<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Djibouti</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 16:00:32 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>AFRICA: AU wants peace, security and bigger global role in 2012</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg" />]]>WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</description><body><![CDATA[WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.

AU Ambassador to the United States, Amina Ali of Tanzania, presented the list of top priorities at a conference on 11 January held at Washington think-tank, the Brookings Institution.

Among them were the regulars - peace and security, enhanced democracy and good governance – as well as improved regional trade and greater involvement of the continent’s large diaspora in African affairs.

The first priority for Africa was the AU's resolve to review its international partnerships to ensure they bring greater benefits to Africa. 

“We are working to be able to build closer partnerships with our international partners so that Africa can really attain a sustainable economy,” Ali told the conference.

The AU wants Africa to manufacture and export finished products to its trading partners rather than just selling them the raw materials as it does now. She cited China, India, the EU and US and other rising stars in trade with the continent, including Turkey and Latin America, and said the AU had held talks on the new breed of partnerships with some of them.

The AU also wants Africa to have a veto-wielding seat on the UN Security Council, and a place at the G20 negotiating table, Ali said.

The peace and security that have eluded Africa for decades continue to be high on the list of problems that the continent needs to resolve, but she spoke only of conflict in Sudan. “The AU will continue to look into issues for Sudan,” Ali said.
 
A report released at the conference, Foresight Africa, highlighted other tinderboxes and called for “urgent instability and warfare policy reviews” to meet the challenges the continent faces in not only Sudan but also in Somalia and Nigeria. [ http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2012/01_priorities_foresight_africa.aspx ]

The report compares the instability in Africa to the decade-old US-led war in Afghanistan, and warned that if “the current trend continues”, a swathe of Africa, stretching from the Horn to Nigeria, “is likely to experience increasing instability and warfare, while narratives of jihadist revolt and terrorist technologies circulate among its citizens”.

The unrest could affect Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, the report says. Clearly, the AU has to do more than just supervise goings-on in Sudan and its new neighbour, South Sudan.

The AU also pledged to "review the mechanism for democratic process in Africa" after the wake-up call from the uprisings in the Arab world, including North Africa, a year ago, Ali said.

The AU will press member states to sign a charter ratified by the AU assembly in 2007, which aims to strengthen democracy and good governance in Africa, she said.

The charter was inspired in part by concern that “unconstitutional changes of governments” are a key cause of insecurity and “violent conflict” in Africa, and by a determination to “strengthen good governance through the institutionalization of transparency, accountability and participatory democracy”.

As of November last year, 38 of the AU’s 54 member states had signed the charter, but only 10 had ratified it. It is notable that nearly all the countries in the areas of Africa that are “likely to experience increasing instability and warfare” have signed the charter, with the exception of Somalia and Eritrea in the east and Cameroon in the west.

Food security

The AU will take steps to establish “food reserves” that give areas that face drought a “cushion” against famine, said Ali. She also voiced fears that parts of west Africa could be hit by drought this year, highlighting the need to rapidly establish food reserves – a tough challenge in a time of high food prices and an economic crisis in Europe, which has hit Africa.

Africa also has to “secure access to markets and competitive prices for farmers” or “risk inciting unrest” and food riots, the Foresight Africa report says.

AU officials will push in 2012 to establish a free trade zone that spans the length and breadth of the continent, Ali said. It would boost commerce between countries, a key step towards development.

At present, less than 15 percent of African trade stays on the continent - the rest is sold abroad.

The last item on the AU wish-list is greater involvement of the African diaspora, said to outnumber Africans at home, in the continent’s affairs.

The AU is due to host an African diaspora summit in May, Ali said.

Ali stressed the importance of the diaspora to the continent: remittances represent a larger revenue source for Africa than overseas development aid.

kdz/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN &amp; EASTERN AFRICA: Drought highlights in 2011</title><pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93426 ] exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people. 
 
 Thousands in Somalia and Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94279 ] began the year by making the dangerous journey to Yemen. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91535 ] Others from these two countries headed for South Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=93403 ] where they faced arrest, deportation and detention. 
 
 Among other innovations, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93633 ] the humanitarian response in drought-affected countries across the Horn saw an escalation in the use of cash transfers. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94396 ] 
 
 As the magnitude of the drought crisis gained international attention, familiar laments emerged [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] about the failure to heed warnings issued months earlier [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] and learn from previous famines by building resilience to inevitable weather shocks. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93337 ] 
 
 Somalia 
 
 The drought was especially hard in Somalia, with the UN declaring a famine in some regions of south-central Somalia. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93280 ] Drought and insecurity forced hundreds of thousands to flee [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93564 ] to neighbouring Kenya, swelling the number of people in the congested Dadaab refugee complex, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93332 ] which for many residents, has been “home” for most of their lives. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93906 ] 
 
 Meanwhile, relief efforts inside Somalia were thrown into jeopardy by the banning of several agencies by the Al-Shabab insurgency [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94321 ] as well as by frequent looting at distribution centres [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94222 ] and also Kenya’s military intervention, aimed at neutralizing the insurgents. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94018 ] US anti-terror legislation has also placed hurdles in the way of aid agencies. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93887 ] 
 
 After visiting Mogadishu on 9 December, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said: "On the humanitarian front, UN agencies and NGOs have done outstanding work. Their collective efforts have saved thousands of lives since famine was declared in July. But the situation - particularly in central and southern Somalia - remains dire. Four million people are in crisis; 250,000 people face famine." 
 
 At the end of 2011 it was rain [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94204 ] which cut off those in need in Somalia. Increased insecurity in northern Kenya saw a police crackdown [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94528 ] on Somali refugees in northern Kenya. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 The year started with calls for action to mitigate the effects of recurrent drought [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91666 ] amid warnings that livestock deaths in northern Kenya could increase as the drought worsened. [ http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91555 ] When the drought became serious later in the year, farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93540 ] as well as ordinary Kenyans came together to raise funds for the hungry in an unprecedented campaign, Kenyans4Kenya. [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke/ ] 
 
 The drought had a largely overlooked knock-on effect on food prices in poor urban areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93551 ] and led to an escalation of conflict in some pastoralist areas. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93363 ] 
 
 October saw floods which displaced thousands and rendered parts of the country inaccessible due to washed away bridges and impassable roads. At the end of the year the floods were affecting more than 100,000 people [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94479 ] and undermining food security recovery. 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 Food shortages, as a result of poor rains, were experienced in early 2011 in the Oromiya and Somali regions, prompting the government and its international partners to appeal for US$226.5 million [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91865 ] in relief aid for almost three million people. In May, food and non-food aid started arriving. 
 
 A cash transfer programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93641 ] was launched in September to help reach some of the most vulnerable people in Tigray, one of Ethiopia's most food insecure regions. The pilot scheme transfers cash to those least able to earn money. 
 
 Djibouti 
 
 Lack of adequate preparedness to cope with drought was one of the issues highlighted by President Ismail Omar Guelleh in an interview with IRIN on 27 January. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91804 ] "The problem in our region is that we don’t plan properly for what we know is coming. Four months ago, we had a lot of rain. Four months later, we are dying of starvation and lack of water," he said. 
 
 In August, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) [ http://ochaonline.un.org/CERFaroundtheWorld/Djibouti2011/tabid/7395/language/en-US/Default.aspx ] made a US$3.2 million allocation to UN agencies to help avert an acute crisis caused by the drought. 
 
 Drought and poverty prompted thousands to make the hazardous journey to Yemen, [ http://newsite.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94210 ] with the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, estimating that at least 60,000 migrants had arrived in Yemen between January and August 2011, double the number that had arrived during the same period in 2010. 
 
 js/am/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94567</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111181336170109t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 30 December 2011 (IRIN) - Severe drought, exacerbated by poverty and conflict, hit at least four countries in 2011 - Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia - displacing hundreds of thousands of people.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ETHIOPIA: Cautionary migration tales are no deterrent</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141155040890t.jpg" />]]>JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years.</description><body><![CDATA[JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years. 
 
 Many are trying to reach Saudi Arabia via Yemen, while thousands of others head for South Africa, Israel and Europe, crossing deserts and seas and placing their lives in the hands of smugglers who often have little regard for their well-being. 
 
 Most of the migration from Ethiopia is undocumented, so accurate numbers are hard to come by, but the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) reported in 2010 that in Yemen alone nearly 35,000 of newly arrived migrants were Ethiopians, accounting for two-thirds of all new arrivals that year. Between January and October 2011, almost 52,000 Ethiopians made their way to Yemen. 
 
 Refugees from Somalia follow similar routes, often using the same smugglers, but their reasons for undertaking these dangerous journeys are more apparent: Somalia has been plagued by armed conflict for nearly two decades and is now in the midst of a famine. 
 
 Ethiopia is not engaged in a civil war, and although parts of the country have been hard hit by drought, it is one of the world’s largest recipients of development aid. However, it also has one of Africa’s largest populations - an estimated 75 million - with a growing rate of youth unemployment and a shortage of job opportunities. 
 
 “The main reason people migrate from Ethiopia to Yemen is because of need - they go there [Saudi Arabia] to earn money,” said Daud Elmi, 28, who left his village of Lafaisa in eastern Ethiopia to find work in Saudi in 2006. 
 
 Instead, he spent a year in a refugee camp in Djibouti, and another three months in a camp in Yemen, avoiding arrest by claiming to be a refugee from Somalia. After failing to earn enough money to cross into Saudi Arabia, he finally returned home. 
 
 Elmi advises others in his town who are planning to migrate to Yemen or Saudi not to take the risk, but a number still do. “Everyone goes there to improve his life,” he told IRIN. “What we earn here is hand-to-mouth - we can’t save. If you go there and send money home, you can build a house, start a business or help your relatives.” 
 
 Tagel Solomon, coordinator of irregular migration programmes at the International Organization for Migration (IOM), confirmed that Ethiopians usually migrate in search of economic opportunities. 
 
 Most are young men like Kadar Mowlid Mahamoud, 23, who teaches English and computer skills. He set off from Lafaisa in 2008, “seeking a better life” in Europe, but was lucky to make it through Somaliland, a self-declared state on the Gulf of Aden, and Yemen. He ran out of water near the Saudi Arabian border and resorted to drinking his own urine, only to be robbed at knifepoint shortly after crossing. 
 
 He eventually found casual labour on construction sites in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia’s capital, and during the 18 months he spent there managed to save a little money. But after being severely injured in a car accident, his savings were wiped out by the hospital bill and he decided it was time to go home. He turned himself in to the authorities and was deported in October 2010. 
 
 Political factors 
 
 Most Ethiopians who leave the country are classified as economic migrants and do not qualify for the protection and assistance that refugees receive, but a 2011 study of migration from the Horn of Africa to Yemen by the Danish Refugee Council [ http://www.mmyemen.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=11104&folderId=11497&name=DLFE-1333.pdf ], notes that “a significant percentage fall in a grey zone that involves elements of economic migration brought on by political and economic oppression”. 
 
 Interviews with new arrivals in Yemen reveal that certain ethnic groups are harassed and suffer discrimination by local government officials in Ethiopia because of their perceived allegiance to rebel armed groups such as the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) and even established opposition parties like the Oromo People’s Congress. 
 
 Earlier this year, Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that the authorities were carrying out mass arrests of ethnic Oromo Ethiopians, whom they alleged were members of the banned OLF [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/04/06/ethiopia-free-opposition-members ]. The Danish Refugee Council report said 47 percent of new Ethiopian arrivals registered in Yemen in 2010 were of Oromo ethnicity. 
 
