<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Cambodia</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 07:30:51 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Southeast Asia’s human trafficking conundrum</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.

A 2012 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) report on human trafficking [ http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf ] recorded more than 10,000 cases of trafficking in persons in South Asia, East Asia and the Pacific between 2007-2010, but it is unclear what the situation is today.

“Nobody has been able to convincingly demonstrate the scale of the problem, let alone come up with clear ways of how to address it,” Sverre Molland, a lecturer at the Australian National University in Canberra who specializes in human trafficking, told IRIN.

“After all these years, we are still debating what trafficking actually is,” he said, noting efforts to combat it were suffering from donor fatigue because of a lack of tangible results.

In 2011, 16-year-old Evi* left her remote village in Indonesia’s Banten Province in the hope of making more money to help her family.

“My auntie introduced me to a broker who forged my travel documents so I could work,” she said. “The broker then took me to a recruitment agency in Jakarta. I just wanted to earn more money. I thought God would protect me.”

The agency [ http://xwvw.irinnews.org/Report/88967/INDONESIA-Families-struggle-as-more-women-work-overseas ] arranged for Evi’s travel to Jordan and placement as a domestic worker in Amman, but she soon found she was being exploited by her employer.

“I was allowed to sleep for about two hours a day, sometimes less,” said Evi. “I had to take care of four children and clean the house. The mother and auntie of the children often beat me with sandals or punched me for no reason, and sometimes my nose bled.”

In 2012, having endured physical abuse for over a year, her employer began to withhold her pay, and Evi attempted suicide by drinking a glass of kerosene.

“My employer found me unconscious and allowed me to rest, but the next day, they made me work again,” she said.

Later, Evi ran away from her employer and roamed the streets of Amman looking for work until a local shopkeeper took her to a police station. Jordanian police then took her to the Indonesian Embassy, which arranged for her repatriation to a shelter for trafficked children in Jakarta, where she is recovering.

Regional cooperation

Cooperation between the 10 member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to tackle human trafficking has resulted in high-level initiatives and memorandums of understanding (MoUs).

“The MoUs should facilitate the exchanging of information and evidence between governments,” said Sean Looney, operations, monitoring and evaluation manager at SISHA, [ http://www.sisha.org/ ] an anti-trafficking and exploitation NGO in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

“But in practice this does not happen at all. In a lot of human trafficking cases there’s no resolution because there’s no cooperation, despite the fact that agreements are in place.”

According to Looney, cooperation was also hindered by a lack of trust between Cambodia and Thailand, and Cambodia and Vietnam, due in part to past conflicts.

Martin Reeve, a UNODC regional adviser on trafficking in Bangkok, said law enforcement agencies across the region were still developing.

“Securing a human trafficking conviction is at the best of times a difficult process,” he said. “Intelligence-led policing is immature or non-existent, so the offenders arrested are less likely to be those organizing the trafficking, and police-to-police cooperation remains weak.”

All ASEAN governments are part of the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime, [ http://www.baliprocess.net ] a non-binding, voluntary forum co-chaired by the governments of Indonesia and Australia, which began in 2002.

Febrian Ruddyard, director of international security and disarmament at the Indonesian Foreign Ministry, said the Process had only recently begun to address trafficking in persons because not all countries had strong national legislation in place.

To date, all ASEAN governments have passed anti-trafficking legislation with the exception of Laos and Singapore.

Indonesia and Australia have faced challenges in encouraging members of the Bali Process to take practical action to address human trafficking, Ruddyard said.

“Many member countries are interested in the Process but attracting funding from them [for projects] is difficult, not only because the issue is still a low priority in some countries but also because the Process is non-binding,” he said.

Ruddyard cited last year’s creation of a regional support office in Bangkok to implement practical arrangements to combat trafficking, and a plan to use the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation in Indonesia to train law enforcers across the region to better deal with human trafficking cases, as achievements of the Process.

A local problem

Part of the problem lies at the local level.

Ahmed Sofian, national coordinator of ECPAT Indonesia, [ http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Ecpat_directory.asp?id=78&groupID=3 ] an NGO based in Jakarta working to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children, said there was little effort made by local law enforcement officials in Indonesia to deal with trafficking.

“There are economic benefits for those living close to the brothels that children are trafficked to,” said Sofian. “Locals will gravitate to the area to sell food or provide security, and local police officers - often on low salaries - will ask for protection money from the owners of the brothels.”

“This is why it’s so difficult to eliminate trafficking,” Sofian went on. “There’s a local economy that grows up around it, and if the local government attempts to close these brothels, the police will become angry.”

Jonhar Johan, an official at the Indonesian Women Empowerment and Child Protection Ministry, agreed, saying local implementation was a problem.

Of Indonesia’s 497 districts, only 88 have anti-trafficking task forces.

“We need the commitment of district governments and police, but generally it is lacking,” he said. “The districts need to… develop their own task forces.”

Johan also said that even when trafficking victims were identified and returned home by the authorities, they remained vulnerable to being re-trafficked.

“We offer them financial help so they can start up small businesses when they return home, but when we visit them to formalize this, we find they’ve gone,” he said. “Many victims are poor and they see the economic gain from working abroad, so maybe they leave home again because of the money. Traffickers like these kinds of people.”

According to SISHA’s Looney, while the Cambodian police’s anti-human trafficking and juvenile protection division tackled human trafficking, at the district level police were hamstrung by a lack of funds.

“The police have to use their own money for fuel to go to interview victims, bring victims to court and feed the victims [while they are in police custody],” he said. “They don’t have access to basic operational costs, and it’s unclear whether that’s down to ineptitude, a lack of funds, or whether funds are being siphoned off elsewhere.”

SISHA was financially supporting police investigations into human trafficking and offering guidance on conducting criminal investigations, said Looney.

“Many local police officers are just looking for support so they can do their jobs. The average police officer wants to tackle the problem and help victims, but practical requirements make it difficult for them,” he said.

Increasing complexity

International Organization of Migration (IOM) Indonesia chief of mission Denis Nihill said the changing nature of human trafficking made it more difficult to tackle.

“There’s been a lot of work done on the Greater Mekong Region for many years on trafficking, but it’s become more complex, as it’s now inextricably woven with labour migration, which is a much more difficult nut to crack because it is less easy to detect than trafficking linked to the sex industry.”

Nihill also pointed to the difficulties of tackling internal trafficking, which IOM’s 2011 counter trafficking report [ http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf ] highlighted as particularly problematic in Indonesia.

“For cross border trafficking, people must pass through the hands of several government agencies, but internally trafficked people need not come to the attention of any officials, so in many ways it’s a more alarming situation,” he said.

The US Department of the State’s 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report [ http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/index.htm ] categorizes most ASEAN countries as Tier 2, meaning they do not fully comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking, but are making significant efforts to do so.

*not her real name

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UN TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL

The 2000 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons [ http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf ] defines human trafficking as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of… coercion, abduction, fraud or deception… for the purpose of exploitation”. Child trafficking is defined as the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation”. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97979/Southeast-Asia-s-human-trafficking-conundrum</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200906030258010070t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Tens of thousands of people are vulnerable to being trafficked in Southeast Asia, with governments struggling to understand and respond collectively to the problem, say experts and government officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Asia braces for spill-over of new bird flu strain</title><pubDate>Mon, 08 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 21 people in China, killing six [ http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_04_07/en/index.html ].

These are the first human infections and deaths to have been recorded from this virus strain worldwide. China’s neighbours have reacted by boosting hospital capabilities and disease surveillance, strengthening border control, issuing reminders to ban illegal poultry imports, and more vigorously testing what is imported. 

Following a mass animal culling on 5 April in Shanghai - one of the Chinese cities affected - pandemic expert and virologist Yi Guan from the University of Hong Kong told IRIN he expects human cases to “drop or stop”. But he added that experts still have much to learn about the disease. 

The virus has proved to be a “low-pathogenic” virus in infected land-based birds, so it is not clear why the virus has been so severe in humans, he noted. The true spread of the disease is also still unknown. 

"We have a knowledge gap and do not know the full picture. There may be people with minor infections or who are asymptomatic among [the] population as a result of H7N9," said Yi. 

Experts have not been able to learn how or why the 21 persons became infected. While some people had contact with animals or their habitats, and infections are suspected to originate in poultry, the virus's host and source have not been lab-confirmed. 

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has noted that knowing what species is responsible for the fatal outbreak is “essential to target response actions accordingly, including trade restrictions”. 

Indonesia 

Since the H5N1 bird flu virus first appeared in 2003, there have been 622 laboratory-confirmed human cases globally, 371 of them fatal, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20130312CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf ]. Indonesia has seen the largest number of deaths from H5N1: 160. 

"We face a similar situation to China because the high risks of the animal-human interface, and inadequate bio-security among many poultry farmers. That's why [holding a] public awareness campaign is important, and we continue to closely monitor genetic mutations of the bird flu virus,” said Emil Agustiono, the head of Indonesia’s National Zoonosis Committee. 

He said no “special measures” have been enacted as the country does not import live poultry from China. 

The WHO has not advised any travel restrictions or any special screenings linked to the flu outbreak. 

Tjandra Yoga Aditama, director general for disease control and environmental health at Indonesia’s Health Ministry, told IRIN the call for “intensive surveillance” has been made to local health departments. They have also been called upon to immediately respond to “any cases of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection, which may be found in communities, hospitals and other health care providers, seaports and airports." 

Vietnam 

Vietnam, which does import live poultry from China, issued a government directive on 4 April reminding officials working near the border with China to be vigilant about keeping out illegal poultry imports and about inspecting all legal imports before distribution. 

Vietnam’s health ministry has designated laboratories to analyse blood samples of suspected cases. 

The Institute for Tropical Diseases in the capital, Hanoi, has ready 8,000 doses of Tamiflu (reported by Chinese authorities to be effective in treating the infection at early stages), 23 respirators and two dialysis machines. On 5 April, the Health Ministry promulgated an action plan in the case of an H7N9 outbreak 

China 

Local media reported [ http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1208847/hong-kong-standby-new-bird-flu-cases-revealed-shanghai ] that Hong Kong government officials have cautioned against panic-buying and confirmed the availability of 1,400 hospital beds to quarantine any patients infected with H7N9. 

Following his visit to a local poultry market on 8 April, Hong Kong’s secretary for food and health, Ko Wing-man, told reporters [ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201304/08/P201304080345.htm ] that officials in Hong Kong and mainland China are collaborating to boost surveillance of all poultry imports. All poultry are to receive rapid tests for H5N1 virus as well as H7N9 before being released to the markets for sales in Hong Kong. 

pt/ap/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97806/Asia-braces-for-spill-over-of-new-bird-flu-strain</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200803276t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 08 April 2013 (IRIN) - Officials throughout Asia are implementing measures to protect people from a new strain of bird flu - H7N9 - that has so far infected 24 people in China, killing seven.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Bride trafficking to China could rise</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303190649480043t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.

“The numbers of identified cases are still small, but this number could rise given the social demographics in play,” Lisa Rende Taylor, chief technical adviser for the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ], told IRIN, noting that in the past marriage trafficking to China had only been known from countries bordering China (Myanmar [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92868/MYANMAR-Bride-trafficking-to-China-unveiled ], Laos and Vietnam).

In China, government figures for 2012 indicated that there were 117.78 newborn boys for every 100 newborn girls. It is estimated there will be 24 million more men than women at marrying age by 2020.

