds and had been beaten. According to the government, 57 people were killed and 53 wounded in Wek. 

South Sudan Red Cross volunteers are counselling about 150 unaccompanied minors in Pibor, while the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has tracked down parents of 109 children registered there. 

"I've seen at least 50 children that have been kidnapped by my people,” said a Lou Nuer aid worker who fled to the town of Akobo in early January. 

Conflict drivers 

In a country awash with small arms, decades of tit-for-tat livestock raids – some 80,000 cattle were taken over recent weeks - are often cited as the explanation for the clashes. But other conflict drivers are also in play. 

“The causes of the violence go beyond the retaliatory nature of cattle raiding in Jonglei state and touch upon broader issues of accountability, reconciliation, political inclusion, an absence of state authority, and development,” said Jennifer Christian, Sudan policy analyst for the Enough Project, in a 9 January statement. 

“The political and security-related isolation of the two communities has contributed to the rise of parallel authorities, and renders violence as one of the few mechanisms for addressing community grievances,” the statement added. 

According to the Sudan Council of Churches (SCC), social changes have also contributed to the violence. 

“There is a clear disconnect between the youth and both the traditional and political leaders. The tradition of youth respecting and listening to their elders has been lost. Without the youth's involvement, and their sense of ownership of the peace process, any attempt at peace will fail,” the council said in a 18 January statement. 

“Extremely young children are being ‘initiated’ into the hatred and killing, ensuring that it will continue into the next generation,” the statement warned. 

Stopping the cycle of violence 

On 19 January, UNMISS chief Hilde Johnson said that without a large government deployment to enforce a buffer zone, the UN’s 1,100 combat-ready troops in Jonglei  - half of all those deployed in South Sudan - would have to work “miracles” to stop the backlash of smaller attacks on remote villages. 

“The challenge with protection of civilians with the current [new kind of] counter-attacks means that the unpredictability of the attackers, the speed, the small groups they are moving in, makes it very, very difficult,” she said. 

Johnson also expressed alarm about the increasing use of messages threatening to “wipe out an entire ethnic group from the face of the earth,” warning they could further provoke “systematic ethnic violence”. 

Church-led mediation efforts were aborted without resolution in mid-December, when a scheduled peace conference was postponed indefinitely. 

“The church failed because it did not have government support,” said Joseph Giro Ading, visiting a Murle friend whose abdomen was torn to pieces when he was shot near his hometown Pibor.  

“If we keep on revenging, there will not be any solution to the problem; unless we come down [to Juba] and settle the problem in our area, Jonglei will be finished,” he said. 

On 19 January, the government announced it would disarm warring sides in Jonglei, using force if necessary. In the past, similar initiatives have met with limited, or temporary, success and were criticized by human rights groups for their excessive zeal. 

Earlier in January, a Nuer group – the White Army – warned that any new attempt to disarm it “"will lead to catastrophe". 

For the Enough Project, a broader strategy is necessary.  

“The delivery of basic services, provision of security, and establishment of rule of law by the government in Lou Nuer and Murle areas are critical toward ending inter-communal violence in the long term,” its statement urged. 

A view echoed by the SCC: “It is clear that under-development is a key driver of conflict in the area, and this is exacerbated by a perception that some communities are neglected. Development of the more isolated parts of Jonglei State must become a priority for government (eg roads), the business community (eg mobile phone networks) and the aid community.” 

Jonglei resident Ading drew a similar connection: “All those areas where there are attacks, there are no schools, there are no hospitals, there is nothing… they are just villages where cattle are kept,” he told IRIN.
 
“The government should open roads and schools to particular people who don’t even know their ABC. If they educate people who are illiterate, they will also know bad and good,” he said.
 
hm/am/mw

Also see: SOUTH SUDAN: Nyaluak Deng Awuol, “This child, who will look after him now?” [ http://www.irinnews.org/hovreport.aspx?reportid=94704 ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94706</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201231003550397t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA 23 January 2012 (IRIN) - Wounded civilians from both sides of an escalating conflict between the Lou Nuer and Murle communities in South Sudan’s Jonglei state lie side by side in the steaming heat of a hospital ward in the new country’s capital, Juba.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southern Sudanese women face multiple risks - report</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112051302100173t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey. 

“In the home, the place where they should feel most secure, women face numerous threats,” states the report [ http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/facts-figures/women-security/HSBA-threats-in-the-Home.pdf ]

 “One in seven South Sudanese women will die in pregnancy or childbirth.” A married woman of childbearing age is expected to become pregnant at least once every three years until menopause, it explained. Coupled with low contraceptive use amid polygamous unions, this increases the risk of disease.  

Women are also exposed to “endemic” domestic violence. With fathers in many communities traditionally enjoying automatic custody rights, the "risk of losing their children forces many South Sudanese women to remain in abusive marriages". 

Widows are especially vulnerable, due to a lack of public safety nets. “Do they want to hear about our suffering? What will they do with it?" asked a Member of Parliament interviewee. 

"If somebody like me who is an MP and a widow cannot get any support, what about those women in the villages who have nobody to speak for them?" 

Hunger is also a problem, with high food prices piling pressure on already struggling families, adds the report. 

aw/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94696</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112051302100173t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 20 January 2012 (IRIN) - The main threats to women in South Sudan derive from chronic deficits in health, economic opportunities, access to food and gender equality, rather than weapons, despite the prevalence of militias and armed conflict, according to the Small Arms Survey.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOUTH SUDAN: Koko Alan, &quot;I saw many people, women and children, being killed&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190823590283t.jpg" />]]>PIBOR COUNTY, JONGLEI 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Koko and his wife Akuer Alan lost everything in the recent dramatic escalation of ethnic violence in newly independent South Sudan. Up to 8,000 armed Lou Nuer youths came to his village of Tangyang, near Gumuruk, killing civilians and taking cows, women and children belonging to the Murle with them. The attackers were eventually driven back by the army on reaching Pibor town, where authorities had stationed troops to protect the local administration.</description><body><![CDATA[PIBOR COUNTY, JONGLEI 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Koko and his wife Akuer Alan lost everything in the recent dramatic escalation of ethnic violence in newly independent South Sudan. Up to 8,000 armed Lou Nuer youths came to his village of Tangyang, near Gumuruk, killing civilians and taking cows, women and children belonging to the Murle with them. The attackers were eventually driven back by the army on reaching Pibor town, where authorities had stationed troops to protect the local administration.

