<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Children</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 07:31:17 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Making WASH work in Burkina Faso’s cities</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161656290386t.jpg" />]]>OUAGADOUGOU 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Earlier this year Denis Ouedraogo, a tailor living in the Tampouy neighbourhood just north of Burkina Faso’s capital Ouagadougou, connected his mud-walled home to the water network for the first time. “Even without electricity, having enough water can make you happy,” he said.</description><body><![CDATA[OUAGADOUGOU 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Earlier this year Denis Ouedraogo, a tailor living in the Tampouy neighbourhood just north of Burkina Faso’s capital Ouagadougou, connected his mud-walled home to the water network for the first time. “Even without electricity, having enough water can make you happy,” he said.

He is among 1.9 million people to have connected to the government water grid since 2001, thanks to major changes in how the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA) delivers water to urban Burkinabés.

In 2001 just 73,000 Burkinabés could access clean water, according to research [ http://www.developmentprogress.org/sites/developmentprogress.org/files/burkina_water_progress.pdf ] by Peter Newborne at the Overseas Development Institute, which is trying to track and communicate examples of progress on development. [ http://www.developmentprogress.org/ ]

In 2002 just half of Burkina Faso residents had access to clean water. In 2008 (the latest statistics available) this had risen to 76 percent - 95 percent in urban areas. The plan was to reach the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to double the number of those with access to clean water, in this case to 87 percent, by 2015. Those tracking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) progress in Burkina Faso, say the goal will be surpassed. [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/pdfs/SOWC-2012-TABLE-3-HEALTH.pdf ]

How?

A number of factors made this possible: ONEA was nationalized and restructured in 1994 following a period in which it had become unprofitable and poorly functioning. The new national company ran along commercial lines, instilling a culture of performance and efficiency, said Newborne.

The second priority was to find a bulk water supply, in this case by building the Ziga dam 45km from the capital.

A mixture of government grant funds (from France and other European donors) and concessionary loans at low interest rates (predominantly from the World Bank), provided the required finances. This helped them bring costs down: for instance, connecting to the grid now costs a household US$61, down from on average $400 in the 1990s, according to ONEA’s chief operating officer, Moumouni Sawadogo.

Next came the work: building a network of pipes throughout Ouagadougou, including in the city’s unzoned [unplanned]  suburbs, which house one third of the capital’s residents and had hitherto been overlooked in terms of household water supply.

“Even in non-zoned areas, people can pay their water bills,'' said Halidou Kouanda, head of NGO Wateraid in Burkina Faso, citing a 2011 ONEA study noting that financial recovery rates in unzoned neighbourhoods were 95 percent.

Now, with a steady income and an 18 percent leakage rate, ONEA is one of the best-performing water utility companies in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the World Bank.

Targeting the poor

While targeting unzoned areas upped the percentage of urban dwellers who could access clean water (thus helping to meet the MDG), it did not ensure that water was affordable.

Now ONEA needs to try to target the poor, as it pledged to do in an initial equity strategy agreed with the Ministry of Water and Sanitation.

As part of its strategy, ONEA built 17,290 wells and standpipes for some areas without household-level connections. Water from a standpipe costs 60 CFA (11 US cents) for a 220 litre barrel (transported on wheels). But the very poor cannot afford such barrels, turning instead to water vendors who sell the same amount for 200-500 CFA (40-98 cents) depending on the season.

Thus paradoxically, the poorest families pay up to eight times more than others for their water.

ODI is discussing different pro-poor targeting methods that might work, including: subsidizing part of the water supply for certain households; targeting poor areas; allocation by housing type; means-testing; community-based targeting; or self-targeting.

At the moment, all households are charged the same connection tariff. “Is this equitable? We think not,” said Newborne. “You could means-test it; you could waive the connection charge for some; or charge the first X cubic metres at a different rate,” he suggested, adding that lower-income households could pay bills weekly or on a pay-as-you-go basis, to keep track of costs. “Think of how mobile phone companies have fixed their pricing plans to be accessible,” he said.

The concern is that households who experience running water for the first time may use more than they can afford, then falling behind  and drop off the grid, said WaterAid’s Kouanda. This happened to 6.8 percent of Ouagadougou’s ONEA customers in 2009.

Families must be made aware of this risk, said Kouanda. But many customers are so nervous of this happening, that they practice their own careful monitoring.

Ami Sidibé, who lives in Somgandé neighbourhood, which was connected to the water mains three months ago, said she continues to fill jerry cans - using tap water - to monitor her household’s use. “I’ll do anything to avoid returning to the situation before,” she told IRIN.

Reduced disease risk?

No studies have yet been published linking the spread of the water network with the incidence of disease, but some Somgandé residents who were recently connected to the grid said their children were falling sick less frequently. Water-borne illnesses are among the top five reasons for children’ health visits, according to the Health Ministry.

Future challenges will include how to extend such networks to rural areas, which are currently under-serviced in terms of clean water: 72 percent of rural Burkinabés access clean water, versus 95 percent of city residents.

The local authorities are responsible for rural water supply under Burkina Faso’s decentralized governance system.

According to a just-published report Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 2013 Update [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_69091.html ] by UNICEF and the World Health Organization, striking disparities remain between rural and urban water access, with rural communities making up 83 percent of the global population without access to an improved water source.

bo/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98054/Making-WASH-work-in-Burkina-Faso-s-cities</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305161656290386t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OUAGADOUGOU 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - Earlier this year Denis Ouedraogo, a tailor living in the Tampouy neighbourhood just north of Burkina Faso’s capital Ouagadougou, connected his mud-walled home to the water network for the first time. “Even without electricity, having enough water can make you happy,” he said.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Tracking vaccine scares</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.

Vaccine scares have popped up in both the richest parts of the world and the poorest. Over a decade ago, suggestions in the UK that the combined MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine could trigger autism led to a dramatic drop in the number of parents having their children vaccinated. Wales, which had one of the lowest vaccination rates, is now in the grip of a major measles outbreak, with young teenagers - the generation that was not protected - particularly affected.

Northern Nigeria saw rumours that the polio vaccine was part of a Western conspiracy to sterilize Muslims [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97781/Analysis-Roots-of-polio-vaccine-suspicion ], preventing polio’s eradication in the country and leading to the disease’s reappearance in surrounding countries where it had already been eliminated.

“Bad news stories damage vaccination programmes as much as biological hazards, and these stories evolve over minutes or hours, needing immediate action,” said University of Toronto public health specialists Natasha Crowcroft and Kwame McKenzie, in a comment [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(13)70131-2/fulltext ] published this week alongside Larson’s paper [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(13)70108-7/abstract?rss=yes ] in the medical journal The Lancet. “By the time a detailed scientific analysis of a vaccine safety issue is completed, the story is no longer newsworthy.”

Crowcroft and McKenzie point out that modern communications, especially the internet, can exacerbate vaccine scares. But Larson’s Vaccine Confidence Project set out to establish whether the internet could also provide the tools to fight misinformation.

Rumour surveillance

Larson’s team set up a media surveillance system covering 144 countries, looking at online articles, blogs and reports about vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases.

The first stage of the process was automated, using the HealthMap data collection system, which searched for terms such as “vaccine”, “rotavirus” or “measles”. The accumulated material was inspected by real people, who assessed whether it positively or negatively portrayed vaccination, and whether it should be flagged as a cause for concern.

When one report appeared on multiple websites, all copies were counted, “recognizing the fact that replicated reports show the spread of information,” Larson’s paper says.

Although it was a worldwide survey, the researchers paid particular attention to five countries - China, Finland, France, Nigeria and Pakistan - that had seen issues over public confidence in vaccines. They also mapped reports about the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine in India, where trial HPV vaccination projects had been suspended in two states.

The Vaccine Confidence Project initially ran from April 2010 to April 2011. At the end of the year, they could see that the system had worked - clusters of reports expressing concern about vaccination correlated with real-world events. Of the reports analysed, 69 percent were assessed as favourable to vaccination and 31 percent as hostile.

“We picked up concerns we already knew were there, but more than that,” Larson told IRIN. “For instance, we saw activity around a narcolepsy/H1N1 vaccine link, and we were picking up early discussions suggesting this might be an issue before the final confirmation (in Finland) that there was indeed a link.

“And in Pakistan, where we were following issues around polio acceptance, we started picking up political tensions and concerns among lady health workers. We certainly didn’t predict the killing of polio workers, but we had seen the tensions growing.”

Waves of information

There are questions about whether internet surveillance, using search terms in English, can spot emerging concerns in rural societies where internet penetration is low and public debate occurs in local languages. Could this kind of surveillance, for instance, have picked up the early signs of polio vaccine rejection in Hausa-speaking northern Nigeria?

Larson, who has worked in that area on behalf of the UN Children’s Fund, says she thinks it would have.

“It was emerging in the local media a bit, and then reports started to circulate on the BBC Hausa service. And since Nigeria has English as an official language, they were soon circulating in English as well. A former Nigerian minister of health, Nike Grange, is on our advisory board, and she says that if they had had a system like this at the time, and had understood the full impact of the rumours they heard, they would have acted much sooner,” Larson said.

“And the world has changed a lot in the last decade. What we are seeing is that you don’t have to have a computer in every household. People hear something on the radio, they tell their neighbour, they tweet it, and there are waves of information. We hadn’t anticipated how ubiquitous cellphones and smartphones were going to be, and that makes this work even more relevant.”

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98030/Tracking-vaccine-scares</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Boko Haram attacks hit school attendance in Borno State</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305141119440092t.jpg" />]]>KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.</description><body><![CDATA[KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.

Most of the children are primary school students, according to the official. Thus far Boko Haram (BH) has burned or destroyed 50 of the state's 175 schools, he said. Teachers in the state confirmed the estimate.

Students are staying at home for fear of attack, or are being transferred to private Islamic schools, known in the north as Islamiyya. On 6 May state schools officially reopened following a six-week break, but many have stayed closed, as officials and teachers fear attack.

BH gunmen had initially targeted schools - most of them primary - at night, detonating grenades and home-made explosives or dousing classrooms with gasoline and setting them alight, according to military and education officials.

But on 18 March BH shifted tactics, attacking four schools in Maiduguri, capital of Borno State (population 4.17 million, according to the 2006 census), in broad daylight, killing four teachers and seriously injuring four students.

On 9 April suspected BH members killed two school teachers in their homes, and four officials of the Borno State Feeding Committee, which runs a primary and secondary school feeding programme, while they were on an inspection tour of schools in Dikwa town, Borno State.

The shift to direct attacks on educators and students has rattled teachers, leaving many too frightened to go to work.

"We have been asked to resume classes but we are too afraid to return to school despite the stationing of a military post outside the school,” said Hajara Modu, a school teacher at Customs primary school in Maiduguri.

Secondary school enrolment is only 28 percent in Borno State - the lowest in the country, according to a 2010 Nigeria Education Data Survey.

On 10 April BH leader Abubakar Shekau claimed ordering the attacks on schools in an Internet video post, citing Nigerian military raids on Islamic schools in Maiduguri as the impetus.

Adama Zannah, a father of four students attending Sanda Kyarimi secondary school, one of the four schools affected in the 18 March attacks, told IRIN: "I want my children to attend school but they can only do that if they are alive... I can't allow them to go to school in this atmosphere of fear when schools are burnt and gunmen open fire during classes."

Islamic school attendance up

Many parents see the safest option as Islamic schools, which have seen a sharp rise in enrolment rates over recent months. These are private religious schools which teach an Islamic education, though some include English and maths in the curriculum.

Given the demand, fees at some Islamic schools have also increased - by 300 percent since the beginning of the year in some cases, according to parent Muhammad Kolo. He used to pay US$1.90 per month to educate his two children but the fee is now $7.60.

Borno State information commissioner Inuwa Bwala said the state government will try to strengthen Islamic schools with more money and more materials, and standardize their curriculum to teach children the Koran alongside Western education. (BH literally means “Western education is a sin” in Hausa).

Militarized schools

The school districts worst-affected by the arson attacks include old Maiduguri city and four local government areas - Marte, Kala-Balge, Gamboru Ngala and Mabar - in the northern part of Borno on the border with Cameroon and Chad, where BH has a strong presence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97988/Displaced-still-homeless-after-clashes-in-Baga-Nigeria ].

Many students from these areas have been taken to neighbouring Dikwa District to take their May and June exams, protected by a heavy military detail.

The government has deployed soldiers in at-risk schools across the state but some parents fear this puts their children in yet more danger.

"The presence of soldiers makes them more prone to attack by BH which considers the military as their main enemy," said Ahmad Kyari, a resident of Gwange Quarters in Maiduguri city where all the schools in the area have been burnt; his three children are at home.

Attacks on schools violate children's right to education, as well as a number of human rights. In situations of conflict, they may also violate international humanitarian law and criminal law, and may constitute war crimes [ http://www.protectingeducation.org/what-international-laws-are-violated ].

"I'm really afraid to go to school. The thought of gunmen storming the school and opening fire or throwing explosives gives me the shivers and this is a thought that fills the minds of many students like me," said Nura Babani, a student of Sanda Kyarimi secondary school which was attacked on18 March.

"It is too dangerous to go to school now, especially with the attacks on some schools in broad daylight during classes,” student Maryam Habib, told IRIN.

In some areas where the government was trying to renovate schools, BH had set them ablaze again. Gwange II primary school in the Gwange area of Maiduguri city, considered a major BH stronghold, was burnt four times by BH, each time after undergoing renovation.

The school-burnings "sabotage government's effort at improving on education in Borno State", Borno State information commissioner Bwala told IRIN.

"It is not possible to learn in an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. How do you expect a teacher to put in his best and a child to learn effectively when they are always on edge, in anticipation of gun and bomb attacks. This is killing education here," said the Ministry of Education official.

The federal government is exploring ways to forge a dialogue with BH [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96915/Analysis-Hurdles-to-Nigerian-government-Boko-Haram-dialogue ] but thus far, there has been little progress, and in recent weeks the militants have been staging a fierce comeback in the northeast. Over 3,600 people have been killed in BH-related violence since 2009, including extrajudicial killings by Nigerian security forces, according to Human Rights Watch.

aa/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98032/Boko-Haram-attacks-hit-school-attendance-in-Borno-State</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305141119440092t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANO, NIGERIA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Around 15,000 children in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, have stopped attending classes since February 2013, according to a Borno State Ministry of Education official who preferred anonymity, as Boko Haram extremists continue a wave of attacks on state schools.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Uganda grapples with paediatric vaccine shortages</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/2009030318t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Ugandan children are going unimmunized as the country grapples with persistent and widespread vaccine shortages, the result of insufficient funds and inefficient procurement and supply systems, officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Ugandan children are going unimmunized as the country grapples with persistent and widespread vaccine shortages, the result of insufficient funds and inefficient procurement and supply systems, officials say.

“We are getting reports and calls from all the districts about the stock-outs of all types of anti-immunization vaccines. They don’t have anti-TB [tuberculosis] vaccines, anti-tetanus, polio [vaccines]. The ministry is faced with inadequate funding for most of our programmes,” Asuman Lukwago, permanent secretary in the Ministry of Health, told IRIN.

“The current major problem on the vaccines is the distribution issue. We are working around the clock to have the problem solved and sorted out immediately.”

Most of the health centres across the country are facing critical shortages of vaccines to protect against tuberculosis, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, rotavirus and pneumonia, putting children at risk of largely preventable diseases.

Health officials now fear these frequent shortages could prevent mothers from bringing their children in for immunizations.

“You can’t [ask] mothers to move to health facilities three to four times and they don’t find vaccines. This practice discourages some of them to go back to the hospitals,” said Huda Oleru Abason, chairperson of the Parliamentary Forum on Immunization.

Procurement woes

In 2011, the government of Uganda shifted the procurement of vaccines and drugs from the Uganda National Expanded Programme on Immunization (UNEPI), under the Ministry of Health, to the National Medical Stores (NMS), an autonomous government corporation. The move was intended to inject efficiency into the country’s drug procurement system, but the drug shortages have continued.

