<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Congo</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 16:30:46 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Call for oil revenues to improve living standards in Congo</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203071330530657t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - Congo, which is heavily dependent on revenue from the oil industry, has been declared as “conforming to” a global standard that aims to ensure transparency of payments for natural resources; NGOs hope the announcement will improve the lives of the poor.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - Congo, which is heavily dependent on revenue from the oil industry, has been declared as “conforming to” a global standard that aims to ensure transparency of payments for natural resources; NGOs hope the announcement will improve the lives of the poor. 

More than half the country’s 3.6 million people live below the poverty line. 

The Initiative for Transparency in the Extractive Industries (EITI) [ http://eiti.org/ ], adopted by G8 countries in 2003, aims to improve the transparency of the management of mineral resources. It brings together, in a single structure, governments, oil companies, international financial institutions and NGOs. 

"Being validated and found to comply with the EITI means Congo ticked 21 boxes, including membership of EITI, implying a commitment to publish all necessary information relating to the management of our industries, especially oil, our primary export resource," Florent Michel Okoko, coordinator of EITI in Congo, told IRIN. 

Oil accounts for 80 to 90 percent of Congo’s exports and budget revenues. 

EITI covers both solid and liquid mines. However "at this stage, we are focusing on the oil industry because, in terms of solid mines [iron ore mining in the southwest], we are still at the stage of prospecting. In the relatively near future, we will also integrate solid mines," said Okoko. 

Congo’s achievement of compliance has not come overnight: The country became associated with EITI in 2004, but oil has remained a sticking point. 

“However, since 2011 the government seems to have made an effort because from then on, there is an 80 to 90 percent overlap between revenues that were reported by oil companies and those said to have been seen by the Treasury,” Christian Mounzéo, of the Congolese organization Publish What You Pay (PWYP), told IRIN. 

Much-needed revenues 

Congolese civil society groups insist that such revenue should benefit the lives of all Congolese citizens. 

"Being consistent with EITI is not an end in itself. Instead, the government should mandate the equitable distribution of [revenue from] petroleum, mining and gas products. The Congolese want to touch and taste the income of its oil daily,” Brice Mackosso, secretary-general of the Diocesan Commission for Justice and Peace (CJP), told IRIN. 

Officially, annual income from oil exports is around US$6 billion. 

"These oil revenues are currently very, very important, so it is time for the average Congolese to feel them in terms of better access to education, water, electricity and health," said Mackosso. 

According to the most recent Demographic Health Survey (2007), 47 percent of the population had access to water in urban areas, and 11 percent in rural areas. The figures for electricity were 45 and 6 percent respectively. 

Literacy rates, which used to be around 100 percent in the 1980s, dropped to 80 percent in 2010 due to the civil war, according to the UN Development Programme (UNDP). UNDP’s Human Development Index says life expectancy is 55. 

Officially 24 to 30 percent of the population under 30 is unemployed, according to 2011 World Bank estimates. 

Between February and April 2013, at least 9,500 state school teachers went on strike to demand a 60 percent pay increase. "Teachers have expressed aloud what all Congolese think to themselves. In any case the oil money is not kept in Congo, but in tax havens," Elo Dacy, a member of the opposition Patriotic Union for National Renewal (UPRN), told IRIN. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98044/Call-for-oil-revenues-to-improve-living-standards-in-Congo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203071330530657t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - Congo, which is heavily dependent on revenue from the oil industry, has been declared as “conforming to” a global standard that aims to ensure transparency of payments for natural resources; NGOs hope the announcement will improve the lives of the poor.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Congo, thousands still homeless one year after munitions blasts</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230906150052t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of people remain homeless in the Republic of Congo (ROC) one year after being displaced following a deadly munitions blast at an army barracks in the capital, Brazzaville. The 4 March 2012 blast, in the area of Mpila, east of the capital, left some 282 people dead and 2,300 others injured, according to officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of people remain homeless in the Republic of Congo (ROC) one year after being displaced following a deadly munitions blast [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95143/CONGO-Thousands-still-homeless-after-munitions-blast ] at an army barracks in the capital, Brazzaville. The 4 March 2012 blast, in the area of Mpila, east of the capital, left some 282 people dead and 2,300 others injured, according to officials. 

“We have not relocated all those affected to date. We are relocating them gradually, as we are building houses on selected sites,” Emilienne Raoul, the ROC minister for humanitarian action, told IRIN. 

“For a long time, the disaster-affected have remained traumatized, especially the children. It’s difficult to forget this disaster,” Raoul continued. 

Thousands of people who were left homeless after the March 2012 blast - which was actually a series of explosions - sought refuge in several sites around the capital. 

Still waiting

At present, at least 1,400 people are still living in tents at site number 17, west of Brazzaville. 

In the surburb of Kintélé, 25km north of Brazzaville, the ROC government has built houses on 10 hectares of land. About 300 affected families have already been settled there. 

“Here, we have the bare minimum: water, electricity, modern toilets and sanitation,” Ago Ngoulou, 43, told IRIN. Ngoulou is living in Kintélé after losing all his property in the explosions. “But transport is a headache. The site is far from the city centre.”

Most of those affected by the blasts have returned to the area of Mpila, where 2,000 families have received tents for shelter. Conditions there are difficult. 

“We set up the tents between the sides of the walls of our destroyed hoses. We are at the mercy of the elements, insects and dangerous animals such as snakes,” complained army Sgt Jules Engambé.
In the vicinity, vegetation grown over the shells of burnt up military tanks and vehicles.

The ROC government has set aside some 60 billion CFA (US$120 million) to assist the affected households - about 50 people crippled in the blast will receive a monthly allowance of 140,000 francs ($280).

In September 2012, the ROC government and China signed a number of financial agreements totalling 970 million euros (about $1.2 billion), most of which will go towards reconstructing Mpila. Reconstruction work will start in 2013, in consultation with the land owners, according to the planning minister, Jean-Jacques Bouya.

The process of decontaminating the explosion site, which started days after the early 2012 blasts, is expected to end on 31 March, the proposed date for the start of the reconstruction work. 

“The munitions that were exploded were scattered over a 3km radius,” said Cpt Cyr Andsi, the mine clearance head, adding that quality controls had been carried out to ensure the safety of people in Mpila.

Inquest 

Members of an inquest into the cause of the 4 March 2012 explosions in Mpila initially suspected that the blasts had been due to an electric fault. But according to the ROC prosecutor Essamy Ngatsé, “This theory no longer holds.”

At least 30 people have so far been arrested and charged, among them 23 military officers who were said to have breached state security and committed arson. But their case files have, for a long time, been circulating between various offices of the judiciary, including the court of appeals and the supreme court.

“If the trial proceeds based on this cacophony that we have observed, it’s hard to believe that it will be a just and fair trial,” said Roche Euloge Nzobo of the Congolese Observatory for Human Rights (OCDH).

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97751/In-Congo-thousands-still-homeless-one-year-after-munitions-blasts</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230906150052t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Thousands of people remain homeless in the Republic of Congo (ROC) one year after being displaced following a deadly munitions blast at an army barracks in the capital, Brazzaville. The 4 March 2012 blast, in the area of Mpila, east of the capital, left some 282 people dead and 2,300 others injured, according to officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Cholera outbreak in Congo</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - An influx of migrants from the countryside into the Republic of Congo&apos;s second largest city, Pointe-Noire, is exacerbating a cholera outbreak that began in November 2012. The outbreak infected at least 389 and killed 10, according to the health ministry and local authorities.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - An influx of migrants from the countryside into the Republic of Congo's second largest city, Pointe-Noire, is exacerbating a cholera outbreak that began in November 2012. The outbreak infected at least 389 and killed 10, according to the health ministry and local authorities.