In 2012, at least three suspected cases of marriage trafficking were reported from Cambodia, with hundreds more from the region. Most cases go unreported.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97677/In-Brief-Bride-trafficking-to-China-could-rise</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303190649480043t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 19 March 2013 (IRIN) - Bride trafficking to China from Southeast Asian countries which do not border on that country looks set to grow, says the UN, with the first reported cases from Cambodia in 2012.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Cambodian land rights in focus</title><pubDate>Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303141016000409t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with widespread evictions and opaque private sector deals, activists in Cambodia are calling on the government to be more open and transparent about land concessions, beef up mechanisms for resolving land disputes, and abide by the rule of law.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with widespread evictions and opaque private sector deals, activists in Cambodia are calling on the government to be more open and transparent about land concessions, beef up mechanisms for resolving land disputes, and abide by the rule of law. 

"Land security, land tenure, is not there," Ou Virak, president of the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights (CCHR) [ http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ ], told IRIN in Phnom Penh.

"A handful [of people] will always be fearful that their land will be grabbed. I think that is an insecurity that needs to be addressed." 

Land rights remains a highly controversial issue in Cambodia, where the communist Khmer Rouge [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89228/CAMBODIA-Khmer-Rouge-genocide-charge-marks-milestone-for-minorities ] banned private property in the late 1970s in their effort to establish an agrarian society, destroying scores of land documents in the process. 

It is estimated that at least two thirds of Cambodians, many of them poverty-stricken farmers, lack proper deeds to the property they live on. Over the past decade thousands have been forcibly evicted from their homes, while others have fallen victim to land-grabbing. 

During this time of rapid economic growth, and with more growth forecast [ http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eap-update-dec-2012-country-indicators.pdf ], there has been increasing demand for land in this largely agricultural country of about 15 million people, and rising land tenure insecurity, experts say.

In 2012, 232 people - including land activists, community representatives and those resisting forced eviction - were arrested in relation to land and housing issues - a 144 percent increase over 2011, when 95 people were arrested and 48 were detained, a report [ http://adhoc-cambodia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/ADHOC-A-Turning-Point-Land-Housing-and-Natural-Resources-Rights-in-2012.pdf ] by the Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (ADHOC) said in February.

Since 2003 some 400,000 people have been affected by land grabbing and land disputes in Phnom Penh and 12 other provinces, says rights group Licadho [ http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/articles/20130212/133/index.html http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ ] which has been mapping [ http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/concession_timelapse/map-carving_up_cambodia-march2012.jpg ] one of the major sources of friction and disputes - economic land concessions (ELCs).

According to ADHOC, the government had designated at least 2,657,470 hectares as ELCs (concessions for agro-industrial development) to private companies as of late 2012 - a 16.7 percent increase on 2011. 

In September 2012 [ http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-63-Add1_en.pdf ] the UN special rapporteur on human rights in Cambodia, Surya Subedi, presented a report to the UN Human Rights Council [ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/HRCIndex.aspx ] (UNHRC) in which he said ELCs were "benefiting a minority" in an investment climate where companies operate behind a "veil of secrecy".

"It is often unclear who is benefiting financially from land used for urban development, economic and other land concessions, and large-scale development projects."

Destabilizing effect

Land concessions have had a destabilizing effect. People living on land leased to private entities - including indigenous communities - have been nudged out of their localities, sometimes from nominally protected areas.

Moreover, community consultation and impact assessments are often deficient and kept confidential, if conducted at all, and inadequate compensation and resettlement has compounded the problem.

Rupert Abbott, Amnesty International's researcher on Cambodia, told IRIN there were cases of rural concession areas being logged for valuable wood and then left untouched, while other slated projects - such as the contentious development of Phnom Penh's Boeung Kak lake [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/86557/CAMBODIA-An-epidemic-of-evictions ] - have stagnated after residents were evicted.

"When those developments take place they've got to be done properly," he said, adding that Amnesty was concerned about the rights of those living in areas earmarked for development.

Rights groups have largely welcomed a moratorium on the granting of new ELCs, a review of existing concessions, and a nationwide land-titling programme announced by Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen in June 2012 to stem the number of disputes. According to ADHOC, official data states that by the end of 2012, more than 71,000 land titles had been issued through the programme.

CCHR's Ou Virak said the government was paying attention as resistance to forced evictions had stiffened, but he feared recent initiatives would be short-lived. "They will probably go back to business as usual [after national elections in July]," he said, adding that the government's land-titling scheme was currently only operating in non-disputed areas.

Land grabs

Josie Cohen, land campaigner for UK-based watchdog group Global Witness [ http://www.globalwitness.org/ ], told IRIN the political classes in Cambodia are complicit in land grabs. 

"Senior Cambodian Peoples' Party (CPP) senator-tycoons are involved in many of the country's most high-profile and controversial concessions," she said.

Lawlessness around land deals prompted unscrupulous investors to take advantage of corruption and the weak rule of law, while responsible investors could not compete with those "cutting corners" and disregarding social and environmental concerns, she said.

"What we need is strong government regulation making it a requirement for investors to disclose [information to the public]." 

Cambodian government spokesperson Phay Siphan told IRIN allegations of government complicity in land-grabbing were "baseless" and, if necessary, people could take disputes to court.

"The CDC [Council for the Development of Cambodia] calculates the impact - economic impact, cultural impact and the other impacts - of land concessions," he said, adding that the government was attempting to complete a public map detailing land ownership by the end of 2013.

Call for greater transparency

Despite welcoming government initiatives in 2012, observers remain concerned about the absence of freedom of information laws, weak implementation of legislation and the opacity of institutions ostensibly in place to deal with land disputes.

In his report, UN Rapporteur Subedi acknowledged the complexity of land rights, given the Khmer Rouge's abolition of private property between 1975 and 1979 and internal migration, but said this did not justify continuing and often violent evictions.

Subedi recommended that the government release information about concessions - including proposals, bidding processes and lists of active concessions, state land and protected areas - to make the sector more transparent and participatory.

Impact assessments should be conducted and publicized before concessions are granted; people should be consulted on resettlement where eviction has been deemed legal; and analysis should be undertaken on the revenue and benefits flowing to the population from concessions, he said. 

In a statement to the UNHRC in September 2012 Sun Suon, Cambodia's ambassador to the UN, said the government was attempting to address land issues, and the premier's land titling scheme would result in about 1.2 million hectares of land being demarcated and allocated to around 350,000 families [ http://www.cambodiaembassy.ch/statement/HR_25092012.pdf ].

A lack of transparency around land deals and scant access to information are roadblocks to reforming the land sector.

Global Witness's Josie Cohen said crucial information was often inaccessible or incomprehensible to affected communities. She added that there was an incomplete list of ELCs on the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries website.

"Cambodia needs to open up its natural resource sector and stop conducting business behind closed doors which allows a corrupt elite to capture supposedly state-owned resources," she said.

Judicial reform needed

Amnesty's Rupert Abbott said judicial reform was key to addressing impunity in the land sector and the government needed to explain to people the roles of various dispute mechanisms.

"We can see that the courts rarely do anything about perpetrators of human rights abuses and yet on the other hand are used to silence those communities calling for more equal development," Abbott said.

A key issue with land management is a failure to properly implement the law, says Taryn Lesser, coordinator of the Land and Housing Rights Unit at OHCHR in Cambodia [ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/KHIndex.aspx ].

"Cambodia's laws are relatively well developed: For example, they provide for a clear and transparent process for dealing with the reclassification of land, for handling disputes and for managing expropriation," she said, adding, however, that a weak judiciary and ineffective implementation of the law contributed to the problem.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97654/Analysis-Cambodian-land-rights-in-focus</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303141016000409t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 15 March 2013 (IRIN) - Faced with widespread evictions and opaque private sector deals, activists in Cambodia are calling on the government to be more open and transparent about land concessions, beef up mechanisms for resolving land disputes, and abide by the rule of law.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Acid attack perpetrator sentenced under new Cambodian law</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301035120698t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Nhem Sreyda feels fortunate that she is still able to see after being doused with acid by her ex-husband in 2012. &quot;I am lucky that my body can still work, my eyes can still see,&quot; the 32-year-old told IRIN.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Nhem Sreyda feels fortunate that she is still able to see after being doused with acid by her ex-husband in 2012. "I am lucky that my body can still work, my eyes can still see," the 32-year-old told IRIN. 

On 28 January, Phnom Penh Municipal Court sentenced Sreyda's ex-husband Be Soeun to five years in prison for intentional violence using acid and ordered him to pay 10 million riel (US$2,500), after he threw battery acid on her face, chest and back when she told him she planned to remarry. 

Be Soeun was the first person prosecuted under Cambodia's acid control law - adopted in December 2011 [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88954/CAMBODIA-Strict-penalties-planned-for-acid-attacks ] - and received the maximum sentence, based on his charge. 

"It's an indication that this sort of behaviour will not be accepted and perpetrators will be held accountable in accordance with the law," said Ziad Samman, project manager at the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity (CASC), [ http://www.cambodianacidsurvivorscharity.org/ ] calling the ruling a "landmark" case. 

But while activists have lauded the decision, they also feel a more robust implementation of the law is needed. 

Under the law, people can also be charged with "torture and cruel acts" using acid and sentenced to 10-30 years imprisonment, while "intentional killing" with acid can carry sentences ranging from 15 years to life imprisonment. 

The law would be further tested when other cases, such as those involving fatalities, go to trial, because suspects could be charged with the heaviest offences, Samman said. 

Sreyda feels her ex-husband should have been sentenced to at least 10 years in prison or made to pay more, and that the law has not yet been properly enforced. 

Acid attacks, accidents and suicides involving acid have long been documented in Cambodia. Although reliable figures are difficult to determine, in 2012 CASC recorded nine people injured in seven acid attacks, four injured accidentally with acid, and two people who committed suicide by drinking acid. 

CASC recorded 17 acid attacks resulting in 25 people being burnt in 2011; and 43 people burnt in 26 acid attacks in 2010. 

However, according to Samman, these could well be just "the tip of the iceberg" as many cases may go unreported. 

"It's possible to speculate that the development of this legislation and the law being put into effect and the coverage in the media may have acted as a disincentive for would-be perpetrators, [but] I can't say for sure," he said. 

Sub-decree 

Meanwhile, key aspects of the law have yet to be put in place or adequately enforced. 

For instance, a crucial and preventive sub-decree regulating the purchase and transportation of acid - cheap and readily available throughout Cambodia - has yet to be issued. 

A litre of battery acid on the streets of Phnom Penh costs as little as US$1, according to CASC's Samman. 

"If we have [a] sub-decree that will control the access to acid and help people to follow some conditions in order to get acid. [It] may restrict the access to acid and may contribute to the elimination of the acid crime," said Ramana Sorn, project coordinator at the Cambodian Centre for Human Rights (CCHR) [ http://www.cchrcambodia.org/ ], who ran a project on acid violence. "People get acid very freely."

Ouk Kimlek, an undersecretary of state at the Ministry of Interior who sat on the acid law drafting committee, said the sub-decree was still being worked on, but he did not know when it would be issued.

"The government is busy right now with other tasks," he said. 

Other legal provisions 

Observers also say sections of the law that stipulate free treatment at health centres and state-owned health institutions, and legal support from the state for acid attack victims, have also not been put into practice.

Provisions were vague, said CCHR's Sorn, and victims currently receive medical and legal assistance from various NGOs. "This part of the law hasn't been enforced properly, or you could say hasn't been enforced at all," she said. 

Nhem Sreyda receives help from NGOs for medical and other treatment. "I get no help from my government," she said.

"There's still a lot of work to be done to implement the government's role," said Samman.