Yet officials at NMS are blaming the shortages on late requisitions for vaccines by UNEPI. The procurement of drugs is the responsibility of NMS.

“Placing of orders is not the responsibility of NMS, it’s [the job of] UNEPI,” Dan Kimosho, a spokesperson at the NMS, told IRIN. “So if they don’t put request in time or under-quantified for the supplies, it’s not our problem. Our responsibility is to procure, store and deliver the requested vaccines. We can’t begin delivering vaccines to districts and health [facilities] if the orders have not been placed to us. We have the competency to deliver the requested drugs and vaccines.”

An estimated 48 percent of children under age five in Uganda are either unimmunized or under-immunized, meaning they do not complete their immunization schedules, according to the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey [ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PR18/PR18.pdf ].

Uganda has recently experienced a decline in immunization levels, in part due to inadequate funding, health staff shortages and [parents’] poor adherence to vaccination schedules.

In April 2013, the government launched [ http://www.unicef.org/esaro/5440_12563.html ] a countrywide rotavirus and pneumococcal vaccination program targeting over 1.7 million children.

In an interview with IRIN, Director General of Health Services Ruth Achieng noted that, “Uganda is not doing very well in [its] immunization programme… We don’t want our children to die from preventable diseases. We need to act now. Otherwise, we shall get an outbreak of polio and tetanus.”

Uganda’s budget support for the Expanded Programme on Immunization, EPI, - which had been hailed for increased vaccination coverage between 2000-2007 - decreased by more than half in recent years, falling from 7.7 percent in the 2006-2007 financial year to 3.6 percent in 2009-2010 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97413/Uganda-s-immunization-programme-needs-a-shot-in-the-arm ].

Officials say the government has plans to revitalize the country’s immunization programs.
“We have worked out the revitalization plan, and if implemented well, we shall be able to change the low status of immunization in Uganda. The government has mobilized some funds and, with support from GAVI, everything is revisable. We are going to embark on [an] aggressive campaign to ensure there are no vaccine stock-outs in the country and ensure all the children are immunized,” the Ministry of Health’s Lukwago said.

There is also a legal push to improve immunization. An immunisation bill currently pending in parliament will make it illegal for parents and guardians to fail to have their children immunized. It also seeks to punish health officials who fail to offer immunization services to children.

so/ko/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98033/Uganda-grapples-with-paediatric-vaccine-shortages</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/2009030318t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Ugandan children are going unimmunized as the country grapples with persistent and widespread vaccine shortages, the result of insufficient funds and inefficient procurement and supply systems, officials say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Little support, no justice for Mali rape survivors</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305061358090140t.jpg" />]]>GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.

Aminata Touré* was on her way to her uncle’s house in the city of Gao in June 2012 when she was stopped by two men on a motorbike. “I had no choice. They were armed and threatened to kill me,” she said. While one of the men held her baby, the other took her to a nearby bush. “They took me and they did everything they could do, they raped me. Afterwards, they left me in the bush,” she told IRIN.

Since the insurgency began in the north soon after the March 2012 military coup, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has registered 2,785 cases of sexual and gender-based violence, though its Mali spokesperson, Eduardo Cue, says the real figure is much higher. Most of the cases involved rape; others included forced marriage and sex work.

When insurgents entered Gao they systematically went through each neighbourhood, stealing from some and assaulting others, said residents.

Local journalist and activist Ami Idrissa managed to stay safe by hiding in her house. Others were not so fortunate, she said. “Everyone has a sister or cousin who was raped. Daughters were assaulted in front of their fathers, women in front of their husbands. Many are still traumatized by what they saw or experienced that day,” Idrissa told IRIN.

Many residents told IRIN that members of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) were usually the perpetrators. MNLA spokespeople in France were unavailable for comment.

When Islamic militant groups arrived soon afterwards, they perpetrated different kinds of abuse, said Idrissa, who was forced to quit her job as a radio host by Islamists who would not tolerate a woman’s voice on the radio.

“MNLA raped women. MUJAO [the Islamist rebel Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa] instead forced women to marry them; in the end their marriages resulted in another system of rape when only one man married the woman and many men participated in the marriage,” she told IRIN.

Undocumented

The number of forced marriages among northerners and insurgents has not been fully documented. A UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) protection team found one case of forced marriage when questioning 105 displaced people in Mopti who hailed from Gao, Kidal and Timbuktu. They also uncovered eight rapes, including that of a 13-year-old girl, and 44 cases of sexual abuse.

Gao resident Mouna Awata, whose daughter was arrested for not wearing the hijab, told IRIN: “Girls were arrested, brought to the mayor’s office and then transferred to the prison. That’s where they raped the women. They had mattresses there and everything.”

One father who withheld his name told IRIN his 15-year-old daughter called him from inside the prison in Gao. “She told me there was a naked man waiting for her on the roof. She escaped... that’s when she called me.”

Gao resident Miriam Cissé*, 18, was forced to marry a man twice her age in mid-2012. When she moved to her husband’s house she found out what she had feared all along - that he was part of MUJAO. “He forced me to sleep with him. When I refused he beat me,” she told IRIN. When she finally managed to escape she took a bus to Bamako. Afraid her husband will follow her to the capital she is hoping local NGO Sini Sanuman can help her to find a place to stay.

With little to no administration in the north [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97892/Plea-for-return-of-officials-to-northern-Mali ], there is insufficient support for women who have been abused. Local and international NGOs and UN agencies such as UNICEF, are helping women in the north and south, but resources are limited. UNICEF is supporting community-level child protection committees and is raising awareness of protection norms among social workers to try to avert further incidents of abuse.

Gao-based local NGO GREFFA has set up a clinic giving medical help to survivors of abuse, and help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases at the regional hospital. Survivors also receive medical attention in local clinics, said Gao midwife Mariam Maïga.

Meanwhile, women who fled south to Mopti and Bamako often face financial as well as medical problems. In Bamako Sini Sanuman provides medical and psychological help to survivors of abuse, but its director, Alpha Boubeye, said they could not help northerners who arrive in the capital with their food or rent requirements, "something that they desperately need".

The organization is struggling to keep up with the scale of need. In one Bamako neighbourhood Sini Sanuman identified over 300 cases of sexual assault among women who had arrived from the north since April 2012.

“Before the conflict no one was really tending to women who were victims of sexual abuse. We have had to set up a whole new strategy, training social workers and psychiatrists,” Boubeye told IRIN.

Stigma

Uncovering the extent of abuse continues to be very difficult in a country where rape is considered shameful.

“Many women do not dare to talk about being raped. They are afraid that their husbands will leave them and that they will be segregated from society,” journalist Idrissa told IRIN. “Before MNLA and MUJAO rape outside the house was not a problem in Mali. The rebels made it an issue.”

“Being raped is a very shameful thing in Mali and our social workers often visit the women many times before they open up," said Boubeye.

And pursuing justice is not even considered an option by many abuse survivors. Touré returned home to her husband in Gao, but she has not pursued a case against her attackers. “I want the men who raped me to go to jail, but I’m ashamed for everyone else to see me,” she told IRIN.

Her focus is to support her family in increasingly difficult humanitarian conditions, she added.

According to Daniel Tessogué, state prosecutor in Bamako, only one case of sexual assault linked to the 2012 conflict is being prepared to go to court.

*not their real names

kh/aj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97983/Little-support-no-justice-for-Mali-rape-survivors</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305061358090140t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">GAO/BAMAKO 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - During the rebel takeover of northern Mali in April 2012, many women said they were subjected to rape or sexual assault. Since then, little or no support has come through for these women, say aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Conflict cuts off civilians in DRC&apos;s Katanga</title><pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210751260211t.jpg" />]]>KATANGA 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of displaced people in the Democratic Republic of Congo&apos;s (DRC) Katanga Province have received little or no humanitarian aid in the months since having fled ongoing conflict.</description><body><![CDATA[KATANGA 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of displaced people in the Democratic Republic of Congo's (DRC) Katanga Province have received little or no humanitarian aid in the months since having fled ongoing conflict.

In one territory, Malemba Nkulu, the number of displaced is estimated to have risen from 12,000 to 42,000 between December 2012 and January 2013, and no food distribution has yet been organized. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) says, "The global acute malnutrition rate is above 19 percent, and the severely malnourished need treatment.”

"Nineteen percent global acute malnutrition is nearly twice the emergency threshold level," Quoc Nguyen, head of operations for the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Katanga, told IRIN, adding that seven territories in Katanga have acute malnutrition rates above the 10 percent level.

UNICEF is assisting children and pregnant and lactating women suffering from acute malnutrition in several territories, including Pweto and Manono, where the rate is also above 19 percent; however this treatment is still not available in Malemba Nkulu. "There's no programme in Malemba Nkulu because of lack of funding, lack of access, insecurity and a lack of partners who can implement a programme," said Nguyen.

Malnutrition is a major contributor to the under-five mortality rate in the province, which UNICEF's latest survey put at 188 per 1,000. In its 16 April bulletin for DRC, OCHA said that in Malemba Nkulu "no humanitarian intervention has been implemented mainly because of difficulties of access and lack of funding".

Displaced people in the neighbouring territory of Manono - recently estimated to number 31,000 - have not had a food distribution since September, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) told IRIN this week, although a convoy of food trucks has just been sent there. WFP has distributed food in the past month at or near most of the other major population centres in Katanga where large numbers of displaced people have gathered.

But of 17,000 people who were displaced this year in the territories of Kalemie, Moba and Manono, most have not yet received any aid, nor have the 747 families living on the route from Mitwaba to Kisele, OCHA reported on 23 April.

Continued displacement

The total number of displaced in Katanga is estimated by the Commission on Population Movements (CMP) - an official body which collects data from aid workers - to have risen from 64,082 in December 2011 to 353,931 currently. 

"Needs are… enormous both among the displaced and the host population," OCHA said in a report published on April 10 [ http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/dr-congo%E2%80%99s-neglected-%E2%80%9Ctriangle-death%E2%80%9D-challenges-protection ]. "Many IDPs have become more vulnerable due to repeated displacements, often across vast distances."

An upsurge in violence by Mai-Mai militia groups has been causing waves of displacement since late 2011. WFP's head of operations in Katanga, Amadou Samake, said the so-called 'triangle of death' between Mitwaba, Manono and Pweto had been emptied of most of its population - 75,000 households - by April 2012. By the end of last year, the displaced already numbered more than 300,000. 

The flow outwards from conflict zones has continued, and Mai-Mai violence has spread west and south, to Malemba Nkulu, Lubudi and Kambove territories.

On 17 February, a gang from the newly created Mai-Mai militia known as Kata Katanga (meaning 'cut off Katanga') killed three officials and drove out the population at Kinsevere, only 40km from Lubumbashi, the provincial capital. 

On 23 March, some 400 lightly armed Kata Katanga members marched from the bush to the centre of Lubumbashi, unopposed, before they were forced to surrender after a shootout with the elite Republican Guard. 

Amid the persistent insecurity, fewer than the 10 percent of the displaced have returned to their villages, Samake estimates. 

WFP assisted 250,000 people in Katanga last year, he said, but has not had the resources to guarantee the displaced three months of rations, the standard the agency aims for in North Kivu. Currently, he said, the agency has 5,915 tons in stock or en route and would need an additional 10,383 tons to feed 320,000 displaced people in Katanga through the second quarter of 2013.

If the displaced do not soon return to their villages, Samake added, another year of missed harvests will worsen food security across the province. 

UNICEF's Nguyen commented that much of Katanga was already in the grip of a food security crisis before the Mai-Mai’s resurgence in 2011. "There is a lack of basic services in every sector - health, water, nutrition and agriculture - and the conflict and displacement make an already bad situation much worse," he said.

Deteriorating security

OCHA reports the security situation worsened in April in Pweto, Manono and Mitwaba territories, with attacks by Mai-Mai groups on a dozen villages. 

The national army, FARDC, recently retook the town of Shamwana, at the centre of 'the triangle of death', but International Crisis Group (ICG) analyst Thierry Vircoulon says the military seems to be having little success in suppressing the Mai-Mai. At the start of 2013, the army had only 1,000 men available in Katanga, but their number is now up to 2,500, UN sources told IRIN. 

Central Katanga has been unstable since Mai-Mai commander Gedeon Mtanga escaped from prison in September 2011. He and more than 1,000 of his followers were freed from Lubumbashi's central jail by eight armed men in broad daylight; there was speculation that the jail break was arranged by local power holders. Gedeon had led a Mai-Mai group known for its brutality and attacks on civilians from 2002 to 2007. Africa Confidential reported on 1 March that "his ambition is to root out the old order" and "his men have killed at least 15 traditional chiefs in Nord Mitwaba alone".

According to OCHA, the other main driver of instability in the province is Kata Katanga, which has also been fighting FARDC.

Like the brutal Mai-Mai group Morgan [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97314/Rainforest-riches-a-curse-for-civilians-in-northeast-DRC ], in DRC's Orientale Province, the Kata Katanga and Gedeon Mai-Mai seem to get much of their income from poaching, rather than minerals or agriculture. Therefore, they may not need much support from the local population.

There are no recent figures for the Mai-Mai in Katanga, but ICG estimated they might have numbered 5,000 to 8,000 in 2005 [ http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/central-africa/dr-congo/103-katanga-the-congos-forgotten-crisis.aspx?alt_lang=fr ].

Following the bloody suppression of a Kata Katanga rally in Lubumbashi on 23 March, a report by local civil society activists accused senior members of the regime of providing the group with arms and funding. 

ICG's Vircoulon told IRIN he believes that several local “barons” are behind the Kata Katanga. 

The DRC's former police chief General John Numbi - a native of Malemba Nkulu who built his career as a political organizer among the Balubakat, President Joseph Kabila's ethnic group - may have held the key to security in the province. ICG reports that Numbi was supplying Gedeon with arms from 2002 to 2004. Later, he organized the manhunt that led to the Mai-Mai leader's capture. 

In 2010, Numbi was suspended as police chief following allegations that he was responsible for the murder of human rights defender Floribert Chebeya. 

Significantly, Gedeon and many of his followers were captured in 2007, after Kabila had won elections with support from a broad coalition in Katanga and elsewhere in the country. That coalition is now crumbling, allowing armed groups to be reactivated in many areas of eastern DRC. 

Protection needs

An April report [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Final%20version%20Protection%20Report%20Katanga%2011.04.pdf ] by OCHA in Katanga concludes: "Given the duration of the current conflict, humanitarian actors do not expect to see any improvements in terms of displacement numbers or humanitarian needs in the coming months."

The report highlights alleged abuses by the army as well the Mai-Mai, including allegations that 50 women and 20 girls were detained for two days and repeatedly raped by soldiers in February 2012. 

"Without an increased presence" of the UN Stabilization Mission in the DRC (MONUSCO), says OCHA, "such abuses will continue and may even increase, as will further displacements". 

Currently there are 450 blue helmets in Katanga, an area the size of France.

The report also calls for a political solution to the conflict in Katanga, for the government to reinitiate its programme to disarm, demobilize and re-integrate the Mai-Mai, and for humanitarian actors to establish contact with Mai-Mai groups so as to facilitate humanitarian access and sensitize the combatants on international humanitarian law.

nl/kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97963/Conflict-cuts-off-civilians-in-DRC-apos-s-Katanga</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201010210751260211t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATANGA 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of displaced people in the Democratic Republic of Congo&apos;s (DRC) Katanga Province have received little or no humanitarian aid in the months since having fled ongoing conflict.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Behaviour change needed to combat malnutrition in Nepal</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107210821590098t.jpg" />]]>KATHMANDU 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - More work is needed to improve nutritional behaviour in Nepal, where nearly half of children under five are chronically malnourished, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[KATHMANDU 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - More work is needed to improve nutritional behaviour in Nepal, where nearly half of children under five are chronically malnourished, experts say. 

