<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Bangladesh</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Thu, 16 May 2013 11:30:47 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>Evacuation volunteers fan out in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Thu, 16 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305160959430064t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Some 50,000 volunteers in coastal communities across southern Bangladesh are out and about warning people to move to higher ground ahead of Cyclone Mahasen. Hundreds of thousands of people have been evacuated so far.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Some 50,000 volunteers in coastal communities across southern Bangladesh are out and about warning people to move to higher ground ahead of Cyclone Mahasen. Hundreds of thousands of people have been evacuated so far. 

“We’ve been working here for the last couple of days,” Joydev Dutt, a Red Crescent volunteer from Barguna District, told IRIN. He has spent hours riding around on his bicycle in heavy rain with a megaphone hurled over his shoulder. “People are responding to our warning. Almost all people in this cyclone-prone area have been evacuated.” 

According to local government officials, 700,000 to 800,000 people have been evacuated in 13 coastal districts under the country’s Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP), operated jointly by the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society and the government. 

The programme operates an extensive telecommunications network, including radio comunication between volunteers and CPP headquarters in Dhaka. 

To receive meteorological storm warnings, each of the 3,291 unit team leaders is provided with a transistor radio. To disseminate warning signals within the community, each team, comprised of 15 volunteers, is given a megaphone, a hand siren, a flag, and a signal light, while team leaders also get a bicycle or motorcycle, depending on the terrain and remoteness of the area. 

Bangladesh Minister of Disaster Management and Relief Abul Hassan Mahmud Ali said the government had finalized all necessary preparations. 

“At least 3,770 shelters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/76490/BANGLADESH-Cyclone-shelters-save-lives-but-more-needed ] are ready to protect cyclone-affected people. The government also instructed the authorities concerned to prepare all primary schools in coastal areas to shelter affected people,” he said, adding that all public holidays for local government workers had been cancelled. 

The government has also prepared one medical team for every union (smallest administrative unit), two for every sub-district and five for every district, while 100 tons of food will be provided to each of the 13 districts at risk. Twenty-two naval ships are on standby to assist in the rescue operation, he said. 

The category-1 cyclone, with wind gusts of 85-90km per hour over the next 24-36 hours, is expected to hit just north of Chittagong, near the border with Myanmar, according to an update issued on 15 May [ http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/un-ocha-flash-update-5-cyclone-mahasen-bangladesh-and-myanmar ] by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 

All port operations, as well as flights into Chittagong and Cox’s Bazaar have been cancelled. 

According to the latest estimates, more than four million people are living in high risk areas (districts of Chittagong and Cox’s Bazaar). 

Myanmar 

Evacuation efforts are also under way in neighbouring Myanmar’s Rakhine State, where more than 140,000 Muslim Rohingyas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96801/Briefing-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-crisis ] were displaced during two bouts of sectarian violence in 2012. 

“We are assisting the relocation in some areas by working with the communities and the state government to move vulnerable people to safer ground quickly, based on the principles of voluntariness and safety,” said Barbara Manzi, OCHA’s head of office in Sittwe. 

According to government figures released on 15 May, more than 35,500 people have been relocated from Sittwe, Minby, Myauk U, Kyauktaw, Rathedaung, Myebon and Pauktaw (townships) since 13 May, in line with stage 1 of the government’s three-stage disaster preparedness plan. 

The internally displace persons (IDPs) are being relocated to higher ground and, where possible, will be temporarily housed in government buildings, schools and mosques. 

“There has been some resistance by local residents and IDPs,” Myanmar's presidential spokesman Ye Htut said. “However, it’s imperative for everyone in the community to work together on this.” 

Burmese authorities are now calling on ethnic Buddhist Rakhine and Muslim Rohingyas to set aside their differences and come together, given the potential for a humanitarian crisis. 

Earlier this week, one of several boats carrying IDPs from a flood-prone and exposed camp off the coast of Rakhine struck rocks and capsized. Fifty-eight people are missing, feared drowned, the government says. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98046/Evacuation-volunteers-fan-out-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305160959430064t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 16 May 2013 (IRIN) - Some 50,000 volunteers in coastal communities across southern Bangladesh are out and about warning people to move to higher ground ahead of Cyclone Mahasen. Hundreds of thousands of people have been evacuated so far.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Bangladesh, Myanmar brace for Cyclone Mahasen</title><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305130811540320t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh and Myanmar are bracing for Cyclone Mahasen, a storm which could affect millions in the region, the UN has warned.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh and Myanmar are bracing for Cyclone Mahasen, a storm which could affect millions in the region, the UN has warned. 

“We are fully prepared and coordination systems are in place,” Mohammad Abdul Wazed, additional secretary of the Bangladesh Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, told IRIN on 13 May from Dhaka, noting that local disaster management committees at district and sub-district level had already been activated. 

“Starting yesterday, we have been broadcasting storm warnings every 30 minutes,” said Myanmar's presidential spokesman Ye Htut. “As a precautionary effort, some people in low-lying areas of Rakhine State have already relocated.” 

According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), a red storm alert remains in effect for Mahasen, also known as tropical Cyclone O1B, just east-northeast of Sri Lanka, now moving northwards across the Bay of Bengal towards both countries. 

Set to reach land on 16 May, the storm is expected to strike just south of the Bangladesh port city of Chittagong, but could, depending upon its final trajectory, bring life-threatening conditions for millions of people in northeast India, Bangladesh and Myanmar’s Rakhine State, OCHA warned on 12 May [ http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/bangladesh-myanmar-tropical-cyclone-mahasen-ocha-flash-update-2-12-may-2013 ].

Bangladesh 

Over the past week, parts of northeast India and Bangladesh have received 6-12 inches of rainfall so additional heavy rain will likely produce widespread flooding and possible mudslides. In the coastal Bangladesh city of Chittagong, a city of 2.5 million people, more than 15 inches of rain were recorded in the past eight days. 

Currently, the cyclone alert signal remains at Level 3 (out of 6), whereby fishermen are advised to return from sea. Once Level 4 is reached, a meeting of the cyclone preparedness committee (headed by the secretary of the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief and made up of representatives of government, Red Cross and civil society) takes place, at which point plans for evacuations will be made, Wazed explained. 

“We think Level 4 may be announced today,” he said, adding that he was awaiting word from the Bangladesh Meteorology Department. 

To date, the Department of Disaster Management has initiated preparations covering: vulnerability and risk analysis - with regular monitoring of the cyclone’s trajectory; pre-positioning of emergency relief items; information management; local level preparedness; and resource mobilization. 

Currently, humanitarian agencies in Bangladesh are revising their contingency plans for all 13 districts in the cyclone belt, including the pre-positioning of stocks in areas deemed most vulnerable. 

Myanmar 

The Burmese government is taking similar action. The Met Office is warning of heavy rain in the central region, especially in the townships of Magway, Sagaing and Mandalay, with a risk of landslides and flooding if the cyclone passes through coastal areas of western Rakhine State. 