Ouk Kimlek said relevant ministries had been told to implement the law but he did not know if they were doing so. "Cambodia still has acid crimes... but the acid crime figures have decreased [since the law was passed]," he said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97370/Acid-attack-perpetrator-sentenced-under-new-Cambodian-law</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301301035120698t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 30 January 2013 (IRIN) - Nhem Sreyda feels fortunate that she is still able to see after being doused with acid by her ex-husband in 2012. &quot;I am lucky that my body can still work, my eyes can still see,&quot; the 32-year-old told IRIN.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Cambodian bird flu deaths prompt awareness drive</title><pubDate>Mon, 28 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301280753490172t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in Cambodia will bolster public awareness campaigns on H5N1 avian influenza after four people became infected in January, resulting in two fatalities.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in Cambodia will bolster public awareness campaigns on H5N1 avian influenza [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ ] after four people became infected in January, resulting in two fatalities.

“Ongoing public awareness campaigns need to be reinforced through TV and radio,” Sok Touch, director of Cambodia’s Communicable Disease Control Department (CDC) [ http://www.cdcmoh.gov.kh/ ], told IRIN on 28 January, calling on people to be vigilant. “We’re planning on doing this immediately as there is no room for complacency.”

The four cases of H5N1 avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, are the first confirmed in Cambodia this year. There were three recorded cases (all fatal) in 2012 [ http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/EN_GIP_20130116CumulativeNumberH5N1cases.pdf ].

Since 2005, 24 people have been infected resulting in 21 deaths, according to WHO, with over half of the infections in children under 14.

According to a joint statement from the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization (WHO) on 25 January [ http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2013/20130125/en/index.html ], an eight-month-old boy from the capital Phnom Penh recovered after being infected with bird flu, while a 15-year-old girl from southwestern Takeo Province and a 35-year-old man from southwestern Kampong Speu Province died after contracting the virus.

The CDC said the boy had contact with chickens at a market, but the girl from Takeo and the man from Kampong Speu both fell ill after cooking dead chickens gathered from their villages.

A fourth case, also in Kampong Speu, was confirmed by the Ministry of Health on 27 January, when a 17-month-old girl tested positive for H5N1.

“We are working closely with the Ministry of Health to enhance surveillance of H5N1,” said Sonny Krishnan, communications officer with WHO in Phnom Penh, adding that WHO did not know yet if there was a link between the cases of the girl and 35-year-old man.

“We just did a map of the two communes and they’re not far from each other, so there could be an indication of a movement of poultry," Krishnan said.

Philippe Buchy, head of virology at the Pasteur Institute [ http://www.pasteur-kh.org/?lang=en ] in Phnom Penh, said the best way to avoid further infections was to contain infected poultry, which is complicated in Cambodia.

“The country is large, there is not the surveillance required; a lot of resources [that are needed]... are not available to monitor clearly the poultry deaths everywhere, especially in a country where most of the production is backyard,” he said.

An earlier report [ http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/sector_reports/lsr_mekong.pdf ] by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) indicated that chickens are kept by 90-95 percent of rural households, providing an important source of protein and livelihoods for millions.

According to WHO, since 2003, there have been 613 laboratory confirmed cases of H5N1 with 362 related deaths worldwide.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97346/Cambodian-bird-flu-deaths-prompt-awareness-drive</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301280753490172t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 28 January 2013 (IRIN) - Health authorities in Cambodia will bolster public awareness campaigns on H5N1 avian influenza after four people became infected in January, resulting in two fatalities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>No let-up in trafficking of Cambodian males</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200611725t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - The trafficking of male Cambodians for labour exploitation purposes remains rife, says a report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - The trafficking of male Cambodians for labour exploitation purposes remains rife, says a report [ http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf ] by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

“We’re making inroads, but the problem is huge,” John McGeoghan, IOM’s regional migrants’ assistance specialist, told IRIN. “Solving this problem requires political will and resources.”

Since 2007, more than 500 men have been assisted by the agency - 114 in 2011. Many were taken to countries as far away as Indonesia, Malaysia and Mauritius. Most returned thanks to IOM collaboration with the Cambodian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and received reintegration assistance from IOM and NGOs.

Men from Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar have long been trafficked into the Thai fishing industry [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93606/CAMBODIA-THAILAND-Men-trafficked-into-slavery-at-sea ], with some victims spending up to three years at sea.

According to the UN Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ], thousands of Cambodians are trafficked annually. Cambodia is the sixth most frequent country of origin for trafficking victims after Ukraine, Haiti, Yemen, Laos and Uzbekistan.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97222/No-let-up-in-trafficking-of-Cambodian-males</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200611725t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 January 2013 (IRIN) - The trafficking of male Cambodians for labour exploitation purposes remains rife, says a report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Urban water woes</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290735590125t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.

Different continents, same problem: City populations continue to grow above ground while water resources shrink underfoot, leaving emptying aquifers to sate growing needs, and compounding existing problems with wastewater collection.

With water use growing at more than twice the rate of overall population increase (according to the Food and Agriculture Organization), how can authorities ensure that every urban dweller gets 20-50 litres of clean water daily for drinking, cooking and cleaning? How can governments create sanitation systems that do not sicken city dwellers?

Background

Some 3.3 billion people (more than half of the world’s population) live in urban areas, a figure which is expected to rise to five billion by 2030. Ninety-five percent of this growth is taking place in countries least able to afford the cost of expansion.

In East Asia alone - in one of the most disaster-stricken areas worldwide [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends ] - the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) estimates the number of people living in urban flood plains may reach 67 million by 2060.

A Megacity Task Force of the Germany-based International Geographic Union has called the world’s 40 or so megacities (concentrations of at least 10 million people) “major global risk areas” prone to natural disaster and supply crises.

"The dimensions of these urban disaster problems are huge,” said Robert Piper, UN resident coordinator in Nepal, whose capital, Kathmandu, is consistently ranked as one of the world’s most earthquake-prone [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96639/NEPAL-Radio-stations-ill-prepared-for-earthquakes ] cities. “And doing something about it on the scale necessary is expensive.”

Cities of less than one million residents, such as Ramallah, are now growing at a faster rate than larger urban areas, noted Graham Alabaster, manager of the UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), in Geneva. Like megacities, he said, smaller cities share the same pressing problems:  infrastructure too weak to handle ever-more densely packed populations, and understaffing so severe it can put water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH, in aid industry lingo) under the management of less than half as many administrators as is necessary.

Weather extremes

Climate change has not made things any easier. World temperatures will rise by 4 degrees Celsius by the end of the century, predict a joint team of researchers from Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact and the NGO, also in Germany, Climate Analytics [ http://www.climateanalytics.org/news/new-report-examines-risks-4-degree-hotter-world-end-century ].

“In developing countries, the already-stressed, existing systems were built without climatic change in mind,” said Robert Bos, the WASH coordinator for the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva.

Water may be delivered in decades-old leaking iron pipes instead of flexible PVC ones that expand and contract in response to temperature fluctuations. Sewage systems may be too small to remove waste, which can ferment and release toxic methane gas created when temperatures reach record highs.

To brace against increasingly volatile weather, cities in arid regions (such as Johannesburg and Dakar) must stockpile water for annual droughts, while those in flood-prone areas (such as Shanghai and Calcutta) must stockpile medicines and recruit additional health staff to prevent and treat water-borne diseases.

The countries at the highest risk of weather-related disasters worldwide, identified in a November 2012 report [ http://germanwatch.org/en/5696 ], are Thailand followed by Cambodia, Pakistan, El Salvador and the Philippines.

As of March 2012, three years ahead of schedule, the world achieved one of its Millennium Development Goals: providing safe drinking water to half of the 2.6 million people who struggled without it in 2000.
Even so, 2.5 billion people in the developing world lack adequate sanitation and 780 million of them lack clean water [ http://www.unicef.org/wash ].

In addition to large-scale efforts organized by national governments, here are five experiments WASH experts are testing to manage water sources in an urbanizing - and increasingly warmer - world.

1) DE-SLUDGING TECHNOLOGY

Latrine pits into which sewage systems drain are the most common way to collect waste in slums in the developing world. But cleaning these pits, which are often uncovered, can pose persistent challenges. Shacks may be so densely packed that vacuum tankers cannot be deployed.

Individual workers may have to clamber into pits and manually clean them, putting themselves - and their families - at risk of disease. Absentee landlords may have little interest in dealing with sewage pits, leaving them neglected to the point where they overflow.

With a US$100,000 grant from the US-based Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, researchers in Belo Horizonte (the third-largest city in Brazil) are creating biodegradable building blocks that replace conventional cement or brick and allow latrine pits to decompose naturally once they are filled. Another Gates grant of $4.8 million to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine is funding the design of latrine pits that have an active “bio-filter” of tiger worms and other organisms to break down waste. This technology creates environmentally-friendly sewage that poses few human health risks.

2) UPGRADING SCHOOL SANITATION

Where school toilets and latrines do exist (they are available in only an estimated 37 percent of countries where the UN Children’s Fund, UNICEF, is active), long queues snake around school buildings during breaks and after class. “We need to upgrade sanitary facilities for all children, but especially for menstruating girls [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97080/AID-POLICY-Integrating-menstrual-hygiene-management-into-aid-programming ] so they can continue to attend school and meet their needs for privacy, dignity and cleanliness,” said Ania Grobicki, executive secretary of the Stockholm-based Global Water Partnership.

In China, UNICEF and its partners built school hand-washing stations. In Malawi and Kenya, they introduced a new design of urinals for girls. And in Bangladesh and India, they have launched “menstrual hygiene projects” so girls can continue their studies without interruption.

3) PRE-IDENTIFIED WASTE DISPOSAL SITES

When natural disasters strike, they can generate millions of tons of solid and liquid waste that threaten public health and hinder reconstruction. The earthquake that hit Haiti’s capital of Port-au-Prince in January 2010 - killing more than 220,000 people, leaving more than 350,000 displaced almost three years later and causing the capital’s already-shaky municipal waste collection system to collapse - highlighted the need to select waste-disposal sites pre-disaster.

Garbage towered along remaining roadsides; construction materials were piled up in ravines, drains and other open spaces. Before aid agencies and the government focused on hazardous waste disposal, surgeons tossed body parts into fetid, decaying piles. After the disaster, the Haitian government assigned one municipal landfill to dispose of medical waste. In 2011, the UN released disaster-waste guidelines [ http://www.unocha.org/about-us/publications/disaster-waste-management-guidelines ] that outlined dangers of different waste types.

4) TURNING WASTE INTO WATER

In some urban areas in the developing world, more water is lost through leakage and other infrastructure problems than is delivered. “But wastewater collection, recycling, and retreatment can multiply supplies,” said Grobicki from Global Water Partnership.

Cities that are already making wastewater potable include Singapore (where 3 percent of drinking water is recycled) and Perth, Australia (where officials hope 10 percent will soon be so). This microfiltration and chemical treatment technology has also been used in Windhoek, Namibia, (population 300,000) which has been recycling wastewater since 1968, and is holding a meeting in 2013 to evaluate its experience [ http://www.iwahq.org/1tk/events/iwa-events/2013/water-reuse-2013.html ].

5) LOW-COST, HIGH-IMPACT SOLUTIONS

WASH systems do not have to be pricey to be effective, as proven by the shallow, gravity-driven sewers that have long served the `favela’ slums of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s second largest city of some six million people.

“Increasingly, municipal authorities are establishing `low-income customer service units’ or LICSUs,” said Timeyin Uwejamomere with the London-based NGO WaterAid. “One such programme recently brought sanitation to 150,000 people and clean water to 400,000 in Lilongwe, Malawi.”

