<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Burundi</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 28 Jan 2012 07:30:32 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>BURUNDI: Fears of looming food shortage</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120815280828t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.  

"More than half of the expected harvest was lost in flooding and siltation," Methode Niyongendako, a consultant with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), said.  

The rains peaked in mid-September and November, exceeding forecasts in terms of volume and frequency, and were the heaviest since October 1961, according to households questioned, added Niyongendako.  

The most affected provinces include Gitega, Mwaro, Ngozi and Ruyigi, which have many rivers running through them.  

In Makamba, in the south of Burundi, at least 60 percent of the banana, cassava and maize crop was swept away, according to Salvator Sindayigaya, the agriculture provincial director, with the Kayagoro, Kibago, Makamba and Nyanzalac communes the most affected.  

The affected crop accounts for the country's June to December harvest, agriculture season C, which represents 15 percent of the annual production.  

According to the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) [ http://www.fews.net/pages/remote-monitoring-country.aspx?gb=bi ], the persistence of banana bacterial wilt in the provinces of Cankuzo and Kirundo and the continuation of cassava mosaic disease have further undermined food availability.  

"In Cankuzo, food stocks for the poorest households are quickly depleting because the harvest from the 2011 C, mainly beans and maize, was lower than expected due to excess rains," added FEWS NET.  

At present, the Ministry of Agriculture and partners are assessing the production for season 2012 A, which ends in January and represents 35 percent of the total annual production.  

But there is little hope for good stocks as heavy rains, which started with the planting season in September 2011, continued throughout the cropping season.  

On 11 January, for example, some 45 hectares of crops were destroyed in Buganda, northwestern Cibitoke Province.  

"We were expecting a good harvest but hail destroyed all the crops of cassava and maize," said Ernest Ndayizeye, a local leader. "Our children will die of hunger."  

Rising prices and funding issues  In central Karuzi Province, Isaac Nimpagaritse, an agriculture official, noted that food prices had increased.  A kilogramme of beans is now selling for 800 francs (US$0.62), double the normal price, after the bean crop was damaged at the flowering stage.  

"If they [farmers] plant 50kg of beans they were normally getting 300kg [in harvests] but now they cannot even get [something] to eat. Many now have only a meal per day."  

Food scarcity has also been blamed for primary school drop-outs in Karuzi where 5,000 children left school in the first term of the 2011-2012 school year, according to education officials.  

In response, agriculture and administration officials are calling for help with planting material ahead of the next planting season B, expected to be harvested in June.  

But limited funding is a problem.  

"Emergency needs are not funded; what is provided for the intervention is well below the needs," said FAO's Niyongendako.  

A programme coordinator at the UN World Food Programme, Christian Nzeyimana, said: "There are no pledges; we live on voluntary contributions from donors.  "If the situation worsens with the results of the evaluation of season A, the gap might be even bigger and compromise other programmes." 

jb/aw/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94737</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101120815280828t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 27 January 2012 (IRIN) - There are fears of a looming food shortage in Burundi after heavy rains damaged two successive harvests, say officials.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FILM: Our most-watched films of 2011</title><pubDate>Wed, 28 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011. 
 
 1. Slum Survivors (2007) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4142 ]: More than a billion people live in slums worldwide, hundreds of thousands of them in the Nairobi slum of Kibera. The film tells the stories of a few Kibera residents and charts their remarkable courage in the face of extreme poverty. 
 
 2. Soldiers’ Stories (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4786 ] follows two Ugandan soldiers - a female gunner and a male nurse - serving in the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) at a critical stage in the battle for Mogadishu between Al-Shabab insurgents and the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government. From their training in Uganda to deployment in the shattered city in July 2011, Roselyn Namutebi and Otto Moses share their thoughts and fears on the frontline of one of the world's most intractable crises. 
 
 3. Turning the Page? (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4511 ]: In August 2000, a peace accord was signed in Burundi, bringing to an end more than a decade of ethnic conflict. This film analyses the fragile state of the peace process in the wake of elections held in 2010. 
 
 4. In Search of Stability (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4710 ]: In November 2010, a presidential election in Côte d’Ivoire led to a wave of violence between supporters of incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo and the internationally recognized winner of the poll, Alassane Ouattara. The film examines the prospects for lasting peace and the need for equitable justice. 
 
 5. The Sex Worker (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4443 ]: This film profiles Sou Southevy, a 70-year-old transgender sex worker who has been plying the streets of the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh since he was thrown out of home by his parents at the age of 14. Through the worst ravages of the Khmer Rouge regime and since, Sou has been subjected to terrible discrimination and at times violence, and in the absence of any support groups working with transgender and gay men, he decided to start one himself. 
 
 6. Bolivia’s Changing Climate (2010) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4263 ]: In Bolivia, melting glaciers and erratic rainfall patterns are driving tens of thousands of people to the capital La Paz in search of water. 
 
 7. Leprosy (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4540 ]: Part of a series featuring neglected diseases, this film was shot in a leper colony in Egypt and highlights the stigma attached to the disfiguring disease which affects more than 200,000 people worldwide. 
 
 8. A Question of Trust (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4665 ]: Nepal’s decade-long civil war ended in November 2006 with a comprehensive peace agreement. The Maoist rebels won elections two years later and a Constituent Assembly was also elected to write a new constitution. However, by 2009, the peace process was not complete, with little progress made on key issues like the disarmament and integration of thousands of Maoists ex-fighters. 
 
 9. Bus Schools (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4739 ]: Millions of children living in the slums of Delhi in India do not have access to formal education. Many parents would rather put their children to work than send them to school. So the schools featured in this film - converted buses - travel to the children. 
 
 10. The Colonel (2011) [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4596 ]: One of several Heroes of HIV [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/?id=4869&SeriesID=2 ] profiled by IRIN Films, Col Felix Ntungumburanye was the first member of the Burundian army to declare himself HIV-positive. Doing so during a time of conflict left him fighting on two fronts: against rebels and stigma. Ten years later, largely thanks to the colonel’s courage, the army’s policies on HIV/AIDS have been transformed. 
 
 em-js/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94553</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201012011430250686t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 28 December 2011 (IRIN) - Launched in 2004, IRIN’s film unit has won numerous awards for its productions, several of which have been aired by prominent international broadcasters. Here is a list of the unit’s most-watched films in 2011.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>CLIMATE CHANGE: Durban or bust - the Trans-African Caravan of Hope</title><pubDate>Fri, 02 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg" />]]>KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</description><body><![CDATA[KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban [ http://www.cop17-cmp7durban.com/ ], travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags. 
 
 The aim of the Trans-African Caravan of Hope, organized by the Pan African Climate Change Justice Alliance [ http://www.pacja.org/ ], was to gather information about and raise awareness of the impact of climate change [ http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?reportid=78246&indepthid=73 ] on those least responsible for causing it. 
 
 Signatures were gathered en route for a petition, the African People’s Protocol, which urges developed nations to abide by their Kyoto treaty commitments to reduce emissions and finance adaptation programmes. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=94214 ] 
 
 IRIN spoke to some of those travelling with the convoy: 
 
 Emile Hakizimana 25, Burundian student and blogger: “Look, people in Africa are bound to face hunger because food production is going down as a result of floods and drought. 
 
 “We require sound pro-people governance that will put to use outcomes of the COP 17 [Conference of the Parties http://unfccc.int/meetings/durban_nov_2011/meeting/6245.php ] meeting to improve lives of the rural communities facing the effects of climate change.” 
 
 Boniface Okot, 25, Ugandan student: “Food production will remain unpredictable if the weather continues to be unpredictable. The only way out is to find an agreeable means by which we can preserve the environment for the future. 
 
 “We require more knowledge and technology transfers that will help the developing economies have sufficient food and at the same time develop.” 
 
 Chandia Benadette Kodili, 25, Ugandan blogger with ActionAid International [ http://www.actionaid.org/activista ]: “This [journey] gave me a great opportunity to experience the climate situation in other countries and how that affects the food security of people and eventually their lives. 
 
 “I have come to appreciate Uganda as the pearl of Africa because most of the countries we went through are so dry and hot; I wonder how people struggle to live in these places with devastating effects of climate change. 
 
 “I come from Moyo District, which has been affected greatly by floods displacing people, leading to diseases and food shortages... In the countries I have passed through... I have seen massive effects. 
 
 “I live in the city and depend on these small-scale women farmers struggling to produce food for their survival and at the same time feeding people in the city yet their crop yields are falling due to bad weather. 
 
 “I hope there will be a [positive] outcome from Durban, that is why I spent over 17 days on the road to South Africa. I could have flown in but I chose the long and harder way so that I could share in solidarity with the many women farmers in other countries and how they are coping with these changes in the climate. 
 
 “Developed nations have to do something; we are already seeing Canada pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, and the US, one of the biggest polluters, is not even part of this agreement. I ride in hope that they will get to their senses because right now they are politicking.” 
 
 Collins Odhiambo 24, Kenyan resident of Nairobi’s Kibera slum: “The caravan was a tough journey that required commitment; it provided me with the opportunity to meet and talk to people, some of them from communities affected by the drought crisis in eastern and southern Africa. 
 
 “Hearing their sad tales of how climate change has shattered their lives was heart-breaking. One thing that came out clearly in all the countries we visited is that climate change is real and it is here with us. It is the reality of our lives and the sooner action is taken the better; otherwise, our survival is at stake. 
 
 “Looking at the attention and reception that the caravan was receiving in different countries it passed through, it was humbling to see people from all walks of life, senior government officials, women, youths, children and men, come out in large numbers to speak out in one voice: immediate action is needed to save the world. 
 
 “I don’t see any breakthrough in the COP 17 meeting in Durban. In fact I am beginning to lose faith in these meetings because they are a waste of time and resources. 
 
 “How many COPs do we need before we can agree?” 
 
 ca/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94372</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201112021157010891t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KAMPALA 02 December 2011 (IRIN) - Brandishing a plea for developed countries to make good their promises to reduce carbon emissions, 300 farmers, youths and activists took the scenic route to the COP17 conference in Durban, travelling more than 7,000km from Burundi in 17 days, through 10 eastern and southern African countries, aboard a convoy of buses draped in various national flags.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Feeling the pinch</title><pubDate>Thu, 01 Dec 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009300628350156t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Faced with the global economic downturn and less money from donors, national HIV programmes in East and Southern Africa - the region hardest hit by HIV/AIDS - are struggling to stay afloat. IRIN/PlusNews brings you a wrap of countries feeling the biggest pinch.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Faced with the global economic downturn and less money from donors, national HIV programmes in East and Southern Africa - the region hardest hit by HIV/AIDS - are struggling to stay afloat. IRIN/PlusNews brings you a wrap of countries feeling the biggest pinch. 
 
 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 
 
 According to medical relief agency Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), funding shortfalls caused the government to cap the number of people starting on antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at 2,000 new patients for 2011, even though an estimated 15,000 people are on waiting lists for the drugs. Only 12 percent of those in need of the life-prolonging medication are receiving it. 
 
 NGOs have been asked by the Ministry of Health to limit HIV testing because there is no money available to buy drugs to treat those eligible for ARVs. Access to drugs for opportunistic infections and testing for CD4-counts or viral loads is extremely limited. 
 
 DRC is largely dependent on the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria to finance its treatment programmes, and other donor projects are winding up, making the country even more dependent on dwindling Global Fund grants. 
 
 Uganda 
 
 Poor funding in 2010 led HIV care facilities to reduce patient enrolment. Service providers said they were afraid to encourage people to test for HIV in case they needed ARVs and were unable to provide the medication. In August PEPFAR responded [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90288 ] to appeals from healthcare providers overwhelmed by patients by making a commitment to increase its support to the national treatment programme. 
 
 However, HIV programmes remain poorly funded and Uganda's appeal for $270 million from the Global Fund in Round 8 was rejected. Although the government now contributes some $60 million annually to buying HIV drugs from a local manufacturer, critics say HIV/AIDS efforts will remain stunted unless the government makes a more meaningful contribution [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=86336 ]. 
 
 South Africa 
 
 In November 2011, South Africa's leading HIV/AIDS lobby group, the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), which is largely dependent on the Global Fund, released a statement warning that without this money, TAC will be forced to close its doors and retrench 280 employees in 130 branches at the end of January 2012. TAC volunteers distribute over 5 million condoms a year and the group's treatment literacy project educates patients about HIV treatment in many of the country's public health facilities. 
 
 As some donors pull out entirely and others shift from programme implementation to technical assistance, many patients who previously got their treatment from well run NGOs are being transferred to already overcrowded public health facilities. 
 
 Burundi 
 
 Following a Global Fund rejection [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=81105 ] of its application for money in November 2007, the government said there was a gap of $83 million to cover all the needs of the national AIDS strategic plan from 2007 to 2011. 
 
 In 2010, HIV-positive patients in some parts of the country complained that they were unable to access drugs to treat opportunistic infections [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90128 ] and many could not afford a CD4 test, which measures immune strength and is required before health facilities can initiate patients on ARVs. 
 
 At the end of June 2011, World Bank funding - more than $50 million over a nine-year period - for Burundi's AIDS response ended and has not been renewed. The Global Fund and the World Bank have been Burundi's largest HIV donors. In September, associations of people living with HIV reported [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93657 ] that several of their members had died due to an ongoing shortage of ARV drugs. 
 
 Swaziland 
 
 The country with the highest HIV prevalence has been grappling with shortages of HIV treatment, testing kits and laboratory tests essential for initiating and managing patients on ARV treatment, caused mainly by a drop in revenue from the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) as a result of the global economic downturn. 
 
 Swaziland recently received emergency funding from PEPFAR to help supply first-line ARVs until the end of April 2012, but further ARV shortages have been predicted. 
 
 Mozambique 
 
 An estimated 96 percent of the HIV budget is donor-funded, with the Global Fund and PEPFAR providing the largest portion. Mozambique’s Round 9 funding has not yet been released due to concerns over poor financial and supply management, and its Round 10 grant proposal was not approved. Other donors, including the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative, have withdrawn support as the UNITAID grant comes to a close. 
 
 Mozambique is expected to face shortages of first-line ARVs by the end of 2012 or even earlier, unless an emergency funding request to the Global Fund is approved. The country is looking for other funding alternatives to help bridge the projected shortfall. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 HIV/AIDS funding received a blow when the Global Fund rejected its proposals in rounds eight and nine. Kenya has a projected $167 billion shortfall to cover its HIV programmes up to 2013. The country has put more than 400,000 people on ARVs, but another 600,000 need the drugs and have no access to them. 
 
 At the end of November 2011, HIV-positive people in Coast Province, eastern Kenya, held demonstrations over the lack of drugs in health facilities, forcing people to purchase the drugs from private pharmacies, but many who can't afford the drugs are going without. 
 