 “You don’t even have to be an OLF sympathiser - any form of communication with someone who might have a link with the OLF could be enough to get you arrested, and this is what is very worrying,” Laetitia Bader, a researcher with HRW, told IRIN. 
 
 A 2010 HRW report [ http://www.hrw.org/node/93605 ] found that ethnic groups such as the Oromos tend to have less access to international aid through donor-supported programmes, jobs and educational opportunities. 
 
 “Oromos are always linked to the Front,” said a 24-year-old woman quoted in the report. “As Oromos we can’t get work or an education. They [the government] will not allow us to develop.” 
 
 Root causes 
 
 Solomon of IOM said the activities of smugglers and their agents have driven up migration from Ethiopia. “Smugglers come to villages and tell people they’ll get jobs [in the Middle East] and it’s relatively easy,” he told IRIN. “There have been a number of arrests as part of a government effort to crack down on this network, but there is a lot of money involved.” 
 
 Local stories of success or failure can be even more persuasive than the smugglers. In Lafaisa, one man is rumoured to have made it to Malta and to be sending money home to his family, but more common are stories like that of Abdirizak Mohamed Mohamoud [ http://www.irinnews.org/hovreport.aspx?reportid=94278 ], who set off for Italy but spent seven months in various Libyan jails, and another 18 months trying to earn enough money simply to get home. 
 
 Failed attempts to migrate can be financially devastating for a household that has pooled its resources and even sold property to raise the cash for smugglers’ fees. Mohamoud said he would not try again and discouraged others from making the same mistake. “I’m an example for my village,” he told IRIN. “If I had succeeded, all the others would have gone.” 
 
 Yet cautionary tales are not enough to counter the root causes of Ethiopia’s exodus, and even a negative personal experience often does not deter people from trying again. 
 
 IOM is running a project in the Oromia Zone of Amhara in Ethiopia to reduce migration by not only raising awareness of the risks, but by supporting income-generating schemes, and providing youth training. 
 
 No such programme exists in Lafaisa and Mahamoud still wants to go to Europe. “I will wait until the demonstrations [in Yemen] are over, then I’ll go back,” he told IRIN, adding that he advises his students to do the same. 
 
 “I have no future in Ethiopia,” he said. “I’ve seen Europe on TV, and it’s better.” 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94279</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141155040890t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JIJIGA 22 November 2011 (IRIN) - Ethiopians are on the move. Not only are more rural people relocating to towns and cities, but the number of Ethiopians leaving the country has also ballooned in the last few years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Migrants risk all for &quot;better life&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141153580531t.jpg" />]]>OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees.</description><body><![CDATA[OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees. 
 
 It is just one leg of a journey that, for most, started in Ethiopia or Somalia and for the fortunate ones will end with a well-paid job in Saudi Arabia. 
 
 The migrants, mostly young Ethiopian men aged between 18 and 30, tend to underestimate the risks of such a journey. In September 2011, the Djibouti government reported that around 60 corpses of Ethiopian migrants had been found near Lake Assal, a saline lake about 120km west of Djiboutiville. 
 
 Whether they died from drinking contaminated water or thirst and exhaustion after being abandoned by their smugglers is not known, but Bjorn Curley, associate protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Djibouti, described their fate as “a symptom of the dangers these people face while making this journey through one of the hottest, most inhospitable areas in the world.” 
 
 Jamal Yimar, a mason from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’s capital, survived an eight-day trek to Djibouti only to be robbed on the road to Obock of the 10,000 Djiboutian francs (US$57) needed to pay a smuggler for his passage to Yemen. 
 
 “Here it is miserable for everyone,” he said, standing outside Obock’s main mosque with about 50 other Ethiopian migrants who sleep there at night. “I have to beg to eat.” 
 
 Yimar worked for five months to save the money for this journey but is optimistic about his chances of replacing the stolen cash, crossing to Yemen, a country beset by internal conflict [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94173 ], and reaching the Saudi border. 
 
 “After some time the problems in Yemen will disappear,” he said. “Look at my hands - I can work hard, and there [in Saudi Arabia] they pay a lot of money.” 
 
 Too many to detain 
 
 Rather than deterring migration, Curley of UNHCR says the unrest in Yemen may have made it easier for smugglers to operate. Over 60,000 migrants arrived there between January and August 2011, double the number that arrived during the same period in 2010. Obock’s relative proximity across the Gulf of Aden has made it a popular departure point. 
 
 In this sleepy port town of about 8,000 inhabitants, groups of migrant men, and the occasional woman, are easy to spot, resting in the shade of the mosque, washing their clothes off the pier or walking towards a large patch of scrubland on the outskirts of town where many of them sleep. 
 
 According to research by the Danish Refugee Council in January 2011 [ http://www.mmyemen.org/c/document_library/get_file?p_l_id=11104&folderId=11497&name=DLFE-1333.pdf ], others are kept out of sight in smugglers’ homes or on isolated stretches of coastline north of town. 
 
 Between July and October this year, a Migration Response Centre on the outskirts of Obock, operated by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in conjunction with a local NGO, Association pour la Reinsertion et le Development d’Obock (ARDO), registered 2,500 migrants. Many more are thought to have bypassed the Centre, where staff offer water, medical referrals and assistance to the few wishing to return home, but no food or overnight shelter. 
 
 Omar Fradda, Obock’s prefect (top official) puts the number of migrants passing through his town every year at 30,000. “Before, we gave them breakfast, lunch and dinner and paid for boats to take them back to Djiboutiville [from where they were deported], but now it became too many,” he told IRIN. 
 
 He receives no additional money from the government to cover the costs of detaining, feeding and transporting the migrants. “How can we arrest them” said a local police officer, “There are too many, and more every day.” 
 
 Migrants like Yimar, who have been robbed by bandits or their own smugglers, depend on the charity of local people for food and occasional paid work carrying loads from boats in the harbour, but there are limits to how much the town’s small population can give the constant stream of hungry migrants. 
 
 “Before, they gave us something, but now [that] our numbers are increasing they don’t give anymore,” said Melese Fantay, from Ethiopia’s Amhara region. He has spent the last 40 days sleeping rough outside the mosque and begging for food after a smuggler he had paid his last 1,350 Ethiopian birr (US$78) to take him to Yemen disappeared with the money. 
 
 The influx has also strained the resources of Obock’s hospital, where head doctor Helem Arbahim Hassan estimates that 10 out of the 40 out-patients he sees every day are migrants, mostly suffering from ailments caused by their difficult journey, such as malnourishment, malaria and foot injuries. 
 
 More seriously, since June about 100 migrants have been admitted as in-patients, mostly suffering from cholera. “They get it from drinking contaminated water,” Hassan said. “Sometimes they collapse on the road and an ambulance picks them up and brings them here.” 
 
 Deaths at departure points 
 
 Many migrants travel part of the way to Obock by car or truck, but Osman Keno, 21, an electrical engineering student from Ethiopia’s Oromia region, made the entire journey on foot over three weeks, travelling with a group of 32 others he met on the road. 
 
 He said they often went for days without finding water and when they did, filled as many containers as they could carry. A porridge called “besso”, made from barley flour, water and sugar, was the only food they had. 
 
 Keno’s parents did not know where he was until he phoned them from Djiboutiville and asked them to send him some money. He and his fellow travellers had each paid a smuggler 2,000 birr (US$116) to get them to Yemen, but had no idea when they would leave. 
 
 While they talk to IRIN from the patch of scrubland outside town where they have been waiting for the past three days, a local man carrying a stick approaches and the migrants, who include two Somali women, hurry towards him. 
 
 The man arranges them in rows, counts them several times with his stick and then divides them into two groups. Bags of bread and bottled water are distributed. It seems departure is imminent and they will soon be transferred to one of the isolated stretches of coastline north of Obock. 
 
 “It is while here that they have no access to food, safe drinking water or shelter from the sun,” said the Danish Refugee Council report. Migrants often wait between three and five days for favourable sea conditions to cross to Yemen. 
 
 “Several deaths at the departure point have been reported by new arrivals over the past year. Many new arrivals in Yemen need medical treatment for severe dehydration and acute diarrhoea, and some arrive very ill from having drunk sea water,” the authors said. 
 
 Death at sea, either from boats capsizing in bad weather, suffocation or from smugglers forcing passengers off overloaded boats, is another significant risk. Some of the migrants spend their time in Obock learning to swim. 
 
 “I’m not afraid,” said Keno. “My parents want me to come home but I don’t want to go back there, ever.” 
 
 ks/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94210</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201111141153580531t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OBOCK 15 November 2011 (IRIN) - Thousands of migrants traverse the road between Djibouti’s capital, Djiboutiville, and the coastal town of Obock carrying little more than a bottle of water and the hope that they are heading towards a better life. They pass through an arid landscape strewn with volcanic rock that sustains little life besides the occasional pastoralist and his goats. Temperatures average around 34 degrees Celsius in winter and in summer can reach 52 degrees.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Thinking outside the traditional funding box</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109011208400413t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion. 
 
 So far, so traditional. What has not been counted has been the response of ordinary people to the disaster unfolding on their TV screens. Here is a round-up of some initiatives that have tapped into popular philanthropy. 
 
 Kenyans for Kenya - One of Kenya's most successful funding drives ever, the campaign [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] aimed to raise 500 million shillings - about US$5.28 million - in one month; that target was reached in 10 days. The initiative then aimed for one billion shillings - $10.56 million - and by 1 September, had collected more than $7 million. The money has been used to send tonnes of food to crisis-affected areas through the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS). 
 
 Corporate sponsors have been conspicuous givers, but private citizens contributed more than $1.6 million using MPESA, a mobile phone money transfer service run by telecoms firm Safaricom. 
 
 FeedKE - A separate campaign started by a Kenyan Twitter user, Ahmed Salim [ http://twitter.com/#!/ahmedsalims ], gained some popularity among internet users. Using the Twitter hashtag #FeedKE, the campaign also used mobile money transfers to raise more than $15,000, which was also channelled through KRCS. 
 
 Telethons - A three-day telethon organized by the United Arab Emirates Red Crescent Authority in August raised more than $17 million. The Red Crescent has also collected more than 400 tonnes of food for the drought and set up clinics in Somalia. 
 
 Another telethon, organized by the South African NGO, Gift of the Givers, and the South African Broadcasting Corporation, raised more than $170,000. This was just a fraction of the nearly $3 million that Gift of the Givers says has been raised by South Africans. 
 
 The diaspora - Millions of people from the Horn of Africa live abroad and regularly spend a portion of their earnings sending remittances to their families; Ethiopians and Somalis living abroad send more than $1 billion home annually. According to media reports, remittances from the Somali diaspora to the worst-hit areas in the south of the country are up by 10 percent. 
 
 The US Agency for International Development [ http://blog.usaid.gov/2011/07/meeting-with-somali-americans-about-the-crisis-in-the-horn-of-africa ] says several Somali NGOs in Minneapolis have joined forces with the American Refugee Committee in an initiative called Neighbours for Nations that unites and mobilizes diaspora community efforts to provide relief and development services in Somalia. 
 
 Celebrity buzz - From Bono to Beyoncé, celebrities have thrown their weight behind the campaign to feed millions in the region. Bob Marley's family released a new video for the legend's song, High Tide or Low Tide, to help raise awareness and money for the drought in East Africa as part of the 'I'm gonna be your friend' [ http://imgonnabeyourfriend.org ] campaign in conjunction with Save the Children. 
 
 Jay Z and Kanye West courted controversy when they destroyed a $350,000 Maybach Mercedes for the video of their track, Otis [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoEKWtgJQAU&ob=av2n ], but the two artists say the vehicle will be auctioned and the proceeds used to assist the drought response. 
 
