<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Burundi</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 09:33:01 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Uneven progress on child stunting in East and Central Africa</title><pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) -  Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition [ http://www.unicef.org/media/files/nutrition_report_2013.pdf ] by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.

Stunting can lead to irreversible brain and body damage in children, making them more susceptible to illness and more likely to fall behind in school. Based on UNICEF’s report, IRIN has put together a round-up of the nutrition situations in six East and Central African countries that are among 24 countries with the largest burden and highest prevalence of stunting.

Burundi: Under-five mortality in this small central African country dropped from 183 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 139 per 1,000 live births in 2012. This is far short of the 63 deaths per 1,000 live births necessary for the country to achieve UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/ ] 4, which aims to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by 2015. An estimated 58 percent of children under age five are stunted, compared with 56 percent in 1987, according to demographic and health surveys from those years.

According to the UNICEF report, Burundi has made “no progress” on MDG 1 [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/hunger/en/ ], which aims to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

Central African Republic (CAR): An estimated 28 percent of under-five deaths in CAR occur within the first month of a child’s life; the biggest killers of children under five are malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. The percentage of children under age five who are stunted has changed little since 1995, standing at 41 percent in 2010, as has the percentage of children who are underweight, which has remained at about 24 percent for the last 18 years.

There has, however, been significant progress in the number of mothers exclusively breastfeeding their infants. In 2010, 34 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed, compared to just 3 percent in 1995. According to UNICEF, infants who are not breastfed in the first six months of life are “more than 14 times more likely to die from all causes than an exclusively breastfed infant”.

Democratic Republic of Congo: Africa’s second-largest country bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, with 43 percent of children under age five suffering from stunting and 24 percent being underweight. Stunting is significantly higher (47 percent) in rural areas than it is in urban areas (34 percent).

The percentage of children who are underweight dropped from 34 percent in 2001 to 24 percent in 2010. DRC’s progress towards MDG 1 is described as “insufficient”.

Ethiopia: The Horn of Africa nation, which bears 3 percent of the global stunting burden, has seen a steep drop in stunting levels, from an estimated 57 percent in 2000 to 44 percent in 2011. The percentage of underweight under-fives has also dropped significantly, from 42 percent in 2000 to 29 percent in 2011. Between 2000 and 2011, under-five mortality was cut from 139 deaths per 1,000 live births to 77 per 1,000 live births - within striking distance of its MDG 4 target of 66 per 1,000.

A national nutrition programme launched in 2008 has been key to reducing national food insecurity, a major cause of stunting. The country’s health service extension programme [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/72371/ETHIOPIA-New-programme-boosts-village-health-service-delivery ] has also played a role in bringing nutritional interventions to villages.

Rwanda: Community interventions - such as kitchen gardens and increasing the availability of livestock, as well as measures to boost healthy infant feeding practices like exclusive breastfeeding and the provision of nutritional supplements - saw the percentage of underweight under-fives in Rwanda drop from 20 percent in 2000 to 11 percent in 2010. Enhanced data collection and analysis has also enabled the government to improve its planning and monitoring of child malnutrition.

The report describes the country as “on track” to meet MDG 1.

Tanzania: Bearing 2 percent of the world’s stunting burden, Tanzania has made significant strides in improving child nutrition. An estimated 50 percent of infants under six months old were breastfed in 2010, compared to 23 percent in 1992. The country has also brought under-five stunting levels down from 50 percent in 1992 to 42 percent in 2010, but continues to suffer significantly higher stunting in rural children (45 percent) compared to urban children (39 percent).

Tanzania’s under-five mortality rate dropped from 158 per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 68 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2010, putting it close to its MDG 4 target of 53 deaths per 1,000 live births. UNICEF’s report says the country is “on track” to meet its MDG 1 targets.

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97853/Uneven-progress-on-child-stunting-in-East-and-Central-Africa</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202150719060014t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 16 April 2013 (IRIN) - Improvements in nutrition and stronger government policies have led to a decline in childhood stunting, according to a new report on child nutrition. However, the condition continues to affect some 165 million children under the age of five globally.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In East Africa, heavy rains test emergency preparedness</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040922550914t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Unusually heavy rains have caused havoc across much of east Africa, displacing thousands of people and damaging important infrastructure.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Unusually heavy rains have caused havoc across much of east Africa, displacing thousands of people and damaging important infrastructure.

“Above-normal rains have occurred in several areas, including northern and western Tanzania; Rwanda; Burundi; the Lake Victoria Basin; western, southern and northeastern Kenya; southern and central Somalia; and eastern and south-eastern Ethiopia,” states an update by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/East%20Africa%20Seasonal%20Monitor%20April%208%202013.pdf ].

Even normal rains can cause flooding and damage in areas with poor drainage; this year’s heavy rains are already beginning to test the emergency responses in many flood and disaster-prone areas.

The rains, which have “caused significant flooding in the Lake Victoria basin in Uganda and Kenya, the southern Maasai rangelands in Kenya, and along the Wabi Shabelle in Ethiopia in late March and early April”, according to the update, started between mid-March and early April and are likely to continue through May.

Kenya 

In Kenya, at least 18,633 people have been displaced by flooding since the onset of the rains, according to the Kenya Red Cross Society (KRCS) [ https://www.kenyaredcross.org/PDF/REPORTED%20sitrep%202013%20FLOODS%209th%20April%202013-1.pdf ]. Some 32 deaths have also been recorded, with others being injured.

The number of people displaced could rise to about 30,000 before the rainy season ends, said Nelly Muluka, the KRCS communications manager. 

“We are also working on searching for the unaccounted people and sensitizing communities on the need to move to safer areas,” said Muluka. KRCS is distributing food and non-food items to affected families, but there is a need for medical care and additional food and shelter.

Ahead of the rains, Kenya’s meteorological department had warned of generally enhanced rainfall over the western highlands, Lake Basin, central Rift Valley and the central highlands, including Nairobi, in March and April. 

“We expected floods in areas like Nairobi, Central, Coastal and Western Kenya, and have already put aside food and non-food items for potential victims,” Andrew Mondoh, the permanent secretary in the Special Programmes Ministry, told IRIN. 

In the coastal area of Tana River, hundreds of families marooned by floods have been rescued by helicopter and moved to safer areas, added Mondo. 

The rains have also destroyed roads in the Rift Valley areas of Kajiado and Narok and in the western area of Kisumu. 

In northeastern Kenya’s Dadaab refugee complex, home to about 463,000 mainly Somali refugees, the rains have displaced some families and affected commodity prices. 

Parts of a 90km road, linking the main region of Garissa to the Dadaab refugee complex, have been rendered impassable, affecting transport and commerce. 

Movement within the Ifo-1 and Ifo-2 camps becomes especially difficult during the rainy season due to flooding, which makes aid delivery difficult.

“It is a mixture of sad[ness] and happiness during the rainy season in Dadaab; we really need the rain because it is always very hot and we get more milk from the neighbouring locations, but we have no proper shelter and the prices of some foodstuffs become higher,” said Muhubo Aden Kusow, who runs a grocery store at one of the Ifo camps. 

The heavy rains are expected to continue over the next two weeks, according to Ayub Shaka, the deputy director of Kenya’s Department of Meteorological Services. “It is difficult to say where floods will occur in the next two weeks for example, but the best we can do is to ask people living in flood-prone areas to stay alert and safe,” said Shaka.

Somalia 

In neighbouring Somalia, heavy rains were recorded in the first week of April.

“Robust precipitation accumulations (>75mm) were again observed over central and southern Somalia,” states an Africa Hazards Outlook report for 11-17 April [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/afr_Apr11_2013.pdf ]. 

“Many local areas have already experienced more than three times their normal rainfall accumulation since the beginning of April, sustaining the risk for localized flash flooding and downstream river inundation over the Jubba and Shabelle River basins in eastern Ethiopia and southern Somalia.”

The Shabelle has already burst its banks in some places, according to a 10 April Shabelle River flood update by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization [ http://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/flood-update-shabelle-river-10042013 ]. 

“SWALIM [Somalia Water and Land Information Management] field reports in the last two days indicate river breakages at Hurway (about 8m wide), Eji (about 6m wide) and Maadheere (about 14m wide) villages all in Middle Shabelle Region. This has led to inundation of large areas, causing destruction of cropped area[s] of unconfirmed acreage, and displacement of several families.”

Ethiopia 

The southern and eastern regions of Ethiopia have also received “heavy and well-distributed precipitation totals”, according to the Africa Hazards Outlook, “with lesser amounts observed in the west and higher elevations of the country.” 

“This has already negatively affected cropping activities, with a reduction of planting over many local Belg [February-May rains]-producing areas of Ethiopia,” it says.

With the rains expected to continue, efforts are underway to mitigate their adverse effects.

Uganda 

According to Uganda’s chief weather forecaster, Deus Bamanya, there is an increased likelihood of near-normal to above-normal rainfall over most parts of Uganda, with the rains peaking between mid-April and early-May. Flash flooding could also occur in areas expected to receive below-normal rainfall due to sporadic heavy downpours.

“The expected impacts include increased lightning, hailstorms, floods and landslides,” Bamanya told IRIN.

The government plans to relocate vulnerable populations living in the eastern Mount Elgon region, which is prone to flooding and landslides [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88283/UGANDA-300-feared-dead-as-landslides-bury-villages-in-the-east ]. 

“We are worried [about] landslides, mudslides and flooding. There are already signs in the low-lying and hilly and mountainous areas,” Musa Ecweru, Uganda’s state minister for relief, disaster preparedness and refugees, told IRIN.

“The effects of the heavy rains last year were very devastating. We don’t want [a]repeat. We are going to relocate people in these vulnerable areas. We are only waiting for resources from our development partners to start the relocation exercise,” said Ecweru. The Ugandan government requires some 35 billion shillings (about US$13.5 million) for the exercise.

“We are going to de-gazette some government land to relocate these vulnerable populations. We are negotiating with [the] Uganda Wildlife Authority to have this done immediately. We must [re]settle these people as quick[ly] as possible,” he added. 

The districts of Mbale, Tororo, Kalangala, Bundibugyo and Masaka are among those most affected by hailstorms, according to Catherine Ntabadde-Makumbi, the Uganda Red Cross Society assistant communications director, who added that at least 8,362 people remain without assistance, with 5,681 of them displaced. The displaced are in urgent need of shelter kits, household items and water purifying tablets. 

Burundi 

In Burundi, flood-affected areas include the northwestern region of Bubanza, Bujumbura City and the plains of Imbo along the shores of Lake Tanganyika. 

"We have a problem with rain in the town of Gihanga [in Bubanza]. Houses and plantations were destroyed, causing the displacement of people and stopping work in the fields," Anselme Wakana, governor of Bubanza Province, told IRIN. 

At least 1,000 hectares of rice has been damaged there, raising food security fears. "We are harvesting rice that was not yet mature due to fear of flooding," said farmer Olive Ngayimpenda. 

Several homes have been destroyed in the areas of Gihanga.

According to Mbonerane Albert, the president of the local NGO Green Belt Action, the situation could worsen due to environmental degradation: deforestation in Bubanza has increased surface runoff, increasing the risk of flooding. 

Rwanda 

In neighbouring Rwanda, authorities have issued disaster warnings to those living in risk-prone areas.

"High-risk-zone dwellers have [been] given [a] new eviction ultimatum to relocate since we noticed that expected heavy rainfall could affect the vulnerable populations," Antoine Ruvebana, the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Refugees Affairs and Disaster Management, told IRIN. 

Rwanda, due its hilly terrain, is susceptible to erosion, flooding and landslides. 

According to the Rwandan meteorological services department, several western parts of the country could get ''above-normal rainfall'' during the mid-April to May 2013 period. 

rk-mh-dn-at-so/aw/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97830/In-East-Africa-heavy-rains-test-emergency-preparedness</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304040922550914t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Unusually heavy rains have caused havoc across much of east Africa, displacing thousands of people and damaging important infrastructure.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>African migrants pay high prices to send money home</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/ ] from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world. 

While South Asians pay an average of US$6 for every $100 they send home, Africans often pay more than twice that - and in South Africa, which has the highest remittance costs on the continent, nearly 21 percent of money set aside for family members back home is spent on getting it there.

With an estimated 120 million Africans depending on remittances from family members abroad for their survival, health and education, the World Bank argues that high transaction costs are cutting into the impact remittances can have on poverty levels. 