 Kenya's Cabinet has proposed [ http://blog.usaid.gov/2011/09/seeking-a-sustainable-solution-for-hiv-funding-in-kenya ] that the Ministry of Finance create an HIV/AIDS Trust Fund to support scaling up the HIV response. If approved, the government will contribute 1 percent of its annual revenue to the fund. 
 
 kr/kn/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94363</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201009300628350156t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG/NAIROBI 01 December 2011 (IRIN) - Faced with the global economic downturn and less money from donors, national HIV programmes in East and Southern Africa - the region hardest hit by HIV/AIDS - are struggling to stay afloat. IRIN/PlusNews brings you a wrap of countries feeling the biggest pinch.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: A new rebellion?</title><pubDate>Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911201029460156t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Amid growing concerns about a wave of political assassinations in Burundi, a former police officer has announced the formation of a new armed group, with the aim of overthrowing a government he accuses of numerous killings, rampant corruption and economic incompetence.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Amid growing concerns about a wave of political assassinations in Burundi, a former police officer has announced the formation of a new armed group, with the aim of overthrowing a government he accuses of numerous killings, rampant corruption and economic incompetence.
 
 The army quickly denied a new rebellion was under way and a news blackout has been imposed.
 
 Some 300,000 people are thought to have died during a civil war that raged in Burundi between 1993 and 2005 and whose aftershocks continue to be felt in the form of frequent violence and political instability.
 
 "Our men are on the front in Cankuzo and Ruyigi [in the east of the country],” said Col. Pierre Claver Kabirigi, naming his group during a 25 November interview on Radio Publique Africaine as the Le front de restauration de la démocratie (FRD) Abanyagihugu.
 
 Kabirigi said his group carried out attacks in the provinces of Cankuzo and Ruyigi. On 21 November, clashes were reported between government security forces and a group of armed men in a locality in Cankuzo.
 
 In a statement, he said he formed his group in reaction to the misappropriation of public funds, as well as a wave of extrajudicial killings allegedly carried out by intelligence operatives and police at the instigation of the ruling Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces de défense de la démocratie (CNDD-FDD) party, in an operation codenamed Safisha, which is Kiswahili for “to clean”.
 
 Kabirigi further alleged that state agents were behind the 18 September massacre of 40 people in a bar in Gatumba [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=93777 ] and the 8 October execution of two university students.
 
 "Oddly, as far as the Burundian authorities are concerned, all is well. [But the] Burundian people are feeling abandoned and to deal with this situation, they have decided to take up arms." 
 
 In keeping with previous official reactions to armed violence, on 28 November, army chief Maj. Gen. Godefroid Niyombare dismissed Kabirigi’s supporters as mere “criminals” and “bandits”, insisting no new rebel group had been created. He said Kabirigi was a fugitive from justice who had already served prison time.
 
 But Kabirigi’s claims of government complicity in widespread killings have been echoed by Burundi’s human rights community.
 
 According to the Observatoire de l’Action Gouvernementale (OAG), a watchdog comprising 18 organizations, as well as journalists and members of parliament, at least 300 members of opposition parties have been killed by security forces or the youth wing of the CNDD-FDD.
 
 “We have observed with dismay that in all parts of the country, a diabolical machine has continued killing opposition party activists,” OAG chairman Onesphore Nduwayo told a 21 November press conference. 
 
 “Since May, at least 300 [civil society] activists or former demobilized FNL combatants have been killed,” he said, referring to the Forces nationales de libération, one of the main armed groups during the civil war, which is now a political party. FNL leader Agathon Rwasa fled Burundi in 2010 for eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where he has reportedly been remobilizing [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=91322 ].
 
 “The people were arrested by the Imbonerakure [the ruling party’s youth wing] or by police elements or the secret service and taken to an unknown location and later found dead, executed,” said Nduwayo.
 
 At present, the violence and political assassinations seem directed towards members of the Movement pour la solidarité et la démocratie (MSD) party, whose leader Alexis Sinduhije is also in exile.
 
 “[The MSD] today seems to be in the eye of the storm,” said Nduwayo.
 
 The president of the Association for the Defence of Human Rights and Prisoners' Rights (APRODH), Pierre Claver Mbonimpa, added: “I know that there are people who were killed because of their political [affiliations] and I say this loud and clear, they were political assassinations and if I should die because I have spoken the truth, I accept [that].” 
 
 "Score-settling"
 
 A government report on security over the past two years, released this month, acknowledged numerous killings had taken place but attributed them to score-settling, land disputes, banditry and the prevalence, despite several post-war disarmament campaigns, of weapons across the country.
 
 Playing down charges of an orchestrated campaign against the opposition, government spokesman Philippe Nzobonariba told reporters that numerous government officials had also died in the violence, especially in the province surrounding the capital, Bujumbura.
 
 The report said several police and military officials were among 223 arrested for crimes including murder or attempted murder, rape or attempted rape, robbery, fraud, embezzlement and corruption, illegal possession and sale of weapons and complicity to escape.
 
 But according to APRODH’s Mbonimpa, only a few people have been arrested and jailed in relation to extrajudicial executions.
 
 Time to talk
 
 The European Union, through its representative in Bujumbura, Stephane de Loecker, called on the government and all political partners to sit and talk to avoid bloodshed.
 
 “The European Union is concerned by the current situation especially the executions and the extrajudicial killings,” said De Loecker, noting that it would not be easy to bring parties to the negotiating table.
 
 According to Pacifique Nininahazwe of the Forum de Renforcement de la Societé Civile, a grouping of civil society organizations, the government should meet the exiled opposition politicians to enable a return to peace and security.
 
 “We do not want any more war in the country. The bloodshed since independence is enough,” said Nininahazwe.
 
 Media under pressure
 
 There are also concerns over increasing pressure on journalists. 
 
 On 29 November, Radio France International (RFI) said its Kiswahili service correspondent, Hassan Ruvakuki, had been arrested the previous day while attending a regional summit in Bujumbura because of his alleged links with Kabirigi, whom he is accused of meeting in Tanzania. RFI said it believed Ruvakuki was being interrogated in a military camp in the east of the country.
 
 Explaining the development, National Intelligence Service spokesman Télesphore Bigirimana appeared to contradict the official government position that no new rebellion existed, telling reporters: “[Ruvakuki] was arrested with others, not as a journalist, but as an individual, for investigations. He is suspected of lending support to a rebel group. If he is innocent, I think he will be released quickly."
 
 Reporters Without Borders, which works for press freedom around the world, criticized the authorities for carrying out the "abduction-style arrest" and for failing to disclose Ruvakuki's whereabouts, even to his family.
 
 Meanwhile, the National Council for Communication has banned media from reporting on Kabirigi and his group, or even commenting on its existence.
 
 A few days earlier, Daniel Bekele, Africa director of Human Rights Watch (HRW), warned [ http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/21/burundi-stop-menacing-media ] that “statements by senior government officials [with regard to journalists] have heightened the tension.
 
 “On November 11, the National Security Council issued a statement, delivered by Defense Minister Pontien Gaciyubwenge, accusing certain members of the media and civil society of flagrantly violating [a separate] blackout on coverage of the Gatumba massacre and calling on the government to enact sanctions against them quickly,” said Bekele.
 
 dn/aw/am/mw
 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94346</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200911201029460156t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 30 November 2011 (IRIN) - Amid growing concerns about a wave of political assassinations in Burundi, a former police officer has announced the formation of a new armed group, with the aim of overthrowing a government he accuses of numerous killings, rampant corruption and economic incompetence.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MIGRATION: Rwandan refugees reluctant to repatriate</title><pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907280927540124t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).

 According to the “cessation clause” of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, [ http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/47fdfaf1d.html ] which UNHCR is recommending countries invoke for Rwandans, fundamental and durable changes in a refugee’s country of origin, such that they no longer have a well-founded fear of persecution, should remove the need for international protection. 
 
 “The main thing taken into account is whether the situation that forced people to flee still exists,” explained Fatoumata Lejeune-Kaba, a spokesperson with UNHCR in Geneva. “In this case, for the Rwandans, obviously the genocide and the war is over and many Rwandans have already returned.” 
 
 However, a number of Rwandan refugees living in South Africa whom IRIN interviewed insisted that, while there had been changes in Rwanda, it was not safe for them to return home. 
 
 “I left in 1994 and I haven’t been back,” said Celine*, who like all of the Rwandans interviewed for this article, asked that her real name not be used. “If I go back, my safety will not be guaranteed and even up to now, my family is still getting threatened… people are still getting arrested and put into prison and spend years without trial.” 
 
 “What we fled is still there,” agreed Jean-Pierre*, who left Rwanda after his father, sister and a number of other family members were killed during the genocide. “We follow what is going on in our country; there’s no democracy, no respect for freedom of speech.” 
 
 Jean Pierre has been living in South Africa for 14 years and has already applied for permanent residency, “but what about those who are fleeing the country now and arriving here every day?” he asked. 
 
 Bernard* arrived in South Africa a month ago. A well-known singer in Rwanda, he says he was targeted by the security forces for singing songs critical of the ruling Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF). 
 
 “Soldiers came to my house and I heard my mother outside talking to them. Then I heard shouting and bullets firing and I climbed out the window and ran,” he said, speaking to IRIN through a translator. 
 
 Convinced that his mother had been killed, Bernard crossed the border into Burundi where he stayed for a week before narrowly escaping a second encounter with Rwandan soldiers. After brief stays in Zambia and Mozambique, he finally reached South Africa and did not waste time lodging an asylum claim with the Department of Home Affairs in Pretoria. 
 
 “I heard people talking about the cessation clause, but I couldn’t believe it until they rejected my asylum claim,” he said, adding that his interview had lasted less than 10 minutes and he was handed a decision on the same day. 
 
 Rushed decisions? 
 
 Although South Africa's foreign affairs department has yet to announce whether it will invoke the cessation clause for Rwandan refugees and did not respond to questions from IRIN, Celine said Home Affairs officials had been denying asylum to Rwandans and refusing to extend refugee permits "since the rumours of cessation started". 
 
 Kaajal Ramjathan-Keogh of Lawyers for Human Rights, a local NGO which provides legal assistance to refugees, noted that Rwandans seeking asylum in South Africa are supposed to be considered on a case by case basis, but that recent efforts by Home Affairs to address a large backlog of asylum-seeker claims had resulted in some rushed decisions. 
 
 "The people doing the interviews are given a target that they need to make 10 decisions a day which results in people having 10-minute interviews," she told IRIN. "It seems to us not enough time to adequately consider a person’s asylum application." 
 
 Bernard intends to appeal the decision to reject his asylum claim which, according to a print-out given to him by Home Affairs, was based on a lack of evidence that his fear of arrest was well-founded and information indicating that, "the Constitution of Rwanda protects and advances basic human rights and in practice the government respects these rights." 
 
 In fact, a number of human rights organizations have repeatedly raised the alarm about human rights abuses in Rwanda and called for an independent assessment of the current situation in the country prior to invoking the cessation clause. 
 
 "It can’t be compared with what it was in 1994 and there have been significant changes since that time, but there are ongoing concerns such as the very tight restrictions on freedom of expression, and that applies not only to the lack of political space, lack of freedom of the media, but also more broadly to ordinary Rwandans who may have a view that is different from that of the government," said Carina Tertsakian, a senior researcher with Human Rights Watch. 
 
 Pressure on UNHCR 
 
 Tertsakian pointed out that the Rwandan government had put considerable pressure on UNHCR to invoke the cessation clause. "I think it’s partly a way of trying to control people; they can speak out much more easily when they’re outside the country," she said. 
 
 Long before UNHCR announced its recommendation on 7 October, the Rwandan government had begun informing its remaining 114,000 refugees, the majority of whom are concentrated in the Great Lakes region, that they would no longer qualify for refugee status after 31 December 2011. Over the past year, high-level delegations have been dispatched to host countries such as Mozambique, Zambia, Uganda and Cameroon urging refugees to repatriate and offering government assistance with reintegration. [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90981 ] 
 
 "There's been a fair bit of misinformation about the cessation clause," Tertsakian told IRIN. "I think many people don’t realize that they have the option of resubmitting a claim for refugee status." 
 
 According to Lejeune-Kaba of UNHCR, Rwandans who can still claim persecution or who have gone through severe trauma because of persecution can apply for an exemption from the cessation clause. However, Tertsakian worried about the capacity of a country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, where an estimated 70,000 Rwandan refugees are living, to process a potential flood of exemption claims. 
 
 "Many countries have a large backlog of asylum-seeker claims... If tens of thousands of Rwandans start re-submitting claims, it's going to be a huge job to go through them," she said. 
 
 Lejeune-Kaba said UNHCR will work with governments to ensure refugees are informed about their right either to apply for exemption or, for those who have established strong ties in their host country, to apply for residency. 
 
 Like Jean-Pierre, Celine has applied for permanent residency in South Africa and hopes to avoid repatriation to Rwanda. "It’s not a matter of having a better life [here] because I love my country," she said. "I’m here because of the protection issue." 
 
 *Not their real names 
 
 ks/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94029</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200907280927540124t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 02 November 2011 (IRIN) - Rwandans who fled the 1994 genocide and sought asylum in other countries will lose their refugee status by the end of June 2012 if the countries hosting them follow a recommendation by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>GREAT LAKES: At risk of &quot;war for food, space&quot;</title><pubDate>Tue, 01 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050855340125t.jpg" />]]>KIGALI 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - High population density, low government support for agriculture, and poor infrastructure and farming methods have resulted in chronic food insecurity in Africa&apos;s Great Lakes region, experts say, despite a climate conducive to growing various crops.</description><body><![CDATA[KIGALI 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - High population density, low government support for agriculture, and poor infrastructure and farming methods have resulted in chronic food insecurity in Africa's Great Lakes region, experts say, despite a climate conducive to growing various crops.
 
 "We have a very big challenge within the Central Africa region: can the small land support the population we have?” posited Nteranya Sanginga, director-general designate of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) [ http://www.iita.org/ ]. 
 
 At a recent conference organized by the Consortium for Improving Agriculture–based Livelihoods in Central Africa (CIALCA [ http://www.cialca.org/ ]) in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, Sanginga said intensive and relevant agricultural research could help to feed the steadily growing population.
 
 “If we don’t do that, we could be going into a situation of war - war for food, war for space,” he said.
 
 Predominantly small farms, about less than half a hectare, make agricultural intensification - increasing productivity per unit area of land - necessary to help meet increasing food demands.
 
 Two countries in the region, Rwanda and Burundi, have high population densities estimated at about 400 inhabitants per square kilometre.
 
 Outside sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural intensification [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?reportid=86350 ] has largely been driven by combining inorganic fertilizer and agrichemical inputs with intensive tillage and improved varieties. But experts are recommending more sustainable intensification [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=88559 ], involving food systems in harmony with the environment.
 