 In August, Canada-based Somali musician K'Naan - whose hit, Waving Flag, was the World Cup 2010 anthem - visited his homeland for the first time in decades to raise awareness about the food crisis.
 
 kr/oa/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93633</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109011208400413t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 01 September 2011 (IRIN) - The race to feed more than 12 million people facing severe food shortages in the Horn of Africa has seen humanitarian agencies make several funding appeals. Donor governments have contributed US$1.46 billion out of the required $2.48 billion.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Fast facts about the drought</title><pubDate>Fri, 05 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108010811190684t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 05 August 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing what has been called the worst drought in 60 years, with an estimated 12.4 million people urgently needing food. Here are some points about the ongoing food crisis:</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 05 August 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing what has been called the worst drought in 60 years, with an estimated 12.4 million people urgently needing food. 
 
 Here are some points about the ongoing food crisis: 
 
 When to use the "F" word - Although some media reports have described the food crises in Kenya and Uganda as a famine, the UN says only five areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93422 ] of southern Somalia are at that stage. The UN uses a system called the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) [ http://www.ipcinfo.org/attachments/02_IPCBrief_EN.pdf ], which is a standardized tool. 
 
 The IPC uses five phases to classify the different levels of food insecurity: 
 
 * Level one is generally food secure; 
 
 * Level two is moderately/borderline food insecure; 
 
 * Level three refers to an acute food and livelihood crisis; 
 
 * Level four is a humanitarian emergency - severe lack of food access, death due to hunger, malnutrition and irreversible livestock asset stripping; 
 
 * Level five - famine or humanitarian catastrophe - occurs when there is a complete lack of food access and mass starvation, death and displacement. 
 
 According to the UN World Food Programme (WFP), Kenya is facing a humanitarian emergency, but is not at the famine phase. Parts of northern and northeastern Uganda [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/uganda_ol_2011_07_final.pdf ] are in phase two. Much of southern Ethiopia [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_188.pdf ] is in the emergency phase, while central and northern areas of the country are divided between phases two and three. 
 
 Looking back - There have been 42 droughts [ http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/gha-food-security-horn-africa-july-20111.pdf ] in the Horn of Africa since 1980, affecting an estimated 109 million people; with 47 million people experiencing drought in the region in the last decade alone. The most well-known famine took place in Ethiopia in 1984; some estimates put the death toll as high as one million. 
 
 Surprisingly fertile - Somalia's Lower Shabelle region, one of the areas now hit by famine, is traditionally the country's bread basket, its main maize-producing area. In the past, the country produced enough grain to meet its basic market requirements. However, a combination of conflict - leading to displacement of many farmers and traders - and poor rains in recent years has drastically reduced production. In 2010, for instance, despite good Gu rains - from April to June - local cereals only supplied [ http://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia_Market_Functioning_July_2011.pdf ] about 40 percent of national consumption needs. 
 
 Charity begins at home - While most of the US$2.4 billion required to feed people affected by the food crisis will come from rich countries, local populations and the diaspora are also doing their bit. Just one week after it began, the Kenyans for Kenya [ http://www.kenyans4kenya.co.ke ] initiative has already raised more than $1.3 million from private citizens using mobile cash transfer services [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=79594 ] and taking donations of as little as $0.10; the first consignment of food was sent from the capital, Nairobi, on 31 July. 
 
 According to media reports, remittances [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=54469 ] from the Somali diaspora to the worst-hit areas in the south of the country are up by 10 percent. 
 
 Feeding the malnourished - By the time help reaches them, many adults and children require therapeutic feeding to regain their strength and get back to a healthy weight. Some of the products WFP [ http://www.wfp.org/nutrition/special-nutritional-products ] uses to improve the nutritional intake of drought-affected people are: 
 
 * Fortified blended foods: Blends of partially pre-cooked and milled cereals, soya, beans, pulses fortified with vitamins and minerals. These are usually mixed with water and cooked as porridge and provide about 380 Kcal per 100g. The most commonly used FBF is corn soya blend. 
 
 * Ready-to-use foods: According to WFP, these are better suited to meet the nutritional needs of young and moderately malnourished children than fortified blended foods. Mainly used in emergency operations and designed to be eaten in small quantities as a supplement to the regular diet, ready-to-use foods such as Plumpy’doz [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=82307 ] contain peanut paste, vegetable fat, skimmed milk powder, whey and sugar; 100g provides more than 500 Kcal. 
 
 * High-energy biscuits: These wheat-based biscuits, which provide 450 Kcal per 100g, are fortified with vitamins and minerals and are usually used early on in emergency feeding programme, before cooking facilities are widely available. 
 
 * Sprinkles - This is a tasteless powder containing the recommended daily intake of 16 vitamins and minerals for one person; it can be sprinkled on to home-prepared food after cooking. 
 
 * Compressed food bars - made from baked wheat flour, vegetable fat, sugar, soya protein concentrate and malt extract, these bars are used in disaster relief operations when local food cannot be distributed or prepared. They can be eaten as a bar straight from the package or crumbled into water and eaten as porridge, and contain 250 Kcal and 8.1g of protein per 56g bar. 
 
 kr/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93426</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108010811190684t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 05 August 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing what has been called the worst drought in 60 years, with an estimated 12.4 million people urgently needing food. Here are some points about the ongoing food crisis:</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Famine to spread across southern Somalia - UN</title><pubDate>Fri, 29 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180839560213t.jpg" />]]>GENEVA 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - The food crisis in the Horn of Africa is likely to continue for most of 2011 and famine is expected to spread to the whole of southern Somalia, the UN said on 29 July.</description><body><![CDATA[GENEVA 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - The food crisis in the Horn of Africa is likely to continue for most of 2011 and famine is expected to spread to the whole of southern Somalia, the UN said on 29 July. 

“The current food security emergency across the region is expected to persist at least for the coming three to four months,” the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said in a new regional overview [ http://reliefweb.int/node/437760 ]. 

In Somalia, the crisis is expected to worsen [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93280 ], “with all areas in the south slipping into famine”, OCHA said. 

The agency cited high levels of severe acute malnutrition and under-five mortality, below-average harvest forecasts, a deterioration of pastoral conditions and continued increases in cereal prices. 

UN agencies reviewed the humanitarian requirements upwards and now say US$2.48 billion is needed, of which $1.5 billion has been contributed to date. 

At present, 12.39 million people are severely affected across the region and need urgent life-saving assistance. This figure could go up by 25 percent in the coming months, OCHA said. 

The security situation in Somalia has seriously hampered relief efforts. On 28 July, fighting broke out in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, as African Union troops battled militants in an offensive aimed at protecting aid delivery efforts. 

A total of 2.2 million people needing food aid are not being reached in southern Somalia. 

“If access for humanitarian aid and workers to the worst-affected areas of Somalia does not improve, continued flows of refugees to the Kenyan and Ethiopian borders can be expected,” OCHA said. 

There are now more than 350,000 Somalis in Dadaab, northeastern Kenya, and about 130,000 in Dolo Ado, Ethiopia, according to OCHA. Every day, another 1,300 arrive in Dadaab, and 240 at the Ethiopian camps. 

“Malnutrition remains a major concern in Dolo Ado. There is a 30 percent severe acute malnutrition rate in new arrivals,” Fatoumata Lejeune-Kaba, the UNHCR spokesperson told reporters in Geneva. 

“Increasingly, recent arrivals are reporting that they finally made the decision to flee when the last of their animals died and they had no further source of income or food,” she said. 

pfm/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93376</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107180839560213t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GENEVA 29 July 2011 (IRIN) - The food crisis in the Horn of Africa is likely to continue for most of 2011 and famine is expected to spread to the whole of southern Somalia, the UN said on 29 July.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Drought and HIV - a dangerous combination</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20068243t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - More than 11.6 million people are facing starvation in the Horn of Africa, and as aid agencies struggle to feed them, experts are warning that a lack of food could have wider consequences, including jeopardizing the health of people on HIV treatment.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - More than 11.6 million people are facing starvation in the Horn of Africa, and as aid agencies struggle to feed them, experts are warning that a lack of food could have wider consequences, including jeopardizing the health of people on HIV treatment. 
 
 Here are some ways the drought could affect people living with HIV and hamper prevention efforts: 
 
 Food insecurity - To maintain the same body weight and level of physical activity, asymptomatic HIV-positive people need an increase of 10 percent in energy, according to the UN World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/Content_nutrient_requirements.pdf ]. This proportion can rise to 20-30 percent for symptomatic adults and as high as 50-100 percent for HIV-positive children experiencing weight loss. 
 
 Lack of food is a widely acknowledged barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy; a 2010 Ugandan study [ http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010340 ] found that ARVs increased respondents' appetite. They also reported that the side-effects of ARVs - including headaches, stomach pain, dizziness, shivers, loss of energy, fainting, and rapid heartbeat - were exacerbated without food. 
 
 Many participants felt they should either abandon their ARVs or delay initiation until they could afford a more nutritious diet. Research shows that earlier initiation [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=84791 ] on ART significantly improves survival rates of people living with HIV. 
 
 HIV-positive mothers may be forced to use a mix of breast milk and solid food for babies who ideally should be exclusively breastfed [ http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/9789241599535/en/index.html ] to cut down the risk of transmission. 
 
 Access to safe water - Pastoralist communities often end up sharing water with animals, putting them at higher risk of contracting water-borne diseases. 
 
 HIV-positive people find it harder to resist or recover from diarrhoeal diseases, skin conditions and other opportunistic infections. 
 
 In addition, people with HIV may be too weak to walk long distances to collect and carry water; homes headed by children orphaned through HIV or older people may also be incapable of accessing safe water. 
 
 The UN [ http://www.unwater.org/statistics_san.html ] recommends that each person use 20-50 litres of water every day for drinking, cooking and cleaning. 
 
 Sexual violence - Women do the bulk of housework in much of the Horn of Africa, including fetching water and firewood. Girls and women risk being sexually assaulted on the long walks to fetch water. 
 
 For refugees walking or hitch-hiking from Somalia to neighbouring Kenya, the risk of rape is very real. The NGO CARE International [ http://www.care-international.org/Media-Releases/horn-of-africa-drought-reported-cases-of-sexual-violence-have-quadrupled-among-refugees.html ] reported on 12 July that the number of reports of sexual and gender-based violence in Kenya's Dadaab refugee camp - where an estimated 3,500 Somalis are arriving daily - had increased from 75 between January and June 201 to 358 during the same period in 2011. 
 
 According to CARE, the most dangerous time for women - many of whom are travelling alone with their children - is when they are on the move. Overcrowding in refugee camps also makes it more difficult for regular protection mechanisms to work. 
 
 Post-exposure prophylaxis may be available at camps like Dadaab, but awareness is poor and many rapes go unreported. 
 
 Transactional sex - During humanitarian emergencies, desperate women often turn to desperate measures [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=79166 ] to feed themselves and their families. 
 
 A 2007 study by the Overseas Development Institute [ http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3266.pdf ] in Kenya's chronically arid northeastern Turkana area found that the effects of drought led many young women and orphans to turn to sex work to survive. 
 
 The study found that as many Turkana people moved to new areas - usually urban and semi-urban - the separation from their families and communities made it easier to have transactional sex. 
 
 Where condoms are not readily available or regularly used, transactional sex can increase the risk of contracting HIV. 
 
 Migration - According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) [ http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/media/all-speeches/cache/offonce?entryId=25445 ], migration itself is not a risk to health, but "the migration process can increase vulnerabilities to poor health, especially for migrants who move involuntarily, fleeing natural disasters or humanitarian crises, or those who find themselves in irregular or exploitative conditions". 
 