At King’s College London, researchers are examining how to deliver water with segmented flexible rubber hoses. In India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Uganda, WaterCredit, a programme of the US-based Water.Org, helps households buy drinking water and toilets through micro-financing.

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Aid in an urbanizing world

A series of articles on challenges and changes humanitarian workers are confronting in urban emergencies
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97161/Urban-water-woes</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009290735590125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 02 January 2013 (IRIN) - In Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare (population 3,000,000), a man relieves himself in the dirt next to his tin shack, holding his nose to ward off the stench of a nearby overflowing latrine. In Ramallah (population 300,000) in the occupied Palestinian territory a 14-year-old girl wakes with menstrual cramps - and skips class because her school lacks a washroom where she can clean herself in private. In Bangladesh’s mega-capital (population 12 million), a monsoon-season flash flood leaves thousands with cholera.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Malaria summit opens in Sydney</title><pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria. 

“There were 30 million cases and 42,000 deaths reported in Asia [in 2010] so we aim to achieve greater regional collaboration and coordinated efforts from this conference,” Fatoumata Nafo-Traoré, executive director of Roll Back Malaria Partnership [ http://www.rbm.who.int/ ], told IRIN. She said the Asia-Pacific region includes 20 malaria-endemic countries. 

Resistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] to the anti-malaria drug artemisinin emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95596/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gains-fragile ] border around eight years ago and is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping it can be contained. 

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [ http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/malaria/en/index.html ] about 3.3 billion people - half the world's population - are at risk of the vector-borne disease. Those living in the poorest countries are the most vulnerable. In 2010, 90 percent of all malaria deaths occurred in WHO’s African Region, mostly among children under five. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96668/In-Brief-Malaria-summit-opens-in-Sydney</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 31 October 2012 (IRIN) - More than 200 health experts have gathered in Sydney for a three-day conference to bolster political commitment to tackle the spread of malaria.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Southeast Asia wasting too much food</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore. 

Possible solutions include redistributing edible wasted food to people; turning it into energy and agriculture inputs; and developing new technology to separate food waste from other rubbish. Policymakers need to take a “total supply chain approach” or else risk breaking Southeast Asia’s fragile food system, said the experts. 

“It is likely that the region wastes approximately 33 percent of food, but accurate estimates are not available due to a dearth of quantitative information.” 

Increasing urbanization means food will tend to travel farther, something that could exacerbate the food waste problem. Governments need to better fund the tracking of food waste (especially fish, vegetables and rice), they said. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96485/In-Brief-Southeast-Asia-wasting-too-much-food</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201006290857510468t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Food losses in Asia due to disasters or poor storage, packing and delivery are set to worsen, and governments are ill-prepared to stem the wastage, according experts recently convened by the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies in Singapore.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Tackling the information void</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf ].

“Those parts [that] are worst covered are some of the most disaster prone regions where the most vulnerable live,” said Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch. “There is a big disconnectedness between [scientists] who know and those who need to know. [They are] the farmers, the health workers, the water managers [and] the vulnerable communities.” 

In May 2011the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) endorsed the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to increase and improve interactions between climate service providers - those who research, gather, interpret and diffuse information about the climate - and those who make use of the information [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/gfcs/documents/GFCS_IP_EN.pdf ].

The goal is to boost “tailor-made” climate services, especially for the most vulnerable. Initial priority will be given to food security, water management, disaster risk reduction and health sectors. 

If the people most vulnerable to the dangers of climate change are not provided with information to prepare, natural disasters will claim more lives, warned Egeland. 

One way is for governments to boost investments in services that provide information on climate variability such as satellites, high-speed telecommunications, supercomputers and other scientific innovations. 

In India, farmers receive recommendations via text message of what crops to plant in their regions - in their chosen languages. 

Ahead of a recent meeting among users in Africa of satellite-based weather forecasting and climate applications from the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) [ http://www.eumetsat.int/Home/Main/News/CorporateNews/823015?l=en ], the African Union Commission, African regional economic communities, and the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States issued a declaration supporting GCFS [ http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/documents/addisx.pdf ].

Meanwhile, implementation of GFCS in Africa will be on the agenda of an upcoming African ministerial conference on meteorology to be held on 15-19 October in Zimbabwe, and is expected to adapt a continent-wide strategy on meteorology. 

While efforts continue to expand the reach of climate services, many parts of the world still have no services or woefully inadequate ones. These are the places where a climate information void is most deadly, noted Egeland. 

Information disparity linked to income 

According to WMO, six countries currently have no meteorological and climate services; 65 have very inadequate services; 57 have essential services; 40 have “full” to “pretty good” services; and another 23 nations are very advanced. 

Egeland highlighted how this information disparity is linked to income, where the richest countries have the most scientific services on climate - and ways to diffuse that information - while the poorest countries with anaemic economies that produce fewer greenhouse gases are hardest hit by the effects of climate change. 

Scientists say climate change brought about by greenhouse gas emissions will bring with it more extreme weather leading to more natural disasters. 

Suppakorn Chinvanno, a researcher from the Bangkok-based Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, which develops scientific socioeconomic ways to address the impacts of environmental change in Southeast Asia, said climate services need to be localized. “We have to think about climate [change from the] perspective of different communities.” 

The World Meteorological Congress (WMO’s decision making entity) is meeting on 29-31 October to decide how to implement GFCS as well as its governance. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96493/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Tackling-the-information-void</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200907291313040375t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - Services to inform communities about the climate are available in higher-income countries, but are not reaching the people most in need of them in developing countries due to lack of government investment and a disconnect between experts and communities facing extreme weather.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Human Rights Watch’s Jan Egeland calls for faster progress</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ] he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS). 

Spearheaded by the World Meteorological Organization [ http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/ ] and based on research from an expert group Egeland chaired in 2009, GFCS aims to increase and improve interactions between experts who interpret, gather and purvey climate-related information (climate service providers) and the people who use it. 

Q: How far has GFCS come in making climate information accessible for the average small farmer? 

A: The main problem of global climate services today is that it doesn’t reach the last mile to those who need it the most. So, typically, the farmer who needs to know when to sow or when to harvest in an unpredictable climate doesn’t really get that… More often he doesn’t get the information if he is in a poor and developing country, nor does the doctor who would need to know when malaria will [be] affected by rainfall, or meningitis [by] the course of the wind. 

It is also mixed how far the countries come in disaster… There is a big difference from even Vietnam to Cambodia to Nepal in that matter. Some countries are making big headway like China, India, Vietnam and Thailand… But it’s too slow. I am frustrated… We are not making faster progress. Science has come so far and there is so much you can predict now. 

Q: What are the chief obstacles to linking climate change adaptation and disaster risk management for sustainable poverty reduction? 

A: Clearly the explosive growth in the number of natural disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Theme/NAT/Natural-Disasters ] is one of the biggest obstacles in poverty reduction. We have seen an increase of natural disasters from around a 100 in [the] 1960s to nearly 500 per year in this decade, so it is [a] four- nearly five-fold increase... It means devastation of some of the poorest countries. It means massive displacement of people. 

Q: In addition to climate services, what else is still needed to prepare people to adapt to climate variability? 

A: We need to curb climate change. Many believe we are in the same boat, [that] we are equally hit by climate change, which is not true… Norway is not going to get hit by climate change for some time. But if you go to Sahel, go to the coast of Southeast Asia and you see… It’s the number of disasters that has increased dramatically... Monsoons and typhoons have grown tremendously. 

In Vietnam, they are talking about one metre of sea rise, which would be a complete disaster for the whole Mekong Delta. So we need to curb climate change, and here it is just horrendous to see that it is not happening… In [climate change] adaptation we could be able to do more… Quite a bit is happening... Science is making big progress but not reaching the final point and that’s a big challenge. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96495/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Human-Rights-Watch-s-Jan-Egeland-calls-for-faster-progress</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/20069127t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 October 2012 (IRIN) - On the sidelines of a recent presentation he made in Bangkok on disaster prevention and preparedness, IRIN spoke to Jan Egeland, deputy director of Human Rights Watch, about progress on the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMBODIA: Rural poor lose out in land deals</title><pubDate>Thu, 04 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210041106370717t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Land governance policies in Asia, especially concessions made to private companies, are leaving the region’s poorest vulnerable to human rights abuses, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Land governance policies in Asia, especially concessions made to private companies, are leaving the region’s poorest vulnerable to human rights abuses, experts say.

“Land-grabbing by the rich and powerful continues,” Suson Bunsak, executive secretary of the Cambodian Human Rights Action Committee, said at the recent Asia Land Forum [ http://ilcasia.wordpress.com/asia-land-forum-2012/ ] held in the capital, Phnom Penh. “Hundreds of thousands of people are severely affected for the livelihoods because of the land concessions to the companies.”

According to International Land Coalition (ILC) Asia, a global alliance working on equitable land access which organized the forum, Asia contains 34 percent of the world’s cultivable land and 15 percent of the world’s remaining forests [ http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/AsiaLandForum2012_Program.pdf ].

The region also has 75 percent of the world’s farming households, 80 percent of whom are small-scale farmers and producers who often have tenuous land tenure [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2008/Resources/WDR_00_book.pdf ].

Since 2000, 27 million hectares of land were bought by transnational and domestic companies throughout Asia, making it the second most targeted region for land deals after Africa [ http://www.worldwatch.org/despite-drop-2009-peak-agricultural-land-grabs-still-remain-above-pre-2005-levels ].

Economic land concessions and land controlled by agro-industries, including sugar and rubber companies as well as rice mills in Cambodia, increased to more than two million hectares nationwide in 2011, which reduced cultivable land, according to the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) [ http://adhoc-cambodia.org/wp content/uploads/2012/09/FIDH-Briefing-Note-Cambodia-20-Sept.-2012.pdf ].

The UN special representative for human rights in Cambodia recently noted [ http://adhoc-cambodia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/FIDH-Briefing-Note-Cambodia-20-Sept.-2012.pdf ] “widespread and serious human rights abuses” have been committed in connection with land deals in Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90453/CAMBODIA-Communities-fight-back-against-land-grabbing ].

Since 2003, in 12 out of 23 provinces where the local NGO Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defence of Human Rights works, more than 400,000 mostly rural landholders have been affected by land deals which evicted them from their properties [ http://www.licadhocambodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=269 ].

The NGO Oxfam calculates land deals worldwide tripled during the food price crisis in 2008 and 2009 when cultivable land was increasingly a profitable investment, and that 60 percent of the deals from 2000-2010 were in developing countries struggling to fight widespread hunger.

Seeking remedies

Oxfam calls for the World Bank to freeze lending on land deals that threaten local communities [ http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/our-land-our-lives-time-out-on-the-global-land-rush-246731 ].

A new lending freeze was implemented by the World Bank in May 2011 - and continues to the present - in Cambodia when fishing communities protested against the Bank’s US$33million support for a government project that had evicted hundreds of families. In August 2011, the Cambodian government granted land titles to most of the affected families.

According to ILC, improved land tenure laws are needed to protect people at risk of losing their land and livelihoods in such deals [ http://www.landcoalition.org/sites/default/files/AsiaLandForum2012_Program.pdf ].

The executive director of STAR Kampuchea [ http://www.starkampuchea.org.kh/ ], a Phnom Penn-based NGO that works with civil society groups in Cambodia, told IRIN civil society organizations in Asia are ill-equipped to interpret and enforce existing land laws.