But elderly Alan lost his entire livelihood as up to 80,000 heads of cattle were taken as prizes in this deadly assault, while revenge attacks to recover loved ones and livelihoods have already killed an estimated 140 people.

“I lost all my cows - they took all my cattle - I had about 500,” he told IRIN.

“Now I am here because of food, and I’m staying here [Pibor town] because I don’t know what to do now.

“I saw many people, children and women, being killed. They have taken cows, they have abducted women and children. Many people were killed.

“They were shooting people, and if they got old men like me, they were slaughtering [them] - that is how they were killing.

“I was about to be killed - some of my children took me and hid me, that’s why I survived.”

Holding a young baby, Akuer said the fate of the minority Murle group now rested in the hands of aid agencies and authorities.

“Our survival now depends on the food brought to us. It took about two weeks to get here - we’ve been living off the wild fruits from these trees.

“When I was running, I saw some families losing children. I ran with some kids, and my husband helped me, but up to now there are some children we have not [rescued].

“I can’t tell if I will be safe to go back - maybe God will know.

“I need something to eat, clothes, things for cooking, jerry cans for getting water, even medicines for children who are getting sick.

“If the government can protect us, we will be ok, but we have lost most of our property.

“Our survival now depends on the food brought to us.

“If there is food we will survive, and saucepans and clothes, something to cover us.”

hm/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94673</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201190823590283t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PIBOR COUNTY, JONGLEI 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Koko and his wife Akuer Alan lost everything in the recent dramatic escalation of ethnic violence in newly independent South Sudan. Up to 8,000 armed Lou Nuer youths came to his village of Tangyang, near Gumuruk, killing civilians and taking cows, women and children belonging to the Murle with them. The attackers were eventually driven back by the army on reaching Pibor town, where authorities had stationed troops to protect the local administration.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Snake oil salesmen and dodgy HIV &quot;cures&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Uganda's National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm's owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.  

 The drug, known as Virol ZAPPER, was being sold in 37ml liquid doses, each costing about US$210; patients were advised to take 10 drops daily. It was being advertised on local radio and TV stations as a miracle cure for HIV.  

 The sale of such "cures" is a profitable racket for charlatans willing to take advantage of desperate HIV-positive people; here is a collection of some dodgy treatments that have made the news in Africa over the years:  

 Tanzania - In 2011, tens of thousands of people from all over East Africa flocked to the tiny village of Loliondo [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=92360 ] in Tanzania seeking a cure for several diseases, including diabetes, tuberculosis and HIV. Ambilikile Mwasapile, a former Lutheran pastor, was charging 500 Tanzanian shillings - about $0.33 - for a cup for his concoction.  

 Several sick people died in the queues, which at their peak numbered 15,000 people. Studies are being conducted to determine the properties of Mwasapile's treatment.  

 South Africa - A 2008 Cape High Court judgment ruled that clinical trials of multivitamins in the treatment of HIV/AIDS by controversial vitamin salesman Matthias Rath [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=78739 ] were unlawful, and stopped them. The court also prohibited Rath from publishing any more advertisements claiming that his product, VitaCell, cured AIDS, pending further review by the Medicines Control Council.  

 Rath, who had been operating in South Africa since about 2004, claimed his multivitamins treated AIDS, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, bird flu and numerous other illnesses. Rath ran numerous advertisements aimed at convincing HIV-positive people to take his high-dose multivitamins rather than ARVs, available free-of-charge through the public health system, which he claimed were "toxic".  

 Kenya - In 2008, the government warned HIV-positive people in the country's eastern Coast Province [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79915 ] to reject herbal "cures" peddled by fake herbalists who claimed their concoctions contained unique ingredients that could boost the immune system and even cure HIV.  

 An estimated 80 percent of Kenyans use traditional healers either exclusively or in conjunction with western medicine; the government is drafting regulations to stop fraudulent herbalists from practising.  

 Gambia - In 2007, President Yahya Jammeh was roundly denounced by AIDS activists when he said he had found a cure for HIV/AIDS and began treating citizens. Shortly after his announcement, Jammeh expelled [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=70123 ] the most senior UN official in the country for questioning his "cure".  

 The programme is still running, but more Gambians are choosing ARVs over Jammeh's treatment.  

 Ethiopia - In 2007, thousands of HIV-positive patients flocked to Entoto, an ancient mountain north of the capital, Addis Ababa, seeking a "holy water" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=72375 ] cure for AIDS after local priests said they could cure HIV.  

 The Archbishop of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Abune Paulos, later advised patients to continue with their ARVs even as they sought healing at Entoto.  

 São Tome and Principe - In 2007, questions were raised about Dorviro-Sida, [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=74543 ] or "Put AIDS to sleep" in Portuguese, an anti-AIDS herbal remedy produced by Amancio Valentim, president of the Association of Traditional Medicine of São Tome and Principe. Valentim claimed three tablespoons of the brownish syrup, taken every day before meals, could reduce the viral load and make patients feel better; he said four patients who had taken the drug for four years had tested negative for HIV.  

 AIDS activists were concerned the drug could make HIV-positive people complacent about taking their ARVs, and the health ministry said it did not support Valentim's treatment.  

 South Africa - In 2006, a clinic in South Africa's east coast city of Durban began to sell "ubhejane" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39547 ] - a herbal mixture believed to treat HIV/AIDS.  

 The controversial traditional medicine received vast media coverage, mainly due to the backing it received from influential political figures such as the former health minister, Dr Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, and provincial health officials. Ubhejane, a dark brown liquid sold in old plastic milk bottles, had not undergone any clinical trials to test its efficacy. All that the tests confirmed was that it was not toxic.  

 But HIV-positive patients were far more willing to accept the traditional medicine as an effective remedy, flocking to the clinic to buy a full course of the herbal remedy that retailed at R374 ($40).  

 Uganda - In 2006, the Ugandan government banned the use of a popular anti-AIDS herb remedy known as "Khomeini" [ http://plusnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=39532 ], after tests found it provided no cure. Iranian Sheikh Allagholi Elahi claimed the drug - which contained olive oil and honey and cost $1,650 per dose - could cure HIV/AIDS and TB in three weeks.  

