<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Congo</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 17:30:45 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview [of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95459</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Cholera hits munitions blast displaced</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231025310172t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95143/CONGO-Thousands-still-homeless-after-munitions-blast ] in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.

“We have 10 confirmed cases of cholera,” Youssouf Gamatié, the UN World Health Organization’s representative in Congo, told IRIN.  

Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions in the sites for the displaced as well as ongoing rains have helped spread the disease, which is affecting all age groups, added Gamatié. 

The covered market in Nkombo, north Brazzaville, and the down-town Sacred Heart Cathedral sites are the worst affected. Together these two places are providing refuge for 11,000 of the 14,000 people who were displaced by the explosions, according to official estimates.  

Alexis Elira Dokekias, director-general of health, told IRIN there were 13 suspected cases of cholera, with one confirmed case; one person had died. 
 
There has been an ongoing cholera epidemic in central and northern Congo since 2011, Dokekias pointed out. 

“Inadequate latrines at the sites for the displaced are increasing contamination. There are faeces everywhere. The children sometimes defecate in the yard,” said Guillaume Ibara, a camp resident at the Sacred Heart site. 

Jonas Mbelo, 43, who is living at the Nkombo site, told IRIN that meals there are sometimes served after midnight, making the situation even more difficult for the displaced. 

Experts from the UN, the armies of Angola, Benin, Chad and the USA, as well as NGOs such as France’s Demeter, the Mines Advisory Group and Handicap International are helping to clean-up the site of the blast.  

“We have collected some 16 tons of munitions that we have destroyed,” Congo army spokesperson Col Jean-Robert Obargui told the media. 

 At least 282 people were killed in the 4 March blast; thousands were injured. The death toll has been revised upwards from an earlier count of 223 dead after the discovery of more bodies. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95225</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231025310172t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Thousands still homeless after munitions blast</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230846210163t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.

“It was like nothing I had seen since I was born,” said Irène Ithos, 44, who is staying with relatives with her four-month-old baby, while her two adolescent children live in the open.

“The explosions caused more damage than all the civil wars the country has experience in the 1990s,” she said.

“I do not know if there is a future for my children. They no longer have a house, they no longer go to school,” added Ithos.

The displaced, mostly women and children, are seeking refuge in six sites scattered across the city: a covered market, four churches and a stadium.

A lack of adequate tents at the sites is a problem. “Most of the people here are sleeping outside,” Martin Bouity, who is in charge of the Sacred Heart Cathedral site, told IRIN. “When it rains, we open the church, which unfortunately cannot hold all of them.” 

At least 6,500 people are seeking shelter at the cathedral which has about 20 tents that were set up by the French military. 
 
Health fears

At the site, as in others, children are defecating in the open, raising fears of disease outbreaks; latrines are under construction. 

At least 2, 500 children at the sites have been vaccinated against measles; some cases of malnutrition have also been recorded.

Supplying and providing access to potable water, hygiene, sanitation and treatment to the displaced is a priority, according to Yann Diplo, head of the Médecins Sans frontières (MSF) mission in Congo.
 
The government is also appealing for more assistance in the form of building materials, blankets, clothes and food. “We are calling on the Congolese people to show their solidarity with their brothers and sisters who have been affected by the explosions,” said Emilienne Raoul, the social affairs minister.

At present, the displaced are relying on food and non-food assistance provided by aid agencies, but this is inadequate. “We certainly are eating, but it is not like being in our homes,” Raoul Monguète, one of the displaced, told IRIN. “Sometimes we make do with one meal a day which is served early in the evening. Sometimes we eat late in the night.”

“We can do nothing [about it]. It’s a disaster, it’s an accident.”

Each affected family is set to receive a three million CFA francs (US$6,000) subsistence allowance as well as a compensation payment.

Education disrupted

Learning has also been interrupted for some 20,000 students.  

At the Lycée de la Révolution, 500 metres from the Mpila barracks where the explosions took place, some 5,000 students have been affected, among them at least 1,400 who were preparing to sit their leaving exams. The students have since been transferred to the Edouard Nganga College downtown to enable them to prepare for the examination, but challenges remain.

“It will be difficult to prepare… for the exams. We have lost our houses and all that we need,” said Chinella Galoy, 19. 
 
To facilitate the movement of the students, Minister of Primary and Secondary Education Rosalie Kama announced that each will be entitled to a 10,000 CFA franc ($20) monthly transport allowance. But the students say this is not enough. “It’s very little…10,000 FCFA will cover fares for 10 days at the most,” said Brunela Ngala Ondaye, 18.

Classroom construction is also under way for others out of school. “We are struggling to build classrooms with planks and iron sheets in the other schools which were spared during the explosions. This will allow the students to complete their school year,” said Kama. The government plans to extend learning for the affected students by a month after schools break up in June.
 
The displaced could be away from home for a long time with the area of Mpila still littered with dangerous munitions.

The Congolese armed forces, as well as UN and NGO demining experts, are helping to decontaminate an area within a 1km radius of the blast, with fencing erected to prevent public access.

According to Charles Frisby, a UN demining expert, at least 1,500kg of munitions have been collected so far. The European Union has urged the Congolese government to consider relocating all munitions depots away from residential areas. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95143</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230846210163t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Cholera &quot;continues spreading&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901076t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 21 February 2012 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Republic of Congo have recorded 340 cases of cholera, nine of them fatal, since June 2011, in the northern district of Likouala, and have warned that the disease continues to spread and that some health centres lack sufficient treatment.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 21 February 2012 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Republic of Congo have recorded 340 cases of cholera, nine of them fatal, since June 2011, in the northern district of Likouala, and have warned that the disease continues to spread and that some health centres lack sufficient treatment. 

“Some deaths have not been taken into account because the [deceased’s] families have not reported them,” said Jean Martin Mabiala, the doctor in charge of health services in the district, adding that there were other suspected cases that had not been confirmed because of the remoteness of their locations. 

He said the crew of a river boat from the Central African Republic had buried two people suspected to have died of cholera in early February. 

The epidemic has struck a 500km-radius area stretching from Betou to Liranga, which includes the department’s main town, Impofondo. 

“We have received some medical supplies from Brazzaville but the cholera patients use so much we have almost run out,” said Mabiala. 

“There is a lot to be done to raise awareness and disinfect houses,” he added. 

Meanwhile, in Brazzaville, 200 cases of measles, including two fatalities, have been recorded over the past two weeks, according to the director-general in the health ministry, Alexis Elira Dokekias, who explained that not all children had been vaccinated against the disease. 