On 15 May, rain and a thunderstorm have been predicted in the morning, followed by increasing wind and rain, as well as flash flooding later in the day. 

Aid workers are particularly concerned about the 140,000 mostly Rohingya [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96801/Briefing-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-crisis ] internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in makeshift camps in Rakhine, many of them in low-lying coastal areas susceptible to tidal surges. 

“The potential impact of the cyclone could vastly increase this risk,” said Jane Lonsdale, acting country director for Oxfam in Myanmar. “It is vital that the government takes swift action to ensure all communities, including those that are currently displaced, are in safe locations in preparation for the potential impact,” she said - a call the government has already begun to heed. 

“The government has been very proactive and assigned responsibility to the Rakhine State Government who immediately activated the emergency response committee at state and township levels, and activated their Disaster Reduction Plan which includes relocation and evacuation plans. They have developed a three-stage action process, depending on the severity of the storm, with the third stage being evacuation of a large number of IDPs using military assets,” said Kirsten Mildren, a spokeswoman for OCHA in Bangkok. 

In March, UN agencies and NGOs in Rakhine developed a Preparedness Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/inter-agency-preparednesscontingency-plan-rakhine-state-myanmar-march-2013 ] for the country’s annual rainy season, which includes contingencies for storms such as this. The plan identifies the immediate shelter needs of 69,000 people living in the most vulnerable low-lying areas as the top priority: They live in flood-prone camps and/or tents and makeshift shelters which will not withstand the rains. 

According to experts, cyclones that have hit Bangladesh and Myanmar in the past have proven particularly deadly. In 2008, Tropical Cyclone Nargis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92616/MYANMAR-Three-years-later-still-no-shelter ] left more than 100,000 dead in southern Myanmar, while in 1991, Cyclone Marian [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96555/BANGLADESH-Cyclone-shelters-for-livestock-too ] killed more than 100,000 in Bangladesh. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98024/Bangladesh-Myanmar-brace-for-Cyclone-Mahasen</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305130811540320t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh and Myanmar are bracing for Cyclone Mahasen, a storm which could affect millions in the region, the UN has warned.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Getting governments to cough up for DRR</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091116460112t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.

And yet a report [ https://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/WEB%20Humanitarianism%20in%20the%20Network%20Age%20vF%20single.pdf ] published last month by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said DRR funding accounts for only 3 percent of humanitarian aid and just 1 percent of all other development assistance.

Last year (seen as a relatively quiet year by natural disaster experts), the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) [ http://cred01.epid.ucl.ac.be/f/CredCrunch31.pdf ] recorded 310 natural disasters, leading to 9,930 deaths affecting 106 million people.

In total in the last three years, disasters have caused more than US$300 billion of recorded damage [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ].

So, if the scale of the damage is not in dispute, why is DRR not better resourced? Has the funding argument not yet been won?

Improving funding

“Funding is a challenge,” said Jordan Ryan, director of the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery at the UN Development Programme (UNDP).

“DRR doesn’t always get sufficient funding. Sometimes the donors don’t put a priority on disaster risk. They don’t always come through. So, I think we need even more attention.”

But natural disaster experts are emphatic that DRR funding is fundamentally a good investment. Estimates vary about how much can be saved, but the most conservative figures say that every $1 spent on DRR is worth $4 later on.

One example of the difference preparation can make is in what is now Bangladesh where in 1970 the Bhola cyclone killed up to 500,000 people. Nearly four decades later when another destructive storm hit (Cyclone Aila, 2009), early warning systems, hundreds of cyclone shelters, and disaster volunteer networks helped keep the country’s death toll below 200.

When natural hazards meet unprepared communities, populations are left extremely vulnerable, as seen when Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008, a country without early warning systems or storm shelters.

Perceptions of the importance of disaster preparedness vary from country to country.

“In Japan people understand this is money well spent,” Kimio Takeya, visiting senior adviser for the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), told IRIN, saying the country had been buffeted by earthquakes, typhoons and floods in the last 50 years: “Everything hit Japan.”

This follows a clear pattern. Governments find it difficult to appreciate risk and the need for risk reduction, until disaster strikes.

Changing perceptions

“I suppose that if we had won the argument [about DRR funding], we wouldn’t be making the case for increased donor commitment anymore as much as we do, so I guess the simple answer is no, we haven’t won it yet. But I do also believe that it is changing,” said Jo Scheuer, team leader for DRR and recovery at UNDP.

“The recent events, including in Japan and US, have shown clearly that they disasters affect everybody. It is an increasing risk that we are facing, particularly in terms of climate change, and if you look at the global discussions around also humanitarian aid and the resilience debate, there is a clear movement - I would say a political will - to move away from just responding to humanitarian crises or disasters, to actually building resilience.”

For donors, agencies like UNDP make the argument that DRR spending can be a means of reducing the long-term emergency humanitarian aid needed annually to deal with each new natural disaster.

“Donors are now increasingly putting money into preparedness and resilience, so that there aren’t only these millions of dollars that are for response, but that you can actually prepare countries beforehand for building their resilience, particularly in urban cities, where there’s growing infrastructure and the risk of massive potential economic damage,” Aditi Banerjee, disaster risk management specialist in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at the World Bank, told IRIN.

But beyond donors, experts say there needs to be a change of attitude in governments, which find it difficult to reallocate funds from areas like health and education to DRR.

“Of course it is very difficult to convince the political leaders or the people to spend money before the disaster. This needs something like far-sightedness,” said Takeya.

He has been looking at the impact of DRR spending on GDP growth. “We are modelling and trying to calculate and analyse for each country. There’s a definite positive pattern - we can show the evidence that… your GDP growth will go down without DRR investment,” he said.

Convincing governments that they are not yet spending what they should on DRR is crucial, said Longworth.

“The sustainability of DRR is when budget-holders, whether they be governments, local governments, or other entities actually start re-orientating their budget allocations to DRR, and that’s why we’re putting so much attention on the economic case. It is absolutely well established now that the scale of economic losses from disasters justifies significantly more investment in reducing risks.”

More data, a growing awareness of the link between the scale of a disaster and preparedness, and international initiatives like the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), agreed in January 2005 just after the Indian Ocean tsunami, have helped change perceptions about DRR.

For Banerjee at the World Bank, even in the MENA region, which has been less affected by natural disasters than others, thinking is clearly changing.

“To me this shift has been the most intense in MENA, because MENA is not typically a region that is like Asia or Latin America that is hit by a disaster every few months. It’s hit by big disasters but over time, which is why sometimes the institutional memory is forgotten. But in the five years that I’ve been here there’s been so much more dialogue on this.”

Using climate funds

One potential source of funding for DRR projects that garnered a lot of interest from delegates at March’s first DRR conference in the Arab world [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97941/Arab-cities-aim-to-build-resilience-to-natural-disasters ] is climate change resource streams.

