<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Cameroon</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 16:00:32 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>AFRICA: AU wants peace, security and bigger global role in 2012</title><pubDate>Thu, 12 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg" />]]>WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</description><body><![CDATA[WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.

AU Ambassador to the United States, Amina Ali of Tanzania, presented the list of top priorities at a conference on 11 January held at Washington think-tank, the Brookings Institution.

Among them were the regulars - peace and security, enhanced democracy and good governance – as well as improved regional trade and greater involvement of the continent’s large diaspora in African affairs.

The first priority for Africa was the AU's resolve to review its international partnerships to ensure they bring greater benefits to Africa. 

“We are working to be able to build closer partnerships with our international partners so that Africa can really attain a sustainable economy,” Ali told the conference.

The AU wants Africa to manufacture and export finished products to its trading partners rather than just selling them the raw materials as it does now. She cited China, India, the EU and US and other rising stars in trade with the continent, including Turkey and Latin America, and said the AU had held talks on the new breed of partnerships with some of them.

The AU also wants Africa to have a veto-wielding seat on the UN Security Council, and a place at the G20 negotiating table, Ali said.

The peace and security that have eluded Africa for decades continue to be high on the list of problems that the continent needs to resolve, but she spoke only of conflict in Sudan. “The AU will continue to look into issues for Sudan,” Ali said.
 
A report released at the conference, Foresight Africa, highlighted other tinderboxes and called for “urgent instability and warfare policy reviews” to meet the challenges the continent faces in not only Sudan but also in Somalia and Nigeria. [ http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2012/01_priorities_foresight_africa.aspx ]

The report compares the instability in Africa to the decade-old US-led war in Afghanistan, and warned that if “the current trend continues”, a swathe of Africa, stretching from the Horn to Nigeria, “is likely to experience increasing instability and warfare, while narratives of jihadist revolt and terrorist technologies circulate among its citizens”.

The unrest could affect Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, the report says. Clearly, the AU has to do more than just supervise goings-on in Sudan and its new neighbour, South Sudan.

The AU also pledged to "review the mechanism for democratic process in Africa" after the wake-up call from the uprisings in the Arab world, including North Africa, a year ago, Ali said.

The AU will press member states to sign a charter ratified by the AU assembly in 2007, which aims to strengthen democracy and good governance in Africa, she said.

The charter was inspired in part by concern that “unconstitutional changes of governments” are a key cause of insecurity and “violent conflict” in Africa, and by a determination to “strengthen good governance through the institutionalization of transparency, accountability and participatory democracy”.

As of November last year, 38 of the AU’s 54 member states had signed the charter, but only 10 had ratified it. It is notable that nearly all the countries in the areas of Africa that are “likely to experience increasing instability and warfare” have signed the charter, with the exception of Somalia and Eritrea in the east and Cameroon in the west.

Food security

The AU will take steps to establish “food reserves” that give areas that face drought a “cushion” against famine, said Ali. She also voiced fears that parts of west Africa could be hit by drought this year, highlighting the need to rapidly establish food reserves – a tough challenge in a time of high food prices and an economic crisis in Europe, which has hit Africa.

Africa also has to “secure access to markets and competitive prices for farmers” or “risk inciting unrest” and food riots, the Foresight Africa report says.

AU officials will push in 2012 to establish a free trade zone that spans the length and breadth of the continent, Ali said. It would boost commerce between countries, a key step towards development.

At present, less than 15 percent of African trade stays on the continent - the rest is sold abroad.

The last item on the AU wish-list is greater involvement of the African diaspora, said to outnumber Africans at home, in the continent’s affairs.

The AU is due to host an African diaspora summit in May, Ali said.

Ali stressed the importance of the diaspora to the continent: remittances represent a larger revenue source for Africa than overseas development aid.

kdz/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94630</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201121410270941t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">WASHINGTON 12 January 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union (AU) has unveiled an ambitious wish-list of priorities for Africa that would give the continent a stronger global voice, boost democracy and encourage peace and security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Yaws treatment study prompts WHO review</title><pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out. 
 
 "We may be closer now than we have been in decades," Kingsley Asiedu, a yaws expert with WHO's Department of Neglected Tropical Disease Control, told IRIN, calling the study [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61624-3/abstract ] on the bacterial skin disease, which leads to chronic disfiguration and disability in 10 percent of untreated cases, the most significant in half a century. 
 
 After a UN-led worldwide control programme cut infections from 50 million to 2.5 million in 1964 in 46 countries, the disease re-emerged in the 1970s when control efforts lagged, affecting an estimated 460,000 people - mostly children - in poor, tropical rural areas mainly in Africa and Asia, according to the most recent figures reported to WHO in 1995. 
 
 In 2010, the Lihir Medical Centre in Papua New Guinea (PNG), where the disease is still endemic, gave the one-time oral dose of the antibiotic azithromycin to about half of 250 infants and children from six months to 15 years infected with yaws. 
 
 Follow-up exams in 2011 showed the treatment was as effective as penicillin injections, which - unlike oral antibiotics - require trained health staff and equipment often scarce in areas most in need of treatment, wrote the researchers. 
 
 In a recent index of health workers' outreach [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] by the NGO Save the Children, PNG ranked in the bottom 20 of 161 surveyed countries. 
 
 The meeting of yaws experts convened by WHO in Geneva from 5-7 March will "fully define how we are going to embark [on a new yaws treatment regimen] using azithromycin", said Asiedu. 
 
 WHO's yaws treatment guidelines date back to the 1960s and there have been no alternatives since, he added. 
 
 In Southeast Asia, WHO set the goal for regional eradication by 2012 in two remaining endemic countries - Indo¬nesia and Timor-Leste. PNG, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu have also reported cases. 
 
 Sub-Saharan Africa was the most heavily affected based on earlier estimates, but the "picture is not entirely clear now", said Asiedu. Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Sierra Leone and Togo have all reported cases. 
 
 More studies are needed to ensure resistance to azithromycin treatment does not develop, said David Mabey from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 
 
 While penicillin "has stood the test of time" - still as effective fighting the bacteria causing yaws after roughly 60 years - he noted mass azithromycin had only been used in developing countries for about a decade to treat trachoma [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89568 ], another bacterial disease prevalent in poor rural areas. 
 
 Discussions at the upcoming WHO meeting will include a measure to monitor antibiotic resistance, said Asiedu. "Antibiotic resistance is a risk in any treatment and we always have to be vigilant." 
 
 pt/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94621</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201110749170559t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2012 (IRIN) - Findings that a one-time oral treatment to cure yaws, a neglected tropical disease, is as effective as the currently recommended penicillin injection have prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to convene a meeting on how the disease may be wiped out.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA: Cholera thriving two years on</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 
 
Three multi-country epidemics are ongoing – each with separate strains - : the Lake Chad Basin, affecting Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger; the West Congo Basin, with impacts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic; and Lake Tanganyika - which encompasses DRC and Burundi. In Chad and Nigeria, the epidemic started in 2010. 
 
Why so persistent?
 
“If something is not working, you have to question if the response is appropriate,” said David Delienne, water and sanitation adviser at UNICEF’s West Africa office. “To stamp out cholera you need good surveillance systems to identify the epicentres of the disease - these do exist but it in some places surveillance is not systematic enough.” 
 
Surveillance systems along the (very long) Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad borders are generally quite patchy, said Grant Laeity, emergency head for UNICEF, as the areas are so remote, with few health facilities, and tend to be far from the nearest administrative capitals (Abuja, Yaoundé and N’djamena, respectively). Some remote areas, such as north and northwest Cameroon, have very high case fatality rates of up to 22 percent, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
 
Chad
 
According to WHO, five countries - Ghana, DRC, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad -account for around 90 percent of the total number of cases and deaths.
 
The epidemic is the worst in Chad’s history, with 16,000 cases and 433 deaths. The country’s vast territory, and large-scale population movements, makes it hard to respond to each and every case, said Michel-Olivier Lacharité, programme director for Chad at Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) France. 
 
In remote health districts where there are only two or three cases, MSF, which alongside the government has treated 11,000 people thus far, may have to forgo treating them, prioritizing higher-density caseloads. 
 
But even a small number of cases can cause the disease to spread further. “If it were a camp for displaced people, where no one was going anywhere, it would be a lot easier to contain,” Lacharité pointed out.
 
Over half of Chad’s health districts have been affected thus far. 
 
Paradox
 
“This disease is a paradox,” said Lacharité, “as it is very easy to treat with generic antibiotics and rehydration fluids.” But equally, it is very easy to spread, particularly since carriers often do not know they are infected, he said. 
 
In northeastern Nigeria containing the disease has been hampered by high population density, and by sporadic conflict which has left health clinics empty in some districts, according to Laeity.
 
All of the affected countries have poor water and sanitation facilities, and none are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal for basic sanitation. While there is more awareness of the need for better water and sanitation in the region, it has not necessarily led to changes in funding and behaviour, said Delienne. “Ghana, Mali have made some efforts…but overall, it [progress] needs to accelerate.” 
 
Cross-border prevention
 
Preventing cholera from spreading does not have to be complicated: setting up systematic information-sharing systems across borders to identify cholera “hotspots” is effective; as are practical measures such as encouraging hand-washing at borders, or disinfecting boats crossing to and from DRC capital Kinshasa to Congo-Brazzaville capital Brazzaville. 
 
The governments of Guinea and Guinea-Bissau eventually set up effective information-sharing at the border, and encouraged those crossing to wash their hands, acts which contributed to the eventual decline in caseload. 
 
But setting up a sanitation-police system at the border does not really make sense, said MSF’s Lacharité, partly because it would be so hard to administer. 
 
Questions authorities need to ask include: “Is there enough water treatment going on in cholera hotspots? Is there adequate separation of drinking water from sewage systems? What kind of border checks are set up?” said Laeity. 
 
In late 2010 UNICEF undertook a study to identify the key cholera hotspots and how the infection was spreading across borders; it is now working on how to implement the findings.
 
Health experts in Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad met in late September to discuss how to work more closely together to try to stem the spread of the disease, said WHO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic. WHO is supporting health ministries in all of the countries involved, to improve disease surveillance and identify new cases; as well as sending out rapid response teams.
 
Third year running?
 
It is still “too early” to say whether each outbreak has reached its peak, said Laeity. While fewer cases have been reported in Chad and Cameroon over the past month, in Kinshasa and in Brazzaville, heavy rains are just starting, so transmission could well rise. 
 