Between December 2010 and June 2011, 800 cases of measles, including 32 fatalities, were recorded in the southern Pointe-Noire region, leading to a stepped-up immunization campaign. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94915</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200901076t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 21 February 2012 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Republic of Congo have recorded 340 cases of cholera, nine of them fatal, since June 2011, in the northern district of Likouala, and have warned that the disease continues to spread and that some health centres lack sufficient treatment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: High cost of child trafficking</title><pubDate>Wed, 25 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201250915460081t.jpg" />]]>POINTE NOIRE 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Forced child labour remains rampant in Central Africa, where poverty fuels the trafficking of children from poorer countries to oil-rich states such as Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo, according to experts.</description><body><![CDATA[POINTE NOIRE 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Forced child labour remains rampant in Central Africa, where poverty fuels the trafficking of children from poorer countries to oil-rich states such as Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo, according to experts.

“Trafficking in children is real,” said Gabon’s social affairs director-general, Mélanie Mbadinga Matsanga. 

“Gabon, for example, is considered an Eldorado and draws a lot of West African immigrants who traffic children.” Matsanga was speaking at a conference on preventing child trafficking held in Congo’s southern city of Pointe Noire.

The meeting was attended by delegates from Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Gabon is primarily a destination and transit country for children and women, who are subjected to forced labour and sex trafficking; boys are forced to work as street hawkers or mechanics, states the US State Department’s human trafficking report for 2011. [ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/164454.pdf ] 

Child trafficking is defined by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children [ http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index.html#Fulltext ] as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of children for the purpose of exploitation. This definition is especially important in West and Central Africa where it often occurs with the consent of the parents and sometimes, of the children themselves, notes a UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) report [ http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/insight7.pdf ]. 

But a “near total absence of data” on the scope of the problem prevents media coverage of the issue, which is essential in influencing public opinion, noted the 2002 UNICEF report. A decade later, the problem persists. “It is hard to count the number of children [affected]. It is even difficult to talk [about them] because their attitude shows that [the children] themselves are convinced that the work they are forced to do is not normal,” Marianne Flach, UNICEF’s representative in the Congo, told IRIN.  

“The parents in the countries of origin do not even know what happens to their children in the countries of destination,” added Flach. 

Children and their families are ensnared by the empty promises of a better life, leading to the smuggling across borders every year of hundreds of thousands of children, denying them education, health, the right to grow up within a family and to protection from exploitation and abuse, say experts. 

Kidnapping on the rise 

In Cameroon, says the State Department report, trafficking operations usually target two or three children, such as when rural parents hand over their children to a middleman promising education or a better life in the city. 

But traffickers there are increasingly kidnapping their victims, as heightened public awareness means parents are giving away fewer of their children to middlemen.  

“Trafficking is nothing but abuse,” Marcelline Pambou Loubondo of the NGO Movement of Mothers for Peace, Solidarity and Development, told IRIN.  “The traffickers are looking for a better life. They want to get rich very fast, which is why they employ children.” 

The children are often forced to engage in petty trade day and night, lest they are beaten up, added Loubondo. 

The presence of local and foreign armed groups also poses a threat to children’s rights, as do burgeoning oil and mineral sectors. In the DRC, for example, armed groups continue to abduct and forcibly recruit men, women and children as combatants, labourers and sex slaves.  

A significant number of unlicensed Congolese artisanal miners – men and boys – are also exploited in situations of debt bondage by businessmen and supply dealers from whom they acquire cash advances, tools, food, and other provisions at inflated prices, and to whom they must sell the mined minerals at below-market prices, notes the State Department report.   

In Equatorial Guinea, children “…are believed to be exploited in Malabo and Bata where a burgeoning oil industry creates demand for cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation”. 

According to delegates at the conference, source and destination countries need to form bilateral accords given the trans-border nature of trafficking. 

Weak law enforcement  

At present, those involved in human trafficking are not systematically targeted by law enforcement officials even as trafficking seems to undergo a “seemingly uncontrollable rapid expansion”, noted Congo’s Social Affairs Minister, Emilienne Raoul. 

In Gabon too, according to the US State Department report, the lack of enforcement of counter-trafficking laws has meant there have been no convictions, despite the arrest of more than 68 suspected trafficking offenders between 2003 and 2010. 

While trafficking is often associated with clandestine migration, the merging of these two issues has serious consequences, with trafficked children seen as young offenders rather than victims in need of special protection measures, notes the International Organization for Migration. 

“Human trafficking is a form of migration particularly detrimental to human rights,” added Robert Kotchani, a UN human rights official. 

But, “in the same manner that slavery ended, human trafficking can equally end”, said Viviane Tchignoumba Mouanza, a magistrate and president of the association of female jurists in the Congo. “It is a problem with the mentality, sensitization and reach of the law.”  

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94721</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201250915460081t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">POINTE NOIRE 25 January 2012 (IRIN) - Forced child labour remains rampant in Central Africa, where poverty fuels the trafficking of children from poorer countries to oil-rich states such as Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and the Republic of Congo, according to experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DRC-CONGO: Refugee returns to start in April</title><pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191323480511t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Up to 120,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) will be helped to return home from the north of neighbouring Republic of Congo after more than two years.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Up to 120,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) will be helped to return home from the north of neighbouring Republic of Congo after more than two years. 

An agreement on the voluntary repatriation beginning in April was reached during a recent meeting between officials from the two countries and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville. 

A statement released after the meeting explained that by April the level of the Ubangui river, which separates the two Congos, will be high enough to allow navigation by the large vessels needed for the operation. 

“For this return to be effective, we need everyone to make an effort,” said Germaine Bationo, UNHCR’s deputy representative in DRC. “We are thinking in particular of donors in both the humanitarian and development sectors. 

We invite them to join us and invest in [DRC’s] Equateur Province [where inter-communal clashes rooted in resource conflicts prompted a large-scale exodus in late 2009 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=87961 ] so that the refugees’ return is sustainable,” she said. 

The voluntary repatriation had been scheduled to start in April 2011 but was postponed for logistical and security reasons. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92712 ] 

During the Brazzaville meeting, officials from DRC said peace and security had improved in Equateur, a prerequisite for return expressed by 80 percent of the refugees, according to UNHCR. 

Some 11,000 of those who had fled Equateur have already returned there from Congo and the Central African Republic, the agency said, adding that some 100,000 people displaced internally in DRC had also returned home. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94712</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191323480511t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 24 January 2012 (IRIN) - Up to 120,000 refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) will be helped to return home from the north of neighbouring Republic of Congo after more than two years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: AU wants peace, security and bigger global role in 2012</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg" />]]>WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</description><body><![CDATA[WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.