"Heavy rain in the port city in recent weeks and sanitation problems triggered the cholera outbreak," said Health Minister François Ibovi.

According to the mayor of Pointe-Noire, Roland Bouiti Viaudo, the booming city has seen a large influx of migrants from rural areas.

"People build and settle in prohibited areas, including [around] sewers, blocking the free flow of wastewater, which explains the repeated outbreaks of cholera,” he told IRIN. "To stop the disease… everyone - the authorities, NGOs and communities - should mobilize and become aware of this danger."

In early March, during a council of ministers' meeting, the government announced that emergency aid had been released to combat the outbreak, but it did not specify the amount.

Health authorities in Pointe-Noire, a city of more than 800,000, have set up an intensive cholera treatment centre on the grounds of the 200-bed Loandjili Hospital.

"This centre is run by six specialists in infectious diseases and the gastrointestinal tract. It also has a team of 28 nurses with disposable gowns, gloves, masks and shoes to avoid contamination," said the country’s director-general of health, Alexis Elira Dokekias.

"So far... of all cases reported by the Pointe-Noire health services, 347 have already returned home, 10 have died, and 32 are still hospitalized," he said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97661/Cholera-outbreak-in-Congo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209131307590968t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - An influx of migrants from the countryside into the Republic of Congo&apos;s second largest city, Pointe-Noire, is exacerbating a cholera outbreak that began in November 2012. The outbreak infected at least 389 and killed 10, according to the health ministry and local authorities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Congo, few pygmy women have access to reproductive health services</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2112045t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).

The study, Determinants of the Use of Reproductive Health Services by Indigenous Peoples, was conducted in four regions of Congo - Likouala, Sangha, Plateaux and Lekoumou - where most of the 43,500 indigenous people live.

In terms of reproductive health, "the numbers are not encouraging" for indigenous women, UNFPA representative David Lawson told IRIN. 

"While 94 percent of the general population gets antenatal care, only 37 percent of pregnant aboriginal women receive such services; and while 93 percent of Congolese women usually give birth in a health centre, only 4 percent of indigenous women do so,'' said Lawson, citing the study.

"The risks are enormous for indigenous women because they do not receive emergency care at birth," he added.

According to the same study, at least 45 percent of Congolese women use contraceptive methods, while only 25 percent of indigenous people do so, "because of a lack of access to family planning".

Also, 50 percent of indigenous people said they were not getting any information on HIV/AIDS (the country has an HIV prevalence rate of 3.2 percent), while studies show that 99 percent of Congolese are getting information on the epidemic and prevention methods.

Why the gap?

There are several reasons for this gap.

"Pygmy women, like men, move around and often live in the bush far from health centres, in the provinces,” said the country’s director-general of health, Alexis Elira Dokekias.

"In order not to disrupt their way of life, we send health services to these populations. In Lekoumou, where their concentration is very high, we decided that health care is free," he said.

The indigenous people’s customs, extreme poverty, low education levels and traditional beliefs help explain why they are on the fringes of the health system.

"Generally, indigenous women give birth in the forest without the assistance of a midwife. They consider their traditional medicine there to be the best in the world," ethnologist Sorel Eta told IRIN.

"Their medicine has no adverse consequences, contrary to what one might think. You must accept the pygmies as they are and respect their expertise," said Eta.

"Instead, there should be a comprehensive approach that allows indigenous peoples to preserve traditional medicine in reproductive health, but also to enjoy the benefits of modern medicine," David Lawson advised.

Aboriginal people make up 2 percent of the population, as opposed to 10 percent a few years ago. In 2011 the country enacted a law on the “promotion and protection of their rights”. But NGOs are demanding better implementation of the law to counter - however slightly - the discrimination they face.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97574/In-Congo-few-pygmy-women-have-access-to-reproductive-health-services</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2112045t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 01 March 2013 (IRIN) - Indigenous women in the Republic of Congo, better known as pygmies - a minority group threatened with extinction - are virtually excluded from reproductive health services. They mostly give birth at home and are exposed to related health risks, according to a 2012 study conducted by the Ministry of Health with support from the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Maternal mortality down sharply in Congo</title><pubDate>Mon, 21 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 21 January 2013 (IRIN) - Improved maternal healthcare and better family planning programmes have led to a sharp decrease in the Republic of Congo’s maternal mortality rate over the past decade.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 21 January 2013 (IRIN) - Improved maternal healthcare and better family planning programmes have led to a sharp decrease in the Republic of Congo’s maternal mortality rate over the past decade. 

The rate declined from 781 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2005 to 426 deaths per 100,000 live births at the end of 2012, according to a demographic and health survey conducted with the support of the UN Population Fund (UNFPA).

"Maternal mortality in Congo has fallen over 45 percent since 2005. The country has made reducing maternal mortality a health priority since 2009, following a commitment made by the president to the African Union to reduce maternal mortality so that no woman dies giving birth," UNFPA representative in Congo David Lawson told IRIN.

"Working with UNICEF [the UN Children’s Fund], WHO [the World Health Organization] and the World Bank, UNFPA has been the principal assistant to the government in terms of defining a national roadmap for accelerating the reduction of maternal mortality and launching the Campaign for the Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality [CARMMA] in Congo," he added.

According to Lawson, UNFPA has made available more than US$6 million (three billion CFA francs) to support the efforts of government and civil society in this area. 

Several factors credited

The Ministry of Health, meanwhile, says several factors explain the downward trend in the rate of maternal mortality, from 1,100 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 890 deaths in 2002. 

It cites, among other factors, free Caesarean sections; the strengthening of family planning, which has helped reduce maternal mortality by nearly 30 percent; the fight against obstetric fistula; and the establishment of a national panel called the Observatory on Maternal and Newborn Mortality [ http://www.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/home/news/pid/6525;jsessionid=FE06D0B04C6641BC91CB6034875E3338 ].

The downward trend in maternal mortality "brings all renewed hope, but much remains to be done to maintain this trend until 2015," Godefroy Mallandha, a mother-and-child health specialist with UNICEF Congo, told IRIN.

In Congo, said Mallandha, most people live in urban areas, 93 percent of pregnant women receive antenatal care, and 92 percent deliver in a health facility.

“We regret, therefore, that the majority of maternal deaths occur in a health centre from complications which could have been prevented or effectively taken care of. To continue to improve the quality of care and services is of great importance,” he added.

Child mortality also down

The policies of the government and its bilateral and multilateral partners - as well as NGOs - have also contributed to a decline in child mortality.

According to Mallandha, this rate has decreased from 117 child deaths per 1,000 live births in 2005 to 68 per 1,000 live births in 2012.

"As for the mortality of newborns [22 deaths per 1,000 live births], this category is responsible for more than half of all deaths of children under one year old, and therefore requires special attention," he said. Newborn, or neonatal, mortality is defined as death that occurs within the first 28 days of life.

"In accordance with its commitments, the government, with the participation of [stakeholders], will continue its efforts to implement additional measures to combat preventable deaths of children and mothers," Mallandha continued. 

Congo still has to make significant efforts. It is one of the African states to commit in 2001 to allocate 15 percent of its budget to the health sector, but currently it is earmarking only 9 percent, according to the World Bank.