Health authorities in the Central African Republic declared an outbreak just two weeks ago - tests are under way to determine if it is the same strain as in a previous epidemic.
 
In Chad, the disease could well continue until 2012, said Lacharité. “It should continue to diminish now the rainy season has ended, but could easily stick around and climb again in next year’s rains.”
 
aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93949</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Cervical cancer on the rise in developing world</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.

These are the results published by a team from the University of Washington in Seattle in the British journal, The Lancet, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2811%2961351-2/fulltext ] ahead of the non-communicable diseases conference at the UN in New York [ http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/issues/ncdiseases.shtml ]. 

The study is the first global analysis of trends in cervical and breast cancer incidence and mortality, using data from 187 countries. It shows that while breast cancer deaths are concentrated among older women in richer countries, 76 percent of cases of cervical cancer now occur in developing countries, where the incidence of the disease is still increasing. Almost half those cases are in women under 50.

The authors conclude: “Our findings show that in developing countries in the reproductive age groups, breast and cervical cancer are substantial problems of a similar importance to major global priorities such as maternal mortality.”

The variations in trends for breast and cervical cancer in countries even within the same region mean “known, major risk factors such as obesity and consumption of animal fat do not account for all recorded patterns. The interaction between genes and the known individual risk factors might explain these divergent trends.” 

The study emphasizes the need for better surveillance and data gathering systems.

Data gaps

While figures are abundantly available from Western Europe and North America, as well as India, whole swathes of Africa, especially central Africa, provide hardly any data at all. And even in those African countries that do attempt to keep records, accuracy is still patchy.  

One gynaecologist of 40 years’ experience in Lagos, Tayo Sawyerr, told IRIN he felt the city’s statistics were reasonably complete because: “They won’t let you bury a body unless you can produce a death certificate. And the death certificates are identical to those in the UK, and have to show the cause of death.” 

Meanwhile, in rural Togo, burial is a private matter, inside the family compound. Registering a death costs money, and with no obvious benefit to the family, many are never recorded.

Even where there is data, the researchers found some countries, such as Uganda, recorded the incidence of cancer, but not the mortality rate. In Tanzania, it was the other way round. Some places simply recorded “cancer” without specifying what kind, or did not distinguish between cervical cancer and cancer of other parts of the womb. 

Extrapolating

Asked how much confidence he had in the statistics, Raphael Lozano, professor of global health at Seattle’s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, told IRIN: “We were fortunately able to gather information from countries with cancer registries, such as Malawi, Uganda, Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Both Cape Verde and South Africa had vital registration data [births and deaths]. And we relied on verbal autopsy information from nationally representative studies in Mozambique and Burkina Faso… Our models allowed us to borrow strength from data from countries within the same region and others.

“The quality of the data varies across countries and years, and we correct for this known bias. However, in the case of vital registration, there is good evidence that the quality of reporting of breast cancer on death certificates is acceptable compared to other causes of death.”

He said he was also confident that the apparent rise in cancers among younger women was not just the result of better maternity services, which meant women were seen regularly by health professionals. 

“I believe the rise in cancer in women of reproductive age is real. In some countries the increase is modest, but in others it is quite significant. For example, in Cameroon in 1980, 33 percent of breast cancer deaths were in women [younger than] 50 and in 2010, that fraction increased to 43 percent. 

“In Equatorial Guinea the increase was even bigger, from 22 to 43 percent. This can’t all be explained with better screening and better surveillance, especially given the health system challenges in some of these countries.”

Sawyerr is also convinced that the rise, especially in cervical cancer, is real. “I have had a long career,” he says, “and I am unfortunately surprised that I am beginning to see a lot of people with cervical dysplasia [abnormal cell growth in the cervix] and with HPV involvement. I am treating one woman at the moment for cancer of the cervix and she is just 34 years old.”

HPV is the Human Papilloma Virus, a sexually transmitted disease [ http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm ] implicated in the development of cancer of the cervix. A vaccination against HPV is now available and – together with regular screening – is one of the factors reducing the incidence and mortality from cervical cancer in richer countries. 

But with the vaccine initially costing about US$300 for a course of three doses it was priced beyond the reach of developing countries. Now the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation, GAVI, has negotiated a price of $5 a dose with the manufacturers, and is planning to roll out the vaccine in eligible countries soon.  

Senegal’s Health Minister, Modou Diagne Fada, told IRIN in June he hoped it would be available there by 2015. “Nowadays malaria is no longer our leading cause of death. Today the leading causes of death are chronic diseases, and non-transmissible diseases, especially cancer. Among these cancers there is one which is very deadly, cervical cancer, and I think the introduction of the vaccine against the Human Papilloma Virus would help us reduce the number of our women who die from this disease.”

eb/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911041028050170t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 20 September 2011 (IRIN) - Last year, an estimated two million women around the world developed breast cancer or cancer of the cervix (the neck of the womb); more than 600,000 died – the equivalent of six large passenger planes crashing every single day.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Cholera soars in Lake Chad Basin countries</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011232150350639t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 30 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed at least 1,200 people this year in the countries surrounding Lake Chad - Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria; the illness, linked primarily to poor sanitation and lack of potable water, has struck some 38,800 people in the region this year and continues to spread.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 30 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed at least 1,200 people this year in the countries surrounding Lake Chad - Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria; the illness, linked primarily to poor sanitation and lack of potable water, has struck some 38,800 people in the region this year and continues to spread. [ http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/ ] 
 
 A good part of the rainy season lies ahead; while some epicentres reported cholera cases during the dry period, the rains generally cause spikes as water sources become contaminated. 
 
 The unique Lake Chad Basin is the centre of economic activity - commerce, fishing, farming - for some 11 million people, according to an August report by the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). Population movements for social and commercial activity are constant between areas where sanitation is poor. All this contributes to the explosion of cholera once infection starts, according to aid agencies doing prevention work in the region. 
 
 That is why a regional strategy is critical, UNICEF says. "A cross-border, decentralized approach is necessary to protect each country's population and nip outbreaks in the bud," says François Bellet, UNICEF regional water and sanitation specialist for west and central Africa. 
 
 Development blow 
 
 Countless families depend on commerce, fishing and other activities in the region; at the same time cholera seriously undermines economic development, says the Chad government in an anti-cholera plan. 
 
 "Cholera hits families' revenue and brings recurrent health expenses - all of this deepens poverty and under-development." 
 
 In October 2010, health ministers of the four countries plus Benin signed the Abuja Commitment, calling for better collaboration to tackle cholera and other infectious diseases. The health ministers acknowledge that people have inadequate access to clean water and proper sanitation and that cross-border coordination mechanisms are lacking, with no formal way for health districts to share disease surveillance data. 
 
 Last year, the Lake Chad Basin region reported 58,000 cases of cholera, with 2,300 deaths, according to UNICEF - the most serious outbreak since 1991. Here is a tally of how many people have been affected this year: 
 
 Cameroon: As of 22 August, 14,730 cases; 554 deaths. Lethality rate 
 3.76 percent. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93085 ] 
 
 Chad: As of 22 August, 10,314 cases; 314 deaths. Lethality rate 3.1 percent. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91671 ] 
 
 Niger: As of 8 August, 976 cases; 25 deaths. Lethality rate 2.5 percent. 
 
 Nigeria: As of 1 August, 12,840 cases; 318 deaths. Lethality rate 2.5 percent. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90476 ] 
 
 np/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93617</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011232150350639t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 30 August 2011 (IRIN) - Cholera has killed at least 1,200 people this year in the countries surrounding Lake Chad - Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria; the illness, linked primarily to poor sanitation and lack of potable water, has struck some 38,800 people in the region this year and continues to spread.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMEROON: SMS, singers and nets against malaria</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108191459540062t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 19 August 2011 (IRIN) - “It’s 9pm. Are you and your family sleeping under a mosquito net?” That message - delivered by government officials, artists and other personalities in Cameroon - will run on private and state-run media each evening from 20 August as part of a nationwide media blitz accompanying the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 19 August 2011 (IRIN) - “It’s 9pm. Are you and your family sleeping under a mosquito net?” 
 
 That message - delivered by government officials, artists and other personalities in Cameroon - will run on private and state-run media each evening from 20 August as part of a nationwide media blitz accompanying the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets. 
 
 It will be welcome news to many Cameroonians who say they have seen the benefit of nets in preventing malaria but cannot afford them. It will be welcome news to many Cameroonians who say they have seen the benefits of nets in preventing malaria but cannot afford them. In private pharmacies nets cost between 7,000 and 10,000 CFA francs (US$15-$20), depending on the size. [ http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/ ]
 
 “Three years ago I received a net for my household,” mother of two Djomo Marceline told IRIN in Yaoundé. “But it’s old and we can no longer use it. I need one for my children but can’t afford it.” 
 
 Financed by The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria - with additional support by the UN Foundation - the programme is to supply one net per two people throughout Cameroon (population 19.4 million). 
 
 According to UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 14-16 percent of children who die each year in Cameroon die from malaria. Most of the one million people who die annually of the disease worldwide are African children, according to World Health Organization (WHO). 
 
 Since late July mobile phone company MTN has been sending malaria education text messages to subscribers as part of the media drive developed by the Health Ministry, UNICEF, Malaria No More and other partners. The campaign includes a song, “KO Palu” (knock out malaria), performed by several local artists. 
 
 The song, performed in English, French and Douala, says in part: “Pregnant woman, pregnant woman, if only your unborn child could talk, he could tell you, `Mama, go see the doctor, Mama, go for your health consultation’.” Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to malaria as pregnancy reduces a woman’s immunity to malaria, which can cause miscarriage and low birth weight, according WHO. The agency recommends that malaria prevention be part of basic antenatal care. [ http://www.who.int/features/2003/04b/en/ ] 
 
 In preparation for the nationwide distribution, Cameroon’s Health Ministry and partner organizations did a pilot delivery in three northern districts in 2010. 
 
 The pilot shed light on potential constraints, cultural matters and other factors that will help enormously in the countrywide distribution, said Ora Musu Clemens Hope, UNICEF representative in Cameroon. 
 
 “For example during the pilot we found that in some areas it is more likely a family will send a child to pick up the net rather than the woman of the household - all that must be taken into account and addressed to ensure that all families receive the proper number of nets,” she said. 
 
 Nets feed resistance? 
 