“This is already happening. If you look at some of the projects, programmes, entities that have been funded from the various existing financial instruments related to climate change adaptation, many of those activities are actually classic DRR activities - from early warning systems to agricultural livelihood measures and so on,” said Scheuer.

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is in charge of three climate funds: the Adaptation Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund, and the Special Climate Change Fund, set up under the Kyoto Protocol to offset the negative effects of climate change in the developed world.

The first two projects [ http://irinnews.org/Report/90571/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Adaptation-Fund-starts-delivering ] under the Adaptation Fund were to help handle rising sea levels in Senegal, and water management in Honduras.

Another recent US$7.6 million project in northern Pakistan funded by the Adaptation Fund is to help communities better prepare for sudden glacial lake flooding.

“If it’s rising sea levels, or depleted water table, when you address it, you are reducing the risk, you’re also anticipating what’s coming in terms of global warming,” said Longworth.

Several Pacific countries are drawing up joint strategies at a national level to tackle DRR and climate change adaptation together.

“The issue here is not that you get a transfer from the climate pots into the disaster pots of money. The issue is that programmatically and substantively speaking, we make sure that we have the synergies between those two funding streams,” said Scheuer.

“It doesn’t matter where the money comes from; it matters that we address the issue of risk and build resilience,” he said.

But preparedness is not all about big money - much DRR work, experts stress, can be relatively cheap things like training volunteers, teaching basic first aid techniques, and making better use of tools like mobile phones that many people already have.

Sometimes it can even just be a question of remembering former ways of living that were more resilient in terms of natural hazards.

In Japan, flood prone areas in traditional communities normally had an elevated building somewhere in the area that people could escape to, with second floors commonly storing a boat to help residents escape.

Build back better

In reality, it is very difficult for governments to grasp the value of DRR until they have been the victim of a major disaster.

In the case of Algeria, it was only after the Boumerdès earthquake of 2003 and the deaths of around 3,500 people that the government beefed up regulations for the construction of schools and hospitals, according to Hichem Imouche from the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The same thing happened after the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, which levelled most of Tokyo. Building regulations were strengthened again in Japan after the Great Hanshin earthquake near the city of Kobe in 1995; rubber blocks were placed under bridges and earthquake proof shelters constructed.

“Once disaster happens it is of course a bad situation but it is a chance to revise the way of thinking,” said Takeya.

No doubt the debate will move forward when DRR experts and officials meet on 19-23 May for the Fourth Session of the Global Platform for DRR [ http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2013/ ] in Geneva, Switzerland.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98003/Analysis-Getting-governments-to-cough-up-for-DRR</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091116460112t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Calamity planning - Bangladesh role-plays quake response</title><pubDate>Tue, 07 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301153410896t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Bangladesh armed forces retrieve bodies from the country’s worst ever industrial disaster, a garment factory collapse killing over 700, contingency planning is taking place for something worse - a long-predicted earthquake striking the mega-capital of Dhaka.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Bangladesh armed forces retrieve bodies from the country’s worst ever industrial disaster [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97945/Lessons-from-Bangladesh-garment-factory-collapse ], a garment factory collapse killing over 700, contingency planning is taking place for something worse - a long-predicted earthquake [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94920/BANGLADESH-Dhaka-ill-prepared-for-quakes ] striking the mega-capital of Dhaka.

“We can’t have people just showing up with a shovel,” said Pete DeFelice, a disaster response exercise designer for the US Pacific Command [ http://www.pacom.mil/ ] (US armed forces stationed in Hawaii to promote regional security and disaster response in the Asia-Pacific), which is co-hosting a planning workshop from 5-14 May with the Bangladesh Armed Forces.

Government officers, armed forces and humanitarian organizations working in Bangladesh and other parts of the Asia-Pacific who may be among the first responders post-quake, are being presented with the following scenario: a 7.1 Richter scale earthquake 25km northwest of Dhaka, along the Modhupur Fault.

Loose sediment holding together much of the city caves in, leads to the collapse of 100,000 buildings [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97987/Analysis-Wake-up-call-for-Bangladesh-s-building-industry ]; ATMs are ransacked, looting begins, mobile phone communications are down, and most of the city's hospitals and 1,000 clinics are damaged or destroyed.

Some 400,000 people have gathered at national sports stadiums (with another 150,000 camped out in front of the national parliament); 100,000 are pronounced dead in the earliest days; railway tracks throughout the city have buckled, twisted or are torn from their rail beds. The capital’s international airport cannot accept fixed-wing aircraft; none of the electronic navigation aids work and a nearby military airfield is closed due to cracks in the runway. Seaports are operating at half-capacity, and “tortuous, single lane detours” have reduced traffic by 95 percent.

The government declares a national state of calamity during the first 72 hours.

The workshop’s goal

The goal of the workshop, co-facilitated by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, is to improve disaster relief coordination; lay out a “real estate” plan plotting humanitarian relief during such a mega-disaster; discuss forming a regional disaster coordination centre for South Asia (along the lines of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management) [ http://ahacentre.org/ ]; and answer questions on how foreign militaries can support the country as well as how the government can request international assistance.

While the country has a general National Disaster Management Plan, extending to the year 2015 [ http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/policies/v.php?id=9472 ], and drafted its first earthquake contingency plan in 2009, these plans are largely “stove-pipe” plans developed by one ministry which are poorly disseminated and understood, DeFelice said.

In December 2009 the government created an inter-ministerial, multi-agency Earthquake Preparedness and Awareness Committee - enshrined in the country’s 2010 Standing Orders on Disaster [ http://www.dmb.gov.bd/reports/SOD_rev_30210%20updated%20on%2004.02.10.pdf ] - that was meant to meet twice a year to review preparedness and awareness.

As of 2013, the committee is still not operational.

On the workshop agenda is the need to boost airport and seaport capabilities to handle humanitarian relief. David Eisenberry, a major and air logistics expert with the US Air Force, said previous US military simulations of a Bangladesh quake left questions unanswered.

“People look to air power to get the job done, especially in the first part of the disaster response. How will the country schedule aircraft? How to distribute relief with few planes? How to manage air space?”

Civil-military relations

World Vision’s national coordinator for humanitarian emergency affairs in Bangladesh, Farhana Islam, said Bangladesh’s military would be key in an earthquake response. “We [NGOs] are more equipped to respond to rural disasters, but in recent years, it is the military here that has taken the lead and has the expertise to handle the growing number of urban crises.” [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97199/102/ ]

Col J.M. Emdadul Islam with the Bangladesh Armed Forces told IRIN even though the military has led annual earthquake simulation exercises in Dhaka since 2010, “preparation has no limit” and handling disaster relief in the densely populated mega-city would be, at best, “complicated”.

Four large earthquakes (measuring at least 8.0 on the Richter scale) have struck Bangladesh since 1897, with the most recent in 1950.