After more than two years of consultation with groups and governments working on land issues, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recently endorsed voluntary guidelines on the “responsible governance of tenure of land” intended to promote secure tenure rights and equitable access to land, fisheries and forests as a means of wiping out hunger and poverty [ http://www.fao.org/nr/tenure/voluntary-guidelines/en/ ]. FAO is opening a technical meeting on 4 October in Rome [ http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nr/land_tenure/pdf/October_4-5_Meeting_Agenda.pdf] to discuss how to implement the guidelines.

The Asian NGO Coalition for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development based in the Philippines has noted the richest quintile own the bulk of land in Asia, particularly the Philippines, Indonesia and Cambodia, leaving the poorest uncompensated - and often homeless - in land deals [ http://www.angoc.org/dmdocuments/Securing%20the%20Right%20to%20Land%20FULL.pdf ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96452/CAMBODIA-Rural-poor-lose-out-in-land-deals</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210041106370717t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 04 October 2012 (IRIN) - Land governance policies in Asia, especially concessions made to private companies, are leaving the region’s poorest vulnerable to human rights abuses, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: More work needed to tackle stunting</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103021645360958t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) published by NGO Save the Children.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) [ http://www.savethechildren.nl/Publicaties/child_development_2012/ ] published by NGO Save the Children. 

The World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/publications/Stunting1990_2011.pdf ] says there are 100 million stunted children in Asia. 

The CDI measures three indicators of children’s well-being and development - health, education and nutrition - in 141 countries globally and ranks them according to their scores in terms of a child’s chances of dying before five, of not enrolling in school, and of being underweight. 

“Significant progress has been made but data shows that undernutrition [in Asia] has consistently lagged behind,” Michel Anglade, Asia campaigns and advocacy director at Save the Children, told IRIN. “More than one child in five in East Asia is suffering from stunting.” 

The 2012 State of the World’s Children report [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc/files/SOWC_2012-Main_Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf ] said more than one third of children under five in Asia are stunted - too short for their age- while 27 percent weigh too little for their age, and 13 percent are wasted, meaning the child’s weight is too low for its height as a result of acute malnutrition. 

In India and Nepal, stunting affects almost half of all children under five, while in Indonesia and Cambodia the rates are 37 and 40 percent respectively, the report said. In Bangladesh, 43 percent of children under five are stunted, with a quarter of them coming from middle-income households. 

Some 59 percent of all Afghan children under five had moderate to severe stunting, while the figure for Timor Leste [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92039/TIMOR-LESTE-Chronic-malnutrition-among-world-s-highest ] was 58 percent, the report said. 

Dorothy Foote, nutrition and security programme specialist at the UN Children’s Fund’s (UNICEF) Asia office, said there has been modest progress but regional disparities persist. 

The number of stunted children in South Asia - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan - decreased by only 10 percent between 1990 and 2010. “This is still a very high proportion of children stunted,” Foote said. 

Children who are stunted are at greater risk of illness and death, impaired cognitive development and poor school performance, say health experts. 

“Critical period” 

Stunting generally occurs before the age of two and the effects are largely irreversible. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94933/MADAGASCAR-Stunted-children-means-stunted-lives ] 

“In many Asian countries, children are not getting adequate nutrition during their first 1,000 days which is the most critical period to prevent malnutrition,” said Save the Children’ s Anglade. “Good nutrition between the start of a woman’s pregnancy and her child’s second birthday is critical to the future health, well-being and success of the child and can have a profound impact on a child’s ability to grow, learn and rise out of poverty.” 

An analysis of stunting rates and gross domestic product (GDP) in 127 developed and developing countries in the 2012 State of the World's Mothers report by Save the Children [ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/STATE-OF-THE-WORLDS-MOTHERS-REPORT-2012-FINAL.PDF ] indicated that economic growth alone was not enough to prevent stunting. 

For example, India has a per capita GDP of U$1,500 and 48 percent of its children are stunted, while in Vietnam per capita GDP is $1,200 and the child stunting rate is 23 percent. 

“It is not only a story of resources,” said Anglade. 

Action being taken 

Political commitment, supportive policies and effective strategies are the key to success in improving children’s health; some countries are taking action. 

Nepal intensified campaigns to raise awareness of good feeding practices among the rural poor and prevent stunting by distributing ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), but public perceptions of feeding undermine the efforts. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93283/NEPAL-Struggle-to-spread-malnutrition-awareness ] 

Indonesia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96206/INDONESIA-Mixed-progress-on-reducing-child-malnutrition ] more than one third of whose children are stunted, has taken steps to improve breastfeeding rates and promote timely complementary feeding in young children. 

Other countries, such as Vietnam, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95739/VIETNAM-Seeking-a-regional-alternative-to-Plumpy-Nut ] have begun local production of RUTF to reduce stunting, while the Philippines [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96089/PHILIPPINES-Banking-breast-milk-to-save-lives ] has intensified efforts to boost breastfeeding among poor women. 

“The causes of malnutrition are complex - some are deeply underlying, such as poverty and social norms - others are more proximate such as food intake and frequency of disease,” says UNICEF’s Foote. “We have seen some improved practices as a result of intensive education and awareness campaigns.” 

However, aid workers warn that there has been very little improvement in the nutritional status of the poorest children. 

“There is much more work to be done in reaching the most disadvantaged and closing the gap for the most vulnerable kids,” said Foote. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96328/ASIA-More-work-needed-to-tackle-stunting</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201103021645360958t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 18 September 2012 (IRIN) - Stunting is a key factor holding back progress on children’s well-being, and Asia faces a significant challenge with millions of children under five stunted, says the 2012 Child Development Index (CDI) published by NGO Save the Children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: The &quot;unfinished business&quot; of lowering child mortality</title><pubDate>Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003101720170546t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.

"These new data are cause to celebrate," UNICEF deputy executive director Geeta Rao Gupta said at a press conference launching the 2012 Progress Report on Committing to Child Survival: A Promise Renewed [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/APR_Progress_Report_2012_final.pdf ]. "But this is unfinished business, and it is not just about numbers. Behind every statistic is an unseen child, and a grieving mother and father."

The vast majority of child deaths are preventable. Almost two-thirds of under-five deaths in 2011 were caused by infectious illnesses such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, meningitis, tetanus, HIV and measles; by contrast, in countries with very low under-five mortality rates, there were almost no deaths from infectious diseases. More than one-third of under-five deaths could be attributed to undernutrition, and almost 40 percent occurred within the first month of life, often due to preterm or delivery complications.

According to the report, nine low-income countries - Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, Niger and Rwanda - have lowered their under-five mortality rate by 60 percent or more over the last two decades. These countries used simple, tried and tested methods to improve child survival: widespread immunization campaigns for diseases like measles and polio; insecticide-treated mosquito nets to prevent malaria; interventions ranging from folic acid supplements to clean delivery practices to improve newborn survival; and exclusive breastfeeding to address undernutrition.

The global drop in under-five mortality works out to a decline of about 3 percent per year, but if the world is to meet the Millennium Development Goals [ http://www.who.int/pmnch/about/about_mdgs/en/index.html ] on child mortality and maternal health, child deaths need to fall by 14 percent per year, according to the World Health Organization.

Poorest go without

Under-five deaths are largely concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, which accounted for almost half of these deaths in 2011, and South Asia, where 33 percent of under-five deaths occurred. In a few instances - Burkina Faso, Chad, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali and Somalia - under-five mortality actually rose between 1990 and 2011.

The report also noted wide disparities within countries. Data from 39 countries show that children born into the poorest fifth of a population are almost twice as likely to die before age five as those born into the wealthiest fifth. Other factors that increase risk of under-five death include: being born in rural areas; being born to mothers without basic education; and living in areas affected by violence and political fragility.

Many of the simplest interventions remain inaccessible in impoverished parts of Africa and Asia. For instance, globally, less than one-third of children with diarrhoea receive oral rehydration salts.

In Uganda, which has registered a 49 percent decline in under-five mortality since 1990, health workers say the cost of vaccines remains a major hindrance, and the country's overburdened health system is struggling to cope with the needs of one of the world's fastest growing populations [ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html ].

"We have some vaccines which have reduced illness among the children, like pneumococcal and rotavirus, which are not wildly available in health units due to high cost," Jolly Natukunda, a senior paediatric consultant at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda’s largest referral facility, told IRIN.

But according to Mickey Chopra, UNICEF's chief of health, the price of many vaccines has fallen significantly in recent years through negotiations between the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/ ] and manufacturers and suppliers of vaccines. In 2011, pharmaceutical giant Pfizer cut the price of its pneumococcal vaccine - which prevents pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis - by more than 50 percent for developing countries, which now spend just US$3.50 per dose.

A pledge to do more

In June, UNICEF and its partners launched A Promise Renewed [ http://www.apromiserenewed.org/ ], a global effort to reenergize the improvement of maternal, newborn and child survival. Since its inception, more than 110 governments have signed a pledge vowing to redouble efforts to reduce child mortality. The movement aims to rapidly decrease under-five mortality by improving countries' evidence-based plans; strengthening accountability for maternal and child healthcare; and mobilizing support for the principle that "no child should die from preventable causes". It aims to prioritize the world's poorest people.

"A child's death is all the more tragic when caused by a disease that can easily be prevented. That's why we have this global movement to recommit to child survival and renew the promise to end child deaths. This decline shows we can make this happen," UNICEF's Rao said.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96300/HEALTH-The-quot-unfinished-business-quot-of-lowering-child-mortality</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003101720170546t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 13 September 2012 (IRIN) - In 1990, an estimated 12 million children around the world died under age five; by 2011, that figure had dropped to 6.9 million. The message, from a new report by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF), is that with greater commitment to child survival from governments and their partners, these figures can go lower still.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Asia fails to take up rotavirus vaccine</title><pubDate>Fri, 07 Sep 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209070934180240t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.

“Timely vaccination with one of the two effective rotavirus vaccines [Rotarix and Rotateq] can prevent many cases of [rotavirus] illness and hospitalizations,” WHO’s Manila office said in an email to IRIN on 7 September. “WHO recommends the inclusion of rotavirus vaccine in the national immunization schedules of all countries.”

According to WHO, rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children, with more than 500,000 children under the age of five dying worldwide each year. Highly contagious, the virus causes vomiting and severe diarrhoea that can lead to dehydration and potential death. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87899/AFRICA-Rotavirus-data-must-propel-immunization-experts ]

Children aged six months to two years are particularly vulnerable to infection. Worldwide, rotavirus accounts for 37 percent of all diarrhoea deaths in children under five with 95 percent of those deaths occurring in developing countries. [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/publications/gavi-fact-sheets ] 

While the virus is treatable by providing fluids and salts, health experts note that it has a devastating and deadly impact in areas where people cannot access medical care. There are no antibiotics or any other drug to fight the infection and since 2009 WHO has recommended the global use of the rotavirus vaccine. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/84764/GLOBAL-WHO-move-boosts-fight-against-fatal-diarrhoea ]

“For rotavirus vaccine the main aim is to prevent or reduce the severity of the first one or two infections in young children,” Tony Nelson, professor of paediatrics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and member of the Rotavirus Organization of Technical Allies (ROTA council), told IRIN. “It is these first infections that are the most severe and most likely to cause life-threatening dehydration.”

The international health NGO PATH [ http://www.path.org/publications/detail.php?i=2197 ] reports that in Asia 42 percent of all hospital admissions of children under five with diarrhoea are the result of rotavirus, while 188,000 children under five die each year. 

“As many of these deaths and admissions could be prevented by vaccination, it is sad that very few countries in Asia have announced plans to include rotavirus vaccines in their NIPs,” Nelson said. 