 “Given the food demand pressures and the environmental constraints (carbon, water, biodiversity), there seems little alternative to an intensification pathway for agriculture – but it needs to be a sustainable one,” notes a study, Sustainable intensification and the food security challenge, presented at the conference. [ http://www.cialca.org/files/files/abstracts_v1.pdf ]
 
 Cash and will
 
 In sub-Saharan Africa, where high fertilizer costs mean low usage, rising agricultural productivity has often followed the provision of more land, but this too has its limitations. 
 
 “The clearing of forests and woodland and cultivation of grasslands is going to generate a significant load of greenhouses gases on an already overloaded atmosphere – with consequences of climate change and potential for negative feedback on agricultural productivity,” according to the study.
 
 Besides on-farm approaches, experts at the conference emphasized the need for improved agricultural financing and political will towards achieving regional food security. 
 
 “The fact that the green revolution bypassed most of Africa has a reason in finance; the lack of political will is also a reason,” Henk Breman, principal scientist at IFDC [ http://www.ifdc.org/Media_Info/IFDC_FAQs ] a food security NGO, said.
 
 With little government support and weak rural infrastructure, as well as high transportation and fertilizer costs, farmers struggle to switch to high input, high output farming. 
 
 According to an International Food Policy Research Institute report titled, Green Revolution, Curse or Blessing, “simply adding to the pile of food will not be enough”. [ http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/pubs/pubs/ib/ib11.pdf ]
 
 "Typically, governments must make a concerted effort to ensure that small farmers have fair access to land, knowledge, and modern inputs," it states, adding that there is a need for agricultural technologies that can profitably be adopted on all farm sizes.
 
 Boosting production
 
 Shem Michael Ndabikunze, director of the Rwanda Agriculture Board, said increased agricultural investment was already paying off in Rwanda where food production has increased in the past few years.
 
 He said an emphasis on the value chain, all activities from the field to the market, had helped to boost production. At present, 53 percent of agricultural land in Rwanda is consolidated, meaning that farmers have access to improved seed and subsidized fertilizer, Ndabikunze added. 
 
 Rwanda’s food security outlook through to December remains satisfactory, with most markets in the country adequately supplied, [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Rwanda_FSOU_2011_08.pdf ], according to FEWS NET. 
 
 Ndabikunze said Rwanda had also increased its public investment in agriculture to 10.1 percent of GDP in 2010, expected to reach 12 percent in 2011. The Maputo Declaration [ http://www.nepad.org/system/files/Maputo%20Declaration.pdf ] by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) recommends members allocate at least 10 percent of their GDP to agriculture. 
 
 Success stories such as Rwanda and Malawi offer hope, says IITA’s Sanginga. A Farm Input Subsidy Programme introduced in Malawi [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89175 ] in 2005 has helped to improve national food security and the productivity of smallholder farmers. 
 
 But the situation is different in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where insecurity often limits access to fields. Poor agricultural extension services have also limited farmers’ access to new farming methods.
 
 “Extension is important not just for access to food but also in reducing rural poverty,” said Ann Degrande of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [ http://www.cgiar.org/ ]. 
 
 Supporting farmers
 
 Serah Kimaru-Muchai of Kenyatta University in Kenya said it was important to use the right communication channels to deliver research products to the farmers, including workshops and training by demonstration. 
 
 “There is a saying... once I see I will not forget; farmers prefer to see these technologies being demonstrated to them,” said Kimaru-Muchai, adding that it was important to train individual farmers in these new technologies as “farmers are the most accessible to other farmers”.
 
 Tools to help farmers choose the best types of crops, amount and type of soil inputs, are often not available, according to a study, Exploring the scope of fertilizer use in East Africa, co-authored by Lydia Wairegi of the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International [ http://www.cabi.org/ ]. 
 
 The study [ http://www.cialca.org/files/files/abstracts_v1.pdf ] examined the expected benefits of fertilizer use by relating the value of yield farm gate prices to the value of fertilizer equivalent of nutrients removed for selected crops. 
 
 “There is a need to enable farmers to tell if I invest in maize, I may make more profit than in other crops... Even as we do research, we should have it in our minds that farmers face difficulties making decisions...,” she said.
 
 According to Hans Henner, a World Food Prize Laureate, it is clear there is a need to need to produce more food “but the question is how?” 
 
 “If we put life back into the soil we will get water back into the soil," Henner said. "The soil is a living organism. Agriculture needs to be redesigned. It’s at a crossroads, which is why we need to take it into the future.”
 
 aw/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=94116</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050855340125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KIGALI 01 November 2011 (IRIN) - High population density, low government support for agriculture, and poor infrastructure and farming methods have resulted in chronic food insecurity in Africa&apos;s Great Lakes region, experts say, despite a climate conducive to growing various crops.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Rumpus over GM food aid</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers. 
 
 On 18 August a drought-affected Kenyan government fired the head of its National Biosafety Authority for expediting the process to import milled food aid which might have contained genetically modified organisms (GMO). In the weeks preceding and after the incident, public debate on the issue was distorted by extreme positions either for or against GM food. 
 
 “When you have people starving in your country you don’t simply turn your back on food at your door-step just because it is labelled GM - it is expected that biosafety risk assessments should have been conducted before the importation of the food to see whether it does indeed pose a threat before taking a decision. Taking this decision so late in the day could have serious consequences for the suffering people,” says Diran Makinde, director of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development’s (NEPAD’s) African Biosafety Network of Expertise (ABNE), a pool of scientific experts set up by the African Union. 
 
 There have been different degrees of resistance to GM food and GM food aid in Africa. 
 
 In 2002 Zambia announced it would not accept GM food aid in any form. Positions were polarized to a great extent after a quote from a US state department official, “Beggars can’t be choosers”, hit the headlines. It prompted the then president, Levy Mwanawasa, to say hunger was no reason for feeding his people “poison”. Since then Zambia has become a poster-child for the anti-GM lobby. 
[ http://dspace.cigilibrary.org/jspui/bitstream/123456789/28948/1/African%20perspectives%20on%20genetically%20modified%20crops.pdf?1 ]
 
 Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique said they could allow imports of GM food aid in its milled form as this eliminated the risk of the germination of whole grains and limited possible contamination of local varieties. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Genetically_modified_crops_in_Africa ]
 
 Lesotho and Swaziland allowed the distribution of non-milled GM food/grains, but warned people that it was for consumption not cultivation. 
 
 In 2004, Angola and Sudan announced restrictions on GM food aid. 
 
 Cautious approach 
 
 Most African countries approach GM technology applied to crops with caution. 
 
 “Why shouldn’t we be wary of this technology and its possible long-term health impacts, if the EU [European Union] is. If it is not good for them, why should it be good for us?” said Tewolde Egziabher, Ethiopia’s director of the Environmental Protection Agency. 
 
 Egziabher was one of the main architects of the Cartagena Protocol, the international law on biosafety which came into effect in 2003 and which allows countries to impose bans on foods containing GM. 
 
 The Protocol’s cornerstone is “precaution”, notes a UN Environment Programme briefing. [ http://www.eoearth.org/article/Responses_to_genetically_modified_crop_use_in_Africa ]
  
 It gives governments the discretion to impose bans even where there is insufficient scientific evidence about the potential adverse effects of GM crops. The USA has yet to ratify the Protocol. 
 
 GM technology injects foreign genes into a crop that can improve its appearance, taste, nutritional quality, drought tolerance, and insect and disease resistance. There has been cautious optimism about the new technology in some quarters. 
 
 “As crop yields drop because of weather shocks, GM technology is not the panacea, as Africa will feel the impact of climate change in the long-term. But it is potentially yet another tool in our fight to improve production,” said Per Pinstrup-Andersen, 2001 World Food Prize laureate and the author of a book on the politics of GM food. 
 
 Most critics of GM food, however, argue that foreign genes can produce toxic proteins and allergens, even possibly transfer the genes to bacteria in the human gut; or transfer these traits to other crops with unknown consequences. 
 
 Global divide 
 
 A deep mistrust also prevails in Africa, given the fact that two power blocs - the EU and the USA remain divided over GM. 
 
 Only one strain of GM maize, Monsanto 810, and one modified potato, have been approved in the EU, and most countries grow neither commercially. Spain accounts for about 80 percent of GMO grown in the EU in terms of land under cultivation, but Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and Luxembourg have banned all GMO cultivation. [ http://blogs.nature.com/news/2011/07/eu_parliament_votes_to_allow_r.html ]
 
 On the other hand, in the USA, where 70 percent of maize is GM, GM food need not be labelled. Some food experts say both the EU and the USA have vested interests in promoting their respective views in Africa, which is seen as a potential market and supplier of either GM or non-GM products. 
 
 In Africa, the production of GM food is still in its infancy. South Africa (70-80 percent of its maize, soya and cotton production), Egypt (maize) and Burkina Faso (cotton) are the only African countries commercially producing GM crops, according to ABNE. 
 
 Traditionally the USA has been the biggest donor in kind to the World Food Programme (WFP). But the aid agency is trying to broaden its source of food aid. In 2010, WFP said 36 percent of its food aid, or two million out of 5.7 million tons disbursed globally, was procured in developing countries. [ http://www.wfp.org/content/food-aid-flows-2010-report ]
 
 While wheat accounts for more than 50 percent of WFP’s global cereal component, GM wheat does not figure as it is not grown commercially. According to data from 2006, at least 38 percent of cereal food aid to Africa was wheat and wheat flour, said Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert. Though wheat tends to be a less important part of the African diet than maize, aid agencies sometimes offer wheat instead of GM maize in emergencies. [ http://faostat.fao.org/site/485/default.aspx#ancor ]
 
 Possible solutions 
 
 Milling the grain is an obvious solution, said Julia Steets, an aid policy expert at the Global Public Policy Institute. "Milling either at source or in the port of arrival or in the prepositioning warehouses - it would of course also help to know in advance which governments take what positions on that, so that the food aid agencies are prepared." 
 
 The stance of recipient countries has to be respected. When a country prohibits GMO, sourcing alternative commodities and routes can “obviously impact delivery times and costs but those are the parameters in which we work,” said David Orr, WFP spokesman. “We always abide by the laws and regulations of recipient countries.” 
 
 If a country is not receptive to GM food - “give the country the money for procurement of the food from an African country with a surplus (local procurement is better than shipping food all the way from the US any way),” said Pinstrup-Andersen. 
 
 Food aid agencies in Africa usually turn to South Africa for surplus maize. The country has systems in place to segregate non-GM from GM, says Thom Jayne, professor of international development at Michigan State University. 
 
 Farmers in South Africa certify non-GM content by conducting a basic test, which detects specific proteins produced by a GM plant. The non-GM grain is separated from the rest before being shipped. 
 
 Another way of separating GM from non-GM crops involves contract-farming schemes first set up in 2004-2005. The process involves the purchaser identifying farmers who buy non-GM seed. Tests are conducted on their field for any traces of GM before they are offered a contract. 
 
 But all these measures involve extra costs. 
 
 Legislation 
 
 In 2001 the African Union drafted the African Biosafety Model Law but taking an even more cautious approach than the Protocol, allowing countries to adopt more stringent measures to assess the safety of GM food. 
 
 National biosafety laws exist in 17 of the 54 African countries. In most countries, the legislation is a work-in-progress. 
 
 Labelling and verifying the content of a crop on a day-to day basis is an outstanding issue. South Africa, the first country in Africa to put biosafety laws in place (in 1997), has yet to develop a labelling process. 
 
 More public education and debate around GM food needs to happen, said Pinstrup-Andersen. “Almost all GM-food varieties have been through stringent testing for health safety, which non-GM food has not undergone ever. People need to engage with the science and not the politics.” 
 
 jk/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93991</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108011245250824t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 18 October 2011 (IRIN) - Genetically modified (GM) food aid bound for Africa has long been a bone of contention among governments, scientists, activists, consumers and aid workers.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA: Cholera thriving two years on</title><pubDate>Wed, 12 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 
 
Three multi-country epidemics are ongoing – each with separate strains - : the Lake Chad Basin, affecting Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger; the West Congo Basin, with impacts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic; and Lake Tanganyika - which encompasses DRC and Burundi. In Chad and Nigeria, the epidemic started in 2010. 
 
Why so persistent?
 
“If something is not working, you have to question if the response is appropriate,” said David Delienne, water and sanitation adviser at UNICEF’s West Africa office. “To stamp out cholera you need good surveillance systems to identify the epicentres of the disease - these do exist but it in some places surveillance is not systematic enough.” 
 
Surveillance systems along the (very long) Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad borders are generally quite patchy, said Grant Laeity, emergency head for UNICEF, as the areas are so remote, with few health facilities, and tend to be far from the nearest administrative capitals (Abuja, Yaoundé and N’djamena, respectively). Some remote areas, such as north and northwest Cameroon, have very high case fatality rates of up to 22 percent, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
 
Chad
 
According to WHO, five countries - Ghana, DRC, Nigeria, Cameroon and Chad -account for around 90 percent of the total number of cases and deaths.
 
The epidemic is the worst in Chad’s history, with 16,000 cases and 433 deaths. The country’s vast territory, and large-scale population movements, makes it hard to respond to each and every case, said Michel-Olivier Lacharité, programme director for Chad at Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) France. 
 
In remote health districts where there are only two or three cases, MSF, which alongside the government has treated 11,000 people thus far, may have to forgo treating them, prioritizing higher-density caseloads. 
 
But even a small number of cases can cause the disease to spread further. “If it were a camp for displaced people, where no one was going anywhere, it would be a lot easier to contain,” Lacharité pointed out.
 
Over half of Chad’s health districts have been affected thus far. 
 
Paradox
 
“This disease is a paradox,” said Lacharité, “as it is very easy to treat with generic antibiotics and rehydration fluids.” But equally, it is very easy to spread, particularly since carriers often do not know they are infected, he said. 
 
In northeastern Nigeria containing the disease has been hampered by high population density, and by sporadic conflict which has left health clinics empty in some districts, according to Laeity.
 
All of the affected countries have poor water and sanitation facilities, and none are on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal for basic sanitation. While there is more awareness of the need for better water and sanitation in the region, it has not necessarily led to changes in funding and behaviour, said Delienne. “Ghana, Mali have made some efforts…but overall, it [progress] needs to accelerate.” 
 
Cross-border prevention
 
Preventing cholera from spreading does not have to be complicated: setting up systematic information-sharing systems across borders to identify cholera “hotspots” is effective; as are practical measures such as encouraging hand-washing at borders, or disinfecting boats crossing to and from DRC capital Kinshasa to Congo-Brazzaville capital Brazzaville. 
 
The governments of Guinea and Guinea-Bissau eventually set up effective information-sharing at the border, and encouraged those crossing to wash their hands, acts which contributed to the eventual decline in caseload. 
 