 Treated mosquito nets are a pillar of anti-malaria efforts throughout sub-Saharan Africa, which sees most of the world’s one million annual deaths from the disease, but a study published on 18 August in the UK medical journal The Lancet - based on 2007-2010 research in a Senegalese village - showed that the use of treated bednets could lead to insecticide resistance in malaria-carrying mosquitoes. [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70194-3/abstract ] 
 
 Scientists commenting on the study commended the research but said the results cannot be generalized across other regions of Africa and that the findings should be the basis for further research. [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70212-2/fulltext# ] 
 
 np/rk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108191459540062t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 19 August 2011 (IRIN) - “It’s 9pm. Are you and your family sleeping under a mosquito net?” That message - delivered by government officials, artists and other personalities in Cameroon - will run on private and state-run media each evening from 20 August as part of a nationwide media blitz accompanying the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMEROON: Cholera fight goes local</title><pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271332560935t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Devolving power to local authorities is helping Cameroon step up its fight against a two-year cholera outbreak, say government and aid agency staff.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Devolving power to local authorities is helping Cameroon step up its fight against a two-year cholera outbreak, say government and aid agency staff.
  
 In 2010 decision-making and financing on health, water infrastructure and education was devolved to the country’s 376 local government councils. Slow to get going at first, since early 2011 these councils have more effectively fought to prevent cholera, said Casimir Youmbi, programme manager of Plan International [ http://plan-international.org/about-plan ] in Cameroon.
  
 Since four councillors took charge of preventing transmission in Mokolo, capital of Mayo Tsanaga Department in the Far North Region, which had the highest concentration of cholera cases in 2010, there have been no new cases, said Mayor Martin Geedeme Rewetem of Koza Council, near Mokolo City. Councillors have sent volunteers house to house to spread awareness of the importance of hand-washing and good hygiene practices.
  
 A number of regions have set up emergency funds to battle the disease and prepare for future crises, which has sped up the response, said Youmbi. An emergency fund set up by the mayor of Founban, in Western region, has led to a decline in new cases reported at the local hospital, according to aid agencies.
  
 Local government is quicker to respond, and much better placed to identify which areas are most in need of cholera treatment and prevention-messaging, said Mayor Rewetem.
  
 “Local councillors are now in the forefront of the battle. More and more, they are taking the lead... That is the only long-term possibility to stem the cholera outbreak and prevent new cases,” said Plan’s Youmbi.
  
 As of mid-June 2011, 8,450 cholera cases had been reported, and 281 people have been killed by cholera in nine of the country’s 10 regions since the beginning of 2010. The South West, Littoral, West and Central regions are currently the worst-affected, as the disease spread southwards.
  
 Reduced, not eliminated
  
 But even with boosted efforts, cholera cases are likely only to be reduced, not eliminated, due to the shortage of clean toilets, and of clean drinking water points: Just 20 percent of people can access clean water across the country, according to André Zamouangana, response coordinator at the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) in Cameroon.
  
 Even in cities access is poor, said Youmbi. “In the capital [Yaoundé] you can go two weeks without running water - there is simply not enough for everyone.” Countrywide, most drink from open wells while those in the bush drink river water.
  
 Other factors impeding elimination of cholera include heavy cross-border movement to and from Nigeria and Chad in the north [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91671 ] which helps infections to spread; lots of north-south population movement, which aided the spread of the disease to southern regions; traditional practices whereby numerous people simultaneously wash a dead body, but not necessarily disinfect it of cholera; and very low public hygiene levels, according to interviewees.
  
 “The main problem lies at the community level. There is very low awareness of how people’s behaviour causes diseases to spread, and this requires a long-term effort,” said Zamouangana.
  
 Investment up, but more needed
  
 Investment in water infrastructure has recently increased in the country’s largest cities Douala and Yaoundé now that the government has completed restructuring basic services, freeing up money for investment in public works, according to Youmbi. But it will take time for the funding to trickle down to council level, he said.
  
 Councils do not have enough equipment to disinfect wells on a large scale or to distribute water purification tablets to all who need them, according to Mayor Rewetem.
  
 His council has been able to repair just six water pumps this year - relying on NGOs and UN agencies to help with others. Aid agencies have also helped pre-position rehydration fluids and disinfectant stocks in clinics.
  
 Severe staff shortages mean many councils rely on volunteers to spread the prevention message - tapping into the IFRC’s network of 300 trained volunteers in the four hardest-hit regions, or into their own volunteer networks at the village level. The latter are often untrained, said Zamouangana, and do not have the money to buy bicycles to travel village to village, or communications materials, like posters.
  
 Plan International has also trained up dozens of “cholera soldiers” to spread prevention messages.
  
 Despite these difficulties, councillors are working hard to spread prevention messages, particularly in the north where the rainy season has already begun, said Rewetem. If prevention efforts had been stepped up at the beginning of 2010 the disease might not have spread south, he said. “This was not done in time last year, [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90056 ]
 but this year we are learning the lessons.”
  
 aj/cb
 
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93085</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201106271332560935t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 28 June 2011 (IRIN) - Devolving power to local authorities is helping Cameroon step up its fight against a two-year cholera outbreak, say government and aid agency staff.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Meningitis cases dramatically down</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032110t.jpg" />]]>OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).</description><body><![CDATA[OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90773 ] in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ]
 
In the 2010-2011 meningitis season, Burkina Faso has confirmed just four cases of meningitis A; Niger has reported four cases; and Mali none, according to WHO. 
 
While in Burkina Faso everyone in the 1-29 age group was vaccinated - representing 70 percent of the population - Mali and Niger are doing phased roll-outs over a longer period. 
 
Group A meningitis causes deadly epidemics every 8-10 years in the Africa meningitis belt, where 430 million people are said to be at risk, according to WHO. Meningitis is an infection of the brain lining that kills up to 10 percent of people who contract it. 
 
Residents of Burkina Faso capital Ouagadougou told IRIN they were surprised by the results. “Even though we were vaccinating our children we did not believe it would be this effective,” said Alexis Kabore, whose daughter contracted meningitis in 2004, leaving her paralyzed. “We have not heard the same [mourning] cries that we are used to hearing during the meningitis season,” he said.
 
50:50 
 
Under the current agreement, GAVI purchases the vaccine, covering 50 percent of the campaign costs, while individual countries are expected to cover the other 50 percent - including transport, training and storage costs. The vaccine, produced by Indian company Serum, currently costs 49 US cents per dose. 
 
The campaign will next reach out to Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria, followed by Benin, Ghana and Senegal. Once the campaign is complete, health ministries are expected to include vaccination in routine campaigns, said Mercy Ahun, managing director for programmes at GAVI.
 
Costs of producing the vaccine were significantly reduced under the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP), a partnership between PATH [ http://www.path.org/ ] and WHO, which brought costs down to less than one tenth of the US$500 million usually required to develop and bring a new vaccine to market. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83432 ]
 
Nevertheless, some $375 million is still needed for the roll-out of the campaign across the meningitis belt, said WHO’s MVP focal point, Mamadou Djingare. While some countries have raised the money they need, others are still falling short, said WHO focal point for the project in Geneva, Tevi Benissan. 
 
GAVI just raised US$4.3 billion at a pledging conference in London. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92979 ]
 
While the new vaccine is more effective than previous ones because it is expected to protect people from the disease for significantly longer - and it protects children as young as one year old - there is no vaccine yet available for infants, said Ahun.
 
Ghana trial
 
An ongoing trial in northern Ghana, in association with PATH is expected to ascertain what dosage levels and at what intervals the vaccine should be safely administered to infants, and once finalized and approved by regulators, should be available by 2013, said Ahun. 
 
WHO’s Benissan told IRIN new producers should be sourced as the vaccination becomes routinely available, to avoid production shortfalls. 
 
Despite challenges, “the MVP should be taken as a model to develop other meningitis vaccines, and vaccines for other diseases, so they are reasonable and widely available,” she said.
 
Next steps for the project include trying to develop an equivalent vaccine that can fight against meningitis Y, C, AW135 and X.
 
In 2009, meningitis infected at least 88,000 people across sub-Saharan Africa and led to more than 5,000 deaths.
 
aj/cb
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92985</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007032110t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">OUAGADOUGOU 15 June 2011 (IRIN) - The roll-out of a revolutionary meningitis vaccination in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger has dramatically cut transmission rates, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and if each country can find sufficient funds to co-finance the campaign, it will be extended to all 25 countries in the Africa meningitis belt by 2016, says the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: Meningitis - the role of dust</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120725490578t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 14 February 2011 (IRIN) - Researchers are analysing dust from the Sahel to study its role in the spread of bacterial meningitis in this region hardest hit by the debilitating and often fatal disease.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 14 February 2011 (IRIN) - Researchers are analysing dust from the Sahel to study its role in the spread of bacterial meningitis in this region hardest hit by the debilitating and often fatal disease. 
 
 Study of the link between climate and infectious diseases is increasingly important as environmental changes appear to be pushing the so-called meningitis belt - from Ethiopia to Senegal – southwards, experts say. 
 
 Researchers with the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) [ http://portal.iri.columbia.edu/portal/server.pt ] at Columbia University, which looks at how climate information can be incorporated into preventive measures or early warning systems, are collecting dust samples in Ghana, Niger and Senegal in the study’s initial phase. 
 
 In the meningitis belt meningococcal meningitis outbreaks come with the dry season and taper off with the first rains, and dust has long been seen as contributing to the spread. Experts say mineral dust could be irritating membranes making people vulnerable to infection, or in other ways favour the spread of the bacteria. [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs141/en/index.html ] 
 
 “The mechanism by which dust may influence meningitis epidemic occurrence remains unclear,” IRI senior research scientist Madeleine Thomson told IRIN. “But the most common explanation for this role is that physical damage to the epithelial cells lining the nose and throat in dry and dusty conditions permits easy passage of the bacteria into the blood stream.” 
 
 The study will further probe the dust’s characteristics. “We will look at the properties of the dust and other climatic and environmental variables and determine whether, or to what extent, they influence the spatial and temporal occurrence of either carriage [when bacteria are present in the nose and throat but are non-invasive] or disease [when the bacteria are in the bloodstream],” Thomson said. 
 
 Researchers must also consider other potential mechanisms, said Thomson. For instance, she said, dust particles may impact the fluid dynamics of airborne transmission of the bacteria as well as preceding viral infections, and the high iron content of Sahelian dust may help activate the iron-hungry meningococcus bacteria. 
 
 High dust levels might also affect human behaviour: Crowding in small rooms with windows blocked can reduce ventilation, and facilitate transmission. Dust could also have an impact on other climatic variables, such as temperature and humidity, which may also be important drivers of meningitis infection and disease, Thomson explained.
 