As of September 2012, 41 countries worldwide have introduced rotavirus vaccines in their NIPs. [ http://rotacouncil.org/rotavirus-burden-vaccine-introduction-map ] Four African countries - Botswana, Ghana, Rwanda and Sudan - have fully introduced the oral vaccine in their NIPs, while South Africa and Zambia introduced rotavirus vaccination on a regional basis. [ http://rotacouncil.org/national-and-regional-rotavirus-introductions/ ]

However, only two countries in Asia - Philippines and Thailand - are vaccinating (or are about to) children against rotavirus: “Price continues to be an important barrier to introducing rotavirus vaccine,” WHO explained. 

In July, Philippines [ http://vad.createsend1.com/t/ViewEmail/r/680743A8ADBDDBE1/E38B11B8894CC5F54BD7C9066BE4161D ] started vaccinating an estimated 700,000 children each year aged 1.5-3.5 months from the poorest communities.

In the same month Thailand [ http://rotacouncil.org/news/botswana-yemen-launch-rotavirus-vaccines-nationally/ ] announced it will vaccinate regionally, but has yet to provide an actual launch date.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96259/HEALTH-Asia-fails-to-take-up-rotavirus-vaccine</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209070934180240t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 07 September 2012 (IRIN) - Most countries in Asia have yet to make the rotavirus vaccine part of their national immunization programme (NIP), despite a World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation to do so.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: “Gene chip technology” deployed in fight against malaria</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia. 

Researchers from the US University of Notre Dame’s Eck Institute for Global Health [ http://globalhealth.nd.edu/ ] are developing a “gene chip” which could contribute to identifying drug resistance in blood samples. [ http://newsinfo.nd.edu/news/30101-notre-dame-researchers-using-novel-method-to-combat-malaria-drug-resistance/ ] 

The goal is to “see resistance as it is emerging, respond in real time and modify strategies to save a drug, such as protecting it with new formulations and combinations tailored to the specific location of emergence,” said the lead researcher, Michael Ferdig. “We now have markers for emerging resistance and new hypotheses that we will use to track down the resistance mechanism.” 

Genetic markers or “signposts” are any alteration in the DNA that helps to identify the presence of a specific disease. 

Artemisinin is a natural plant product that represents the first-line treatment for malaria, after resistance to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] Growing resistance to artemisinin in the greater Mekong sub-region - including Cambodia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92516/MYANMAR-Anti-malarial-drug-resistance-hotspots-identified ] Thailand and Viet Nam - means treatment is taking longer to clear parasites. 

“Southeast Asia, and in particular western Cambodia, is the region where all resistances in [the parasite] plasmodium falciparum have emerged,” said Francois Nosten, director of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit along the Thai-Myanmar border, a region which has reported longer treatment times in the past eight years for patients taking artemisinin-based drugs to cure malaria. 

However, experts warn that gene chip technology is years away from practical application. 

“The gene chip is only at the stage of being developed and not there yet,” said Nosten. “Several groups are competing to find the molecular markers of resistance to artemisinin, but it will take several years before something is usable in the field and we do not have this time to waste.” 

According to the World Health Organization, [ http://www.searo.who.int/en/Section10/Section21/Section340_4018.htm ] four out 10 people globally who are at risk of becoming infected with malaria live in Southeast Asia. 

Migration from highly endemic malarial areas, counterfeit anti-malarial drugs, and the misuse of artemisinin have all contributed to worsening drug resistance, says the agency. [ http://whothailand.healthrepository.org/bitstream/123456789/713/1/MAL_2010.pdf ] 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96197/HEALTH-Gene-chip-technology-deployed-in-fight-against-malaria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 29 August 2012 (IRIN) - Scientists in the USA are looking to use “gene chip technology” to reduce or contain drug resistance to malaria, an increasing problem globally but particularly in Southeast Asia.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMBODIA: Water management goes solar</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 Aug 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208141400120881t.jpg" />]]>KRATIE 14 August 2012 (IRIN) - Floods and droughts are two leading causes of agricultural losses in Cambodia, where farmers have begun using solar power to manage their water supply and counter the impact of increasingly erratic weather patterns.</description><body><![CDATA[KRATIE 14 August 2012 (IRIN) - Floods and droughts are two leading causes of agricultural losses in Cambodia, where farmers have begun using solar power to manage their water supply and counter the impact of increasingly erratic weather patterns.

In the disaster-prone Bosleav (also known as Bos Leav) commune in Kratie Province - some 480km northeast of the capital, Phnom Penh - the country’s first solar-powered water pumping station was recently completed. The solar-powered pumps push water into storage tanks and then gravity takes over to distribute the water to households, said Dara R.M. Ung, a project advisor at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF).

Some 140km of the Mekong River, where 70 percent of residents live along the banks, runs through Kratie Province, which has been ranked as one of the country’s most disaster-prone provinces. The ministry is carrying out the project as part of its National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA) to help farmers adjust to extreme weather.

“Having access to water allows me to cook more foods than before [and] spend more time with my children,” said Sophorn Chay, 33, a mother of four, as she tasted her first tap water delivered by the solar pump. Until recently she spent about 2.5 hours each day in search of water. The commune has 1,573 families but only 150 were selected to join a community water association, a requirement for being connected to the network supplied by the solar-powered pump, and Chay’s family is one of them.

Fees

In most big towns, the government supplies piped water and regulates the prices, but in places without electricity, water gauges or access to water pipelines, like Bosleav, farmers must source their own water, often from nearby rivers that may be polluted, or from private suppliers that charge twice the government rate of 30 US cents per cubic metre.

“Because the farmers are in the remote villages, their cost of transportation to the water supply is expensive and time-consuming,” said Bunly Meas, a NAPA communications officer. “The solar pump system provides water to selected households at a lower price.”

None of the three newly formed water associations have decided on the fees for membership or water usage. The first water association meeting is scheduled for October. “Water will be distributed to each household according to their needs,” said Ung from the MAFF. “Each member will pay a [fee, based] on the amount they use.”

Bunrith Chin, of Kratie’s Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology, said the fees will be less than what residents currently pay private vendors.

MAFF estimates that each family will spend some 50 US cents a month, a fraction of what they spend to get water to the village now. Meas said the money will go to maintaining the solar power system. Kratie’s provincial agriculture department will train water associations in water resource management, including how to fix the pumping system.

Water destroys

“There is a… [local] saying that people search for water to survive, but here the water comes to destroy us,” said Um Le, president of the water users’ association in Bosleav Leu village, in the Bosleav commune.

In recent years, district farmers have been unable to predict the weather, as they have done for generations, to decide when to plant their crops. “Every year, the land gets dry and floods reach higher up to the house. We lose our income, food supplies, cows and even our lives,” Le noted.

In 2011 the commune experienced the worst floods in recent history, in which 167 hectares of rice fields, or 60 percent of the commune’s harvest were destroyed, according to the government. Bosleav commune provides 78 percent of the district’s total rice production.

The solar systems - set up by local NGOs at a cost of about $20,000 for each of the three testing sites - have their limits. Bosleav commune council member Nhoem Chhay Heam, 50, said even with arsenic filters on the pumps, the water is still not suitable for drinking, though villagers still do so. “The water has to be boiled for drinking. The objective of the solar pump is to provide water to farms for home gardening, washing and cooking.”

Arsenic, which causes health problems like skin discoloration (melanosis), hardening of the skin (keratosis) and cancer, can contaminate groundwater naturally and through human activities such as mining. It can also come from pesticides and fertilizers that contain arsenic. In a recent government study [ http://www.iges.or.jp/en/news/topic/pdf/FW_Knowledgehub/Groundwater_Arsenic_Contamination_in_Cambodia.pdf ], Kratie was identified as one of six provinces nationwide at high risk for arsenic-contaminated groundwater.

Pinreak Suos, a MAFF project consultant, said preparing the water associations to manage water resources - which only the government has done until now - will also be a challenge.

bl/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96102/CAMBODIA-Water-management-goes-solar</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208141400120881t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KRATIE 14 August 2012 (IRIN) - Floods and droughts are two leading causes of agricultural losses in Cambodia, where farmers have begun using solar power to manage their water supply and counter the impact of increasingly erratic weather patterns.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMBODIA: “Mystery disease” not so mysterious</title><pubDate>Fri, 13 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200611731t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - Cambodia has begun nationwide surveillance for a severe form of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children younger than 5 years old and is rarely life-threatening, health officials confirmed on 13 July.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - Cambodia has begun nationwide surveillance for a severe form of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children younger than 5 years old and is rarely life-threatening, health officials confirmed on 13 July. 

Since April more than 50 children have reportedly died from the “mysterious” disease which was first diagnosed on 9 July. Health experts cite Enterovirus 71 (EV-71), one of a group of enteroviruses that results in the disease, as the cause. 

"The surveillance system had not been geared up to detect hand, foot and mouth disease, and the country lacked the capacity for testing for its severe form," Dr Nima Asgari, head of the emerging disease surveillance and response unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phnom Penh, the capital, told IRIN. 

Sentinel sites for severe HFMD have been established at five hospitals and health centres have been instructed to inform the Cambodian Ministry of Health about mild cases of HFMD, ministry officials said of the effort which began earlier this week. 

Asgari noted that it was likely more cases of the disease would be detected in the coming weeks as surveillance increased in Cambodia. So far in 2012, there have been 890,000 cases of mild and severe HFMD in China, with 242 deaths, and Vietnam has recorded 58,000 cases and 29 deaths, WHO reported. 

“EV71 seems to be rising and causing a number of situations where there are a lot of deaths,” Asgari said. In Cambodia the cases occurred in 14 of the country’s 23 provinces, which did not add up to an "outbreak" because they were not linked, health ministry officials said. 

In its mild form HFMD mainly affects children, causing fever, sores in the mouth, and rashes with blisters on the feet, hands and buttocks. Children generally recover from the disease within seven to 10 days without medical treatment. 

But in severe cases, especially those with the presence of EV-71, patients can have neurological and respiratory symptoms, including convulsions, jerking of the hands and feet and shortness of breath. 

HFMD virus is contagious and is spread from person to person by direct contact with nose and throat discharges, saliva, fluid from blisters, or the stool of infected persons.

Infected individuals are most contagious during the first week of the illness, but the period of communicability can last for several weeks, as the virus persists in stool, said a WHO fact sheet. [ http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/hfmd.information.sheet/en/index.html ]. 

In nearly all of the most severe cases reported in Cambodia, the children died within one day of hospitalization and within four days of the onset of symptoms, an investigation by the health ministry and WHO revealed. 

About 80 percent of the cases had been treated with steroids, most at privately run clinics, before they were hospitalized, the investigation found. Treating severe cases of HFMD with steroids increases the likelihood of fatality in patients, health officials said.

To address this issue, along with enhanced surveillance, health officials are launching a public awareness campaign about the disease and the need to avoid using steroids to treat it. However, the surveillance system covers only the public sector and does not include private clinics and practitioners. 

Cambodia’s fledgling healthcare system comprises a poorly funded state-run system of health centres and hospitals, and privately run clinics which, though unregulated, are often the first choice of many people.

Public health experts have long urged the government and its international donors to strengthen healthcare services to offset the rise of unregulated clinics, where staff are often untrained and poorly equipped to diagnose illness and provide the correct treatment.

According to WHO, outbreaks of HFMD occur every few years in different parts of the world, but in recent years these have occurred more frequently in Asia, including China, Japan, Hong Kong (China), Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Viet Nam. 

vm/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95857/CAMBODIA-Mystery-disease-not-so-mysterious</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/200611731t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 13 July 2012 (IRIN) - Cambodia has begun nationwide surveillance for a severe form of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common viral illness that usually affects infants and children younger than 5 years old and is rarely life-threatening, health officials confirmed on 13 July.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>VIETNAM: Seeking a regional alternative to Plumpy’Nut</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206270217320608t.jpg" />]]>HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa.</description><body><![CDATA[HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90242/NIGER-Local-Plumpy-nut-production-soars-with-demand ] that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa. 