But setting up a sanitation-police system at the border does not really make sense, said MSF’s Lacharité, partly because it would be so hard to administer. 
 
Questions authorities need to ask include: “Is there enough water treatment going on in cholera hotspots? Is there adequate separation of drinking water from sewage systems? What kind of border checks are set up?” said Laeity. 
 
In late 2010 UNICEF undertook a study to identify the key cholera hotspots and how the infection was spreading across borders; it is now working on how to implement the findings.
 
Health experts in Cameroon, Nigeria and Chad met in late September to discuss how to work more closely together to try to stem the spread of the disease, said WHO spokesperson Tarek Jasarevic. WHO is supporting health ministries in all of the countries involved, to improve disease surveillance and identify new cases; as well as sending out rapid response teams.
 
Third year running?
 
It is still “too early” to say whether each outbreak has reached its peak, said Laeity. While fewer cases have been reported in Chad and Cameroon over the past month, in Kinshasa and in Brazzaville, heavy rains are just starting, so transmission could well rise. 
 
Health authorities in the Central African Republic declared an outbreak just two weeks ago - tests are under way to determine if it is the same strain as in a previous epidemic.
 
In Chad, the disease could well continue until 2012, said Lacharité. “It should continue to diminish now the rainy season has ended, but could easily stick around and climb again in next year’s rains.”
 
aj/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93949</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201101191305510629t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 12 October 2011 (IRIN) - Three simultaneous cholera epidemics have affected 24 countries in West and Central Africa, with 85,000 infections and 2,466 deaths since the beginning of 2011, according to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Keeping a measure on malaria</title><pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010852150003t.jpg" />]]>NEW YORK 22 September 2011 (IRIN) - The African Leaders Malaria Alliance has launched a scorecard to improve the fight against malaria on the African continent. “This,” said Agnes Bingwaho, Rwanda’s Health Minister, holding up the laminated scorecard, “is something that will help Africa make progress.”</description><body><![CDATA[NEW YORK 22 September 2011 (IRIN) - The African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) has launched a scorecard to improve the fight against malaria on the African continent. 
 
 “This,” said Agnes Bingwaho, Rwanda’s Health Minister, holding up the laminated scorecard, “is something that will help Africa make progress.” 
 
 Updated quarterly, it provides information from each country on policies formulated, preventative measures initiated, money spent, lives saved and lost. 
 
 The latest scorecard, launched on 21 September, describes, for example, how Angola and Burundi removed taxes and tariffs on anti-malarial commodities such as mosquito nets, medicines and insecticides. It tells how Côte d'Ivoire distributed 8.9 million nets in 2011, bringing the country closer to achieving universal net coverage. The scorecard also tracks tracer indicators for maternal, newborn and child health. 
 
 “The scorecard is very important,” said Raymond Chambers, the UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Malaria, “because it gives us the lens to see what’s happening but more importantly gives African countries the chance to compare how they are doing with peer countries and to improve where improvements need to be made.” 
 
 Founded in 2009, ALMA includes 40 African countries, all pledged to eradicating a disease that has no regard for borders. 
 
 Tanzania’s President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, ALMA’s chair, said the evidence proved the disease was “receding steadily”. Eleven African countries have slashed malaria cases by more than 50 percent, he said. Among the preventative measures he highlighted were the distribution of 229 million long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets, providing coverage for 84 percent of Africans deemed at risk. 
 
 But he also worried about sustaining the gains. He acknowledged how deadly malaria remains to the continent’s inhabitants and how profoundly it hinders development. It is estimated that Africa experiences a 2 percent loss in GDP each year due to the effects of the illness, which forces people out of work and requires them to spend precious money on treatment, he said. 
 
 One issue central to the malaria fight is funding. It is necessary to both protect existing resources and identify new sources of revenue, Kikwete said. “There is a US$3 billion gap in funding that we are trying to mobilize,” he said. 
 
 “Ownership” 
 
 Rwanda’s Bingwaho – whose country has seen as precipitous drop in malaria cases – noted that “we have made progress by an approach based on community, based on integration and, also a word we like to hear, based on country ownership”. 
 
 “Everything that we can do to help move ownership and responsibility of these issues back to the African countries and at the same time provide them with investment instead of subsidy is clearly a step in the right direction,” said UN Special Envoy Chambers. 
 
 Panellists also emphasized the necessity of cooperation between African nations, a particularly important issue since malaria travels easily. Kikwete said Tanzania, which he said has succeeded in eliminating malaria, was thought to have been clear of the malady twice before. But malarial mosquitoes, he said, travel by bus and on “ships, boats and ferries”. The disease has the ability to re-emerge if not contained in surrounding countries. 
 
 “More than 50 percent of all our cases last year were in one district of our country – the border,” said Bingwaho. 
 
 “The fight will not be won by any single country,” added Christian Chukwu, Nigeria’s Health Minister. “We need to work across borders and let’s all of us get more committed.” 
 
 Kikwete concluded that in this “interdependent world” a malaria-free Africa “is in the best interests of humanity. It means increased productivity, more income for our people, more trade.” 
 
 Then he added on a lighter note, “And there’s no more hassle of swallowing malaria pills every time you travel to Africa.” 
 

------------------------------------------------
Malaria update  

 The battle against the anopheles mosquito and the malaria it transmits has been a long and painful one. Recently there have been signs the tide could be turning:
 
 The sterilization of male mosquitoes, which compete with wild males for wild females, is among the techniques being studied. Sterility can be induced by radiation or chemical application. 
 
 There are also studies under way on the genetic manipulation of mosquitoes, which produces the same effect. Other approaches include the production of male-only sterile mosquitoes, notes a study in the Malaria Journal, Transgenic technologies to induce sterility. 
 
 A possible malaria vaccine, merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), was also recently tested in Burkina Faso with promising results.  

 pd/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93796</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010852150003t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NEW YORK 22 September 2011 (IRIN) - The African Leaders Malaria Alliance has launched a scorecard to improve the fight against malaria on the African continent. “This,” said Agnes Bingwaho, Rwanda’s Health Minister, holding up the laminated scorecard, “is something that will help Africa make progress.”</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: An escalation, not an anomaly </title><pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109210937350093t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - The massacre of 41 people in a bar near Bujumbura on 18 September was one of the most deadly incidents in Burundi in recent years but it took place in a climate of constant low-level violence and political instability.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - The massacre of 41 people in a bar near Bujumbura on 18 September was one of the most deadly incidents in Burundi in recent years but it took place in a climate of constant low-level violence and political instability.See IRIN film [ http://www.irinnews.org/Film/?id=4511 ]
 
 Violent deaths are reported on an almost daily basis in the central African country’s media yet government promises of investigations rarely, if ever, lead to the prosecution of perpetrators. 
 
 The bar shooting took place in Gatumba, 13km west of the capital and close to the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo. Witnesses said some of the attackers wore military uniforms. 
 
 No evidence has emerged to support suggestions that the attack was carried out by the Forces nationales de liberation (FNL), a political party and former rebel group [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=82334 ], which, according to a December 2010 UN report, [ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2010.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/MUMA-8BP8TH-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf ] was in the process of remobilizing in eastern DRC. 
 
 Visiting Gatumba after the massacre, President Pierre Nkurunziza said his security forces already knew the names of some of the attackers. 
 
 “I give a month to the police, the judiciary and the population to join their efforts and identify those behind the killing, wherever they are, in Burundi or outside,” he said. 
 
 The government has repeatedly dismissed the idea that the FNL presents a security threat, insisting “bandits” are to blame for previous killings in the country. 
 
 A commission of inquiry set up to investigate the deaths of dozens of people found floating in the Ruzizi River [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=90580 ] last year has led to no arrests so far. 
 
 “We have had many Gatumbas in this country,” said Pacifique Nininahazwe, chairman of Forum de Renforcement de la Societé Civile, a grouping of civil society organizations. 
 
 Calling for investigations into “killings that have targeted FNL supporters with the intent to exterminate them”, he added that some 60 people across the country had been killed in the month of May 2011 alone. 
 
 According to human rights activist Claver Mbonimpa, that figure rose to 97 by the end of June. 
 
 “In some places bodies are discovered and hastily buried without investigations into the circumstances of their deaths,” said Emmanuel Ntakarutimana, who chairs the National Independent Human Rights Commission. 
 
 He also called on the government to “bring to trial the perpetrators of Gatumba massacre and all preceding crimes, whatever their origin, position, political membership”. 
 
 While the opposition accuses the government and particularly its youth wing, Imbonerakure, and the national intelligence services of arresting and killing opposition and especially FNL supporters, the government, for its part, blames the opposition for the climate of insecurity. 
 
 “Instead of accusing one another, the government and opposition should sit together and find an adequate framework for dialogue,” said François Bizimana, spokesman for the Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie (CNDD) opposition party. 
 
 Rising tensions 
 
 In a statement released on 20 September, Human Rights Watch noted tension in Burundi had risen over recent weeks. 
 
 “Whereas most of the victims of killings in previous months were low-level rank-and-file members – or former members – of the FNL, those targeted recently have included more prominent individuals. They include demobilized FNL commander Audace Vianney Habonarugira, shot dead in July 2011; Dédithe Niyirera, FNL representative in Kayanza province, killed in Kayanza in late August 2011; and former FNL commander Edouard Ruvayanga, killed in Bujumbura on September 5,” HRW said. 
 
 “The political violence has been characterized by a pattern of reprisals, with killings by one side typically followed by killings by the other. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators have enjoyed complete impunity,” the statement added. 
 
 jb-am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93777</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201109210937350093t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 21 September 2011 (IRIN) - The massacre of 41 people in a bar near Bujumbura on 18 September was one of the most deadly incidents in Burundi in recent years but it took place in a climate of constant low-level violence and political instability.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: A dozen killed in cholera outbreak</title><pubDate>Wed, 14 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903057t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 14 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian health officials are battling to control a cholera outbreak that has killed 12 people and infected 600 others since August.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 14 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian health officials are battling to control a cholera outbreak that has killed 12 people and infected 600 others since August. 
 
 Although the epidemic is under control in some areas, health officials in the capital, Bujumbura, said a new area of infection had started at Nyanza Lac, Makamba province, where 80 new cases have been reported, 64 of whom are in hospital. 
 
 "The figure is still high at Nyanza Lac because the infection is still new there and contingency measures are not yet in place as in other affected areas," said Pamphile Bukuru, an officer in charge of information, education and communication for behaviour change in the Ministry of Public Health. 
 
 The epidemic was reported on 5 August in the southern town of Rumonge in Bururi province, a cholera-prone area where residents often use unsafe water from Lake Tanganyika. The disease then spread rapidly to other localities, including the capital, Bujumbura, and provinces of Bujumbura Rural, Bubanza, Cibitoke and Makamba. 
 
 The Health Ministry declared the outbreak an epidemic on 18 August and mobilized its partners to put in place measures to control the disease. 
 
 According to Bukuru, several treatment centres were set up in the affected areas with emergency kits, comprising disinfection equipment, tents and rehydration kits. 
 
 Vénérand Nzigamasabo, head of the department of disaster management and assistance to vulnerable people at the Burundi Red Cross, said besides disinfecting the areas of origin of infections to cut the contamination chain, the agency was also supplying water for drinking and household use. 
 
 Nzigamasabo said 60,000 litres of water were being distributed daily in the affected areas of Bujumbura Rural and Bujumbura. He added that water bladders were being made available in Nyanza Lac. 
 
 The country's water and electricity utility, Regideso, has started water rationing in Bujumbura suburbs to ensure that areas in the outskirts of the city, especially those affected by the cholera outbreak, receive water. Due to an energy crisis in Bujumbura, the utility cannot supply water to all suburbs of the capital at the same time. 
 
 Efforts to contain the outbreak continue, with the Red Cross announcing it would distribute more hygiene kits - comprising jerry cans, soap and buckets - next week. 
 
 "The treatment of water at home is also envisaged since water-trucking is very expensive," Nzigamasabo said. 
 
 Cholera frequently breaks out in the south of the country as well as in the capital’s suburbs due to the lack of safe drinking water and latrines. 
 
 Hygiene sensitization is, therefore, a crucial component of the strategy to control the disease outbreak. "It's all a matter of behaviour change; if the water is treated and if all partners sensitized the population in the use of latrines, there would be no problem," Bukuru said. 
 
 jb/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93721</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903057t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 14 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian health officials are battling to control a cholera outbreak that has killed 12 people and infected 600 others since August.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Deaths reported as ARV shortage continues</title><pubDate>Mon, 05 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200707262t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian NGOs say at least 20 people have died as a national shortage of antiretroviral continues.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian NGOs say at least 20 people have died as a national shortage of antiretroviral continues. 
 
 "Some have died, others have turned to traditional healers, and all of them [HIV-positive people] are discouraged," said Jeanne Gapiya, who heads Burundi's largest HIV NGO, Association Nationale de soutien aux Seropositifs et Sideens (ANSS). 
 
 More than 60,000 Burundians need HIV treatment, but only about 25,000 have access to ARVs. Ministry of Health officials could not be reached to confirm the number of people affected by the months-long shortage. 
 
 Activists staged a “die-in” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92363 ] in March 2011 to protest against the lack of drugs. 
 
 The shortage has been blamed on dwindling donor funds and a disorganized health ministry. At the end of June 2011, World Bank funding - more than US$50 million over a nine-year period - for Burundi's AIDS response ended and has not been renewed. Together with the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Bank had been one of Burundi's largest HIV donors. 
 
 "This prevents us from reaching our goals... of increasing the number of women on the PMTCT  [prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission] protocol," said Celine Kanyonge, who heads the country's PMTCT programme. 
 
 And despite the Global Fund approving some $35 million to fight HIV in Burundi under its eighth round of grants, organizations caring for HIV-positive people have still not signed agreements with the National Council for HIV/AIDS Control, CNLS, to access the cash. 
 
 Global Fund grants to Burundi are channelled through a coordinating body called the Intensification and Decentralization Programme for the Fight against HIV/AIDS (PRIDE), which funds CNLS, which in turn pays for HIV-positive people's healthcare. According to Sabine Ntakarutimana, Minister of Public Health and HIV/AIDS control, problems with the implementation of PRIDE had caused the delay in the disbursement of funds. 
 
 PRIDE's predecessor, a project named APRODIS, closed at the end of 2010 and, according to Gerard Ntezahorigwa, head of a network of people living with HIV in the province of Mwaro, central Burundi, the gap between the closure of APRODIS and the implementation of PRIDE resulted in several deaths. 
 
 During a senate session in August [ http://www.senat.bi/spip.php?article2572 ], Ntakarutimana blamed the drug shortages on inefficient staff. 
 