“Food is more than nutrients and knowledge - it is culture, practice, and what you have been told about your life since you were born,” Ramesh Adhikari, a paediatrics professor at Kathmandu Medical College, told IRIN. 

Across the country, childhood malnutrition, which results in stunting (low height-for-age, also known as chronic malnutrition) and other long-term health effects, occurs not because of food insecurity or lack of access to nutritious food, but because of behaviour in households which is preventing nutrients from getting to children, they say. 

According to a recent report [ http://www.wfp.org/content/nepal-thematic-report-food-security-and-nutrition-march-2013 ] by the World Food Programme (WFP), the prevalence of undernutrition is high even in the wealthiest households, suggesting that other factors beyond food availability and income are influencing nutrition nationwide. 

Misconceptions about the food and eating needs of pregnant women are widespread and varied across Nepal, according to a USAID literature review [ http://www.ghtechproject.com/files/1.367%20Nepal%20Nutrition%20Overview%20Rpt%208_16_10%20%20508.pdf ].

“So many families I work with believe that feeding pregnant wives a lot of food will make delivery difficult, so they even reduce the amount of food once they discover the pregnancy,” explained Keshab Dhakal, a health outreach worker in Nepal’s western Kapil Vastu District. 

Mothers attending a nutrition seminar at a health post in rural Rupendehi District in southern Nepal listed yoghurt, pumpkin, and eggs among foods they avoided while pregnant.

Said one mother, who is using complementary vitamin packets distributed by Nepal’s Health Ministry: “This is my third child. For the first two, I didn’t eat many things while pregnant. Now, with this one, I think she will be strong and clever because of the vitamins.” 

Gender bias in food distribution 

Compounding taboos, maternal malnutrition (and therefore child malnutrition) is sometimes the result of gender-based discrimination in decision-making and food-sharing. 

“Women, including mothers, usually eat less well than men. This can lead to inadequate foetal growth, ultimately leading to stunting in children by the age of two,” said Saba Mebrahtu, nutrition chief at the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Nepal. 

Many children eat off the plate of a parent, often the mother. Because of food distribution hierarchies, typically giving the male members of the family food before the females, children who eat from mothers’ plates may have limited access to nutritious food, according to studies cited in the USAID review. 

“Nutrition education for mothers and children has to start with men,” said Shanti Acharya, a female community health volunteer in Rupendehi. “It’s men who usually make the decisions regarding what to do with vegetables, for example - to sell them or eat them in the household,” she said, adding that this can mean that nutritious foods grown at home are sold more frequently than they are consumed. 

Excessive burden on mothers 

Women bear much of the burden for child care and food preparation. While WFP analysis [ http://www.wfp.org/content/nepal-thematic-report-food-security-and-nutrition-march-2013 ] shows remittances from outmigration can improve nutrition in households, especially if the household is female-headed, the absence of men also means an increase in women’s workloads, leaving less time for food preparation. 

Recognizing what experts call “unpaid care work” performed by women can balance labour distribution [ http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/recognise_redistribute_reduce_0.pdf ] in the household - benefiting children by putting more value on preparing their food. 

“If fathers are engaged in caring for their children, they will know more about what to feed their children, and notice when feeding and growing aren’t going as well as they should be,” said Mebrahtu, adding that Nepal’s 2013 draft strategy for infant and young child feeding addresses the beliefs of a range of people who influence the mother, including husbands, in-laws, elders, and community members. 

Malnourished children are less successful in school, grow into less productive adults, and develop chronic diseases that can put strains on the medical system according to the World Bank [ http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20839585~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html ], which also warns that malnutrition is costing poor countries up to 3 percent of their yearly GDP. 

“The incentives to feed mothers and children well are clear,” said UNICEF’s Mebrahtu. “It’s just a matter of closing the information gaps and correcting misunderstandings and mistreatment.” 

kk/ds/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97949/Behaviour-change-needed-to-combat-malnutrition-in-Nepal</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201107210821590098t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATHMANDU 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - More work is needed to improve nutritional behaviour in Nepal, where nearly half of children under five are chronically malnourished, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Pressure in Philippines to end ban on formula milk aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121507490903t.jpg" />]]>COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding.</description><body><![CDATA[COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding. 

Breastfeeding - especially during emergencies - has been medically linked [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2009/breastfeeding_20090804/en/ ] to improved child survival due to the incomparable nutrients and antibodies human breast milk offers. But emergencies are also the hardest time to convince women that breast milk can keep their children alive, due to myths about stressed or malnourished women not being able to breastfeed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87923/HAITI-Fear-of-the-earthquake-lives-on ].

Cease-and-desist 

When Typhoon Washi (locally known as Sendong) hit the southern Philippines’s Mindanao Island in December 2011, breast-milk substitutes, including formula, turned up in evacuation centres even though they are banned under the country’s “Milk Code” [ http://www.lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1986/eo_51_1986.html ]. The Department of Health singled out infant formula maker Nestlé Philippines, issuing a cease-and-desist order requesting it to stop donating milk products to typhoon survivors. The problem was not the company, insisted Nestlé spokeswoman Meike Scmidt, but rather “kind-hearted private individuals and organizations” who donated products of their own will. 

“We have the industry’s toughest system in place to enforce our policies governing the marketing of breast-milk substitutes,” she told IRIN. “Our monitoring procedures include control measures that prevent donations of breast-milk substitutes during emergencies, and those control measures are routinely audited.” 

Yet the company is now part of a formula interest group called the Paediatric Nutrition Association of the Philippines (IPNAP) which is trying to change the country’s Milk Code. One of the proposals is to allow unrestricted donations of breast-milk substitutes during crises. Activists have rallied to fight what they characterize as the “diluting” and weakening of the current Milk Code, allegations that Nestlé dismisses. 

Milk of life 

Medical studies have linked formula donations to increased diarrhoea during crises, as was the case during Indonesia’s 2006 earthquake in Central Java. 

A 2012 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) study [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21426621 ] found one-week diarrhoea incidence among those who received milk substitutes after the earthquake was more than twice as high as those who did not (24.5 percent versus 11.5 percent); overall, the rate of diarrhoea among infants aged 12-23 months was five times higher than before the earthquake, which researchers linked to breast-milk substitute donations. 

Some 80 percent of the 832 surveyed surviving households had received donated infant formula, 76 percent commercial porridge and 49 percent powdered milk. Pre-earthquake only 32 percent of the infants had ever had breast-milk substitutes, a rate that rose to 43 percent at the time of the survey, 

“Uncontrolled distribution of infant formula exacerbates the risk of diarrhoea among infants and young children in emergencies,” concluded the study, a message aid agencies are still struggling to publicize [ http://www.unicef.org/nutritioncluster/files/IYCF_-_IYCF-E_workshop_report_2012.pdf ].

Doing things differently 

Almost one year after Typhoon Washi hit, Typhoon Bopha (local name Pablo) hit Mindanao Island again, this time taking out entire villages in Compostela Valley and Davao Orientale along the island’s northern and eastern coasts. Some 2,000 are dead or missing. 

Five days after the Category 5 (winds up to 250km) typhoon made landfall on 4 December, the regional health director for Davao Region (heart of affected zone) circulated a memo to all governmental and aid agencies working on health, water and sanitation urging them to enforce and uphold Health Department regulations prohibiting the distribution of milk products to women and children. The memo stated such donations by “well-meaning, but misinformed donors” were unnecessary. 

The challenge, said UNICEF nutrition officer for emergencies in the Philippines Paul Zambrano, is reaching aid groups that bypass any donation coordination structure such as local NGOs and faith-based groups. “They go directly into communities. Monitoring at the local level is difficult,” he said. 

Even with health officials’ vigilance to keep out milk products, the disaster took a heavy toll on nutrition in affected areas: Aid groups estimate 95,600 persons will be at risk of malnutrition in 2013 including nearly 67,000 children under the age of five and 29,000 pregnant and lactating women [ https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/Revision_2013_Philippines_HAP_BOPHA.pdf ].

The youngest are the most vulnerable. One month after the typhoon hit, of the nearly 500 children under age five surveyed, 66 percent had some illness (most often accompanied by a fever, cough and diarrhoea) [ http://philippines.humanitarianresponse.info/system/files/documents/files/Bopha%20Assessment%20Key%20Findings%20Feb%202013.pdf ]. Breast-milk substitutes increase the risk of these illnesses due to unsafe water used to mix formula and lack of fuel to sterilize products. 

The proposed Milk Code changes are pending review as parliament is on recess until 1 July, and the country prepares to elect new parliamentarians in 13 May elections. 

pt/cb 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97943/Pressure-in-Philippines-to-end-ban-on-formula-milk-aid</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208121507490903t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COMPOSTELA VALLEY 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in the Philippines were vigilant in keeping out infant formula donations when Typhoon Bopha hit last December, but activists are concerned the infant formula industry will succeed in pushing through legislative changes that will allow formula donations in future emergencies, making it harder to convince women in those crises to continue exclusive breastfeeding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Smart science in the fight against malaria</title><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malaria continues to be one of the world’s deadliest diseases, annually infecting more than 200 million people and killing more than 660,000, most of them African children, according to the UN World Health Organization.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malaria continues to be one of the world’s deadliest diseases, annually infecting more than 200 million people and killing more than 660,000, most of them African children, according to the UN World Health Organization.

Prevention, including indoor spraying and insecticide-treated mosquito nets, and effective treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has seen malaria mortality drop by more than 25 percent globally since 2000.

Scientists around the world are involved in research that aims to improve the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of malaria; IRIN has put together seven recent developments that have the potential to bring the disease closer to eradication.

Goat’s milk - In 2012, researchers at the US’s Texas A&M University [ http://www.kbtx.com/home/headlines/Texas_AM_Researchers_Create_Goat_With_Malaria_Vaccine_In_Her_Milk_141985883.html ] reported that they had genetically modified a goat to produce a malaria vaccine in its milk. The scientists hope to produce a drinkable version of the vaccine within a decade.

Baker’s yeast - Artemisinin combination therapy - whose main ingredient is made from the sweet wormwood tree, which is largely grown in China - is widely acknowledged as the most effective treatment for malaria. But unpredictable weather affects crop yields, causing price fluctuations and an unstable supply of the drug. Scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, recently announced that they had found a way to genetically engineer a strain of baker’s yeast [ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12051.html ] to mass-produce a semi-synthetic version of the drug. 

The intellectual property rights for this technology - which was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation - were provided free of charge in the hope that the research will lead to increased production of artemisinin treatment at a lower cost. According to MIT Technology Review [ http://www.technologyreview.com/news/513441/microbes-can-mass-produce-malaria-drug/ ], French pharmaceutical firm Sanofi has started manufacturing the drug and is expected to  produce 70 million doses in 2013.

Mosquito repellent plants - The NGO Concern has found that planting Lantana camara, a plant with pink, yellow and red flowers, in northwestern Tanzania’s Ngara District significantly reduced the number of malaria-carrying mosquitoes inside local houses. In collaboration with the local Ifakara Health Institute, Concern planted Lantana camara around 231 homes in Ngara District [ https://www.concern.net/news-blogs/concern-blog/malaria-innovation-saves-lives ], then counted the mosquitos indoors. Their results showed “56 percent fewer Anopheles gambiae and 83 percent fewer Anopheles funestas, both malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and 50 percent fewer mosquitoes of any kind”.

The residents of these households reported lower malaria rates. Concern plans clinical trials to further investigate the impact of the plant and its potential as a tool in the fight against malaria.

Floating spores - In 2011, scientists at Wageningen University in the Netherlands developed a synthetic oil to disperse spores [ http://www.biomedcentral.com/presscenter/pressreleases/20110218a ] of the fungi M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, which cause mosquito larvae to die before reaching adulthood. The easy-to-mix oil, when spread over open water, saw pupation levels at the Kenyan test site drop to less than 20 percent.

Smell - Mosquitoes use nectar from flowers for energy, and scientists at Ohio State University are creating synthetic flower scents [ http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/science/2012/08/12/faux-scent-lures-real-pest.html ] to lure mosquitoes into traps. Health officials can then spray neighbourhoods based on whether they  find disease-causing mosquitoes in the traps.

At the University of Washington [ http://www.artsci.washington.edu/newsletter/Dec12/Mosquitoes.asp ], researchers are investigating the particular human odour that attracts mosquitoes to humans, with the aim of developing insect-repellent that masks the scent. 

NASA’s Earth Observing System - In Ethiopia, where environmental factors such as temperature, altitude and climate are important factors in malaria prevalence, early warning systems can help determine where and when the disease is likely to hit hardest, and therefore where anti-malaria programming needs to be directed. Scientists from the International Research Institute for Climate and Society have developed a malaria early warning system [ http://www.earthzine.org/2013/04/03/utilizing-nasa-eos-to-improve-early-warning-and-mitigation-of-malaria-in-ethiopia/ ] to predict the areas in Ethiopia’s East Shewa, in Oromia Region, that are most likely to be affected by the disease.

“The research investigated how land-surface temperature measured by MODIS [Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer] can be used to estimate maximum and minimum air temperature and be linked with malaria incidences in Ethiopian highlands,” the authors of the study said. “The project also investigated how Landsat [satellites that monitor the earth's resources by photographing the surface at different wavelengths] can detect water bodies which create the breeding sites for mosquitoes. Lastly, the research showed how DEM [digital elevation model ]can be integrated to better map the risk of malaria related to elevation and temperature.”

The scientists aim to develop similar systems for other areas of Ethiopia and other parts of the world where climatic and environmental factors are important in the transmission of malaria.

Cancer, cholesterol drugs - A recent study by the research institute Seattle Biomed found that liver cells - which are the first to become infected after a mosquito bite - operate similarly to cancer cells, and that cancer drugs [ http://www.seattlebiomed.org/press-release/cancer-drugs-unexpected-ally-battle-against-malaria ] could help turn the liver into a hostile environment for malaria.

In December 2012, scientists at the University of Utah [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/uouh-sds122112.php ] announced the discovery that lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, when added to traditional anti-malarial treatment, decreased brain swelling and protected against cognitive impairment in mice with cerebral malaria. 

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97924/Smart-science-in-the-fight-against-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201004270928560748t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malaria continues to be one of the world’s deadliest diseases, annually infecting more than 200 million people and killing more than 660,000, most of them African children, according to the UN World Health Organization.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Building health systems from scratch in Somalia</title><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208011414180678t.jpg" />]]>MOGADISHU 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Lul Mohamed, director of the paediatric ward at Banadir Hospital in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, treated five children after two bomb attacks killed 30 people on 14 April. &quot;And they were shooting last night. One died, a bullet in his liver,&quot; she said of an eight-year-old boy.</description><body><![CDATA[MOGADISHU 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Lul Mohamed, director of the paediatric ward at Banadir Hospital in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, treated five children after two bomb attacks killed 30 people on 14 April. "And they were shooting last night. One died, a bullet in his liver," she said of an eight-year-old boy.  

Yet these are conditions of relative peace in Mogadishu. While the conflict is not over, insecurity has diminished since the withdrawal of insurgent group Al-Shabab in 2011. This relative security is allowing Mohamed to focus on preventative healthcare, a luxury she did not have two years ago. 

In March 2013, she admitted 26 cases with measles, 19 with tuberculosis, 14 with tetanus and nine with meningitis. She is frustrated because all of these diseases are immunizable. Six of the children admitted that month died.  

Mohamed hopes this year to immunize 1,000 children per month in the hospital's tiny but brightly painted vaccination room. Two volunteers sit at a desk, another monitors those coming in and out. They say they became volunteers when donors pulled out and staff were let go. By 1pm that day, they had vaccinated 28 children.  

"A huge improvement in a short time - if peace holds," Mohamed said. 