To address this, the Bank is partnering with the African Union Commission and member states to establish the African Institute for Remittances [ http://sendmoneyafrica.worldbank.org/african-institute-remittances-air-project ], which will work towards lowering the transaction costs of remittances to and within Africa. It will also leverage the potential of remittances to influence economic and social development. 

“The World Bank’s approach supports regulatory and policy reforms that promote transparency and market competition and the creation of an enabling environment that promotes innovative payment and remittance products,” said Marco Nicoli, a finance analyst at the Bank who specializes in remittances.

Costly and difficult

Owen Maromo, a 33-year-old farmworker who lives in De Doorns, a grape-growing region in South Africa’s Western Cape Province, told IRIN that his family in Zimbabwe relies on the money he sends home every month. 

“I’ve got a house there and I need to pay rent. I’m also taking care of my youngest brother - since my mum died four years ago - and my wife’s family.

“Almost every Zimbabwean here is budgeting to send money back home,” he added. “If they could, they would send money home on a weekly basis.”

In a 2012 report by the Cape Town-based NGO People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP), interviews with 350 Zimbabwean migrants revealed some of the reasons sending money home from South Africa is both costly and difficult [ http://www.passop.co.za/news/featured/press-statement ].

A key impediment is the stringent regulatory framework that governs cross-border transfers from South Africa. Exchange control legislation, for example, requires money transfer operators (MTOs) to partner with a bank. According to PASSOP, this has had the effect of stifling competition that would likely reduce transaction costs.  

Legislation intending to counter money laundering and terrorist financing requires that customers provide proof of residence and proof of the source of their funds before they can access financial services. This effectively excludes the many migrants living in informal settlements and those who are paid in cash. 

PASSOP found that even among migrants who do have access to banks and MTOs like Western Union and MoneyGram, many lack the financial literacy to make use of them. 

“Some have just come from rural areas in Zimbabwe, so it takes time for them to know about such things,” said Maromo, adding that lack of documentation was another major obstacle. “If you’re undocumented, you can’t go through the banks.”

Three-quarters of the Zimbabwean migrants interviewed by PASSOP relied instead on “informal” remittance channels, such as giving money or goods to bus drivers, friends or agents to send home. This is often not much cheaper than using banks or MTOs, and it is significantly riskier. Of the respondents who used such methods, 84 percent reported negative experiences, including theft of their money, loss or destruction of their goods and long delays in remittances reaching intended recipients. 

Maromo relayed his own experience sending money home through an agent who charged a 15 percent commission to channel the money through his South African bank account before handing it over to Maromo’s relatives in Zimbabwe. “Some time ago, I nearly lost 2,000 rand ($225) because I deposited it in [the agent’s] account and he was saying he didn’t have it and giving excuses. In the end, we got the money, but it cost us nearly 1,000 rand ($113) in airtime calling Zimbabwe,” he said.

“Some are using bus drivers or those people who are going home, and you have to trust them because you’re desperate, but there can be a lot of problems,” he added. “There are a lot of people whose money just disappears. Almost on a daily basis, you hear those stories.”

Lowering transaction fees

Now, Maromo uses a UK-based online transfer service called Mukuru.com, which is popular with many Zimbabweans living overseas. The proof of residence and source of funds requirements are the same as for traditional MTOs, but the site charges 10 percent on transfers from South Africa to Zimbabwe - less than most banks. 

The South African Reserve Bank and the treasury have committed to bringing the cost of remittances down to 5 percent by relaxing regulations for smaller money transfers, negotiating with regulators in the Southern African Development Community on exchange control regulations, and removing the requirement that MTOs partner with banks.

However, at the time of writing, the Reserve Bank has not yet responded to questions from IRIN about how these changes will be implemented and within what timeframe.

Rob Burrell, director of Mukuru.com, said achieving the 5 percent target would be tough considering the numerous costs that MTOs have to cover, including fees paid to the companies that collect and pay out the money, the cost of supporting transactions through a call centre, and licensing and reporting requirements. “We would need everyone pulling together,” he said.

Burrell noted that less stringent laws governing MTOs in the UK mean more competition but much weaker anti-money laundering controls. To operate in South Africa, Mukuru.com has to comply with the regulation that they partner with a local banking license holder.

“In the UK, it’s easier to obtain your license. There are 4,000 [MTOs operating in the UK] compared to 12 in South Africa, but the downside is that it’s very difficult to police them all,” he told IRIN. “My last audit in the UK was four years ago because they can’t handle the volume of licenses.”

ks/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97557/African-migrants-pay-high-prices-to-send-money-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - New data from the World Bank has revealed that African migrants pay more to send money home to their families than any other migrant group in the world.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Staples, not export crops, key to tackling Africa’s poverty – report</title><pubDate>Fri, 18 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ib73.pdf ] by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

Authors of the study, conducted in 10 countries south of the Sahara, noted, “One important finding is that producing more staple crops, such as maize, pulses and roots, and more livestock products tends to reduce poverty further than producing more export crops such as coffee or cut flowers.”

According to the study, while more public resources would be required to generate more agricultural growth, “such public investment in staple sectors is probably cost effective”.

The authors argued that growth in the staple sector was more likely to benefit the poor than growth in the agricultural export sector.

Enoch Mwani, an agricultural economist at the University of Nairobi, concurred. “The agricultural export sector is generally associated with large corporations, but the poor rely predominantly on staples to survive.”

Mwani added that growth in staples had the effect of not only reducing poverty but also ensuring food security.

“[Governments that] invest in staples have the opportunity to increase food availability and, at the same time, create wealth for smallholders,” Mwani told IRIN.

To spur development in sub-Saharan Africa, the study’s policy conclusions call for a focus on accelerating agricultural growth; promoting growth in large agricultural subsectors; supporting growth across several agricultural subsectors; and promoting growth in subsectors with strong linkages to the overall economy and the poor.

ko/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97278/In-Brief-Staples-not-export-crops-key-to-tackling-Africa-s-poverty-report</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202241255060114t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 January 2013 (IRIN) - Africa could reduce its poverty levels faster by focusing more on the production of staples rather than export crops, according to a study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IDPs: African IDP Convention comes into force</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.

Adopted at an AU summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, the Convention [ http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/october/pa/summit/doc/Convention%20on%20IDPs%20(Eng)%20-%20Final.doc ] required ratification by 15 member countries before it could enter into force; Swaziland became the 15th country to do so on 12 November, joining Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. At least 37 AU members have also signed [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/979113CFF0292E97C1257ACB006315D4/$file/map-au-signed-ratified-countries-with-numbers.pdf ] the Convention but have yet to ratify it.

Among other things, the Convention aims to "establish a legal framework for preventing internal displacement, and protecting and assisting internally displaced persons in Africa".

UN High Commissioner for Refugees Antonio Guterres hailed the development as "historic" and said in a statement that the Convention "puts Africa in a leading position when it comes to having a legal framework for protecting and helping the internally displaced".

Stephen Oola, a transitional justice and governance analyst at Uganda's Makerere University Refugee Law Project, noted that the most important parts of the Convention were the clauses relating to the prevention of internal displacement. "The principle requiring the prevention of IDPs is absolutely necessary and should be the guiding principle for all state and non-state actors implementing the Convention," he said.

Just the beginning

Oola also stressed the need for the letter of the law to be translated into practice.

"In Uganda, we have had an IDP policy since 2004, but in many cases we find that the government still seems ill-prepared to deal with displacement," he said. "The existence of a law is rarely the conclusion of a policy... It will be important for this continental commitment to be matched by action on the ground for people who, for one reason or another, find themselves displaced," he said.

Africa has 9.7 million IDPs, according to the UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR. The Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia and Sudan collectively have more than five million IDPs.

Noting that the situation of IDPs can affect the stability of states, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons Chakola Beyani said the Convention could "contribute to stabilizing displaced populations through the specific obligations it sets out to states and other actors, such as obligations relating to humanitarian assistance, compensation and assistance in finding lasting solutions to displacement as well as accessing the full range of their human rights".

"The unique 'added value' of this Convention stems from how comprehensive it is and the manner in which it addresses many of the key challenges of our times and, indeed, of Africa," he said in a statement. "If implemented well, it can help states and the African Union address both current and potential future internal displacement related not only to conflict, but also natural disasters and other effects of climate change, development, and even megatrends such as population growth and rapid urbanization."

The International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/kampala-convention ] noted that, while the Convention signalled an important step in addressing the plight of IDPs, many countries were not legally bound by it.

"The countries which have not yet adopted the Convention must do so, as a legal framework is the very basis of ensuring the rights and well-being of people forced to flee inside their home country," Sebastian Albuja, head of IDMC's Africa department, said in a statement.

According to Nuur Sheekh, board member of the Kenya-based Internal Displacement Policy and Advocacy Centre [ http://www.idpacafrica.org/ ], some states expressed reservations about signing the Convention because "the issue of displacement is highly politicized, and some states saw it as a criticism of their human rights and governance records". He noted, however, that the Convention would have an influence, even on those countries that have not signed or ratified it.

"The AU will now also be able to use the Convention for advocacy, to encourage member states - even those who have not ratified it - to implement its principles... Kenya, for instance has not signed it but has developed an IDP policy that borrows heavily from the Kampala Convention," he told IRIN. "States now need to domesticate the Convention and develop IDP policies that reach from the central government to all lower levels of government so that the Convention can work in practice."

kr/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96984/IDPs-African-IDP-Convention-comes-into-force</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200807227t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - The African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 2009, also known as the Kampala Convention, came into force on 6 December; it is the world’s first legally binding instrument to cater specifically to people displaced within their own countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In-Depth: More to it than just land - lessons from Burundi</title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211151035310782t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - More than half a million Burundian refugees have returned home over the last 10 years as the effects of a 2000 peace accord took hold. Many have returned to their land, and most have received assistance with shelter, food, health and education.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - More than half a million Burundian refugees have returned home over the last 10 years as the effects of a 2000 peace accord took hold. Many have returned to their land, and most have received assistance with shelter, food, health and education.

For a country still devastated by a 1993-2005 civil war and decades of underdevelopment, the physical reintegration of such a large number of returnees is widely regarded as a tremendous success story.

But closer analysis of challenges faced by refugees once they come back to Burundi offers instructive insight into the less immediately visible aspects of homecoming after prolonged absences. In many cases in Burundi, because of brutal ethnic clashes in the early 1970s, these lasted 40 years.

The hardships encountered by returnees go some way to explaining why some 35,000 Burundians remain in a camp in Tanzania, despite having lost their refugee status. Once a 31 December deadline to leave expires, they risk deportation [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96553/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-A-troubled-homecoming ].

“Reintegration is not an event, it is a long process that can take even generations,” said Theodore Mbazumutima, project manager with Rema Ministries, a Bujumbura-based NGO that published a detailed paper* on the Burundian process in May 2012.

“There is no such thing as a packaged answer to everybody’s problems. Sometimes pre-packaged answers can help to avert a serious crisis but they cannot stand the test of time for ever,” he added.

“Reintegration needs to be reimagined and redefined because the personal dimension, the identity issues are not always taken into consideration.” 

This overview of problems faced by returnees in Burundi is drawn from: an interview with Mbazumutima; the Rema Ministries report*; a research paper published by the UN Refugee Agency**; and interviews with international conflict-resolution NGO African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD), and the Commission nationale de terre et autre biens (CNTB - National Commission on Land and Other Property).

Land

With a population density averaging around 260 people per square kilometre - and double that in some places - scarcity of land to farm is an issue not only for returnees but all Burundians, 90 percent of whom work as subsistence farmers.

As well as being virtually the only potential source of income, land in Burundi also has considerable cultural and social value, with specific plots closely linked to sense of identity.

For the most part, returning refugees who fled Burundi during the civil war have little trouble regaining possession of the plots they left. But for what is termed the “1972 caseload”, disputes are legion because Burundian law grants ownership to anyone who has occupied land for 30 years or more and in many cases the government allowed those who stayed in Burundi (commonly referred to as “residents”) to settle on vacated plots.

The CNTB was set up to resolve disputes which local officials are unable to settle. It generally does so by splitting individual plots between returnees and residents. Not only does this often result in plots too small to generate sufficient food to feed a household, but the CNTB’s rulings tend to be overruled when residents challenge them in the courts.

Currently, CNTB has about 10,000 unresolved disputes on its books, the vast majority related to land. 

A more sustainable solution to land disputes being mooted is the creation of special tribunals dedicated to restitution issues linked to Burundi’s several waves of external displacement.