The US Pacific Command’s DeFelice acknowledged the challenges of bringing together NGOs and armed forces. “The military folks are trained to solve problems on their own. We are here to help the military stay in its own lane and not to occupy every lane [in disaster relief].”

Thirty-one countries participate in the Multinational Planning Augmentation Team, which was established in 2000 by the US Pacific Command to improve multi-nation military [ https://community.apan.org/mpat/m/references/114858.aspx ] operations and coordination with aid groups to respond to crises in the Asia-Pacific.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97990/Calamity-planning-Bangladesh-role-plays-quake-response</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301153410896t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 07 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Bangladesh armed forces retrieve bodies from the country’s worst ever industrial disaster, a garment factory collapse killing over 700, contingency planning is taking place for something worse - a long-predicted earthquake striking the mega-capital of Dhaka.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: “Wake-up call” for Bangladesh’s building industry</title><pubDate>Mon, 06 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301155150667t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Corpses are still being recovered from Bangladesh’s worst industrial disaster ever - a factory building collapse on 24 April that killed at least 600 workers near the capital. Government experts are scrambling to prevent a repeat.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Corpses are still being recovered from Bangladesh’s worst industrial disaster ever - a factory building collapse on 24 April that killed at least 600 workers near the capital. Government experts are scrambling to prevent a repeat.  

“This is a wake-up call for us because a lot of construction is going on in Dhaka [the capital] and other cities, so we are definitely trying to find out the solution,” said Abdus Salam, a senior research engineer in the government’s Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI). 

One government explanation for the accident is that shoddy construction combined with vibrations from inappropriately placed heavy machinery brought down the eight-story building, known as Rana Plaza, filled with hundreds of textile workers.  

An early damage assessment (still unpublished) by NGO Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) conducted on the day of the collapse revealed how a building intended for retail merchants was being used for industrial purposes. It housed five garment factories that employed at least 3,000 workers and placed weight on the floors (including four huge electrical generators on the third and fourth floors) almost six times greater than the building was intended to bear. Support columns were erected haphazardly. Building materials and methods were below par. 

Experts say the building was but one example of a broken system for authorizing, carrying out and monitoring construction; tens of thousands more buildings - and millions of people inside them - face the same fate, said Anisur Rahman, an urban planner with ADPC’s office in Bangladesh. 

“We are looking at the foundation for a big disaster.” 

Lack of clear planning authority 

Legislation from the 1950s gave the Ministry of Housing and Public Works authority to regulate town planning, while a 2009 Municipality Act transferred that power to local governments. Since then each of the capital’s five municipalities (including Savar, the site of the industrial accident 30km outside Dhaka) has handled its own planning.  

“It’s a management mess,” admitted K.Z. Hossain Taufique, an urban planner and director of town planning for the government’s Capital Development Authority, explaining how since the 1980s, as more businesses and people located in cities, responsibility for town planning has been divided between the Housing Ministry and the Ministry of Local Government, creating a patchwork of authorization - and leaving deadly gaps.  

Unenforced building codes 

The National Building Code from 1993 [ http://buildingcode.gov.bd/ ] and building construction guidelines (2008) are rarely - at best weakly - enforced, say government experts. The UN’s highest official for disaster risk reduction, Margareta Wahlstrom, called in 2012 for an update of the building code (a process then under way for one year) to protect the seismically active country from widespread devastation. 

But Mohammed Abu Sadeque, director of the governmental Housing and Building Research Institute (which is spearheading the building code’s revision), said with the recent industrial disaster, the problem was not the code (which is “good enough” and “fairly safe and sound”), but rather its lack of enforcement.  

Corruption and lack of integrity at all levels - from dishonest architects and engineers to profiteering owners and government officials - means “cutting corners” said Bashirul Haq, an architect in Dhaka who recently served on a government committee revising the building code. 

“Dhaka has limited space. Developers are in this market for money and want to squeeze as much as they can into any space. Yes, we have a law, but who is implementing it?” he asked. 

Police have arrested the building’s owner, Mohammed Sohel Rana, as well as the engineer who approved the building’s design.  

Low professional standards 

Haq has advocated a professional registry of architects and engineers to weed out unethical ones and to boost standards. “Design needs to be more rigorous, especially these days,” said the near-retiring architect, referring to the country’s high risk to natural disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97889/Political-instability-undermines-disaster-preparedness-in-Bangladesh ], as well as the steady pace of factory construction in cities.  

The current process of signing off constructions as safe is haphazard and ill-informed, he added. Though companies should submit detailed plans to their local planning officials, which are then approved by an architect and engineer, mostly only rough sketches and outlines are required now, said Haq. 

Local government may not have engineers or architects qualified to give approval, he added. 

“Overall, building-oriented disaster management needs strengthening,” he concluded. By shaving off 0.3 metre of a staircase’s width, designers can help prevent a stampede during an emergency as only two people are able to fit through at once, which is “only a detail, but an important one”, said Haq. Suggested revisions to the building code are now before parliament. 

Poor land use 

The building collapse highlighted the dangers of unplanned development, said ADPC’s Rahman. According to the 20-year Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan [ http://www.rajukdhaka.gov.bd/rajuk/dapHome ], effective until 2015, extra attention was to be paid to construction in Savar due to three fault lines that pass through the municipality, making it the “most severe” earthquake zone nationwide.  

“That plan has essentially been ignored, something that everyone shares blame [for], starting with the `Rajuk’ [Capital Development Authority],” said Rahman. 

But due to the 2009 Municipality Act, the Capital Development Authority cannot intervene in municipal planning, the group’s chairman, Nurul Huda, told IRIN. “If I were to come over [to Savar’s municipal government] asking questions about land use, they would ask me, ‘Who are you to come here?’”  

He said his office has requested the Ministry of Housing and Public Works to “clarify the controversy” surrounding conflicting laws in an effort to regain control of the capital’s planning.  

Also needed is a re-evaluation of ways to disperse industrial development to prevent over-construction in any one area, said Rahman. “There are vacant industrial zones to re-locate new factories,” he said, mentioning the southwestern city of Khulna (formerly a jute industrial zone) as one way to spread the risk of buildings collapsing in an earthquake.  

Change interrupted 

“Finding a regulatory body to prevent a similar tragedy - that is our goal,” said Salam with the Housing and Building Research Institute. He said proposals are circulating on boosting local officials’ expertise on construction standards and safety monitoring, as well as creating high-level district committees that will bring together architects, engineers, health officials and representatives from local government and the Ministry of Housing and Public Works. 

Meanwhile, the Urban Development Directorate, part of the Housing Ministry, is seeking government approval to draft a national urbanization plan up to 2021 which would centralize planning power in the Housing Ministry once again.  

The country’s Garment Manufacturers’ and Exporters’ Association has asked garment factories in the capital to submit structural drawings, while the labour and employment minister is heading another committee to investigate factories outside the capital. 