Vaccination 

Coinciding with World Immunization Week, the Somali government announced on 24 April its intention to vaccinate all children under the age of one with a new five-in-one vaccine, known as a pentavalent  vaccine [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97873/In-Brief-Major-price-cut-for-five-in-one-vaccine ], funded by the GAVI Alliance, with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the UN World Health Organization (WHO) as implementing partners. 

"Children in Somalia are dying of diseases that are prevented in the rest of the world," said Maryam Qasim, the Minister of Development and Social Affairs, speaking at the vaccine’s launch. "Introducing this vaccine is a milestone in history."  

President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud also presided over the launch, showing unprecedented support for improving child and maternal health in Somalia, two of the eight UN Millennium Development Goals. He also announced that his government would consider co-financing the vaccination programme, as other countries do, in the future.  

Currently, fewer than half of children in Somalia have received the mandatory diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine, a rate that Anne Zeindl-Cronin, senior programme manager at the GAVI Alliance, describes as "incredibly low". Only 7 percent of children in Puntland and 11 percent of children in Somaliland receive the required three doses by their first birthday, according to a joint UNICEF and government survey.  

The pentavalent will protect immunized children against these three diseases, as well as heptatitis B and Haemophilius influenzae type b. 

Health system strengthening 

"Coming from such a low base, if we have system strengthening, we should see a huge improvement in a short time - if peace holds," Zeindl-Cronin said. 

Eighteen months passed between country's decision to use the pentavalent and implementation of the programme, and Zeindl-Cronin recognizes that difficult tasks still lie ahead for GAVI's implementing partners. "It's easy to come here and put [the vaccines] in [a] fridge. It's getting them into the children that's the challenge." 

There is not a great deal of infrastructure to rely on. Somalia has suffered close to 25 years of civil war. Its health system is fragmented, supported by an unregulated pharmaceutical industry and dominated by private practitioners who offer help only to those who can afford it. Private doctors in Somalia are earning up to US$10,000 per month. 

A legal framework for healthcare is absent, and the federal state, which includes the semi-autonomous regions Somaliland and Puntland, raises questions about how any system might be structured. 

"Normally, there is one food and drug administration. But where? Is it in Mogadishu? Or in each of the zones [south-central Somalia, Somaliland and Puntland]?" said Marthe Everard, WHO's representative for Somalia.  

In addition to the systemic and infrastructural challenges of delivering healthcare in Somalia, large areas of the country are still controlled by Al-Shabab; others are inaccessible due to armed groups that have filled the vacuum left by Al-Shabab. Omar Saleh of WHO estimates that 30-40 percent of southern Somalia is accessible to external healthcare providers at any one time.  

Risk persists 

In his speech at the pentavalent launch, President Mohamud condemned Al-Shabab for blocking access: "In the certain areas they control, there have been no vaccinations at all in the past few years. Al-Shabab needs to understand that they are not only killing people through explosions, but every child that misses vaccinations they have practically killed." 

The pentavalent vaccine launch is being accompanied by an awareness-raising campaign. Sikander Khan, UNICEF Somalia Representative, hopes that, once demand is created, the vaccine will reach women even in areas that Al-Shabab controls. "There is no parent in the world who doesn't care about the well-being of their child," he said.  

Farhiyo Mohamed, who has six children, brought her youngest to an outpatient clinic in Benadir, Mogadishu, to receive the pentavalent at no cost. The mother says she visited the clinic when Al-Shabab was still in the city, but that it was dangerous to do so. "Al-Shabab would question you when you came back. Today, we are happy," she said.  

While prospects are improving, inequitable access remains a major challenge. Paediatrician Mohamed, at Benadir Hospital, calls for a three-pronged commitment, not only from the government, but also the community and health workers. She says motivating and engaging private and public sector workers is critical to improving the reach of healthcare, and the reach of vaccines in particular. 

jh/kr/rz
]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97927/Building-health-systems-from-scratch-in-Somalia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208011414180678t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MOGADISHU 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Lul Mohamed, director of the paediatric ward at Banadir Hospital in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, treated five children after two bomb attacks killed 30 people on 14 April. &quot;And they were shooting last night. One died, a bullet in his liver,&quot; she said of an eight-year-old boy.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Schools try to play catch-up</title><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/20071029t.jpg" />]]>BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Iraq’s education system was once the jewel of the Middle East. Today, it is struggling to catch up, with five million children out of school, according to a 2007 survey.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Thanks to growing oil revenues in the 1970s, Iraq had, by the early 1980s, developed a generous public services system. It was seen to have the best education system in the region, with near-universal primary school enrolment and an effective literacy programme. 

Had Iraq progressed at the same rate as other Middle Eastern countries, primary school enrolment for both boys and girls would be 100 percent today, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) [ http://www.unicef.org/equity/files/PMACEquitypresentation.pdf ].

Instead, Iraq’s education system is largely playing catch-up. 

Its downfall began with the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s, and the Gulf War of 1991. It was exacerbated by the squeeze on resources caused by a decade of international sanctions throughout the 1990s, which resulted in lower teacher salaries, higher turnover, fewer qualified teachers, less professional development, neglected infrastructure and reduced access to resources like periodicals, according to the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Government statistics [ http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_19/3.htm ] show a 10 percent drop in primary school enrolment rates, from 90.8 in 1990 to 80.3 in 2000. Enrolment in Iraq’s vocational and technical schools dropped by half in the same decade. 

Following the US-led invasion of 2003, UNESCO reported [ http://www.unesco.org/education/iraq/na_13jan2005.pdf ] widespread arson and looting of educational facilities, with vocational schools, for example, losing 80 percent of their equipment, according to the Ministry of Education. A 2003 assessment [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTIRAQ/Overview/20147568/Joint%20Needs%20Assessment.pdf ] by the UN found that looting had affected 3,000 schools. Teacher training institutes were affected in all but the northern Kurdish governorates; libraries and colleges were looted and burned, UNESCO said. 

Brain drain 

De-Baathification - the occupying forces’ policy of removing from office all officials belonging to the deposed leader’s Baath party - furthered the educational decline by triggering a brain drain in universities, it added. 

“Emerging evidence indicates that the third war in three decades - the US-led invasion from 2003 to 2010 - has left behind a dilapidated education system affected by safety concerns, rising costs, and acute shortages of teachers and learning materials,” the University of Pittsburgh’s M. Najeeb Shafiq wrote in a 2012 article [ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059312000685 ] in the International Journal of Educational Development. 

In the four years following the invasion, at least 280 academics were killed by insurgents and militias, IRIN report in 2007, leaving Iraq without a strong, educated elite to help the country - and the education system - recover [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/62983/IRAQ-The-exodus-of-academics-has-lowered-educational-standards ].

“We used to have all [sorts of] qualified people that build the country and organize the system in all fields,” said Hassan al-Hamadani, a member of parliament. “Now most of those people have left the country; many doctors and engineers have left as they were threatened.” 

Enrolment, attainment 

The impact of the 2003 invasion on enrolment rates, specifically, is less clear because statistics are inconsistent. 

Some, like those in the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), conducted by the government and UNICEF, show an increase in net enrolment of children aged 6 to 11, from 68.2 percent in 2000 [ http://www.childinfo.org/files/iraq1.pdf ] to 85.8 in 2006 [ http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS3_Iraq_FinalReport_2006_eng.pdf ]. Other statistics [ http://www.ibo.org/ibaem/conferences/documents/EDUCATIONINIRAQBYWARANDOCCUPATIO1.pdf ] show the opposite: a massive drop from 93 percent enrolment in 2000 to 54 percent in 2006. Statistics in Iraq in general are widely viewed as unreliable, and those on enrolment differ based on children’s age groups and whether they are measuring net enrolment (the percentage of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary school) or gross enrolment (the percentage of children of any age who are enrolled in primary school). 

What appears clear, however, is that Iraq is not as far ahead as it could have been. The 2011 MICS produced a net enrolment rate of 90.4 percent (among those 6 to 11 years old), just under the government’s 1990 rate of 90.8. Yet one in seven secondary-school-age children is studying at the primary level. Only 44 percent of students complete primary school on time. 

And while secondary school enrolment has increased in recent years, according to the MICS, less than half of students continue past grade 6. In 2007, a joint World Bank and government survey found five million school-age children out of school. 

“Enrolment is not the same as attainment,” said Sudipto Mukerjee, deputy head of the UN Development Programme (UNDP) in Iraq. “Getting them to school is easy, but getting them to complete their studies is more difficult.” 

In addition, enrolment rates vary significantly based on gender, social status and geographic region. And while the quality of the textbooks has improved in the past decade, and there is no longer pressure on students to join the Baath party, some degree of sectarianism and corruption has found its way into the school system since 2003, said Ali al-Hussaini, a high-school student in Baghdad. 

“Sometimes a teacher makes fun of Sunnis and some other teacher makes fun of Shiites,” al-Hussaini said. “Now, all the teachers are corrupt. If I want to pass in the exams, I have to pay money - $200 for each class. Otherwise, they will make it impossible to pass.” 

Literacy 

Like primary education, literacy was an important focus in Iraq decades ago. In 1978, the government launched the Comprehensive National Campaign for the Compulsory Eradication of Illiteracy, but that campaign slowed after the wars of the 1980s and 1990s. 

Statistics on the adult literacy rate also vary widely: UNESCO notes an increase [ http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/UIS-literacy-statistics-1990-2015-en.pdf ] from 74.1 percent in 2000 to 78.2 percent in 2010, but a 2010-2015 strategy document [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/Literacy_needs_report.pdf ] points to evidence suggesting that “Iraq faces a critical situation with increasing numbers of out-of-school children and rising adult illiteracy rates, especially in the rural areas, among youth and adults, and among women and other socially marginalized groups.” 

A literacy campaign launched in 2010, Literacy Initiative for Empowerment (LIFE), and a new literacy law approved in 2011 are likely to improve the rates further [ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/iraq-office/about-this-office/single-view/news/unesco_praises_the_iraqi_parliament_for_approval_of_the_new_literacy_law/ ].

For other development indicators, visit IRIN's series: Iraq 10 years on [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-ten-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact ].

af/da/ha/rz

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A decade after US-led forced toppled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, IRIN examines the progress in basic living standards.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97928/Schools-try-to-play-catch-up</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/20071029t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGHDAD/DUBAI 26 April 2013 (IRIN) - Iraq’s education system was once the jewel of the Middle East. Today, it is struggling to catch up, with five million children out of school, according to a 2007 survey.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Children bear brunt of CAR crisis</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301830240086t.jpg" />]]>BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup by the Séléka alliance.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97721/CAR-coup-comes-amid-deepening-humanitarian-crisis ] by the Séléka alliance.

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), some 2.3 million children are directly affected by the breakdown of law and order and the interruption of basic services.

On 12 April, 14 children were wounded in the capital, Bangui, when a rocket-propelled grenade fell on a playing field. Two days later, a rocket landed on a church, killing seven people, including three infants, and wounding 11 children - three of whom had to have their legs amputated.

“It’s scandalous that children are being caught in crossfire as they go about their daily lives, playing football or going to church,” said Souleymane Diabaté, the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) representative in CAR.

“Children who fall sick with basic diseases” such as malaria are also in need of medical attention, said Ellen Van Der Velden, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) head of mission in CAR.

Yet healthcare provision outside of main hospitals has been unpredictable. “In some areas [of Bangui] the health centres are functional, in others they are closed, again in others minimal services are being delivered. The situation may change quite quickly. One day a [health] centre could be operational, the next it can be closed,” said Van Der Velden.

Children’s homes targeted

A Bangui centre for street children, run by the Voix du Coeur (Voice of the Heart) Foundation, “suffered a lot during these recent events,” according to its director, Ange Ngassenemo.

“Two children died and several were injured during the looting. We were also visited by Séléka, on the pretext of looking for young thieves, and they also looted what little the children had,” added Ngassenemo.

“We unfortunately don’t have the necessary means. This situation is becoming harder and harder as more and more children come here, and taking care of them becomes a crushing burden for our little organization,” he said.

“We call on the state to help us. Couldn’t they get us running water for the children, who need to wash themselves and their clothes… We estimate there are about 6,000 street children in Bangui. If they come to us and we send them away, it becomes dangerous and is not a viable solution. It would be better to help us help them,” he added.

On April 13, armed men thought to be part of Séléka looted a Bangui orphanage run by SOS Children’s Villages, after letting off their weapons to intimidate staff members.

“The children were hiding under their beds. Staff members were in tears when they spoke to me,” said the city’s archbishop, Dieudonné Nzapalainga.

“There are no guns in these houses. There are just children. What’s happening? This was no weapons search, it was looting. Shooting in the air, scaring people to death… I am outraged by this situation,” he said on Radio France Internationale.

Recruited by all sides

Various armed groups continue to recruit children, according to UNICEF, which warned in a 12 April statement [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_68681.html ] that such practices violated international law.

More than 2,000 children, both boys and girls, were associated with armed groups and self-defence organisations before conflict resumed in December 2012, the agency said, adding that the practice continued after the fall of Bangui.

“Recruiting children is both morally unacceptable and forbidden under international law,” said UNICEF’s Diabaté. 

“We have called on the new leadership in CAR [Séléka ] to ensure that all children associated with armed groups should be released immediately and protected from further violations [of law],” he said in the statement, adding that those now in power had demonstrated their intention to do just that.

“UNICEF is committed to working with them to ensure that there is an immediate halt to new recruitments and support a process of identification, verification and reintegration of children.”

According to Amy Martin, who heads OCHA’s Bangui branch, “The presence of child soldiers is evident amongst the ranks of Séléka.”

“Recruitment into the national army was ongoing a few weeks ago but is less evident now,” added Martin.

Out of school

Insecurity has forced thousands of children and teachers from schools in Bangui, and has interrupted educations in regions in the east and north of the country. 

“Schools have remained closed in Bangui and elsewhere since March. There is vacation soon, so families who can afford to hire tutors for catch-up courses will do so over vacation. [But] not everyone can afford this,” said Martin.

The education ministry remains sceptical about the re-opening of schools with insecurity still rife. “The children are understandably at home because the security situation demands it,” said Education Minister Marcel Loudegue. 

Schools are also among the properties that have been looted since the rebel takeover, with teachers, like civil servants, remaining unpaid.

In a 23 April statement, UNICEF warned [ http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/children%E2%80%99s-education-central-africa-republic-devastated-conflict-un ] that hundreds of thousands of students are at risk of missing out on the entire school year, “with half the country’s schools shuttered.”

UNICEF’s Diabaté said: “The new government must prioritize protection of and investment in the country’s education system, in order to respect and fulfil children’s basic right to education and to provide this generation of children with hope for a healthy future.” 

Literacy levels are low in the CAR, with over one million children out of school in total, according to UNICEF.

cd-k/am-aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97921/Children-bear-brunt-of-CAR-crisis</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301830240086t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGUI 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Sporadic armed clashes, looting of orphanages, recruitment into armed groups, and widespread school closures have made life perilous for children in the Central African Republic (CAR) in the wake of a 24 March rebel coup by the Séléka alliance.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>South Sudan prioritizes immunization, keeps polio at bay</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200591424t.jpg" />]]>JUBA 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Through frequent door-to-door polio immunization campaigns, South Sudan has vaccinated more than 94 percent of children under age five against the disease, according to the Ministry of Health. The immunization effort has been one of the country&apos;s few health success stories since it achieved independence a year and a half ago.</description><body><![CDATA[JUBA 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Through frequent door-to-door polio immunization campaigns, South Sudan has vaccinated more than 94 percent of children under age five against the disease, according to the Ministry of Health. The immunization effort has been one of the country's few health success stories since it achieved independence a year and a half ago.

In conjunction with World Immunization Week, taking place this week, thousands of volunteer vaccinators are conducting a four-day campaign, trying to reach as many of the country's 3.3 million children as possible to keep the country polio-free.