 "We have means but there are people who... did not play their roles properly," she said. "The fault really occurred, but will not happen again." 
 
 dn/kr/oa/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93657</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/200707262t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 05 September 2011 (IRIN) - Burundian NGOs say at least 20 people have died as a national shortage of antiretroviral continues.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: A struggling PMTCT programme</title><pubDate>Fri, 12 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 12 August 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of health facilities and health workers, frequent drug shortages and a weak government policy mean HIV-positive pregnant women in Burundi often give birth without taking any precautions to prevent transmission of the virus to their children.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 12 August 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of health facilities and health workers, frequent drug shortages and a weak government policy mean HIV-positive pregnant women in Burundi often give birth without taking any precautions to prevent transmission of the virus to their children. 
 
 "When a baby is born [to an HIV-positive mother] we face difficulties, as we don't have enough hospitals to treat the children from such parents," said Dr Céline Kanyonge, head of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programme in the Ministry of Health. "To get polymerase chain reaction tests [a highly accurate test used for infant HIV testing], we need to collect all blood samples in the whole country and send them once every month or two to Rwanda, where there is a laboratory that can handle these tests." 
 
 According to a 2010 UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) factsheet [ http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/Burundi_PMTCTFactsheet_2010.pdf ] on PMTCT in Burundi, an estimated 40 percent of pregnant women get tested for HIV, but in 2009, only about 12 percent of an estimated 15,000 HIV-positive pregnant women and 9 percent of HIV-exposed infants received ARVs to prevent transmission. While this represents an increase from 2008 - when just 9 percent of HIV-positive pregnant women received ARVs - it means the vast majority of women still risk passing on the virus to their children. 
 
 The government is committed to reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission by 50 percent by the end of 2011, but given the sluggish progress of the programme, this is highly unlikely. With a population of about eight million and HIV prevalence of about 3.3 percent, Burundi - one of the poorest countries in the world - has just one doctor [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=89186 ] per 34,744 people and two nurses per 10,000. 
 
 More than 90 percent of Burundian women attend antenatal clinics at least once during each pregnancy, but the rate of skilled attendants at birth is low at 34 percent; urban women - who make up less than 10 percent of the population - report 75 percent access to skilled attendants at delivery, compared with 32 percent for rural women. 
 
 In addition, the country has experienced frequent ARV shortages [ http://www.plusnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92363 ], so even when women do seek out PMTCT services, they may not have access to vital drugs, while poor women who require nutritional support for themselves and their children often go hungry. 
 
 "It has become difficult to get treatment as the associations that give us ARVs say there is not enough money to service all those in need," said Imaculée Nyabenda, who has registered for PMTCT but is unsure of accessing the entire package. "[There is] no food, no milk for HIV-positive people under PMTCT due to poverty - the associations can't satisfy every one. 
 
 "What the government offers a lot to patients is counselling, but counselling is not enough as we can't get food, ARVs, and especially access to PCR tests for our newborns," she added. 
 
 According to the ministry's Kanyonge, the lack of male participation in their partners' pregnancies was a hindrance to the PMTCT programme. 
 
 "When women come to see the doctor about HIV, most of the time they are alone and this makes it difficult to achieve our goals; all these men who don't understand that they are full actors in PMTCT must be sensitized," she said. 
 
 "The government should plan how to sensitize people, using more effort and means to achieve more; only newspapers and radios talk about HIV and PMTCT, but also not [often]," she added, noting that particular attention needed to be paid to rural areas, where the majority of the population lives. 
 
 According to UNICEF, primary HIV prevention among women of child-bearing age, improved access to skilled attendants at birth, increasing the number of sites offering the full range of PMTCT services and improving general maternal and child health services would all contribute to a significant reduction in mother-to-child HIV transmission in Burundi. 
 
 dn/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93491</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201108041259070215t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 12 August 2011 (IRIN) - A shortage of health facilities and health workers, frequent drug shortages and a weak government policy mean HIV-positive pregnant women in Burundi often give birth without taking any precautions to prevent transmission of the virus to their children.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EASTERN AFRICA: Tough lifestyle changes as food prices continue to rise</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050855340125t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Drought, poor rains and continuing high fuel prices have combined to keep food prices in East Africa high, with consumers forgoing basic staples and many traders being forced to shut down their businesses.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Drought, poor rains and continuing high fuel prices have combined to keep food prices in East Africa high, with consumers forgoing basic staples and many traders being forced to shut down their businesses. 
 
 IRIN spoke to residents of seven countries in the region for a sense of how the rising cost of living [ http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92546 ] was affecting them. 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 "[Buying] meat and butter is unthinkable; meat has gone up from 40 to 45 birr [US$2.60] a kilo four months ago to 90 birr [$5.20] a kilo now," said Solomon Bekele, 55, who supports a family of five in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa. "Butter is now around 120 birr [$6.95] a kilo from just 60 birr [$3.47] in October 2010." 
 
 Solomon, who makes 4,000 birr [$231] a month, says he spends about 60 percent of his income on food. 
 
 According to Ethiopia's Central Statistical Agency (CSA), the annual inflation rate reached 39.2 percent in July, from 16.5 percent in February 2011. 
 
 Food prices rose by 47.4 percent in July against 12.8 percent in February. 
 
 Somalia 
 
 In south-central Somalia, much of which is in the grip of a severe famine, food prices have skyrocketed. 
 
 "We eat one or two of the usual three meals every day because of the high price of food; two months ago, half a kilo of rice cost 20,000 shillings [$0.66], but now it costs 40,000 shillings [$1.32]," said Fadumo Hassan Abdi, a mother of six in the Somali capital, Mogadishu. "Until two months ago, I had a small business in Bakara Market [in Mogadishu], but it was lost during the war between the Transitional Federal Government and Al-Shabab [militia]." 
 
 Mustafe Mohamed, a father of three in Hargeisa, capital of the self-declared republic of Somaliland, said: "Four months ago one 50kg sack of rice was only $28, compared with $34.50 now, while a 50kg sack of sugar that cost $40 now costs $50. Before, $90 was enough feed the family, but now you can't even buy food for $200 - we don't know what to do." 
 
 Shaqlan Jama Ismail, a grandmother, says food prices have never been so high in her lifetime. "We used to buy food with cash, but now we have to borrow money," she said. "We are waiting for the almighty Allah to help us." 
 
 "In late July [2011], a litre of petrol was 5,800 Somaliland shillings [$0.96] but now it is about 7,200 shillings [$1.20] - if the situation continues like this we may stop driving," said Mohamed Abdalla, a taxi driver in Hargeisa. 
 
 Tanzania 
 
 On 6 July 2011, Tanzania's Agriculture Minister Tumanne Maghembe announced a ban on crop exports for six months to prevent the food shortages being experienced in many parts of the region. 
 
 Maghembe noted that "generally there is food surplus" in the country, but pockets of food insecurity existed in several regions, including Singida, Dodoma and Shinyanga, as well as northern regions of Arusha and Tanga in the east. 
 
 "There was poor rainfall in several parts of Shinyanga region and crops failed," James Lembeli, Member of Parliament for Kahama, told IRIN. 
 
 According to Tanzania's National Bureau of Statistics [ http://www.nbs.go.tz/cpi/CPI_Release_June2011.pdf ], the annual headline inflation rate for June 2011 was 10.9 percent, against 9.7 percent the previous month. 
 
 "We used to buy rice for 1,200 shillings [$0.74] for a kilo but now, you have to pay 1,500 shillings [$0.92]," said Sitti Pilula, a resident of Kariakoo, a suburb of Tanzania's commercial capital, Dar es Salaam. 
 
 Maghembe noted that since the export ban, smuggling of food to neighbouring countries had increased, threatening food security in Tanzania. 
 
 Fuel prices are also soaring, with some observers predicting protests should the government fail to resolve the issue. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 Kenyan families are adjusting to doing without food items that used to be part of everyday life. 
 
 "I could not eat ugali [maize meal, a staple] without meat; even when I had it with vegetables, it had to be mixed with beef," said Francis Muruli, a teacher in Nakuru, in Kenya's Rift Valley Province. 
 
 Muruli and his family now eat vegetables with their ugali, saving an average of 80 shillings [$0.83] on every meal. 
 
 Due to a shortage of maize caused by poor rains, a 90kg bag, which cost about KSh1,200 [$12.50], now costs as much as KSh4,000 [$41.70]. According to government officials, an unreliable rainy season means the maize yield for the rest of the year is uncertain. 
 
 Wanjiku Kamau, a resident of the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, says the high prices of food and other commodities means she is unable to save any money. 
 
 "I am paid 10,000 shillings [$104] per month; my rent is 3,000 [$31.30] while almost all the rest goes to feeding my children," said the single mother of three. "Everything has increased in price; two litres of cooking oil which I used to buy for 280 shillings [$2.90] is now 470 shillings [$4.90]." 
 
 Francis Kamunya, a secondary school teacher, now goes directly to producers and buys in bulk to reduce the cost of running his household. "Rather than buy maize in single packets, I now prefer taking about 5kg of maize to the posho mill, leaving me with at least some savings," he said. "I buy at least 20kg of rice from the Mwea [rice scheme] traders. It is enough to last three months." 
 
 In northern Kenya, more and more residents are relying on relief food as traders close their businesses due to high supply costs and dwindling customers. 
 
 Abdi Ndenge, a night-watchman at a guest house in Isiolo town, works as a porter during the day yet he can barely make enough to feed his two children. "I was comfortable until December last year; I used to work at night, sleep during the day and could afford to feed my family; this is not possible now with the food prices having gone so high." 
 
 The government has capped fuel prices but global trends and the shilling's poor performance against the dollar mean the Energy Regulatory Commission [ http://www.erc.go.ke ] has been forced to raise these caps several times over the past few months. The pump price of petrol in Nairobi is about KSh115 ($1.20) against KSh97.1 (about $1) in January 2011. 
 
 The shilling has dropped 18 percent against the dollar in 2011, trading at a new low of 95.10 on 9 August. 
 
 Uganda 
 
 According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics, headline inflation reached 18.7 percent in July from 15.7 percent in June. 
 
 "Life is becoming unbearable because I have to struggle every day to be able to put food on the table for my family. Today, the largest bunch of matooke [plantain, a popular local staple] costs up to 20,000 shillings [$7.30]; I used to pay half the price in January but my income has remained the same from that time," said James Mukwaya, a father of four with a household of eight people. "We would resort to maize flour but that too has risen to 3,200 shillings [$1.16] per kilo instead of the 1,500 shillings [$0.54] we used to pay." 
 
 A sugar shortage - caused by drought and the temporary closure of a major sugar factory for maintenance - has seen prices soar: 1kg is retailing at about 5,800 shillings ($2.11) in urban areas, and costs up to 10,000 shillings ($3.65) in rural areas. 
 
 "The producers haven't hiked prices but wholesalers and retailers are taking advantage and have doubled prices," said Jimmy Kabeho, chairman of the Uganda Sugar Cane Technologists’ Association. 
 
 The government has waived taxes on sugar to stem the price rises, including allowing controlled imports. 
 
 Power rationing across the country has also contributed to the rise in prices, with many industries forced to use fuel-guzzling generators for much of their production. 
 
 "Prices are rising night after night; I have to hold my breath when entering the market because of the rising food prices," said Sara Lamunu, a resident of Gulu, northern Uganda. "Last Wednesday a kilo of sugar was 6,000 shillings [$2.19] but this morning the price has risen to 9,000 shillings [$3.30]." 
 
 "I no longer fry food because a litre of cooking oil costs 4,500 shillings [$1.64]," said Alice Atto, another Gulu resident. 
 
 According to Musa Ecweru, the Minister for Disaster Preparedness, exports of food to South Sudan, Somalia and Kenya had contributed to the high food prices. 
 
 Opposition parties and civilians have threatened a resumption of the "Walk to Work" protests that saw the government crack down violently on protesters in April, injuring Kizza Besigye, leader of the country's largest opposition party. 
 
 Rwanda 
 
 Food prices have continued to increase in Rwanda over the past two months, despite the government's tax exemptions on some basic commodities. 
 
 According to the National Institute of Statistics, the increase in the consumer price index of 1.54 percent is attributable primarily to the increase in prices of food and non-alcoholic beverages (2.41 percent), housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels (0.95 percent) and transport (3.08 percent). 
 
 The cost of local goods increased by 5.12 percent, according to the institute, attributed to a 1.7 percent price increase in vegetables and a 6.12 percent increase in bread and cereals prices. 
 
 Although Agriculture Minister Agnes Kalibata has stressed there is no evidence of food insecurity across the country, she said Rwandans had been advised to stock food and to avoid selling their surplus produce. 
 
 "The issue of food insecurity cannot be taken [to be] as serious [in Rwanda] because it has been noticed that prices of certain food commodities in some parts of the country are extremely high while farmers in other parts struggle to get buyers," Kalibata said. 
 
 Jean-Chyrsostome Ngabitsinze, a Rwandan agricultural researcher, said there was a need to engage rural farmers in cash-crop farming. "While encouraging farmers to adopt fruit and vegetable crops, which [are] suitable to both local and international markets, this will help ensure food security and enhance the livelihoods of local farmers," he told IRIN. 
 
 Burundi 
 
 Burundi residents attributed the high food prices to rising fuel prices, and say parts of the country are experiencing severe food insecurity. 
 
 "We fear we could have a famine like the one in Somalia," said Aminata*, a banana vendor in the capital, Bujumbura. "I take care of a family of five children and I am spending at least five times more than what I spent in 2005 to feed them. Today, beans cost 1,300 francs [$1.03] whereas it was only 600 francs [$0.50] in 2005." 
 
 Some families in the drought-prone northern province of Kirundo are skipping meals. A widow told IRIN she now ate once every two days. 
 
 Ciza Leocadia, 29, a mother of twins, said: "I came to Bujumbura in search of food because I was not able to raise my twins in my rural home; I have nothing to eat." She said her husband had gone to neighbouring Tanzania in search of food. 
 
 Sébastien Ndikumagenge, director-general in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, said rising food prices, speculation by dealers and a banana disease that had been ravaging the country's staple since November 2010 had compromised food security, with some families at risk of starvation. 
 
 According to a first-quarter report by Burundi's Central Bank, "The rise in food inflation is mainly due to the increase in rice prices (8.7 percent); fresh fish (17.3 percent); dried fish (9.6 percent), palm oil (29.7 percent) and dry beans (14.1 percent)." 
 
 Antoine Gahiru, a communication officer for the Institute of Economic Studies of Burundi, said annual inflation in June was 8.6 percent, due to high water and electricity prices. 
 
 However, sources in the Agriculture Ministry told IRIN grain production across the country was on the increase following recent harvests but a countrywide food deficit of 61,800MT of cereals remained. 
 