AU Ambassador to the United States, Amina Ali of Tanzania, presented the list of top priorities at a conference on 11 January held at Washington think-tank, the Brookings Institution.

Among them were the regulars - peace and security, enhanced democracy and good governance – as well as improved regional trade and greater involvement of the continent’s large diaspora in African affairs.

The first priority for Africa was the AU's resolve to review its international partnerships to ensure they bring greater benefits to Africa. 

“We are working to be able to build closer partnerships with our international partners so that Africa can really attain a sustainable economy,” Ali told the conference.

The AU wants Africa to manufacture and export finished products to its trading partners rather than just selling them the raw materials as it does now. She cited China, India, the EU and US and other rising stars in trade with the continent, including Turkey and Latin America, and said the AU had held talks on the new breed of partnerships with some of them.

The AU also wants Africa to have a veto-wielding seat on the UN Security Council, and a place at the G20 negotiating table, Ali said.

The peace and security that have eluded Africa for decades continue to be high on the list of problems that the continent needs to resolve, but she spoke only of conflict in Sudan. “The AU will continue to look into issues for Sudan,” Ali said.
 
A report released at the conference, Foresight Africa, highlighted other tinderboxes and called for “urgent instability and warfare policy reviews” to meet the challenges the continent faces in not only Sudan but also in Somalia and Nigeria. [ http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2012/01_priorities_foresight_africa.aspx ]

The report compares the instability in Africa to the decade-old US-led war in Afghanistan, and warned that if “the current trend continues”, a swathe of Africa, stretching from the Horn to Nigeria, “is likely to experience increasing instability and warfare, while narratives of jihadist revolt and terrorist technologies circulate among its citizens”.

The unrest could affect Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, the report says. Clearly, the AU has to do more than just supervise goings-on in Sudan and its new neighbour, South Sudan.

The AU also pledged to "review the mechanism for democratic process in Africa" after the wake-up call from the uprisings in the Arab world, including North Africa, a year ago, Ali said.

The AU will press member states to sign a charter ratified by the AU assembly in 2007, which aims to strengthen democracy and good governance in Africa, she said.

The charter was inspired in part by concern that “unconstitutional changes of governments” are a key cause of insecurity and “violent conflict” in Africa, and by a determination to “strengthen good governance through the institutionalization of transparency, accountability and participatory democracy”.

As of November last year, 38 of the AU’s 54 member states had signed the charter, but only 10 had ratified it. It is notable that nearly all the countries in the areas of Africa that are “likely to experience increasing instability and warfare” have signed the charter, with the exception of Somalia and Eritrea in the east and Cameroon in the west.

Food security

The AU will take steps to establish “food reserves” that give areas that face drought a “cushion” against famine, said Ali. She also voiced fears that parts of west Africa could be hit by drought this year, highlighting the need to rapidly establish food reserves – a tough challenge in a time of high food prices and an economic crisis in Europe, which has hit Africa.

Africa also has to “secure access to markets and competitive prices for farmers” or “risk inciting unrest” and food riots, the Foresight Africa report says.

AU officials will push in 2012 to establish a free trade zone that spans the length and breadth of the continent, Ali said. It would boost commerce between countries, a key step towards development.

At present, less than 15 percent of African trade stays on the continent - the rest is sold abroad.

The last item on the AU wish-list is greater involvement of the African diaspora, said to outnumber Africans at home, in the continent’s affairs.

The AU is due to host an African diaspora summit in May, Ali said.

Ali stressed the importance of the diaspora to the continent: remittances represent a larger revenue source for Africa than overseas development aid.

kdz/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DRC-CONGO: Thousands flee election tension</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112061355160348t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - At least 3,500 people have arrived by boat in recent days in Congo’s capital, fearing violence in the run-up to the announcement, due before midnight on 6 December, of the outcome of the presidential election in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), according to an official.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - At least 3,500 people have arrived by boat in recent days in Congo’s capital, fearing violence in the run-up to the announcement, due before midnight on 6 December, of the outcome of the presidential election in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), according to an official. 
 
 Yves Ikiaye, a captain in Congo’s immigration service, said those crossing the Congo River, which separates Brazzaville from the DRC capital, Kinshasa, between 4 and 6 December included politicians and their families, diplomats and UN officials. 
 
 “We came here to escape war,” said Dorcas Mukaku, a schoolgirl, who arrived with her two younger sisters. 
 
 “The Lubas [one of DRC’s ethnic groups] said that if Etienne Tshisekedi was not elected they would set Kinshasa on fire and shed blood,” she told IRIN. 
 
 Others “who support President Joseph Kabila [who is running for re-election] said it had to be him or no-one”, she said. 
 
 “I decided to leave my parents and studies behind to observe the situation from afar and save my life. I am too young and have nothing to do with what’s going on,” she said. 
 
 However, Congo’s Interior Minister, Raymond Mboulou, said: “We are not in a crisis situation,” adding that it was normal for people from Kinshasa to travel to Brazzaville. 
 
 Brazzaville’s chief of police, Général Benoît Moundélé-Ngollo, said a special camp would be set up if the numbers arriving increased significantly. 
 
 lmm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94406</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112061355160348t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 06 December 2011 (IRIN) - At least 3,500 people have arrived by boat in recent days in Congo’s capital, fearing violence in the run-up to the announcement, due before midnight on 6 December, of the outcome of the presidential election in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), according to an official.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA: Cholera thriving two years on</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 
 
Three multi-country epidemics are ongoing – each with separate strains - : the Lake Chad Basin, affecting Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger; the West Congo Basin, with impacts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic; and Lake Tanganyika - which encompasses DRC and Burundi. In Chad and Nigeria, the epidemic started in 2010. 
 
Why so persistent?
 
“If something is not working, you have to question if the response is appropriate,” said David Delienne, water and sanitation adviser at UNICEF’s West Africa office. “To stamp out cholera you need good surveillance systems to identify the epicentres of the disease - these do exist but it in some places surveillance is not systematic enough.” 
 
Surveillance systems along the (very long) Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad borders are generally quite patchy, said Grant Laeity, emergency head for UNICEF, as the areas are so remote, with few health facilities, and tend to be far from the nearest administrative capitals (Abuja, Yaoundé and N’djamena, respectively). Some remote areas, such as north and northwest Cameroon, have very high case fatality rates of up to 22 percent, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
 
Chad
 
According to WHO, five countries - Ghana, DRC, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad -account for around 90 percent of the total number of cases and deaths.
 
The epidemic is the worst in Chad’s history, with 16,000 cases and 433 deaths. The country’s vast territory, and large-scale population movements, makes it hard to respond to each and every case, said Michel-Olivier Lacharité, programme director for Chad at Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) France. 
 