 Studies by experts in Uganda and Kenya found that while patients had gained weight due to the nutritional content of the drug, it was incapable of curing HIV.  

 kr/kn/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94679</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/200641010t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI/JOHANNESBURG 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Uganda&apos;s National Drug Authority recently arrested sales representatives of a company selling a drug that purports to cure HIV; the firm&apos;s owners are not licensed to sell medicine and are being sought by the police.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Thousands remain displaced as fighting subsides in Moyale</title><pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251241150045t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families displaced during weeks of fighting between two communities in the northern Kenyan district of Moyale have ignored pleas to return by government officials who say the situation has returned to normal.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families displaced during weeks of fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94535 ] between two communities in the northern Kenyan district of Moyale have ignored pleas to return by government officials who say the situation has returned to normal.

"Calm has been restored, we have not had a single incident of attack [lately], our intelligence personnel, local leaders are vigilant just in case any person or group plans to attack any group," Issaih Nokuru, the regional commissioner for Upper Eastern, told IRIN on 19 January.

Nokuru said police and the army had been deployed to the district and 24-hour patrols were ongoing. 
 
However, residents say tension remains high in the district. More than 15 settlements and grazing areas have been abandoned, they say. Some of the families have fled to Marsabit, Wajir and Isiolo districts, neighbouring Moyale.

Fighting between the Borana and Gabra communities began in December [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94585 ], mostly over control of resources such as water and grazing land but the conflict has also been linked to politics. General elections in Kenya, which frequently spark violence, are due later this year or early 2013.

Nokuru said plans were under way to help displaced families return to their homes, adding that they would be provided with food and shelter.

"We cannot talk of assisting people who are nowhere to be found, they need to go back to the villages to enable us to establish what they need so that we can make a request to the government and appeal to aid agencies for assistance," Nokuru said.

Regarding measures to curb the fighting, Nokuru said all home guards in the district had had their government-issued weapons confiscated following reports some had taken part in inter-communal clashes over cattle and pastureland, which claimed dozens of lives.

"A vetting process to recruit fresh new home guards and police reservists will be conducted by next week; we want a team from both communities who will help the police maintain security rather than cause trouble," he said.

Thousands of the displaced who fled across the border into Ethiopia have yet to return, local residents said. The fighting has also affected hundreds of Ethiopian pupils who attend schools in Kenya as many remain closed.

Wario Mohamed, a management committee member of Oda Primary School - on the outskirts of Moyale town - said thousands of people, including school-children, teachers and civil servants, were camped in Ethiopia's Oromia and Region 5 provinces.

"More than 8,000 people from villages, farms and grazing areas have fled to Ethiopia; some are still fleeing, nobody is going back home, apart from a few men who are returning to salvage their belongings which they left as they escaped," Mohamed said.

He said at least 3,000 Borana are camping at Kabana in Oromia region while an estimated 5,000 members of the Gabra are camped at Arballe in Region 5 province in Ethiopia.

These numbers could not be independently verified. In Addis Ababa, a spokesman for the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) told IRIN: “Apart from the rumours that we hear, we don’t have any concrete evidence that suggests a large number of Kenyan refugees are coming to Ethiopia.

“But still we are planning to send a task force soon to see the situation for ourselves,” said Kisut Gebre Egziabher. 

Mohamed said most of those in Ethiopia were without food, tents and mosquito nets: "They have not received any assistance."

On the move

An official at the government's Arid Lands Resource Management Programme office in Moyale, who requested anonymity, said hundreds of families displaced from the rural areas of Moyale had moved to Moyale town, while more than 100 Gabra families had moved to Wajir North, Marsabit and Isiolo districts.

Mohamed Golicha, a local councillor, said many displaced Moyale residents had ignored a directive by the government to return to their homes, fearing more attacks.

"These [displaced] people have no homes to return to; their house were burnt, all the Borana homeguards were disarmed; our people are likely to be attacked if they go back, it's better for them to stay in Ethiopia and seek asylum," Golicha said.

Salat*, a resident of Oda in Moyale, said he had moved his family to Ethiopia and was afraid to get them back, saying they had been threatened with more attacks should they return.

"Our people are suffering, Ethiopia is only offering assistance to people in Kabana, our people [the Gabra], particularly the elderly and the children, are suffering, almost all of them abandoned their livestock after their house were burnt," he said.

Salat said those who had fled to neighbouring Wajir district were suffering the most as pressure was being put on them to leave the area.

Education hit

According to the Moyale branch of the Kenya National Union of Teachers (KNUT), some 34 public and 14 private primary schools have not opened, with hundreds of pupils and at least 450 teachers still displaced.

Adan Abkul Sabura, KNUT's Moyale executive secretary, said: "A total of 13,000 and 3,000 learners in both public and private primary schools remain displaced and out of school as a result of this conflict; some have lost their homes, some have lost relatives, belongings and many are traumatized. It is impossible for them to resume learning soon."

He added that four public and a private secondary school also remained closed, estimating that more than 2,000 students had fled with their families to Ethiopia or to live with relatives in Moyale town.

A civil servant from Moyale, who spoke to IRIN in Isiolo town, said members of his community had been threatened not to return to Moyale.

"I am a nurse and many of us, as well as many teachers, will not go back; it is obvious delivery of government services to the public has been disrupted, I will not go back," the civil servant said. "We have requested transfers out of Moyale or we shall simply resign."

*Gave only one name

na/js/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94681</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251241150045t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO 19 January 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families displaced during weeks of fighting between two communities in the northern Kenyan district of Moyale have ignored pleas to return by government officials who say the situation has returned to normal.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Good progress in male circumcision campaign</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) -  The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania's non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.  

 "The response is good and encouraging. Government and health officials are very cooperative," said Charles Wanga, a communications officer with Jhpiego [ http://www.jhpiego.org ], an NGO affiliated with Johns Hopkins University that is working with the government to roll out the programme in Iringa, a region in the southern Tanzanian highlands.  