 While several diverse factors play a role in bacterial meningitis outbreaks, an understanding of how the dust might be affecting people’s vulnerability can significantly boost prevention efforts, experts say. 
 
 In support of vaccine strategies 
 
 The dust research adds to a broader international World Health Organization-led project called MERIT [ http://merit.hc-foundation.org/ ] (meningitis environmental risk information technologies), which is designed to support current vaccine strategies as well as the African Meningoccocal Carriage Consortium (MenAfriCar), [ http://www.menafricar.org/ ] and the distribution of the new proactive vaccine currently being rolled out in West Africa. The new vaccine provides 10 years of protection as opposed to two or three. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90773 ] 
 
 Meningococcal disease - bacterial meningitis - occurs throughout the world, but attack rates in the meningitis belt are many times higher than those in other parts of the world. Death rates are generally 5-10 percent, according to MenAfriCar. The disease can also cause blindness, hearing loss, brain damage and loss of limbs. 
 
 The dust study is being funded by the NIEHS Center for Environmental Health in Northern Manhattan [ http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/niehs/ ] and by a grant/cooperative agreement from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [ http://www.noaa.gov ] 
 
 IRI’s Thomson said interdisciplinary research into such burdens in poor countries is particularly difficult to fund, but that study of climate-sensitive infectious diseases like meningitis and malaria is increasingly important. “Climate and environmental change have the potential to impact on the effectiveness of disease control programmes,” she told IRIN. “For instance, there is a major concern that changes in the climate and environment are pushing the meningitis belt southwards; if this is the case there will be important implications for the development of meningitis control strategies.” 
 
 Burden 
 
 While meningitis is not the top killer disease in the Sahel, the frequent, major epidemics deal a heavy blow to health systems and to families and communities. 
 
 “Meningitis not only kills, it maims,” IRI’s Francesco Fiondella told IRIN. “It has long-term impacts on society. It draws resources from families and societies when people either die from the disease or become deaf or blind or lose a limb.” 
 
 Kandioura Touré, head of epidemiological surveillance and infectious illness in Mali’s Health Ministry, said meningitis is a constant burden and any progress in reducing cases has a huge impact. 
 
 “Meningitis weighs heavily not only on families - with deaths and cases of deafness and other disabilities - but also on the health system,” he told IRIN. “Each year we face these epidemics.” 
 
 Mali is one of three countries where the new vaccine is being rolled out. “These efforts give us hope we can finally eliminate the burden of this disease,” Touré said. 
 
 np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91916</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120725490578t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 14 February 2011 (IRIN) - Researchers are analysing dust from the Sahel to study its role in the spread of bacterial meningitis in this region hardest hit by the debilitating and often fatal disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Serious about food</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency. 

Shortly after Malawian president Bingu wa Mutharika became AU chair in 2010, he announced a plan to make Africa food secure in the next five years. 

Martin Bwalya, head of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) said the AU’s seven-year roadmap to put the spotlight on farming so as to promote food security and economic growth, and reduce poverty, had been set in motion five years ago. 

By the end of 2010, the agriculture development plans of 18 African countries had undergone a rigorous independent technical review and were being rolled out. 

Over 60 percent of Africa’s people live in rural areas and most depend on farming for food and income. Agriculture contributes between 20 percent and 60 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) to national coffers. 

In a document called The African Food Basket, Mutharika spelt out the details of his plan, which requires countries to allocate a substantial portion of their budget to agriculture, provide farming input subsidies, and make available affordable information and communications technology. 

This would be possible with the help of a new strategic partnership between countries, donors, aid agencies and the private sector. 

CAADP, initiated in 2003, covers all the main aspects of Mutharika’s plan, including the commitment to devote at least 10 percent of their budgets to agriculture. 

Under the programme, countries draw up comprehensive investment plans that include the four CAADP pillars: sustainable land and water management; improved market access and integration; increased food supplies and reduced hunger; and research, technology generation and dissemination. 

“We expect the countries to contribute at least 10 percent of the annual expenditure budget demonstrating local ownership and responsibility…”, said Bwalya. 

He added while development aid financing remained important, it was also crucial that countries consider measures to attract direct private sector financing to agriculture.

Uganda, one of the 18 states to undergo the review process, has accounted for about 65 percent of its funding requirements from its own budget. 

The AU’s development agency, the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), which runs CAADP, helps countries to mobilize funds. 

Is achieving food self-sufficiency in five years a realistic goal? It would be a tough call said Ousmane Badiane, director for Africa at the US-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 

He noted that the AU had 53 members with varying degrees of agriculture investment, development and needs, and some countries did not have the structural capacity to reach the target of food self-sufficiency for many reasons including civil conflicts. 

Going regional 

A more realistic option, Badiane said, would be for countries with the potential to improve food production to produce enough to feed their less productive neighbours. This called for expanding regional trade and investment in transportation, including ports, railways and highways linking countries. 

AU members have begun to take regional economic integration “seriously”, noted Calestous Juma, professor of international development at Harvard University in his recently released book, The New Harvest. 

He lists regional markets as one of the three opportunities that could fortify Africa’s food security against the rising threat of climate change. 

There are at least eight Regional Economic Communities (RECs), such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC) “that are recognized by the AU as building blocks for pan-African economic integration”. However, “regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead." 

Regions could become food secure “by capitalizing on the different growing seasons in different countries and making products available in all areas for longer periods of time”, he wrote. 

Both Mutharika and CAADP emphasize the development of regional markets. Mutharika listed 12 regional trade corridors identified by the various RECs and suggested the AU draw up an institutional framework for each corridor. 

Science and technology 

In his book Juma lists advances in science and technology as another factor that could propel Africa towards food self-sufficiency, and called for more investment in the creation of regional hubs of research and innovation. 

Research is being carried out by groups created under NEPAD, such as the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa Network (BecANet), which has been leading research on food crops, including banana, teff, cassava, sorghum and sweet potatoes. More investment in networks, especially agriculture-related ones, could produce far-reaching results. 

Subsidies 

Underuse of fertilizers has often been cited as a major cause of low production in Africa. Only four countries – Egypt, Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa – have exceeded the 50 kg per hectare target set by the AU, Mutharika noted in his plan. 

Fertilizer use in Africa accounts for less than 10 percent of the world average of 100 kg per hectare, “Just five countries (Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria) account for about two-thirds of the fertilizer applied in Africa,” Juma said. 

Mutharika, who promoted the provision of subsidised fertilizer in Malawi, makes a strong case for this approach. At present 19 African countries are implementing various programmes providing fertilizer. 

Juma sees leaders like Mutharika, who has prioritized food security as the third factor that could set Africa on the path to food security. The Malawian government devotes 16 percent of its national budget to agriculture. 

Yet IFPRI’s Badiane sounded a note of caution on subsidies and cited the case of Senegal. After independence the West African country put in place an agriculture subsidy programme in the 1960s that was even more comprehensive than Malawi’s. “It had a dramatic effect on agriculture in Senegal, but by 1979 one of its [agriculture] agencies had worked up a deficit amounting to 98 percent of the national budget.” 

Carefully managed subsidies, run for a short term, and aimed at strengthening existing markets and agricultural infrastructure, were a lot more effective, he said. 

The Rwandan government provided free fertilizer to farmers for four years after 1994. In 1998 it wanted to hand over importing and distribution to the private sector, which unfortunately lacked capacity, so the government continued to procure and import fertilizer but left distribution and selling to the private sector. 

Since then, aid from financial institutions has helped the private sector build capacity to import, and at least 20 bodies now import several hundred tonnes of fertilizer, Badiane said. 

Way forward 

The AU’s plans for agriculture also tackle other major issues affecting food security, such as irrigation (only four percent of Africa’s crop area is irrigated, compared to 39 percent in South Asia); improving soil fertility (more than three percent of agricultural GDP in Africa is lost annually as a direct result of soil and nutrient loss); post-harvest storage loss (sub-Saharan Africa loses about 40 percent of its harvest per year, against one percent in Europe); setting up databanks to share early warning information and energy. 

There is a high level of engagement between countries on agriculture. “They meet regularly and we support them in building evidence-based information,” CAADP’s Bwalya noted. 

If they stayed the course in implementing CAADP, Badiane said in five years a large number of African countries, if not food secure, would be in a much better position to feed themselves. 

jk/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91547</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022616t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 06 January 2011 (IRIN) - The record prices of staple grains in 2008 made investment in agriculture an attractive proposition for countries exporting as well as importing food. The African Union (AU), with its mix of producers and buyers, has been steadily gearing up for self-sufficiency.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AFRICA: Pick of the year 2010</title><pubDate>Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011181906140831t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes. 
 
 The always harsh lean season brought a nutrition crisis in Niger, Chad and other parts of the Sahel; a massive aid operation saved many lives, experts say, but the very fact that under-nutrition regularly kills children in the region means prevention measures need just as much attention. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88385 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89734 ] 
 
 Parched earth soon turned into waterways in much of the region, including in Benin where agriculture experts said farming families will feel the impact of this year’s floods well into 2011. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91022 ] 
 
 In a region where emergency humanitarian needs often stem from long-term structural problems, aid groups grapple with how to work sustainability into short-term life-saving operations. Researchers are examining whether donor aid to the public health sector lets governments off too lightly. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88785 ] 
 
 Governments and governance continue to be put to the test in West Africa - with mixed results. The world watched nervously as Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea held overdue, high-stakes presidential elections. By the end of 2010 Côte d’Ivoire - with two governments and severe unrest - was shoved out of the African Union, and Guinea - with its first-ever elected civilian leader - welcomed back in. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=91426 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89627 ] 
 
 In another state with a turbulent political history, analysts wondered whether a coup in Niger, where then President Mamadou Tandja was working to prolong his stay in power, was not a turn for the better. The country is scheduled to start the new year with presidential elections. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88174 ] 
 
 Elections are also set for early 2011 in Nigeria, where government and civil society continue to battle chronic unrest in the Niger Delta and communal violence in the centre and north. 

 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88906 ] 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89242 ] 
 
 Some looming security threats are regional, such as organized crime or the presence of organizations like al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb; analysts say more coordination is needed. 
 
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90703 ] 
 
 np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91494</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011181906140831t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 30 December 2010 (IRIN) - This year in West Africa natural and man-made disasters - from floods to fighting - brought anguish and emergency assistance, and left communities, aid workers and analysts mulling the long-term causes.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: MSM groups hail pill to prevent HIV</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact. 
 