The involvement of external mediation - such as that conducted by ACCORD - whereby agreements are reached by consensus, tend not to be revisited in the courts.

Thousands of returnees who ended up landless, or who were classed as “vulnerable”, have been housed in what were first termed “peace villages” and then Rural Integrated Villages (VRI), of which there are nine, in three southern provinces. The VRI initiative has had mixed success - poverty levels there have been a particular cause of concern - and is in the process of evolution.

See also: Land key obstacle to reintegration [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91590/BURUNDI-Land-key-obstacle-to-reintegration ]

Employment and economic diversification

The economy of Burundi, one of the poorest countries in the world, is based on subsistence agriculture, in which some 90 percent of the population is engaged. Few farmers grow enough to sell much of a surplus. The private sector is minimal, and offers few employment opportunities. 

Such opportunities are particularly important for former refugees who did not farm while out of the country; for them regaining a plot without agricultural training is not very conducive to economic self-sufficiency. 

Many refugees received some form of skills-training in camps, such as carpentry, or operated small businesses such as shops or bicycle taxi operations, but find themselves unable ply such trades back home for lack of materials, capital, access to credit, recognition of professional qualifications gained in exile, or the social networks that facilitate economic activity.

Membership fees charged by trade associations in Burundi are often beyond the means of returning refugees.

Many returning refugees speak fluent Swahili and thus constitute a valuable, but untapped, resource for teaching a language and thereby increasing Burundi’s economic linkages with Swahili speaking countries in the region, such as Kenya, Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Paperwork

Many documents obtained in exile related to identity, education or work are not recognized by Burundian authorities. For example, returnees born outside Burundi may have Swahili or Congolese names, but on returning home Burundian officials often changed them so they sounded more like Kirundi names. This has implications for accessing education since certificates obtained outside Burundi differ from students’ new “official” identity details. Students returning from Tanzania, where Swahili and English are the official languages, also often have to cope with learning in French and Kirundi [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92023/BURUNDI-Helping-returnee-students-overcome-language-barrier ] and under a different teaching system.

Marriages conducted outside Burundi have often had to be redone on return unless they were originally conducted in a consulate or in the presence of a state official. The non-recognition of marriages conducted in camps has an effect on family cohesion, in several cases because wives are abandoned by their husbands for younger women.

Discrimination and reconciliation

Disputes over land are but one manifestation of tension between those who stayed and returnees. Those coming back from DRC are sometimes referred to by residents as `Babembe’ - a DRC ethnic group - with the implication that they are foreigners. (Rema Ministry’s paper takes as its Kirundi title a quote from one returnee: “Umenga ntituri Abarundi” - “It is as if we were not Burundian”). Others have been labelled “Tanzanians” or “UNHCR” by residents. This sense of being treated as outsiders is more keenly felt by returnees who do not speak Kirundi.

There is a common perception among returnees that officials involved in dispute resolution, especially with regard to land, tend to be biased towards those who occupied their land in their absence. Residents, on the other hand, have expressed resentment against the returnees over the reintegration benefits they receive from international agencies.

Another social integration hurdle is the virtual lack of any programmes to tackle the trauma experienced by refugees, both during the events that led to their departure and during their years in camps.

Food insecurity

Returnees’ ability to lead full, productive lives is compromised by high levels of food insecurity in Burundi.

Burundi’s food security is explored in detail here: [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96592/BURUNDI-Towards-greater-food-security ]

Promises, promises

Several reports point out that smooth reintegration in Burundi has been frustrated by the gap between the expectations and actual experience of both returnees and residents.

“Much of the current conflict between returnees and locals at the community level is due to false promises made to each group,” according to the paper published by UNHCR. 

“The government promised returnees that they would receive their land and be compensated for any land that could not be reinstated,” it added, noting that such promises were central to refugees’ decision to return.

Residents “on the other hand, were told they would also be compensated for land redistributed to returnees. In a country that is already overpopulated and experiencing land scarcity, it is evident that neither of these promises were feasible.”

In many cases, residents were given little information about the arrival of returning refugees.

am/cb

*Umenga Ntituri Abarundi (It is as if we were not Burundian) - Rethinking Reintegration in Burundi - Rema Ministries, May 2012

**Back to the land: the long-term challenges of refugee return and reintegration in Burundi, by Sonja Fransen and Kati Kushminder of the Maastrict Graduate School of Governance, published in August 2012 as part of the New Issues in Refugee Research series of UNHCR’s Policy Development and Evaluation Service.


For more stories on migration, please visit our In-Depth Crossing into the Unknown [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96796/99/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96788/In-Depth-More-to-it-than-just-land-lessons-from-Burundi</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211151035310782t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 21 November 2012 (IRIN) - More than half a million Burundian refugees have returned home over the last 10 years as the effects of a 2000 peace accord took hold. Many have returned to their land, and most have received assistance with shelter, food, health and education.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Burundi’s bumpy road to the 2015 polls</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210311231170703t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - The US$2 billion dollars pledged by donors to support Burundi’s development sounds like a ringing endorsement of the country’s progress from civil war to peace. But experts worry about a range of issues that could derail the country ahead of the 2015 elections.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - The US$2 billion pledged by donors on 30 October to support Burundi’s development sounds like a ringing endorsement of the central African country’s progress from civil war to peace and democracy.

But memories are still fresh of the 1993-2005 conflict that killed more than 200,000 people, and analysts, human rights experts, and civil society and political opposition members - while they agree significant gains have been made - worry about a range of security and governance issues that could derail them ahead of the 2015 elections.

In the eight years since the war’s conclusion, Burundi has held two multi-party elections, seen rebel groups transform into political parties, and developed a vibrant civil society and a relatively free press. Schools and health centres are open. Civil servants get paid.

“The normalization of political life has been a remarkable achievement in Burundi,” Rosine Sori-Coulibaly, UN Resident Coordinator and Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Burundi, was quoted as saying in a statement about the pledges from donor conference in Geneva [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2012/10/30/-international-community-commits-more-than-2-billion-at-geneva-conference-to-accelerate-burundi-s-development-progress.html ].

“Burundi is now out of the post-conflict period and is truly committed to the path of development,” the country’s president, Pierre Nkurunziza, said at the gathering.

But in the capital, Bujumbura, many tell a different story. 

Extrajudicial killings

The most serious concern, one openly shared by the country’s international partners, is the spate of reports - flatly denied by the government - that elements within the security forces are killing individuals because of their affiliation with opposition parties, especially the Forces National de Liberation (FNL) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96503/BURUNDI-State-still-accused-of-killings-cover-ups ].

“In 2011, there were 78 extrajudicial killings,” Pierre-Claver Mbonimpa, who chairs the Association for the Protection of Human and Prisoners’ Rights, told IRIN. “In 2012, so far, we have counted 15 people who were extrajudicially executed. [But] you can’t say things are getting better because fewer people are being killed. For us, we need zero,” he said.

“How can we make this democracy work if we can kill someone for his ideas?” asked Pacifique Nininahazwe, chairman of the Forum for Strengthening Civil Society, a group of 146 organizations.

In a report published in May, Human Rights Watch (HRW) noted that armed opposition groups had also carried out killings, often in “the form of tit-for-tat attacks by members of the CNDD-FDD [the National Council for the Defence of Democracy-Forces for the Defence of Democracy, the ruling party] and the FNL.” [ http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/05/02/you-will-not-have-peace-while-you-are-living-0 ]

In the run-up to the Geneva meeting, HRW called on donors to “urge the Burundian government to put an end to impunity by ensuring that the people responsible for political killings and other abuses are identified and prosecuted.”

“The Burundian government has repeatedly promised to put an end to human rights violations, but there is a gulf between the rhetoric and the reality,” said HRW Africa director Daniel Bekele.

For rights activist Mbonimpa, the killings are symptomatic of a much wider problem.

“I would say that all of the problems Burundi has faced over the years are related to our system of justice. The judges aren’t there to deliver the law; these days they are there to execute the orders of their superiors, the executive power. While our constitution provides for [separate] executive, legislative and judicial powers, the judiciary has been incorporated into the executive… A judge should be above the police, but now it is the police that give orders to judges. The result is impunity,” he said.

“Militarized” youth wing

This impunity, according to several sources, extends to the ruling party’s youth wing, Imbonerakure (the Kirundi word for “those that see far”), which has been implicated in attacks on and intimidation of opposition party supporters. It has also been accused of working as an unconstitutional extension of state security forces.

“We’ve heard that in the countryside they go about armed. If they are arrested, there is no follow-up in the courts,” said Nininahazwe.

He added that during a televised September ruling party rally in the town of Cibitoke, Imbonerakure youths marched in uniform in the presence of the Minister of Interior. 

“That is serious because they are demobilized former rebels coming back to a kind of military life,” he said.

Mbonimpa warned that by “terrorizing opposition supporters” Imbonerakure risked provoking a similar youth mobilization among opposition groups. “At that point they will fight… This is how it started in 1993.” 

Leonce Ngendakumana, chairman of the Alliance for Democratic Change (ADC- Ikibiri), a coalition of 10 opposition parties, echoed these fears. “It should be known that we have in our ranks young men and even women who were trained by the armed political groups and who know how to use a weapon,” he said. “If we wanted to react that way we could. But we don’t want to.” 

Ngendakumana also accused the Imbonerakure of “going to public places such as markets, schools, churches and telling young girls and boys, ‘you have to enroll in the CNDD-FDD party’ and ordering them to attend so-called welcome meetings for new members.”

“We reject this desire to return us to a one-party state. We have entered into a democratic multiparty system based on several political parties. We want to stay in this system.”

The militarization of the ruling party’s youth wing “poisons the climate because these youths who sow terror do so with the support of the government, the ruling party, the police,” he said.

Imbonerakure Chairman Denis Karera dismissed these allegations as “erroneous and inflammatory information circulated by people motivated by their own interests and who want to disorientate the population.”

“Perhaps they are afraid of the 2015 elections, because they [opposition parties] have no members,” he said.

Asked about the group’s involvement in matters usually handled by police, Karera said, “We are the first to commit to peace and security [working with] the security forces, the courts, the people and the administration.”

“The role of Imbonerakure is the same as that of other Burundians. All Burundians are asked to contribute to keep the peace,” he told IRIN. “For example if you see a thief in your neighbour’s house, are you really going to let him escape? No! The least you can do is turn him in or call the police to arrest this criminal, this thief. That’s what we do, like all Burundians,” he said. “But we don’t punish, or exact justice. We are against that,” he added.

Karera also denied that any new members of the CNDD-FDD had been forced to join the party, and his boss, CNDD-FDD Chairman Pascal Nyabenda, told IRIN: “The ruling party would not like to go to elections alone. We need some political parties in competition… [Everyone has ] the same rights, but not the same force. My party is everywhere; it is not the same for ADC-Ikibiri.”


Stifling statutes

Civil society leader Nininahazwe said he was also worried about draft legislation that would “restrict basic liberties.” 

Pending bills would introduce new limits to the freedom of the press, authorize local officials to ban or interrupt meetings if public order is deemed to be threatened, and require organizations to seek approval from government ministers in order to form.

Opposition leader Ngendakumana expressed alarm at proposals to give the interior minister control over political parties, saying, “They want to create a party-state, where there is confusion between the [ruling] party and the state.”

Opposition parties are not represented in parliament because of a boycott of legislative elections in 2010.

What next?

In its most recent report on Burundi, the International Crisis Group warned that all these issues threatened the very blueprint for the country’s post-war stability - the peace and power-sharing accords signed in Arusha, Tanzania, in 2000 - and “seriously compromises preparations for the 2015 elections.”

Steps to get that process back on track, the report said, included: renouncing political violence; initiating inclusive dialogue between the government and opposition; creating conditions for the safe return of exiled opposition leaders; strengthening political pluralism; revisiting the draft legislation on media and political freedoms; and drawing up, by consensus, a roadmap for election preparations, including an assurance that the election commission represents all political players.

am/rz]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96689/Analysis-Burundi-s-bumpy-road-to-the-2015-polls</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210311231170703t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 01 November 2012 (IRIN) - The US$2 billion dollars pledged by donors to support Burundi’s development sounds like a ringing endorsement of the country’s progress from civil war to peace. But experts worry about a range of issues that could derail the country ahead of the 2015 elections.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: The state of African wheat research</title><pubDate>Wed, 24 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210231238090906t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Researchers in Africa are identifying ways to improve domestic wheat production in the face of sub-optimal conditions and stiff international competition.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Researchers in Africa are identifying ways to improve domestic wheat production in the face of sub-optimal conditions and stiff international competition. 