 An estimated 67 percent of Tanzanian men are circumcised, but prevalence varies from region to region; in some parts of western Tanzania, circumcision levels are as low as 20 percent.  The programme - launched [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91849 ] in 2011 - aims to circumcise 2.8 million males aged between 10 and 34 within five years. It focuses on seven regions in western Tanzania where levels of male circumcision are particularly low: Iringa, Kagera, Mar, Mwanza, Rukwa, Shinyanga and Tabora.  

 Wanga told PlusNews that the project aimed to circumcise 260,000 men and boys in Iringa by 2015; the first phase, which ended in December 2011, was expected to cover 20,000.  

 "Up to September [2011], 30,000 men and boys were circumcised under the programme, which reflects success of 150 percent," he said.  

 According to Jhpiego, most of those volunteering for male circumcision in Iringa are adolescent boys and unmarried men; older, married men have been more reluctant to come forward.  Just 38 percent of Iringa men are circumcised; the region has an HIV prevalence rate of 15.7 percent - about three times the national average.  

 In the northwestern region of Kagera, more than 13,000 men and boys underwent circumcision between 2010 and 2011, according to Songoro Biki, an official with the NGO, International Centre for AIDS Prevention, which is supporting male circumcision in the area.  

 "The response to the campaign is quite promising as more people were showing up voluntarily for the 'cut'; we expect to reach over 300,000 by 2015," he said.  

 He said the service was being provided at the Bukoba Regional hospital and Rubya hospital, in Muleba district, adding that plans were under way to provide the service at Maruku and Izimbya Wards, in Bukoba Rural district.  

 The programme - supported by the Tanzanian government, the US government and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - provides the service free of charge; male circumcision usually costs US$10-17. Tanzania has also trained nurses to perform the procedure, as the country has a shortage of doctors.  

 Three randomized controlled trials in Kenya, South Africa and Uganda provided evidence [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=62729 ] that male circumcision can reduce a man's risk of becoming infected with HIV through heterosexual intercourse by as much as 60 percent.  

 According to the UN World Health Organization [ http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502511_eng.pdf ], Tanzania needs to circumcise some 1,373,271 men in order to achieve 80 percent prevalence, which would potentially avert 200,000 new HIV infections within five years.  

jk/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94667</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011021334300722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 18 January 2012 (IRIN) - The demand for medical male circumcision is growing among Tanzania&apos;s non-circumcising communities, and officials say the country is on track to surpass its goal of reaching 2.8 million men by 2015.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: The downside of male involvement in PMTCT</title><pubDate>Mon, 16 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg" />]]>KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</description><body><![CDATA[KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) -  Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21084999 ] it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.  

 Silvia*, a 33-year-old mother of six, now living at her mother's home in western Kenya, says her 14-year marriage was doomed the minute she followed her healthcare worker's advice to bring her husband for an antenatal visit after she tested HIV-positive. "I was tested and I was told I was positive; I asked if I could go ahead and just carry the pregnancy and the nurse assured me it was fine," she said. "She, however, asked me to bring my husband when coming for the next visit and I agreed."  

 She convinced her husband to accompany her on her next visit, but when he tested HIV-negative, he accused her of cheating on him. "He left me at the hospital... When I got home, he beat me up and said the child I was carrying wasn't his and he chased me away," she added. "The nurse thought she was helping us but it turned out to be a curse for me."  

 There is limited research into the area of gender-based violence following HIV-testing, but a presentation by the NGO, the Sonke Gender Justice Network, [ http://www.slideshare.net/evonleer/3-ias-men-and-pmtct-peacockvienna-2010 ] at the 2010 International AIDS Society conference in Vienna, Austria, reported that women's experiences upon disclosing their status to their male partners were often "complex and positive": some studies reported violence levels of up to 14 percent, while others stated that about half of HIV-positive women said their partners reacted supportively to the disclosure.  

 According to Beatrice Misoga, PMTCT programme officer with the AIDS Population Health Integrated Assistance (APHIA Plus), gender-based violence is more common in discordant relationships where the man is HIV-negative. "Male involvement has helped realize success with PMTCT programmes where it has been applied because prevention of mother to child transmission is a family issue, but yes, there have been challenges in certain aspects like the possibility of gender-based violence targeting women and more so in a situation where the male partner is not willing to be part of it."  

 Tensions  

 In 2009, Human Rights Watch cautioned [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87598 ] the Kenyan government to ensure that human rights were protected during a large-scale home-based counselling and testing programme; HRW noted that HIV-positive mothers - among them girls under the age of 18 - sometimes suffered violence, mistreatment, disinheritance, and discrimination from their husbands, in-laws, or their own families.  

 Some women, too fearful of the repercussions of revealing their HIV status to their husbands, opt out of PMTCT programmes altogether. "A woman comes to the facility but the moment you mention her man, she disappears and might resurface to give birth - some go to traditional birth attendants," said Julie Miseda, a nurse at Nyanza Province's Siaya District Hospital. "Some will tell you they are not married but the day they give birth, a man appears and claims he is the father.  

 "At times, involving both of them creates tension between them and they tend to keep very crucial information, for example, a history of a sexually transmitted infection, to themselves," she added.  

 Supporting men  

 According to APHIA Plus's Misoga, to preserve the benefits of male involvement in PMTCT, health clinics had to become more aware of the counselling needs of men. "Despite the disadvantages, the benefits of male involvement are immense and what needs to be done is to make these antenatal clinics male friendly. It is also important to give constant information and messages targeting men on the need to be part of prevention of mother to child transmission programmes," she said.  

 Christopher Mukabi, a local peer educator, says male support groups have proved useful in improving the way couples deal with an HIV diagnosis. "Bringing men together in male support groups and then using these groups to convince them to get into PMTCT programmes can help deal with some of the challenges, but stigma and alcoholism are still problems in getting men involved."  

 ko/kr/mw

*Not her real name

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94652</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710269t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KISUMU 16 January 2012 (IRIN) - Involving men is increasingly being promoted as a key element in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and while its benefits are well-documented - in one Kenyan study it reduced the risks of vertical transmission and infant mortality by more than 40 percent compared with no involvement - it can occasionally lead to domestic discord and even violence.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA-SOMALIA: Paying high price for military incursion</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO-NAIROBI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Security, service delivery and economic activity in northeastern Kenya have deteriorated considerably since October 2011, when the country’s military forces deployed in neighbouring Somalia in an effort to eradicate the Al-Shabab militia, which has vowed to avenge the incursion.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO-NAIROBI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Security, service delivery and economic activity in northeastern Kenya have deteriorated considerably since October 2011, when the country’s military forces deployed in neighbouring Somalia in an effort to eradicate the Al-Shabab militia, which has vowed to avenge the incursion. 