 IOM says many of the underlying factors that cause migration - including uneven distribution of resources and socio-economic instability - also determine the increased risk of migrants and their families to HIV infection. 
 
 Female migrants are at particular risk of being sexually exploited and coerced into sex in exchange for food, shelter or even by unscrupulous police officers threatening them with arrest or deportation. 
 
 For people on treatment, abrupt movement to new areas can cause problems for adherence, as stigma can prevent people from seeking services at unfamiliar health centres. 
 
 Access to HIV services - With millions of people on the verge of starvation, limited health services in the Horn of Africa are stretched to capacity, and people living with HIV may not get the attention they need from overburdened health workers. 
 
 Many people living with HIV rely on networks for support; during an emergency these may break up as members move away in search of food and others succumb to hunger or illness. Home-based care networks may also collapse or become weakened by the effects of drought. 
 
 Illegal refugees [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88739 ] may not have access to HIV and other health services; many fear the consequences of registering at national hospitals, lest they be discovered and deported. Not understanding local languages in the host country can also mean refugees miss out on vital information on HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care. 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93358</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20068243t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 July 2011 (IRIN) - More than 11.6 million people are facing starvation in the Horn of Africa, and as aid agencies struggle to feed them, experts are warning that a lack of food could have wider consequences, including jeopardizing the health of people on HIV treatment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Horn of Africa aid must also build long-term resilience</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107271031340731t.jpg" />]]>GENEVA 27 July 2011 (IRIN) - The images of starving children bear grim witness to the extent of the crisis affecting millions of people in the Horn of Africa, but they also symbolize a failure to act in time, say aid experts.</description><body><![CDATA[GENEVA 27 July 2011 (IRIN) - The images of starving children bear grim witness to the extent of the crisis affecting millions of people in the Horn of Africa, but they also symbolize a failure to act in time, say aid experts. 
 
 "It is a colossal outrage that the warnings went unheeded, that the lessons of previous famines have been ignored," says Barbara Stocking, chief executive of Oxfam. 
 
 The crisis in the Horn of Africa [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93280 ], triggered by drought, conflict and high food prices, is affecting at least 11.6 million people, with two regions of southern Somalia suffering from famine. And the situation may well deteriorate. 
 
 But the crisis, experts say, could have been mitigated by mobilizing the necessary resources ahead of time. There is increasing evidence that helping people become more resilient to the naturally recurring cycles of drought is far more effective than responding after disaster has struck. 
 
 It is also sound use of donor money, they say. As such, helping farmers find alternative livelihood options, or teaching them to grow drought-resistant crops, is far more effective than providing food aid when the harvest has failed. 
 
 "We have hard evidence, including from Africa, that we need only five Swiss francs [US$6.20] per capita per annum to build up resilience,” said Mohammed Mukhier, who heads the Disaster Risk Reduction unit at the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). 
 
 “If you take the emergency response and emergency operations, you might need 200 francs [$250] per capita to deliver relief assistance for periods of just three or four months." 
 
 Humanitarian agencies and donors agreed at an emergency meeting in Rome on 25 July that the response to the crisis must address the immediate needs of the desperate population and help build resilience to avert similar crises in the future. 
 
 Risk reduction 
 
 Using donor money wisely is particularly urgent in view of the threats posed globally by natural disasters, including increasingly frequent storms, floods and droughts. Advocates of the risk reduction strategy argue that donors can no longer afford to provide funding for disasters primarily after the fact. The cost is rising and compromising regular development investment. 
 
 Yet, warnings of impending disaster in the Horn of Africa went largely unheeded. 
 
 "Measures that could have kept animals alive – and provided milk, and income to buy food – would have been much cheaper than feeding malnourished children, but the time for those passed with very little investment,” said Simon Levine, of the Overseas Development Institute. Now, "it is far too late to address anything but the worst symptoms", he wrote on the website of the independent British think-tank [ http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2011/07/06/horn_of_africa_famine_2011_humanitarian_system.aspx ]. 
 
 While massive funding often goes to post-disaster response, funds for preparedness and contingency planning are relatively scarce. Risk prevention is often hard to fund as it does not generate the same kind of media as a high-profile emergency response. Government donors answer to taxpayers and need to demonstrate impact – something that is difficult to do when disaster has been averted. 
 
 With donors mobilized - even if funds pledged still fall well short of the US$2 billion needed – the focus in the Horn of Africa is now on emergency as well as long-term assistance. 
 
 “Short-term relief must be linked to building long-term sustainability," said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. "This means an agricultural transformation that improves the resilience of rural livelihoods and minimizes the scale of any future crisis. It means climate-smart crop production, livestock rearing, fish farming and forest maintenance practices that enable all people to have year-round access to the nutrition they need." 
 
 Kanayo F. Nwanze, president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), stressed that building resilience in farming and herding communities required a long-term commitment. "But time - as we can see from the devastating situation in the Horn of Africa - is running out,” he told delegates at the meeting in Rome. 
 
 The challenge of seeking to avoid future food insecurity crises in the Horn of Africa is daunting. Conflict has severely hampered development and relief efforts in Somalia, and affects the mobility of pastoralists and their livestock, which is key to food security in the region. 
 
 But disaster risk reduction is increasingly seen as a humanitarian imperative, crucial to battling poverty and achieving sustainable development. 
 
 “Building resilience of farming and herding communities in East Africa requires a long-term, sustained commitment on the part of the region’s governments and the international donor community,” said Kevin Cleaver, IFAD's associate vice-president. 
 
 "The rains will fail. But let us not fail, too." 
 
 pfm/js/eo/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93337</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201107271031340731t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GENEVA 27 July 2011 (IRIN) - The images of starving children bear grim witness to the extent of the crisis affecting millions of people in the Horn of Africa, but they also symbolize a failure to act in time, say aid experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Top 30 donors to the food crisis</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710023t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 26 July 2011 (IRIN) - After several appeals by the UN and other aid agencies, the international community is rallying to feed an estimated 11.6 million people facing starvation in the Horn of Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 26 July 2011 (IRIN) - After several appeals by the UN and other aid agencies, the international community is rallying to feed an estimated 11.6 million people facing starvation in the Horn of Africa. 
 
 According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, about US$1.1 billion has been committed, while the gap in funding stands at about $1 billion. 
 
 Below is a list of the top contributors to humanitarian funding in 2011 in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia; the figures in brackets indicate additional pledges that have not yet been committed as of 26 July: 
 
 1. United States - $448,017,213 ($46,704,961) 
 2. European Commission - $167,237,380 ($8,111,588) 
 3. Japan - $90,386,480 
 4. UN Central Emergency Response Fund - $86,298,912 ($11 million) 
 5. United Kingdom - $65,334,968 ($122,734,183) 
 6. Canada - $26,050,674 ($3,902,440) 
 7. Denmark - $22,754,682 
 8. Sweden - $20,175,100 
 9. Norway - $22,187,271 
 10. Brazil - $22,095,646 
 11. The Netherlands - $13,635,563 
 12. Germany - $13,159,162 
 13. Spain - $12,194,066 ($4,977,729) 
 14. Switzerland - $10,767,113 ($572,738) 
 15. Finland - $7,701,130 
 16. Australia - $7,455,698 ($47,169,811) 
 17. France - $5,564,352 ($1,353,276) 
 18. Ireland - $4,852,895 ($569,801) 
 19. Italy - $3,012,512 ($1,430,615) 
 20. United Arab Emirates - $1,927,649 
 21. Sudan - $1,788,000 
 22. Islamic Development Bank - $1 million 
 23. Russian Federation - $1 million 
 24. New Zealand - $762,777 
 25. Saudi Arabia - $738,487 
 26. African Development Bank - $507,898 
 27. Luxembourg - $276,578 
 28. South Africa – $146,199 
 29. Czech Republic - $112,676 
 30. Estonia - $42,254 
 
 Source: UNOCHA Financial Tacking Service [ http://fts.unocha.org ] 
 
 kr/ag/mw 
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93331</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200710023t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 26 July 2011 (IRIN) - After several appeals by the UN and other aid agencies, the international community is rallying to feed an estimated 11.6 million people facing starvation in the Horn of Africa.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EASTERN AFRICA: Severe food crisis hits region</title><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102221225580493t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Eastern Africa is experiencing what has been described as the &quot;most severe food crisis in the world today&quot;, with at least 10 million people affected in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Eastern Africa is experiencing what has been described as the "most severe food crisis in the world today", with at least 10 million people affected in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
 
Somalia is one of the hardest-hit countries in the region, with deaths reported in some areas amid alarming malnutrition levels.
 
"We are no longer on the verge of a humanitarian disaster; we are in the middle of it now. It is happening and no one is helping," Isaq Ahmed, the chairman of the Mubarak Relief and Development Organization (MURDO), a local NGO working in the Lower Shebelle region of Somalia, told IRIN on 28 June. 
 
He said: "In the three districts of Qoryoley, Kurtunwarey and Sablale [in Lower Shebelle] our estimate is that some 5,000 families [30,000 people] have been seriously affected by the current drought."
 
Ahmed said those who can are seeking survival in Mogadishu.
 
"Those remaining in the area are the ones who cannot even afford transport to Mogadishu," he said, adding that a number of people had died due to a combination of hunger and related diseases. 
 
"Most of those who died were children, the elderly, and lactating and pregnant mothers," he said.
 
Up to eight people a day were being buried in Lower Shabelle, according to Sultan Sayidali Hassanow Aliyow Ibirow, a senior traditional elder in Lower Shabelle. Most of them were cattle herders who had lost everything. 
 
"Three years of little or no rain have led to this disaster. People have not recovered from their previous losses and now we have an even worse drought," he said.
 
Driest season since 1950
 
In many pastoral zones, this is the driest season on record since 1950, according to OCHA.
 
Drought conditions in Somalia have had regional implications, with refugees flowing into Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti.
 
An aid worker in Mogadishu, who preferred anonymity, told IRIN the number of people from the Bay, Bakol and Lower Shabelle regions coming into displaced persons camps in the Afgooye corridor has been increasing in recent months. "I would not say it is a flood yet but it is a steady stream and they are coming every single day."
 
According to Save the Children, children arriving from Somalia in the Dadaab refugee camp in northern Kenya are exhausted, malnourished and severely dehydrated. 
 
"Nearly every child or parent we have spoken to says they are not just fleeing fighting in Somalia - the drought and food crisis are equally perilous to them now,” said Catherine Fitzgibbon, Save the Children's Kenya programme director.
 
Experts are warning that the situation could get worse in the short term if the delayed and poor rains cause the current crop to fail.
 
In Ethiopia, the estimated number of people in need of emergency food and non-food assistance was revised upwards from 2.8 million to 3.2 million. Nearly two thirds of the requirements were in the southern Somali and Oromia regions as well as in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region, where shortages of water and food were recorded. Cereal prices there have continued to rise, with inflation rates close to 30 percent recorded in April. 
 
According to the Food Security and Nutrition Working Group, a regional forum, the rate of Somali refugees arriving in southern Ethiopia has jumped from 5,000 per month to more than 30,000 in the second week of June. Among new arrivals to the two camps in the Dolo Ado area, the Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) rate is 45 percent, way beyond the 15 percent emergency threshold set by the World Health Organisation
 
In Djibouti, poor rains from March to May of this year hurt pastoral household food security and sent food prices shooting up. The average price of wheat flour increased by 17 percent between January and February 2011, to US$620 per ton, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Information and Early Warning System, GIEWS. [ http://www.fao.org/giews/english/index.htm ] 
 
Kenya
 
In Kenya, rising inflation rates have also adversely affected poor households’ ability to buy food. Prices of the main staple, maize, have tripled from about 1,300 shillings (US$14.4) in January to 4,500 ($50) for a 90kg bag. 
 