 The Iniciativa Profilaxis Preexposicion or Prexposure Prophylaxis Initiative (iPrEx) study [ http://www.iprexnews.com/english.html ] found that daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - the use of ARVs to prevent HIV in high-risk groups - reduced HIV infection risk among participants who took the ARV Truvada by an average 43.8 percent. The clinical trial of 2,499 men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people was conducted at 11 sites in Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, South Africa, Thailand and the United States. 
 
 "We are as happy as anyone out there about the findings from this study, but fear that unless our countries reconsider their laws, many MSM will not benefit from its results," said David Kuria, chairman of the Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya [ http://galck.org ]. 
 
 He noted that the frequent arrests of gay men in countries like Kenya already made it difficult for those who were HIV-positive to strictly adhere to their ARV regimen and would certainly create challenges in rolling out any pre-exposure prophylaxis policy. 
 
 The study found that PrEP was more effective in people at higher risk for HIV - based on reports of unprotected receptive anal intercourse - and among those who took the pill more consistently; for instance, those who reported using PrEP on 90 percent or more of the days saw 72.8 percent efficacy. 
 
 Implementation challenges 
 
 "Implementation of PrEP is highly unlikely in countries where access to ARVs is already seriously limited. Even in places where access to ARVs is more stable, PrEP will likely be targeted to groups most at risk for HIV, including MSM," said a statement from the Global Forum on MSM and HIV [ http://www.msmgf.org ]. "This would in turn require disclosure of same-sex behaviour, which could prove difficult or even dangerous in countries where violence, stigma and discrimination against MSM persists." 
 
 According to the AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition [ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-11/avac-faq112310.php ], the UN World Health Organization (WHO) and UNAIDS must "move without delay to issue a statement clarifying the implications of the results” for MSM. 
 
 Globally, around 80 countries criminalize same-sex relationships, creating obstacles to HIV prevention. 
 
 Right to health services 
 
 A senior government official in Kenya says while homosexual activity remains illegal in the country, government HIV agencies are working to understand and better serve the MSM community with health services. 
 
 "Access to health is a right enshrined in the constitution, and this right does not discriminate between gay and straight," said Nicholas Muraguri, head of the National AIDS and Sexually transmitted infections Control Programme, NASCOP. 
 
 "We know gay people have a hard time accessing health services; many health workers are ignorant or stigmatize MSM - we are starting to train them on these issues," he added. "We are also conducting a study on the health needs of MSM, and will use their own networks to ensure they have access to services." 
 
 The study's authors urged WHO, UNAIDS and other global and national HIV policymaking bodies to develop clear recommendations for next steps in the study of PrEP. 
 
 According to the Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) [ http://www.gmhc.org ], an NGO providing HIV services in New York, while the study's results are welcome, it is important to keep using other prevention methods. 
 
 "We know that by far the most effective prevention technologies remain condoms and lubricant, and clean needles," said Marjorie J Hill, chief executive officer of GMHC. "We support further research to develop effective biomedical prevention interventions, even as we spread the word about what works best now." 
 
 kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=91180</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011241354350201t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 24 November 2010 (IRIN) - Gay rights groups have hailed the results of the first study to show that an antiretroviral (ARV) drug can prevent HIV as an important step in the fight against HIV, but say that in countries that criminalize homosexuality, the breakthrough is unlikely to have a significant impact.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Going rural and green</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006301631390484t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - As rural Africa experiences an increasingly moody climate which will erode resilience, drive up hunger and threaten economic growth, it is time countries got serious about development, participants at the seventh African Development Forum in Addis Ababa were told.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - Rural Africa needs to wake up to climate change, which is threatening food security, people’s resilience to cope with natural disasters, and economic growth, participants were told at the Seventh African Development Forum which ends in Addis Ababa today. 
 
 Africa’s Rural Futures (RF) programme, an initiative of the African Union’s New Partnership for Development (NEPAD) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), sets out plans to boost rural development, and is an attempt to adapt to the impact of climate change. 
 
 At the same time, organizations such as the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Bank are backing the UN’s Green Economy Initiative, [ http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy ] which is more focused on mitigation. 
 
 In his address, Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, NEPAD’s chief executive officer, called RF a “new way of thinking about development”. 
 
 But is it new? At a policy level, Lindiwe Sibanda, head of the Food Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network, a think-tank [ http://www.fanrpan.org/ ] explained: “Well, what they are talking about is integrated rural development with agriculture as the driver. It will get all the ministries to look at their sectors with a rural lens. It moves beyond the sectoral approach.” 
 
 This would do agriculture in Africa some good, she hoped. “Development of agriculture has suffered because of the sectoral approach.” Departments of transport, infrastructure and agriculture have not worked in consort in many countries, affecting food production and supply. 
 
 In a bid to revive their failing rural economies, some developed  countries have been running RF programmes for some years. WWF, which has been involved in some of these programmes, had been looking at an initiative to improve rural livelihoods with a link to improving biodiversity in Africa, when they found NEPAD. 
 
 Urbanization 
 
 The RF programme is guided by the fact that 60 percent of the population in Africa is rural, though UN projections indicate that the number of urban dwellers is likely to treble over the next four decades. 
 
 “Urbanization is a part of the natural evolution of a society, but what conditions will these new urban dwellers live in - slums?” asked Estherine Lesinge-Fotabong, NEPAD’s programme implantation head. 
 
 By providing new impetus to agriculture, the RF programme also hopes to create jobs, absorb the growing population, and tackle food security and gender empowerment. Most subsistence farmers in Africa are women. 
 
 Fine-tuning 
 
 RF was launched at the Forum, but is still being fine-tuned and currently at a “strategic document stage”. It envisages a two-year period of consultation with countries and civil society across Africa. 
 
 RF talks about developing linkages between local and regional markets, but stops short of any connections to industry. “That is its shortcoming, but the programme is still evolving,” said Mersie Ejigu, head of the Partnership for African Environmental Sustainability, an international NGO. [ http://www.paes.org/about/mstatement.htm ] 
 
 Ejigu, a development economist and former minister of development and planning in the Ethiopian cabinet, added: “I am not saying we need to have big investments in massive agro-based industries. It could be small-scale, home-based industries but when you are looking beyond agriculture and adding value, you have to look at processing the primary product.” 
 
 Donor-dependent 
 
 But money, and especially donors, decide the future of any programme in Africa, said Mamadou Cissokho, honorary president of the Network of West African Farmer and Producer Organizations. “African countries need to bring their own money to the table - then only will they be able in a position to decide what development path or programmes they want to implement.” 
 
 This concern was also voiced by WWF’s Gabriella Richardson-Temm: “We are happy with the way this is shaping up and that Africa wants to design their own programme - but then donors, who bring in the funds, come with their own sets of conditions.” 
 
 RF could also be one of the components of the UN’s Green Economy Initiative, which is assisting governments to “green” their economies by reshaping policies to ensure growth on the basis of non-fossil fuel-based energy, backed by sustainable agriculture (with the help of investments in clean technology and public transport that runs on renewable energy). It also focuses on greening other sectors such as waste management and water services. 
 
 “You don’t want us to grow,” said a participant when UNEP’s Achim Steiner spelt out the initiative. Coal is still the cheapest source of energy in developing countries. Another said: “But Africa is already green - most of our people use biomass to produce energy.” 
 
 But you need money to access these alternative green technologies, pointed out Moussa Ould Hwedna, a technical adviser to Mauritania’s Ministry of Water and Sanitation. “Ours is a dry country and we need solar power to pump water from underground and the cost of solar energy is prohibitive.” 
 
 “We would like to adopt these technologies but developed countries should look at making it cheaper for us,” he added. 
 
 This is one of the issues at the UN climate change talks, the next round of which will take place in Mexico later this year. 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90786</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201006301631390484t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 15 October 2010 (IRIN) - As rural Africa experiences an increasingly moody climate which will erode resilience, drive up hunger and threaten economic growth, it is time countries got serious about development, participants at the seventh African Development Forum in Addis Ababa were told.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund looks to private sector to fill funding gap</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. 
 
 At a 12 October conference [www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/2/0/event/2323] on the role of buisness in health in Johannesburg, South Africa, members of the Fund’s board and secretariat said private sector contributions had become increasingly important as its historic donors – governments – were shying away from fully funding the global health financing mechanism. 
 
 “In the new context that we’re in, where we’ve gotten [funding] increases from governments but we know that these governments are under pressure, this is exactly where the private sector has to step up,” said the Global Fund’s private sector team manager, David Hayward Evans. ”We need more funds... and we believe, we hope, that the private sector can contribute.” 
 
 At the 5 October replenishment meeting in New York, donors pledged $11.7 billion to the Global Fund over the next three years, but the Fund projected it would need at least $13 billion over the same period to maintain current programming. [http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90689] Private sector contributions, led by petroleum producer, Chevron, only accounted for about 3 percent of all pledged contributions at the meeting. 
 
 Brian Brink, chief medical officer for international mining corporation Anglo American, who represents the private sector on the Fund’s board, told IRIN/PlusNews he would like to see business become one of the Global Fund’s top 10 donors. He plans to push the idea at a special business summit ahead of this year’s G20 meeting in South Korea on 11 November. 
 
 Uneasy bedfellows 
 
 At present, business can support the Global Fund in several ways, including through in-kind donations, such as the provision of country support staff; by supporting the implementation of Global Fund financed programmes through skills training; or by acting as a service provider. [http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/replenishment/2010/Partnering%20for%20Global%20Health_The%20Global%20Fun%20and%20The%20Private%20Sector.pdf]
 
 Brink highlighted successful examples of such partnerships, including the training in financial management of Global Fund grantees by Standard Bank and the distribution of bed nets by South African-based fast-food chain, Nando’s, but there are indications that the private sector is less keen to make financial contributions. 
 
 The Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GBC), an independent NGO that serves as a focal point for public-private partnership within the Fund, conducted a survey of 30 of the companies invited to take part in the Johannesburg conference. The survey found companies were most interested in contributing to the Fund through in-kind donations.
 
 Among the companies’ main concerns in partnering with the Global Fund were that they would be seen as money pots, the potential for conflicts of interest, and that the Global Fund did not align with their corporate social responsibility strategies. 
 
 According to Evans, some businesses also remained wary of joining forces with the Fund's governmental partners, regarded as overly bureaucratic compared with the corporate world. 
 
 llg/ks/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90765</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/2007082136t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - With its coffers running at least US$1 billion short, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is looking to the private sector to fill the funding gap. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: New global plan aims to wipe out TB</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found. 
 