As of 2011, there were some 5,100 garment factories nationwide employing 3.6 million people, according to the trade organization.  

The Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology is supposed to conduct risk assessments to find the most vulnerable buildings in the capital. Halfway completed is a visual seismic assessment by the government’s Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme of some 400,000 buildings, also in the capital area. 

Altogether, there are some 1.26 million residential and commercial structures there, according to the Capital Development Authority.  

There are already some 5,000 cases against owners occupying unsafe buildings in Dhaka, but without court orders city officials have not been able to evict them, said the chairman, Huda. Since 2010, processing time has improved somewhat due to three mobile courts handling the backlog, he added.  

Rahman from ADPC remains skeptical about pledges to reform the building industry. He heard similar promises following a 2005 commercial building collapse in Palash Bari (near the Savar disaster) that killed near 70 and left dozens more missing; a 2010 chemical explosion in a residential area of the capital caused by improperly stored chemicals, which killed 120; and most recently, a fire in a garment factory in November 2012 that killed at least 100. 

But Dhaka’s development authority chairman, Huda, said efforts to change have been under way. Since 2010, his request for more engineers and architects has gone through six departments in three ministries for approval.  “We hope to be able to recruit more experts soon.” 

pt/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97987/Analysis-Wake-up-call-for-Bangladesh-s-building-industry</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301155150667t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 06 May 2013 (IRIN) - Corpses are still being recovered from Bangladesh’s worst industrial disaster ever - a factory building collapse on 24 April that killed at least 600 workers near the capital. Government experts are scrambling to prevent a repeat.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Lessons from Bangladesh garment factory collapse</title><pubDate>Tue, 30 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301153410896t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh must strengthen its urban search and rescue capacity, say experts, following the collapse of an eight-story factory building outside Dhaka which left nearly 400 dead.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh must strengthen its urban search and rescue capacity, say experts, following the collapse of an eight-story factory building outside Dhaka which left nearly 400 dead.

“This most recent tragedy highlights the need for the government to do more in the area of urban search and rescue,” Gerson Brandao, humanitarian affairs adviser to the office of the UN resident coordinator, told IRIN.

“Noble efforts were made to reach many of the survivors, particularly by volunteers, but unfortunately it was not enough.”

On 24 April, at least 385 people were killed when the concrete structure collapsed in Bangladesh’s Savar industrial suburb (24km northwest Dhaka), trapping more than 3,000 mostly garment workers inside.

Brandao’s comments follow criticism of the authorities’ overall handling of the operation, and the Bangladeshi government’s rejection of international search and rescue offers, including by members of the International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) [ http://www.unocha.org/what-we-do/coordination-tools/insarag/overview ], a network of disaster-prone and disaster-responding countries and organizations dedicated to urban search and rescue (USAR) [ http://www.usar.org/ ] and operational field coordination, just hours after the building’s collapse.

Bangladesh Home Minister Muhiuddin Khan Alamgir defended the decision saying no help was needed because the country’s local emergency services were well equipped.

Many describe it as Bangladesh’s worst industrial accident since the country gained independence in 1971.

More than 2,000 volunteers and local rescue teams rushed to the scene to assist. However, they soon found themselves overwhelmed and ill-equipped.

“There is a notable gap in specialized and sophisticated equipment such as micro-cameras which can go under the rubble to search for survivors, as well as scanners that can detect human heat,” Brandao noted, adding that there was also no sniffer dog capacity to identify survivors under the rubble.

In addition to a lack of specialized equipment, however, many of the volunteers, including some trained by the authorities to respond in such situations, did not even have protective gear such as gloves and helmets.

“Rescuers were even asking members of the public for flashlights,” said one international aid worker who preferred anonymity and who visited the scene.

A wake-up call?

Others criticized the overall coordination of the operation, describing it as “confused”.

“The incident reminds us that we are not prepared for a major earthquake. When we face difficulties to operate rescue operations in one building, it’s not difficult to understand what might happen in a major earthquake,” said Mehedi Ahmed Ansary, an earthquake expert and professor at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology.

Densely populated Dhaka is at high risk of an earthquake [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89491/BANGLADESH-Getting-ready-for-the-big-one ], experts say.

“In a major earthquake, 100-200 buildings may collapse. It would be difficult to conduct a rescue operation with the present capacity,” Ansary said.

Brandao also called for institutional reform, noting that in Bangladesh the fire service and civil defence are one institution, but the two bodies have different sets of skills.

“The Bangladesh fire services and civil defence are very well trained in dealing with fires, but lack the capacity and training needed for civil defence, of which urban search and rescue is a component,” he said.

According to the Department of Disaster Management [ http://www.dmb.gov.bd/ ], the government has 23,000 trained volunteers and plans to train 66,000 more in the coming years. However, confidence even within the department is low.

“If we can’t manage a rescue operation in one building, how can we possibly manage one when many buildings collapse,” said one official who asked not to be identified.

mw/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97945/Lessons-from-Bangladesh-garment-factory-collapse</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304301153410896t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 30 April 2013 (IRIN) - Bangladesh must strengthen its urban search and rescue capacity, say experts, following the collapse of an eight-story factory building outside Dhaka which left nearly 400 dead.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Political instability undermines disaster preparedness in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200708256t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 22 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ongoing political instability in Bangladesh is undermining disaster preparedness efforts, experts warn. From January to April 2013, opposition parties have enforced 18 nationwide strikes throughout Bangladesh, with even more enforced at the regional and district level, according to security analysts.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 22 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ongoing political instability in Bangladesh is undermining disaster preparedness efforts, experts warn. From January to April 2013, opposition parties have enforced 18 nationwide strikes throughout Bangladesh, with even more enforced at the regional and district level, according to security analysts.

“Due to consecutive strikes, our collective ability as a humanitarian community to meet, plan, implement or monitor development has become limited,” Gerson Brandao, humanitarian affairs adviser to the office of the UN resident coordinator in Bangladesh, told IRIN. He noted that field visits have been postponed, which limits humanitarian groups’ ability support to local partners.

Strikers’ demands include: the release of jailed opposition leaders; the cancellation of a state-appointed International Crimes Tribunal [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97738/Time-to-reconcile-in-Bangladesh ] investigating war crimes by collaborators during the 1971 war of independence; and the reinstatement of a care-taker government system to run the country’s next national poll, scheduled for 2014.

When a strike is called, there is typically a total shut down of civilian vehicles on the road. And if any vehicles are seen on the street, opposition activist vandalize or set fire to them.

“I am worried that in the event of a major disaster - as it’s likely, given we are in the middle of the cyclone season - the capacity of development partners to complement the assistance provided by the government to disaster-affected people will be to some extent reduced,” Brandao said.

According to the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ], Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80808/BANGLADESH-Working-to-improve-disaster-preparedness ] is ranked one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with cyclones striking coastal regions almost every year.

More than two-thirds of the country’s 64 districts are prone to natural disasters, including cyclones, floods, landslides, tornadoes and drought.