Until recently there was no formally marketed, nationally distributed “therapeutic” foodstuff to treat malnutrition in Vietnam, and a 2009 study in neighbouring Cambodia revealed that Plumpy’Nut did not appeal to local tastes. 

“It’s [Plumpy’Nut] a paste eaten straight from a package, which is not normally something… eaten in Vietnam or Cambodia,” said Frank Wieringa a senior researcher at the Research Institute for Development (IRD), based at the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) [ http://viendinhduong.vn/news/en/158/110/a/national-institute-of-nutrition.aspx ] in Vietnam. 

“Health workers didn’t like it, mothers didn’t like it - it was not just the taste but the whole form of the paste and cultural acceptance.” 

NIN, with support from UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), has developed a treatment for malnutrition in Vietnam made from mung beans rather than peanuts, and looks and tastes like traditional bean cakes. 

Malnutrition affects 780,000 children in Vietnam annually, 210,000 of whom are severely malnourished, according to UNICEF. An additional 2.1 million children younger than five years are “stunted”, or shorter than the average height for their age, either because they did not get enough food, or the food was not nutritious enough, during their early years. 

As part of a broader programme to fight malnutrition, the mung bean product was introduced in 2011 in the central Vietnamese province of Kon Tum, where the rate of stunting was 9.2 percent in 2010, the highest level recorded nationwide. 

“I fed it to my three-year-old son for five days and he put on nearly one kilogramme,” said Y Khi, 34, from the Ro Ngao ethnic minority group in the mountainous Central Highlands. Y Khi grows rice and cassava to make a living, and says she struggles to feed her seven children. 

Known locally as “hebi”, the mung bean cakes are popular with some children, she said, but not others. 

“They first gave me 10 packages for my youngest daughter, who is 13 months old, but she couldn’t eat it because she didn’t like the taste,” Y Khi said, speaking via telephone from a health centre in the Dak La commune in the highlands. 

“I am trying to give my daughter milk to prevent her from becoming more malnourished, but it’s difficult to buy milk. It’s difficult to give babies hebi, but for children who can eat it, it’s very good.” 

The NIN is developing another product with fewer micronutrients and calories to treat moderate malnutrition at a lower cost, and plans to supply both products to other countries in the region on a non-profit basis. 

“The Philippines [is] very interested in this product, Cambodia as well,” Wieringa said, noting that countries eventually need to produce their own therapeutic foods. “I think that countries would like to change the taste and texture a bit, depending on local preference.” 

Whether to manufacture or import would be determined by need. Importing therapeutic foods can be expensive due to customs paperwork, fees and storage, said Huynh Nam Phuong from the NIN. 

“It depends on how big the problem of malnutrition is, the capacity of health, nutrition and food production [systems], and the culture.” 

mb/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95739/VIETNAM-Seeking-a-regional-alternative-to-Plumpy-Nut</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206270217320608t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">HANOI 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - The National Institute for Nutrition in Vietnam is hoping a new locally produced food to treat malnutrition will offer a regional alternative to the peanut-paste treatment known as Plumpy’Nut that is widely used in sub-Saharan Africa.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMBODIA: No recourse for enslaved migrant workers</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206190414270721t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - On most nights, Nara* was allowed to sleep no more than a few hours before he was forced to resume his gruelling routine of casting nets, sorting the catch and mending damaged nets, all while being watched by a captain eager to deliver a beating to any deckhand he thought was slacking.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - On most nights, Nara* was allowed to sleep no more than a few hours before he was forced to resume his gruelling routine of casting nets, sorting the catch and mending damaged nets, all while being watched by a captain eager to deliver a beating to any deckhand he thought was slacking. 

Nara had paid people smugglers in Cambodia, who promised him a factory job in Thailand, but they tricked him and he ended up as a slave [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93606/CAMBODIA-THAILAND-Men-trafficked-into-slavery-at-sea ] on a fishing vessel on the high seas. 

“I worked on the boat for three years but was never paid anything,” Nara said. Like other trafficking victims interviewed by IRIN, he asked that his real name not be used. 

Nara was just 20 when he was approached by a smuggler in 2008, who offered him a factory job in Thailand with a monthly salary of US$200, roughly three times what he would get for similar work in Cambodia. 

By the time he realized that he had been tricked, he was already in a foreign country and under the control of violent bosses. He soon found himself forced onto a boat that set out for Malaysian waters and docked once a month on desolate islands. 

Poverty and limited job opportunities make desperate Cambodians easy prey for middlemen, who procure slave labour for Thailand’s huge fishing industry. 

No recourse 

A lack of real recourse for the victims feeds this cycle of exploitation, say monitors. Official corruption, legal loopholes and poor protection means migrant workers are unable to take perpetrators to court, or even seek compensation. 

Nara escaped at last when the boat had to put into port, and eventually, through the help of an anti-trafficking NGO, was repatriated to Cambodia. When he got back, the police met with him only once for a short interview about his ordeal. 

Rights workers who monitor the trafficking of Cambodians to Thailand to work in the fishing industry say despite the scale of abuse, they are not aware of a single successful prosecution. 

“Under Thai criminal and labour law, such a person should have a chance to pursue justice against his offender, as well as receive financial compensation,” says Lisa Rende Taylor, chief technical advisor at the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP). [ http://www.no-trafficking.org/ ] 

Victims fear reprisal or are reluctant to step up as witnesses because they are kept in government shelters during subsequent legal processes, and this might prevent them from working and being with their families while their case is going forward, she said. 

Stranded on land 

Kunthea, another Cambodian victim who asked that her real name not be used, finds herself in a similar situation. At 18, drawn by a recruitment company in Phnom Penh, the capital, who offered Cambodian women jobs as domestic workers in Malaysia, and promised to monitor the labour conditions, Kunthea enlisted. 

In Malaysia, her employers gave her one meal per day, beat her with a belt when they were dissatisfied with her work, and never paid her. After a year, she overcame her fear of setting out on her own in a country where she didn’t speak the language and had no family or friends, and fled her employer’s home. 

“When I applied for the job, the company said their staff would visit us,” says Kunthea. “They said they would be responsible for us.” Her attempts to receive payment from the recruitment agency in Phnom Penh have been fruitless. 

Women like Kunthea are particularly vulnerable to abuse, and unable to hold their abusers accountable because domestic work is not recognized as an official category of work in either Cambodian or Malaysian labour law. 

Victims must therefore rely on anti-trafficking laws, which don’t necessarily cover these abuses, while criminal codes require a high level of abuse before they can be applied and are often poorly tailored to defending the rights of workers. 

“Criminal law does not provide restitution for a range of work-related abuses, like withholding pay, overtime provisions, and other decent work standards like maternity leave and disability protections,” says Max Tunon, a senior officer of the International Labour Organization, which is lobbying countries in the region to allow migrant workers to join local labour unions so that they have some protection. 

“Migrants should be able to benefit from collective bargaining agreements, and to negotiate for improved terms of employment and working conditions,” says Tunon. As members of labour unions, migrant workers would also benefit from “union workplace inspections that could improve the health and safety conditions in their workplace”. 

Mathieu Pellerin, a consultant at Licadho, [ http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ ] a Cambodian human rights NGO, says the absence of regulation starts in Cambodia, with basic human rights abuses occurring in the recruitment company’s pre-departure training centres. 

“The [Cambodian] state has proven it’s not willing to act as a proper regulator,” he said. “These criminal acts are going unpunished - the court track record speaks for itself.” 

According to UNIAP, in 2009 an estimated 20,000 Cambodian deportees from Thailand were labour trafficking victims - a figure that is likely to increase, given Thailand’s growing labour shortages in low-skilled industries. 

*not his real name 

bb/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95740/CAMBODIA-No-recourse-for-enslaved-migrant-workers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201206190414270721t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 27 June 2012 (IRIN) - On most nights, Nara* was allowed to sleep no more than a few hours before he was forced to resume his gruelling routine of casting nets, sorting the catch and mending damaged nets, all while being watched by a captain eager to deliver a beating to any deckhand he thought was slacking.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CAMBODIA: Malaria gains fragile</title><pubDate>Thu, 07 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg" />]]>PHNOM PENH 07 June 2012 (IRIN) - Two years after some US$22 million in donor funds were pumped into malaria control along the Cambodia-Thailand border to fight off suspected resistance to treatment, health workers say the battle is not over.</description><body><![CDATA[PHNOM PENH 07 June 2012 (IRIN) - Two years after some US$22 million in donor funds [ http://www.who.int/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/arcp/containment_project/en/index.html ] were pumped into malaria control along the Cambodia-Thailand border to fight off suspected resistance [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] to treatment, health workers say the battle is not over. 

“If you take your foot off the… [accelerator] we can lose everything we have done in the past two to three years,” Steven Bjorge, anti-malaria team leader in Cambodia for the World Health Organization (WHO), told IRIN in February 2012. 

The government reported 103,000 malaria infections and 151 deaths nationwide in 2010. A year later, 85,000 reported infections led to 93 deaths - a 38-percent decline in mortality. 

When health workers screened more than 3,600 people for malaria in Pailin Province, near the Thai-Cambodia border, in May 2010, only two out of every 1,000 people tested positive for the fatal strain of malaria (falciparum) that had shown resistance to the recommended treatment, based on the drug artemisinin. 

Villages in this province are in the zone hit by artemisinin resistance in earlier years. 

Resurgence risk

Bjorge warned that any decline in vigilance could lead to resurgence. A recent analysis of “historical failures to maintain gains against [malaria]” [ http://www.malariajournal.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-11-122.pdf ] identified 75 significant returns of the disease in 61 countries from the 1930s to the 2000s. 

The authors of the analysis concluded that nine out of 10 such returns were due to weaker malaria control programmes, brought about by funding problems in 54 percent of cases. Other causes included “purposeful cessation”, war, administrative problems, community non-cooperation, vector and drug resistance, population movements among humans as well as mosquitoes, and climate changes. 

Elimination

The government has announced a goal of zero malaria cases by 2025, but is struggling to hang on to donor funds. 

The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria pledged almost $80 million in two current grants to fight malaria in Cambodia, but government agencies were unable to collect some $20 million - 35 percent of one grant - due to “performance below the expectations”, said Andrew Hurst, a Global Fund spokesman. 

“Grant signed amounts represent available fund ceilings and are not an entitlement,” he wrote in response to a query by IRIN about the undisbursed amount, which is still available but must be requested again. 

Aid analysts warn that the Global Fund’s stricter reporting requirements after a funding squeeze [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/94293/HIV-AIDS-Global-Fund-cancels-funding ] may hobble emergency responses. 

“There is also a danger that some risk-reduction measures primarily intended for high-risk countries will be applied to all countries, thereby increasing the administrative burden and slowing down the work in low-risk countries,” [ http://www.aidspan.org/index.php?issue=171&article=2 ] wrote Angela Kageni, a senior programme officer at Aidspan, the Kenya-based not-for-profit Global Fund watchdog. 

The director of Cambodia’s Centre for Malaria Control said the centre cannot comment without a “final decision” from the Global Fund on an upcoming review of the country’s grant, scheduled to end in 2015. The next phase begins on 1 January 2013. 