In remote health districts where there are only two or three cases, MSF, which alongside the government has treated 11,000 people thus far, may have to forgo treating them, prioritizing higher-density caseloads. 
 
But even a small number of cases can cause the disease to spread further. “If it were a camp for displaced people, where no one was going anywhere, it would be a lot easier to contain,” Lacharité pointed out.
 
Over half of Chad’s health districts have been affected thus far. 
 
Paradox
 
“This disease is a paradox,” said Lacharité, “as it is very easy to treat with generic antibiotics and rehydration fluids.” But equally, it is very easy to spread, particularly since carriers often do not know they are infected, he said. 
 
In northeastern Nigeria containing the disease has been hampered by high population density, and by sporadic conflict which has left health clinics empty in some districts, according to Laeity.
 
All of the affected countries have poor water and sanitation facilities, and none are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal for basic sanitation. While there is more awareness of the need for better water and sanitation in the region, it has not necessarily led to changes in funding and behaviour, said Delienne. “Ghana, Mali have made some efforts…but overall, it [progress] needs to accelerate.” 
 
Cross-border prevention
 
Preventing cholera from spreading does not have to be complicated: setting up systematic information-sharing systems across borders to identify cholera “hotspots” is effective; as are practical measures such as encouraging hand-washing at borders, or disinfecting boats crossing to and from DRC capital Kinshasa to Congo-Brazzaville capital Brazzaville. 
 
The governments of Guinea and Guinea-Bissau eventually set up effective information-sharing at the border, and encouraged those crossing to wash their hands, acts which contributed to the eventual decline in caseload. 
 
But setting up a sanitation-police system at the border does not really make sense, said MSF’s Lacharité, partly because it would be so hard to administer. 
 
Questions authorities need to ask include: “Is there enough water treatment going on in cholera hotspots? Is there adequate separation of drinking water from sewage systems? What kind of border checks are set up?” said Laeity. 
 
In late 2010 UNICEF undertook a study to identify the key cholera hotspots and how the infection was spreading across borders; it is now working on how to implement the findings.
 
Health experts in Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad met in late September to discuss how to work more closely together to try to stem the spread of the disease, said WHO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic. WHO is supporting health ministries in all of the countries involved, to improve disease surveillance and identify new cases; as well as sending out rapid response teams.
 
Third year running?
 
It is still “too early” to say whether each outbreak has reached its peak, said Laeity. While fewer cases have been reported in Chad and Cameroon over the past month, in Kinshasa and in Brazzaville, heavy rains are just starting, so transmission could well rise. 
 
Health authorities in the Central African Republic declared an outbreak just two weeks ago - tests are under way to determine if it is the same strain as in a previous epidemic.
 
In Chad, the disease could well continue until 2012, said Lacharité. “It should continue to diminish now the rainy season has ended, but could easily stick around and climb again in next year’s rains.”
 
aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93949</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BENIN-CONGO: Deal to stem child trafficking</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20056301t.jpg" />]]>POINTE-NOIRE 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Benin and the Republic of Congo have signed an accord aimed at stemming the trafficking of children between the two countries.</description><body><![CDATA[POINTE-NOIRE 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Benin and the Republic of Congo have signed an accord aimed at stemming the trafficking of children between the two countries. 
 
 The two states believe some 1,800 children from Benin, mostly aged between 11 and 18, have been trafficked to neighbouring Congo. 
 
 “They are forced to work in the retail or fishing sectors or as domestic servants,” said Marianne Flach, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) representative in Congo. 
 
 “This agreement is a timely intervention to prevent children being victims of commercial and domestic abuse,” she added. 
 
 The accord was signed on 20 September by the two countries’ ministers of social affairs, in Congo’s economic capital, Pointe Noire, where there is a large Beninois community. 
 
 “These children are deprived of sleep. If they make the slightest mistake in the home, they can go days without being fed. The children are treated like slaves,” Marceline Pambou, who heads the Mothers’ Movement for Peace, Solidarity and Development, told IRIN. 
 
 A similar deal is envisaged between Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Children frequently cross the river separating the two countries in search of a better life. 
 
 lmm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93784</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20056301t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">POINTE-NOIRE 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - Benin and the Republic of Congo have signed an accord aimed at stemming the trafficking of children between the two countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO-GABON: Former refugees unwilling to return home</title><pubDate>Fri, 16 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008103119t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - The refugee status of 9,500 people from the Republic of Congo, who have been in neighbouring Gabon since the late 1990s, expired on 31 July, but many are still reluctant to return home.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - The refugee status of 9,500 people from the Republic of Congo, who have been in neighbouring Gabon since the late 1990s, expired on 31 July, but many are still reluctant to return home. 
 
 "Many want to go home but are worried about conditions. We have no houses, no work. Soon it's back to school and we worry about our children's education," said Philippe Vangou, head of a large family, a recent returnee to Brazzaville, the Congo capital. 
 
 As of 1 September, of the 9,500 refugees, at least 692 had crossed the border to return to Congo by land and air. The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) registered 553 returns in August. 
 
 "UNHCR is organizing repatriation, from registration formalities to departure," said Philippe Bateza, a UNHCR protection officer in Brazzaville, noting that since the signing in 2001 of a tripartite agreement between Gabon, Congo and UNHCR on repatriation, only 2,609 have returned. 
 
 "The Congolese authorities… want to reinvigorate the process," he said. 
 
 "So far, 1,700 applications for residence permits - for about 3,500 people - have been lodged with the Gabonese authorities," UNHCR public information officer Daniela Livia Biciu told IRIN. 
 
 "When you count, you find that the number of undecided people is still very significant. What will most of these people decide to do? The next two months will allow us to identify the trend," Gabriel Ontsira, director of humanitarian information at the Congolese Ministry of Humanitarian Action, told IRIN. 
 
 Almost all the Congolese refugees fled to Gabon after several civil wars, which rocked southern and southwestern Congo in 1997-2003. They were chased out of the Bouenza, Niari and Lékoumou areas where armed groups clashed with government forces. 
 
 "About 65 percent of returnee children were born during the exile of their parents," said UNHCR. 
 
 To encourage the return of their citizens, the Congolese authorities have had an amnesty in place since 1999 for people who took an active part in the war. 
 
 Accommodation problem 
 
 "We came back home. We were received by our families but there is a big accommodation problem because in the intervening period our families have grown,” a 39-year-old refugee near Dolisie (Congo’s third-largest city), who wanted to be known only as Paul, told IRIN. 
 
 "Not everything is going as we would have wished. It's a start. We are learning to live again. I think we will eventually adapt," he added. 
 