Congo’s Human Development Index ranking in 2011 was 137 out of 187 countries.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97300/Maternal-mortality-down-sharply-in-Congo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 21 January 2013 (IRIN) - Improved maternal healthcare and better family planning programmes have led to a sharp decrease in the Republic of Congo’s maternal mortality rate over the past decade.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Fewer pregnant women with HIV in Congo</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301180833210674t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - The HIV infection rate has declined among pregnant women in the Republic of Congo from 3.4 percent in 2009 to 2.8 percent in 2012, according to a study by the Ministry of Health, which said it had taken specific action to help this section of the population.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - The HIV infection rate has declined among pregnant women in the Republic of Congo from 3.4 percent in 2009 to 2.8 percent in 2012, according to a study by the Ministry of Health, which said it had taken specific action to help this section of the population.

"This significant decrease is due to many innovative and effective actions: screening using a mobile unit, as well as HIV/AIDS fairs throughout Congo to help inform young people about their vulnerability," said Health Minister François Ibovi.

"We have been urging pregnant women to get tested - and they are doing so. This allows them to receive treatment if they are HIV-positive, and their newborn children are supported in terms of antiretrovirals (ARVs),” Franck Marie Puruehnce, executive secretary of the National Council for Combating HIV/AIDS (CNLS), told IRIN.

"HIV infection among pregnant women is continuing to fall," she said, adding that despite this decline, the epidemic is becoming more feminine-specific “due to the low purchasing power of women, who are sometimes unable to avoid risky sexual encounters".

According to Puruehnce, protection of mother-to-child transmission services are available in health centres throughout the country.

Officially, HIV/AIDS prevalence in Congo is 3.2 percent, against 4.2 percent in 2003. The country (population 3.6 million) has 83,000 patients; women are twice as affected as men.

HIV rates vary according to different sections of the population. They are 7.5 percent among sex workers and 26 percent among homosexuals.

For Michel Bitemo, monitoring, evaluation and strategic information adviser at the UNAIDS office in Brazzaville, "the best protection against AIDS is knowing your status…

"We must move towards universal knowledge of HIV infection," he advised, regretting the fact that only 12 percent of people knew their HIV status.

Funding key

According to Michel Bitemo, "Congo can only maintain or improve results if financial resources are constantly increased."

"If funding falls, we will not have better, but worse, results. The HIV/AIDS response is 50 percent government-funded which is a good thing because in other countries it is below 50 percent, "said Bitemo.

At the last session of the National Council for the Fight against AIDS, the authorities recommended setting up a response fund.

"This fund will be funded by the government and industries such as oil, timber and mining... as well as international partners such as the World Bank and the Global Fund [to Fight AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis]," said Puruehnce.

"We want to reorganize the financing of the response to ensure no target is missed," she added.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97275/Fewer-pregnant-women-with-HIV-in-Congo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301180833210674t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - The HIV infection rate has declined among pregnant women in the Republic of Congo from 3.4 percent in 2009 to 2.8 percent in 2012, according to a study by the Ministry of Health, which said it had taken specific action to help this section of the population.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Congo prisons chief admits shortcomings in wake of damning report</title><pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210928110383t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 17 January 2013 (IRIN) - The director-general of Congo’s prison service, Paul Morossa, has admitted serious overcrowding in prisons, but does not think imminent improvements are possible.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 17 January 2013 (IRIN) - The director-general of Congo’s prison service, Paul Morossa, has admitted serious overcrowding in prisons, but does not think imminent improvements are possible.

Prisons built 70 years ago - one in Brazzaville, meant to accommodate 150 inmates, and one in Pointe Noire, meant accommodate 75 - currently house 700 and 300 inmates respectively, he told IRIN.

“The difficulties we face are due to the fact that our prison system is old. New structures have not been built to match the growing number of prisoners. Management and funding issues will be difficult to address in the immediate future,” he said. “We have serious problems.”

At the same time, he welcomed the recent presidential pardon of 164 prisoners, “because our prisons are full”.

Morossa’s remarks come after the recent publication of a report by the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH), which describes appalling prison conditions [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96726/CONGO-Torture-commonplace-in-prisons-report ].

The NGO pointed to a widespread lack of adequate healthcare, sanitation and decent food.

“Prisoners live in inhumane conditions… They live in a state of total insalubrity,” the OCDH executive director, Euloge Nzobo, told IRIN.

“They lack latrines and frequently defecate into cans or bags. Many infirmaries lack medicine or nurses,” he added.

“For lack of nets, they are often bitten by mosquitoes and contract malaria. They also suffer from amoebas,” the report said, adding that many prisoners had to rely on relatives for their food.

For his part, Morossa described the report as “excessive” and pointed out that the government was set to build several new prisons in different parts of the country.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97274/Congo-prisons-chief-admits-shortcomings-in-wake-of-damning-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210928110383t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 17 January 2013 (IRIN) - The director-general of Congo’s prison service, Paul Morossa, has admitted serious overcrowding in prisons, but does not think imminent improvements are possible.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Congo cancer conference urges action</title><pubDate>Mon, 24 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212241013260407t.jpg" />]]>DOLISIE 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 150 experts from seven African countries - Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Gabon, Côte d&apos;Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Cameroon - are calling on African governments to implement national plans to combat cancer.</description><body><![CDATA[DOLISIE 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 150 experts from seven African countries - Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Cameroon - are calling on African governments to implement national plans to combat cancer.

National programmes are “necessary in Francophone countries and particularly in Congo where we have an outline plan which needs to be strengthened,” said pathologist Donatien Moukassa.

The cancer conference in Dolisie, southwestern Congo, from 18-21 December, agreed that cancer should be declared a public health disease on a par with malaria, tuberculosis and sickle cell disease.

“Fighting cancer requires substantial resources. Testing is expensive. In general, fewer than five patients in 10 have access to treatment," said Albert Mouelle Soné, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Douala, Cameroon.

"In Congo, a cancer patient, regardless of their social status, must pay at least 300,000 CFA francs (US$600) per month for treatment. It's huge," said oncologist Nkoua Mbon, noting that the average wage is $160.

Furthermore, African countries have so far largely failed to establish mechanisms to map cancer - there are insufficient records. "Until today there is no cancer registry in the DRC [a country of 60 million inhabitants]. We are fighting with the authorities to get it," said Jean-Marie Kasongo Mpolesha of the African Organization for Research and Education on Cancer (OAREC).

Judith Nsondé Malanda, an oncologist at Brazzaville’s University Teaching Hospital, told IRIN there were “barely 40” oncologists in Africa.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97114/AFRICA-Congo-cancer-conference-urges-action</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212241013260407t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DOLISIE 24 December 2012 (IRIN) - Over 150 experts from seven African countries - Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Gabon, Côte d&apos;Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso and Cameroon - are calling on African governments to implement national plans to combat cancer.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Putting Congo’s Baka minority on the map</title><pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212171313160747t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - A group of Pygmy women singers from Likouala, in the extreme north of the Republic of Congo, has released a music album, which they and their backer hope will help safeguard the rights of the country’s Baka Pygmies.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - A group of Pygmy women singers from Likouala, in the extreme north of the Republic of Congo, has released a music album, which they and their backer hope will help safeguard the rights of the country’s Baka Pygmies [ http://www.pygmies.org/baka/ ].

The album, ‘Makingo ma beeto Baka’ (Voices of Baka Women), has 13 songs and is the brainchild of Sorel Eta, 38, a Bantu from Congo. “I did it… to promote the music of the indigenous people, which is very rich but little known… I did not do it just for the money but to defend their cause through song,” he said.