Development work interrupted

Meanwhile, the ongoing political turmoil is taking its toll on development work.

“Strikes do delay the implementation of activities we funded. For instance, cash-based transfers are not implemented during strikes. And usually INGOs [international NGOs] and UN partners are not able to use their vehicles on those days, which means their programmes come to a halt, and monitoring cannot be done," said Olivier Brouant, head of office of the European Commission’s humanitarian arm (ECHO) in Dhaka.

ECHO is one the largest donors in Bangladesh, providing 30.65 million euros to address humanitarian needs in 2012 and 2013, and 3.65 million euros for disaster risk reduction projects in 2013 and 2014.

To cope with the strikes, Plan International in Bangladesh has changed its working pattern.

“We have shifted some of our event-based activities to the weekends, and to make up working days lost in strikes for the staff who still cannot come to the office on a hartal (local word for strike) day, they are now working on weekends or making up time by working late,”

According to Gareth Price-Jones, country director for Oxfam, the situation is manageable. But he added: “We are worried for the future, though, and with other NGOs and the UN, we are reminding all actors of the protected status of humanitarian work under international law, which should enable us to keep working even if the situation worsens.”

mh/ds/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97889/Political-instability-undermines-disaster-preparedness-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/200708256t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 22 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ongoing political instability in Bangladesh is undermining disaster preparedness efforts, experts warn. From January to April 2013, opposition parties have enforced 18 nationwide strikes throughout Bangladesh, with even more enforced at the regional and district level, according to security analysts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Why food can kill in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111030270196t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food can just as easily kill as it keeps people alive, experts have learned in Bangladesh, where excessive use of pesticide, unregulated street food and lack of awareness about food safety sicken millions annually.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food can just as easily kill as it keeps people alive, experts have learned in Bangladesh, where excessive use of pesticide, unregulated street food and lack of awareness about food safety sicken millions annually [ http://www.iphn.gov.bd/english/food.html ].

“Every day we are eating dangerous foods, which are triggering deadly diseases,” said Kazi Faruque, president of the nonprofit Consumer Association of Bangladesh [ http://www.consumerbd.org ] (CAB).

Children younger than five in Bangladesh are at the greatest risk from eating unsafe food, which causes at least 18 percent of deaths in that age group and 10 percent of adults’ deaths, according to a 2006 study cited by the US-based University of Minnesota’s Centre for Animal Health and Food Safety [ http://www.cahfs.umn.edu/appliedresearch/globalohimplement/CompellingStories/bangladesh-food-safety/index.htm ].

Shah M. Faruque, director of the Centre for Food and Waterborne Disease at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, told IRIN this trend has continued, and may worsen as urbanization strains clean water supply [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95331/BANGLADESH-Dhaka-s-worrying-water-supply ] in the capital, Dhaka.

On average, he said from 300 to 1,000 patients visit his medical clinic in Dhaka daily, mostly because of diarrhoea or cholera, which are often traced back to food or drink.

Pesticides and poor planning

Experts say the farm is one starting point for how food can turn fatal.

“Many farmers in the country use an excessive amount of pesticide in agricultural products hoping to [boost] output, while ignoring [the] serious health impacts on consumers,” said Nurul Alam Masud, head of the Participatory Research and Action Network (PRAN), a local NGO.

Despite repeated warnings [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96223/BANGLADESH-Farmers-not-heeding-pesticide-warnings ] from the government about this issue, lack of coordination among public agencies has hampered effective controls, said Hasan Ahmmed Chowdhury, a UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) advisor on food safety policies.

FAO is advocating a “farm to table” approach [ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sag124.doc.htm ] that addresses how food is grown or raised, to how it is collected, processed, packaged, sold and consumed.

Urban poor

In 2009, Bangladesh’s parliament passed the country’s first consumer protection law covering food safety and security. New standards included requiring food labels, creating safety testing standards, monitoring products for chemical and microbial hazards, and holding producers accountable by levying fines for violations.

This law joined several others aimed at regulating food quality: Bangladesh Pure Food Ordinance (1959), Fish and Fish Product Rules (1997) and the Radiation Protection Act (1987).

Safe and nutritious food for all is also guaranteed in the constitution - but on the streets, it is a different matter.

“Street vendors operating small, unregulated carts feed millions of people daily, offering no guarantee of safety, with approximately one in six people becoming ill after eating out,” said Sohana Sharmin Chowdhury, head of urban development and communicable diseases at the local NGO Eminence [ http://www.eminence-bd.org ].

This risk makes life even harder for slum dwellers who rely on street food for its ease and affordability, she said. “Health care is already a challenge for [the] slum population. This disease burden from unsafe food consumption adds up to their misery.”

At least 5 percent of Bangladesh’s 170 million people live in illegal housing settlements [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc/files/SOWC_2012-Main_Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf ]. According to a 2008 Asian Development Bank study, poor people in Bangladesh, particularly those in cities, find it difficult to prepare food at home as they spend so much time outside the home earning a living.

“Many of them end up eating cheap [ready-made meals] of low quality purchased from small shops or street vendors,” Chowdhury said.

Even though street food sales are illegal, and therefore unregulated, unofficial estimates hold that authorities tolerate about 200,000 food carts selling everything from samuchas - deep fried minced meat or vegetables wrapped in flour - to yogurt “lassi” drinks.

Profit at any cost

Faruque of CAB said vendors’ “philosophy of making profit at any cost” puts consumers at risk.

A common practice among food vendors is to spray fish, fruits and vegetables with chemical preservatives including formalin - a commercial solution of formaldehyde and water - to boost food’s lifespan and appearance.

Formaldehyde is typically used to preserve human corpses, as well as leather and textile products, said Razibul Islam Razon, a medical doctor in the capital who has treated food poisoning.

The chemical’s short-term effects include: a burning sensation in the eyes, nose and throat; coughing; wheezing; nausea; and skin irritation. As for potential long-term health consequences, formaldehyde has been identified as a human carcinogen [ http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol88/index.php ].

Shah Monir Hossain, a senior adviser at FAO in Bangladesh, said renal failure, cancer and liver damage - all potentially fatal - can be linked to the consumption of unsafe food, but the “extent of food-borne illness is yet unknown”. He predicted the situation will improve with more oversight.

But the private sector is hitting back.

“We are using a special preservative detector machine to check food [for] formalin at our sourcing in order to make sure that our customers receive safe food,” said Sabbir Hasan Nasir, executive director of a company running 40 all-in-one shopping centres [ http://www.shwapno.com/about.php ] nationwide serving about 20,000 customers daily.

“Customers can even check foods in our store through a machine in order to detect formalin,” he added.

Meanwhile, the local NGO Citizens Solidarity [ http://www.solidarity-bd.org ] recently sent a notice to the government requesting legal steps to force vendors to cease and desist unethical vending practices.