Polio a priority

When the country emerged from decades of war in 2005, its health system was devastated. There were few functioning health centres in rural areas, which meant most children went without routine vaccinations against deadly diseases like polio.

Polio vaccination became one of the new country's early priorities, in line with an international effort to completely eradicate the disease by 2013.

The door-to-door effort is critical to the success of the programme, said Gladys Lasu, a health and nutrition specialist with UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), which procures the vaccinations for many immunization campaigns.

"We're trying to eradicate polio in South Sudan," Lasu said. Though there have been no new cases in nearly four years, she said the effort is important so it "can continue being that way."

Four times a year, the health ministry organizes teams of volunteers to fan out across the country and immunize as many children as possible - including children who have already been immunized. Repeat immunizations are not harmful, and universal outreach is easier than trying to identify specific unvaccinated children.

Ahead of the campaigns, organizers launch a media blitz that includes text messages, billboards and radio announcements. Trucks with speakers bolted to the roofs blare announcements encouraging people to bring their children to health centres or make them available for the door-to-door vaccinators.

Moses Ali Bolo is a team leader in the Nyakuron area of Juba. He coordinates 10 teams, who will vaccinate a total of at least 1,000 children every day.

Parents "are responding to the vaccinators," he said. "They are aware of the vaccinators, through the radio. That is why they are turning up."

Anthony Lako, the director of the ministry of health's expanded immunization programme, said immunization uptake - and the polio campaign in particular - have been well-received by the population. "Many areas [have been] reached, but there still are, of course, lots of challenges."

These include the steady stream of South Sudanese who have been returning to the country since it achieved independence in 2011. Many have not been vaccinated.

Lako also said there are areas of South Sudan - particularly Jonglei State, in the country's northeast - that are wracked by violence, making it difficult for vaccinators to reach all households.

Still, the polio campaign seems to be working, with no documented re-emergence of the disease.

Focus needed on other diseases

But the country's broader immunization efforts have not been as successful.

South Sudan's Ministry of Health made immunization a priority in its basic package of health and nutrition services, which was drafted ahead of the country's independence. These included routine childhood immunizations for children under one year old, specifically vaccinations for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, tuberculosis and measles. There are no door-to-door campaigns for these vaccines, but families are encouraged to visit local government health facilities, which are supposed to provide the immunizations.

Yet only 9 percent of children under the age of one in South Sudan are fully immunized, according to the 2012 National Expanded Programme on Immunization Coverage survey. South Sudan remains a priority country for polio vaccination according to UNICEF.

Lako said all health facilities are supposed to vaccinate children, but "some [vaccines] are not given due to issues related to accessibility. Some of the facilities have no human resources. That is why it is not fully implemented."

Still, UNICEF has launched two door-to-door campaigns to fight maternal and neonatal tetanus [ http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/diseases/MNTE_initiative/en/ ] in the country's southern Equatoria region, according to Lasu. Another effort should follow in August.

The health ministry reports more than half of all women in the country have received two doses of the tetanus vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends women receive at least two doses one month apart in the first pregnancy.

The country's health sector has been hit particularly hard by an ongoing austerity budget. At independence, 98 percent of South Sudan's revenue came from oil production, but in January 2012, the country shut down oil production following a dispute with Sudan - whose pipelines the South is dependent on to export oil - over transit fees. Production was re-established this month, but no revenue is expected to come in until late June, at the earliest.

According to WHO, only 5 percent of the nearly $9.5 million spent annually on immunizations comes from the government. That should change soon. During his speech opening parliament on 23 April, President Salva Kiir pledged budget increases for vital sectors, including health.

ag/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97910/South-Sudan-prioritizes-immunization-keeps-polio-at-bay</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200591424t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JUBA 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Through frequent door-to-door polio immunization campaigns, South Sudan has vaccinated more than 94 percent of children under age five against the disease, according to the Ministry of Health. The immunization effort has been one of the country&apos;s few health success stories since it achieved independence a year and a half ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Floods highlight disaster management challenges in Kenya</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040926510583t.jpg" />]]>ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97830/In-East-Africa-heavy-rains-test-emergency-preparedness ] has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.

At least 89,515 Kenyans had been displaced by floods, according to a recent Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) report [ https://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/REPORTED%20sitrep%202013%20FLOODS%2023rd%20April%202013-1.pdf ]. Sixty-two people were killed and many others were injured. The floods, caused by heavy rains in mid-March and early April, have affected areas in the central, eastern, northeastern, Rift Valley and western regions, and in Nairobi, the capital.

Inadequate response 

Disaster response in Kenya is often inadequate and characterized by a failure to act on early warnings, according to Mohamed Sheikh Nur, an aid agency consultant.

"What the government is doing now in the name of disaster response is neither effective nor adequate. I am yet to see a special kitty [fund] set [aside] to help the disabled, pregnant women, children and the sick. The [bulk of what] they are doing is only focused on distribution of food.”

According to Muhammed*, an HIV-positive father of six, more attention should be paid to vulnerable groups, such as those living with HIV. 

"We need special care. Some of us have developed complications for failing to take [anti-retroviral] drugs. Some of us lost their drugs, some contracted waterborne diseases,” he told IRIN, from the Madogo area of the Tana River Delta region. 

Pregnant women and infants are also vulnerable. 

"Cases of pregnant women with delivery complications are prevalent. We have lost three mothers who required caesarean operations. They died because they could not reach Isiolo Town, where the service is available. The road remains cut off," Abdi Sora, an Isiolo County representative, told IRIN. 

Ibaq Ahmed, an official with the Marsabit Women Development Organization, located in northern Kenya, called for the construction of health centres and the deployment of medical personnel to rescue the sick during such crises. 

Poor coordination 

Lack of accurate data is also a problem.

Commenting on the number of people displaced by flooding in the northeastern area of Garissa, community leader Issa Hussein said: “The reality is that no assessment of the situation been conducted since the rains started four weeks ago.”

“Politicians and communities have either no or different figures," added an aid worker there.

But the Garissa County commissioner, Maalim Mohamed, said the government has a reliable network to assess needs and offer timely assistance. 

So far, Mohamed said, military helicopters have been used to supply food and non-food items to at least 34,000 flood-affected people there. 

Experts have, in the past, attributed poorly coordinated and unnecessarily expensive disaster responses in Kenya to the lack of a disaster management policy. Such a policy would facilitate the creation of a national disaster management authority [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88067/KENYA-Plugging-the-gaps-in-disaster-preparedness ] to coordinate all institutions’ activities in disaster prevention, mitigation and response.

The policy [ http://www.sprogrammes.go.ke/images/ndpo.pdf ], currently in draft form, recommends the creation of disaster trust funds, district contingency plans and insurance initiatives, among other measures. 

On 18 April, Deputy President William Ruto announced that the government will table a bill in parliament on the establishment of a national disaster management authority. The authority will help to correct the current disaster management approach, which is based on guesswork and is often erroneous, Ruto said. 

Poor infrastructure

The development of modern roads in rural areas will also help prevent disaster-affected populations from being cut off from aid. 

In the Tana River Delta area, for example, roads have been impassable, and military helicopters have been used to airlift dozens of people marooned by flood waters. 

“Poor infrastructure, [and the] complete absence of roads in some settlements makes rescue and relief efforts difficult, costly [and] risky for aid workers," said a KRCS disaster response team official in the region, who wished to remain anonymous.

"Central [and] county governments must strive to improve road networks in areas prone to calamities like floods, hunger and conflicts. It’s more costly to contain disasters and less costly to prevent them,” the KRCS official said.

In northern Kenya, a poor road network led to a rise in livestock prices in the predominantly pastoral region, and some markets closed because of poor access, Tom Lolosoli, an official with the Samburu Development Forum, told IRIN. 

Building resilience 

According to KRCS, projects to empower vulnerable communities in rural areas, who are often worst-hit by disasters, can help to build resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97584/Understanding-resilience ]. 

In the region of Isiolo for example, two KRCS pilot projects in the area of Korbesa have led to a reduction in the number of people dependent on food relief, from 2,013 in 2011 to 1,069 today. 

Project members engage in crop farming and retail work, and they are encouraged to diversifying the livestock they keep, according to Malik Adan of the KRCS Disaster Risk Reduction project.

“The potential benefit of resilience projects is enormous and helps a lot to empower communities in areas synonymous with famine, drought and floods.”

*Name changed

na/aw/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 24 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97916/Floods-highlight-disaster-management-challenges-in-Kenya</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040926510583t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISIOLO 24 April 2013 (IRIN) - Assistance to thousands of flood-affected families in Kenya has been curtailed by lack of a national disaster management body, poor coordination, poor rural infrastructure and other challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Major price cut for five-in-one vaccine</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151356230053t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/news/press-releases/2013/pentavalent-vaccine-30-percent-price-drop/ ] and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.

GAVI will now be able to purchase the pentavalent vaccine - which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, heptatitis B and Haemophilius influenzae type b - from Indian firm Biological E for US$1.19 per dose, down from its current price of $2.17 (and down from $3.56 per dose a decade ago). Millions of children in 73 GAVI-eligible countries are set to benefit from the price drop, which will free up an estimated $150 million for GAVI over the next four years.

"Working to secure price reductions means we are able to make our funding go further, reaching more children and protecting more lives," a GAVI Alliance spokesman told IRIN. 

Experts say reductions in the price of vaccines - and the price of transporting and storing them, which often requires expensive refrigeration - will be crucial to lowering child mortality [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97849/UN-makes-aggressive-push-to-reduce-child-mortality ] and meeting the UN Millennium Development Goal [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/ ] on child survival.

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97873/In-Brief-Major-price-cut-for-five-in-one-vaccine</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151356230053t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Far from home, but closer to school in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.

But fleeing home has come with an unexpected benefit - for the first time the girls are going to school.

“They were so excited to get pencils and crayons from their teacher,” said their mother, Ameena Bibi, who herself never attended school.

They had fled recent fighting [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97760/Fighting-in-Pakistan-s-Tirah-Valley-displaces-40-000-people ] in the Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency, part of Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), along with nearly 48,000 other recently displaced people - almost half of them children [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

Far from home, many having travelled for days by foot, these families are in need of temporary shelter, food, clean water and other essentials - which the government and aid agencies are having difficulty providing.

Of the US$366 million needed for humanitarian assistance in FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province this year, only $64 million is currently available, according to the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).

Still, the camp offers educational services at a level that were simply not available back home.

“A few days ago I enrolled my two daughters,” Bibi told IRIN. “It was easy because so many little girls were going, and camp staff came and helped them enrol. At our home village in the Tirah Valley, there is no school close enough to our home for the girls to attend.”

Literacy and school enrolment rates back home in FATA are the lowest in the country.

“The overall literacy rate in FATA is 19.9 percent, and literacy rate is 34.2 percent for boys and 5.75 percent for girls,” said Deeba Shabnam, education programme officer for UNICEF in Peshawar, the capital of KP Province.

Yet at the camp, she said, overall literacy stands at 42.7 percent - 44.4 percent for boys and 37 percent for girls.

She attributed this improvement to “strong community mobilization, accessible schools, child-friendly learning environments, and school supplies provided to schools and students.”

Returning home

The recent mass flight from Tirah Valley was just the latest in many waves of displacement from FATA; Pakistan may soon become one of the few countries with more than a million internally displaced persons (IDPs) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Pakistan%20Khyber%20Agency%20Displacements%20Situation%20Report%20No%203.pdf ].

IDPs who have returned home in the last few years say the absence of quality education feels more acute after spending time at Jalozai.

“There are just no good schools here. We have moved to Khar [the principal city of Bajaur Agency, FATA] so my children could get a decent education, since schools in our village are very poor,” said Muhammad Saleemullah, a father of three.

But he complained that many teachers had left Bajaur to escape fighting, and that standards were poor. He feared his 12-year-old son would drop out as he found it “useless”.

“He and my two younger children miss the far better school they attended at Jalozai, where we lived for three years, till late 2011,” Saleemullah said.

Owais Khan fled conflict in Bajaur Agency in 2004, and ended up in Jalozai. There, his two daughters, now 13 and 15, started school. Khan returned to his village last year.

“There was no school beyond primary level in our village. My daughters are bright and so keen to learn; I sent them to Peshawar to live with my sister, gain an education and have a better future,” he said.

He added that “most girls who come back from camp schools give up learning”, at least in Bajaur, where he said the few available schools are of very poor quality.

But while parents like Saleemullah and Khan are disappointed by the schools at home, they say living in the camps has given them a stronger appreciation of education.

“I know families from FATA areas who had previously not enrolled [their] children in schools, choosing to do so once they return from Jalozai,” said Muhammad Sadiq, a volunteer teacher at the camp.

“One child I began teaching in 2006 has just done very well in his school-leaving exams in Kurram Agency, and will be going to college in Kohat [a town in KP], so camp education does influence lives, in some cases at least. This boy, Hakim, will have a better future,” Sadiq said.

FATA: bottom of the class

“The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded the pace of growth in education sector,” said a 2009 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [ http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf ] carried out by the FATA Secretariat, with support from the government and UN agencies.

“Bearing in mind FATA has a traditional society, with low economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority,” it said.

Primary level enrolment rates in FATA stand at 46.3 percent - 64.8 percent for boys and 26.8 percent for girls - while national primary enrolment for both genders stands at over 90 percent, according to government data.

Not only are communities often isolated and undeveloped, but some schools have been targeted by fighters in the area.

A September 2012 media report [ http://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/students-left-behind-pakistans-tribal-regions ] said: “Schools are a popular target for militants, often because they educate girls or because their curriculum is not considered Islamic enough for the Pakistani Taliban, which wields significant influence in the region.”

An estimated one in every 10 schools in FATA has been destroyed since 2008, according to information from the FATA Secretariat. The school that remain are often without teachers, many of whom have fled. And parents fear sending their children to schools that could end up being attacked.

School registration at Jalozai camp was suspended after a bomb attack on 21 March, but with 35 to 40 percent of the camp’s 60,000 residents [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountries%29/D927619B0A8659BB802570A7004BDA56?OpenDocument ] under the age of 18, education services are considered paramount, and schools resumed after three days.

“It is amazing when children come to school for the first time and begin to discover small marks on paper mean something,” said Sadiq.

There are currently 25 schools running at Jalozai, 13 for boys and 12 for girls, with a total 7,000 children in attendance. The smaller Togh Sarai camp in Hangu District, KP Province - population 5,800 - has two schools run by the local government and UNICEF, with 800 children enrolled.

Sadiq told IRIN that children who came from schools in many FATA areas were often surprised that they were “not beaten or treated unkindly at schools here and loved learning in a pleasant environment.”

“I believe the exposure to better quality education helps parents realize its value.”

kh/jj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304171123470258t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten-year-old Aliya and eight-year-old Asma arrived at Jalozai refugee camp two weeks ago, after escaping a recent surge in hostilities between government forces and militants near the border with Afghanistan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Uneven progress on child stunting in East and Central Africa</title><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/nutrition_report_2013.pdf ] by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.

Stunting can lead to irreversible brain and body damage in children, making them more susceptible to illness and more likely to fall behind in school. Based on UNICEF’s report, IRIN has put together a round-up of the nutrition situations in six East and Central African countries that are among 24 countries with the largest burden and highest prevalence of stunting.

Burundi: Under-five mortality in this small central African country dropped from 183 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 139 per 1,000 live births in 2012. This is far short of the 63 deaths per 1,000 live births necessary for the country to achieve UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/ ] 4, which aims to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. An estimated 58 percent of children under age five are stunted, compared with 56 percent in 1987, according to demographic and health surveys from those years.

According to the UNICEF report, Burundi has made “no progress” on MDG 1 [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/hunger/en/ ], which aims to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Central African Republic (CAR): An estimated 28 percent of under-five deaths in CAR occur within the first month of a child’s life; the biggest killers of children under five are malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. The percentage of children under age five who are stunted has changed little since 1995, standing at 41 percent in 2010, as has the percentage of children who are underweight, which has remained at about 24 percent for the last 18 years.