For example, in Somalia - a country better known for conflict and famine than agricultural research - postgraduate volunteers are exploring ways to reduce the country’s wheat import bill, a subject discussed in one of several research abstracts released at the recent Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference in Addis Ababa [ http://conferences.cimmyt.org/en/press-room ].

Wheat imports, which cost Somalia US$30 million to $40 million annually, consume "scarce hard currency earned from livestock exports and remittances," reports Jeylani Abdullahi Osman,one of the volunteers. He and other scholars, who studied agriculture abroad, have returned to Somalia to develop wheat varieties suitable for the country’s increasingly high temperatures. Wheat thrives in cool conditions, but is able to adapt to a wide range of climates. 

In 2005, the volunteers established the Afgoye Field Crop Research Farm (AFCRF) in the Afgoye District of the Lower Shabelle Region. There, they have been testing wheat varieties for tolerance to heat and water stress. Osman reports they have identified several promising cultivars, but a lack of technical and financial support have limited commercial production. 

Improving local wheat 

An abstract of a study published out of Cameroon notes that, while there is growing demand for bread in the country, the protein content of the imported wheat used for bread-making is less than 12 percent. High-quality wheat has 14 to 15 percent protein. 

Lead author Michael Taylor, from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, now working with the Divisional Delegation of Agriculture and Rural Development Fontem-Lebialem in Cameroon, identifies varieties of wheat with high protein content that could be grown in Cameroon. 

Researchers from the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research report that the older wheat varieties used for making bread flour are unable to cope with new strains of stem rust - a virulent fungal disease that can devastate crops within weeks. The authors identify new strategies to robustly multiply newly released rust-resistant seeds for distribution. 

Standing up to competition 

Research teams from Zimbabwe and South Africa also have investigated how to make their wheat production stand up to competition posed by cheap wheat imports. 

Zambia offers an important case study. The country, which recently became self-sufficient in wheat production, is already facing the threat of dropping yields, report researchers with Seed Co, a Zimbabwe- based company. The researchers highlight several contributing factors, including marketing challenges for small producers, the increasing cost of production and lack of availability of suitable wheat varieties. 

These and other abstracts, covering Algeria, Egypt, Sudan and Tunisia, are available on request from the Mexico-based International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, known by its acronym CIMMYT. 

jk/rz 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96622/FOOD-The-state-of-African-wheat-research</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210231238090906t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 24 October 2012 (IRIN) - Researchers in Africa are identifying ways to improve domestic wheat production in the face of sub-optimal conditions and stiff international competition.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Towards greater food security</title><pubDate>Fri, 19 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002231215250625t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi, despite being potentially self-sufficient in food, has the highest level of hunger of all the 79 countries listed in the 2012 Global Hunger Index, published earlier this month by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi, despite being potentially self-sufficient in food, has the highest level of hunger of all the 79 countries listed in the 2012 Global Hunger Index [ http://www.ifpri.org/ghi/2012 ], published earlier this month by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide.

In August 2012, three of the eight “livelihood zones” in Burundi - around 200,000 people - were found to be at a “crisis” level of food security, or Phase 3 in the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification scale. This was variously due to recurrent drought, plant disease, poverty, lack of drinking water and land scarcity.

Most of the rest of the country is in Phase 2 - also classified as “stressed” - with a risk of falling into Phase 3 “at the slightest shock”, such as flooding or hailstorms, according to Isaac Nzitunga of the Ministry of Agriculture.

In the current trimester, the country faces a 57,000-ton cereal deficit, even when imports and food aid are taken into account, Nzitunga told IRIN.

More than 60 percent of the population in the tiny, densely populated central African state, one still recovering from a 1993-2005 civil war which killed some 300,000 people and uprooted more than a million others, is at risk of food insecurity. Some 58 percent of children are chronically malnourished, which means their physical and intellectual development is seriously threatened.

About 90 percent of Burundi’s population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, with the main staples being beans, bananas, cassava, sweet potatoes, maize, sorghum and rice. Only around 15 percent of production is sold. Primary export crops are coffee, tea and cotton.

Here is a roundup of some key issues in improving the country’s food security.

Population (growth and density)

Burundi’s population stands at around 8.5 million and is growing at rate of some 3 percent a year. The average population density is 257 people per sqkm - one of the highest levels in the world - and in some areas this density tops 500 people per sqkm.

If this growth is unchecked, Burundi’s population will double in 22 years.

As part of its “Vision 2025” programme, the government plans to address this with a nationwide family planning initiative. It is not uncommon for families to have six, seven or even eight children.

Plot size

The average plot size is less than half a hectare, with many households eking a living from a quarter hectare plot.

Plot sizes reduce as the population grows because of inheritance traditions, and because the government response to land disputes between returning refugees - half a million have come back over the last decade - and those who remained in Burundi during the civil war and earlier waves of violence, has been to simply divide plots between the two parties.

Given that average plot sizes cannot increase unless a substantial portion of the population leaves the agricultural sector, one way for farmers to offset the constraints of shrinking plots and benefit from economies of scale is to form producer cooperatives. This would increase the scope for growing marketable surpluses and facilitate trading links with buyers reluctant to deal with a large number of very small-scale farmers.

Productivity

Since war broke out in 1993, average per capita agricultural production has more than halved. This is due to the conflict, crop theft, recurrent drought and torrential rains, pests, deteriorating soil conditions and over-exploitation.

Consolidating sustainable peace, improving soil conditions through greater use of fertilizer and acidity correctives, introducing disease-resistant crop varieties, better managing abundant water resources, as well as improving seeds, tools and farming techniques, all offer considerable potential to increase yields beyond current subsistence levels.

Soil erosion, a major problem in hilly Burundi, is being mitigated through terracing, ditch-digging and tree-planting. Under a 2012-2017 National Agricultural Investment Plan, marshlands are to be reclaimed for the production of rice and market-garden produce. External funding for this plan, however, is conditioned on improving national governance.

Livestock

Greatly depleted during the war, livestock offers many benefits to farmers, including food, income and organic fertilizer. Current widespread demand for livestock is largely unmet because of high levels of poverty among farmers, and there is an urgent need to boost access to forage, animal health and other support services to those with farm animals.

Infrastructure

Basic social and economic infrastructure in rural areas was devastated during the conflict. Increased levels of sickness and mortality caused by the dilapidation of health centres and drinking-water systems have negatively affected productivity.

As urban populations grow, improvements to roads and market intelligence will help farmers meet rising demand and remain competitive with food suppliers from neighbouring countries.

The flow of imported goods, on the other hand, is restricted by the fact Burundi is landlocked, and that goods travelling from the ports of Mombasa in Kenya and Dar es Salaam in Tanzania can, because of road blocks and customs posts, take two weeks to arrive in Burundi.

Diversification and processing

The agriculture sector cannot grow to the point where rural poverty and the risk of renewed conflict are significantly reduced as long as most farmers only grow enough to meet household food needs.

Increasing the production of cash crops as well as facilities to process produce such as bananas, fish, honey, meat and dairy products is widely acknowledged as an essential component of developing the agricultural sector. Much of the produce exported from Burundi leaves with no value added domestically and some of this is re-imported after processing elsewhere.

Reducing rural poverty levels also depends on many farmers - and returning refugees - moving into peripheral economic activities and even into jobs unrelated to agriculture. This in turn depends on developing a private sector that is almost non-existent today.

am/cb


Sources

Ministry of Agriculture

Food and Agriculture Organization [ http://www.fao.org/index_en.htm ]

World Bank Project Performance Assessment Report [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PDF1_108.pdf ]

FEWS NET [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_4315.pdf ]

International Fund for Agricultural Development [ http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/burundi.pdf ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96592/BURUNDI-Towards-greater-food-security</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002231215250625t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 19 October 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi, despite being potentially self-sufficient in food, has the highest level of hunger of all the 79 countries listed in the 2012 Global Hunger Index, published earlier this month by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Welthungerhilfe, and Concern Worldwide.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI-TANZANIA: A troubled homecoming</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151402140066t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.

While Burundi has absorbed more than half a million refugees since 2002, never before has it had to contend with such a large number of returnees in such a short space of time.

A particular cause of concern is that 60 percent of this caseload, now living in Tanzania’s Mtabila camp, was born outside of Burundi, whose language, Kirundi, many do not speak. More than a quarter of the households in Mtabila are headed by women, and 3,000 of the camp’s residents have no land to return to in Burundi, where 90 percent of the population lives off subsistence agriculture.

For several years, those in Mtabla have resisted various forms of enticements and pressures to leave the camp, while the Tanzanian government has allowed a series of departure deadlines to lapse [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94945/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-Refugees-face-mounting-pressure-to-go-home ].

But this deadline is different, backed up by the decision made earlier this year, after interviews with all Mtabila residents and fully supported by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), to withdraw the refugee status of almost everyone in the camp [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96215/TANZANIA-Burundians-lose-refugee-status-may-face-deportation ].

This has not dented the reluctance of those in Mtabila to return to Burundi, where land is scarce, security shaky and economic opportunities limited. Between 1 August - when they were told of their loss of status and of the camp’s imminent closure - and 4 October, just 890 have gone back, according to UNHCR data.

No other choice

Until the end of the year, those returning to Burundi will be entitled to receive reintegration assistance from UNHCR and other agencies in the form of a cash grant, six months of food rations as well as health, education and shelter support.

"It's hard for them to accept, but they have no other choice now,” said Catherine Huck, UNHCR's representative in Burundi.

“Reintegration will take time, and special efforts will be needed, especially when it comes to land access, reinsertion of children into schools and extension of basic services,” she said.

“The camp will be closed on 31 December 2012. They are not refugees anymore, and need now to comply with the Tanzanian immigration law," she told IRIN.

This law provides for the deportation of those not entitled to stay in the country. The UNCHR’s Tanzania office has made it clear it would not take part in any “forced returns to Burundi, in light of its humanitarian mandate.”

"We are now working on a scenario of organized return. For now, we have just been doing sensitization campaigns, explaining they have to return. We will continue to do so,” Huck said.

“You cannot remain a refugee all your life,” she added.

“A refusal to return could potentially degenerate into a difficult and chaotic process that UNHCR would like to avoid. It is with this in mind that UNHCR is committed to work with both governments and the Burundian former refugees to achieve a return and reintegration process that is orderly, safe and secure, and respectful of their human rights and dignity,” she said.

Disaster

The alternative, according to an 8 October statement signed by Burundi, Tanzania and the UNHCR after a joint meeting in Geneva, could be a “humanitarian disaster.”

The return process, the statement said, should “preferably be voluntary in nature.”

A mass exodus would be “a very serious problem,” according to Theodore Mbazumutima, project manager with Rema Ministries, a Burundian NGO that has worked on the Mtabila case and on the wider issues of refugee reintegration.

There is a real risk of “families being scattered, children being separated” and of returnees ending up with insufficient food and housing,” he said.

Even if those in Mtabila wanted to return before the deadline, “Burundi is not able to accommodate 35,000 in three months,” Mbazumutima told IRIN in Bujumbura.

“But is very clear they are not coming back yet,” he said.

In his view, the situation has reached a crisis because, though information has been provided to those in Mtabila through mass meetings, insufficient interaction has taken place with opinion-leaders within the camp.

“They should have been isolated and engaged in serious dialogue. Instead, Tanzania tried to put [community leaders] in prison, hoping they would change their minds,” he said, adding that Tanzania could still maintain its stance on the withdrawal of refugee status while softening its position on the deadline, allowing for a more gradual camp closure, and improved two-way communication with the camp residents.

Logistical challenges

“The [Burundian] government needs to be better prepared. Not much is being done for the 3,000 who have no land to return to,” or to accommodate the children who, because of school closures in Mtabila, have had no formal education over the past three years. This will especially be problematic for children who arrive in January, three months into the school year, he said.

“Schools [in Burundi] are already bursting full,” he said. “If nothing is done, it won’t be long before another 5,000 go back [to Tanzania] one way or another.”

Specific challenges involved in returning Mtabila residents to Burundi include the provision of sufficient registration personnel, access to identity documentation and legal support, and the development of the infrastructure necessary to absorb the 20,000 children.

“It is a big problem to welcome all these people,” Pascal Nyabebenda, chairman of the ruling CNDD-FDD party told IRIN.