Threatened by extinction, the aboriginal peoples of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/78098/CONGO-Obstacles-to-easing-plight-of-Baka-people ] make up no more than 2 percent of the population, according to the UN Population Fund. In 2011, Congo passed a law protecting the rights of this minority, but according to Roch Euloge Nzobo of the Congolese Human Rights Observatory, “this law has been in abeyance because it has not been formally implemented.”

“Aboriginal songs have specific features which enable us to better understand rainforest people. It’s a unique kind of music,” Alphonse Dzanga Konga, cultural adviser to the Congolese presidency, told IRIN. A thousand CDs of the album have been made; it sells for US$10 in Congo and $20 in Switzerland, where it was produced.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97065/In-Brief-Putting-Congo-s-Baka-minority-on-the-map</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212171313160747t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - A group of Pygmy women singers from Likouala, in the extreme north of the Republic of Congo, has released a music album, which they and their backer hope will help safeguard the rights of the country’s Baka Pygmies.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Torrential rains kill 13, displace hundreds</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212131345280409t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 13 December 2012 (IRIN) - Torrential rains have killed at least 13 people, injured 29 and displaced hundreds in districts south of Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 13 December 2012 (IRIN) - Torrential rains have killed at least 13 people, injured 29 and displaced hundreds in districts south of Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, say officials. 

The heavy rains came on 8-9 December. "After the rains, we sent rescue services, who were able to recover nine bodies. The [Congolese] Red Cross recovered four bodies of people who had drowned," said Maurel Kihounzou, the mayor of the first district of Makélékélé, south of the capital. 

The seventh district of Mfilou was also affected, according to a 10 December report from the government [ http://www.congo-site.com/Une-pluie-diluvienne-tue-treize-personnes-a-Brazzaville_a14083.html ], which noted that houses collapsed under the pressure of the flood waters, killing several people as they slept. 

Some 564 families had also been left without shelter, according to Clément Essiéké, the minister of humanitarian action. "We are in negotiations with the national army to get tents for the affected," he told IRIN.

At least 600 people had sought shelter temporarily in a police camp before being asked to return to their homes. "The order came from the police command. We were not given more explanation. Our camp is intended for military training," said a police officer.

The River Mfilou, which traverses parts of Makélékélé, breached its banks, bringing flood waters towards houses there. Military personnel are searching for those still missing in the flood waters.

"At our home, we were practically sleeping outside on mats. We prayed that it did not rain," said Sosthène Boukanzi, 36, of Makélékélé.

Some vehicles there have been submerged. Roads and bridges have also been cut off, and fruit trees and cultivated fields have been destroyed.

"I had a pig sty with 22 heads [of pigs], which were all washed away by the waters. Though it was a personal investment... I don't know how I am going to cope," said Sosthène Boukanzi, a teacher.

"Since my youth, I have never experienced such a disaster. The rain caused panic and grief," Toussaint Loulala, 43, a cemetery worker, said. 

The rains also caused soil erosion and siltation, and affected the movement of vehicular traffic in some areas. The most-affected areas include Bifouiti, Kinsoundi, Latanaf, Makazou and Massina, according to the government report.

On 30 November, a cargo plane crashed during a severe thunderstorm close to the Brazzaville airport, killing 32 people among them four Armenians. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97038/CONGO-Torrential-rains-kill-13-displace-hundreds</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212131345280409t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 13 December 2012 (IRIN) - Torrential rains have killed at least 13 people, injured 29 and displaced hundreds in districts south of Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Imports, corruption drive up food prices</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008072815t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 26 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Republic of Congo, which imports over US$240 million worth of food a year, has seen sharply rising staple food and fuel prices since the beginning of 2012, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and a local consumer rights body.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 26 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Republic of Congo, which imports over US$240 million worth of food a year, has seen sharply rising staple food and fuel prices since the beginning of 2012, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and a local consumer rights body.

A 25-litre tin of vegetable oil which sold in January 2012 for the equivalent of $32, is now going for $50, while less than 5kg of cassava has gone up from $1 to $2.6, according to Dieudonné Moussala, chairman of the Consumer Rights Association.

He also said the price of a litre of kerosene had risen from 70 US cents to $2.6 on the black market in the same period.

"I now buy a kilo of meat from the slaughterhouse for 3,500 CFA francs [$7], whereas it used to cost less than 2,000 [$4],” Carine Moutombo, 32, a mother of three, told IRIN.

"It is difficult to get by and eat one’s fill. The cooking money is no longer enough," said Moutombo.

"All the prices of imported frozen products have increased because of corruption in the supply chain [from entry at the port of Pointe-Noire to small retailers]," said Moussala.

"There are too many unofficial taxes and too many checkpoints in the supply chain. Retailers and other importers are corrupt at all levels. In the end, they pass on any losses to poor consumers - hence the surge in commodity prices," said Moussala.

"While we have not found the solution to all the problems [related to imports]… We still have a long way to go. That is why our country’s struggle against food insecurity is key in terms of public policy," said Minister of Agriculture and Livestock Rigobert Maboundou in April. According to him the Congo is a "food-deficit country".

To limit imports and ensure food security, Congo launched in 2010 a US$26 million project [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90848/CONGO-Farming-villages-to-boost-food-output ] to build "new agricultural villages". With this project, "we have halved the import bill for eggs. We produced 6.6 million eggs in 2011, while imports are estimated at 13 million eggs per year," said Maboundou.

In 2011, Congo also leased 180,000 hectares of arable land to a group of South African farmers who have managed to plant 1,200 hectares of maize.

"The Congo imports almost half of the essential commodities it needs. You need to know this to understand current soaring prices. Imported products contain imported inflation,” André Kamba, chief of staff at the Ministry of Trade and Supply, told IRIN.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96889/CONGO-Imports-corruption-drive-up-food-prices</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008072815t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 26 November 2012 (IRIN) - The Republic of Congo, which imports over US$240 million worth of food a year, has seen sharply rising staple food and fuel prices since the beginning of 2012, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and a local consumer rights body.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Towards earlier cancer diagnosis in Congo</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070927t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - An NGO in the Republic of Congo has launched a campaign aimed at reducing the often fatally late diagnosis of cancer, which affects more than 7,000 people in the central African state.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - An NGO in the Republic of Congo has launched a campaign aimed at reducing the often fatally late diagnosis of cancer, which affects more than 7,000 people in the central African state.

“One in five children with cancer survives and 90 percent [of child cancer] deaths are due to late diagnosis,” Jean Félix Peko, a doctor in Brazzaville University Hospital’s oncology department, told IRIN.

The campaign, launched by the Calissa Ikama Foundation [ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Fondation-calissa-Ikama/209538391842?sk=info ], aims to raise awareness among politicians, the media, business leaders, diplomats and civil society in Brazzaville and the city of Pointe Noire, and to raise funds for a cancer information centre in the capital.

In Congo, a country of 3.6 million inhabitants with eight oncologists, uterine cancer is the most common form of disease and is often only brought to the attention of doctors when it has reached an advanced stage.

According to the Ministry of Health and Population, which is supporting the campaign, 500 new cases of cancer are recorded in Congo every year.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96780/In-Brief-Towards-earlier-cancer-diagnosis-in-Congo</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070927t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 14 November 2012 (IRIN) - An NGO in the Republic of Congo has launched a campaign aimed at reducing the often fatally late diagnosis of cancer, which affects more than 7,000 people in the central African state.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SECURITY: Accountability - holding armed groups to their word</title><pubDate>Mon, 12 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109050610450272t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - A new database by the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call collating current and past armed groups’ attitudes towards international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law (HRL), could be used to hold them accountable.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - A new database by the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call collating current and past armed groups’ attitudes towards international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law (HRL), could be used to hold them accountable. 