In December alone, at least 15 incidents involving grenades or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) occurred in the regions of Garissa, Wajir, Mandera and Dadaab, where some 463,000 people, mostly Somalis, are housed in the world’s largest refugee complex. (See box) 

In the latest incident on 11 January, at least two police officers and four civilians were killed in a raid at the Gerrile border post in Wajir area; other government officials were reported missing, presumably abducted. Al-Shabab said on its Twitter account that it carried out this attack. 

Several blogs reportedly associated with the group also said one of its units was responsible for killing a refugee leader in Dadaab in December because he helped the authorities to locate IEDs there. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94596 ] 

Confirming the Gerrile incident, the regional commissioner Wenslas Ongayo said an operation was under way to rescue the missing officials. 

One local government official in the northeast, who asked not to be identified, told IRIN the insecurity had restricted his duties. "As a senior civil servant and a supervisor, I am supposed to travel to remote parts of Mandera, some areas very close to the Somali border,” he said. 

"Since my life is important to me and my family, I no longer make any field trips since the Al-Shabab killed three government workers [there] two months ago." 

Aid affected 

An aid worker in Mandera, on the Somali border, said thousands of hungry families who relied on food aid had been affected by the withdrawal of relief agencies. 

"How can NGOs believe repeated pledges by the government that it will protect them, whereas almost a dozen of our officers in the police and army have been killed in attacks staged by Al-Shabab in Mandera this year alone?" asked the aid worker. 

The police commander in Northeastern Province, Leo Nyongesa, said security measures had been stepped up.  

"We are doing a lot; our forces have arrested many Al-Shabab fighters and agents and foiled a number of attacks," Nyongesa told IRIN. Nyongesa added that the spate of grenade attacks against security personnel would not deter Kenyan security forces in their quest to fight “terrorism”. 

"We shall endeavour to protect citizens, aid workers and aliens in our territory," he said in the provincial capital, Garissa, after the New Year’s Eve killing of several people in two pub attacks.  

The police force, he said, had also punished some officers after they were implicated in assisting criminals disguised as refugees.  

Heightened threat 

Hussein Omar, a local government official in Ijara, which also borders Somalia, said the council had lost revenue because the livestock trade had come to a stop in this largely pastoralist area. 

Food prices had also increased with local traders no longer able to import goods from Somalia. 

"Many traders have been forced to quit business after the border was closed," he told IRIN. An education official in Ijara said hundreds of pupils and their teachers had been affected following school closures. 

In addition, Kenyan authorities and foreign governments have warned of heightened threat of attack in the capital, Nairobi. 

In a travel warning, the British government said: “We believe that terrorists may be in the final stages of planning attacks. Attacks could be indiscriminate and target Kenyan institutions as well as places where expatriates and foreign travellers gather, such as hotels, shopping centres and beaches.” "

Before, our work was just to guard people’s belongings but that has changed because everybody is a potential terrorist," William Wanyama, a security guard in a 

Nairobi supermarket, told IRIN. At a bus-stop, Lydia Muema, who was waiting to travel out of the capital, said: 
"Nairobi is not Nairobi any more because the oncoming car could be carrying somebody who is planning to hurl a grenade at you. 

"Now, I try to avoid crowded places as much as I can. You are always in fear even when in a tall building." In 1998, the US embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam were bombed, killing 258 people. The attacks were claimed by Al-Qaeda, which has links to some elements of Al-Shabab. George Bwana, a supermarket manager, said customer numbers had dropped. 

"Many people believe the city centre is the place any terrorist would want to strike and now people prefer to shop closer to where they live," said Bwana. "If you talk to bar owners here in the city, they will tell you the same thing about a declining number of patrons in the evenings." 

na-ko-aw/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94641</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO-NAIROBI 13 January 2012 (IRIN) - Security, service delivery and economic activity in northeastern Kenya have deteriorated considerably since October 2011, when the country’s military forces deployed in neighbouring Somalia in an effort to eradicate the Al-Shabab militia, which has vowed to avenge the incursion.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: AU wants peace, security and bigger global role in 2012</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg" />]]>WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</description><body><![CDATA[WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.

AU Ambassador to the United States, Amina Ali of Tanzania, presented the list of top priorities at a conference on 11 January held at Washington think-tank, the Brookings Institution.

Among them were the regulars - peace and security, enhanced democracy and good governance – as well as improved regional trade and greater involvement of the continent’s large diaspora in African affairs.

The first priority for Africa was the AU's resolve to review its international partnerships to ensure they bring greater benefits to Africa. 

“We are working to be able to build closer partnerships with our international partners so that Africa can really attain a sustainable economy,” Ali told the conference.

The AU wants Africa to manufacture and export finished products to its trading partners rather than just selling them the raw materials as it does now. She cited China, India, the EU and US and other rising stars in trade with the continent, including Turkey and Latin America, and said the AU had held talks on the new breed of partnerships with some of them.

The AU also wants Africa to have a veto-wielding seat on the UN Security Council, and a place at the G20 negotiating table, Ali said.

The peace and security that have eluded Africa for decades continue to be high on the list of problems that the continent needs to resolve, but she spoke only of conflict in Sudan. “The AU will continue to look into issues for Sudan,” Ali said.
 
A report released at the conference, Foresight Africa, highlighted other tinderboxes and called for “urgent instability and warfare policy reviews” to meet the challenges the continent faces in not only Sudan but also in Somalia and Nigeria. [ http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2012/01_priorities_foresight_africa.aspx ]

The report compares the instability in Africa to the decade-old US-led war in Afghanistan, and warned that if “the current trend continues”, a swathe of Africa, stretching from the Horn to Nigeria, “is likely to experience increasing instability and warfare, while narratives of jihadist revolt and terrorist technologies circulate among its citizens”.

The unrest could affect Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, the report says. Clearly, the AU has to do more than just supervise goings-on in Sudan and its new neighbour, South Sudan.