 *not her real name 
 
 kt/wm/maj/rk/jk/vm/ca/kr/na/at/dm/kr/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=93481</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050855340125t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 11 August 2011 (IRIN) - Drought, poor rains and continuing high fuel prices have combined to keep food prices in East Africa high, with consumers forgoing basic staples and many traders being forced to shut down their businesses.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Religious leaders&apos; resistance to condoms hurts HIV fight</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/20070828t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Asha* is in a polygamous marriage, and while she would like to protect herself from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the message from the preachers at her local mosque in the Burundian capital, Bujumbura, is that condoms promote adultery.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Asha* is in a polygamous marriage, and while she would like to protect herself from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the message from the preachers at her local mosque in the Burundian capital, Bujumbura, is that condoms promote adultery. 
 
 "We can't use condoms as a way of preventing AIDS in our community; only abstinence is preached in our mosques," she said. "We [Muslims] are so exposed to the AIDS pandemic, especially because we believe in polygamy..." 
 
 The scholars at her mosque, in the predominantly Muslim suburb of Buyenzi, are keen to participate in the fight against HIV, caring for HIV-positive people and orphans in their communities and even encouraging HIV testing before marriage, but according to Asha, this advice is flawed. 
 
 "I can take HIV tests but the problem is that I can't know that the other wife of my husband has done it or will do it; I have no right to tell her to do so," she said. "How do you [protect yourself from HIV] when... subjected to the constraints of religion?" 
 
 Muslims make up about 10 percent of Burundi's population; research is divided on the HIV risk posed by polygamy - some regional studies indicate that women in polygamous relationships are at higher risk of HIV [ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/9/10 ], while others argue that “closed” polygamous relationships can actually protect against HIV [ http://www.springerlink.com/content/26q045t327h2982u/fulltext.pdf ] as long as sexual relationships remain within the closed group. However, HIV policy-makers and implementers do agree on one thing - condoms should be an essential part of any effort to prevent HIV. 
 
 But Islamic scholars insist that condoms must be avoided at all costs. "Encouraging condoms in Islamic circles is a way of calling people to sexual debauchery," said Secretary-General of the Islamic community of Burundi, El Hadj Nkunduwiga Haruna. "We ask people to be faithful and not to engage in sexual promiscuity as a means to fight AIDS." 
 
 Poverty factors 
 
 According to Jolie*, a non-practising Christian, poverty was often a bigger consideration than religion or HIV prevention when choosing a spouse. 
 
 "With this poverty everywhere here in Burundi, if [a woman] gets a chance to get married to a rich man who happens to be a Muslim, she can't refuse it... thoughts of AIDS come afterwards," she said. 
 
 "It is difficult to convince a man who wants to marry, especially when he is rich, to do HIV tests," she added. 
 
 Muslim scholars are not the only religious leaders firmly against condom use. Father Emmanuel Gihutu, a professor of philosophy at a seminary in Gitega, east of the capital, said: "It is unthinkable that people insist on condom use in schools and even among young children, rather than teaching them to [wait] before any sexual temptation. 
 
 "I was surprised when I was rector of the seminary during a training seminar in Gitega and we were told to go and teach our students to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS with condoms. Do you believe that as a spiritual personality we can teach such things?" 
 
 "We're so concerned about the AIDS pandemic, but we cannot teach Christians to engage in debauchery; that's not our mission," said Father Evode Bigirimana, rector of the Marian shrine at Mount Zion in Bujumbura. "Encouraging the faithful to use condoms is a way to encourage them in a way to indulge in carnal acts." 
 
 Members of the Seventh Day Adventist Church have similarly strong views on the subject. "Condoms are the satanic ways to fool the gullible that AIDS can be fought by the hoods," said Cassien Sindaye, a member. "Our condom is the sixth commandment, which prevents us from adultery." 
 
 However, according to INERELA+ [ http://www.inerela.org/english/save-prevention-model ], a network of religious leaders living with or personally affected by HIV/AIDS, condoms must be an integral part of any realistic HIV prevention strategy. 
 
 "The implication that the use of a condom automatically marks a person as unable to be faithful fuels stigma and acts as a disincentive to evidence-based prevention," the organization says in its prevention model, which involves safer practices such as abstinence and condom use, counselling and testing, and empowerment and education. 
 
 Local NGOs are urging religious leaders to rethink their stance on condom use. 
 
 "We ask them to change their language because it can prevent people from using condoms to protect themselves against AIDS, and I am sure among them [religious leaders] there are those in need of condoms," said Baselissa Ndayisaba, coordinator of the NGO, Society for Women Against AIDS in Africa. "The condom is a tool to prevent AIDS and church teachings can have negative impacts on our work." 

 *Not their real names
 
 dn/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92817</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2007/20070828t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 26 May 2011 (IRIN) - Asha* is in a polygamous marriage, and while she would like to protect herself from HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, the message from the preachers at her local mosque in the Burundian capital, Bujumbura, is that condoms promote adultery.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Thousands need food aid after poor crop season</title><pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002231215250625t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 28 April 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in March in Burundi&apos;s eastern province of Ruyigi destroyed beans, banana and cassava crops, leaving thousands of people desperate for food aid, agricultural officials said.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 28 April 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in March in Burundi's eastern province of Ruyigi destroyed beans, banana and cassava crops, leaving thousands of people desperate for food aid, agricultural officials said. 
 
 "With regards to the 2011 B agricultural season [February-June], farmers in Ruyigi are expecting nothing from their fields after heavy rains, accompanied by hailstorms, devastated their fields and they lost all the beans, bananas and cassava crops," Festus Ntihabose, agricultural director for Ruyigi, told IRIN. 
 
 According to Ntihabose, at least 8,000 families, or 40,000 people, now require urgent food aid and seeds to prepare for the next planting season. 
 
 The most affected communes are Butaganzwa, Nyabitsinda, Kinyinya and Bweru and, to a lesser extent, Gisuru, Ntihabose said. 
 
 Agricultural officials say the 2011 B agricultural season is the most important in Burundi, accounting for 50 percent of national food production. 
 
 Méthode Niyongendako, a consultant with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), said the provinces of Ruyigi and Cankuzo (in the east) were the most fragile and "likely to face a serious food crisis during the first semester of the current year. The risk of low production in June is very high in those provinces, which means the food crisis can be prolonged." 
 
 Pontien Hatungimana, an adviser to the Ruyigi governor, told IRIN that since an appeal for assistance in February, humanitarian organizations had, so far, not responded. 
 
 "Only routine [food] distributions to vulnerable groups were made; but no relief aid, as such, has reached us," Hatungimana said. 
 
 However, in February, the Ministry of National Solidarity, Human Rights and Gender distributed 61MT of rice and beans to the affected population. The ministry also distributed 5MT of rice in March. 
 
 "This response was a simple support to sustain the population but it is still very little, since the needs are huge," Hatungimana said. 
 
 Appeal for seeds 
 
 Agricultural officials in Ruyigi have appealed to charitable organizations to provide seeds for the farmers to plant during the next planting season. 
 
 "They need to prepare for the next season [season C in wetlands]; they need vegetable seeds and sweet potato cuttings because these are very rare as a result of the rains," Ntihabose said. 
 
 Niyongendako said approximately 15,000 households would receive seeds for vegetables, sweet potatoes and cassava cuttings as well as Irish potatoes for season C. 
 
 Weathermen attribute the rain deficit in the north and east of Burundi to the La Niña weather phenomenon, which cut crop production in season 2011 A. 
 
 Niyongendako said the food deficit for the period between January and June 2011 is estimated at 490,000MT of cereals. 
 
 However, Niyongendako said the northern province of Kirundo, which is annually prone to food shortages, seems promising this time because farmers planted early and were likely to have a good harvest. 
 
 In its April issue, the monthly bulletin of the Burundi Food Security Monitoring Early Warning System said throughout March 2011, countrywide, the UN World Food Programme assisted 244,531 beneficiaries with 1,626MT of food, mainly through general food distribution, food-for-work, as well as aid for the most vulnerable. 
 
 "The cumulative food deficit of 1,922 tonnes for all foods is predicted between May and October, equivalent to [US $]1.96 million," according to the bulletin. 
 
 jb/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92602</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201002231215250625t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 28 April 2011 (IRIN) - Heavy rains in March in Burundi&apos;s eastern province of Ruyigi destroyed beans, banana and cassava crops, leaving thousands of people desperate for food aid, agricultural officials said.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Displaced women in Bujumbura risk HIV rather than hunger</title><pubDate>Tue, 26 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904098t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 26 April 2011 (IRIN) - Desperate and displaced, some Burundian women will do anything, including have unprotected sex for money, to escape the dreadful living conditions in the Bujumbura suburb of Sabe, where more than 480 families of internally displaced persons have lived for several years.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 26 April 2011 (IRIN) - Desperate and displaced, some Burundian women will do anything, including have unprotected sex for money, to escape the dreadful living conditions in the Bujumbura suburb of Sabe, where more than 480 families of internally displaced persons (IDPs) have lived for several years. 

Burundi has more than 100,000 IDPs as a result of several years of political turmoil; most of the families in Sabe are returnees from neighbouring countries.
 
 "I know cases of parents whose daughters go into town or elsewhere every night to look for money from men who offer big money [for sex]," Ferdianne Bukuru, vice-president of the Sabe IDP site, told IRIN/PlusNews. "Young girls are attracted by wealthy men and are drawn into prostitution as IDPs have no means to survive." 
 
 For many of these girls and women, the fear of HIV is dwarfed by the immediate need for money to buy food and other necessities. 
 
 "Do not talk of AIDS... I don't fear [it]; I would rather get food and die in the future instead of dying hungry today," said 18-year-old Jacqueline*. "I have been at this site since 1993; nobody has come to help me to improve my life and especially go back to school." 
 
 Madeleine*, 32, feels the same way. "When I came across a man who feeds me and clothes me, I must accept, for food," she said. "Who can refuse a large sum of money when she is in poverty like this?" 
 
 Madeleine said NGOs fighting HIV/AIDS visited the site occasionally, but not enough to have an impact on people's behaviour. Condom use - perceived to be less profitable than unprotected sex - is not as consistent as it should be. 
 
 "Condoms do not allow us to have enough money; if a man offers his money, he insists on intercourse without a condom," said one 17-year-old student. 
 
 Women who do not turn to sex work often wind up becoming second or third wives to the few men in the site who are able to support more than one wife. 
 
 "I already understand what HIV is, but I don't think my force is enough to stand against it," said Nzeyimana*, a mother of two girls. "These men may have more than three women - as they brandish [currency] notes, no one can resist.” 
 
 The few organizations working to prevent HIV/AIDS say their work is hampered by poor funding. 
 
 "For a long time we had collaborators at this site and its surrounding areas in the fight against AIDS in IDPs sites, but now things have changed. We had targeted IDPs sites in Bujumbura and elsewhere, but we are forced not to work at these sites due to limited resources and logistics," said Basilisse Ndayisaba, coordinator of the Society of Women Against AIDS-Burundi, one of the largest HIV NGOs in the country. "These IDPs no longer have the advice or training of our staff." 
 
 Ndayisaba said her organization last worked in Sabe in May 2010. 
 
 Burundi has an adult HIV prevalence of 3.3 percent; the country's fight against HIV has been hit with delays [ http://plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92363 ] in Global Fund grants holding up activities and most recently, the World Bank’s withdrawal of its HIV funding. 
 
 dm/kr/mw 
 
 *Only one name provided to protect the source's identity

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92572</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200904098t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 26 April 2011 (IRIN) - Desperate and displaced, some Burundian women will do anything, including have unprotected sex for money, to escape the dreadful living conditions in the Bujumbura suburb of Sabe, where more than 480 families of internally displaced persons have lived for several years.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Banana blight threatens food security</title><pubDate>Fri, 22 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909021304510045t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 22 April 2011 (IRIN) - A disease affecting banana plants has spread to five provinces of Burundi, raising concern among agricultural officials, who fear the disease could hit the country&apos;s food security. According to Adelin Girukwishaka, a plant protection officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, the disease, &quot;Banana Xanthomonas Wilt&quot; - commonly known as banana blight - was first detected in November 2010 in Cankuzo province, near the border with Tanzania.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 22 April 2011 (IRIN) - A disease affecting banana plants has spread to five provinces of Burundi, raising concern among agricultural officials, who fear the disease could hit the country's food security. 

According to Adelin Girukwishaka, a plant protection officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, the disease, "Banana Xanthomonas Wilt" - commonly known as banana blight - was first detected in November 2010 in Cankuzo province, near the border with Tanzania. 

"In January 2011, the disease was reported in the eastern province of Ruyigi and Makamba in the south; the disease has also been identified at Cibitoke and Bujumbura Rural provinces," Girukwishaka said. 

Ernest Manirambona, deputy coordinator of the Food and Agriculture Organization's emergency coordination unit, told IRIN: "The disease is now confirmed; it spread to five provinces within six months." 

Leonard Ndayishimiye, a farmer in the northwestern province of Cibitoke, said the disease had infected most of his plantation; he is worried his monthly income will drop as a result. 

"When the plants are healthy, a single plant can extend to 5m wide, giving me five big bunches," Ndayishimiye said. "However, since the disease struck, I only get one tiny bunch or even nothing, depending on when the plant was infected." 

Burundians consume bananas raw, cooked, as a juice or alcohol. Ndayishimiye said: "I eat it as breakfast before going to work, at lunch with beans and sometimes as banana juice in the evening." 

Cibitoke, which means "the land where bananas are plenty" in Kirundi, is known for producing banana beer consumed across the country. Many of its residents depend on banana farming for their livelihoods. 

Girukwishaka said: "Banana plants cover the biggest cultivated areas and represent more than 60 percent of the population's income. If the banana is affected [by this disease], it will not only mean great problems for farmers but also a socio-economic problem for Burundi." 

At the main market in Bujumbura, the capital, the price of green bananas has increased because of the spread of the disease. 

A buyer at the market told IRIN she could no longer afford to buy a whole bunch, estimated at 6,000 francs (US$4.80), and was opting to buy the bananas singly. 

"I think it is not only climatic conditions that are behind the shortage of bananas in the market; the banana blight is also to blame," the trader said. 

"No need to panic" 

Celestin Niyongere, head of the fruit and vegetable division at the government's Research Institute for Agronomic Sciences, told IRIN the disease spreads slowly in some banana varieties, especially those that grow in the highlands. 

However, he said, "no variety resists the disease even if there are some varieties more sensitive than others". 

Niyongere said: "This is the case with the banana variety grown in Cibitoke, Makamba and Rutana; they can be totally decimated in a few months." 

However, FAO's Manirambona said there was no need to panic: "The disease has been identified, preventative measures are also well known; we only need to implement them." 

Preventative measures 

Agricultural officials say they are making the population aware of the best field practices. 

Farmers have been encouraged to remove male buds in the banana plants since insects, "notably bees, can spread the disease to uninfected bananas 60km away in one day", according to an agricultural officer. 