There has, however, been significant progress in the number of mothers exclusively breastfeeding their infants. In 2010, 34 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed, compared to just 3 percent in 1995. According to UNICEF, infants who are not breastfed in the first six months of life are “more than 14 times more likely to die from all causes than an exclusively breastfed infant”.

Democratic Republic of Congo: Africa’s second-largest country bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, with 43 percent of children under age five suffering from stunting and 24 percent being underweight. Stunting is significantly higher (47 percent) in rural areas than it is in urban areas (34 percent).

The percentage of children who are underweight dropped from 34 percent in 2001 to 24 percent in 2010. DRC’s progress towards MDG 1 is described as “insufficient”.

Ethiopia: The Horn of Africa nation, which bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, has seen a steep drop in stunting levels, from an estimated 57 percent in 2000 to 44 percent in 2011. The percentage of underweight under-fives has also dropped significantly, from 42 percent in 2000 to 29 percent in 2011. Between 2000 and 2011, under-five mortality was cut from 139 deaths per 1,000 live births to 77 per 1,000 live births - within striking distance of its MDG 4 target of 66 per 1,000.

A national nutrition programme launched in 2008 has been key to reducing national food insecurity, a major cause of stunting. The country’s health service extension programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/72371/ETHIOPIA-New-programme-boosts-village-health-service-delivery ] has also played a role in bringing nutritional interventions to villages.

Rwanda: Community interventions - such as kitchen gardens and increasing the availability of livestock, as well as measures to boost healthy infant feeding practices like exclusive breastfeeding and the provision of nutritional supplements - saw the percentage of underweight under-fives in Rwanda drop from 20 percent in 2000 to 11 percent in 2010. Enhanced data collection and analysis has also enabled the government to improve its planning and monitoring of child malnutrition.

The report describes the country as “on track” to meet MDG 1.

Tanzania: Bearing 2 percent of the world’s stunting burden, Tanzania has made significant strides in improving child nutrition. An estimated 50 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed in 2010, compared to 23 percent in 1992. The country has also brought under-five stunting levels down from 50 percent in 1992 to 42 percent in 2010, but continues to suffer significantly higher stunting in rural children (45 percent) compared to urban children (39 percent).

Tanzania’s under-five mortality rate dropped from 158 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 68 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2010, putting it close to its MDG 4 target of 53 deaths per 1,000 live births. UNICEF’s report says the country is “on track” to meet its MDG 1 targets.

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97853/Uneven-progress-on-child-stunting-in-East-and-Central-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UN makes “aggressive” push to reduce child mortality</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151359190723t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles  in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles [ http://www.thelancet.com/series/childhood-pneumonia-and-diarrhoea ] in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.

The world has seen a dramatic decline in child mortality over the past 20 years: In 1990, 87 of every 1,000 children died before their fifth birthday; the number is now down to 51. But the drop is not yet big enough to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on child survival - and pneumonia and diarrhoea deaths are two of the main reasons. These illnesses kill around two million young children a year and account for nearly 30 percent of deaths in early childhood.

WHO and UNICEF have proposed the “aggressive target” of bringing the number of pneumonia deaths in children under age five to less than three per 1,000 and the number of diarrhoea deaths to less than one per 1,000.

But this latest effort comes as global development aid is declining [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97785/Global-aid-drops-as-rich-nations-struggle ]. “The OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] published figures last week showing that there is a 4 percent fall in international aid, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and that comes after a 2 percent fall in 2011,” said Richard Horton, Lancet’s editor. “And we are coming to the end of an extraordinary period of consensus over maternal and child health and the Millennium Development Goals. So we are at moment of precarious uncertainty.”

Even so, WHO and UNICEF say the cost of achieving their goal is moderate. An estimated $6.7 billion will be required, and they say there is already money in various funds and programmes, such as the GAVI Alliance and various water and sanitation programmes, that can contribute to the whole.

Straightforward interventions

The Lancet series demonstrates that tackling diarrhoea and pneumonia will be complicated: Neither is a single disease curable by one drug or preventable with one vaccine. Rather, they can both be caused by a range of different pathogens.

Yet some straightforward interventions can combat both.

At the top of the list are good hygiene and nutrition, including exclusive breast feeding for the first six months after birth. Healthy, well-nourished children are less likely to fall ill, and if they do, they are more likely to recover.

Increasing the availability of vaccines for common strains of pneumonia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91913/HEALTH-Vaccine-targets-world-s-biggest-child-killer ] and common causes of diarrhoea will also improve child survival. For example, there are vaccines against cholera and the rotavirus, which cause diarrhoea. Comprehensive measles vaccination could also play a role, since pneumonia is often the result of measles.

And when children do become ill, their parents must be able to seek treatment quickly. The right antibiotics for childhood pneumonia must be available in clinics and hospitals, along with oxygen, wherever possible.

For diarrhoea, the most essential treatment is also the cheapest and simplest - oral rehydration. It cannot cure diarrhoea, but it can stop children from dying of dehydration. If ready-made packets of oral rehydration salts (ORS) are unavailable, a reasonable substitute can be made with salt, sugar and water. Yet the authors found that most children with serious diarrhoea still do not receive ORS, and that its use has declined since the 1980s.

Christa Fischer Walker, of the Johns Hopkins University, told IRIN, “In the 1980s, when ORS was developed, there was a huge push from the international community. Celebrities were involved; you could find countries where they used to get the soccer players to go out there and be on billboards promoting it. But as that money has died out and those educational efforts have died out, ORS has died out as well.”

Old formulations of ORS were also problematic. “It’s not an enormously popular product among mothers,” Walker continued. “It doesn’t taste great. It’s hard to get kids to take it. New efforts with low-osmolarity [low concentration] ORS and flavoured ORS have improved on that, but people haven’t really capitalized on the fact that it does taste better, and it is actually more effective.”

Today, there is a move to package ORS with zinc as a full diarrhoea treatment kit. Zinc shortens bouts of diarrhoea and strengthens the immune system, yet in many countries it is difficult to come by.

In Nigeria, for example, there is only one local producer packaging therapeutic zinc, said Shamim Qazi, an expert with WHO. “The cost of a course of zinc in Nigeria is more than three dollars. The reason is that it’s imported. There are regulations, there are taxes. So then it becomes expensive, and there is low demand. People want to use something to treat diarrhoea, so in more than half of the diarrhoea episodes, they use antibiotics, which is quite unnecessary.”

Private sector participation

Qazi’s example illustrates the broad efforts that will be required to eliminate preventable pneumonia- and diarrhoea-related deaths. Manufacturers must be persuaded to produce life-saving interventions, such as zinc tablets, and these interventions must be available to parents through village stores and private medicine sellers.

Elizabeth Mason, director of WHO’s Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Department, says this is why the UN brought private sector representatives into its Commission on Life-Saving Commodities [ http://www.everywomaneverychild.org/resources/un-commission-on-life-saving-commodities ], which was established last year.

She told IRIN, “They are part and parcel of the working groups. And part of the motivation for businessmen is that if they know that they will have a market, then they will actually have the motivation to produce, because they will be making their profit, even though the profit may be very small for each individual dose.”

Well-coordinated health structures and properly supported staff at the community level will also be essential, said Qazi, “We need to build capacity and raise the skills of health workers, and also motivate them to provide these services. There are fantastic health workers out there who are paid peanuts and do excellent jobs, but we need to do better.”

Above all, every region of the world has countries that have already achieved or are close to achieving the targets.

“What we have looked at is who is moving fastest,” said Mason. “Which countries have moved fastest, and what has their rate of decline been? And if they have managed it, we ought to be able to support all countries to manage this.”

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97849/UN-makes-aggressive-push-to-reduce-child-mortality</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151359190723t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles  in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Hunger at crisis levels in northern Mali</title><pubDate>Fri, 12 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111627480243t.jpg" />]]>BAMAKO/SÉVARÉ 12 April 2013 (IRIN) - Hunger in Mali has reached crisis levels in the northern Kidal Region and has reached critical levels in Gao and Timbuktu regions, according to food security agencies and the government’s early warning body.</description><body><![CDATA[BAMAKO/SÉVARÉ 12 April 2013 (IRIN) - Hunger in Mali has reached crisis levels in the northern Kidal Region and has reached critical levels in Gao and Timbuktu regions, according to food security agencies and the government’s early warning body.

One in five households in Gao and Timbuktu are facing severe food shortages, while in Kidal one in five households faces severe malnutrition and increasing mortality. 

The situation is likely to worsen over the coming months as the lean season progresses, part of the usual seasonal deterioration in food security across the Sahel. 

So far, 28 percent of the US$139 million appeal for food security and 17 percent of the $73 million appeal for nutrition have been committed by donors. 

“The problem is that people are starting [the lean season] from an already highly deteriorated position. Assistance is not yet meeting needs, and even if security improves dramatically tomorrow it will take a long time for households to rebuild their livelihoods,” Cedric Charpentier, West Africa market specialist for the World Food Programme (WFP), told IRIN.

In January, donors pledged $455 million to the African-lead international force in Mali, leaving some to fear the situation in northern Mali could be seen through a politico-military lens that overlooks the chronic vulnerability of ordinary Malians. 

“There is very strong political will to intervene in northern Mali,” said Frank Abeille, head of the NGO Solidarités Internationale in Mali, which is operating across the north. “What we need is to see a motivation that can also adapt to the reality on the ground: the real needs are humanitarian, not military.” 

Near-empty markets

Markets are still near-empty in Gao town and surrounding villages, and cereal prices are up by between 30 and 70 percent, according to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET). The closed Algeria border and the flight of the majority of Arab and Tuareg traders in both Gao and Timbuktu have made products like pasta, oil, rice and sugar scarce.

While large cereal markets continue to function, smaller village-level markets have shut down, leaving rural communities and small traders - many of them women - destitute, according to Sally Haydock, Mali’s WFP head. The availability of staple grains, sorghum, millet and corn is better than in February but still far from healthy, according to food aid analysts. 

“We cannot say people are starving yet, but they are not eating as they should,” said Oumar Hama Sangho, a Gao resident who has just finished assessing food security in the area.

“You go to the market, there is no fruit, no vegetables, meat or fish… There is only rice, millet and corn - mainly donated by the government or internationals. Old and young are surviving on these cereals, but it is not enough.” 

Mahamane Touré, coordinator of the German NGO Agro Action in Timbuktu, told IRIN insecurity prevented many women from planting their market gardens this year, so they have little to fall back on. “I have met many families who eat just one meal - of cereals - a day,” he told IRIN. 

Banking systems in Gao and Timbuktu have also been largely shut down since mid-2012, making large-scale transactions impossible. This has led suppliers to refrain from large deals.

While security has improved in much of Gao and Timbuktu, widespread acts of criminality and banditry on transit roads and on the outskirts of towns are also disrupting food markets. 

In Kidal Region, both food and non-food items are largely unavailable in markets or are for sale at prices out of reach for the poorest people, said several NGOs. Kidal residents are highly dependent on markets, as they do not produce much of their own grain. 

“The region is already very fragile,” said Wolde Gabrielle Saugeron, spokesperson for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). “People lack seeds to plant this year, and planting will be even more difficult for the displaced, while for herders, the lack of livestock services will pose severe problems.” [  http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97799/Mounting-crisis-for-conflict-hit-northern-Mali-pastoralists ]

“The situation changes daily and remains unstable across the north,” he added.

ICRC is providing food to 30,000 people in Kidal - about one-third of them displaced - and is providing water to people in Kidal town. Doctors of the World (MDM) is providing healthcare and nutrition assistance. 

IDPs share rations

Many internally displaced people (IDPs) who spoke to IRIN in the central town of Sévaré said they were sending part of their monthly WFP food rations back home to family remaining in the north.

Ahmed Maiga, an IDP at the “La Maison des chauffeurs” makeshift camp in Sévaré, had recently returned from his home in Gao to check up on family members there. “I came back because life is too difficult there - the markets don’t exist. The shops are empty. Everything we had was looted… We send a large part of our monthly rations back home to the rest of our family,” he told IRIN.

WFP has delivered food to 90,000 Malians in the north so far this year, working through international NGO partners, and is looking to scale-up its deliveries, but access remains a concern. 

“One of our top concerns is for humanitarian access to be re-established. This would allow WFP to reopen its offices in order to assist a larger caseload and for our partners to operate fully,” said Haydock.

A number of NGOs - Médecins sans Frontières, MDM, Action against Hunger (ACF) and Solidarités - have been running nutrition and other programmes in the north since 2012. They say gaining humanitarian access through negotiations with non-state armed groups was not too difficult in 2012, but access is now more problematic because of the absence of administrative authorities and the lack of a clear military chain of command. 

ACF is helping moderately and severely malnourished children in Gao, Bourem and Ansongo, and plans to soon provide blanket feeding for up to 30,000 children under two years old. The agency is trying to figure out how to buy goods from local traders in order to support local businesses. 

Countrywide, the number of Malians at risk of critical hunger this year is estimated to be 2 million, and 660,000 children under age five are at risk of severe malnutrition, though this latter estimate is based on figures from a 2011 survey [ http://fts.unocha.org/reports/daily/ocha_R32sum_A985___10_April_2013_(15_02).pdf ].

ACF head Franck Vannetelle told IRIN its caseload of malnourished children has gone up in recent days, but this could also be linked to the fact that its mobile teams are again running, enabling the organization to identify more at-risk children. 

WFP is scaling-up cash transfers for the south and is considering them for the north as well, but the pre-conditions - availability of food in markets, return of traders, re-opened trade routes, functional banks and better security - are not currently in place.

More detailed evaluations of food security in the north should take place soon. But obtaining information from health centres, families, market traders, officials, local NGOs, transporters and others and finding qualified staff who can undertake detailed, qualitative analyses of vulnerability and hunger remain challenging in the north.

aj/sd/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 12 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97834/Hunger-at-crisis-levels-in-northern-Mali</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111627480243t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAMAKO/SÉVARÉ 12 April 2013 (IRIN) - Hunger in Mali has reached crisis levels in the northern Kidal Region and has reached critical levels in Gao and Timbuktu regions, according to food security agencies and the government’s early warning body.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Wild foods could improve nutrition and food security</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006141203590828t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malnutrition could be greatly reduced and food security improved by ensuring improved access to nutrient-rich forest-derived foods like berries, bushmeat, roots, insects and nuts for the world’s poorest populations, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malnutrition could be greatly reduced and food security improved by ensuring improved access to nutrient-rich forest-derived foods like berries, bushmeat, roots, insects and nuts for the world’s poorest populations, experts say.

“I believe forest foods are particularly important for reducing malnutrition when it comes to micronutrients such as vitamin A and iron,” Bronwen Powell, a nutritionist and researcher at the Centre for International Research on Forests (CIFOR), told IRIN.

Making these foods accessible would mean bringing them to markets to benefit the urban poor, many of whom find imported fruits and processed foods unaffordable, and giving people legal access to forests to obtain bio-resources like game meat and  honey in areas where it is illegal to do so.

Nutrient potential

Experts told IRIN that while forest foods are underused, they could prove more affordable and more acceptable than other food options.

“With food becoming scarcer, there are calls for communities to look for alternative food sources and foods - some of which might not be readily acceptable to them - but wild foods and fruits have been a delicacy for generations and would be readily acceptable to many people,” said Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi.

In its 2011 Forests for Improved Food Security and Nutrition report [ http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2011e/i2011e00.pdf ], the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) noted that households living on the margins of poverty could, during the “lean season” or in times of famine or food shortage, rely on forests to provide “an important safety net.”

Others, like Monica Ayieko, a family and consumer economist and an edible insect researcher at Maseno University, say more efforts are needed to change people’s perceptions about wild foods.

“The Westernization of diets has made people associate wild foods like edible insects - a vital source of amino acids and minerals - with poverty. It is a pity because so many children die as a result of nutrient deficiency, yet these are abundant in wild foods,” Ayieko noted.