“Even those returnees who came before have problems. When these come, other problems will be added to the first ones,” he said. “But as soon as they come, we will welcome them.”

am/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96553/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-A-troubled-homecoming</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210151402140066t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 15 October 2012 (IRIN) - The imminent return of more than 35,000 Burundians from Tanzania poses major logistical challenges to aid agencies and the densely populated country they fled amid civil war almost 20 years ago. The return could degenerate into a “humanitarian disaster” if they ignore a 31 December deadline to leave willingly and end up being deported en masse.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: State still accused of killings, cover-ups</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210101048420702t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - With a couple of clicks, a photo appeared on the Burundian human rights activist’s computer screen: a hillside; a prone, male body, its severed head lying next to it; another man, naked, sitting, ankles and wrists bound, still alive when the photo was taken but since deceased; the uniformed legs of several other men, allegedly police, standing over the scene; the back of a jeep-type vehicle.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - With a couple of clicks, a photo appeared on the Burundian human rights activist’s computer screen: a hillside; a prone, male body, its severed head lying next to it; another man, naked, sitting, ankles and wrists bound, still alive when the photo was taken but since deceased; the uniformed legs of several other men, allegedly police, standing over the scene; the back of a jeep-type vehicle.

“This is reality,” said Pierre-Claver Mbonimpa, chairman of the Association for the Protection of Human and Prisoners’ Rights, in his small Bujumbura office, adding that the photo was taken in April 2011.

He showed IRIN another photo, this one of the corpse of a man who Mbonimpa said had received 36 gunshots to the head. He said all three men were members of parties opposed to the government. 

“After the elections of 2010, there were many executions of people belonging to opposition parties,” he said [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/90308/BURUNDI-Veering-off-the-path-of-peaceful-power-sharing ].

“In 2011, there were 78 extrajudicial killings, by which I mean when someone was killed while he was in the hands of agents who are supposed to protect him, such as the police, the army or the local administration.” 

The UN’s figure for politically-related extrajudicial killings in 2011 is 61. A Burundian commission of inquiry set up in June 2012 found that no killings in the country met the internationally accepted definition of “extrajudicial”. 

Widespread impunity

“In 2012, so far we have counted 15 people who were extrajudicially executed. You can’t say things are getting better because fewer people are being killed. For us, we need zero,” Mbonimpa said. Members of opposition parties feel “terrorized,” and are often followed, preventing them from carrying out party activity, he continued.

“What has the government done to halt extrajudicial killings? Up until now, nothing - which means that somewhere, there are members of the government who support these killings. And it is very dangerous for the country, because if there are people who execute people, and the police and justice system do nothing to punish these people, then Burundi is seen as a country which supports extrajudicial killings.”

Human Rights Watch came to a similar conclusion in a May 2012 report, which said “the killings, some by state agents and members of the ruling party, others by armed opposition groups, reflect widespread impunity, the inability of the state to protect its citizens, and an ineffective judiciary.” [ http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/05/02/you-will-not-have-peace-while-you-are-living-0 ]

Leonce Ngendakumana, Chairman of ADC Ikibiri, an alliance of 10 opposition parties, told IRIN that arrested members of National Liberation Forces (FNL), which was a rebel group during Burundi’s 1993 to 2005 civil war), were the most common target of such killings. 

“There are no prosecutions. The body is found in a river or left in the bush, or he disappears to who knows where. They tell us, ‘we’ve released him, we don’t know where he is,’” said Ngendakumana.

“We must start to punish those who commit the crimes we are seeing. Otherwise, what will happen? Everyone will do as they like. A man and his wife might argue over something small, and the stronger one kills the other. There’s no investigation, no prosecution. Can you understand this kind of society?” he said.

Blaming bandits and rebels

When asked about extrajudicial killings, police spokesman Elie Bizindavyi, referred IRIN to the commission’s report and denied the existence of an institutional problem within the force.

“We would like human rights activists or others to name an individual, any one, in any crime, not accuse the ensemble of the police,” he said.

“If a policeman commits a reprehensible crime, he will answer for it like any other citizen. We have some policemen before the courts, and this shows that a policeman who is guilty is not protected, is not above the law,” he said.

Presenting the commission’s findings in August, Attorney General Valentin Bagorikunda said eight people, including two police officers, had been detained in connection with cases of “murder or torture.”

The government insists that the killings cited by human rights activists and the UN, far from being targeted assassinations of opposition supporters, were the result of banditry, land disputes or score-settling between civilians. In some cases, they blame firefights between security forces and armed youths they say were sent into Burundi by FNL leader Agathon Rwasa, who has long been rumoured to be remobilizing in neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91322/BURUNDI-Officials-downplay-FNL-rebel-activity-in-eastern-Congo ].

“If someone has a gun, how can you take him to the police station when he has started shooting?” said Pascal Nyabenda, chairman of the ruling CNDD-FDD (‘Conseil national pour la defense de la democratie-Forces pour la defense de la democratie’) party.

“What I don’t appreciate is that the people who sent those young people to come to Burundi to disturb security, they are not blamed. They just blame the police or the army, as if those people who come with guns from outside were right. No, they are not right,” he told IRIN.

‘Climate of control and fear’

European Union Ambassador to Burundi Stéphane de Loecker told reporters in mid-September that whatever the commission of inquiry said, what mattered “were the cases documented by the United Nations Office in Burundi.”
He said he had asked the Burundian authorities to “tell us exactly how many investigations had been conducted, and how many reached what sort of conclusion.”

Pacifique Nininahazwe, chairman of the Forum for Strengthening of Civil Society - a group of 146 organizations - also dismissed the official explanation for the killings.

“How can you explain that people are killed in the same way: arrested at home by people in uniform, taken away in police pick-ups, and later their bodies are found in the hills and rivers?” he told IRIN.

“The modus operandi is the same all over the country. The target is the same, FNL members. How can they shoot when they are already arrested? [Sometimes] the head is thrown in a latrine and the body on a hill, and the family can’t bury them together because the head is already buried and they [the police] refuse to disinter it. 

“[The victims are] buried quickly, not identified. There is no investigation, there is no justice,” he said.

The killings “create a climate of control and fear. They send a message: ‘If you want to stand up against us you will end up like that.’ How can we make this democracy work if we can kill someone for his ideas?”

am/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96503/BURUNDI-State-still-accused-of-killings-cover-ups</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201210101048420702t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - With a couple of clicks, a photo appeared on the Burundian human rights activist’s computer screen: a hillside; a prone, male body, its severed head lying next to it; another man, naked, sitting, ankles and wrists bound, still alive when the photo was taken but since deceased; the uniformed legs of several other men, allegedly police, standing over the scene; the back of a jeep-type vehicle.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: We want wheat - Africa&apos;s growing cereal demand</title><pubDate>Wed, 10 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009231153150312t.jpg" />]]>ADDIS ABABA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - Bread, pies, pasta and pastries - changing African diets, the result of urbanization, are driving a demand for wheat that is pushing up import bills and complicating food security.</description><body><![CDATA[ADDIS ABABA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - Bread, pies, pasta and pastries - changing African diets, the result of urbanization, are driving a demand for wheat that is pushing up import bills and complicating food security.

New research suggests the potential for African farmers to help meet that demand has been underestimated: local producers in east and southern Africa may be growing only 10 to 25 percent of the wheat that is both biologically possible and economically profitable, overlooking a potential money-spinner and hedge against global food price shocks.

The research, by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (known as CIMMYT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), found that with the "proper use of fertilizer and other investments", 20 to 100 percent of farmlands in the 12 countries studied are ecologically suitable for profitable rain-fed wheat farming, at least according to advanced computer modelling.

The study, released at a five-day conference on wheat in Addis Ababa [ http://conferences.cimmyt.org/en/wheat-for-food-security-in-africa ], demonstrates that three countries - Rwanda, Burundi and Uganda - have the best wheat potential, based on projections that take into account soil, production conditions and links to markets.

CIMMYT, the Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research, the International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas, the African Union and other partners are expected to announce an initiative to boost wheat production at the conference.

Demand growing

One spur to domestic production is the size of the import bill:  In 2012, African countries will spend roughly US$12 billion buying some 40 million tons of wheat from abroad, said CIMMYT.

"We are not advocating for growing wheat where good growing (climatic and soil) conditions do not exist, but rather focusing on improving conditions such as extension services, new improved varieties and application of fertilizers," said Hans-Joachim Braun, the head of CIMMYT’s Global Wheat Programme.

By 2025, about 700 million people - more than half the current African population - will live in urban areas, and the time to plan for that demographic change is now, warned Bekele Shiferaw, the lead author of the CIMMYT-IFPRI study.

Demand for wheat has been growing rapidly - by around 45 percent between 2000-2009 - said Nicole Mason from Michigan State University (MSU) and the lead author of a new joint study by MSU and CIMMYT examining wheat consumption in sub-Saharan Africa.

“The demand for wheat is growing at a faster pace than rice, and it has been filling the cereal deficit in Africa for some years,” said Mason.

Wheat is still overshadowed by maize in most countries, particularly among the poor in Southern Africa. However, the demand for wheat is growing in urban centres, where people are developing an appetite for mass-produced, convenient foods containing processed wheat flour. Consumers, on average, spend more on wheat than on other cereals in the cities of Lusaka and Kitwe in Zambia, Maputo in Mozambique and Nairobi in Kenya, Mason’s study shows.

Bolstering food security

Countries like Zambia have already boosted wheat production and become self-sufficient, driven by demand and profit, said Davies Lungu, a plant breeder with the University of Zambia. “A metric ton of wheat sells at $350, while maize is around $150 per metric ton in Zambia.”

Becoming self-sufficient in wheat does not automatically imply greater food security, which is about everyone being able to access quality food, noted Mason.

But easing high import bills would improve the ability of countries and consumers to ride out price shocks, said CIMMYT’s Hodson.

Wheat, first cultivated in Mesopotamia (southern Turkey, Iraq and Syria) before spreading to North Africa and Ethiopia, is also much more resilient to extreme temperatures than other staples, Braun pointed out. “It is a good investment to make against climate change.”

jk/oa/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96510/FOOD-We-want-wheat-Africa-apos-s-growing-cereal-demand</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009231153150312t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ADDIS ABABA 10 October 2012 (IRIN) - Bread, pies, pasta and pastries - changing African diets, the result of urbanization, are driving a demand for wheat that is pushing up import bills and complicating food security.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISPLACEMENT: Older people face greater burdens</title><pubDate>Wed, 04 Jul 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207041225280513t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - When violence broke out in Kenya in 2008 after a disputed presidential poll, 71-year-old Magdalene Njeri&apos;s hometown of Kericho in Rift Valley Province was one of the areas most affected by the violence; while others ran for safety, Njeri, too frail to flee, came under attack by rampaging youths.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - When violence broke out in Kenya in 2008 after a disputed presidential poll, 71-year-old Magdalene Njeri's hometown of Kericho in Rift Valley Province was one of the areas most affected by the violence; while others ran for safety, Njeri, too frail to flee, came under attack by rampaging youths. 

"I saw them coming to my home… They were chanting… and I saw some people run, but I just walked because I couldn't run," she told IRIN. "They caught up with me and started caning me. I just lay there and they thought I was dead." 

When she finally found herself in a temporary camp for internally displaced persons (IDPs), frequent illness and harsh weather conditions made her stay a difficult one. 

"I used to fall sick more often in the camp because of the cold. I saw many old people like me succumb and I knew I would die too," she added. "But I am lucky because somebody found me a new home here in Nyumba ya Wazee [a home for older people run by the Catholic Church]." 

Njeri has not been back to her home since 2008, and has little contact with her family. 

Weaker than the rest 

Experts say older people are affected more severely than the rest of the population during displacement. "People who have energy can resist or run or take away belongings. An old person doesn't have the energy to do all this. So in cases of forced evictions, for instance, they lose a home and lose belongings and also a critical social network," Protus Waringa, a Kenyan human rights law expert, told IRIN. 

"Even if they found themselves in camps, they miss out on food rations or shelter provisions because of immobility to get to where such help is being offered. If they do get a little, they share it with those under their care, normally children," he added. "Rather than be seen as people who need help, many old people find themselves turned into caregivers." 

Globally, an estimated 26.4 million people were displaced by armed conflict, generalized violence and human rights violations at the end of 2011, according to a 2011 overview by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC); [ http://www.internal-displacement.org/publications/global-overview-2011.pdf ] the overview noted that there were huge gaps in the data available on older IDPs, with just six out of 50 countries making specific reference to older persons in their data on IDPs. 