Theodomir Bigirumuhirwa, the head of Agrobiotech, a private research laboratory dealing with bananas, said local agronomists in direct contact with farmers would be trained in June. 

Once a banana field is infected, the only remedy is to cut off all the infected plants. 

Farmers have also been advised not to re-plant bananas on the same land within six months and to use clean field tools and planting materials. 

Manirambona said: "We also need to raise funds to mobilize not only farmers but also give support to the producers of in-vitro plants. People who depend on bananas for their livelihood should get support to encourage them to cut all their infected plants." 

Apart from sensitizing the public, the Burundian government plans to distribute at least 750,000 selected bananas shoots in September to ensure that farmers have plants free from the disease. 

jb/js/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92553</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200909021304510045t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 22 April 2011 (IRIN) - A disease affecting banana plants has spread to five provinces of Burundi, raising concern among agricultural officials, who fear the disease could hit the country&apos;s food security. According to Adelin Girukwishaka, a plant protection officer in the Ministry of Agriculture, the disease, &quot;Banana Xanthomonas Wilt&quot; - commonly known as banana blight - was first detected in November 2010 in Cankuzo province, near the border with Tanzania.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>FOOD: Home-grown nutrition research for Africa</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, [ http://sunrayafrica.co.za ] to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries. 
 
 "We want to make sure nutrition interventions in the next 10-15 years - when Africa faces potential environmental changes which will impact on nutrition - are sustainable, driven by African countries, and their priorities are not pre-defined by donors," said Carl Lachat, a researcher at the Belgium-based Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the participating institutions. 
 
 A recent study by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), a US-based think-tank, found that in another two decades the effect of climate change on food production could drive child malnutrition up by 20 percent. 
 
 The two-year SUNRAY project has invited proposals for working papers from African researchers to review the relationship between nutrition and climate change; the influence of rising food prices; the future availability of water; social dynamics in households, and the effect of rapid urbanization, among other themes in order to identify the specific research needs for nutrition in these areas. 
 
 Research in Africa 
 
 Proposals for working papers will be assessed by academics at four universities in sub-Saharan Africa: North-West University in South Africa; Sokoine University in Tanzania; the University of Abomey-Calavi in Benin; and Makerere University in Uganda. 
 
 "South Africa plays in a different league in terms of research when compared to the rest of Africa, but our research is more influenced by Western concepts, so if you are to look at good home-grown research pertaining to local foodstuffs, Nigeria and Kenya are a lot more advanced," said Prof Annamarie Kruger, director of the Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research at North-West University. 
 
 "This project is very attractive in the sense that we now have an opportunity to develop interventions suited for African conditions and we have a say in our agenda; we also know the gaps that need to be addressed - it is not like we are doing research for European driven projects." 
 
 Lachat pointed out that the backing of the EU meant rich countries are calling for African involvement in setting the priorities for nutrition research and funding. 
 
 Proposals for the project are being accepted by 22 April, with the first of a series of workshops with the authors being held later in 2011. 
 
 Ahead of the workshops, the collaborating institutions intend holding discussions with nutritionists, researchers, businesspeople in the food sector, and policy makers in seven African countries - Benin, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Togo and Tanzania. 
 
 Lachat said they realized that political backing was critical to ensure the research made the journey from paper to the real world, so "we are involving African political leaders in the initiative." 
 
 The project will produce a roadmap document summarising research priorities, strengths and gaps, resource requirements, opportunities for linkage and support between African and Northern institutions, or synergies between existing initiatives and research in other sectors. 
 
 Only nine of the 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa are on track to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015. 
 
 jk/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92550</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008022618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - A group of international academic institutions and an NGO backed by the European Union (EU) have launched Sustainable Nutrition Research for Africa in the Years to come, or SUNRAY, to develop a nutrition agenda for Africa, with specific emphasis on the 34 sub-Saharan countries.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>EASTERN AFRICA: Consumers, traders feel the burn as prices skyrocket</title><pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104210703030357t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - Low- and middle-income earners across eastern and central Africa are reeling from the mounting cost of living brought on by a sharp increase in commodity prices in the past few months.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - Low- and middle-income earners across eastern and central Africa are reeling from the mounting cost of living brought on by a sharp increase in commodity prices in the past few months. 
 
 Protests and demonstrations against the rising cost of food and fuel have swept across several towns in Kenya and Uganda; violent clashes between demonstrators and security forces have been reported on several occasions in Uganda. At least four Ugandans have been killed in countrywide demonstrations, while hundreds have been arrested and several hospitalized with gunshot wounds and the effects of teargas. 
 
 On 21 April, IRIN interviewed a cross-section of citizens in six countries in the Horn of Africa, East Africa and Great Lakes regions about the impact of the price increases on their lives. 
 
 Uganda 
 
 Robinnah Nakuya, a charcoal vendor in a Kampala market, said: "A bag of charcoal, which I used to buy at 15,000 shillings [about US$6], is now 30,000 shillings [$12]. I am a single mother of three children and I must feed them. Let the government reduce prices so that we can afford them. We cannot afford salt and soap because prices have gone up." 
 
 According to a recent World Bank report [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1210859591030/FPW_April2011.pdf ], the wholesale price of maize in Uganda has risen by 114 percent over the past year. 
 
 On 21 April, former Ugandan presidential candidate Kizza Besigye was arrested for a “walk to work” protest against high prices, having been shot in the hand on 14 April after a standoff with police and the army, surrounded by hundreds of protesters. 
 
 The Ugandan government has banned the demonstrations, with President Yoweri Museveni saying drought and external oil prices were beyond government control and that rising food prices were good for farmers as they could earn more. 
 
 Kenya 
 
 In Kenya, despite an announcement by Finance Minister Uhuru Kenyatta on 18 April that the government had reduced taxes on diesel and kerosene, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=92532 ] of several major towns on 19 April. 
 
 Earnest Mogire, a trader at Wakulima wholesale market in Nakuru, a large town in the Rift Valley province, told IRIN his customers were reluctant to buy the cabbages he had just offloaded because of the new high prices. 
 
 "Transporting the produce from farms has become too expensive, forcing me to adjust my selling prices," Mogire said. "In January, it used to cost me between KSh12,000 [$150] and KSh13,000 [$163] to transport the produce from Nyeri [in central Kenya], my main source. But the price has since risen to between KSh17,000 [$213) and KSh18,000 [$225], forcing me to pass on the burden to my customers." 
 
 Mary Karanja, a resident of Kaptembwa slums near Nakuru town, told IRIN she no longer used public transport to commute from the slum to Nakuru town where she works as an office cleaner. 
 
 "In November 2010, the fare to the office was KSh20 [$0.16] but it has since escalated to KSh30 [$0.38] which I find too expensive," Karanja said. "I earn 4,000 shillings [$50] per month and KSh1,560 [$19.50] would be too much for transport yet I still have to pay rent and feed my two children." 
 
 In the coastal town of Mombasa, retailers have raised the prices of many commodities, especially foodstuffs such as maize flour, cooking oil and vegetables. 
 
 Goods in many shops and markets have gone up by at least KSh10 [$0.10] in the past week. A 2kg packet of maize flour, for instance, sold for KSh80 [$0.96] last week but is now KSh90 [$1.08]. 
 
 Transport firms in most parts of Coast Province have also doubled their prices, with owners blaming the government for the high costs of fuel. 
 
 "Fuel is a big expenditure in the transport sector and as such, any increase in the price, even if it goes up by a shilling, really affects us," Ahmed Bwanamaka, who operates a three-wheeler taxi, known as a tuk-tuk, said. "The current situation has slashed our revenue by half; we now spend more on fuel than before." 
 
 The executive director of the Federation of Kenya Employers, Jacqueline Mugo, said: "Skyrocketing fuel and food prices have made Kenyans suffer; urgent measures need to be taken to avoid social unrest. 
 
 “We plead with the government to take action to be able to stop the escalating prices. The uprising in the Middle East should not be used as a tool to increase the pump prices." 
 
 Somalia 
 
 In Somalia, consumers say the price of food is rising by the day. 
 
 Abdiwahiid, a retail trader at Bakara market in the Somali capital, Mogadishu, told IRIN food prices had drastically risen in the past two weeks and were still going up. 
 
 "Two weeks ago, I was selling 1kg of sugar at 27,000 Somali shillings [$0.90]; today I am selling it for 32,000 [$1.06]." 
 
 He said 1kg of rice was selling for 17,000 shillings [$0.56] two weeks ago but was now 24,000 [$0.80], while a litre of cooking oil had risen from 36,000 shillings [$1.20] to 50,000 shillings [$1.66]. 
 
 "Everything seems to be going up," Abdiwahiid said. "I have fewer customers than I used to and they are buying less because they cannot afford it." 
 
 Abdillahi Omar, a taxi driver in Hargeisa, capital of the self-declared Republic of Somaliland in Somalia's northwest, said fuel prices were way out of reach for many people. 
 
 "I used to buy 20 litres of fuel for $15 a week ago, today I paid $18.50," Omar said, adding that the price went up three days ago. 
 
 However, taxis in the city had not increased their rates. "We are waiting for the co-operative to discuss and give us guidance." 
 
 Ethiopia 
 
 In Ethiopia, memories of 2008, when the country's cost of living was second only to then hyper-inflated Zimbabwe, are returning to many residents of the capital, Addis Ababa. 
 
 Headlines of local newspapers at the weekend all had a common theme: rising inflation. 
 
 "The things we pay for daily, like sugar, [cooking] oil and transportation costs have increased dramatically in the last two, three months; I don't know how we will be able to survive if it keeps this way,” Etifwork Nigatu, a city resident, who makes 570 Ethiopian birr a month [$34], said. 
 
 Etifwork, a mother of one, told IRIN she and her husband, who makes 2,000 birr [$120] a month, spend half their income on food while 600 birr [$36] goes to house rent. The money they spend on food has increased, leaving them short of money for other expenses, such as water and energy for cooking. 
 
 "The prices of other commodities have skyrocketed; for example, edible oil used to be 28 birr [$1.67] a litre two months ago, now you only find it for double that price," Etifwork said. 
 
 According to the 6 April consumer price indices of Ethiopia's Central Statistical Agency (CSA), the country's overall inflation rate stood at 25 percent in March, up from 16.5 percent a month earlier. 
 
 The CSA said while non-food inflation rose to 24.3 percent from 22.0 percent in the same period, the food inflation rate showed the largest jump in more than two years, to 25.5 percent in March from 12.8 percent in February. 
 
 To attract exports, Ethiopia devalued its currency in September 2010 by almost 17 percent, leading to a sharp increase in the price of imported goods, particularly fuel. 
 
 In an attempt to pre-empt increasing costs, Ethiopia's trade ministry has, since 6 January, put price controls on various items, including major foodstuffs. However, analysts say the move has proved ineffective; since the beginning of April, state enterprises have started to import food items such as sugar, cooking oil and flour for citizens who can be seen queuing outside shops. 
 
 Burundi 
 
 In Burundi, fuel and food prices have nearly doubled in the past three months. 
 
 Jamila Manirambona, who lives in Buterere - one of the poorer suburbs of Bujumbura, the capital - hawks pancakes at a market in the city centre. She walks around the shops and stalls selling the pancakes to traders for 200 Burundian francs [$0.16] in a bid to feed, clothe and educate her two children. 
 
 "Previously, I could easily sell 150 pancakes per day and would return home as early as midday having sold all I had. Nowadays, even when I have only 75 pancakes, they rarely sell out," Manirambona told IRIN. "I spend the whole day going around the stalls. Some customers tell me to give them the pancakes on credit and that they will pay later. At the end of the day, I end up with nothing, sometimes with 7,000 francs [$5.80]." 
 
 Manirambona blames the poor purchasing power of her customers, aggravated by high food prices. 
 
 "In March, I could buy maize flour for 1,100 francs [$0.90] per kilo, now I need 1,500 [$1.23] francs to buy the same amount of maize flour. There is no other way out except to increase the price of my pancakes but I wonder who will buy them from me?" 
 
 Ngendakumana Nunu, who sells rice and beans in Bujumbura's main market, said if the prices continued to rise she would have to close shop. 
 
 Rice imported from Tanzania was sold in March for 1,200 francs [$1] but is now trading at Fr1,400 [$1.15]. A local rice variety sold at Fr1,200 [$1] in March but is now Fr1,300 [$1.07]. 
 
 Drought and the impact of the La Niña [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=89773 ] weather phenomenon have adversely affected Burundi's food security, leading to shortages of foodstuffs such as bananas, the country's staple. 
 
 Also affected is the country's transport sector. Olivier Ndayishimiye, a taxi driver in Bujumbura, told IRIN he was getting into disagreements more often with his boss over what he makes daily. 
 
 "In the evening, I bring him only 7,000 [$5.80] or 8,000 [$6.60], instead of the previous 15,000 [$12.40] but I see that he does not believe me; if he sees me circulating the whole day, he suspects me of cheating him out of the day's earnings," Ndayishimiye said. "Customers walk or take the bus when I tell them the taxi fare; others call us names, saying we are thieves trying to con them. Nowadays I spend most of the day just chatting with fellow taxi-drivers." 
 
 Rwanda 
 
 Fidèle Karinijabo, a motorcycle taxi-driver in the capital, Kigali, told IRIN his client base had shrunk in the two weeks since the sharp increase in fuel prices. 
 
 "We are wondering why the government is so slow in revising prices for transportation," Karinijabo said. 
 
 Agnes Mukanyarwaya, who sells farm produce in Nyabugogo market in a Kigali suburb said the price of many goods had almost doubled. 
 
 "There is a need to consider complaints from both consumers and sellers as most of the basic commodities such as cooking oil, sugar and rice are no longer affordable, compared to two months ago," she said. "We now prefer to sell most commodities outside the market as street vendors, because there has not been any action from government to revise fuel prices downwards." 
 
 The key, she said, was to come up with a compromise between the interests of vendors and consumers. 
 
 Rwanda's National Institute of Statistics reported in April that prices for domestic products such as bread, cereals, vegetables and transport had gone up by an annual 4.11 percent in March, against 2.56 percent in February. 
 
 Consumers in Rwanda are grouped in different associations and, although they have managed to come together to some extent in specific advocacy, they are far from achieving a united front. 
 
 "We only blame these [consumer] associations for not being able to defend the interests of the general public when looking at the extent to which prices are being distorted by business operators at the market," Sylvestre Ntakiyimana, a rice grower from Gasabo, a district of Kigali, said. 
 