 The Global Plan to Stop TB 2011-2015 developed by the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Stop TB Partnership builds on progress towards goals laid out in a 2006 plan to halve TB prevalence and death rates by 2015 and scale up TB diagnosis, treatment and care, but adds essential research targets including the development of faster methods to test and treat TB and to prevent it through an effective vaccine. 
 
 After peaking in 2004, the global incidence of TB is declining, but “far too slowly”, noted Mario Raviglione, director of WHO’s Stop TB Department, at the launch of the plan in Alexandra, a Johannesburg township. The curable disease still affects some nine million people a year and claims nearly two million lives annually. 
 
 In southern Africa the death toll from TB is particularly severe, largely as a result of a twin epidemic in HIV - people infected with HIV are between 20 and 37 times more likely to develop TB. 
 
 The choice of a primary school in an impoverished South African township to host the launch was significant: South Africa has the world’s third highest burden of TB, a disease that spreads easily in overcrowded, poorly ventilated dwellings like the ones that cram the streets of Alexandra. 
 
 The South African government’s Kick TB Campaign, which started in June 2010 during the country’s hosting of the FIFA World Cup, targets school children in high TB-burden areas like Alexandra with information about TB that it is hoped they will pass on to their families and communities. At the launch on 13 October, hundreds of children gathered in a playing field attached to Pholosho primary school to kick around soccer balls emblazoned with illustrations of TB symptoms. 
 
 One of the learners pleaded with the international experts, activists and journalists gathered for the event to “stop TB in my lifetime”. Rifat Atun, chair of the Stop TB Partnership Board, responded that this is exactly what the plan aims to do and that, providing funding is made available, it is a realistic goal. 
 
 Guidance on TB control 
 
 Specifically, the plan provides countries with guidance on how to improve TB control through scaling up existing interventions for its diagnosis and treatment and by making use of new diagnostic tests and drugs that will become available over the next five years. A new test that uses molecular line probe assays to detect multi-drug resistant (MDR-)TB in a few days instead of the weeks needed using older testing methods has already been introduced in some countries. Other tests that will soon be available can detect TB in a matter of hours. 
 
 Current TB drug regimens take six months to be effective for drug-susceptible TB and much longer for drug-resistant strains, during which time many patients are lost to follow-up. The pipeline of new TB drugs promises shorter treatment times. Meanwhile, nine TB vaccine candidates are in clinical trials and a new generation of TB vaccines is expected to be available by 2020. 
 
 Other major elements of the plan focus on efforts to combat drug-resistant TB and TB in people living with HIV. It calls for a scale-up in access to tests that can detect resistance to first- and second-line TB drugs, identifying limited laboratory capacity as the main reason why only 5 percent of the estimated 440,000 people who had MDR-TB in 2008 were diagnosed. It also recommends testing all TB patients for HIV (by 2008, only about 22 percent of TB patients knew their HIV status) and providing antiretroviral treatment to all those who test positive. 
 
 The plan estimates that $10 billion alone is needed to fund further research and development over the next five years, about $7 billion of which still needs to be raised. Out of the estimated $37 billion needed to implement the Global Plan’s TB diagnosis, treatment and care targets, a funding gap of about $14 billion remains. 
 
 Atun of the Stop TB campaign said he was encouraged by the record levels of support for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the Fund’s replenishment meeting in New York last week at which donors pledged a total of $11.7 billion over the next three years. He added, however, that part of the shortfall for funding TB programmes and research will need to come from domestic budgets. 
 
 ks/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90767</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201010111231470645t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - A new roadmap for curbing the global epidemic of tuberculosis aims to save five million lives between 2011 and 2015 and eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050 but comes with a price tag of US$47 billion, nearly half of which must still be found.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: New meningitis vaccine a &quot;revolution&quot;</title><pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - The emergence of an effective new meningitis vaccine, rather than a large-scale outbreak of the disease, has prompted the current vaccination drive across West Africa. Health officials say the vaccine marks a “revolution” in preventing the highly contagious and fatal disease.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - The emergence of a new meningitis vaccine, rather than a large-scale outbreak of the disease, has prompted the current vaccination drive across West Africa. Health officials say the vaccine marks a “revolution” in preventing the highly contagious and fatal disease. 
 
 Health workers in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger - the three countries selected for introduction of the vaccine - are preparing for country-wide campaigns set for December, having just completed a limited pilot phase. 
 
 “This vaccine, which targets the bacterium [meningococcus A] most frequently causing epidemics, is about preventing epidemics, not waiting, then reacting,” Mamoudou Harouna Djingarey of the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) in Burkina Faso told IRIN. Up to now countries in the region vaccinated communities only once an outbreak had started. [ http://www.meningvax.org/index.php ] 
 
 Routine vaccinations with polysaccharide vaccine - used hitherto in the region - were not viable because the vaccine protects for only two to three years, and is not effective in children under two. 
 
 The just-launched meningococcal A conjugate vaccine - developed by Serum Institute of India under a partnership by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the international NGO PATH - provides protection for 10 years. [ http://www.path.org/ ] [ http://www.who.int/topics/meningitis/en/ ] 
 
 “To achieve a vaccine four times stronger than existing ones, at 200 CFA francs per dose, [40 US cents, compared to about US$1 for past vaccines] and which will protect for 10 years, is truly a revolution for public health,” Djingarey said. 
 
 “This will allow countries to avoid huge meningitis A epidemics and save their resources for other public health needs.” Health experts note that the infection will circulate less with the new vaccine, thereby protecting even non-vaccinated populations from the disease, one of the region’s greatest public health burdens. 
 
 The so-called “meningitis belt” of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia, has the world’s highest rates of meningitis, with epidemics generally coming in the dry season from December to June. In 2009, 14 African countries reported 88,199 suspected cases with at least 4,050 deaths, according to WHO. 
 
 This year the region to date is seeing lower numbers but more patients are dying, according to MVP. 
 
 Different strains 
 
 While meningitis A is the most common cause of epidemics, other strains emerge some years as well, such as W135 in Chad and strain X in Burkina Faso last year. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=88915 ] [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=83964 ]
 
 Countries still must be ready to react with vaccination campaigns for other strains of meningitis and in this sense preparedness remains a challenge, health experts say. 
 
 But meningitis A has by far been the biggest problem, said Marie-Pierre Preziosi, medical officer with the product research and development team in WHO’s immunization, vaccines and biologicals department. 
 
 “Meningitis A is responsible for nearly all of the epidemics in the past century - so while there are other strains that emerge… there has never been another strain that has been so prominent,” she told IRIN. 
 
 Funding gaps 
 
 Funding constraints have threatened meningitis vaccine supplies in the past and money is needed to fully roll out the new vaccine, Preziosi said. “There are sufficient doses available of the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine to start the nationwide campaigns in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, but there is a funding gap of $475 million to complete these drives and for a full rollout in the other meningitis belt countries."
 
 Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger were selected as the first countries to introduce the vaccine due primarily to their high prevalence of meningitis as well as their capacity to carry out mass vaccination campaigns. 
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90773</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904201848030218t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 14 October 2010 (IRIN) - The emergence of an effective new meningitis vaccine, rather than a large-scale outbreak of the disease, has prompted the current vaccination drive across West Africa. Health officials say the vaccine marks a “revolution” in preventing the highly contagious and fatal disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Thinking big on climate change modelling</title><pubDate>Wed, 13 Oct 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008080613t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 13 October 2010 (IRIN) - If African countries had had the capacity to do climate change projections, their data could have been fed into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) assessments for the continent, said Richard Odingo, former vice-chair of the IPCC at one of the discussions ahead of the Seventh African Development Forum.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 13 October 2010 (IRIN) - If African countries had had the capacity to do climate change projections, their data could have been fed into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) assessments for the continent, said Richard Odingo, former vice-chair of the IPCC at one of the discussions ahead of the Seventh African Development Forum. [ http://www.uneca.org/adfvii/about.asp ] 

The IPCC is still recovering from its controversial warning about the impact of climate change on food production in Africa, cited in its synthesis report. The warning turned out to have been based on a non-peer reviewed academic paper for three North African countries. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88400 ]

The warning said that since most agriculture in Africa is rain-fed, climate change, which is affecting vital rainfall patterns and pushing up temperatures, could halve crop yields in some countries by 2020.

“Africa should think big and do their own climate change modelling to forecast projections,” said Odingo, as climatologists and meteorologists brainstormed on measuring climate change at the Forum being organized by the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).

Better climate data will help countries prepare for soaring temperatures and natural events such as droughts, floods and storms set to become more intense and frequent as the impact of climate change unfolds. "There are gaps in our information collection," he said.

Climate modelling initiatives launched in Africa in collaboration with universities in the West were not "good enough", Odingo told IRIN.

To assess the impact of climate change, climatological data spanning at least 60 years is required. But countries in Africa have often had to shut down weather stations because of a lack of funds or political strife.

Amadou Gaye, head of the Laboratory of Atmospheric and Ocean Physics at Dakar’s University Cheikh Anta Diop agreed. Gaye, who was one of the authors of the IPCC’s last assessment, said it would be easier for Africa to do projections on a large scale than prepare country-specific models. “We could start with that.”

Obstacles

Some experts at the meeting said they lacked money to build capacity to collect and analyse climate data.

Sound climate data was the starting point in developing a climate change model, said Mxolisi Shongwe, Swaziland’s national climate change coordinator. “And the quality of data varied across the continent.”

But there were other stumbling blocks. “And when you have data, often departments within government are unwilling to share the information,” he told IRIN.

Any modelling also needs to be validated by an authoritative body to make improvements. “But again few government agencies involved in data collection open themselves up for scrutiny.” Shongwe added that South Africa was an exception in the continent. “All the government sectors [in South Africa] not only share their data but also open themselves up for scrutiny by the academics [climate change experts] at the University of Cape Town.”

ClimDev Africa

Gaye added that the continent perhaps needed to look towards the Climate Information for Development Needs: An Action Plan for Africa' (ClimDev Africa), a programme aimed at improving weather data analysis, which was started in 2005.  

Recognizing the need to bring Africa on board, the action plan was put together for the continent with the help of the Global Climate Observing System, which in turn is a combined initiative of several UN agencies and the International Council for Science (ICSU). The other sponsors of the Africa plan were UNECA and the African Union Commission. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72380 ]

The programme is officially being launched at the Seventh African Development Forum on 13 October. “It is a massive programme. We have had to develop strategy and terms of reference for the staff and then do the recruitment itself,” said Josué Dioné of UNECA, explaining the delayed launch. Dioné, who heads the Food Security and Sustainable Development section at UNECA, was one of the prime movers for ClimDev. “It is not that we are not working - we have already put US$30 million into the regional climate forecasting centres in Africa.”