The AU also pledged to "review the mechanism for democratic process in Africa" after the wake-up call from the uprisings in the Arab world, including North Africa, a year ago, Ali said.

The AU will press member states to sign a charter ratified by the AU assembly in 2007, which aims to strengthen democracy and good governance in Africa, she said.

The charter was inspired in part by concern that “unconstitutional changes of governments” are a key cause of insecurity and “violent conflict” in Africa, and by a determination to “strengthen good governance through the institutionalization of transparency, accountability and participatory democracy”.

As of November last year, 38 of the AU’s 54 member states had signed the charter, but only 10 had ratified it. It is notable that nearly all the countries in the areas of Africa that are “likely to experience increasing instability and warfare” have signed the charter, with the exception of Somalia and Eritrea in the east and Cameroon in the west.

Food security

The AU will take steps to establish “food reserves” that give areas that face drought a “cushion” against famine, said Ali. She also voiced fears that parts of west Africa could be hit by drought this year, highlighting the need to rapidly establish food reserves – a tough challenge in a time of high food prices and an economic crisis in Europe, which has hit Africa.

Africa also has to “secure access to markets and competitive prices for farmers” or “risk inciting unrest” and food riots, the Foresight Africa report says.

AU officials will push in 2012 to establish a free trade zone that spans the length and breadth of the continent, Ali said. It would boost commerce between countries, a key step towards development.

At present, less than 15 percent of African trade stays on the continent - the rest is sold abroad.

The last item on the AU wish-list is greater involvement of the African diaspora, said to outnumber Africans at home, in the continent’s affairs.

The AU is due to host an African diaspora summit in May, Ali said.

Ali stressed the importance of the diaspora to the continent: remittances represent a larger revenue source for Africa than overseas development aid.

kdz/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SOMALIA: ICRC suspends aid deliveries</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221039320333t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - One of the few aid agencies excluded from a ban imposed by Al-Shabaab insurgents in Somalia has suspended food and seed distributions to 1.1m people in the south and centre of the country after local authorities repeatedly blocked its deliveries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - One of the few aid agencies excluded from a ban imposed by Al-Shabaab insurgents in Somalia has suspended food and seed distributions to 1.1m people in the south and centre of the country after local authorities repeatedly blocked its deliveries.

"The suspension will continue until we receive assurances from the authorities controlling those areas that distributions can take place unimpeded and reach all those in need, as previously agreed," said Patrick Vial, the head of the ICRC delegation for Somalia, in a statement released on 12 January. [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2012/somalia-news-2011-01-12.htm ]

Without specifically mentioning Al Shabaab, which controls most of the region, the ICRC said deliveries intended for 240,000 people in the Middle Shabelle and Galgaduud had been blocked since mid-December 2011.

"We are actively seeking the cooperation of the local authorities to restore conditions that will allow the resumption of the suspended activities as soon as possible," Vial said.

Some three million people in southern and central Somalia are need of humanitarian assistance because of the combined effects of drought and conflict. Of these up to 250,000 still live in famine conditions, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

Meanwhile, the spokesman for the Kenyan Defence Forces (KDF), which launched operations against Al-Shabaab in Somalia in October, appealed for more humanitarian assistance to be provided to areas it had captured.

"We are calling on international organizations with the ability to provide humanitarian aid in areas under KDF/TFG [Transitional Federal Government of Somalia] control to do so," Maj Emmanuel Chirchir told IRIN.

Currently, Chirchir said, KDF/TFG and Ethiopian forces control parts of Gedo region and several supply routes in the south.

"The environment exists for aid work in areas and supply routes controlled by KDF/TFG because KDF/TFG can provide escort to aid workers; the aid agencies have to iron out with KDF/TFG ways and means of guaranteeing the security of aid workers," he said.

According to OCHA Somalia spokesman Russell Geekie, “Decisions about where humanitarians operate are based on need and the prevailing security situation so organizations are monitoring the situation closely." 

Another senior humanitarian official told IRIN: “"Aid agencies are continually reassessing security in Somalia and do operate wherever it is safe enough. But they generally avoid being associated with any armed group, to demonstrate their neutrality."

“We cannot eat security”

Haji Hiifow, a resident of the town of Buurgabo, 90km from the Kenyan border and which is under the control of combined Kenyan and TFG forces, said the area was still reeling from the effects of a prolonged drought and has not recovered yet, despite the recent rains.

Hiifow said area residents and internally displaced people (IDPs) who fled to Buurgabo from other towns were facing food shortages. He said that there was no aid agency operating in the area.

Although the town was relatively secure now, Hiifow said, "we cannot eat security; we need something to eat and medical help". 

Js/am

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94635</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112221039320333t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - One of the few aid agencies excluded from a ban imposed by Al-Shabaab insurgents in Somalia has suspended food and seed distributions to 1.1m people in the south and centre of the country after local authorities repeatedly blocked its deliveries.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA-SOMALIA: Dadaab leaders flee after killings, threats*</title><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg" />]]>DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.</description><body><![CDATA[DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 mostly Somali residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.

These deaths, and threats to other refugees, came after an agreement by refugee leaders to step up vigilance with patrols in Dadaab after roadside bombings. Police blamed the attacks on Al-Shabab, a Somali insurgent group, now being targeted by the Kenyan military in Somalia.

The police, one of whose officers was killed in the latest blast, on 19 December, believe Al-Shabab has established a presence in the complex. Some refugees told IRIN that police, during a robust response, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94528 ] had told them to hand over the “evil ones” living among them.

Police detained several people in two of Dadaab’s camps – Ifo and Hagadera - during the vigilance patrols.

A few days later, on 29 December unidentified gunmen shot dead Ahamed Mahmoud Mohamed, a community leader in Hagadera camp. Three days after that, another community leader was fatally shot in Ifo camp.

Both men played prominent roles in Community Peace and Security Teams (CPSTs), a kind of volunteer police service set up several years ago.

“These people were killed in the fight between Kenyan [police] forces and Al-Shabab,” one refugee leader told IRIN, asking not to be named.

“It is not safe any more to work as a leader during this critical situation. If you don’t work with the police the police will crack down, but if we cooperate, Al-Shabab will target us,” he said.