But even when vendors do not knowingly engage in unsafe food handling, their lack of knowledge, coupled with long work hours and their own precarious health, can sicken customers, according to a 2010 FAO-government initiative [ http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/pR_7_of_04_Final_Techncial_Report_-_Approved.pdf ] to boost healthy street food.

The projects’ researchers tested 426 food samples from Dhaka vendors who had not undergone any food hygiene training and 135 from those who had. Samples from untrained vendors had almost uniformly “overwhelming” high bacteria counts, while results from trained vendors largely fell within international safety standards.

The researchers called on the government to develop a policy to “assist, maintain and control” street food vending.

Government efforts

The government is set to create the Bangladesh Food Safety and Quality Control Authority to boost control of street food and to criminalize unsafe food handling, he told IRIN.

Under the National Food Safety and Quality Act 2013, this authority will be created within the next two months, said Ahmed Hossain Khan, director-general of the Directorate General of Food in the same ministry [ http://www.dgfood.gov.bd/index.php ].

The draft act addresses weaknesses in the existing food safety regulatory system, including the scant enforcement of food control laws along the entire supply chain. It also introduces a national food-borne disease surveillance system and outlines an emergency response plan in case of a disease outbreak linked to food.

“We identified existing loopholes in our food safety system, and this act will help us radically improve our approach in food safety regulation,” Khan said.

But Nazrul Islam, an associate professor at the Dhaka School of Economics, said regulatory policies alone have failed to solve the food safety problem, and that the government needs to examine the economic roots of unsafe food: the underclass of farmers responsible for feeding the country.

One start, he suggested, is guaranteeing farmers fair prices, a longstanding grievance of producers who accuse middlemen traders and end consumers of profit gouging.

“This may encourage farmers not to go for unethical practices up to a certain extent,” said Islam, adding that better agricultural extension services, easier access to information for farmers and strict regulatory measures are equally important.

The Asian Development Bank is supporting private agribusiness production facilities [ http://www.adb.org/projects/46904-014/details ] that will pay guaranteed prices to 50,000 contracted farmers.

But more is needed, Islam said. “The biggest challenge the country is facing in ensuring a meaningful food security for its…people is food safety.”

The 2012 Global Hunger Index [ http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2012-global-hunger-index ] places the country’s hunger situation in an “alarming” range, with too few people being able to eat nutritious, life-sustaining food.

mh/pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97824/Analysis-Why-food-can-kill-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111030270196t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - Food can just as easily kill as it keeps people alive, experts have learned in Bangladesh, where excessive use of pesticide, unregulated street food and lack of awareness about food safety sicken millions annually.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Better urban planning needed to dodge disasters</title><pubDate>Tue, 09 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100944380963t.jpg" />]]>COLOMBO 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - With the world’s mega-cities growing even larger, policymakers - especially those in developing countries - need urban planning that will help these areas withstand the impacts of natural disasters.</description><body><![CDATA[COLOMBO 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - With the world’s mega-cities growing even larger, policymakers - especially those in developing countries - need urban planning that will help these areas withstand the impacts of natural disasters.

The urban population in developing countries is expected to double to four billion people by 2030, from two billion at the start of the century, according to a recent World Bank report [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSDNET/Resources/Urbanization-Planning-Connecting-Financing-2013.pdf ] on urban planning.

The physical space of these cities is likely to triple in size to 600,000sqkm over the same period, the report revealed, noting that implementing the right planning policies will be “the key to resilient and sustainable development”.

Abhas K. Jha, a World Bank sector manager for urban and disaster risk management in East Asia and the Pacific, based in Washington, DC, told IRIN it is crucial for government officials to build cities’ “resilience” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97584/Understanding-resilience ] to disaster.

Need risk assessment

“An assessment of the risk levels [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97379/Needs-assessment-fatigue-in-Bangladesh-less-is-more ], a cost-benefit analysis of available interventions, and an inventory of existing capacity and financial resources can guide decision-makers in cities or in national governments in the prioritization of concrete actions,” Jha said.

He added that the first step is to understand risks at the national, regional and city levels.

“We have seen that disasters can wipe out decades of progress [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ], and that [these] impacts can be felt throughout the whole region and globally, too, through supply chains and trade patterns,” said the Bank expert.

O.P. Agrawal, an urban transport specialist and one of the co-authors of the World Bank report, said planning is paramount to avoid hefty disaster-related bills. “The sooner you get into planning cities, even those cities that are already large, the more cost-effective it will be.”

Having a lead agency helps, he said, “to get good urban planning off the ground” so city services know about one another’s plans, urban emergency services are handled more effectively and land use is regulated more easily.

Urban flooding

South Asia is home to some of the fastest-growing cities worldwide. Some of the main cities in the region include Dhaka, Bangladesh, which has a population of 13-15 million and is home to 37 percent of the country’s people [ http://cusdhaka.org/ ], and Colombo, Sri Lanka, which has a population of 753,000. Both are the main economic engines of their countries and are prone to natural disasters, with floods being a top threat.

“Looking at the economic impacts, urban flooding is becoming increasingly costly as low- and middle-income countries transition to largely urban societies,” Jha said.

Asia has nine of the 10 cities expected to be most prone to coastal flooding by 2070, according to a 2010 World Bank report [ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/Resources/226300-1287600424406/coastal_megacities_fullreport.pdf ].

Jha told IRIN many cities around the world - including Chicago, New York and Seattle in the US; Enkoping in Sweden; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Manila, Philippines - have actively integrated flood protection into their planning policies.

After months of prolonged flooding in Thailand in late October 2011, experts told IRIN that key ways to prevent urban flooding [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94319/HOW-TO-Build-a-flood-resilient-city ] included developing - and keeping updated - an urban “master plan” that protects concentrations of economic and human capital; spreading out development projects so as to not overload any one city; boosting water resource management; involving the private sector in flood control management; and re-evaluating flood control systems.

India

India, with its exploding urban population - in the last decade, 90 million joined the national urban population - is increasingly taking note of these tips. In densely populated countries like China and India, even small disasters can leave millions affected.

“We have to keep these millions out of harm’s way,” said Asesh Maitra, former director at the School of Planning and Architecture in New Delhi.

The Indian National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) [ http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/index.html ], headed by the prime minister, creates national disaster-management policies. Chief ministers in each of India’s 28 states and officials at 640 district level committees tailor those policies through local laws.

“There are changes taking place. The earthquake and cyclone resistance codes applied to constructions is being changed so that they can withstand disasters. There is also a disaster management institute [ http://nidm.gov.in/default.asp ] that trains [public and private] personnel,” said Maitra.

Originally part of the NDMC, the institute now carries out independent training, research and documentation and provides policy advice and analysis.

But experts say India needs to be more proactive.

The World Bank report gave Mumbai’s urban density policies as an example: Mumbai preserves large zones of uniform, relatively low density - an effort to not overburden the city’s infrastructure - instead of applying caps based on street capacity and width, as is done in Manhattan, New York. The report concluded that India’s uniform-density approach promotes sprawl, whereas the rising land values that accompany increased densities could help fund better infrastructure.