 “For many, the family has grown and become a great burden," said Ontsira. 
 
 UNHCR is providing the equivalent of US$200 per adult and $100 per child “to help them make ends meet in the first few days", said Bateza. 
 
 The Congolese government has set aside 300 million CFA francs ($600,000) to help the refugees. 
 
 With regard to reintegration, the government claims to have taken all the necessary measures. 
 
 "Officials are received by their former local authorities, and their salary arrears are paid; and the same goes for pensioners," said Ontsira. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93742</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008103119t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 16 September 2011 (IRIN) - The refugee status of 9,500 people from the Republic of Congo, who have been in neighbouring Gabon since the late 1990s, expired on 31 July, but many are still reluctant to return home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: A cut too far? C-sections increase after policy change</title><pubDate>Thu, 15 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003181303040384t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 15 September 2011 (IRIN) - A health policy shift that saw the introduction in May of free Caesarean section operations in 35 hospitals across the Republic of Congo - to curb the growing rate of maternal and infant mortality - seems to have prompted a proliferation of such operations, according to health officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 15 September 2011 (IRIN) - A health policy shift that saw the introduction in May of free Caesarean section operations in 35 hospitals across the Republic of Congo - to curb the growing rate of maternal and infant mortality - seems to have prompted a proliferation of such operations, according to health officials. 
 
 "We are virtually living in the hospital because there are so many consultations," said Jean-Claude Kala, head of gynaecology at Makélékélé Hospital, south of Brazzaville. “The free service has helped many people because until very recently many women were dying because their husbands or their parents had no money to pay for a Caesarean." 
 
 Congo's health authorities introduced the free Caesarean sections to reduce a maternal mortality rate considered high. Officially it is 781 deaths per 100,000 live births. One in 28 women dies in childbirth. 
 
 In 2010, Kala said, 5 percent of the 10,000 births in the hospital were by Caesarian; "so far this year we have had fewer than 6,000 births, but 10 percent of them were by Caesarean. This shows that the rate is increasing in our hospital." 
 
 Makélékélé Hospital is one of the designated centres in Brazzaville where the free operations are available. 
 
 Between May and August, some 220 Caesarean sections and 29 obstetric operations were carried out, according to Kala, even though the hospital has only 150 beds and three gynaecologists. 
 
 Before the new policy, the cost of a Caesarean was 50,000-150,000 CFA francs (US$100-$300) in a country where it is estimated 70 percent of the population lives below the poverty line. 
 
 "We reckon there are more cases than before. But we should also note the decline in mortality of both women and children," Jean Louis Lengouango, director of Talangaï Hospital in the sixth district of Brazzaville, told IRIN. 
 
 “We have not seen any break in supplies of medical equipment since the scheme was introduced because we are regularly replenished by the Director of Studies and Planning of the Ministry of Health," said Lengouango, adding that all the doctors involved were state-funded. 
 
 A commission set up to evaluate the scheme estimates it will cost more than 2.8 billion CFA francs ($5.9 million) in 2011. Between May and August, the commission recorded 1,779 Caesarean deliveries out of 15,211 births, with 14 maternal deaths and 83 neonatal deaths. 
 
 "Congo is a poor country. People are interested in anything offered for free. For the moment it is difficult to assess the value of the measure. I think that after a few years it will show its limits," Paul Ngangoue, 71, told IRIN. 
 
 The UN Population Fund (UNFPA) is one of the partners supporting the initiative. 
 
 "We believe that free Caesarean sections and the promotion of family planning are among the elements that contribute to reducing deaths by 60 percent," said Jean René Kule, head of advocacy at UNFPA in Brazzaville. "It's an initiative that we want to see continued." 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93734</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201003181303040384t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 15 September 2011 (IRIN) - A health policy shift that saw the introduction in May of free Caesarean section operations in 35 hospitals across the Republic of Congo - to curb the growing rate of maternal and infant mortality - seems to have prompted a proliferation of such operations, according to health officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Cholera claims 20 lives in Congo</title><pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200708232t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed 20 people among 341 infected in Congo since an outbreak began in June, officials said.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed 20 people among 341 infected in Congo since an outbreak began in June, officials said.

The outbreak is thought to have spread from neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93231 ]

Two of the fatalities occurred in Brazzaville, said Director-General of Health Alexis Elira Dokekias. Most cases were reported in the northern areas of Likouala and Cuvette, notably along the Congo River, which marks the border with DRC, where a cholera epidemic that began in March 2011 has killed 300 people out of 3,000 cases.

Dokekias said health authorities had responded to the outbreak by increasing free medical care and sentinel surveillance as well as encouraging better hygiene in affected areas.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93613</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200708232t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 29 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed 20 people among 341 infected in Congo since an outbreak began in June, officials said.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Implement anti-discrimination law, urge indigenous peoples</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009020310t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indigenous peoples in the Congo - minorities who are often marginalized and experience discrimination - are calling for the application of a law on the promotion and protection of the rights of autochthonous peoples passed in February.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indigenous peoples in the Congo - minorities who are often marginalized and experience discrimination - are calling for the application of a law on the promotion and protection of the rights of autochthonous peoples passed in February. 
 
 Potential beneficiaries say the authorities should implement the law as soon as possible to stop discrimination. 
 
 "As an aboriginal person, I stand to gain from this law; but we want it to be applied immediately,” Ngouélé Ibara, who heads the Association of Indigenous Peoples of the Congo, told IRIN. 
 
 Jean Ganga, the head of the Association for the Defence, Protection and Promotion of Indigenous Peoples, said: "We are the initiators of this law and took part in all consultations. If implemented as planned, it will enable us to take a step towards equality and reduce discrimination." 
 
 The law is not a constitution for aboriginal people, but it can help the marginalized and forgotten, said Perfect Dihoukamba of the National Network of Indigenous Peoples of the Congo. 
 
 The legislation was first drafted in 2004 and at the end of 2010 was adopted by both houses of parliament (Senate and Assembly); it gained presidential approval in February 2011. 
 
 The government, parliamentarians, civil society and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights have been involved. 
 
 "We hope the law can be finally implemented in full," Roger Bouka of the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, told IRIN. 
 
 The law aims to correct inequalities between the dominant and majority Bantu and the minority indigenous peoples, and proscribes the term “pygmy” because it is deemed pejorative and discriminatory. 
 
 The law should ensure the survival of a population in danger of extinction, according to the UN Population Fund (UNFPA). 
 
 Spread over almost all the 12 regions of Congo, where they live in forests or on the outskirts of villages, indigenous people number only 43,500, or 2 percent of the population, which is estimated at 3.6 million, according to David Lawson, the UNFPA representative in Congo. 
 