One inhabitant of Ifo camp, where residents last week handed over to police bomb-making equipment they had discovered, said: “We sleep with a lot of fear in the night, because we are afraid of being attacked by those who hid the explosives.” 

A youth leader from Dagahaley, another of Dadaab’s camps, said he left the complex after receiving “several threatening calls” and hearing about unfamiliar people searching for me in the [residential] blocks. 

“Since I was part of the community security team, I am very fearful for my life.” 

He said the caller had warned him, in Somali: “If you don’t stop what you are doing, we will come to where you are.”

“There is no protection in Dadaab, it is just [becoming] like Somalia. People are killed in broad daylight so I can’t risk my life there,” he added.

Threats

“There have been some people who have received threats who have been evacuated,” Lennart Hernander, Kenya representative of the Lutheran World Federation, an NGO that provides training for the CPSTs and is responsible for housing and security in Dadaab.

While these refugees had some position of responsibility in Dadaab, they were not all working with the CPSTs, he said.

“We don’t know why it happened and don’t want to speculate,” he said of the two killings.

The CPSTs “are extremely important in solving daily problems in the camps, such as domestic violence, arguments between refugees, queue jumping, all sorts of problems that occur”, Hernander told IRIN.

“They are especially important for the protection of women; they patrol the camps day and night. We are quite sure they prevent sexual abuse.

“We have to review the whole [CPST] system,” he said.

Insecurity in Dadaab has resulted in the humanitarian presence and response being limited to essential services only. General food distributions were briefly interrupted in late 2011, but resumed shortly before the New Year. 

“Now that the community leaders who played the role of aid workers are targeted, we will have no one to rely on. Delivery of services is turning very difficult. We are in a very bad situation,” said Hassan Bunow, a long-term resident of Ifo camp. 

All these factors, coupled with high food prices and good rains back home, have prompted some refugees to return to Somalia, according to Mohamud Jama, a community leader in Ifo camp.

“We know and have seen that many families who lived in Ifo 2 have gone back to their farms in southern Somalia. They had initially fled from famine but now there is rain. If you visit now, you will find very many empty tents,” he added, without giving details of numbers.

Police criticized

Several youths were detained on 5 January after community members reported bomb-making equipment found in Ifo camp. 

“They arrested our innocent children for no reason when we volunteered to cooperate with them. Now the whole village is in terror of the police. Other sections of the camp are afraid to give information [after seeing] how violent the police acted today,” said one resident.

Citizens’ Rights Watch, a lobby group, gave a damning account of the police response after it visited Dadaab recently, accusing the police of committing several gang rapes and looting and destroying property.

However, Kenya Police deputy spokesman Charles Owino Wahongo dismissed the allegations.

"Claims of police harassment of people in Dadaab or in northern Kenya in general are not sincere because nobody has ever reported to the police about these claims,” he told IRIN.

“If indeed there are cases of high-handedness by security agencies, including the police in their security operations in Dadaab, we are open to receive such complaints and deal with them within the law. Up to this point, we can’t talk much about them," he added.

mh/am/mw

*This is a revised version of a story first published earlier on 9 January

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94596</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201090804480038t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DADAAB 09 January 2012 (IRIN) - Several community leaders among the 463,000 residents of the world’s largest refugee complex have left the facility in eastern Kenya, fearing for their safety after the killing of two of their colleagues.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TANZANIA: Government recalls faulty HIV test kits</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.
 
 In November, the UN World Health Organization removed the Standard Diagnostics Bioline® HIV 1/2 3.0 Rapid HIV Test Kit from its list of approved rapid test kits with immediate effect; the alert was issued after Bioline failed quality assurance tests.
 
 The Tanzanian government has followed neighbouring Kenya [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94586 ] in issuing an immediate recall of all Bioline testing kits in the country.
 
 "What we know so far is that 1,178 test kits have been used in the field, but we have yet to substantiate exactly how many of them were defective," Hadji Mponda, Tanzania's Health Minister, said at a news conference on 5 January.
 
 jk/kr

 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94592</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008112622t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM 06 January 2012 (IRIN) - Tanzanian health authorities have announced the withdrawal of a South Korean HIV test kit from circulation following warnings about its poor quality.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: Thousands flee fatal clashes in Moyale</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251241150045t.jpg" />]]>MOYALE 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - At least six people have been killed in a fresh wave of fighting between two rival groups near the northern Kenya town of Moyale, prompting thousands to flee their homes, aid agencies and residents told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[MOYALE 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - At least six people have been killed in a fresh wave of fighting between two rival groups near the northern Kenya town of Moyale, prompting thousands to flee their homes, aid agencies and residents told IRIN.
 
 The latest clashes between the Borana and Gabra communities, which follow weeks of unrest in December [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94535 ], began on 3 January and continued into the following day.
 
 The fighting reportedly broke out after a disagreement between youths at a peace meeting degenerated first into an exchange of stones, then gunfire.
 
 The Kenya Red Cross Society said six people had so far been confirmed dead, three of them children, and dozens of houses had been burnt. Three other people were reported to have sustained serious injuries. 
 
 Difficulties in accessing the affected villages of Odha, Kanisa, Masille, Iladu and Hellu led officials to believe the final toll could rise significantly,
 
 Some 1,700 children from these villages have been unable to attend school because they fled with their families to Moyale town, according to one education official.
 
 Reacting to complaints of government inaction, Regional Commissioner Issah Nakoru said: “Our people must be assured that the government has deployed more than 1,000 security officers in Moyale and Isiolo  [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94555 ] [about 500km to the southwest].”
 
 Residents “have a role to play. Tell us those who among them are engaged in the fight and those who are inciting the communities to fight,” he said.
 
 na/am/mw
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94585</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251241150045t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOYALE 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - At least six people have been killed in a fresh wave of fighting between two rival groups near the northern Kenya town of Moyale, prompting thousands to flee their homes, aid agencies and residents told IRIN.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>KENYA: New guidelines follow recall of faulty HIV test</title><pubDate>Thu, 05 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 In November, WHO removed [ http://nascop.or.ke/library/HTC/bioline.pdf ] the Standard Diagnostics Bioline® HIV 1/2 3.0 Rapid HIV Test Kit from its list of approved rapid test kits with immediate effect; the alert was issued after Bioline failed quality assurance tests. 
 