 See also: Christine Amony, "Finding food for the whole family is becoming a nightmare"
 [ http://www.irinnews.org/HovReport.aspx?reportID=92541 ]
 
 pc-ca-jb-ah-rk-jk-kt-at/js/kr/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92546</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104210703030357t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 April 2011 (IRIN) - Low- and middle-income earners across eastern and central Africa are reeling from the mounting cost of living brought on by a sharp increase in commodity prices in the past few months.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFRICA: Opposition building to Great Green Wall</title><pubDate>Fri, 08 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti. 
 [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] 
 
 An estimated 10 million people faced severe food shortages due to recurrent drought and climate change in the Sahel region last year. [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34840&Cr=Africa&Cr1=hunger ] In Niger alone, the famine in 2010 left half the country’s population needing food aid and one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Some villagers in Niger described 2010 as worse than the 1973 drought that killed thousands of people, according to Malek Triki, West African spokesperson for the World Food Programme (WFP). [ http://www.wfp.org/content/aid-workers-warn-famine-disaster-niger ] 
 
 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, originally proposed by Burkina Faso’s Marxist leader Thomas Sankara in the 1980s, was later resurrected by former Nigerian President Olesegun Obasanjo in 2005 before receiving approval by the African Union in December 2006. In June 2010, 11 countries involved signed a convention in Chad to further the development of the project, but the plan remained on standby until February when it was officially approved at an international summit in Bonn, Germany. 
 
 During the summit, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/whatisgef ] set aside US$115 million to fund the wall. Mohamed I Bakarr, a senior environment specialist with GEF, told IRIN the wall “is in reality a metaphor to reflect the vision of African leaders for an integrated land-use system that addresses environment and development needs across all affected countries”. The GEF foresees the wall adopting a “mosaic” of “sustainable land-management systems with stakeholders, including grassroots communities, in all 11 countries implementing options that are appropriate to the local context”. 
 
 The plan entails each country implementing its own land, water and vegetation-management projects on up to two million hectares of land, under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. [ http://www.thegef.org/gef/press_release/great_green_wall_2011 ] Monique Barbut, CEO of the GEF, said in a statement it would not fund “an all-out tree-funding drive from Dakar to Djibouti”, but rather, would allocate the funding according to national priorities, which have yet to be finalized. In a paper adopted by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) in 2008, alleviating poverty is said to be one of the wall’s principal objectives. 
 
 The paper outlines national and regional objectives, including consolidating and expanding existing greenbelts of trees, conserving biodiversity, restoring and conserving soil and promoting income-generating activities, as well as carbon capture and storage of 0.5-3.1 million tons of carbon per year. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/donnees/Concept_Note.pdf ] 
 
 Indigenous communities "threatened" 
 
 The project has faced opposition, despite its stated commitment to combating drought and desertification, which have exacted a heavy toll on the region as a whole. Wally Menne, a member of Timberwatch, the African NGO focal point for the Global Forest Coalition, told IRIN the organization was sceptical. “In our view it seems poorly conceived in terms of both ecological and socio-economic considerations. Its chances of being a success could be limited, and it may even cause more harm to the environment,” he said. The Global Forest Coalition campaigns for the rights of indigenous and forest people and for socially just policies. 
 
 Menne added that the inclusion of carbon sequestration activities and the potential future development of REDD projects (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) as components of the GGW would require converting suitable land within the belt to fast-growing foreign species of monoculture tree plantations and carbon sinks opposed by many indigenous groups in the Sahel. Growing plantations would also require displacing people living on land earmarked for the GGW and would lead to further depletion of scarce water sources. 
 
 A concept paper on the kinds of vegetal species to be included in the GGW states that the wall will run through both inhabited and uninhabited areas, but will be located in areas where the average annual rainfall is higher than 200mm. It also stated that the only species to be adapted to the wall would be "primarily those that are found, live and develop there". [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/donnees/especes_vegetal.pdf ] 
 
 However, in a statement to the Indigenous People’s of Africa Coordinating Committee, IPACC, Sada Albachir, director of Association Tunfa, a Tuareg human rights group in Niger, said that “international agreements in the past introduced alien invasive species into the Sahara, without tackling the root problems of poor governance, dangerous uranium mining, and a failure to conserve biodiversity and water security in the arid region. I think the idea of planting a Green Wall across Africa is not to be entertained by indigenous people living in the proposed sites, unless the project has been studied in collaboration with them and they are also involved in the implementation.” [ http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/news_details.asp?NID=276 ] 
 
 The programme coordinator for the OSS, Jihed Ghannem, told IRIN such concerns were baseless. “The full participation of communities is essential,” he said. 
 
 Timberwatch’s Menne told IRIN: “In my experience, ‘consulting’ local communities usually means misinforming them about the potential impacts of a project by exaggerating how they will benefit, whilst neglecting to inform them of the negative impacts. When they say that local communities will be an integral part of the project, it normally means that they will be used to provide cheap labour.” 
 
 Part of the GGW concept plan includes a section on “Food for Work” designed to recruit unemployed workers in each country to help with the planting of the greenbelt in the Sahel. According to OSS, under the scheme, “members of the communities assuming responsibilities are paid in part at the time of planting. The remainder is paid two years later on the basis of the plant growth scale.” The plan also indicates that private businesses, including “initiators of safari parks, modern farming, ecotourist sites” will find “some economic opportunities” in the wall. [ http://www.grandemurailleverte.org/gmven/objectifs.php ] 
 
 Menne said the wall could be a useful tool to combat desertification only if “viewed as an exercise in adaptation, rather than as an opportunity for climate change mitigation and making money from CDM/REDD carbon offsets as presently envisioned”. 
 
 According to Khadija Hassan*, representative of an indigenous people’s organization, the GGW might also interfere with migration patterns of pastoral communities and instead should incorporate ancestral systems of land management. “It would be best to protect what already exists in the region, stop the felling of trees in valleys and oases, repair damage caused by climate change, educate communities about REDD and restore livestock that has been lost,” she said. “I find the project is good, but too ambitious.” 
 
 *Not her real name 
 
 zm/am/mw

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92422</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104081211530965t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 April 2011 (IRIN) - What’s green, controversial, 15km wide, 7,775km long, cuts across 11 African countries and is designed to reduce livestock deaths and boost food security for millions of people? Nothing yet, but the Great Green Wall project, a pipe-dream for decades, was recently endorsed by a swathe of African states stretching from Senegal to Djibouti.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>IRIN FILMS: Heroes of HIV - The Colonel</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104040734100094t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - When Colonel Felix Ntungumburanye was first diagnosed with HIV 10 years ago, he struggled with the decision to disclose his status.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - When Colonel Felix Ntungumburanye was first diagnosed with HIV 10 years ago, he struggled with the decision to disclose his status.
 
 "It was very difficult because there was lots of stigma and discrimination," the Burundian colonel told IRIN. "When a person tested positive it was like a death sentence. Everyone was running away from you, everyone was afraid of you."
 
 Young, highly mobile, sexually active soldiers are thought to be at particularly high risk of HIV. More than a decade ago, the UN Security Council discussed HIV/AIDS as a threat to international peace and security, galvanizing governments across the globe to take steps to address the pandemic in the ranks of their armies.
 
 Since his disclosure, Ntungumburanye has been at the forefront of the fight against HIV in Burundi's army. Today, soldiers receive regular HIV prevention messages and are encouraged to go for HIV tests; those who test positive are put on life-prolonging antiretroviral medication.
 
 IRIN's newest film, The Colonel, part of our Heroes of HIV series, tells the story of Ntungumburanye's fight to reduce stigma and improve HIV prevention and care in Burundi's armed forces.
 
 kr/mw
 ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92379</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104040734100094t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - When Colonel Felix Ntungumburanye was first diagnosed with HIV 10 years ago, he struggled with the decision to disclose his status.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: Former child soldiers &quot;languishing in poverty&quot; </title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050833470984t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - The lucky ones among Burundi&apos;s 3,421 former child soldiers who went through a demobilization, disarmament and reintegration process returned to school but most languish in poverty, with little to do, officials told IRIN. </description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - The lucky ones among Burundi's 3,421 former child soldiers who went through a demobilization, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) process returned to school but most languish in poverty, with little to do, officials told IRIN. 
 
 "We receive cases every day of these people saying their life is undermined by poverty, which prevents them from developing," Serge Mpawenayo, a supervisor of reintegrated former child soldiers in Matongo commune of Kayanza Province, said. 
 
 Cyprien Ndayishimiye, supervisor of former child soldiers in Bubanza province, said those in Bubanza and Cibitoke provinces, western Burundi, faced a similar predicament. 
 
 Ndayishimiye said the situation for many former child soldiers was "dangerous" as even those who underwent vocational training during reintegration had yet to find gainful employment or set up income-generating activities. 
 
 "Many have even sold the materials they got from the DDR programme, such as sewing machines for those who learned sewing, and planes for those who hoped carpentry would help them," Ndayishimiye said. 
 
 Funding 
 
 Burundi's DDR programme began operating in 2005, two years after civil war ended in the country with the establishment of a transitional government. 
 
 Initially, the World Bank funded the Programme de Démobilisation et de Réinsertion Transitoire, but this funding ended in July 2010. The programme is currently supported by the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), through local NGOs. 
 
 According to Sogoba Bakary, head of protection for UNICEF in Burundi, the agency's role in the demobilization process was structured around advocacy with armed groups, identifying the children and their families, support for transitional life, family tracing, reunification of the children with their families, supporting the coordination process in general and monitoring post-reunification. 
 
 "In the context of the demobilization of children associated with armed groups and forces since the [programme's] starting date, UNICEF has received support from French Cooperation and Belgium, giving a total of at least US$591,000," Sogoba said. 
 
 Désiré Ndagijimana, spokesman for the DDR programme, told IRIN some 3,041 former child soldiers underwent DDR between 2005 and 2008 while 380 others underwent the programme between 2009 and 2010. 
 
 Ndagijimana said those who resumed learning after being reunited with their families had fared better. 
 
 "Those who are at school have few problems because they are doing well at school," Ndagijimana told IRIN, adding that 102 such children returned to school, 23 of them to primary and the rest to secondary schools. 
 
 Doing well 
 
 Ndagijimana said some of those who returned to school have joined university. 
 
 Those who sustained injuries while serving as soldiers continue to receive medical help from the DDR programme, he said. 
 
 Of the former child soldiers who have undergone DDR, 380 had served in the Forces nationales de libération (FNL), the country's last rebel group to join government. 
 
 "At the separation step, we separated them from adults at a transit centre; at the second step, we sought to find out from them what vocational programme could help them in order not to send them to face a difficult life that could tempt them to robbery," he said. "At the last step, we gave them money or other material they said could help them; this was done when the children were already re-united with their families." 
 
 While Ndagijimana played down problems facing former child soldiers who returned to school, a group of them in Bubanza said they were facing difficulties due to lack of school fees. They said they could be sent home for failure to pay fees. 
 
 UNICEF's Sogoba told IRIN the former child soldiers who opted for school after demobilization continue to receive UNICEF support. 
 
 Sogoba said: "Besides attention given to these children associated with armed groups and who have been regularly demobilized, UNICEF is in charge of other children who are known as 'self-demobilized' children - those who decided to go home without passing by any known demobilization structures." 
 
 Radhika Coomaraswamy, the UN Secretary-General's Special Representative on Children and Armed Conflict, visited Burundi in 2007 and commended the country for its demobilization of former child soldiers. 
 
 dn/js/mw ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92371</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201104050833470984t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 05 April 2011 (IRIN) - The lucky ones among Burundi&apos;s 3,421 former child soldiers who went through a demobilization, disarmament and reintegration process returned to school but most languish in poverty, with little to do, officials told IRIN. </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BURUNDI: &quot;Die-in&quot; to protest lack of HIV care</title><pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2011 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20066230t.jpg" />]]>BUJUMBURA 04 April 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of Burundians living with HIV/AIDS recently staged a demonstration in the capital, Bujumbura, to protest against a lack of treatment.</description><body><![CDATA[BUJUMBURA 04 April 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of Burundians living with HIV/AIDS recently staged a demonstration in the capital, Bujumbura, to protest against a lack of treatment. 
 
 Men, women and children lay on the ground for 10 minutes to "show the government that if nothing is done rapidly - this week, this month - we will all die", said Jeanne Gapiya, a leading Burundian HIV activist. 
 
 The protest was staged on 29 March by REMUA, Reseau de Reinforcement Mutuel des Acteurs de la Première Ligne, a network of six NGOs providing HIV treatment to more than 9,000 people – about one-third of all people receiving antiretrovirals in Burundi. REMUA includes, among others, the National Association for the support of People Living with HIV/AIDS, ANSS; the Society of Women Against AIDS, SWAA, and APECOS, the Association for the Support of Children Orphaned through HIV. 
 
 According to Gapiya, despite funding from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2010, organizations caring for HIV-positive people had not signed agreements with the National Council for HIV/AIDS Control, CNLS, to access the cash. 
 
 The Global Fund approved about US$35 million to fight HIV in Burundi under its eighth round of grants. An estimated 150,000 Burundians are living with HIV; the pandemic has left more than 20,000 orphans in the central African country. 
 
 "The funds are there, we do not know why the agreements are not signed," she said. "There is nothing worse than funds not totally absorbed in spite of the needs... patients really need to be assisted." 
 
 Global Fund grants to Burundi are channelled through a coordinating body called the Intensification and Decentralization Programme for the Fight against HIV/AIDS (PRIDE), which funds CNLS, which in turn pays for HIV-positive people’s healthcare. According to Sabine Ntakarutimana, Minister of Public Health and HIV/AIDS control, problems with the implementation of PRIDE had caused the delay in disbursement of funds. 
 
 "In the drafting of the PRIDE project, the salaries of January [2011] up to June [2011] for workers from HIV organizations were not taken into account," she said, adding that Global Fund approval for a revised budget was pending. "In spite of the needs, we cannot use the funds without the approval of the Global Fund." 
 
 At a press conference on Wednesday, Ntakarutimana said following the first complaint from the NGOs several months ago, she had written to health facilities instructing them to continue to provide HIV treatment free of charge as the government waited for funds. However, NGOs say many health centres had refused to comply with the minister's directive without official agreements being signed. 
 
 Théophile Sakubu, communications officer at the network of people living with HIV/AIDS, RBP+, said access to medicines for opportunistic infections was of particular concern, as many of these were not on the list of drugs provided free by CNLS. 
 
 Burundi has suffered several setbacks in its fight to treat HIV, first missing out [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81105 ] on Global Fund grants in 2007 and facing problems with the supply [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=90128 ] of medicines for opportunistic infections in 2010. 
 
 Speaking to IRIN/PlusNews during the demonstration, a representative for orphaned and vulnerable children said: "If today nothing is done, what will become of them [orphans]? We have the right to life, to a future like other children," he said. "My brothers and sisters will now get opportunistic diseases. With no means, how will they get medical care?" 
 
 jb/kr/mw]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=92363</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20066230t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BUJUMBURA 04 April 2011 (IRIN) - Hundreds of Burundians living with HIV/AIDS recently staged a demonstration in the capital, Bujumbura, to protest against a lack of treatment.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