“This resource is a unique collection of humanitarian commitments made by armed non-State actors (ANSAs). These commitments have been made in different forms: unilateral declarations or statements, internal rules and regulations, and agreements with governments, inter-governmental and humanitarian organizations,” says the NGO. 

Maud Bonnet, Geneva Call’s project coordinator, told IRIN the database reveals armed groups “policies, commitments and views on international humanitarian law and international human rights law”, as well as affording these groups an opportunity to “share their positioning in regards to humanitarian norms”. 

Entitled Their Words, Directory of Armed Non-State Actor Humanitarian Commitments [ http://theirwords.org/pages/home ], the database is also aimed at national states, UN agencies, NGOs, academics, the media and as “a resource for humanitarian actors to hold ANSAs accountable,” she said. 

So far it contains more than 400 documents from armed groups stretching from Senegal’s Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC) through to Papua New Guinea’ s Bougainville Revolutionary Army and numerous updated versions of the Mujahedin’s Layeha - the Taliban’s code of conduct. 

Among other things, it lists armed groups’ commitments in terms of the protection of civilians and children, the use of land mines and the Geneva Convention. 

Geneva Call’s mandate is to engage ANSAs and promote “compliance with the norms of IHL and HRL”. The organization focuses on ANSAs that operate outside effective state control. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has also worked extensively with armed groups to instil respect for IHL and HRL. 

Often consigned to the margins, the window of opportunity for armed groups to abide by the laws of war is curtailed by the state-bias of IHL and HRL. 

The stereotyping of conflicts between two conventional armies facing off on a battlefield has in its own way brushed armed groups to the sidelines, but the existence of such formations - from Spartacus’s slave revolt against Rome, to the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War, and armed groups involvement in at least 48 non-international armed conflicts in 2011 - underscores their role in conflict throughout history. 

Legal standing 

“Depending on the type of documents - from communiqué, letter, or peace agreement with governments, these documents can have [a] different legal standing. ANSAs are usually not recognized as subjects of international law. These documents could be used to hold the groups accountable in case of violation of IHL,” said Bonnet. 

ICRC defines [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/international-review/review-882-armed-groups/review-882-all.pdf ] armed groups as “organizations that are party to an armed conflict, but do not answer to, and are not commanded by, one or more states. This broad definition belies the wide diversity of such groups and the complexity of contemporary warfare.” 

“Armed groups play a central role with respect to the humanitarian concerns and legal issues involved in conflicts today. A group may fight against the government of its own country, other rival groups, a foreign state, or several states joined in a coalition. For the affected countries, these armed conflicts stand in the way of stability, prosperity, and development. For their populations, they can spell uncertainty about the future, ruin, exile, suffering, or death,” ICRC said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96759/SECURITY-Accountability-holding-armed-groups-to-their-word</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109050610450272t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 12 November 2012 (IRIN) - A new database by the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call collating current and past armed groups’ attitudes towards international humanitarian law (IHL) and human rights law (HRL), could be used to hold them accountable.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Torture commonplace in prisons - report</title><pubDate>Tue, 06 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210928110383t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Torture has become routine in prisons and police stations in the Republic of Congo, according to a 2 November report by the Congolese Observatory for Human Rights (OCDH).</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Torture has become routine in prisons and police stations in the Republic of Congo, according to a 2 November report by the Congolese Observatory for Human Rights (OCDH).

The report is based on a series of field investigations OCDH conducted, with financial support from the European Union, between 2010 and 2012 in prisons around the country. These investigations aimed to, among other things, understand “the extent of the practice of torture in the country, with a view to attracting the attention of national and international opinion."

"Torture remains a sad reality in Congo. Several cases were followed by murder. Numerous cases of torture are not reported for various reasons, such as fear of reprisals and lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of protection," said OCDH executive director Roch Euloge Nzobo.

"The majority of acts of torture are committed in official places of detention, especially in prisons, local penitentiaries, police stations, gendarmerie brigades, as well as outside prisons. They occur at the time of arrest, during custody and in detention," he said.

Routine and commonplace

"Torture is systematic everywhere. It is becoming routine and commonplace. The perpetrators of torture enjoy impunity," said Nzobo, urging the government "to establish an oversight committee, made up of members of civil society and the government, to undertake ad hoc inspections of detention centres".

The OCDH report is supported by the former president of the Bar of Brazzaville, Ambroise Hervé Malonga, who has just filed a torture complaint against police officials. Malonga was arrested and detained between April and July 2012 in a prison in the capital for trying to defend a senior officer of the Congolese Armed Forces.

His defendant is Col Marcel Tsourou, deputy secretary-general of the National Security Council. Tsourou has been jailed since late March as part of the investigation into an explosion at an army munitions dump, which killed nearly 300 people and caused extensive damage on 4 March. 

"The constitution, laws and regulations of the republic are being violated daily. Human rights are constantly violated," said Miérassa Clement, head of the Congolese Social Democratic Party (CSDP), an opposition party. 

The US State Department’s 2011 Human Rights Report [ http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2011/af/186185.htm ] on the Republic of the Congo also documented cases of torture in the country’s prisons, noting that in early 2011, “inmates and pre-trial detainees in Brazzaville’s prison were reportedly tortured two to three times per month by gendarmes during the night”. It also mentioned the attempted rape of a female inmate in the Brazzaville prison in April 2011, after which gendarmes were no longer deployed inside the prison.

In its 2012 human rights report [ https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/congo/report-2012 ], Amnesty International stated that members of the Congolese security forces “tortured or otherwise ill-treated detainees with impunity, in some cases resulting in deaths”.

Government rejects OCDH allegations

The OCDH accusations are rejected by the government, which said, "Congo has signed and ratified the convention against torture and inhuman and degrading treatment."

"In light of this agreement, and given our international obligations, we must provide periodic reports to the UN Council of Human Rights to assess the situation of torture in Congo," Philippe Ongagna, director-general of human rights at the Ministry of Justice, told IRIN.

"Currently we are preparing a report based on formal and verifiable elements. When we finish writing this report, each of us can digest it… I can say that we have evidence refuting the OCDH allegations. What this NGO is suggesting is totally false," he said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96726/CONGO-Torture-commonplace-in-prisons-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210928110383t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 06 November 2012 (IRIN) - Torture has become routine in prisons and police stations in the Republic of Congo, according to a 2 November report by the Congolese Observatory for Human Rights (OCDH).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: The &quot;unfinished business&quot; of lowering child mortality</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003101720170546t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.

"These new data are cause to celebrate," UNICEF deputy executive director Geeta Rao Gupta said at a press conference launching the 2012 Progress Report on Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/APR_Progress_Report_2012_final.pdf ]. "But this is unfinished business, and it is not just about numbers. Behind every statistic is an unseen child, and a grieving mother and father."

The vast majority of child deaths are preventable. Almost two-thirds of under-five deaths in 2011 were caused by infectious illnesses such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meningitis, tetanus, HIV and measles; by contrast, in countries with very low under-five mortality rates, there were almost no deaths from infectious diseases. More than one-third of under-five deaths could be attributed to undernutrition, and almost 40 percent occurred within the first month of life, often due to preterm or delivery complications.

According to the report, nine low-income countries - Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, Niger and Rwanda - have lowered their under-five mortality rate by 60 percent or more over the last two decades. These countries used simple, tried and tested methods to improve child survival: widespread immunization campaigns for diseases like measles and polio; insecticide-treated mosquito nets to prevent malaria; interventions ranging from folic acid supplements to clean delivery practices to improve newborn survival; and exclusive breastfeeding to address undernutrition.