Studies [ http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0014445 ] have recently suggested that insects are a better source of protein as they produce less greenhouse gases than cattle and pigs.

“We must broaden the use of wild foods like wild insects, like crickets, in poor people’s diets, and the good news is FAO has begun to take [the] lead on this,” she added.

Globally, an estimated 1.6 billion people rely on forests for their livelihoods, according to FAO [ http://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/ ]. 

Some 870 million people globally [ http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/ ] are food insecure, while a further 2 billion [ http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0245e/x0245e01.htm ] suffer from nutrient deficiencies. 

In Tanzania, a 2011 study [ http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ACIFOR1109.pdf ] of 270 children and their mothers, conducted by CIFOR, revealed that children who consumed wild fruits from forests were more likely to have more diverse and nutritious diets. 

The wild foods contributed over 30 percent of the vitamin A and almost 20 percent of the iron that the children consumed each day, even though the foods accounted for just two percent of their diets.

Another study in Madagascar revealed that 30 percent more children would suffer from anemia if they had no access to bushmeat. And studies in the Congo Basin [ http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ANasi1101.pdf ] show that bushmeat accounts for 80 percent of the proteins and fats consumed by the local communities. 

Strategies needed

According to FAO [ http://www.fao.org/forestry/food-security/en/ ], the critical role forests could play in improving food security and nutrition is usually “poorly reflected in national development and food security strategies. Coupled with poor coordination between sectors, the net result is that forests are mostly left out of policy decisions related to food security and nutrition.”

CIFOR’s Powell noted that “forest foods haven't received much attention” in part due to the current method of “measuring food security in terms of energy [or calories] and not in terms of micronutrients, which has meant that foods that aren't a good source of calories [but have plenty of micronutrients] have been overlooked.”

A lack of national policies to guide the use of wild foods, lack of knowledge about the benefits of such foods, and deforestation and land use changes continue to hamper access to these resources.

Bushmeat consumption is also dogged by concerns over conservation [ http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8705081 ] and possible health issues [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96160/DRC-Bushmeat-blamed-for-Ebola-outbreak ], which could result in calls for stronger policies to regulate their use.

Increased investment in forest development by governments and organizations, increased local control over forest management and use, pro-poor forestry measures, and the integration of forests into national food security strategies are some of the ways to boost access to forest-derived foods.

ko/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 10 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97820/Wild-foods-could-improve-nutrition-and-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006141203590828t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 10 April 2013 (IRIN) - Malnutrition could be greatly reduced and food security improved by ensuring improved access to nutrient-rich forest-derived foods like berries, bushmeat, roots, insects and nuts for the world’s poorest populations, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Subsidies and GM crops back on food policy menu</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161022260325t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.

IRIN talked to some of the leading food security experts on the emerging issues highlighted in, among other new reports, the 2012 Global Food Policy Report by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) [ http://www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2012/food-policy-2012 ].

Subsidies are back

Countries like Malawi, caught in a trap of cyclical droughts, have provided subsidized fertilizer to boost food production but have come under attack for promoting unsustainable support to their farmers. “The position of donors on fertilizer subsidies is quite scandalous, given what is happening in their own countries,” says Peter Hazell, a leading agriculture expert who has worked with the World Bank and IFPRI.

A drought in the US and fluctuating food prices have led policy-makers there and in the European Union (EU) to rethink protection and support for their farmers.

The US Farm Bill governs agriculture policy and is updated every four years, but the 2008 legislation was extended to September 2013. The proposed bill recommends an expanded insurances programme with new crop insurance subsidies so farmers receive money when income from certain crops falls below a targeted level, and sets target prices for crops that trigger payments when revenues fall for several consecutive years at much higher levels than before.

The EU has done away with export subsidies that supported the disposal of surplus production abroad, but its EU Common Agriculture Policy ensures high levels of direct support to farmers and protects its own markets.

Jim French, policy advisor to Oxfam America, says the organization “does not object to a nation’s right to invest in and protect its agricultural interests”, but subsidies can “sometimes distort both the market and production in ways that impact global hunger and poverty rates”, and notes that some of the proposals in the new US Farm Bill “included moving back to subsidies“.

Agriculture expert Steve Wiggins, of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), says if rich countries are providing subsidies, it does not mean poor countries should emulate their bad example.

He argues that subsidies in rich countries “do not prevent any African government from providing decent rural access roads, from funding research and extension, maintaining competitive exchange rates, and so on”. It is export subsidies that affect farmers in Africa, but poor countries can protect themselves from cheap imports by imposing tariffs.

Hazell points out that subsidies have helped countries like Malawi. “Perhaps the right lesson for Africa is not that subsidies are always bad, but that they need to be designed and implemented in more targeted ways that include a built-in exit strategy,” and address financial viability.

These developments have prompted experts and activists to call for reviving the stalled Doha round of talks at the World Trade Organization (WTO), which was to consider subsidies, tariffs and trade distortion in agriculture.

The GM debate

The US Congress adopted a clause in its 2013 agriculture budget bill that effectively bars the department of agriculture from any attempt to halt planting or harvesting a GM crop, even if the call comes from the judiciary, sparking outrage. India imposed a 10-year moratorium on field trials of GM crops in 2012.

Organizations like Greenpeace and activists worldwide welcomed India’s decision, but the IFPRI report describes it as a significant setback to food policy, and mainstream scientists argue that GM crops offer a way out of deepening food insecurity as growing conditions like the weather and water become compromised by climate change. IFPRI researchers P K Joshi and Devesh Roy note that the moratorium, "not based on scientific logic, will have negative effects on frontier research and demand-driven technology generation".

The adoption of the US clause, nicknamed the “Monsanto Protection Act”, was described by Greenpeace as a “sad day for democracy and the future of our food”. Mark Bittman, a food writer for the New York Times, cites interviews with the Union of Concerned Scientists stating that GM crops purported to be weed- and insect-resistant are actually failing [ http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/02/why-do-g-m-o-s-need-protection/ ].

There is no reliable proof that GM crops are harmful to human beings. “That’s not the same thing as saying that the potential isn’t there for novel proteins and other chemicals to generate unexpected problems,” Bittman writes, “which [is] why we need strict, effective testing and regulatory systems.”

The debate on GM crops is polarized between supporters and those who think it will have long-term impacts on biodiversity, possibly health, and lead to a takeover of food production by corporations like Monsanto. This has also been the case in Africa, where some countries have banned GM maize as food aid.

Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize Laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food, described India’s moratorium as “nonsensical”, and said it “reduces India’s efforts to assure sustainable food security for its population”. He is among the mainstream scientists who prefer to be open-minded on GM technology and believe that while it might not be the panacea to climate-proof plants, it is a tool with some potential to ensure food security in the coming decades.

“The regulation of the use of improved crop varieties in the United States is best done by the relevant agencies within the federal government, and not by the judiciary,” he told IRIN. “Lack of understanding and insufficient knowledge among some judges are likely to result in erroneous decisions.”

Hazell, who also backs the mainstream view on GM technology, likens the current situation to the state of computer science in the early 1960s. “While the critics were still obsessed with problems of mainframe computers, the industry was busy developing laptop and portable computers that transformed not only the industry, but also the world. Let’s hope that something similar happens with the plant sciences, otherwise we are going to see a lot more famines and deforestation in the years ahead. None of this is to say that we don’t need sound biosafety regulation, but that should be based on science and national priorities, not driven by the misinformed anti-science views of a few international NGOs."

A new measure of productivity

Historically, farmers and countries alike have relied on yields to measure productivity, but in the past decade - total factor productivity (TFP) - which takes into account fixed factors like land, labour, capital, and the cost of direct inputs like fertilizers, has been gaining ground.

Alejandro Nin-Pratt of IFPRI says this method “is straightforward, as is the ratio of total output over total input, in other words, how much output is being produced by unit of total input.”

Hazell agrees that TFP “is a better measure… than yield, which just captures the productivity of land. TFP growth improves with new technologies and investments like irrigation that raise the returns to fixed factors.”

He points out that “one reason why farmers in Africa remain so poor is because agricultural growth there has been driven largely by increases in the cropped area and farm labour, with very little growth in TFP.“

Gender in agriculture

FAO’s 2011 annual report focused on the role of women in agriculture, signalling a new trend. Since then, the US Agency for International Development, IFPRI, and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative have even developed an index to measure women’s empowerment in agriculture.

“The West makes gender equality an end in itself, and this can be counterproductive in many cultures,” Hazell says. “There is evidence that empowering women farmers, especially in Africa, is important… But this calls for practical and well-focused interventions that take account of local socioeconomic context, not for the construction of national gender empowerment indices that become goals in themselves.”

ODI’s Wiggins insists the goal should be, “All girls in school until they are 16, at least… taking care of children before 36 months, and making sure they are properly nourished.”

Ruth Meinzen-Dick, IFPRI senior research fellow, says there is a lack of rigorous evaluation of approaches that have worked to empower women in agriculture. They have launched a Gender, Agriculture and Assets Project (GAAP) to conduct assessments.

jk/he

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97809/Subsidies-and-GM-crops-back-on-food-policy-menu</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301161022260325t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food has become expensive and seems set to stay that way, so growing more of it has become both a necessity and an attractive investment. But the trend has also put contentious issues like agricultural subsidies and genetically modified (GM) crops on the menu once again.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Child protection a low priority in Indonesia</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304080827050527t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Efforts to protect children in Indonesia from abuse are obstructed by barriers to crime reporting, which may worsen with the threatened closure of police-run units that handle crimes against women and children.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Efforts to protect children in Indonesia from abuse are obstructed by barriers to crime reporting, which may worsen with the threatened closure of police-run units that handle crimes against women and children. 

Usman Basuni, assistant deputy minister for child participation at the Women Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry [ http://menegpp.go.id ], told IRIN these specialized police units - known by their local acronym, PPA - are at risk of closing because crimes against women and children are rarely reported, which has led police to shift their resources elsewhere. 

Last year, 12-year-old Riri* was sent from her village in Central Java to live with her uncle and aunt two provinces away, in Jakarta, the capital. 

Over a period of four months, she was repeatedly raped by her uncle, who threatened to kill her and possess her with evil spirits if she reported the abuse. He then forced her to become a sex worker. 

For two weeks, Riri was forced to charge US$21 per sexual encounter in East Jakarta, according to the head of the shelter where she is now recovering. After fleeing from her uncle’s house, she happened to rest mid-escape near the home of a local community leader, who brought her to the government-run shelter. 

The extent of such abuses is unknown, Basuni said. Even if they are reported, they rarely make it up to the national level for recording. 

Attitudes to abuse 

According to the National Commission for the Protection of Children (Komnas PA) [ http://komnaspa.or.id ], a child-rights NGO based in the capital, Jakarta, there were 2,637 reports of domestic abuse against children in 2012, up from 2,509 the previous year. 

World Vision’s child protection specialist in Indonesia, Pitoyo Susanto, said child abuse is severely underreported, what he called an “iceberg phenomenon”, because of the public’s view of child abuse as something to be resolved in the home. 

“People still believe it’s a private thing,” said Susanto. “If neighbours know what’s going on next door, they won’t intervene. Even in the cases that are reported, we see that the abuse has been going on for years.” 

And should family members or survivors make a public claim, they risk being stigmatized, said Santi Kusumaningrum, co-director of the Centre on Child Protection at the University of Indonesia (UI) [ http://www.childprotectionindonesia.org ]. 

“Families have been asked to move out of villages by the rest of the community, with schools even refusing to accept the child.” 

In addition, Kusumaningrum said parents often turn to violence when disciplining their children. “The only way many parents know to deal with their children, if their child is misbehaving, is to hit them,” she said. 

Influencing parent behaviours at the national level is near impossible, said the government’s Basuni. 

“When the government says ‘don’t beat your child’, parents say it’s their business, and the number of people who think this way is huge,” he said. “The ministry doesn’t have enough resources to make 240 million people aware of this issue.” 

A remote crime scene 

Abuse can be reported at police-run units for women and children; there is one such unit in each of Indonesia’s 500 districts. Reports can also be made at hospitals and at the NGO-run Child Protection Institute, which has locations in each of Indonesia’s 34 provinces. 

However, World Vision’s Susanto says many families live far from reporting centres and public service providers able to offer life-saving medical and psychological care. 

“There’s a lack of access at village level,” he said. “We’re trying to improve this by training community volunteers to [triage] victims and their families, and help them report to police or service providers at the district level.” 

The University of Indonesia’s Kusumaningrum said that despite laws protecting children - instituted in 2002 - [ http://www.hukumonline.com/pusatdata/download/fl44432/parent/17453 ] and criminalizing domestic violence - instituted in 2004 - [ http://sgdatabase.unwomen.org/uploads/Indonesia%20-%20Law%20No%2023%202004_Elimination%20on%20Violence%20in%20Household.pdf ], difficulties filing abuse claims and bringing cases to court have largely deterred reporting. 

“When people report [at the village level], police ask for money to transport the evidence to district level [for investigations],” she said. “It’s already emotionally difficult to report, but for poor families this cost makes it even harder.” 

What to do? 

Basuni said the Women Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry is trying to change attitudes toward child-rearing. 

“We’ll only solve this problem by going to its source and promoting good parenting skills, and through creating child-friendly cities,” said Basuni. 

Sixty Indonesian cities are trying to achieve “child-friendly” status [ http://www.childfriendlycities.org/en/to-learn-more/examples-of-cfc-initiatives/indonesia ] by meeting criteria tied to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) [ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx ], which Indonesia has ratified. Cities must prove their commitment to fulfilling the UNCRC. 

The ministry has also introduced an Indonesian Association of Child-Friendly Companies, with at least six major companies participating by agreeing to put children’s rights at the centre of their corporate social responsibility programmes [ http://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media_20445.html ]. 

But still largely unaddressed is why convictions for child abuse are so rare. This past February, an 18-year-old man was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment for raping his girlfriend, a minor, but such successful prosecutions are an exception. 

In local media [ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/01/neighbors-silent-after-sex-abuse-claims-ciracas.html ], abuse victims, their families and supporters have spoken of threats and intimidation by friends, family members and even neighbours of alleged perpetrators, who have pressured witnesses to withdraw testimony mid-trial. Police have been called “sluggish” and “insensitive” in their investigations. 

Police spokesman Senior Commander Rikwanto, who goes by one name, said child abuse cases were sometimes slow to reach trial because of difficulty establishing evidence of abuse. 

“It’s necessary to convince witnesses to come forward, and make sure we have sufficient physical and scientific evidence of the abuse,” he said. “Sometimes this can slow the progress of cases down.” 

In addition, the 2004 regional autonomy law [ http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/ina-usa/economy/pdf/laws/Law_on_Regional_Administration.pdf ] transferred powers to local governments to handle basic services, including health, education, infrastructure and security. Basuni acknowledged child protection was a low priority for local government officials. 

He added that he was trying increase the priority of children’s issues nationwide by meeting with and convincing district heads to promote children’s rights. While most of those consulted agree in theory, he said, they say their budgets are already overstretched. 

*not real name 

mw/pt/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97800/Child-protection-a-low-priority-in-Indonesia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304080827050527t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Efforts to protect children in Indonesia from abuse are obstructed by barriers to crime reporting, which may worsen with the threatened closure of police-run units that handle crimes against women and children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Roots of polio vaccine suspicion</title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304041035060805t.jpg" />]]>KANO 04 April 2013 (IRIN) - For years, polio vaccination has faced strong resistance within conservative Islamic communities in northern Nigeria, largely due to a deep distrust of the West, persistent rumours that the vaccine is harmful, and the house-to-house approach taken by immunization campaigners, which many saw as intrusive.</description><body><![CDATA[KANO 04 April 2013 (IRIN) - For years, polio vaccination has faced strong resistance within conservative Islamic communities in northern Nigeria, largely due to a deep distrust of the West, persistent rumours that the vaccine is harmful, and the house-to-house approach taken by immunization campaigners, which many saw as intrusive.