 "The law will help to correct a problem that we had in the past: failure to take into account the indigenous peoples," said Valentin Mavoungou, the official responsible for human rights and fundamental freedoms at the Department of Justice. "It brings a sense of unity to all Congolese people in terms of development and all other problems." 
 
 Mavoungou gave assurances that the government was sorting out final details in order to implement the law "as soon as possible". 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93470</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/2009020310t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 10 August 2011 (IRIN) - Indigenous peoples in the Congo - minorities who are often marginalized and experience discrimination - are calling for the application of a law on the promotion and protection of the rights of autochthonous peoples passed in February.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: High-tech measures to curb illegal fishing</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080815t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Congolese authorities have taken steps to curb illegal fishing in their territorial waters to ensure the survival of fishery resources and boost food security.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Congolese authorities have taken steps to curb illegal fishing in their territorial waters to ensure the survival of fishery resources and boost food security. 
 
 The latest measure is a satellite surveillance system that monitors all the fishing boats operating in the country's maritime waters. 
 
 “The Vessel Monitoring System allows us to conduct surveillance of all the fishing vessels in the sea without exception,” said Dieudonné Kiessiekiaoua, a fishing and aquaculture adviser in the Department of Fisheries. 
 
 Kiessiekiaoua said: "The Minister of Fisheries has a screen at his desk that allows him to follow, in real time, the movements of every ship. It’s a measure designed to combat illegal fishing, since we have to ensure sound management of the fish, which are the inheritance of all Congolese. We must safeguard them for future generations who will also turn to them for food.” 
 
 Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, Kiessiekiaoua said, has had repercussions for the lives of fishermen and all citizens. "When the fish are caught at an immature age, the whole chain is disturbed: the fishermen will not have any money to live decently with their families and it’s certain that there won’t be any more food on our tables," he said. 
 
 The authorities put the VMS system in place with help from the international satellite data group Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), based in Toulouse, France. The two signed an agreement in 2006, but the system became operational in February 2011. 
 
 Most of the boats plying Congolese waters come from China. Others are from the Netherlands and France. 
 
 The VMS results are already living up to expectations. 
 
 "The ships that used to fish in restricted zones, notably the six nautical miles that are designated a breeding ground, have been turned back thanks to the VMS system,” Kiessiekiaoua said. "They went toward the recommended fishing area as designated by the fishing law in force since 2000.” 
 
 Nature preservation and conservation organizations are not challenging the satellite system and have called for extra support for it. 
 
 "I don’t doubt the efficacy of the satellites but you have to have men on the ground to strengthen the surveillance," said Arsène Guélélé of the NGO Action for the Environment and International Solidarity. "Five or six years ago, because of a lack of supervision, Chinese fishermen were even taking fish fry. If you start taking the fry, will anything else remain in the water?” 
 
 Other actions 
 
 A signatory to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, Congo banned the practice of fishing with explosives and the use of small-mesh nets in an effort to crack down on illegal catches. 
 
 Donatien Animiyo of the Fishermen’s Group of Mpila, said: "Explosive devices were widely used at the end of the civil war in 1997. They destroy the ecosystem and prevent fish from reproducing. There was a time when fish were rare in the markets. 
 
 "It’s not enough for the authorities to put more laws in place. What’s important is that they are strictly enforced." 
 
 Despite all the provisions, Congo is far from assuring its own food security. It continues to import foodstuffs, including fish. 
 
 Kiessiekiaoua said: “Since each Congolese consumes 25kg of fish per year, we have to produce 100,000MT. We are not currently producing this much and sometimes we have to resort to imports to make up for the deficit. We think that aquaculture, fish farming, and inland fisheries should be developed to fill this gap.” 
 
 Fisheries Minister Hellot Mampouya Matson said: "The fishing and aquaculture sector plays an important role in the Congolese economy, especially in terms of the contribution to food security, income-generation, job creation, and livelihoods." 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93453</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007080815t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 09 August 2011 (IRIN) - Congolese authorities have taken steps to curb illegal fishing in their territorial waters to ensure the survival of fishery resources and boost food security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Chikungunya spreads to Pool region</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010071352470812t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 01 July 2011 (IRIN) - An epidemic of Chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease, which began in early June in Congo’s capital Brazzaville, has spread to the neighbouring Pool region, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 01 July 2011 (IRIN) - An epidemic of Chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease, which began [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92989 ] in early June in Congo’s capital Brazzaville, has spread to the neighbouring Pool region, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 Between 1 and 23 June, there were 7,014 cases in Brazzaville and 460 in Pool, but no deaths, according to WHO. In Pool, which endured a series of civil wars between 1998 and 2003, damaging the local health infrastructure, only the towns of Goma Tse Tse and Kinkala, the regional capital, are affected. 
 
 In Brazzaville, the disease is concentrated in southern districts, including Makélékélé and Bacongo. 
 
 The disease's symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash, and are similar to those of dengue fever. There is no known cure; treatment consists of relieving the symptoms. 
 
 "Today we find that Chikungunya is a problem for the city," Alexis Elira Dokekias, director-general of health, told IRIN. "There are patients who complain of Chikungunya symptoms, but do not show up in hospitals. These are hard to track... What is encouraging is the fact that we have not seen any deaths. Patients who show up are treated properly because the drugs are available.” 
 
 Health Ministry specialists have identified the aegypti and albopictus mosquito species as being responsible for the outbreak. Chikungunya was first confirmed after an analysis of samples by the Franceville laboratory in Gabon. 
 
 To counter the disease, the authorities are urging people to clean up possible breeding sites such as old containers, tyres or empty cans. 
 
 The spraying of insecticides to kill the mosquitoes would begin "next week", said Dokekias. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93112</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010071352470812t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 01 July 2011 (IRIN) - An epidemic of Chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease, which began in early June in Congo’s capital Brazzaville, has spread to the neighbouring Pool region, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Measles kills 32, infects hundreds</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106211318260984t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 21 June 2011 (IRIN) - At least 32 people have died and 800 others have been infected following an outbreak of measles in the southern Pointe Noire and Kouilou regions of the Republic of Congo, say health officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 21 June 2011 (IRIN) - At least 32 people have died and 800 others have been infected following an outbreak of measles in the southern Pointe Noire and Kouilou regions of the Republic of Congo, say health officials. 
 
 "The total of 32 deaths and 800 cases of measles has not changed," said Hermann Boris Didi-Ngossaki, head of the World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Vaccination. 
 