The global drop in under-five mortality works out to a decline of about 3 percent per year, but if the world is to meet the Millennium Development Goals [ http://www.who.int/pmnch/about/about_mdgs/en/index.html ] on child mortality and maternal health, child deaths need to fall by 14 percent per year, according to the World Health Organization.

Poorest go without

Under-five deaths are largely concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, which accounted for almost half of these deaths in 2011, and South Asia, where 33 percent of under-five deaths occurred. In a few instances - Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali and Somalia - under-five mortality actually rose between 1990 and 2011.

The report also noted wide disparities within countries. Data from 39 countries show that children born into the poorest fifth of a population are almost twice as likely to die before age five as those born into the wealthiest fifth. Other factors that increase risk of under-five death include: being born in rural areas; being born to mothers without basic education; and living in areas affected by violence and political fragility.

Many of the simplest interventions remain inaccessible in impoverished parts of Africa and Asia. For instance, globally, less than one-third of children with diarrhoea receive oral rehydration salts.

In Uganda, which has registered a 49 percent decline in under-five mortality since 1990, health workers say the cost of vaccines remains a major hindrance, and the country's overburdened health system is struggling to cope with the needs of one of the world's fastest growing populations [ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html ].

"We have some vaccines which have reduced illness among the children, like pneumococcal and rotavirus, which are not wildly available in health units due to high cost," Jolly Natukunda, a senior paediatric consultant at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda’s largest referral facility, told IRIN.

But according to Mickey Chopra, UNICEF's chief of health, the price of many vaccines has fallen significantly in recent years through negotiations between the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ] and manufacturers and suppliers of vaccines. In 2011, pharmaceutical giant Pfizer cut the price of its pneumococcal vaccine - which prevents pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis - by more than 50 percent for developing countries, which now spend just US$3.50 per dose.

A pledge to do more

In June, UNICEF and its partners launched A Promise Renewed [ http://www.apromiserenewed.org/ ], a global effort to reenergize the improvement of maternal, newborn and child survival. Since its inception, more than 110 governments have signed a pledge vowing to redouble efforts to reduce child mortality. The movement aims to rapidly decrease under-five mortality by improving countries' evidence-based plans; strengthening accountability for maternal and child healthcare; and mobilizing support for the principle that "no child should die from preventable causes". It aims to prioritize the world's poorest people.

"A child's death is all the more tragic when caused by a disease that can easily be prevented. That's why we have this global movement to recommit to child survival and renew the promise to end child deaths. This decline shows we can make this happen," UNICEF's Rao said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96300/HEALTH-The-quot-unfinished-business-quot-of-lowering-child-mortality</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003101720170546t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Pool Region moves on from war</title><pubDate>Fri, 06 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20056150t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 06 July 2012 (IRIN) - Shaken by sporadic civil war between 1998 and 2003, the Pool Region of southeastern Congo is moving forward thanks, in part, to a US$1 billion state infrastructure development programme.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 06 July 2012 (IRIN) - Shaken by sporadic civil war between 1998 and 2003, the Pool Region of southeastern Congo is moving forward thanks, in part, to a US$1 billion state infrastructure development programme.

Starting this year the new funding will allow an "accelerated municipalization" programme, meaning the construction of roads, bridges, schools, military barracks, police stations, health centres, electrification and water supply systems, and even sports facilities.

Meanwhile, a number of former rebels from the region are running for parliament in the 15 July elections, offering renewed hope that Pool is turning its back on conflict.

Starting this year the new funding will allow an "accelerated municipalization" programme, meaning the construction of roads, bridges, schools, military barracks, police stations, health centres, electrification and water supply systems, and even sports facilities.

All 13 districts of Pool (population 350,000) will benefit, say officials. Some of the funding will go towards marking the country’s 52nd anniversary of independence on 15 August.

Pool’s capital, Kinkala, is to get 21km of additional paved roads.

“To date, projects related to Independence Day, including the boulevard that will host military and civilian parades, the presidential lounge, and a heliport accommodating up to five helicopters, are proceeding smoothly," said Minister of Planning Pierre Moussa.

"There are some sites to be delivered before 15 August and we have visited them. We think that half way through we are pleased with progress to date," said chief project coordinator Jean-Jacques Bouya.

A 7,000 seat stadium is on track to be completed by a Chinese company. "Sport always reconciles suffering people more than other initiatives," said the prefect of Pool, Col Jean-Michel Sangha.

Since the end of the civil war, only one large infrastructure project has been completed in Pool: construction of a 68km road between Brazzaville and Kinkala costing US$64 million and funded mainly by the European Union.

"The more roads are built for us, the more we are encouraged to produce, get our produce to major centres, and above all emerge from the misery of war," 52-year-old farmer Albert Missié told IRIN.

Breadbasket

The civil war turned Pool from being the "breadbasket of Congo" into an area dependent on food from others.

"Our food comes more from neighbouring regions, Brazzaville and Pointe Noire. We believe that with everything that is being done we will regain our status as a great producer," said Sangha.

Pool regained peace in 2003. At the end of 2009, ex-rebel leader Pastor Ntoumi left his bush hideout to take up a post in Brazzaville as delegate general in charge of promoting peace and repairing the damage caused by war.

To strengthen peace and the social reintegration of 5,000 ex-combatants who used to support Pastor Ntoumi, the government has just distributed building materials to each one to help them reconstruct their homes. "We ask them to use them wisely, and not re-sell them," said Sangha.

Nineteen members of Ntoumi’s former rebellion, the Conseil national de la résistance (CNR), also known as the Ninjas, are due to run in the July legislative elections.

“We always said ours was a people’s movement. We are Congolese keen to take part in the reconstruction of our country by being present in decision-making bodies,” said Jean-Antoine Walembaud, secretary-general of the CNR, which has morphed into a political party - with the “R” now standing for “republicans” rather than “resistance”.

“What could be more normal than seeing a former rebellion engaging in the political process? It has left the war behind and espoused a peace cherished by a population bloodied by war,” said Albert Taty, president of the Association for Peace in Congo.

Vast numbers of civilians fled Pool during the conflict; but most have now returned, according to the government.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95813/CONGO-Pool-Region-moves-on-from-war</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20056150t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 06 July 2012 (IRIN) - Shaken by sporadic civil war between 1998 and 2003, the Pool Region of southeastern Congo is moving forward thanks, in part, to a US$1 billion state infrastructure development programme.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Community radio promotes Bantu-Pygmy understanding</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206191356190592t.jpg" />]]>POKOLA 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - A community radio station broadcasting from Pokola, 800km north of the Congolese capital Brazzville, is helping to foster understanding between the Bantu majority and the indigenous Pygmy minority.</description><body><![CDATA[POKOLA 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - A community radio station broadcasting from Pokola, 800km north of the Congolese capital Brazzville, is helping to foster understanding between the Bantu majority and the indigenous Pygmy minority. 

Radio Biso na Biso (meaning 'between us" in Lingala), launched in 2008 by anthropologist Jerome Lewis [ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/people/academic_staff/j_lewis ] and The Forest Trust [ http://www.responsibleasia.org/?page_id=29 ], aims to smooth relations between Bantu people and autochthonous Pygmy forest-dwellers. 

Funded by Fondation Chirac, [ http://www.fondationchirac.eu/ ] the station broadcasts in 12 dialects and promotes endangered cultures and languages. 