 The Kenyan government estimates one million kits were in circulation at the time of the recall, about one-tenth of all the HIV kits available in the country. 
 
 "We followed the World Health Organization alert and have in turn ordered all health facilities and voluntary counselling and testing centres to stop using the kit," said Shahnaz Sharif, Kenya's director of public health at the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation. 
 
 New guidelines 
 
 Bioline, which is manufactured in South Korea, was in use as a confirmatory test, the second conducted during standard HIV testing, which uses three tests - an initial screening test, a confirmatory test and if there is a discrepancy, a third, tie-breaker test. 
 
 As a result of the recall, Unigold, the brand used in Kenya as a tie-breaker, now replaces Bioline as the confirmatory test, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test - which requires a blood sample be sent to a laboratory and takes significantly longer than the rapid tests - becomes the tie-breaker. A brand known as Determine retains its place as the official screening test. 
 
 "We have already engaged the services of a supply chain management organization to help with collecting the Bioline kit from facilities countrywide and at the same time, replace it with Unigold; it [the supply chain management firm] has the database of all the health facilities that received the faulty Bioline kit," said Peter Cherutich, deputy director of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme. 
 
 "Health facilities will commence working with the various partners to help trace people who might have been tested with the faulty kit so that they can come for repeat tests," said Jackson Kioko, director of public health and sanitation in Kenya's Nyanza Province, which has the country's highest HIV prevalence levels - 14.8 percent compared with a national average of 7.4 percent. 
 
 Concern 
 
 However, health workers are concerned that the use of the ELISA test will discourage nervous testers. "Except in the cases of infants, HIV tests results have always been instant and that has been the beauty of it; the process of having to wait for your result in case of discrepancies might be very agonizing for many people," said Julie Nasirembe, a nurse at a health facility in Nairobi. 
 
 There is also concern about the impact the recall will have on public confidence in HIV testing, especially as the country pushes for universal access to HIV counselling and testing. 
 
 "We don't know how widely this Bioline kit might have been used but it definitely eroded your confidence, not only in the health facilities but even in yourself, because if you test negative you are not sure if you are accurately negative," said Dan Mutisya, a resident of Kenya's capital Nairobi. 
 
 ko/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94586</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101050941290039t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 05 January 2012 (IRIN) - The Kenyan government has changed its HIV testing algorithm following the withdrawal of a widely used brand of HIV test on warnings from UN World Health Organization.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN &amp; EASTERN AFRICA: Drought highlights in 2011</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93426 ] exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people. 
 
 Thousands in Somalia and Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94279 ] began the year by making the dangerous journey to Yemen. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91535 ] Others from these two countries headed for South Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=93403 ] where they faced arrest, deportation and detention. 
 
 Among other innovations, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] the humanitarian response in drought-affected countries across the Horn saw an escalation in the use of cash transfers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94396 ] 
 
 As the magnitude of the drought crisis gained international attention, familiar laments emerged [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] about the failure to heed warnings issued months earlier [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] and learn from previous famines by building resilience to inevitable weather shocks. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] 
 
 Somalia 
 
 The drought was especially hard in Somalia, with the UN declaring a famine in some regions of south-central Somalia. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93280 ] Drought and insecurity forced hundreds of thousands to flee [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93564 ] to neighbouring Kenya, swelling the number of people in the congested Dadaab refugee complex, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93332 ] which for many residents, has been “home” for most of their lives. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93906 ] 
 
 Meanwhile, relief efforts inside Somalia were thrown into jeopardy by the banning of several agencies by the Al-Shabab insurgency [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94321 ] as well as by frequent looting at distribution centres [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94222 ] and also Kenya’s military intervention, aimed at neutralizing the insurgents. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94018 ] US anti-terror legislation has also placed hurdles in the way of aid agencies. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93887 ] 
 
 After visiting Mogadishu on 9 December, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said: "On the humanitarian front, UN agencies and NGOs have done outstanding work. Their collective efforts have saved thousands of lives since famine was declared in July. But the situation - particularly in central and southern Somalia - remains dire. Four million people are in crisis; 250,000 people face famine." 
 
 At the end of 2011 it was rain [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94204 ] which cut off those in need in Somalia. Increased insecurity in northern Kenya saw a police crackdown [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94528 ] on Somali refugees in northern Kenya. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 The year started with calls for action to mitigate the effects of recurrent drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] amid warnings that livestock deaths in northern Kenya could increase as the drought worsened. [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91555 ] When the drought became serious later in the year, farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93540 ] as well as ordinary Kenyans came together to raise funds for the hungry in an unprecedented campaign, Kenyans4Kenya. [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke/ ] 
 
 The drought had a largely overlooked knock-on effect on food prices in poor urban areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93551 ] and led to an escalation of conflict in some pastoralist areas. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93363 ] 
 
 October saw floods which displaced thousands and rendered parts of the country inaccessible due to washed away bridges and impassable roads. At the end of the year the floods were affecting more than 100,000 people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94479 ] and undermining food security recovery. 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 Food shortages, as a result of poor rains, were experienced in early 2011 in the Oromiya and Somali regions, prompting the government and its international partners to appeal for US$226.5 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91865 ] in relief aid for almost three million people. In May, food and non-food aid started arriving. 
 
 A cash transfer programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93641 ] was launched in September to help reach some of the most vulnerable people in Tigray, one of Ethiopia's most food insecure regions. The pilot scheme transfers cash to those least able to earn money. 
 
 Djibouti 
 
 Lack of adequate preparedness to cope with drought was one of the issues highlighted by President Ismail Omar Guelleh in an interview with IRIN on 27 January. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91804 ] "The problem in our region is that we don’t plan properly for what we know is coming. Four months ago, we had a lot of rain. Four months later, we are dying of starvation and lack of water," he said. 
 
 In August, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/CERFaroundtheWorld/Djibouti2011/tabid/7395/language/en-US/Default.aspx ] made a US$3.2 million allocation to UN agencies to help avert an acute crisis caused by the drought. 
 
 Drought and poverty prompted thousands to make the hazardous journey to Yemen, [ http://newsite.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94210 ] with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, estimating that at least 60,000 migrants had arrived in Yemen between January and August 2011, double the number that had arrived during the same period in 2010. 
 
 js/am/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94567</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