 At least 3,000 cases of measles were recorded in a 2006-2007 outbreak. 
 
 "These past five or six years we have had many weaknesses in our vaccination system notably in Pointe-Noire. The current epidemic reflects these weaknesses,” said Didi-Ngossaki. 
 
 Of the 800 cases recorded, 624 were hospitalized. "It should be noted that 15 percent of the children had not been vaccinated. It’s extremely serious,” said Alexis Elira Dokekias the director-general of health. 
 
 The first cases were reported in December 2010 but the disease was neglected following an outbreak of polio [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91345 ] at the same time, said Dokekias. 
 
 "There were, at first, very few cases of measles and then the disease spread," he said. 
 
 The outbreak has been attributed to low vaccination coverage due to poor organization of health services and sporadic breaks in vaccine supplies in 2010, he said. 
 
 The sick in Pointe Noire, who were mainly concentrated at Adolphe Sicé Hospital, are being transferred to the Loandjili and Congo Malembé hospitals to decongest Adolphe Sicé. 
 
 An intensive 30-day measles vaccination campaign targeting all children aged 6-8 months in the Pointe-Noire and Kouilou regions is planned from 22 June. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93034</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106211318260984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 21 June 2011 (IRIN) - At least 32 people have died and 800 others have been infected following an outbreak of measles in the southern Pointe Noire and Kouilou regions of the Republic of Congo, say health officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Outbreak of dengue-like viral disease</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910161229150468t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - Almost 1,000 suspected cases of chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes fever and severe joint pain, have been recorded in the Republic of Congo&apos;s capital over the past two weeks.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - Almost 1,000 suspected cases of chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes fever and severe joint pain, have been recorded in the Republic of Congo's capital over the past two weeks.
 
"More than 900 people are showing symptoms of chikungunya, which is transmitted by mosquito," Director-General of Health Alexis Elira Dokekias told a news conference on 14 June.
 
The disease's symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash, and are similar to those of dengue fever. There is no known cure; treatment consists of relieving the symptoms.
 
Dokekias said the first cases appeared in early June in the poor neighbourhoods of Bacongo and Makelekele in the south of Brazzaville.
 
Of 48 samples analysed in a laboratory in neighbouring Gabon, just over half tested positive for the virus, he said.
 
Dokekias urged anyone showing symptoms of the disease to report to the nearest medical centre, and called on all citizens to clean up potential mosquito habitats.
 
Chikungunya takes its name from a word in the Kimakonde language meaning "to become contorted" - a reference to the stooped appearance of those infected.
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92989</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200910161229150468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - Almost 1,000 suspected cases of chikungunya, a mosquito-borne viral disease that causes fever and severe joint pain, have been recorded in the Republic of Congo&apos;s capital over the past two weeks.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO-SOUTH AFRICA: Land deals raise food security hopes</title><pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081323140765t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 08 June 2011 (IRIN) - By handing over 80,000 hectares of untilled land to a few dozen South African farmers, authorities in the Republic of Congo are confident they will greatly improve domestic agricultural expertise and reduce the country&apos;s chronic dependence on food imports.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 08 June 2011 (IRIN) - By handing over 80,000 hectares of untilled land to a few dozen South African farmers, authorities in the Republic of Congo are confident they will greatly improve domestic agricultural expertise and reduce the country's chronic dependence on food imports.

"In terms of nutrition, we are in a constant state of need," said Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Rigobert Maboundou. "This is why we are giving over these lands, to employ local labour and benefit from the South African expertise." He said it was essential to surrender the farmland to those who could invest in it.

"Congo has been waiting for an investment initiative like this, the creation of thousands of jobs. More than anything else, the country is expecting abundant food since the South African farmers will produce crops and raise livestock," said Minister of Land Affairs and Public Domain Pierre Mabiala.

The 40 farmers are leasing government-owned land for 30 years, with the provision to extend it for two terms. The farmlands include 63,000ha in Niari and 17,000ha in Bouenza, in the southwest.

There are 10 to 12 million hectares of land with agricultural potential in Congo, according to government data, but only 2 percent is farmed, mostly with rudimentary tools. "It's difficult to achieve food self-sufficiency like this," said Maboundou.

Wynand du Toit, vice-president of the Association of South African farmers who signed the deal, dismissed suggestions that it was really a covert land grab, with production aimed at the export market. "Our understanding with the government is that we are here to help the country's food production - we plan to set up an agricultural college and train local farmers," he said. 

"Our priority is to help produce enough to feed the country - we are not looking at exports for at least two or three years and then only if we produce a surplus which we cannot sell to the domestic market," he said. "If we do end up producing more than we can sell here then we might consider selling to neighbouring Gabon and the Central African Republic."

Du Toit said since not all of the land was arable, the farmers would receive about 1,000ha apiece. South African ambassador to the Congo, Genge Manelisi, said they would focus on raising livestock as well as rice and vegetables.

Congolese officials said the policy of granting land to investors was aimed not just at combating the food crisis, but also diversifying a national economy that was too dependent on oil, which contributes more than 80 percent of the state budget.

Concerns 

Land concession agreements have proliferated across Africa and elsewhere, leading to concerns that the promised benefits for locals - especially jobs - are never realized, while potential environmental and political damages are undersold. A 2011 World Bank report studied the increasing number of land deals from the past two years and concluded that "the risks are often large".

"Case studies demonstrate that even some of the profitable projects do not generate satisfactory local benefits, while, of course, none of the unprofitable or non-cooperational ones do." 

Du Toit said the farmers viewed the acquisition as a business venture, and a way of diversifying investments. "When Pick 'n Pay [a South African retailer] opens a shop in Nigeria, no one raises an eyebrow, why so many questions about us?" He said the South African farmers were borrowing "millions of dollars" from international banks to fund the project. "We are making a big investment - we are taking in big pieces of machinery," he said.

The farmers hope to begin growing maize in January 2012. Although there are no official production estimates, they plan to produce 30,000MT between June and July 2012, and grow staples such as rice, cassava and vegetables.

Food imports

The country relies heavily on imported food to feed its population. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated that Congo spent 130 billion CFA (US$260 million) every year bringing in foodstuffs. In its 2010 report, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) described food insecurity in Congo as "serious", with 11.8 percent of children underweight, and about one in five Congolese undernourished.

However, at the beginning of the 1990s, 40 percent of Congolese were undernourished, it said.

The government announced plans to become food self-sufficient by the year 2000 in the 1980s, remembered Joseph Moutanda Kassao, president of a cooperative of 320 growers based in Brazzaville. "We did not get any of the results we hoped for," he said.

The government announced in 2010 that it would invest 40 billion CFA ($80 million) a year for four years in the agricultural sector.