"In Burundi, information was gathered on groups at risk, including older people. Many older IDPs there, were no longer able to walk for several hours to their places of origin to tend their fields and livestock. This left older people unable to produce food for themselves or to sell, further limiting their prospects of overcoming their displacement," the authors reported. "In most countries, failure to identify such threats faced by diverse members of communities not only resulted in IDPs' needs going unaddressed, but it often led to actions that inadvertently increased the risks they faced and further marginalized them." 

According to a recent report [ http://www.helpage.org/what-we-do/emergencies/the-neglected-generation-the-impact-of-displacement-on-older-people ] by NGO HelpAge and IDMC, conflicts and natural disasters often pose agonizing dilemmas for the elderly. 

"Older people who stay behind when others leave may be subject to violence, intimidation or secondary impacts of natural hazards, such as aftershocks or rising flood waters," and often lose essential assistance and support mechanisms, the authors said. However, if they do decide to flee, risks include "the possibility of being separated from their family and thus ending up in near-complete isolation". 

"In Darfur [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=22&reportid=64292 ] in 2004, for example, when huge numbers of people fled across large distances to urban centres, numerous older people reportedly arrived in IDP camps alone, having been separated from their families during the journey, or simply having stopped or been abandoned along the route due to physical exhaustion," the authors said. 

The authors of the study recommended, among other things, provision of social spaces, psychosocial and legal support and access to health services to help old persons deal cope with displacement. 

Neglected 

An earlier HelpAge study [ http://www.helpage.org/download/4f4222be3ce76 ] found that while 11 percent of the world's population is aged 60 or over, less than 1 percent of humanitarian aid targets this group. 

Jo Wells, a humanitarian policy manager at HelpAge International and author of the report, told IRIN that humanitarian organizations have predominantly focused on children and their mothers, leaving old persons to fend for themselves in disasters. 

"When we are seeing an increasing number of contexts where older people are the last to leave camps and are unable to return home or integrate locally without considerable assistance - the result can be destitution at worse," she said. 

Wells emphasized the need to formulate displacement policies that are friendly to older persons and integrate them within humanitarian response programmes. 

"Older people face specific risks related to their age and have specific needs that should be taken into account - such as reduced mobility, difficulty in accessing information, services and support, psychological consequences of losing a lifetimes' work and adapting to a completely new environment," she added. 

ko/kr/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95801/DISPLACEMENT-Older-people-face-greater-burdens</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201207041225280513t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 04 July 2012 (IRIN) - When violence broke out in Kenya in 2008 after a disputed presidential poll, 71-year-old Magdalene Njeri&apos;s hometown of Kericho in Rift Valley Province was one of the areas most affected by the violence; while others ran for safety, Njeri, too frail to flee, came under attack by rampaging youths.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Donor fatigue forces WFP to cut refugee rations</title><pubDate>Tue, 19 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.

The cuts have already affected 16,000 refugees in Malawi’s Dzaleka camp who have been on half rations since March, while a further 120,000 refugees in Uganda began receiving half rations of cereals in May. 

According to WFP, another 100,000 refugees in Tanzania saw their maize rations cut by 50 percent starting from last week, and rations for some 54,000 refugees living in Rwanda are expected to be cut in August unless donors come forward with more funding.

“Even the full ration wasn’t enough,” said Sanky Kabeya, a 24-year-old resident of Dzaleka who spoke to IRIN at the end of March. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95259/EDUCATION-Online-learning-inspires-refugees ] “I haven’t taken breakfast this morning and many are in the same situation.”

Gustave Lwaba, another resident of the camp, said the usual monthly ration of 13kg of maize had gone down to 7kg, while rations of cooking oil, pigeon peas, sugar and salt had also been cut by half. "There are people in the camp who rely on relatives who've been resettled," he said. "The rest really starve because the rations can't last a month."

Michelle Carter, country director for the Jesuit Refugee Service in Malawi, which runs a number of educational and other programmes in the camp, said the cuts were “clearly leading to a fair amount of hunger… I know children are coming to school hungry,” she told IRIN. 

“The food is only lasting two weeks and if they’re on their own it’s much worse because they can’t combine rations.”

Noting that only a very small percentage of the refugees had any source of income, she said single mothers, unaccompanied minors and the elderly and disabled had been particularly hard hit by the reduced rations.

A protection officer with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) in Malawi, Gavin Lim, said his agency planned to carry out an assessment in the coming months to determine the full impact of the ration cuts but that reports of more women in the camp turning to survival sex were already coming in.

Difficult to become self-reliant

Most countries in southern and eastern Africa have an encampment policy for refugees which restricts their freedom of movement and reduces their chances of becoming self-reliant. Some earn a small income running informal businesses outside the camps but competition with often equally impoverished locals is fierce and has led to outbreaks of violence. 

In May, a number of refugees who were selling goods at a small trading centre outside Dzaleka were assaulted by local traders who accused them of undermining their businesses. According to Carter, the Malawian government plans to withdraw trading licenses for refugees from July.

Many of Dzaleka's residents have lived in the camp for over a decade. Indeed, an increasing proportion of refugees today live in what UNHCR describes as "protracted" exile (in 2011, more than seven million refugees had lived outside their country for more than five years). Donors are increasingly reluctant to shoulder the burden of feeding these long-term refugees.

Commenting on the funding shortfall, WFP spokesperson for east and southern Africa David Orr said: "There is inevitably some donor fatigue regarding longstanding or protracted refugee loads; these funding issues affect more than just food."

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95597/AFRICA-Donor-fatigue-forces-WFP-to-cut-refugee-rations</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201204161157350475t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 19 June 2012 (IRIN) - The UN World Food Programme (WFP) has halved food rations to refugees living in camps in at least four African countries citing a funding shortfall.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Government seeks funding for five-year HIV/AIDS plan</title><pubDate>Mon, 11 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 11 June 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi is seeking US$349 million for its National Strategic Plan to fight HIV/AIDS over the next five years.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 11 June 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi is seeking US$349 million for its National Strategic Plan (NSP) to fight HIV/AIDS over the next five years. 

Efforts to raise the money have already begun: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has pledged $90 million for 2012-2014, and the US Agency for International Development (USAID), through Family Health International, has pledged $10 million, specifically for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. 

The government has promised to provide about $3 million per year until 2014. "We know that Burundi is poor but we are going to ask it to redouble its efforts," said Jean Rirangira, the permanent executive secretary of the National Council for the Fight against AIDS (CNLS). 

The promised funds will leave a significant gap in funding for the plan; the government says it is hoping more donors - specifically those in the private sector - will provide additional money. 

The plan's elements include prevention, care and support, reducing the impact of HIV/AIDS and monitoring, compliance and follow-up evaluations, said Rirangira. 

The prevention component aims to reduce the "HIV prevalence in the general population and among high risk groups by 50 percent", he said. In addition, the plan also aims to "reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission from 23.7 percent today to 2 percent by 2016." 

Under the plan, condom use in young people and other vulnerable groups will also be increased, making them available at places such as hotels, schools and social spaces such as dance halls. 

The government intends to raise the number of sexually active people accessing screening services from 788,216 in 2012 to 1,738,445 by 2016, and increase the amount of blood screened for HIV and available for use in health facilities. 

The NSP says "90 percent of people living with HIV/AIDS will benefit from comprehensive services, including home care." 

Rirangira explained that care and support was the most expensive component because it includes helping HIV-positive people with income-generating activities; for example, 25,595 poor patients on antiretroviral therapy will benefit, as will 15,180 infected orphans or affected heads of households. Orphans will also be assisted with school supplies and fees and street children, numbering about 1,500, will be assisted and sent to school. 

dn/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95619/BURUNDI-Government-seeks-funding-for-five-year-HIV-AIDS-plan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200909291220100610t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 11 June 2012 (IRIN) - Burundi is seeking US$349 million for its National Strategic Plan to fight HIV/AIDS over the next five years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>REFUGEES: Moving out of the shadows</title><pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists. 

“There are robbers who take advantage of the dark to rob people of their phones,” said Ifo Camp resident and freelance journalist Moulid Hujale. “Even when there’s a full moon, there’s less crime.”

For many households who cannot afford candles or kerosene lamps, let alone a generator, the only source of light is that produced by cooking fires. But firewood is an increasingly scarce and contentious commodity in an arid region where an ever growing refugee population has been competing with locals for dwindling natural resources since the first camp was established there in 1991.

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) trucks in firewood at a cost of US$600,000 a month, but only enough to meet about 30 percent of each household’s monthly needs, forcing refugee women to walk up to 10km outside the camps to gather wood for cooking. These excursions expose them to the risk of violent attacks from resentful locals and even other refugees. 

“The incidents of gender-based violence against them are quite common,” said Njuki Venanzio, an associate environment officer with UNHCR based at Dadaab. “Our protection colleagues document about three cases per week.”

Even inside the camps, levels of sexual and gender-based violence have increased significantly in the past 18 months as the camp’s population has swelled and poor lighting has made new arrivals living on the outskirts of the camp particularly vulnerable. [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/93682/KENYA-SOMALIA-Refugees-at-risk-of-sexual-violence ] 

Although the scale of Dadaab’s camps have magnified its security and environmental problems, refugee camps all over Africa face similar challenges. Seventy-two percent have no electricity (while only 30 percent of sub-Saharan Africa's general population has electricity) and many are located in fragile environments where wood is in short supply or completely unavailable. 

The area around Dzaleka Camp in Malawi is so heavily deforested that refugees often resort to selling a portion of their monthly food rations to buy firewood or charcoal, while women living in Touloum Camp in Chad say they spend four days a week searching for firewood. 

Eco-friendly technologies

A UNHCR initiative to bring solar-powered lights and fuel-efficient stoves to 920,000 refugees in Africa over the next three years could address many of the security, environmental and education challenges faced by refugees if donors can be persuaded to come up with the necessary $15 million in funding. 

The Light Years Ahead Initiative [ http://www.unhcr.org/4c99fa9e6.pdf ] has already been piloted in seven African countries with good results, according to Amare Egziabher, a senior environmental coordinator with UNHCR in Geneva. 

“We’ve had very positive feedback from the field,” he told IRIN. “Many believe it lowers the incidence of crime, and also gender-based violence for women and girls.” 

The initiative also has the potential to lower drop-out rates at camp schools. Children who lack light to do their homework in the evenings tend to fall behind with their studies, while girls often miss classes while helping their mothers collect firewood.

At Dadaab, the pilot phase of the project has already brought solar-powered lanterns to 140 schoolchildren preparing for exams and street lights to several areas of Hagadera Camp identified by residents as particularly unsafe at night. 

“It has had a major impact on security in those few areas,” said Venanzio. “But we’re talking about a camp with over 120,000 refugees so the coverage has been small.”

Each solar lantern costs $39 while a solar street light that can make a neighbourhood safer for up to 300 refugees costs $1,200. 

“So far we’ve had some promises of funding but nothing concrete yet,” said Venanzio.

Saving fuel, saving the environment

The fuel-efficient stove favoured by UNHCR is called Save80 because it uses up to 80 percent less wood than cooking over a traditional stove, but several NGOs and agencies working at Dadaab are distributing different types of energy-saving stoves. They have so far managed to reach about 48 percent of the refugee population, but as kerosene has been deemed too expensive and ethanol in too short supply, all of the stoves distributed still use firewood.

“We need something more sustainable,” conceded Venanzio. “There is a lot of environmental degradation within a 10km radius of the camps and the Kenyan government is insisting that we look for a viable alternative [to wood] soon.”

Increasing local production of ethanol from sugarcane is one option. Another is finding entrepreneurs willing to produce sufficient quantities of fuel briquettes from agricultural by-products like coffee or risk husks. 

In the meantime, UNHCR’s environmental management programme is distributing free saplings to refugee and host communities in an effort to reforest the area. “But the environment here is very dry so the survival of the trees is a bit challenging,” said Venanzio. 

Awareness-raising campaigns aimed at teaching refugees how to use firewood more economically, recycle garbage and grow vegetables using waste water are also aimed at mitigating the camps’ impact on the local environment but Venanzio said the programme struggled with insufficient funding. “Environmental programmes get a very small budget compared to other sectors that are considered life-saving like water, food, health,” he explained.

Private donors including churches and corporations gave $1.4 million towards the Light Years Ahead Initiative in 2011, but “we still have a long way to go,” admitted Egziabher. “The demand is so high.”

ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95558/REFUGEES-Moving-out-of-the-shadows</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200904242107480456t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 31 May 2012 (IRIN) - When night falls in the Dadaab refugee complex in eastern Kenya, nearly half a million refugees are plunged into darkness. The lack of light robs schoolchildren of the possibility of studying and provides perfect cover for thieves and rapists.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Power to the people!</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/africa-human-development-report-2012/ ] today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.  

The argument is straightforward: Most people in Africa depend on agriculture, and better nutrition is good for human development. More food production means more food and income in people’s pockets, which has spin-offs which are beneficial for health and education. 

The report is not another exhortation to farmers to grow more food. Pedro Conceicao, chief economist with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa, explained that exclusively looking at linkages between small-scale farmers and agriculture or gender empowerment and agriculture were “piecemeal approaches” and not helpful. “We have to move beyond silver bullet obsessions [such as agricultural subsidies] or attention-grabbing headlines.” 

He reasoned that high economic growth rates in Africa had not necessarily resulted in a reduction in poverty and food insecurity - which points to accessibility to food and purchasing power as key factors. The report emphasizes “empowerment” and participation as important levers for change. 

It argues that countries need to implement a more strategic vision of food security. An approach to emulate would be what Ethiopia had done to beef up its agriculture sector by setting up a separate Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA) [ http://www.ata.gov.et/about/our-mandate/ ] right next to the prime minister’s office. It is modelled on similar initiatives in Asia which helped accelerate economic growth in South Korea and Malaysia, for instance. ATA addresses bottlenecks in areas such as soil management, research and extension services. 

The report calls for new approaches covering multiple sectors - from rural infrastructure to health services, to new forms of social protection and empowering local communities. It calls for action in four critical areas: 

1. Increasing agricultural production: It acknowledges that boosting production would be integral to any approach to becoming food secure, and calls for investment in research, infrastructure and inputs and a Green Revolution in Africa; 

2. More effective nutrition: Develop coordinated interventions which boost nutrition while expanding access to health services, education, sanitation, and clean water; 

3. Building resilience: Investment in crop insurance, employment guarantee schemes, and cash transfers to shield people from risks and make them less vulnerable to shocks; 

4. Empowerment and social justice: Gender empowerment, access to land, technology and information are important to make people food secure. 

IRIN interviewed two leading experts on the issues. 

Steven Wiggins, research fellow with the UK’s Overseas Development Institute, who has been studying agriculture and rural development in Africa since 1972: 

Africa is not one unitary entity: “There are 56 countries in Africa... When Africa is considered as a single unit, there is a great danger that it is compared to other similar units, above all Asia, leading to analyses that suggest that if only Africa were more like Asia, then things would improve. Well, I’m not sure that Botswana has very much to learn from, say, Afghanistan, thank you very much. Hyperbole aside, the point is this: in Africa we have several, if not many, cases of admirable progress in food and nutrition security, but we overlook this.” 

Real progress takes time: “A longstanding issue in African policy debates is the search not only for growth, but for growth that is `transformative’. Even when an African economy grows, the pessimists say `yes, but where is the transformation?’ usually noting that in Asia growth is transformative. Well, yes, where that has apparently happened in Asia... it is the result of 30 or 40 years of sustained progress. Yet damning judgments are made about African countries after less than 10 years of sustained and high economic growth." 

Too complicated and demanding: It would have been better had it [the overview of the report] stuck to a few fundamental propositions that are well supported by the evidence, namely: smallholder development plus primary health plus clean water will almost always reduce child malnutrition. Yes, let’s add girls in secondary school to the list: that will strengthen these links. But it’s that simple. 

Peter Gubbels, the West Africa co-coordinator for Groundswell International, a global partnership of local farming communities, has 30 years of experience in rural development, including 20 years living and working in West Africa. He is based in Ghana. He says: 

Move beyond the Green Revolution: “The report… seems to embrace the Green Revolution approach to agricultural improvement, citing... the results... in Asia, and seeking to now apply those lessons to Africa. The report suggests implicitly, that one reason Africa still has hunger is because Africa has not benefited from `science-based, input-intensive’ support. This is highly misleading. There have been many efforts to promote Green Revolution in Africa. Almost all have failed.” 

Missing bits: “There is no mention of Conservation Agriculture, or of the Brown Revolution [to promote soil fertility and conserve water].” 

Under-funding in agricultural research: “This is true but is also misleading. There has been a great amount of funding in the CGIAR [Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research] system in Africa, including IITA [International Institute of Tropical Agriculture] in Nigeria, from the 1970s onwards. One reason donors reduced funding in the 1990s was because it was not generating good production results. 

“But this report seems to assume that investing in new seeds, fertilizers, tractors, irrigation and training is what is needed... And how many very poor small-scale farmers can afford tractors?” 

Understanding resilience: “Equally disturbing is the suggestion that long-term resilience measures can enable risk averse, poor small-scale farmers to adopt riskier, but more productive, agricultural technologies. This is twisting my understanding of resilience. The aim is to reduce (or at least manage risk), using low external inputs and local ecological systems, not to increase risk by creating dependence on external expensive inputs (insurance, etc) for poor, vulnerable farm families working in marginal conditions. The way forward would be to develop crops and technologies that both increase food production and reduce risk by conservation agricultural techniques.” 

"Subsuming” nutrition into food security: “There is not just food insecurity in Africa. There is both food insecurity and nutrition insecurity. Currently in the Sahel, there is both a food crisis and a nutrition crisis. They may be linked, but the causes are quite different, and the solutions that are [rooted] in food security are almost always inadequate. 

“Just as we need to change the strong association of agriculture with food security, we also need to move nutrition out of the confines of food security. There is still a very strong tendency to believe that food aid, and increasing food production, solves most of malnutrition. It does not. It only helps prevent major spikes in the already existing emergency level of chronic and acute malnutrition.” 

Controversial issues side-stepped: “The report also almost completely sidesteps... genetically modified seeds... the role of agribusiness in land-grabbing, control of seeds, pushing pesticides and herbicides.” 

jk/oa/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95459/FOOD-Power-to-the-people</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201104051041120547t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - The UN Development Programme (UNDP) launched its first Africa Human Development Report today, stressing food security as a means to a better quality of life for all.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EAST AFRICA: Regional HIV Bill passed without criminalization clause</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070910t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa&apos;s Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa's Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV. 

Activists have welcomed the passing of the Bill, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88635/EAST-AFRICA-One-region-one-HIV-law ] which, unlike some of the laws in the region's individual member states, does not criminalize the deliberate transmission of HIV. 

"Criminalization impedes rather than promotes the fight against HIV, because it violates the rights of people living with HIV on many fronts," Nelson Otuoma, the coordinator of the Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS in Kenya (NEPHAK), told IRIN/PlusNews. 

Member countries whose HIV legislation has criminalization clauses will be pressed to amend the laws to reflect the spirit of the regional Bill. Three of the East Africa Community's five member states - Burundi, Kenya and Tanzania - have passed HIV laws with clauses that criminalize wilful transmission, while Rwanda and Uganda have not yet passed legislation. 

"This [regional] Bill has a human rights approach to HIV as a major component, and criminalization was never its intention. We expect countries to use this Bill as a template for their legislation and we will lobby towards that end,” said Joyce Abalo, a programme officer at the East Africa National Networks of AIDS Service Organizations (EANNASO). 

"This Bill is an important first step towards strengthening HIV response in the region, because HIV issues must also be at the core of regional cooperation, which countries are quickly embracing," Abalo said. The proposed legislation also outlaws discrimination, guarantees rights to privacy and ensures the provision of health care, regardless of HIV status. 

NEPHAK's Otuoma said the Bill would improve access to HIV services in the regional bloc. "You can't move freely to another country if you are not sure you will get your [HIV] treatment there. Now, should this bill become law, one knows that even he is Kenyan, he can get his treatment in Uganda." 

The East Africa Community HIV and AIDS Prevention and Management Bill (2012) was passed by the East Africa Legislative Assembly on 23 April at its fifth session, held in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi. The heads of state of the member countries are expected to assent to it before it becomes law. 

ko/kr/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95371/EAST-AFRICA-Regional-HIV-Bill-passed-without-criminalization-clause</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007070910t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - East Africa&apos;s Legislative Assembly has passed a regional HIV/AIDS Bill that seeks to protect the rights of people living with HIV and harmonize regional legislation and policy on the prevention and treatment of HIV.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Birth registration campaign targets tens of thousands</title><pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101271452030125t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - An estimated 1.5 million children in Burundi are without birth certificates with those under five missing out on free medical care, but a nationwide campaign currently under way to register about 170,000 children under 18 in the next two months, could begin to change things.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - An estimated 1.5 million children in Burundi are without birth certificates with those under five missing out on free medical care, but a nationwide campaign currently under way to register about 170,000 children under 18 in the next two months, could begin to change things. 

 People fail to get birth certificates partly due to ignorance, local customs in some areas, long distances to registration offices, corruption, and the cost of late registrations. 

Access to free health care for under fives is a particular challenge. 

Jeannette Kanyange, a vendor at Kirundo market and a single mother of two children under four, said she had attempted to register the children in the past but failed. Registry officials had asked for the father to be present, despite the fact that single mothers are allowed to register their children without the presence of the father. 

“If they [the children] are ill, it is a real problem, I cannot afford the cost of the medical bill,” she said. 

Parents do not consider registration of their children a priority because of “ignorance of their rights and lack of information on the importance of registration,” said Evariste Nsabiyumva, assistant home affairs minister.  

“Customs play a role in this. There are many cases of polygamy and if a marriage is not legalized, children will not be registered.” 

Members of the minority Batwa ethnic group do not generally register their children, said Nsabiyumva.  

Corruption 

Birth certificates are free if issued within the first 14 days of life, but parents have to pay 30,000 francs (US$21.4) if they register their children later than two weeks after birth.  

Corruption is also to blame, said Aline Mukakaringa, a resident of the Busoni area in Kirundo.  

“I went there. They [the registry officials] asked me for 2, 000 francs (about $1.4) but I know it is free. If you have to pay them and pay the witness, where can I get the money. They registered them [her first two children] but I never got the birth certificates. I did not try to register the third [child].”  

The current birth registration campaign is focusing on Kirundo and Muyinga provinces, according to the head of the NGO Geste Humanitaire, Hermenegilde Rupereza, and will then be rolled out in the other 15 provinces.  

The UN Children's Fund is supporting the registration campaign launched on 16 March in the northern province of Kirundo and organized by the Ministry of Interior and  Geste Humanitaire. 

jb/aw/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95111/BURUNDI-Birth-registration-campaign-targets-tens-of-thousands</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101271452030125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 20 March 2012 (IRIN) - An estimated 1.5 million children in Burundi are without birth certificates with those under five missing out on free medical care, but a nationwide campaign currently under way to register about 170,000 children under 18 in the next two months, could begin to change things.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Homeless seek permanent solutions</title><pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202291327040509t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 29 February 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families forced from their homes in the 1990s, as well as former refugees, who are living in informal settlements on the outskirts of Bujumbura, the capital, are seeking a lasting shelter alternative to cramped temporary sites.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 29 February 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families forced from their homes in the 1990s, as well as former refugees, who are living in informal settlements on the outskirts of Bujumbura, the capital, are seeking a lasting shelter alternative to cramped temporary sites. 

"I am ashamed, I sometimes send some [children] to get shelter in other homes," Consolate Ndikumana, a resident of the Beterere site outside Bujumbura, told IRIN. "You cannot share the room with grown-up children; it is not possible to live like that." 

Ndikumana's family is one of 342 now living in Buterere after being relocated from the flood-prone Sabe area [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=83878 ] in May 2011 where they had initially settled. At Buterere, the situation is not much better, with families living in cramped conditions; Ndikumana's family of six shares a 15 sqm plastic tent.

"During the day, the tent is very hot and very cold in the night," added Marie Jacqueline Keza, another resident.

The families were supposed to have been resettled at the Maramvya area in Bujumbura Rural's Mutimbuzi commune, in 2011, where each household would have been allocated a 270 sqm plot. 

But there have been challenges to the resettlement, according to officials. 

"There was some confusion in the lists of beneficiaries," said Anicet Nibaruta, secretary of the National Platform for the Prevention of Risks and Management of Disasters, which coordinates emergency aid, noting there were also some illegal beneficiaries on the lists.