CimDev also helped Africa develop its position at the UN climate change talks.

In a programme spread over 10 years, ClimDev Africa will support efforts to establish or upgrade weather observing systems to fill data gaps, expand capacity for analysing and interpreting data, and strengthen existing African climate institutions. 

The programme also includes a climate policy centre, which will help governments draw up strategies to mitigate and adapt to the impact of climate change. 

The Forum, which is focusing on dealing with climate change for sustainable development, will end on 15 October. 

jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90751</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008080613t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 13 October 2010 (IRIN) - If African countries had had the capacity to do climate change projections, their data could have been fed into the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) assessments for the continent, said Richard Odingo, former vice-chair of the IPCC at one of the discussions ahead of the Seventh African Development Forum.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: &quot;Encouraging&quot; drop in maternal deaths</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20038203t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 16 September 2010 (IRIN) - The proportion of women in sub-Saharan Africa who died because of pregnancy fell by more than a quarter between 1990 and 2008, according to estimates released on 15 September. </description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 16 September 2010 (IRIN) - The proportion of women in sub-Saharan Africa who died because of pregnancy fell by more than a quarter between 1990 and 2008, according to estimates released on 15 September. 
 
 In 1990, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR - expressed in deaths per 100,000 live births) was 870 in sub-Saharan Africa, the worst rate of any region in the world. In 2008, it was 640, according to data published jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO), UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Bank. 
 
 Globally, the ratio fell by 34 percent, from 400 to 260, states the report, Trends in Maternal Mortality, noting that this represented an annual decline of 2.3 percent. This is less than half the reduction needed to achieve the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), which concerns maternal health. 
 
 “There was a 26 percent reduction in maternal death rates in sub-Saharan Africa and this data is encouraging," Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, executive director of UNFPA, told IRIN. 
 
 "We welcome and are thrilled by the decline, which shows that interventions are working. There are increasing efforts in countries to train more midwives, provide family planning, and strengthen hospitals and health centres to provide care to pregnant women. But we need to do more and increase community engagement. There are still 1,000 women [across the world] who die every day in childbirth, and more than 200 million women with an unmet need for family planning," Obaid said. 
 
 Data were collected in 172 countries, but only 63 provided complete information from civil registration systems and good attribution of causes of death for the estimates. 
 
 “Maternal deaths are more often misclassified than other [deaths], not only because they are easily confused with deaths due to other causes, but also because health institutions may prefer to attribute them to other causes, due to the stigma of inadequate treatment associated with maternal death,” Lale Say, monitoring and evaluation officer with the Department of Reproductive Health and Research at the WHO, told IRIN. 
 
 “Even in the best civil registration systems in the world, it has been found that maternal death can be substantially under-reported,” Say added. 
 
 cp/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90490</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20038203t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 16 September 2010 (IRIN) - The proportion of women in sub-Saharan Africa who died because of pregnancy fell by more than a quarter between 1990 and 2008, according to estimates released on 15 September. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: After 30 years, nutrition strategy revamp at hand</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009091812070566t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 10 September 2010 (IRIN) - Aid strategies for treating children suffering moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have remained virtually unchanged for 30 years. As part of UN-led efforts to revamp policy, several initiatives in West Africa are examining how best to treat the condition, a major cause of death and disease worldwide.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 10 September 2010 (IRIN) - Aid strategies for treating children suffering moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have remained virtually unchanged for 30 years. As part of UN-led efforts to revamp policy, several initiatives in West Africa are examining how best to treat the condition, a major cause of death and disease worldwide. 

Across the Sahel - where an estimated six million children are moderately malnourished, according to UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) - aid agencies are evaluating new approaches. Among them is distribution of new ready-to-eat nutrient-rich pastes, which some NGOs urge, but are yet to be rigorously researched as MAM treatment.

“Unless we can give sound advice backed by scientific research, and translate that knowledege into programmes that reach the majority of children, we will not be able to tackle MAM, which is really one of the forgotten and missing parts of [what we face in the region],” said UNICEF nutrition adviser for West and Central Africa Felicite Tchibindat. 

In a number of current projects, including a randomized, community-based study in Mali, UNICEF and aid agencies are examining the efficacy of several products and strategies.

One product being evaluated in Mali is CSB++, a more nutrient-rich version of the corn-soya blend long used by the UN World Food Programme (WFP) for moderately malnourished children. Nutrition experts say the original CSB does not contain the nutrients to stem MAM.

The Mali study, by UNICEF, WFP, University of Bamako and University of California-Davis, is also evaluating Supplementary Plumpy (a nutrient-rich peanut paste), Misola and local foods plus a nutrient powder.

“It’s very hard to ask donors to invest in these approaches without proof they work,” said Kenneth Brown, HKI regional adviser for nutrition and child survival and U-C Davis professor, told IRIN. 

One aim is to help contribute to the development of a global protocol for treating moderate acute malnutrition, as exists for severe, principal researcher Robert Ackatia-Armah told IRIN in the Mali capital, Bamako.

A less formal evaluation is under way in Niger, where this year's emergency nutrition response has spotlighted questions over CSB’s efficacy for MAM, UNICEF’s Tchibindat told IRIN. 

“When we treat with CSB, some children with MAM are cured, but the vast majority are not cured,” Tchibindat said. “We decided, why not use [the lean period] to test some of the new knowledge globally - because we have the money, we have the system in place and let’s learn from there.” UNICEF in a revised strategy in Niger is doing blanket feeding with a combination of CSB and ready-to-eat peanut pastes. 

“This will give us an idea in the Sahel context. Do we have something here that would work and is it cost-effective?” 

UNICEF for the first time is distributing Plumpy’doz, a nutrient-rich supplement, to moderately malnourished children in Chad, where in some regions one in four children suffer from MAM. Agency officials said they are monitoring the operation closely for guidance in future programmes. 

Sliding into severe 

Nutrition advisers say tackling MAM calls for huge resources, given the numbers, but that effective prevention and treatment could save a significant number of children from becoming severely malnourished. 

“It is clear that if we just concentrate on treating severely acute malnourished children we will never solve the issue, because we will not deal with these high numbers of moderately malnourished children,” Tchibindat told IRIN. “We have a lot of children in the region who are highly vulnerable, who are just about to go over the edge [from moderate to severe].” 

She said one challenge in developing strategies for MAM is that the category encompasses a wide range of conditions, and simply giving foods that add energy is not the answer. “Moderately malnourished children range from children close to normal to those who are close to severe; if you give the same product, which is just adding energy [without necessary nutrients], this does not address the problem.” 

It is difficult finding funding for the research such as that taking place in Mali, which is backed by Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), Tchibindat said. This illustrates one of the challenges of developing nutrition assistance that goes beyond urgent therapeutic feeding once children are in a critical state. 

"Donors are used to funding supplies and the like. And they have to convince their governments; that's not easy. Governments prefer to fund things that are tangible, not fuzzy," she said.
 
WFP regional nutrition adviser Anna Horner said managing MAM requires a longer-term commitment than most donors contributing to malnutrition programmes are prepared to make. She added: “It is sometimes an activity that is difficult to classify as it can be considered both emergency and development, and touches many different sectors… As such it is sometimes hard to fit into the traditional funding mechanisms.” 

Tchibindat said the nutrition community has also failed to convince donors. "It's coming now but for a long time you were happy to get funds to buy the Plumpy'nut [another ready-to-use supplement]. We were not strong enough in convincing donors that they need to fund the operational research, the capacity-building, the mid- and long-term activities." 

She added that aid partners must avoid the turf battles that can hamper the close collaboration needed for sound nutrition programmes.

Deeper causes 

Generally nutrition programmes are run by humanitarian agencies, but nutrition is integral to development, aid workers said. WFP’s Horner said given the numerous causes of malnutrition, “there is no single way forward for preventing and treating MAM. Success [is possible only by] reducing causes including food insecurity, morbidity, inappropriate feeding practices for infants and young children and limited access to clean water and hygiene.” 

In Chad Action Against Hunger head Jean-Francois Carémel said interventions must encompass all these factors. 

“The frustration is that the response is focused on curative actions. Acute malnutrition is indeed a medical pathology but it is also social, economic and cultural. 

“The statistics justify urgent action but also the need for real in-depth, coordinated work on access to and quality of health care.” Many approaches exist for preventing malnutrition, including improving food production and livestock breeding and boosting women’s status, he said. 

Nutrition experts say managing moderate malnutrition ultimately should be a task for government, but that varies across the region depending on political commitment, infrastructure and stability. UNICEF’s Tchibindat would add civil society as a major player: “We need to educate civil society to question the UN, NGOs and the government on what they are doing to tackle malnutrition.” 

She said donors and NGOs are coming around to linking nutrition with broader development issues.

“Let’s not forget that even managing severe acute malnutrition has improved immensely very, very recently, with ready-to-eat therapeutic foods,” she said. The aid community has not had a good understanding of MAM. Most nutrition NGOs deal with severe acute malnutrition, and nutrition was not really high on the global agenda some 10 years ago. Now people are recognizing that if we don’t tackle malnutrition we may not be able to achieve most of the Millennium Development Goals.” 

np/cb/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90440</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009091812070566t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 10 September 2010 (IRIN) - Aid strategies for treating children suffering moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) have remained virtually unchanged for 30 years. As part of UN-led efforts to revamp policy, several initiatives in West Africa are examining how best to treat the condition, a major cause of death and disease worldwide.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMEROON: Anti-cholera drive targets schoolchildren</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008031620560116t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 07 September 2010 (IRIN) - As school resumes in Cameroon, some 1.6 million students in the north are receiving cholera-prevention messages via SMS, flyers, stickers and special textbooks, in a public-private effort to stem the country’s worst outbreak in 20 years.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 07 September 2010 (IRIN) - As school resumes in Cameroon, some 1.6 million students in the north are receiving cholera-prevention messages via SMS, flyers, stickers and special textbooks, in a public-private effort to stem the country’s worst outbreak in 20 years. 

“We want to avoid a new explosion as the school year begins,” said Jean Sangola, head of hygiene in the district of Mokolo in the Far North region. Since May at least 4,451 people have been infected in the Far North and North regions, with 331 deaths, and the disease continues to spread, according to the Health Ministry. 