Congo has also been testing a policy of creating farming villages north of Brazzaville, with the input of Israeli technicians. Opened in October 2010, the "experimental" farming village of Nkouo, which is 83km from the capital and cost 13 billion CFA ($26 million), is able to produce two million kilogrammes of manioc.

Critics of the new land concession say bringing in foreign farmers is not the way to address food insecurity in the country. "We don't actually need operators or farmers from elsewhere to nourish us. We have a clear problem: our authorities do not assist our own farmers as they should," complained Dieudonné Mingui, head of the NGO Initiatives for Development and Progress. "Farmers right here don't lack initiative, they lack the means to develop large projects," he said.

Despite these sentiments, the project has not encountered resistance from local growers, who say they want to benefit from the experience of the South Africans.

"South Africa is the continent's economic powerhouse. Its agriculture is strong, and powerful," said Kassao. "If the South African farmers are really coming to produce and sell all the produce on the local market, it's a good thing. But if they're coming for their own interests, it will be a shame."

"I think the project is just getting started," said Kassao. "Let's wait and see."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92934</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106081323140765t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 08 June 2011 (IRIN) - By handing over 80,000 hectares of untilled land to a few dozen South African farmers, authorities in the Republic of Congo are confident they will greatly improve domestic agricultural expertise and reduce the country&apos;s chronic dependence on food imports.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DRC-CONGO: Return delayed for 120,000 refugees</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191326170526t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE/KINSHASA 13 May 2011 (IRIN) - Eighteen months after fleeing across the riverine border separating the two Congos, some 120,000 refugees seem to have little prospect of returning home soon.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE/KINSHASA 13 May 2011 (IRIN) - Eighteen months after fleeing across the riverine border separating the two Congos, some 120,000 refugees seem to have little prospect of returning home soon. 
 
 The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) had scheduled an organized repatriation from the northern Likouala region Republic of Congo to the Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) Equateur Province in late April, but this was indefinitely postponed because of logistical and financial issues. 
 
 “Some areas [in Equateur] are only accessible via the Ubangi river; others can only be reached by footpath,” UNHCR said in a recent statement. 
 
 The exodus from DRC took place in late 2009 following conflicts over natural resources [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=87961 ] , such as fish ponds, between the Enyele and Munyaza communities. 
 
 About 1,000 of the refugees are thought to have returned back across the Ubangi river of their own accord, according to the UNHCR. 
 
 Those still in Congo, who live along a long stretch of the river, do eventually want to return home but only “on the condition that peace is restored to the zone of the conflict”, said Celine Schmitt, head of UNHCR’s External Relations. 
 
 The refugees have also expressed concern about returning to an area with a heavy presence of DRC government troops and about the lack of official reconciliation efforts. 
 
 Some aid agencies working in Equateur’s Dongo area, the epicentre of the 2009 violence, say security fears were unfounded. According to a 2010 report by the Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development, ACTED, Dongo is considered the easiest and most “secure” of the areas in which it works. The report said the risk of conflict re-igniting was not totally excluded, but that there have been no signs of conflict until now. The organization Search for Common Ground and UNHCR in Equateur Province said the Enyele and Munyaza communities signed a non-aggression pact on 12 March 2011, indicating they were willing to co-exist peacefully. 
 
 It is unclear whether calm will prevail when the refugees finally return to Equateur. “People are ready to be reconciled. We must wait for the refugees to return so that the different leaders can meet each other. We can’t really talk about true reconciliation when the people concerned are not here,” Rigobert Moupundo, president of the National Commission for Refugees in the DRC, told IRIN. 
 
 One of the villages in Equateur, Makanza, has yet to recover from the effects of the 2009 conflict as well as from one in March 2010. Although 80 percent of Makanza’s population has returned, the conflict “destroyed the socio-economic fabric of the population, living mainly off fishing and agriculture. Fishermen lost their nets and pirogues, livestock was pillaged and schools destroyed. In Makanza, people have turned toward making coal and selling firewood to survive,” Charlotte Billoir, director of ACTED, told IRIN. Some fields in Makanza are still occupied by DRC army (FARDC) officials, she added. 
 
 The presence of FARDC remains a cause for concern across Equateur. “There is no longer any security problem in the region, except harassment related to the presence of the FARDC, but this is the same across DRC in general,” said Muriel Cornelis, technical assistant for ECHO in Equateur Province. The national army has often been accused of involvement in human rights abuses in the country. 
 
 Conditions in Likouala 
 
 Lack of infrastructure, a major problem in the whole of DRC’s South-Ubangui region even before the conflict began, may also complicate efforts to rehabilitate the thousands of refugees in Congo-Brazzaville. Infrastructure needs remain high, despite agency efforts to reconstruct shelters, water sources and schools destroyed during the hostilities. 
 
 “Even with all the advances made in the Equateur region, the level of access to water and health centres will be inferior to those the refugees find today in Likouala,” Cornelis told IRIN. 
 
 But in Likouala, the 120,000 refugees, of whom 82 percent are women and children, still live in precarious conditions. They have settled in 104 sites along the river. Numerous cases of domestic and sexual violence have been reported by refugee women, according to UNHCR and the World Food Programme (WFP). Humanitarian workers say some donors have grown weary of assisting the vulnerable populations. 
 
 In February, the UNHCR launched an appeal for US$ 31.5 million to continue bringing in aid for the refugees. “We have been able to collect $17 million and now we need to raise a further $14.5 million,” Anouk Desgroseilliers, public information officer for UNHCR, told IRIN. 
 
 She said the new funds would help to provide shelter, health and sanitation, but they were insufficient. “Aid will continue to suffer from this lack of funds. We are already in the month of April and still waiting to receive funds. Hope is what is helping us to go on,” said Desgroseilliers. 
 
 WFP at Impfondo, Likouala’s administrative centre, confirmed in March that the organization only had sufficient food stocks to assist the refugees until May. Some refugees have been working in the fields of host communities in return for a small income, but access to potable water and healthcare remain limited. Malaria, respiratory track infections, intestinal parasites, and sexually transmitted infections are among the main pathologies among the refugee population. 
 
 According to the UNHCR, in addition to 120,000 refugees in the Republic of Congo, 20,000 people have fled to the Central African Republic. Of the 60,000 internally displaced in the interior of the northeast of the DRC, 30 000 have since returned home. 
 
 lmm-cs-zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92712</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201001191326170526t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE/KINSHASA 13 May 2011 (IRIN) - Eighteen months after fleeing across the riverine border separating the two Congos, some 120,000 refugees seem to have little prospect of returning home soon.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