A topography study of the area has also yet to be released to allow for the building of the houses at Maramvya.

"We are working on it day and night," said Nibaruta.

The lack of access to land has led to a life of dependency for the Buterere residents.

"When we arrived here, we were only given the place for our tents, but no land," Buterere resident Marc Ngendakumana said.

The residents have resorted to engaging in petty jobs, such as working in rice plantations. 

"When it is not raining, we help in the transportation of bricks. If you transport 1,000 bricks, you can easily get 1,500 francs [US$1.07] per day," added Ngendakumana.

"We might be in difficult living conditions there [in Maramvya], even without food, but the place will be our own home." 

Among the families are those who were initially forced from their homes in the 1990s in the suburbs of Bujumbura when the main Hutu and Tutsi ethnic communities were living separately; others are former refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania.

jb/aw/mw 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94984/BURUNDI-Homeless-seek-permanent-solutions</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202291327040509t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 29 February 2012 (IRIN) - Hundreds of families forced from their homes in the 1990s, as well as former refugees, who are living in informal settlements on the outskirts of Bujumbura, the capital, are seeking a lasting shelter alternative to cramped temporary sites.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI-TANZANIA: Refugees face mounting pressure to go home</title><pubDate>Fri, 24 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg" />]]>DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave. Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010.</description><body><![CDATA[DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave.  

Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94346 ]  

After several postponed deadlines since 2009, Mtabila camp, in western Tanzania and home to almost 38,000 Burundians, is set to close at end-2012, with repatriations scheduled to take place between April and November, according to an agreement reached by both countries and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).  

Following a detailed questionnaire conducted by UNHCR and Tanzanian officials in December 2011, 33,708 refugees in Mtabila were found to be “not in need of international protection”.  

In the absence of a successful appeal against this unprecedented determination, those who “are unwilling, without justifiable grounds, to return to Burundi, will find themselves liable to be dealt with under relevant Tanzanian laws, including those for immigration control and management”, according to the communiqué released on 22 February after the tripartite meeting.  

Tanzania has hosted tens of thousands of refugees from Burundi over the past four decades, but is now “resolute” that the camp will close at the end of this year.  UNHCR Burundi representative Clementine Nkweta–Salami said after the meeting in Bujumbura that the reasons most Mtabila residents gave for not wanting to return to Burundi “were not based on the international [refugee] convention”.  

“That is why we are going to focus our efforts on persuading them to return in security and dignity. We do not want a situation where they are forced out but they must understand that refugee status is not indefinite and if they do not have well-founded reasons they must reflect and return home,” she said.  Burundi’s Minister of National Solidarity, Human Rights and Gender, Clotilde Niragira, said: “A person who fled in 1993 cannot refuse to return because of security. Even if there are still problems, the country is safe.”  

Information campaign  

Despite UNHCR’s offer of assistance and cash incentives, just a few hundred Burundian refugees returned from Tanzania in 2011.  In an effort to accelerate the process, government ministers are set to visit the camp in March as part of a “mass information campaign”.  

If they lose the right to stay as refugees in Tanzania, those in Mtabila will have little option but to return to Burundi. Tanzania has indicated it will not extend to them a naturalization process benefiting some 160,000 Burundians in the country as a result of the 1973 influx.  

Opportunities for resettlement elsewhere are limited to any places offered by third countries via UNHCR.  For many in Mtabila, fear of insecurity and the prospect of having no land [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91590 ] seem to be the main reasons for the reluctance to return.  

“If I repatriate I will be killed because the authorities that rule the country today think that whoever did not repatriate before is on the side of those who are in opposition, those who fight the government,” one female Mtabila resident told International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) during an investigation into conditions in the camp [ http://www.refugee-rights.org/Assets/PDFs/2011/ResistingRepatriation-FINAL2.pdf ].  

IRRI’s report said income-generating opportunities, education facilities, sanitation, water and freedom of movement had been significantly restricted in Mtabila.  

Theo Mbazumutima of Rema Ministries, a Christian NGO working with refugees, said of those in the camp: “They are still hoping this latest wasn’t the final [decision,] because in the past the authorities have not kept to their deadlines.  “Last time they didn’t take them back by force and they’re hoping these are just threats. I don’t think so. This is genuine,” he said.  

ah-jb-am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94945/BURUNDI-TANZANIA-Refugees-face-mounting-pressure-to-go-home</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2050722t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAR ES SALAAM/BUJUMBURA 24 February 2012 (IRIN) - Pressure is mounting on tens of thousands of Burundian nationals who fled to Tanzania during the civil war in the early 1990s to return home, despite their reluctance to leave. Burundi’s civil war ended in 2005 but it remains in a state of acrimonious political deadlock, with widespread reports of assassinations and human rights abuses since elections in 2010.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Rain-displaced need urgent aid</title><pubDate>Wed, 22 Feb 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202221317480115t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 22 February 2012 (IRIN) - At least 2,000 people displaced by recent torrential rains in the area of Gatumba, on the outskirts of Burundi’s capital, Bujumbura, need food and shelter, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 22 February 2012 (IRIN) - At least 2,000 people displaced by recent torrential rains in the area of Gatumba, on the outskirts of Burundi’s capital, Bujumbura, need food and shelter, say officials.  

The rains destroyed at least 400 houses and there are fears of further damage in the worst-affected Kinyinya, Mushasha and Muyange areas amid ongoing rains. 

“They [the houses] are surrounded by water and some continue to [collapse],” Emmanuel Masumbuko, head of the Gatumba Zone, told IRIN. 

A majority of the affected families are seeking refuge with neighbours whose houses were not destroyed; some 32 other families as of 21 February were sheltered at a local Anglican church. 

“It was raining so heavily [with strong winds] that we could not see where we were going. The only thing we thought of was saving our lives,” Josephine Ndabitezimana, who fled her home in Mushasha with her three children, told IRIN. 

Marie Jeanne Fitina, whose family of seven is now at the church, said: “We are starving here, we left everything behind, we had flour at home but it is now completely lost. All the food we had has been damaged, even our children are not going to school; their notebooks and uniforms are not usable any more.” 

Gatumba administration officials appealed to the government and charity organizations to help meet the affected families’ shelter needs.  

A needs assessment is set to be conducted soon, according to the head of the department of humanitarian action and assistance to victims of disasters, Salvator Ntakiyiruta. 

jb/aw/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94925/BURUNDI-Rain-displaced-need-urgent-aid</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201202221317480115t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 22 February 2012 (IRIN) - At least 2,000 people displaced by recent torrential rains in the area of Gatumba, on the outskirts of Burundi’s capital, Bujumbura, need food and shelter, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Fears of looming food shortage</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120815280828t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.  

"More than half of the expected harvest was lost in flooding and siltation," Methode Niyongendako, a consultant with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), said.  

The rains peaked in mid-September and November, exceeding forecasts in terms of volume and frequency, and were the heaviest since October 1961, according to households questioned, added Niyongendako.  

The most affected provinces include Gitega, Mwaro, Ngozi and Ruyigi, which have many rivers running through them.  

In Makamba, in the south of Burundi, at least 60 percent of the banana, cassava and maize crop was swept away, according to Salvator Sindayigaya, the agriculture provincial director, with the Kayagoro, Kibago, Makamba and Nyanzalac communes the most affected.  

The affected crop accounts for the country's June to December harvest, agriculture season C, which represents 15 percent of the annual production.  

According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) [ http://www.fews.net/pages/remote-monitoring-country.aspx?gb=bi ], the persistence of banana bacterial wilt in the provinces of Cankuzo and Kirundo and the continuation of cassava mosaic disease have further undermined food availability.  

"In Cankuzo, food stocks for the poorest households are quickly depleting because the harvest from the 2011 C, mainly beans and maize, was lower than expected due to excess rains," added FEWS NET.  

At present, the Ministry of Agriculture and partners are assessing the production for season 2012 A, which ends in January and represents 35 percent of the total annual production.  

But there is little hope for good stocks as heavy rains, which started with the planting season in September 2011, continued throughout the cropping season.  

On 11 January, for example, some 45 hectares of crops were destroyed in Buganda, northwestern Cibitoke Province.  

"We were expecting a good harvest but hail destroyed all the crops of cassava and maize," said Ernest Ndayizeye, a local leader. "Our children will die of hunger."  

Rising prices and funding issues  In central Karuzi Province, Isaac Nimpagaritse, an agriculture official, noted that food prices had increased.  A kilogramme of beans is now selling for 800 francs (US$0.62), double the normal price, after the bean crop was damaged at the flowering stage.  

"If they [farmers] plant 50kg of beans they were normally getting 300kg [in harvests] but now they cannot even get [something] to eat. Many now have only a meal per day."  

Food scarcity has also been blamed for primary school drop-outs in Karuzi where 5,000 children left school in the first term of the 2011-2012 school year, according to education officials.  

In response, agriculture and administration officials are calling for help with planting material ahead of the next planting season B, expected to be harvested in June.  

But limited funding is a problem.  

"Emergency needs are not funded; what is provided for the intervention is well below the needs," said FAO's Niyongendako.  

A programme coordinator at the UN World Food Programme, Christian Nzeyimana, said: "There are no pledges; we live on voluntary contributions from donors.  "If the situation worsens with the results of the evaluation of season A, the gap might be even bigger and compromise other programmes." 

jb/aw/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94737/BURUNDI-Fears-of-looming-food-shortage</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120815280828t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FILM: Our most-watched films of 2011</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011. 
 
 1. Slum Survivors (2007) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4142 ]: More than a billion people live in slums worldwide, hundreds of thousands of them in the Nairobi slum of Kibera. The film tells the stories of a few Kibera residents and charts their remarkable courage in the face of extreme poverty. 
 
 2. Soldiers’ Stories (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4786 ] follows two Ugandan soldiers - a female gunner and a male nurse - serving in the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) at a critical stage in the battle for Mogadishu between Al-Shabab insurgents and the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government. From their training in Uganda to deployment in the shattered city in July 2011, Roselyn Namutebi and Otto Moses share their thoughts and fears on the frontline of one of the world's most intractable crises. 
 
 3. Turning the Page? (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4511 ]: In August 2000, a peace accord was signed in Burundi, bringing to an end more than a decade of ethnic conflict. This film analyses the fragile state of the peace process in the wake of elections held in 2010. 
 
 4. In Search of Stability (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4710 ]: In November 2010, a presidential election in Côte d’Ivoire led to a wave of violence between supporters of incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and the internationally recognized winner of the poll, Alassane Ouattara. The film examines the prospects for lasting peace and the need for equitable justice. 
 
 5. The Sex Worker (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4443 ]: This film profiles Sou Southevy, a 70-year-old transgender sex worker who has been plying the streets of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh since he was thrown out of home by his parents at the age of 14. Through the worst ravages of the Khmer Rouge regime and since, Sou has been subjected to terrible discrimination and at times violence, and in the absence of any support groups working with transgender and gay men, he decided to start one himself. 
 
 6. Bolivia’s Changing Climate (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4263 ]: In Bolivia, melting glaciers and erratic rainfall patterns are driving tens of thousands of people to the capital La Paz in search of water. 
 
 7. Leprosy (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4540 ]: Part of a series featuring neglected diseases, this film was shot in a leper colony in Egypt and highlights the stigma attached to the disfiguring disease which affects more than 200,000 people worldwide. 
 
 8. A Question of Trust (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4665 ]: Nepal’s decade-long civil war ended in November 2006 with a comprehensive peace agreement. The Maoist rebels won elections two years later and a Constituent Assembly was also elected to write a new constitution. However, by 2009, the peace process was not complete, with little progress made on key issues like the disarmament and integration of thousands of Maoists ex-fighters. 
 
 9. Bus Schools (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4739 ]: Millions of children living in the slums of Delhi in India do not have access to formal education. Many parents would rather put their children to work than send them to school. So the schools featured in this film - converted buses - travel to the children. 
 
 10. The Colonel (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4596 ]: One of several Heroes of HIV [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4869&SeriesID=2 ] profiled by IRIN Films, Col Felix Ntungumburanye was the first member of the Burundian army to declare himself HIV-positive. Doing so during a time of conflict left him fighting on two fronts: against rebels and stigma. Ten years later, largely thanks to the colonel’s courage, the army’s policies on HIV/AIDS have been transformed. 
 
 em-js/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94553/FILM-Our-most-watched-films-of-2011</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94372/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Durban-or-bust-the-Trans-African-Caravan-of-Hope</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>