Cholera has also infected thousands of people in nearby Chad, Niger and Nigeria. 

Scarce access to latrines and potable water makes northern Cameroon what one UN sanitation expert called “a breeding ground” for cholera; but while building proper facilities is indispensable, prevention messages can go a long way, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 

“Of course infrastructure is the first thing we have to deal with, but prevention messages are important,” said Chris Cormency, UNICEF regional water, sanitation and hygiene adviser for West and Central Africa. “For example [where access to safe water and latrines is a problem] messages around treating water, isolating faeces and the importance of practicing good hygiene help prevent transmission.” 

He said in some villages people are handling their human waste more safely, just based on prevention messages. And more people seek medical care because of awareness campaigns, he said. “This is critical as 90 percent of cholera can be treated without hospital stays if detected early.” 

TV and radio spots as well as free soap will also be part of the prevention push, which UNICEF says is “groundbreaking” for its collaboration between public and private sectors. 

Education and awareness can go only so far in areas like the Far North, where, according to Health Ministry disease prevention head Gervais Ondobo, 29 percent of the people have access to potable water and 5 percent to latrines. 

Messages incomplete? 

For researcher Henry Tourneux, based in the Far North town of Maroua, to date cholera-prevention messages have been incomplete and therefore ineffective. 

“The message is do this or don’t do that - but without explanations of the reasons behind it,” he said. “This means people might indeed wash their hands [because a poster says you should do so] but then inadvertently do other things that pose a cholera risk.” 

UNICEF’s Cormency said health officials do not know the source of cholera infections in northern Cameroon, so it is important to spread information about every possible vector. 

“The key is we must get the information to the community level and passing the messages in schools is a way to get to the communities.” 

But many children might be missing the lessons. Residents told IRIN some families are keeping their children at home, fearing that classrooms only days ago used as cholera treatment centres could cause infection. 

np/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90414</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008031620560116t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 07 September 2010 (IRIN) - As school resumes in Cameroon, some 1.6 million students in the north are receiving cholera-prevention messages via SMS, flyers, stickers and special textbooks, in a public-private effort to stem the country’s worst outbreak in 20 years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMEROON: Soaring child malnutrition in north</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008271140010915t.jpg" />]]>KOUSSERI 27 August 2010 (IRIN) - Northern Cameroon, as in much of Africa’s western Sahel band, has unusually high child malnutrition this lean season between harvests - high even for an impoverished region where poor nutrition is common and most of the five million people lack access to safe water and sanitation.</description><body><![CDATA[KOUSSERI 27 August 2010 (IRIN) - Northern Cameroon, as in much of Africa’s western Sahel band, has unusually high child malnutrition this lean season between harvests - high even for an impoverished region where poor nutrition is common and most of the five million people lack access to safe water and sanitation. 

Six children died from malnutrition in Kousseri hospital, northern Cameroon, in July alone. Tending to 23 children at the hospital’s therapeutic feeding centre, centre director Fanta Abba Adam told IRIN: “We don’t generally have this many deaths.”

“We are overwhelmed by cases of malnutrition,” Mahamat Ousman, a local Health Ministry official told IRIN. He said workers from health centres throughout the district of Kousseri generally come to the main hospital for supplies once a month, but since June many have come four times per month. 

“In the 10 health centres in Kousseri city, malnutrition cases [moderate and severe] went from 75 in May to 166 in July,” he said.

Even outside the lean season, 55,000 under-five children in Cameroon's North and Far North regions have severe acute malnutrition, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). That is about 70 percent of the country's severely malnourished under-fives, while the zone is home to one-third of the country’s children.

The children who died recently or who are in a fragile state at Kousseri hospital “came to hospital in an advanced state of malnutrition and with medical complications,” nutritional centre head Abba told IRIN. “In such cases, it is almost impossible to save them.”

In many instances the late arrival in health centres stems from reticence to say a child is malnourished, Abba told IRIN. But access to treatment is also a problem; 20 of the 43 health districts in the North and Far North regions have the trained staff, equipment and means to provide free malnutrition treatment, according to Health Ministry officials, who say setting up treatment in the remaining centres is under way, and the slowness is partly due to a lack of funds. 

But one health worker who requested anonymity said part of the reason the structures are lacking is that many government leaders are not aware of the magnitude of Cameroon's malnutrition problem.

Poverty

As in other countries across West and Central Africa the causes of malnutrition in Cameroon are many - crop failure on top of chronic poverty, poor weaning and infant feeding practices and lack of access to basic services.

For 24-year-old Falmata Ousmanou, poverty and a lack of financial support from her ex-husband are at the root of her 18-month-old’s acute malnutrition. She spoke with IRIN as she sat holding the child, who weighs 4.6kg, at the main hospital in the Far North town of Maroua. 

She said she knew her baby at a certain age needed to have vitamins and minerals; she simply could not afford them.

“When my baby was 11 months old, health workers advised me to give him porridge enriched with peanut butter and milk,” said 24-year-old Ousmanou, who has three children after a fourth died. 

“But he has been losing weight since. I think it’s a lack of minerals. The corn porridge I give him rarely has all the ingredients it should. Sometimes I don’t even have porridge to give him. Sometimes I have to borrow flour from my neighbours - but I can’t do that all the time.” 

Floods, cholera

Health Ministry nutritionist Augustin Ndongmo Nanfack, just back from a tour of the Far North region, said heavy flooding and a cholera outbreak http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90056 in the area are exacerbating the nutrition problem. 

“The situation is worrying,” he told IRIN. “I fear with the floods, which have destroyed crops, the nutrition situation will worsen.” In many areas of West and Central Africa, floods are destroying crops families planted in the hope of bouncing back from food deficits caused by drought or erratic rains in 2009.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90309</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008271140010915t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KOUSSERI 27 August 2010 (IRIN) - Northern Cameroon, as in much of Africa’s western Sahel band, has unusually high child malnutrition this lean season between harvests - high even for an impoverished region where poor nutrition is common and most of the five million people lack access to safe water and sanitation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>SAHEL: Peanut pastes and milk powders to save children</title><pubDate>Fri, 20 Aug 2010 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008201818090469t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Aid agencies in Niger and Chad have begun giving tens of thousands of malnourished children a product called Plumpy’doz to save them from sliding into often-fatal severe malnutrition.</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 20 August 2010 (IRIN) -  Aid agencies in Niger and Chad have begun giving tens of thousands of malnourished children a product called Plumpy’doz to save them from sliding into often-fatal severe malnutrition. 

The highly nutritious ready-to-eat Plumpy’nut, to treat severe acute malnutrition, has been widely used since its first widespread application in Darfur in 2003. Today several African countries including Niger are producing Plumpy’nut locally. Meanwhile Plumpy’doz and other products for moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) are being studied for their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. 
http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=90242

In Chad the monthly distribution of Plumpy’doz from July to October (the lean season) marks the first-ever use of the product there, and the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) is closely monitoring the intervention for future planning. 

Supplementary Plumpy is among other therapeutic foods being studied in a UNICEF project in Mali, aimed at filling what many nutrition experts call a troubling gap, in which there is little scientific evidence of the effect of various products on MAM, despite it being a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide. 

UNICEF estimates that of the 6.5 million acutely malnourished children in West and Central Africa, five million have moderate acute malnutrition. 

From UNICEF-Niger, here is a rundown of products aid agencies are using to stem the Sahel nutrition crisis: 

Plumpy’nut 

Therapeutic food with high nutritional value for children aged one to five. 

A high-protein, high-energy peanut-based paste, designed to appeal to children. It does not need to be refrigerated and has a shelf-life of two years, making it easy to deploy for treating severe malnutrition. Treatment takes six to seven weeks. 

It contains vitamins A, B-complex, C, D, E and K, with the necessary minerals calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, iodine, sodium and selenium. 

Used as an alternative to therapeutic milk F100 (see below) for treating severe malnourishment, or for children without medical complications who are outpatients. 

Plumpy’doz

Administered to prevent malnutrition in children aged six to 23 months. 

A ready-to-use paste of vegetable fat, peanut butter, sugar, milk and nutrients. It has a longer shelf-life than previous diet supplements. 

Three teaspoons of Plumpy’doz three times a day provides a child with additional energy, including fats, high-quality proteins and essential minerals and vitamins required for growth and a healthy immune system. 

Malnutrition terms
 
Global acute malnutrition, or "wasting", is defined as low weight for height or the presence of oedema. It can be moderate (MAM) or severe (SAM). It occurs as a result of recent rapid weight loss, malnutrition, or a failure to gain weight within a relatively short period of time. Wasting occurs more commonly in infants and younger children. Recovery from wasting is relatively quick once optimal feeding, health and care are restored. Wasting occurs as a result of deficiencies in both macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate and protein) and some micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Chronic malnutrition, commonly referred to as "stunting", is a failure to grow in stature, which occurs as a result of inadequate nutrition over a longer period. It is a slow, cumulative process, the effects of which are usually not apparent until the age of two years. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the most dangerous form of malnutrition. Left untreated, SAM can result in death.
Sources: Action contre la Faim and UNICEF
 
Supplementary Plumpy 

Treats moderate acute malnutrition and deficiency-related illnesses in children aged one to five. It is also given to children leaving therapeutic nutrition programmes to prevent the re-emergence of severe acute malnutrition. 

Supplementary Plumpy requires no cooking or refrigeration, the dose is generally one sachet per day per child, and the duration of treatment is three months. 

It contains vegetable fat, sugar, soya flour, peanut paste, whey powder, fat-reduced cocoa, and mineral and vitamin complex. 

Therapeutic milk F75 

For the initial phase of treating severe malnutrition, and with medical complications. 

As a rapid weight increase is dangerous during the first phase of treatment for severe acute malnutrition with complications, F75 is designed to re-establish the metabolic balance without weight gain. 

Treatment is three to four days. 

Therapeutic milk F100 

For nutritional rehabilitation of severely malnourished children. Qualified staff must administer the milk to the children. Use must be closely monitored as the need for water poses a risk of contamination. 

Both the F75 and F100 milks contain powdered milk, vegetable oil and concentrated combinations of vitamin and dextrin. They are high in energy, proteins and fats. 

np/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=90246</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201008201818090469t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 20 August 2010 (IRIN) - Aid agencies in Niger and Chad have begun giving tens of thousands of malnourished children a product called Plumpy’doz to save them from sliding into often-fatal severe malnutrition.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