"We have programmes which promote the autochthonous people and explain the public benefit of bringing Bantus and Pygmies together," director Lydia Koungou told IRIN. "The conflict has virtually disappeared... Today there are Bantus who live in the same neighbourhoods as the indigenes." 

"The indigenous people are Congolese like us. If we distance ourselves from them, what example are we giving to those who follow us abroad," she added. 

The radio employs about 10 staff - six Bantus and four Pygmies - who broadcast in their own languages. 

"Thanks to the radio, I have become someone. I speak into the same microphone, I operate the same mixing console as the Bantus," said Gaston Dambo, 39. "In my broadcasts, I ask parents to take their children to school so they will be useful to society tomorrow. I also make appeals related to the conservation of our sacred sites." 

Biso na Biso broadcasts to about 50,000 people within a 100km radius, covering the departments of Sangha (northeast) and Likouala (extreme north). 

"Biso na Biso is the voice of the forest. This is where the native is: this station teaches him the virtues and value of his traditions," mayor of Pokola Disso Bakonga told IRIN. 

The station also raises awareness about the sustainable management of natural resources. 

Pokola has about 13,000 inhabitants, 10 percent of whom are indigenous, according to local officials. The UN Population Fund says indigenous people are threatened with extinction and make up 2 percent of Congo's population of 3.6 million. 

In 2011, the Republic of Congo became the first country in Africa to have specific legal protection [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91564/CONGO-New-law-to-protect-rights-of-indigenous-peoples ] for its indigenous peoples. The new law aims to counter their chronic marginalization, manifested in their exclusion from the education system and high levels of illiteracy, and lack of access to state services such as health facilities. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95689/CONGO-Community-radio-promotes-Bantu-Pygmy-understanding</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206191356190592t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">POKOLA 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - A community radio station broadcasting from Pokola, 800km north of the Congolese capital Brazzville, is helping to foster understanding between the Bantu majority and the indigenous Pygmy minority.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Donor fatigue forces WFP to cut refugee rations</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.

The cuts have already affected 16,000 refugees in Malawi’s Dzaleka camp who have been on half rations since March, while a further 120,000 refugees in Uganda began receiving half rations of cereals in May. 

According to WFP, another 100,000 refugees in Tanzania saw their maize rations cut by 50 percent starting from last week, and rations for some 54,000 refugees living in Rwanda are expected to be cut in August unless donors come forward with more funding.

“Even the full ration wasn’t enough,” said Sanky Kabeya, a 24-year-old resident of Dzaleka who spoke to IRIN at the end of March. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95259/EDUCATION-Online-learning-inspires-refugees ] “I haven’t taken breakfast this morning and many are in the same situation.”

Gustave Lwaba, another resident of the camp, said the usual monthly ration of 13kg of maize had gone down to 7kg, while rations of cooking oil, pigeon peas, sugar and salt had also been cut by half. "There are people in the camp who rely on relatives who've been resettled," he said. "The rest really starve because the rations can't last a month."

Michelle Carter, country director for the Jesuit Refugee Service in Malawi, which runs a number of educational and other programmes in the camp, said the cuts were “clearly leading to a fair amount of hunger… I know children are coming to school hungry,” she told IRIN. 

“The food is only lasting two weeks and if they’re on their own it’s much worse because they can’t combine rations.”

Noting that only a very small percentage of the refugees had any source of income, she said single mothers, unaccompanied minors and the elderly and disabled had been particularly hard hit by the reduced rations.

A protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Malawi, Gavin Lim, said his agency planned to carry out an assessment in the coming months to determine the full impact of the ration cuts but that reports of more women in the camp turning to survival sex were already coming in.

Difficult to become self-reliant

Most countries in southern and eastern Africa have an encampment policy for refugees which restricts their freedom of movement and reduces their chances of becoming self-reliant. Some earn a small income running informal businesses outside the camps but competition with often equally impoverished locals is fierce and has led to outbreaks of violence. 

In May, a number of refugees who were selling goods at a small trading centre outside Dzaleka were assaulted by local traders who accused them of undermining their businesses. According to Carter, the Malawian government plans to withdraw trading licenses for refugees from July.

Many of Dzaleka's residents have lived in the camp for over a decade. Indeed, an increasing proportion of refugees today live in what UNHCR describes as "protracted" exile (in 2011, more than seven million refugees had lived outside their country for more than five years). Donors are increasingly reluctant to shoulder the burden of feeding these long-term refugees.

Commenting on the funding shortfall, WFP spokesperson for east and southern Africa David Orr said: "There is inevitably some donor fatigue regarding longstanding or protracted refugee loads; these funding issues affect more than just food."

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95597/AFRICA-Donor-fatigue-forces-WFP-to-cut-refugee-rations</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>REFUGEES: Moving out of the shadows</title><pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists. 

“There are robbers who take advantage of the dark to rob people of their phones,” said Ifo Camp resident and freelance journalist Moulid Hujale. “Even when there’s a full moon, there’s less crime.”

For many households who cannot afford candles or kerosene lamps, let alone a generator, the only source of light is that produced by cooking fires. But firewood is an increasingly scarce and contentious commodity in an arid region where an ever growing refugee population has been competing with locals for dwindling natural resources since the first camp was established there in 1991.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) trucks in firewood at a cost of US$600,000 a month, but only enough to meet about 30 percent of each household’s monthly needs, forcing refugee women to walk up to 10km outside the camps to gather wood for cooking. These excursions expose them to the risk of violent attacks from resentful locals and even other refugees. 

“The incidents of gender-based violence against them are quite common,” said Njuki Venanzio, an associate environment officer with UNHCR based at Dadaab. “Our protection colleagues document about three cases per week.”

Even inside the camps, levels of sexual and gender-based violence have increased significantly in the past 18 months as the camp’s population has swelled and poor lighting has made new arrivals living on the outskirts of the camp particularly vulnerable. [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/93682/KENYA-SOMALIA-Refugees-at-risk-of-sexual-violence ] 

Although the scale of Dadaab’s camps have magnified its security and environmental problems, refugee camps all over Africa face similar challenges. Seventy-two percent have no electricity (while only 30 percent of sub-Saharan Africa's general population has electricity) and many are located in fragile environments where wood is in short supply or completely unavailable. 

The area around Dzaleka Camp in Malawi is so heavily deforested that refugees often resort to selling a portion of their monthly food rations to buy firewood or charcoal, while women living in Touloum Camp in Chad say they spend four days a week searching for firewood. 

Eco-friendly technologies

A UNHCR initiative to bring solar-powered lights and fuel-efficient stoves to 920,000 refugees in Africa over the next three years could address many of the security, environmental and education challenges faced by refugees if donors can be persuaded to come up with the necessary $15 million in funding. 

The Light Years Ahead Initiative [ http://www.unhcr.org/4c99fa9e6.pdf ] has already been piloted in seven African countries with good results, according to Amare Egziabher, a senior environmental coordinator with UNHCR in Geneva. 

“We’ve had very positive feedback from the field,” he told IRIN. “Many believe it lowers the incidence of crime, and also gender-based violence for women and girls.” 

The initiative also has the potential to lower drop-out rates at camp schools. Children who lack light to do their homework in the evenings tend to fall behind with their studies, while girls often miss classes while helping their mothers collect firewood.

At Dadaab, the pilot phase of the project has already brought solar-powered lanterns to 140 schoolchildren preparing for exams and street lights to several areas of Hagadera Camp identified by residents as particularly unsafe at night. 

“It has had a major impact on security in those few areas,” said Venanzio. “But we’re talking about a camp with over 120,000 refugees so the coverage has been small.”