One challenge in reaching zero cases will be detecting asymptomatic incidents - when people have built up enough resistance to the parasite not to display symptoms but still carry the disease - said Didier Menard, chief of the molecular epidemiology unit at the Pasteur Institute in the capital, Phnom Penh. 

Such people constitute a “hidden malaria parasite reservoir”, so when a mosquito bites them, and then bites someone else, the disease can be transmitted. But the test and the laboratory equipment required to detect such low parasite levels - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - is expensive and not widely available or fool-proof, Menard noted. 

Another challenge will be migrant workers infected with malaria - either domestic seasonal workers or those coming from a neighbouring country - Bjorge pointed out. “A comprehensive intervention is hard with people who do not even live under a tent… [Our efforts] are trial and error now.” 

Some 35 percent of Cambodia’s population [ http://apmrn.anu.edu.au/conferences/8thAPMRNconference/7.Maltoni.pdf ] is constantly on the move, according to the most recent government estimate. 

As a result, in recent decades malaria hotspots have shifted from rural areas to forested areas that attract seasonal migrants, Bjorge said. “Those will be the hardest to reach.”

pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95596/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gains-fragile</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201109060400060631t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PHNOM PENH 07 June 2012 (IRIN) - Two years after some US$22 million in donor funds were pumped into malaria control along the Cambodia-Thailand border to fight off suspected resistance to treatment, health workers say the battle is not over.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AID POLICY: Will pressure make Chinese aid more transparent?</title><pubDate>Mon, 26 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need. 

In Southeast Asia, Chinese-funded projects have become ubiquitous in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, countries once passed over by traditional donors. 

In river-rich Laos, a government development plan [ http://www.poweringprogress.org//download//Electric_Power_Plants_in_Laos_as_of_January_2009.pdf ] calls for 55 new dams to generate hydroelectric power, many of them funded by Chinese state-owned companies. Laotian media reported that China’s government recently signed five agreements pledging more than US$30 million to build government offices [ http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=28048 ]. 

Cambodia’s Prime Minister, Hun Sen, inaugurated one of the largest Chinese construction projects in the country in December 2011, a dam in fertile Kampot Province in the southeast. [ http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2012/01/25/China-pervasive-in-Cambodia-but-US-welcome.aspx ] This project comes on top of $1.2 billion the Chinese government pledged to Laos in 2010 - more than any other bilateral or multilateral donor. 

Officials also welcomed Chinese aid in August 2011, when the World Bank suspended new loans to the country after finding that a Bank-financed land-titling project failed to secure property rights for residents facing eviction. 

Cambodian leaders - including the prime minister - have repeatedly stated they are not worried about losing World Bank loans (which currently total $131 million [ https://finances.worldbank.org/Loan-and-Credit-Administration/Cambodia-Active-Grants/uugh-35eg ]) because they prefer “no strings” Chinese aid. 

Elsewhere in the region, local media have reported ongoing talks between the Burmese government and the China Power Investment Corporation to restart construction of the US$3.6 million Myitsone Dam, which Burmese president Thein Sein suspended in September 2011 over concerns about transparency and environmental damage. [ http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/6741-china-burma-talks-underway-on-myitsone-dam-project.html ] 

Despite the chronic tensions between China and Myanmar over drug trafficking, refugee outflows and ethnic conflicts along their shared border, the Chinese government is one of Myanmar’s largest investors, according to Burmese government statistics. [ http://www.csostat.gov.mm/ ] 

In 2008 there already were some 90 Chinese-funded hydropower and extractive industry projects, according to a survey by the US-based EarthRights International NGO. [ http://www.earthrights.org/publication/china-burma-increasing-investment-chinese-multinational-corporations-burmas-hydropower-o ] 

“China's aid is focused on infrastructure, which is badly needed in developing countries,” said Wang Yong, director of the Centre for International Political Economy at Peking University in Beijing. “By comparison, US aid is more driven by strategic and political objectives.” 

With almost no information available about China-funded projects in the public domain – including their potential environmental impact – EarthRights relied on company press releases and government statements. Other NGOs in the region have complained that environmental impact assessments are often not open to local communities or there is too little time to comment. 

Chinese aid is disbursed in line with its policy of staying out of other countries’ governance, as laid out in its April 2011 aid position paper [ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-04/22/content_12373944.htm ]. 

“It might interfere in other ways, like currying favour and obtaining sweetheart deals for its companies…Their Ministry of Commerce determines the aid, which tells you just what's driving their considerations,” said Sophal Ear, a California-based political economist specializing in aid and governance. 

China’s estimated $3.18 trillion in foreign exchange reserves [ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-13/china-foreign-exchange-reserves-drop-for-first-quarter-in-more-than-decade.html ] can be “enormously” transformative for poor countries, Ear added. 

Pressure pitfalls 

Aid watchdog NGOs like the London-based Publish What You Pay Fund (PWYP) use publicity to urge China to be more forthcoming with its aid figures, hoping such scrutiny will help money get to the people who need it most. 

The NGO lists China as “very poor” in aid transparency, ranking it the third least transparent donor out of 58 it listed in 2011 [ http://www.publishwhatyoufund.org/resources/index/ ]. 

Its position was determined by 38 indicators, such as the passage of freedom of information laws and participation in the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), a London-based group of donors and NGOs that have set aid disclosure standards. 

“The problem is that China is not systematically releasing its information,” said Karin Christiansen, PWYP’s director. 

While transparency is a good route to achieving aid effectiveness, pressure may not work, said Ear. “The culture is about face-saving: give them respect and they will be more open to listening.” 

Strong-arming China into transparency will lead to a “backlash” of even less transparency, he added. “They value their sovereignty more than most countries. They see it [as] inviolable.” 

Still, said Christiansen, the group’s approach is credible because it does not require “changing what they [China] are actually doing, but about becoming more transparent on the approaches they are already taking.” 

South-South rules 

The country is increasing aid transparency at its own pace, say observers. On 1 December 2011, China publicly declared transparency a principle it upholds when it signed an agreement at the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in Busan, South Korea. [ http://www.aideffectiveness.org/busanhlf4/images/stories/hlf4/OUTCOME_DOCUMENT_-_FINAL_EN.pdf ] 

The word “transparency” appears four times in the document, which includes a pledge of “zero tolerance for all corrupt practices”. It also notes that “the nature, modalities and responsibilities that apply to South-South cooperation differ from those that apply to North-South cooperation”, and the complexity of “new actors”, who may still face poverty at home but want to share lessons and experiences along the way. 

Unfavourable attention may have prompted China to become more public about its aid policy, said Wang. “The Chinese government does care about its international image and the international media.” 

Even with the will to boost aid transparency, China still faces a “diplomatic dilemma” in enforcing it: to meet compliance both sides must be willing and able, and recipient countries with weak governments often have poor aid oversight. 

“To carry out this principle [transparency] is not so easy in practice because it is influenced by circumstances of the governance structures of recipient countries and diplomacy, sometimes requiring some form of confidence,” Wang said. 

Labelling the Chinese government as a “rogue donor” is disparaging and inaccurate [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=91&reportid=93749 ], noted Germany-based researchers in their study of determinants of China’s aid in October 2011. [ https://ncgg.princeton.edu/IPES/2011/papers/F1120_rm3.pdf ] 

The researchers concluded that contrary to reigning perceptions of Chinese aid, the country is not a “rogue donor” - it disburses grants within national interests, as do other government donors. 

Countries that do not recognize Taiwan as an independent country, and vote in line with China in the UN General Assembly, receive more aid, for example. 

In 1950 during the Chinese Civil War a breakaway faction fled to Taiwan and established a separate government known as the Republic of China, but the People’s Republic of China on the mainland does not recognize the island state and continues to assert itself as the sole government over both the mainland and the island in what it calls the “One China” policy. 

Criticism of aid transparency is not directed at China alone - PWYP lists the US Department of Treasury as “very poor” in aid transparency, with a ranking of 49 out of 58, only six slots above China - but China has further to go in aid governance than most, Joshua Kurlantzick, Southeast Asia fellow at the US-based Council on Foreign Relations, told IRIN. [ http://www.cfr.org/experts/asia-southeast-asia-democracy-human-rights/joshua-kurlantzick/b15522 ] 

Most US government agencies have an inspector general, strong requirements under the Freedom of Information Act, and “release most of what they do to Congress [parliament]. You can't say the same for China,” Kurlantzick said. 

Ear commented: “China surely understands that its aid policy is a work in progress.” 

gc/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95158/AID-POLICY-Will-pressure-make-Chinese-aid-more-transparent</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201203260933170149t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 26 March 2012 (IRIN) - Critics have long characterized China as a secretive donor in economically poor but resource-rich countries, funding infrastructure construction in an unspoken bid for business deals and access to natural wealth and land. While China disburses aid with a scant paper trail, analysts say strong-arming its government to boost transparency - and aid efficacy - may hurt countries in need.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Parliamentarians mull how to boost health</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia [ http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section2711.htm ] to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home. 
 
Many health systems in the region - defined as health services, workforce, information, financing, leadership as well as equitable access - are ill-equipped to meet growing challenges of non-communicable diseases, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93756/HEALTH-Call-for-healthier-lifestyles-may-fall-on-deaf-ears ] including diabetes and cancer; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94726/HEALTH-The-true-burden-of-cancer ] long-term care in a region with one of the world’s largest concentrations of ageing persons; [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94856/ASIA-Isolation-poverty-loom-for-an-aging-population ] and the economic incentive to prevent diseases rather than face “skyrocketing costs” of treatment, said Samlee Pilanbangchang, WHO regional director in Southeast Asia. 
 
“When you try to promote health as wellness, people have disease ingrained in their heads… Health is associated with illness. It is something negative. When we try to promote health, people don’t understand - still,” he told IRIN.
 
Most countries in the region spend less than the internationally recommended 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) or 34 purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars per person per year [ http://www.who.int/macrohealth/background/en/ ] needed to ensure basic health care. 
 
In the region, only Vietnam and Timor-Leste exceeded the recommended minimum of health spending as a percentage of GDP, 7 and 12 percent respectively, though Timor-Leste is also ranked as one of the worst countries worldwide for its child health care, [ http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/HealthWorkerIndexmain_4.pdf ] according to the UK-based NGO, Save the Children. 
 
Myanmar’s government investment in health care is among the lowest globally - 2 percent of GDP - and patients bore almost all of what was not covered by the government, which was 9.7 percent in 2009, the most recent year for which WHO compiled data.
 
Only when the out-of-pocket percentage falls to 15-20 percent does the risk of financial catastrophe become negligible, according to WHO.
 
Healthy equity and social justice are still lacking in the region, despite the “hip hip hooray” media accorded universal health coverage programming, said Samlee. 
 
“It [universal health coverage] is not working yet,” he added, citing the region’s status as having the world’s highest rate of out-of-pocket costs for patients. 
 
The governments of Laos and Cambodia have mostly relied on donors to reach the poor, while those in Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka are in different stages of expanding care in various ways, including payroll taxes. 
 
These efforts are only becoming more urgent said Porapan Punyaratabandhu, a senator from Thailand and secretary-general of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. “Equity is a matter of life and death.”
 
Parliamentarians meeting from 19-21 March are called on to advocate the boosting of health spending, workforces and access to health care in their home countries in addition to drafting “healthy public policies”, such as conducting health assessments before large infrastructural projects are undertaken or setting up industries. 
 
pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95110/ASIA-Parliamentarians-mull-how-to-boost-health</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200901083t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - The World Health Organization (WHO) is bringing together on 19-21 March in Bangkok lawmakers from across Southeast Asia to discuss how to bolster their health systems back home.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>