Over recent years, polio campaigners have changed their methods to try to win over reluctant community members and religious leaders - to mixed effect. In February of this year, 10 polio vaccinators were killed [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97486/Vaccinator-killings-set-back-Nigerian-polio-eradication-drive ] in the northern city of Kano by anti-western Boko Haram militants, the latest setback to efforts to eradicate the virus from Nigeria.

The country is one of only three where polio is still endemic. In 2012, Nigeria recorded 122 cases - over half of the global total that year [ http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek.aspx ].

IRIN spoke to residents, imams and health workers in Kano State to discuss the roots of ongoing vaccine suspicion.

Geo-politics

Sheikh Nasir Muhammed Nasir, imam of Fagge Juma’at Mosque, the largest in Kano, is an advocate of polio immunization.

“There is nothing wrong with the polio vaccine. The major reason why people reject it is the deep-seated suspicion they harbour against the West, particularly the United States due to its foreign policies in the Muslim world, especially the war in Iraq and Afghanistan,” he said.

“The US invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan - which caused deaths and destruction - is seen by many Muslims here as a war on their brethren. They wonder how the same countries responsible for this colossal carnage can now turn and save lives elsewhere. To them, it doesn’t make any sense that you offer to save my children from a crippling disease yet are killing my brothers,” said Nasir.

Mamman Nababa, a father of three in Kano, said: "I can't understand how the West will spend millions of dollars in providing medication against polio for our children while they systematically killed 500,000 Muslim children in Iraq by imposing an embargo that denied them access to basic medicines.

“They are doing the same in Iran, where they imposed sanctions that make drugs scarce. It doesn't make sense to kill my brother's child by denying him life-saving drugs and then expect me to believe that you want to save my child from polio for free.”

Residents also expressed scepticism of the focus on polio, saying other diseases should be given priority.

"How could I be so naive as to allow my children to be given polio drops by people who go door-to-door giving the vaccine free while the government has failed to provide medication for the most urgent diseases affecting us, such as malaria and typhoid?” said one Kano resident.

Infertility

For years there has been suspicion that the polio vaccine is laced with infertility hormones as part of a US-led plot to reduce the Muslim population. The Kano State government suspended polio immunization between September 2003 and November 2004 following the spread of such rumours by some Muslim clerics. The suspension led to an unprecedented number of infections and transmission of the virus to 17 countries that had been polio-free.

Kano resident Zulaihatu Mahmud says most people understand polio is caused by a virus, but even so, she and others fear the vaccine could be harmful: “Nobody wants their child to be crippled by polio, and nobody wants her child to be sterile, either.”

In 2003, to address these concerns, the Kano State government and federal government set up committees of doctors and clerics to test the polio vaccine. Following trials in Nigeria, South Africa and Indonesia, they declared the vaccine safe.

However, they also confirmed the presence of traces of two sex hormones - oestrogen and progesterone - that are used in contraceptive medicine, which reinforced the sterility rumours in some communities.

Sadiq Wali, a professor of medicine who was involved in the committee, explained that the vaccine is developed in a culture made of monkey kidney, which contains the two hormones. Since hormones are highly water-soluble, traces are bound to be found in the vaccine, but they are too minute to have a contraceptive impact, he said. The amounts are so infinitesimal that special equipment is needed to detect them.

Lingering anti-colonial sentiment

Much of the longstanding distrust of Western influence among northern Nigerians is linked to the British colonial occupation and its dealings with the Islamic caliphates that had ruled the north, explained Aminu Ahmed Tudun-Wada, head of the Kano State Polio Victims Trust Association.

“Almost a century after the introduction of Western education, there are still parents who don’t enrol their children in school because they believe it is a ploy to convert them to Christianity, and the suspicion has its roots in the British conquest. It is the same sentiment playing out with the polio vaccine,” he said.

Several people in the north referred to the introduction of cigarettes to Nigeria by the British 50 years ago. Kano tobacconist Habu Iro and several residents told IRIN that in the 1950s, when people bought cigarettes, they would find money in the packet. The amount included was gradually reduced as people became addicted.

“We now know what [the] cigarette does to human health. The white man will never give anything for free. It is the same thing with [the] polio vaccine. They are hiding something,” 73-year-old Kano resident Dije Umar said.

Changing approaches

Early polio campaigners’ approaches were also seen as too insistent, combining radio advertisements, community workshops and teams of health workers going door to door, according to a polio expert with an international agency who asked to remain anonymous.

But because most inoculations take place in health clinics or hospitals, many families did not trust health workers arriving at their doorsteps.

One polio expert, who wished to remain anonymous, called initial campaigns “aggressive”. “They… sent a wrong signal to parents. We didn’t take account of the social dynamics then,” he said, referring to the need for more efforts to get communities on board.

Before 2005, polio campaigners partnered only with political and health authorities. They later learned to work closely with community and religious leaders. Most northern states have since formed polio immunization task forces with village and religious leaders as members.

The results were largely positive, with greater community acceptance and an improved understanding of polio and the vaccine, said an anonymous polio expert, who said uptake of the vaccine had increased since 2005.

But in February of this year - following the killing of the 10 polio vaccinators in Kano - the approach changed once again. The campaign is now limited to health clinics and hospitals as part of routine immunizations, and it is entirely government-led.

Many doctors fear this approach will threaten eradication efforts. To eliminate polio, vaccinators must reach at least 90 percent of children, giving each four doses over a 6-12 month period, according to the World Health Organization [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94769/CHAD-Why-polio-is-so-hard-to-eliminate ].

“The halt in house-to-house immunization is a serious threat to eradication… A large chunk of children will have no access to the vaccine and will be at risk of infection,” Adamu Isa, a paediatric nurse at Nassarawa Specialist Hospital in Kano, told IRIN.

The National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), which oversees polio immunization in Nigeria, plans to hold a national workshop in Abuja for Muslim clerics and traditional leaders to clear up all misconceptions about the vaccine.

“It will be frank, honest and no-questions-barred discussions where we will clear any misgiving they have about the polio vaccine with concrete proofs and evidences, because once we secure their support, we secure the confidence of the public in accepting the vaccine,” NPHCDA’s director-general, Ado Mohammed, told IRIN.

aa/aj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 04 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97781/Analysis-Roots-of-polio-vaccine-suspicion</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304041035060805t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KANO 04 April 2013 (IRIN) - For years, polio vaccination has faced strong resistance within conservative Islamic communities in northern Nigeria, largely due to a deep distrust of the West, persistent rumours that the vaccine is harmful, and the house-to-house approach taken by immunization campaigners, which many saw as intrusive.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Boost for healthcare in DRC</title><pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme [ https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-british-boost-for-healthcare-in-drc ] aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.

Civil war has destroyed much of the country’s health infrastructure, as well as the road networks and vital services such as electricity, meaning patients often have to travel long distances to health centres that may not be equipped to handle their complications.

IRIN has put together a list of five health issues in DRC that require urgent attention:

Maternal and Child Health - DRC’s maternal mortality ratio [ http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_DRC_SoWMy_Profile.pdf ] is 670 deaths per 100,000 live births, with an estimated 19,000 maternal deaths annually. The country has a severe shortage of health workers - less than one health professional is available per 1,000 people.

With 170 out of every 1,000 children dying before they reach the age of five and 10 percent of infants underweight, DRC has one of the worst child health indicators [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/pdfs/SOWC%202012-Main%20Report_EN_13Mar2012.pdf ] in the world. It is one of five countries in the world in which about half of under-five deaths occur. Some of the biggest killers of children are diarrhoea, malaria, malnutrition and pneumonia.

Sexual violence - Several studies report high levels of sexual violence perpetrated against women, children and men in DRC, both by armed groups and within the home; one study [ http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=186342 ], conducted in the North and South Kivu and Ituri in 2010, found that 40 percent of women and 24 percent of men had experienced sexual violence.

Between the stigma of rape and the dearth of decent health services in DRC, sexual violence often leaves survivors injured, infected with sexually transmitted illnesses and severely traumatized. Some of the main requirements are first aid and trauma services, counselling, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, HIV post-exposure prophylaxis and access to contraception.

During a recent visit to eastern DRC, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague announced $312,110 in new funding [ http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/press/news/uk-announces-funds-to-help-survivors-of-rape-democratic-republic-of-congo.html ] to support the NGO Physicians for Human Rights, which works at Panzi Hospital in South Kivu Province, “to help efforts to develop local and national capacity to document and collect evidence of sexual violence”.

Diarrhoeal diseases - The consumption of unsafe water is one of the main causes of the diarrhoeal diseases - such as cholera - that infect and kill children and adults in DRC. A cholera epidemic that started in June 2011 has infected tens of thousands and killed more than 200 people. In the capital, Kinshasa [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95384/DRC-Poor-sanitation-systems-hinder-fight-against-cholera ], which has been hit by the epidemic, less than 40 percent of people have no access to piped water. According to the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF [ http://www.unicef.org/media/media_68359.html ], 36 million people in DRC live without improved drinking water, and 50 million without improved sanitation.

Some of the measures to boost access to safe water and sanitation include hygiene awareness campaigns, rehabilitation of water supply and of sanitation facilities, disinfection of contaminated environments, chlorination of water, and distribution of soap.

Immunization - Despite the existence of an effective vaccine for measles at a cost of roughly $1 per vaccine, the disease is one of the leading killers of children in DRC. According to the Global Alliance for Vaccines [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/news/gavi-features/2012/seth-berkley-visits-dr-congo-to-view-progress-on-immunisation/ ], 20-30 percent of children in DRC do not have access to immunization. Some challenges to universal vaccine coverage include the poor road network, the size of the country (DRC is Africa’s second largest country), unreliable electricity for vaccines that require refrigeration, and low awareness within the population.

HIV - More than one million people in DRC are living with HIV; 350,000 of these qualify for life-prolonging antiretroviral drugs, but only 44,000 - or 15 percent - are actually on treatment. Just 9 percent of the population knows of their HIV status, largely because of low awareness, but also because of a shortage of facilities - for instance, only one laboratory in the country is equipped to carry out polymerase chain reaction tests for early infant diagnosis.

Just 5.6 percent of HIV-positive pregnant Congolese women receive ARVs to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies; according to government figures, the mother-to-child transmission [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/95346/DRC-End-of-mother-to-child-HIV-transmission-still-a-long-way-off ] rate is about 37 percent.

Humanitarian agencies have called on the government and donors to urgently boost funding [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/95412/DRC-HIV-effort-needs-government-donor-commitment-to-succeed ] for HIV prevention, treatment and care.

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Sun, 31 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97761/Boost-for-healthcare-in-DRC</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 31 March 2013 (IRIN) - The British government has announced a major new programme aimed at providing essential healthcare to six million people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The five-year, US$270.7 million project will focus on rebuilding health facilities, training health workers, and supplying drugs and equipment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Battling militants’ ban on polio vaccines in Pakistan’s North Waziristan</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303280748410869t.jpg" />]]>BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.

Abdul Hassan* emerged recently from the district hospital in Bannu, just outside North Waziristan, clutching his toddler son and niece. Their 100km bus ride from Miranshah, the administrative centre of North Waziristan, was well worth it, he said, because he was able to get the children vaccinated.

“The children have received polio drops, which they had not received for over a year, and that is a relief,” he told IRIN.

Militants in the area banned [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/394962/cover-for-us-spies-n-waziristan-warlord-bans-polio-vaccination/ ] all polio vaccinations in June 2012, to protest the killing of civilians by drones.

Around “200,000 children have been missed [by polio immunization drives] as a result of the ban in North and South Waziristan”, said Mazhar Nisar, health education adviser at the Prime Minister’s Polio Monitoring and Coordination Cell in Islamabad.

He said this “of course meant greater chances of the virus spreading and endangering more children.”

Despite eradication efforts, polio remains endemic in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria.

Battling the ban

The government is trying a carrot-and-stick approach to get the ban reversed.

“We are making what efforts we can to bring [the ban] to an end, so the anti-polio campaign can resume,” said Fawad Khan, health director at the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Secretariat in Peshawar.
Nisar told IRIN that the Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province, officials at the FATA Secretariat and the political agent - a representative of the federal government - in North Waziristan were “all attempting to talk to tribal elders and sort out matters so anti-polio drives could resume.”

In addition to the negotiations, they are also using colonial-era legislation to impose collective punishment on the areas.

In December 2012, using powers available to him under the Frontier Crimes Regulation of 1901 [ http://www.slideshare.net/fatanews/frontier-crimes-regulation-fcr-1901 ], the political agent for North Waziristan put in place measures [ http://dawn.com/2012/12/18/north-waziristan-tribes-lose-perks-for-not-supporting-anti-polio-drive/ ] that included denying tribal people of North Waziristan passports, national identity cards and other official documentation if community leaders don’t overturn the ban.

A small honorarium to tribal elders was also stopped and development work in some areas has been suspended.

The steps were taken after the Wazir and Dawar tribes declined to back the anti-polio programme, Political Agent Siraj Ahmed Khan said.

Militants had also imposed a polio vaccination ban in South Waziristan [ http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-7-116727-Taliban-ban-anti-polio-campaign-in-South-Waziristan ] but Nisar said this had since been “somewhat relaxed.”

A doctor, who asked not to be identified, at the hospital in Wana, the administrative centre of South Waziristan, told IRIN, “Generally people are allowed to bring people into the hospital to receive anti-polio drops, but teams are not permitted to move in the field to deliver them.”

So far, the government’s tactics in North Wazirstan have not led to a relaxation of the unofficial community ban.

Parents act to protect their children

“Our children are still not receiving drops. We are scared for them,” Amina Bibi*, from near Miranshah, told IRIN.

Bibi said she had seen “adults who had suffered polio,” and “was scared of what could happen if the children are not protected.”

Other parents with similar concerns are taking matters into their own hands.

Some “take their children to larger towns like Peshawar or Bannu to receive the polio drops”, said journalist Ayesha Hasan. Peshawar is about 285km from Miranshah.

“My infant son is too young to travel, so I went to Bannu and brought back some vaccines. Doctors there put it in a plastic bottle, packed ice around it and I hid it in a tin of dried milk,” Hazir Gul*, 30, told IRIN.

“They told me how to give the drops, and I also brought home enough for two neighbours with small children,” he said. “I was really scared the militants would discover what I was doing.”

Javed Khan, who works at a clinic in Peshawar, the capital of KP province, told IRIN, “At least a dozen or so families have come to me over the past six months or so and taken vaccine home.”

Distrust, misinformation

An administrative official in Miranshah, who asked not to be named, said, “Yes we know parents are bringing in vaccine. They are desperate, and we try to help discreetly.”

These actions take considerable courage as they expose the parents to potential violence from the anti-polio vaccine militants. The militants in North Waziristan have campaigned vigorously against the polio vaccine, and, according to Hasan, “planted in the minds of people the idea that it may be harmful for their children in some way.”

She said that even people who had previously served as polio immunization workers have voiced suspicions that the vaccine could affect reproduction or be harmful in other ways.

A polio vaccination centre in Bannu District, close to the border of North Waziristan, is a popular choice for parents hunting for the vaccine.

But, as Gul said, “It is not easy to move long distances with children, and the militants could find out where we are going.” He added, “So far whatever measures the government is taking seem to have had no impact here.”

*not real names

kh/jj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 28 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97743/Battling-militants-ban-on-polio-vaccines-in-Pakistan-s-North-Waziristan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303280748410869t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANNU 28 March 2013 (IRIN) - Parents and officials are going to great lengths to immunize children after militants imposed a ban on polio vaccinations in Pakistan’s restive North Waziristan Agency. Government officials are withholding money and identity documents from groups affiliated with the ban, and parents are travelling long distances to get their children vaccinated, in some cases smuggling the vaccine back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>