Each solar lantern costs $39 while a solar street light that can make a neighbourhood safer for up to 300 refugees costs $1,200. 

“So far we’ve had some promises of funding but nothing concrete yet,” said Venanzio.

Saving fuel, saving the environment

The fuel-efficient stove favoured by UNHCR is called Save80 because it uses up to 80 percent less wood than cooking over a traditional stove, but several NGOs and agencies working at Dadaab are distributing different types of energy-saving stoves. They have so far managed to reach about 48 percent of the refugee population, but as kerosene has been deemed too expensive and ethanol in too short supply, all of the stoves distributed still use firewood.

“We need something more sustainable,” conceded Venanzio. “There is a lot of environmental degradation within a 10km radius of the camps and the Kenyan government is insisting that we look for a viable alternative [to wood] soon.”

Increasing local production of ethanol from sugarcane is one option. Another is finding entrepreneurs willing to produce sufficient quantities of fuel briquettes from agricultural by-products like coffee or risk husks. 

In the meantime, UNHCR’s environmental management programme is distributing free saplings to refugee and host communities in an effort to reforest the area. “But the environment here is very dry so the survival of the trees is a bit challenging,” said Venanzio. 

Awareness-raising campaigns aimed at teaching refugees how to use firewood more economically, recycle garbage and grow vegetables using waste water are also aimed at mitigating the camps’ impact on the local environment but Venanzio said the programme struggled with insufficient funding. “Environmental programmes get a very small budget compared to other sectors that are considered life-saving like water, food, health,” he explained.

Private donors including churches and corporations gave $1.4 million towards the Light Years Ahead Initiative in 2011, but “we still have a long way to go,” admitted Egziabher. “The demand is so high.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95558/REFUGEES-Moving-out-of-the-shadows</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95459/FOOD-Power-to-the-people</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Cholera hits munitions blast displaced</title><pubDate>Mon, 02 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231025310172t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95143/CONGO-Thousands-still-homeless-after-munitions-blast ] in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.

“We have 10 confirmed cases of cholera,” Youssouf Gamatié, the UN World Health Organization’s representative in Congo, told IRIN.  

Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions in the sites for the displaced as well as ongoing rains have helped spread the disease, which is affecting all age groups, added Gamatié. 

The covered market in Nkombo, north Brazzaville, and the down-town Sacred Heart Cathedral sites are the worst affected. Together these two places are providing refuge for 11,000 of the 14,000 people who were displaced by the explosions, according to official estimates.  

Alexis Elira Dokekias, director-general of health, told IRIN there were 13 suspected cases of cholera, with one confirmed case; one person had died. 
 
There has been an ongoing cholera epidemic in central and northern Congo since 2011, Dokekias pointed out. 

“Inadequate latrines at the sites for the displaced are increasing contamination. There are faeces everywhere. The children sometimes defecate in the yard,” said Guillaume Ibara, a camp resident at the Sacred Heart site. 

Jonas Mbelo, 43, who is living at the Nkombo site, told IRIN that meals there are sometimes served after midnight, making the situation even more difficult for the displaced. 

Experts from the UN, the armies of Angola, Benin, Chad and the USA, as well as NGOs such as France’s Demeter, the Mines Advisory Group and Handicap International are helping to clean-up the site of the blast.  

“We have collected some 16 tons of munitions that we have destroyed,” Congo army spokesperson Col Jean-Robert Obargui told the media. 

 At least 282 people were killed in the 4 March blast; thousands were injured. The death toll has been revised upwards from an earlier count of 223 dead after the discovery of more bodies. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95225/CONGO-Cholera-hits-munitions-blast-displaced</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203231025310172t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 02 April 2012 (IRIN) - A cholera outbreak is adding to the woes of thousands of people displaced by a huge munitions blast in the Congolese capital Brazzaville about a month ago, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CONGO: Thousands still homeless after munitions blast</title><pubDate>Fri, 23 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230846210163t.jpg" />]]>BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.</description><body><![CDATA[BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.

“It was like nothing I had seen since I was born,” said Irène Ithos, 44, who is staying with relatives with her four-month-old baby, while her two adolescent children live in the open.

“The explosions caused more damage than all the civil wars the country has experience in the 1990s,” she said.

“I do not know if there is a future for my children. They no longer have a house, they no longer go to school,” added Ithos.

The displaced, mostly women and children, are seeking refuge in six sites scattered across the city: a covered market, four churches and a stadium.

A lack of adequate tents at the sites is a problem. “Most of the people here are sleeping outside,” Martin Bouity, who is in charge of the Sacred Heart Cathedral site, told IRIN. “When it rains, we open the church, which unfortunately cannot hold all of them.” 

At least 6,500 people are seeking shelter at the cathedral which has about 20 tents that were set up by the French military. 
 
Health fears

At the site, as in others, children are defecating in the open, raising fears of disease outbreaks; latrines are under construction. 

At least 2, 500 children at the sites have been vaccinated against measles; some cases of malnutrition have also been recorded.

Supplying and providing access to potable water, hygiene, sanitation and treatment to the displaced is a priority, according to Yann Diplo, head of the Médecins Sans frontières (MSF) mission in Congo.
 
The government is also appealing for more assistance in the form of building materials, blankets, clothes and food. “We are calling on the Congolese people to show their solidarity with their brothers and sisters who have been affected by the explosions,” said Emilienne Raoul, the social affairs minister.

At present, the displaced are relying on food and non-food assistance provided by aid agencies, but this is inadequate. “We certainly are eating, but it is not like being in our homes,” Raoul Monguète, one of the displaced, told IRIN. “Sometimes we make do with one meal a day which is served early in the evening. Sometimes we eat late in the night.”

“We can do nothing [about it]. It’s a disaster, it’s an accident.”

Each affected family is set to receive a three million CFA francs (US$6,000) subsistence allowance as well as a compensation payment.

Education disrupted

Learning has also been interrupted for some 20,000 students.  

At the Lycée de la Révolution, 500 metres from the Mpila barracks where the explosions took place, some 5,000 students have been affected, among them at least 1,400 who were preparing to sit their leaving exams. The students have since been transferred to the Edouard Nganga College downtown to enable them to prepare for the examination, but challenges remain.

“It will be difficult to prepare… for the exams. We have lost our houses and all that we need,” said Chinella Galoy, 19. 
 
To facilitate the movement of the students, Minister of Primary and Secondary Education Rosalie Kama announced that each will be entitled to a 10,000 CFA franc ($20) monthly transport allowance. But the students say this is not enough. “It’s very little…10,000 FCFA will cover fares for 10 days at the most,” said Brunela Ngala Ondaye, 18.

Classroom construction is also under way for others out of school. “We are struggling to build classrooms with planks and iron sheets in the other schools which were spared during the explosions. This will allow the students to complete their school year,” said Kama. The government plans to extend learning for the affected students by a month after schools break up in June.
 
The displaced could be away from home for a long time with the area of Mpila still littered with dangerous munitions.

The Congolese armed forces, as well as UN and NGO demining experts, are helping to decontaminate an area within a 1km radius of the blast, with fencing erected to prevent public access.

According to Charles Frisby, a UN demining expert, at least 1,500kg of munitions have been collected so far. The European Union has urged the Congolese government to consider relocating all munitions depots away from residential areas. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95143/CONGO-Thousands-still-homeless-after-munitions-blast</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203230846210163t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BRAZZAVILLE 23 March 2012 (IRIN) - Around 14,000 people are homeless in Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, two weeks after munitions in an army barracks exploded killing 223 people, wounding 2,500 and destroying large parts of the city.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>