Recently, the government announced the removal of tax on imported maize in a bid to cushion consumers. But millers say rising global maize prices mean the measure will have little impact on the commodity's prices locally. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92857 ]
 
"The problem has been compounded by the fact that the Kenyan shilling has been on a free-fall, trading at an all-time low [about 90 shillings to the US dollar] not experienced in the country for almost two decades. I do not see the cost of maize dropping any time soon," said a miller who requested anonymity.
 
The recent March to May “long rains” in Kenya were poor for the second or third successive season in most rangelands and cropping lowlands, with many of these areas receiving 10-50 percent of normal rains, noted the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET).
 
The consequences include declining water and pasture, and subsequent livestock deaths. In the predominantly pastoralist north, a low milk supply has contributed to malnutrition levels soaring above 35 percent. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92997 ] The GAM rate in northwestern Turkana has hit 37.4 percent, the highest ever in the district.
 
Nationally, at least 3.2 million people are currently food insecure - up from a projection of 2.4 and 1.6 million in April and January, respectively.
 
Even in Kenya’s coastal region, thousands are food insecure, says the Kenya Red Cross Society’s (KRCS) region manager, Gerald Bombe.
 
“There is a need to import maize and distribute food and water to the hardest hit areas,” added Kevin Lunani, a local leader in the coastal Kisauni region.
 
aw-ah-jk/js/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93092</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102221225580493t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Eastern Africa is experiencing what has been described as the &quot;most severe food crisis in the world today&quot;, with at least 10 million people affected in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: Food insecurity grips region</title><pubDate>Wed, 18 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104151245020000t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people requiring humanitarian assistance in the Horn of Africa could increase sharply in coming months due to below-average rainfall and high food and fuel prices, say aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people requiring humanitarian assistance in the Horn of Africa could increase sharply in coming months due to below-average rainfall and high food and fuel prices [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92546 ], say aid workers. 
 
 Moreover, funding shortfalls, drought and conflict could further increase the number of people needing humanitarian aid in the region from an estimated 8.75 million people. 
 
 Peter Smerdon, spokesman for the UN World Food Programme (WFP) in Kenya, told IRIN on 18 May: "The total number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in the Horn is 8.75 million; some of them get food aid from governments and other aid organizations. At least six million people need food assistance from WFP but this number could increase if the current rains are poor or below average." 
 
 According to Smerdon, by early May, about halfway through the rainy season, rainfall was well below average in most of the Horn, ranging from 5 to 50 percent of normal rates, and well below forecasts. 
 
 Funding shortfalls 
 
 Of particular concern, he said, were areas of southern and southeastern Ethiopia. 
 
 "Amid growing concern about the impact of drought in the southern and southeastern pastoralist areas, many of WFP's food assistance activities in Ethiopia face significant funding shortfalls," Smerdon said. 
 
 The agency said it was assisting 4.3 million people in Ethiopia. 
 
 In Somalia, WFP faces a 70 percent shortfall from May through October and urgently needs contributions of US$53 million to feed one million people in accessible areas for the next six months. 
 
 In Kenya, Smerdon said, WFP has a 50 percent funding shortfall of $47 million needed to provide food aid for the next six months to 1.7 million people. 
 
 In an April food security report [ http://www.kilimo.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=345:food-securirt-report-april-2011&catid=215:reports ] Kenya's Agriculture Ministry said the national stock of maize - the country's staple - is expected to be about 5.9 million 90kg bags by the end of July, adequately covering only 1.7 months beginning in August. 
 
 The April–September 2011 Food Security Outlook by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS Net) forecast that most households in the hard-hit pastoral areas would become extremely food insecure and many more livestock would die. 
 
 According to WFP, the Horn of Africa drought, which began with the failure of the short rains in December 2010, is the first since a two-year regional drought in 2007-2009 that saw the number of people needing humanitarian assistance in the region rise to more than 20 million. 
 
 Conflict could further increase the number of people requiring help. In early May, dozens of people were killed and others displaced when violence broke out on the Ethiopia-Kenya border between two communities over rising food prices. 
 
 The fighting between the Turkana community of Kenya and the Merille of Ethiopia, local media reported, reflected a broader pattern of inter-ethnic conflict resulting from food scarcity and persistent drought. 
 
 On 15 May, international NGO CARE called for more attention to severe food insecurity in Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, saying almost eight million people in these countries needed emergency aid. 
 
 "Chronic vulnerability, poverty, social injustice and climate change are all responsible for recurring food insecurity in the Horn of Africa," Mohamed Khaled, CARE's regional emergency coordinator for East Africa, said in a statement. "On top of that, a significant increase in food and fuel prices has worsened the current situation. 
 
 "In Kenya, for example, the price of maize, a staple food, has increased over 27 percent during the last three months. Sufficient attention is needed now to prevent further loss of lives and livelihoods. At the same time, the underlying reasons need to be tackled to break the recurring cycles that have persisted in recent years." 
 
 Measures taken 
 
 Djibouti and Somalia have declared the drought situation a national disaster while the Ethiopian government revised its humanitarian requirements document in April 2011 to reflect the growing needs and mobilize a scale-up of humanitarian response [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92654 ]. 
 
 Khaled said: "While governments of the affected countries have already started interventions, short- and long-term international assistance is needed to help address critical needs but also underlying structural causes and chronic vulnerabilities. What is needed is a set of interventions which strengthens people’s own resilience capacity and coping mechanisms to survive such severe conditions while at the same time responding to their current humanitarian needs and protecting their livelihoods. It is crucial that people can feed themselves through their own means instead of being dependent on food distributions." 
 
 Somalia 
 
 Somalia's situation is dire as conflict continues [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92536 ]. According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization's Food Security, Nutrition and Analysis Unit (FSNAU), some 2.4 million Somalis are in food crisis, representing 32 percent of the population. 
 
 The effects of the ongoing drought, deteriorating purchasing power, rampant conflict and limited humanitarian space continue to aggravate the situation in most parts of the country, FSNAU said in an April update. 
 
 js-ah/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92752</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104151245020000t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 May 2011 (IRIN) - The number of people requiring humanitarian assistance in the Horn of Africa could increase sharply in coming months due to below-average rainfall and high food and fuel prices, say aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI-SOMALIA: Amina Ahmed Barre, &quot;Not knowing your future is the hardest part&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102171301380337t.jpg" />]]>ALI ADDEH 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, 29, a mother of two, has lived in refugee camps most of her life. She is one of nearly 14,000 Somali refugees in Djibouti. Barre fled Somalia with her parents in 1991 when civil war broke out; she was only eight years old.</description><body><![CDATA[ALI ADDEH 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, 29, a mother of two, has lived in refugee camps most of her life. She is one of nearly 14,000 Somali refugees in Djibouti. Barre fled Somalia with her parents in 1991 when civil war broke out; she was only eight years old. 
 
 Barre's home today is a makeshift shelter at the Ali Addeh refugee camp, 130km south of Djibouti-Ville, the capital. She spoke to IRIN about her experiences and hopes for the future: 
 
 "I do not recall much about my life in Somalia because I left there when I was very young. My parents took us away when the fighting started in Mogadishu in 1991. 
 
 "I have been in a refugee camp ever since. I got married here to another refugee and have two children. Life here is not easy. It is very hard. 
 
 "During the dry season, it is so hot it is impossible to move anywhere [temperatures can reach 45 degrees Celsius]. I am lucky I have a sewing machine and so I work as a seamstress. I sew mostly women's and children's clothes. The work gives me a break from the monotony of life here. As you can see, there is nothing else here; we don’t have anything to kill the time. 
 
 "Not knowing your future is the hardest part. I didn't choose to be here, I was forced to be here. It is getting harder and harder to have hope that my children and I will leave here. I don't want to die here. 
 
 "I never had a chance to go to school or do what other children do. At least now my children go to school but I want them to have normal lives in a normal setting. 
 
 "I have just been interviewed [for resettlement]. I am hoping that this time around we will go somewhere where my children can have a normal life. I may even go to school. They say it is never too late. 
 
 "I just pray that the disappointment and the suffering will end and my children will have a better future." 
 
 ah/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92003</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102171301380337t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ALI ADDEH 22 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, 29, a mother of two, has lived in refugee camps most of her life. She is one of nearly 14,000 Somali refugees in Djibouti. Barre fled Somalia with her parents in 1991 when civil war broke out; she was only eight years old.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Hard life for Somali refugees in Ali Addeh camp</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102171300000790t.jpg" />]]>ALI ADDEH 17 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, a Somali refugee, sews clothes on her sewing machine out in the open, in temperatures of more than 30 degrees. There is not a tree in sight in the camp that houses more than 14,000 refugees.</description><body><![CDATA[ALI ADDEH 17 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, a Somali refugee, sews clothes on her sewing machine out in the open, in temperatures of more than 30 degrees. There is not a tree in sight in the camp that houses more than 14,000 refugees. 
 
 Barre is one of the earliest residents of the Ali Addeh refugee camp, 130km south of Djibouti-Ville, capital of Djibouti. She supplements her aid donations by sewing clothes for other refugees. 
 
 Barre arrived at the camp with her parents in 1991 when she was only eight years old. They had fled the Somali capital, Mogadishu, after chaos erupted following the ouster of President Siyad Barre. 
 
 "I’m now 29 years old with children of my own and most of my life has been spent in a refugee camp," Barre told IRIN. "I did not choose to be here, I was forced to be here. It is getting harder and harder to have hope that my children and I will leave here. I don't want to die here. Not knowing your future is the hardest part." 
 
 Such is the life of many refugees in Ali Addeh, a camp administered by the Djibouti agency for refugees and natural disasters, known by its French acronym, ONARS, which is funded by the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The camp was originally designed for 7,000 people but, since January 2010, houses 14,333 refugees, 13,748 of whom are Somalis. 
 
 Previously, Djibouti had three camps but after the voluntary repatriation of refugees from Somalia's self-declared republic of Somaliland in 2006, the government closed down two, leaving Ali Addeh for the remaining Somalis. 
 
 New arrivals 
 
 Abdirahman Ahmed Dahir, the deputy camp administrator, said more and more Somali refugees had arrived in the country, many having walked hundreds of kilometres. "Every week we get between 120 and 130 refugees, mostly from southern Somalia." 
 
 UNHCR has requested the government of Djibouti to reopen one of the closed camps to accommodate the rising numbers. 
 
 "Due to the increasing number of refugees living in Ali Addeh camp and the poor living conditions around the camp - drought as well as lack of water - UNHCR requested the Djibouti government to re-open the Holl-Holl refugee camp, which was closed in 2006 following massive repatriations of Somali refugees in Somaliland," said Charlemagne Kekou Akan, the associate reporting and external relations officer for UNHCR in Djibouti. 
 
 Kekou Akan said the government's response had been positive and "the official reallocation of Holl-Holl to accommodate refugees is expected to be carried out very soon". 
 
 Uncertainty 
 
 ONARS and UNHCR provide tools to help refugees set up income-generating activities. Some are trained as health workers while Barre and other seamstresses received training and sewing machines. 
 
 Faisal Hassan teaches English in the camp school. He fled Mogadishu in 1996. "It took us almost a month, through Ethiopia, to get to Djibouti." 
 
 Hassan first settled in the Holl-Holl refugee camp but when it was closed, he moved to Ali Addeh. 
 
 He said the biggest problem he and the other refugees faced was the "uncertainty" of refugee life. 
 
 "I don't know if I or even my two daughters will ever go back to Somalia," Hassan said. Some refugees have been in Djibouti for 20 years. 
 
 Starting again 
 
 "There are three durable solutions proposed by UNHCR: repatriation, which is currently not feasible for those from southern Somalia; local integration in the host community, and resettlement in a third country,” Periklis Kortsaris, a senior protection officer for UNHCR, told IRIN. 
 
 Most camp residents expressed hope of starting life anew in resettlement countries, such as the USA, Canada, Sweden, Norway and Australia. 
 
 According to Kekou Akan, refugees expressed their resettlement concerns to the UNHCR High Commissioner, António Guterres, when he visited the camp in December 2010. 
 
 In 2010, UNHCR submitted 1,400 profiles for resettlement consideration but only 317 refugees were successful, among them 81 Somalis and the balance Eritreans and Ethiopians. 
 
 “The High Commissioner promised that UNHCR would continue to request more and more places from the resettlement countries," Kekou Akan said. He cautioned however: "All the refugees cannot be resettled." 
 
 ah/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91954</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102171300000790t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ALI ADDEH 17 February 2011 (IRIN) - Amina Ahmed Barre, a Somali refugee, sews clothes on her sewing machine out in the open, in temperatures of more than 30 degrees. There is not a tree in sight in the camp that houses more than 14,000 refugees.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Food security critical as drought intensifies</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161211480812t.jpg" />]]>DJIBOUTI 16 February 2011 (IRIN) - A combination of drought and high food prices has affected at least 120,000 people in Djibouti, according to a joint rapid assessment of the impact of drought in rural areas by the government of Djibouti, UN agencies and FEWS Net.</description><body><![CDATA[DJIBOUTI 16 February 2011 (IRIN) - A combination of drought and high food prices has affected at least 120,000 people in Djibouti, according to a joint rapid assessment of the impact of drought in rural areas by the government of Djibouti, UN agencies and FEWS Net. 
 
 "Both rural and urban households are affected by the drought at different levels, with 60,000 directly food-insecure in rural areas," Mario Touchette, the World Food Programme (WFP) representative in Djibouti, told IRIN. 
 
 Many Djiboutians have lost livestock and their coping mechanisms have progressively deteriorated due to recurring droughts in the past four to five years. 
 
 Touchette said many families who were previously able to have three meals a day had been reduced to one or two a day. Rural families have had to send some members of their families to urban areas as the food security situation becomes critical. 
 
 "Now after so many droughts, they don't have so many options to survive; that is why I say that the situation is very critical, especially with the La Niña phenomenon," Touchette said. 
 
 Djibouti is considered a least-developed, low-income food-deficit country and was ranked 147th out of 169 countries in the 2010 UN Human Development Index. Djibouti's population is estimated to be 740,000.

 Touchette said: “Djibouti is a forgotten country. It gets lost in the numbers game. We are in a neighbourhood where millions are affected, so when you say 120,000, it does not register, but in terms of the percentage of the population it’s higher.” 
 
 Worsening drought 
 
 This drought is worse "in the sense that people did not have the time to recover from previous ones", Touchette said. 
 
 In 2002 and 2003, a poor pastoralist family could have between 30 and 40 goats and four to five donkeys; "now, the same family would have only 15-20 goats and two or three donkeys", Touchette said. "So the possibility for them to be self-sufficient is much more difficult now than at any time." 
 
 He said even when pastoralists get help from relatives in urban areas, the money does not buy as much as it used to and prices for their livestock or its products, such as milk, have fallen. 
 
 Adero Abdulla, a mother of four, moved from the countryside to the small village of Garsadaba, in the Dikhil region in the southwest of the country. 
 
 "I moved here because I lost most of my livestock; we had 100 goats, now I have these two you see." 
 
 Abdulla has no plans to go back to pastoralism. She said two of her children were going to the local school for the first time. "They are fed twice a day and they learn." 
 
 The school benefits from the WFP school-feeding programme. "This is a great help to families like Abdulla's, who have to struggle to even provide one meal a day," a regional official said. 
 
 Abdulla and her husband collect firewood to sell in the nearest town, some 45km away. "We make about 2,000 [$11] to 3,000 Djibouti francs [$17]," she said. However, transport costs take a substantial proportion. 
 
 The regional official said at least 150 families had reached Garsadaba village, of whom about half had received food aid while the rest were sharing meals with residents. 
 
 "Most of them send their children to school because of the feeding programme, which keeps many children in school," the official added. 
 
 From pastoralism to farming 
 
 Mohamed Ali was a nomad but has now turned to farming. Four years ago, his family lost all their livestock and he moved to the small town of As-eyla in search of work. 
 
 After doing odd jobs and not making much, Ali joined a WFP food-for-work programme aimed at encouraging self-sufficiency among drought-displaced pastoralists. 
 
 "In 2009, they [WFP] gave us seeds and implements to start farming a small plot near the town," Ali said. "I plant twice a year. Now I am waiting to harvest tomatoes, onions, peppers and beetroot. Next season I will plant watermelon and sweet melon." 
 
 Ali said life as a farmer was hard but he and his family were better off now than as pastoralists. 
 
 "My children are going to school and I can provide for them better than before," he said. 
 
 The prolonged drought has forced an increasing number of pastoralists to give up their traditional activities and settle in urban and semi-urban areas. 
 
 Mohamed C Hassan, the prefect of Dikhil region, one of worst affected, said some 20,000 families - many from Ethiopia - had arrived in the region in the past five years due to drought. 
 
 "They are still coming," Hassan said. "We are being overwhelmed." 
 
 He said the government was exploring ways of restocking livestock to allow the families to resume their pastoralist way of life. 
 
 "We don't want them to become dependent on aid," he said. 
 
 ah/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91940</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102161211480812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DJIBOUTI 16 February 2011 (IRIN) - A combination of drought and high food prices has affected at least 120,000 people in Djibouti, according to a joint rapid assessment of the impact of drought in rural areas by the government of Djibouti, UN agencies and FEWS Net.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Challenges remain, despite nutrition gains</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20056303t.jpg" />]]>DJIBOUTI 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - In a region with some of the world&apos;s worst indicators for malnutrition, Djibouti is making gains and ensuring mothers and their children have access to life-saving interventions, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[DJIBOUTI 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - In a region with some of the world's worst indicators for malnutrition, Djibouti is making gains and ensuring mothers and their children have access to life-saving interventions, say officials. 
 
 "We are making progress in the fight against malnutrition but much remains to be done; I applaud the government of Djibouti for its efforts to ensure that children have access to the help they need," Josefa Marrato, the representative of the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Djibouti, told IRIN. 
 
 The rate of global acute malnutrition in Djibouti has dropped from 17 percent three years ago to 10 percent today, according to UNICEF. 
 
 Marrato said serious challenges, such as funding, remain, with almost 70 percent coming from emergency monies. 
 
 "The problem with emergency funding is that you cannot plan for, say, next year," Marrato said. "You cannot plan for non-life-saving interventions which are critical to the fight against malnutrition.” Emergency funding is "to respond to a crisis, it is not for prevention and we need that here". 
 
 Lack of statistical data to facilitate proper planning and adequately trained staff were the other challenges, Marrato said. 
 
 "In all of Djibouti, we have one pediatrician," she said. 
 
 Djibouti’s neighbours in the Horn of Africa have large populations and experience frequent conflict; its tiny area and population mean it is often overlooked by donors. 
 
 "People look at the Horn and see a small country, in peace and [with] a growing economy, and say Djibouti has no problems," Marrato said. 
 
 Possible progress 
 
 However, Marrato said she was confident that further progress against malnutrition is possible. "If we continue the way we are today, malnutrition will be under control in 2015 in Djibouti." 
 
 A sentiment echoed by Mohamed Aden Ahmed, the medical doctor in charge of nutrition in the Ministry of Health, who said the government was working with partners such as UNICEF to eradicate malnutrition by 2015. 
 
 "It is extremely important for the government and the ministry to not only reduce, but eradicate, malnutrition," said Ahmed. 
 
 At present, only 70 percent of malnourished children are reached, Ahmed said. "Our aim is to reach 100 percent by 2015." 
 
 In 2010, he said, with the help of UNICEF, a community-based surveillance system was established throughout the country. "What this does is alert us to problem areas and enable us to know what the situation of malnutrition is in any given area." 
 
 The system involves local communities participating in the fight against malnutrition. "We train them to identify malnourished children and provide them with the medicine and the food they need." 
 
 Ahmed said the government had deployed nutrition specialists to all six regions of the country to treat the most vulnerable. 
 
 He said the national nutrition surveillance system aims to collect data continuously, to follow up on interventions and to identify problem areas and give early warnings; "basically, it allows us to be proactive instead of reactive". 
 
 Through such strong community-based health networks, mass media education and support from partners, "we will achieve our goal of total eradication of malnutrition", said Ahmed. 
 
 Reaching more children 
 
 According to Aristide Sagbohan, a nutrition specialist for UNICEF, since the introduction of these systems, coverage of malnourished children had improved dramatically. 
 
 "Two years ago, we were covering 40 percent of the children in need, now our coverage is over 70 percent," Sagbohan said. "This, in large measure, is due to improvements in the management of therapeutic supplies, such as milk and Plumpy’nut [a high-energy peanut paste]. We have decentralized the storage of supplies where now you have stocks in different regions for easy delivery to where they are needed, instead of coming to Djibouti city." 
 
 Another component in the fight against malnutrition is the promotion of infant and young child (younger than five) feeding, which involves educating mothers on better family nutrition. 
 
 "At this level, we promote exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months and adequate complementary feeding," said Sagbohan. 
 
 Mohamadou Bachir Mbodj, head of UNICEF's child survival and development programme section, said Djibouti had also recorded some success in its maternal and child health programmes. 
 
 He said immunization coverage was up to 89 percent via the expanded programme on immunization (EPI), the introduction of new vaccines and campaigns, as well as improving the cold-chain by replacing and maintaining refrigerators to ensure vaccine storage at correct temperatures. Djibouti is also introducing the pneumococcal [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91913 ] and pentavalent vaccines. 

ah/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91929</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20056303t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DJIBOUTI 15 February 2011 (IRIN) - In a region with some of the world&apos;s worst indicators for malnutrition, Djibouti is making gains and ensuring mothers and their children have access to life-saving interventions, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Interview with President Guelleh </title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2003102914t.jpg" />]]>ARTA 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN interviewed Djibouti’s President Ismail Omar Guelleh on 27 January in Arta about the drought, humanitarian challenges and regional issues.</description><body><![CDATA[ARTA 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN interviewed Djibouti’s President Ismail Omar Guelleh on 27 January in Arta about the drought, humanitarian challenges and regional issues. 
 
 Q: Is the current drought in Djibouti more serious than previous ones? 
 
 A: We are going through what meteorologists call the La Niña phenomenon. The problem in our region is that we don’t plan properly for what we know is coming. Four months ago, we had a lot of rain. Four months later, we are dying of starvation and lack of water. 
 
 In Djibouti, we are continuously monitoring the drought situation. There are some parts, particularly the eastern part of the country, that are more seriously affected than other parts. We have sent teams there to make sure that people [in need] are reached before it is too late. Government ministries are working with [the UN] WFP [World Food Programme] to mitigate the situation. There is no catastrophe; we are managing the situation. 
 
 Q: These droughts recur yet the Horn of Africa does not seem to learn from the past. In your opinion, can droughts be tackled in a sustainable long-term manner? 
 
 A: A lot of things can be done. First, it is a matter of planning and harvesting rain water. We also need to control livestock grazing so it does not deplete the grazing areas. Some areas should be off-limits during good rains, so they become available during dry times. 
 
 We also have drought resistant plants that grow in this country and the region. In Djibouti, one of the things we want to do is to make those plants become animal feed so we can make it available in drought times when pasture is low or non-existent. 
 
 We have carried out studies on water-harvesting; we intend to create reservoirs that can hold 10-20 million cubic metres of water. Once we do this, the water will become available during the dry seasons. 
 
 Q: What would you say are the other main humanitarian challenges facing Djibouti? 
 
 A: First and foremost, we must defeat this drought and famine problem; and we can do it. This is our main challenge. 
 
 Q: The country is currently experiencing an economic boom, particularly in construction. How well is the economy doing and how has this benefited the population? 
 
 A: Our growth is good, at 5.5 percent and our deficit is low. We are also attracting a lot of direct foreign investment. The economy is creating jobs but, unfortunately, we lack the skilled workforce that can take advantage of it. 
 
 A lot of jobs opening up require specialized skills and our youth do not have these yet… We do have unemployment, but we are addressing that to make sure that our people have the skills they need to get jobs. 
 
 Malnutrition 
 
 Q: Three years ago, Djibouti's Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) was 17 percent - higher than the World Health Organization threshold of 15 percent. Has this situation changed? 
 
 A: We initiated a lot of health centres with our partners throughout the country to monitor malnourished children and provide the necessary food to those identified. Mothers come to centres to feed the children and take them back home in the evening. We are seriously tackling this problem and we intend not only to reduce it but eliminate it before 2015. 
 
 The government also will achieve its MDGs [Millennium Development Goals] in education, particularly girls’ education. 
 
 Eritrea 
 
 Q: What is Djibouti's border situation with Eritrea? 
 
 A: We have Qatar mediating between us. Our lawyers have presented all of our documents stating our case. We are hopeful the situation will be resolved very soon. 
 
 Somalia 
 
 Q: Somalia has been a key challenge for the region and for Djibouti in particular. Do you sometimes despair about the situation? 
 
 A: I do sometimes despair. We have invested a lot of time and resources to try and get [Somalia] out of the situation it is in. At the moment, I cannot honestly point to anything that I can say `If this is done, Somalia will regain its honor, dignity in the world.’ I just don’t know what the cure is. 
 
 We tried everything. The only thing left is perhaps a Tunisia-like uprising by the people. Maybe Somalia needs to tell these people: `We are fed up. Go away, we don’t want you.' 
 
 We are in a situation where, when someone becomes president, some group will say he is not to our liking and they [usually] have veto power. The only reason they don’t [like] that individual is because they don’t [see] their own personal interest in there. It has nothing to do with the interest of the people or what the people want. 
 
 Q: There has been talk of Djibouti sending troops to Somalia; are you sending peacekeepers, and what difference would that make? 
 
 A: We are not sending combat troops but trainers. We want to train our Somali brothers and instill in them that they are the owners of their country; they are the ones who must die for it. They must be able to challenge every other armed force. Our aim is to build the capacity and foundation of the Somali army. 
 
 Q: In your opinion, what more can the UN/international community do to help Somalia? 
 
 A: We are at a stage where people have scissors to cut up the country. The other day I heard about a southeast state. The US mentioned that it talks to existing entities; now everyone is getting in on the act. 
 
 Intervention from outside has not helped and will never help. The solution is for the people to say stop. I would like to see the people of Somalia say they have had enough of displacement; they have had enough of being refugees and that they have had enough of guns. 
 
 ah/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91804</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2003102914t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ARTA 02 February 2011 (IRIN) - IRIN interviewed Djibouti’s President Ismail Omar Guelleh on 27 January in Arta about the drought, humanitarian challenges and regional issues.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HORN OF AFRICA: IGAD chief interviewed on humanitarian, political challenges </title><pubDate>Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102010755550218t.jpg" />]]>DJIBOUTI 01 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing huge humanitarian and political challenges, but according to Mahboub M. Maalim, executive secretary of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the region is coping. He spoke to IRIN in Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[DJIBOUTI 01 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing huge humanitarian and political challenges, but according to Mahboub M. Maalim, executive secretary of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), [ http://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=124 ] the region is coping. He spoke to IRIN in Djibouti. 
 
 Q: A severe drought is ravaging the region. What is IGAD doing to help member states mitigate humanitarian suffering? 
 
 A: Member states like to do drought management and response on their own. This time we are teaming up with the UN to have a UN-and-IGAD-led regional process. There is a new UN resident coordinator here, and we will take the central role in trying to have a regional outlook to the drought response mechanism. 
 
 Sudan 
 
 Q: With the just concluded referendum in Southern Sudan likely to lead to an independent new African state, what will this mean for the organization? 
 
 A: It means looking after an extra member. We hope that because of the work we have done on the Sudan peace process, the Southern Sudanese would-be government would recognize the importance of becoming part of the IGAD fraternity. Secondly, [it is important] to give capacity-building backing to the new government. This includes civil servants that could be seconded from member states, developing strategic plans for them, looking at infrastructure systems and sensitizing the international community to work with the new state. 
 
 Q: What are your concerns about the post-referendum period? We have already seen hostilities in Abyei; are you confident that successful negotiations can be held on the key issues? 
 
 A: Successful negotiations will be held on key issues. President Hassan Omar Al Bashir has been very categorical and consistent; he respects preliminary results of the southern referendum. He [Bashir] wants to see this process through. I foresee no problems whatsoever if further negotiation [is] required to dispose of items remaining on the agenda. 
 
 Eritrea 
 
 Q: Eritrea has suspended its membership of IGAD. What is the current state of play with the Eritrea-Djibouti and Eritrea-Ethiopia border issues? 
 
 A: Eritrea has renewed its membership of the African Union (AU) and posted an ambassador. An ambassador accredited to the AU is also accredited to all the regional economic communities. These, including IGAD, work under the umbrella of the AU. I see renewed hope that I could probably engage Eritrea through the new ambassador. 
 
 The Djibouti-Eritrea issue is being handled through the Qatari government. The Emir of Qatar has brought the two parties together [and] most probably it is going to end in a fruitful way. 
 
 There has not been any progress regarding the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict. This [is a] fairly straightforward issue that requires the two principals to sit and discuss. Everybody is talking about what they think is the way forward, but the key is discussion. I call upon the Eritrean leadership to open a window of opportunity to discuss this. 
 
 Q: Eritrea’s position is that the boundary commission ruling was final and binding, and the sides agreed beforehand that they will abide by it, so there is nothing to discuss except to implement the ruling. Should Ethiopia first implement the ruling? 
 
 A: Ethiopia respects the ruling. But the parties must get together and say - yes this the ruling, how do we implement it? Even when a divorce has been granted, you go back to the house to agree what belongs to whom. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 Q: Is there a concern that next year’s election could produce a repeat of the 2008 violence? How important is the ICC (International Criminal Court) process? If those mentioned evade ICC or local trial, what would be the repercussions for security? 
 
 A: We have made a lot of progress since 2008 [when the violence erupted]. However, I think the ICC issue in Kenya, where some very notable personalities have been mentioned and referred to pretrial chambers, if not handled carefully, could lead to panic and further misunderstanding between communities. These are senior leaders in their communities and not everybody accepts or believes their role as is being alleged. 
 
 Some of the names, many Kenyans believe, were basically thrown in. For example, the name of the head of public service, Ambassador Francis Muthaura. Around the time of the violence, I was a permanent secretary and I know the role that Ambassador Muthura played. The sudden appearance of his name has created suspicion that this is more political than judicial. If the ICC and the international community are really concerned about peace and stability in Africa, they must be careful how they use international jurisdiction, so we don’t cause more harm than good. 
 
 Somalia 
 
 Q: A number of IGAD countries have been accused of interfering in Somalia. Does this interfere with peace efforts in Somalia and how does IGAD overcome such a conflict of interest? 
 
 A: There is a very thin line between contributing positively and interfering. When you are a person of good intention and working in the area of your mandate, it is very easy for detractors to say, “Look, you are interfering.” We cannot talk about membership in IGAD and talk about interference by members of IGAD in the Somali affair. 
 
 If it was not for IGAD, the name of Somalia would have disappeared from the international radar by now. It is in the interest of Somalia and the Somali people that IGAD as an organization, and its member states, exist and follow up the issues. There is no interference by member states. 
 
 Q: Are you saying that there is no conflict of interest between member states regarding Somalia? 
 
 A: Every member state has its own national interest. This happens in international and diplomatic discussions. However, this is not visible when we make decisions at the summit level. I have not heard of intrigues or skewed decisions that have been made for the Somali people as a result of a specific interest of another member state. 
 
 Q: IGAD has been involved in efforts to find peace in Somalia since 2002, but seems to have taken a low profile lately. What is IGAD’s role now? 
 
 A: I don’t agree [because] IGAD is quite active. We have stepped up the international nature of the peace process in Somalia. That is why the UN Security Council has approved the scaling up of troops in Somalia and why there is high level UN representation in Nairobi. When you have many high level actors who have come as a result of your invitation, you work alongside them. 
 
 Q: How would you rate the effectiveness of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) and the mission's prospects for 2011? 
 
 A: Excellent. They work under a very difficult situation, where collaboration is not possible and the command structure between themselves and Somali government forces is not harmonized. But [it has] managed to keep its core mandate to protect and defend the TFG [Transitional Federal Government] and major installations. 
 
 Their mandate is limited. They have been deployed there on a peacekeeping mandate. We have recommended to the UN that it change the mandate to peace enforcement. Until that is allowed, we cannot talk about whether they can seize ground [from the opposition]. 
 
 On the prospects for 2011, the transitional charter is ending in August. Everybody is concerned. There has been a lot of apportioning of blame within the transitional institutions [parliament and the executive]. They have not been best of friends. We think that has adversely affected the desired output. 
 
 Q: What should the UN and the international community do to find a lasting solution to the Somalia crisis? 
 
 A: Listen to IGAD [because] member states are neighbours of Somalia. It is in the interest of IGAD members that there is a permanent settlement in Somalia. Therefore, they should listen to pronouncements of IGAD and give some weight to that. That has not been the case. 
 
 There are several pronouncements we have made that have not even found themselves on the agenda of the Security Council. I would like the international community to meet their pledges to Somalia. There is no point sitting in international conferences halls making a pledge which does not translate into assistance. 
 
 The UN groups who are holed up in Nairobi [should] decentralize and hold their officials accountable in terms of moneys being used, and be convinced that some of the resources are being translated into tangible deliverables on the ground. I would like the international community to compare the huge sums of money they are using to keep these ships on the high seas off Somalia in the name of fighting piracy, and the little money required to start on land [anti-] piracy programmes. 
 
 Q: Somalia is affected by the drought. Given the fact that most of the country is under the control of the opposition Al-Shabab group, what can IGAD do to secure greater humanitarian access to the vulnerable communities? 
 
 A: The humanitarian issue in Somalia is a serious problem. Unfortunately, it is not number one on the agenda. What we find in the international headlines are the number of people killed, the bombs, booby traps and all the other issues with political dimensions. 
 
 It is unfortunate that a number of humanitarian agencies that have been doing good work, even before the drought, have been chased away and are not operational. IGAD would want to pursue this with Somali defence forces and AMISOM to see how the military capacity on the ground, including friendly forces like those from Ahlu Suna Wal Jama, can create a humanitarian corridor. 
 
 ah/eo/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91800</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201102010755550218t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DJIBOUTI 01 February 2011 (IRIN) - The Horn of Africa is facing huge humanitarian and political challenges, but according to Mahboub M. Maalim, executive secretary of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the region is coping. He spoke to IRIN in Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Serious about food</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency. 

Shortly after Malawian president Bingu wa Mutharika became AU chair in 2010, he announced a plan to make Africa food secure in the next five years. 

Martin Bwalya, head of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) said the AU’s seven-year roadmap to put the spotlight on farming so as to promote food security and economic growth, and reduce poverty, had been set in motion five years ago. 

By the end of 2010, the agriculture development plans of 18 African countries had undergone a rigorous independent technical review and were being rolled out. 

Over 60 percent of Africa’s people live in rural areas and most depend on farming for food and income. Agriculture contributes between 20 percent and 60 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) to national coffers. 

In a document called The African Food Basket, Mutharika spelt out the details of his plan, which requires countries to allocate a substantial portion of their budget to agriculture, provide farming input subsidies, and make available affordable information and communications technology. 

This would be possible with the help of a new strategic partnership between countries, donors, aid agencies and the private sector. 

CAADP, initiated in 2003, covers all the main aspects of Mutharika’s plan, including the commitment to devote at least 10 percent of their budgets to agriculture. 

Under the programme, countries draw up comprehensive investment plans that include the four CAADP pillars: sustainable land and water management; improved market access and integration; increased food supplies and reduced hunger; and research, technology generation and dissemination. 

“We expect the countries to contribute at least 10 percent of the annual expenditure budget demonstrating local ownership and responsibility…”, said Bwalya. 

He added while development aid financing remained important, it was also crucial that countries consider measures to attract direct private sector financing to agriculture.

Uganda, one of the 18 states to undergo the review process, has accounted for about 65 percent of its funding requirements from its own budget. 

The AU’s development agency, the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), which runs CAADP, helps countries to mobilize funds. 

Is achieving food self-sufficiency in five years a realistic goal? It would be a tough call said Ousmane Badiane, director for Africa at the US-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 

He noted that the AU had 53 members with varying degrees of agriculture investment, development and needs, and some countries did not have the structural capacity to reach the target of food self-sufficiency for many reasons including civil conflicts. 

Going regional 

A more realistic option, Badiane said, would be for countries with the potential to improve food production to produce enough to feed their less productive neighbours. This called for expanding regional trade and investment in transportation, including ports, railways and highways linking countries. 

AU members have begun to take regional economic integration “seriously”, noted Calestous Juma, professor of international development at Harvard University in his recently released book, The New Harvest. 

He lists regional markets as one of the three opportunities that could fortify Africa’s food security against the rising threat of climate change. 

There are at least eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) “that are recognized by the AU as building blocks for pan-African economic integration”. However, “regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead." 

Regions could become food secure “by capitalizing on the different growing seasons in different countries and making products available in all areas for longer periods of time”, he wrote. 

Both Mutharika and CAADP emphasize the development of regional markets. Mutharika listed 12 regional trade corridors identified by the various RECs and suggested the AU draw up an institutional framework for each corridor. 

Science and technology 

In his book Juma lists advances in science and technology as another factor that could propel Africa towards food self-sufficiency, and called for more investment in the creation of regional hubs of research and innovation. 

Research is being carried out by groups created under NEPAD, such as the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network (BecANet), which has been leading research on food crops, including banana, teff, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes. More investment in networks, especially agriculture-related ones, could produce far-reaching results. 

Subsidies 

Underuse of fertilizers has often been cited as a major cause of low production in Africa. Only four countries – Egypt, Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa – have exceeded the 50 kg per hectare target set by the AU, Mutharika noted in his plan. 

Fertilizer use in Africa accounts for less than 10 percent of the world average of 100 kg per hectare, “Just five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria) account for about two-thirds of the fertilizer applied in Africa,” Juma said. 

Mutharika, who promoted the provision of subsidised fertilizer in Malawi, makes a strong case for this approach. At present 19 African countries are implementing various programmes providing fertilizer. 

Juma sees leaders like Mutharika, who has prioritized food security as the third factor that could set Africa on the path to food security. The Malawian government devotes 16 percent of its national budget to agriculture. 

Yet IFPRI’s Badiane sounded a note of caution on subsidies and cited the case of Senegal. After independence the West African country put in place an agriculture subsidy programme in the 1960s that was even more comprehensive than Malawi’s. “It had a dramatic effect on agriculture in Senegal, but by 1979 one of its [agriculture] agencies had worked up a deficit amounting to 98 percent of the national budget.” 

Carefully managed subsidies, run for a short term, and aimed at strengthening existing markets and agricultural infrastructure, were a lot more effective, he said. 

The Rwandan government provided free fertilizer to farmers for four years after 1994. In 1998 it wanted to hand over importing and distribution to the private sector, which unfortunately lacked capacity, so the government continued to procure and import fertilizer but left distribution and selling to the private sector. 

Since then, aid from financial institutions has helped the private sector build capacity to import, and at least 20 bodies now import several hundred tonnes of fertilizer, Badiane said. 

Way forward 

The AU’s plans for agriculture also tackle other major issues affecting food security, such as irrigation (only four percent of Africa’s crop area is irrigated, compared to 39 percent in South Asia); improving soil fertility (more than three percent of agricultural GDP in Africa is lost annually as a direct result of soil and nutrient loss); post-harvest storage loss (sub-Saharan Africa loses about 40 percent of its harvest per year, against one percent in Europe); setting up databanks to share early warning information and energy. 

There is a high level of engagement between countries on agriculture. “They meet regularly and we support them in building evidence-based information,” CAADP’s Bwalya noted. 

If they stayed the course in implementing CAADP, Badiane said in five years a large number of African countries, if not food secure, would be in a much better position to feed themselves. 

jk/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EAST/CENTRAL AFRICA: Pick of the year 2010</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251249550826t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 29 December 2010 (IRIN) - Here is a selection of our best stories of the past year from central and eastern Africa, chosen to reflect the diversity of humanitarian issues affecting the vast region. They range from coverage of historical landmarks with global repercussions, such as Southern Sudan’s imminent referendum, to a project that makes a big difference to just a few people in a Kenyan slum. (This list does not include stories from Somalia, which, because of the extent of our coverage of that country, has its own list.)</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 29 December 2010 (IRIN) - Here is a selection of our best stories of the past year from central and eastern Africa, chosen to reflect the diversity of humanitarian issues affecting the vast region. They range from coverage of historical landmarks with global repercussions, such as Southern Sudan’s imminent referendum, to a project that makes a big difference to just a few people in a Kenyan slum. (This list does not include stories from Somalia, which, because of the extent of our coverage of that country, has its own list.)
 
 In January 2011, the long-held desire by the people of Southern Sudan to determine how and by whom they are governed comes to fruition in a referendum that will likely lead to the territory’s secession. This topic has generated such a volume of coverage by IRIN we have created a special page [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91363 ] for it. This article [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91190 ] examines the challenges involved in ensuring a peaceful divorce.
 
 The referendum has led to a surge in population movements from North to South, as civilians displaced by civil war return home. But for many it is turning out to be a difficult transition. [ Http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=91269 ] 
 
 The devastating prevalence of sexual violence in the conflict-ridden east of the Democratic Republic of Congo may have received considerable international attention, but it is uncommon to hear from the actual perpetrators of such crimes. In July, however, IRIN gained rare access to some convicts in Goma prison [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89761 ]
 
 Farther north in DRC, one of the main threats to civilian security is posed by groups of the Ugandan rebel Lord’s Resistance Army. The fear generated by the LRA’s brutality is highlighted by this article [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89034 ] from the town of Niangara, and this personal tale of flight [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89036 ] and of how the sound of a whistle can spread terror.
 
 On a more positive note from the same country, one entrepreneur is helping to combat climate change by setting up central Africa’s first carbon sink project. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91230 ]
 
 And another, albeit smaller-scale, example [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88150 ] of an agricultural project that makes a big difference, in this case to residents of a Nairobi slum.
 
 Long-term residence in a refugee camp is challenging at the best of times, but life for many Rwandans living in neighbouring Uganda, where camp medical care is often woefully lacking [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88396 ] became even tougher when they found themselves prohibited from tilling the soil. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88472 
 
 Resilience is also a hallmark of pastoralists who live in arid areas across East Africa and the Horn. While often dismissed by governments and left out of development programmes, pastoralists are able to make the most of marginal land and adapt to new circumstances, as this story from Ethiopia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90373 ] demonstrates.  
 
 As recent events in Cote d'Ivoire have once again highlighted, how elections are handled sometimes threatens, rather than strengthens, democratic progress and peace-building in post-conflict states. And a spate of polls this year in Burundi, while billed as a key step in turning the page on years of civil war, exposed and heightened tensions [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90308 ] between the government and the opposition. A similar dynamic emerged in the run-up to Rwanda’s presidential election. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88392 ]
 
 am/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91476</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011251249550826t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 29 December 2010 (IRIN) - Here is a selection of our best stories of the past year from central and eastern Africa, chosen to reflect the diversity of humanitarian issues affecting the vast region. They range from coverage of historical landmarks with global repercussions, such as Southern Sudan’s imminent referendum, to a project that makes a big difference to just a few people in a Kenyan slum. (This list does not include stories from Somalia, which, because of the extent of our coverage of that country, has its own list.)</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DJIBOUTI: Drought appeal for 120,000 vulnerable pastoralists</title><pubDate>Fri, 12 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20041275t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 12 November 2010 (IRIN) - A “forgotten emergency” has left tens of thousands of pastoralists in Djibouti needing food and nutrition assistance as well as longer-term coping mechanisms, according to the UN.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 12 November 2010 (IRIN) - A “forgotten emergency” has left tens of thousands of pastoralists in Djibouti needing food and nutrition assistance as well as longer-term coping mechanisms, according to the UN.
 
 The tiny Horn of Africa state is the subject of a US$38.9 million appeal for food aid ($16.2 million), agriculture and livestock ($6.5 million), health and nutrition ($7.4 million), water and sanitation ($2.4 million), and emergency preparedness and sanitation ($6.4 million).
 
 Pastoralists and other rural dwellers have been particularly affected by successive years of drought since 2005, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
 
 "Water reserves have been depleted, there has been a massive loss of livestock, and as a direct result many people are facing the destruction of their livelihoods and lost sources of income," the agency said. "Increasing numbers of pastoralists have had to give up their traditional activities and are settling in urban areas."
 
 Djibouti's food security situation is likely to further deteriorate due to the effects of La Niña events, expected to result in drier–than–normal conditions during the October–December rainy season, according to OCHA.
 
 The country is also affected by the worsening violence and insecurity in neighbouring Somalia, OCHA said, with Djibouti hosting a refugee population of 14,500.
 
 Launching the appeal in Geneva earlier this month, Valerie Amos, the UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, said, “Due to high food prices and reduced purchasing power, too many people are unable to feed their families.
 
 "While this appeal will help meet immediate humanitarian needs, like food and nutrition, it is important that we also address the root causes of recurrent food crises and improve the country's capacity to respond to these emergencies," she said.
 
 Djibouti is considered a least developed low-income food deficit country and was ranked 147th out of 169 countries in the 2010 UN Human Development Index [ http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ ].
 
 In an effort to mitigate the effects of drought, Djibouti abolished tax on food and some agricultural inputs and promoted the cultivation of unused arable land, according to Mohamed Siad Doualeh, the country’s ambassador to the UN. 
 
 js/am/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91075</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20041275t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 12 November 2010 (IRIN) - A “forgotten emergency” has left tens of thousands of pastoralists in Djibouti needing food and nutrition assistance as well as longer-term coping mechanisms, according to the UN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