Agrawal, the former Indian administrative official, said India needs to promote “compact cities” that concentrate facilities like housing, transport and public services where people are most likely to move or currently live.

Clustered services, along with good public transit, allow for better land use, make it easier to respond to emergencies, maintain drainage and water retention areas, keep waterways clear, and fight sprawl - which can spawn urban disasters, he explained [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97199/102/ ].

Sri Lanka’s flash-flood response

City planners [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91093/SRI-LANKA-Better-planning-regs-needed-to-reduce-flash-flooding ] trying to save Colombo from frequent, and expensive, flash floods know precisely why the city goes underwater so often.

One reason is beyond their control: changing weather patterns have brought short but intense bursts of rains on the densely populated city. The other is preventable: waterways are clogged and water retention areas are insufficient.

“In the last 10 years we have lost 30 percent of our water-retention capacity [in Colombo],” said Rohan Seneviratne, additional secretary to the Ministry of Defence and Urban Development. The loss is due to land reclamation for illegal constructions, including in marshes and wetlands, the official said.

Flooding in May 2010, when over 500mm of rain was recorded in just 24 hours (about one-fourth the average annual rainfall), caused the city some $50 million in losses, according to an internal World Bank assessment.

The government is now digging six new lakes around the capital city in effort to boost rainwater storage. It is also setting up pumping stations at key outlets to the sea to more quickly flush out floodwaters during storms.

The artificial lakes and pumping stations are part of a $233 million project [ http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/02/27/000333038_20120227233002/Rendered/PDF/662580PAD0Box30official0use0only090.pdf ], primarily funded by the World Bank, launched in mid-2012.

The waterway expansion project is scheduled for completion in 2017.

ap/pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97814/Analysis-Better-urban-planning-needed-to-dodge-disasters</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100944380963t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COLOMBO 09 April 2013 (IRIN) - With the world’s mega-cities growing even larger, policymakers - especially those in developing countries - need urban planning that will help these areas withstand the impacts of natural disasters.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Time to reconcile in Bangladesh?</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303270242210868t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 27 March 2013 (IRIN) - Recent civil unrest on the streets of Bangladesh has left experts questioning how to move past the country’s violent birth - without incurring more deaths. “This is unprecedented violence of a shocking nature. The nation never experienced such violence in post-independent Bangladesh,” said Sabir Mustafa, a London-based political specialist covering Bangladeshi politics.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 27 March 2013 (IRIN) - Recent civil unrest on the streets of Bangladesh has left experts questioning how to move past the country’s violent birth - without incurring more deaths. 

“This is unprecedented violence of a shocking nature. The nation never experienced such violence in post-independent Bangladesh,” said Sabir Mustafa, a London-based political specialist covering Bangladeshi politics. 

Violence broke out after supporters of Bangladesh’s largest Islamist political party, Jamaat-e-Islami, took to the streets in early March after Delawar Hossain Sayede, a top party leader, was sentenced to death for crimes against humanity during the country’s liberation war with Pakistan in 1971. 

The unrest has killed at least 98 people, including civilians, according to civil society estimates [ http://www.odhikar.org/documents/2013/Statement_2013/Statement_Odhikar%20_%20Eng.pdf ]. Analysts say it is among the worst violence since independence, when some three million died, according to the government [ http://www.mofa.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=692&Itemid=177 ]; independent estimates [ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201 ] put the total at under half a million deaths. 

With at least seven more verdicts, appeals and hangings due, calls are mounting to minimize violence while addressing the country’s violent past. 

Whose truth? 

The problem with any war crimes tribunal, according to Morten Bergsmo, director of the Brussels-based Centre for International Law Research and Policy, is that the tribunal, alone, cannot reconcile a divided country still grieving from massive human rights abuses. 

“Criminal trials are never perfect... When all remedies are exhausted - national and international - we are left with a judicial truth, which may or may not reconcile society... War crimes justice hits a few defendants, while the crimes of the latter may have crushed thousands.” 

To help find “historical truth” Bergsmo recommended making a state-run national archive on the independence war publicly available, and increasing its collection. 

Bina D’Costa, an expert on security and human rights at the Australian National University, who is a Bangladeshi, said that while growing up in the capital, Dhaka, in the 1980s under the military dictatorship of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, she was exposed to conflicting versions of the war from schoolbooks. It was only when she left the country to pursue academic research that she learned, in detail, about the atrocities of the war. 

“The revisionist history, particularly through the school curriculum, succeeded in strengthening some narratives and marginalizing others. As a result we see the generation is now divided over the official history of the war,” said Costa, who called for “a commission for healing that would uncover these various narratives of historical truth”. 

“There is no credible and generally acceptable view of what exactly happened, why [it] happened, the extent of what happened, who did what, who were the criminals and who were the victims,” added Muhammad Ahmedullah, secretary of a London-based Bangladesh diaspora group [ http://www.bricklanecircle.org/Brick_Lane_Circle.html ].

Arriving at a common memory is one start to reconciliation; without that consensus, people cannot explain, justify or apologize for what they did or supported - at times under force or threat - he added. 

But a collective understanding of the past is not what Mojibur Rahman - a 74-year-old who lost 17 family members, including his parents, in a Pakistani military assault - seeks. Rather, he wants convictions. 

Altogether, he estimates more than 100 unarmed civilians died in the attack on his village in Barisal District. 

“There is an absolute need to bring the war criminals [to justice]. I feel it is an outright necessity for us to get some sort of justice for our loss [and] that the trial of war criminals is impartial and free of politicization.” 

War tribunal 

The state-appointed International Crimes Tribunal, set up in 2010, has to date charged 12 people of committing war crimes. 

Since the 1970s, of the 90 countries worldwide that have systematically addressed gross human rights violations within their borders, about 40 have set up truth commissions, while another 50 have used criminal proceedings, said Hun Joon, a transitional justice expert at Griffith University’s Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia. 

“All these processes, almost all the time, face some sort of reaction from either members of the previous regimes or their ardent supporters who try to thwart the process,” Joon wrote to IRIN. 

Leaders from Jamaat-e-Islami, to which eight of the charged belong, and leaders of the Bangladesh National Party, to which two of the charged belong, have accused the trial of being politicized by the ruling Awami League to undermine opposition ahead of January 2014 general election. 

The Geneva-based International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) [ http://www.icj.org/bangladesh-international-crimes-tribunal-should-pursue-justice-not-vengeance ] condemned the death sentence handed down to Jamaat’s leader, Sayede, calling for “justice, not vengeance”. ICJ has said the tribunal has had “serious procedure flaws at all stages”, including accusations of witness abduction and intimidation, as well as collusion between the government, prosecutors and judges, all of which the government denies. 

“It is not a politicized trial. It is an open court full of transparency that manifests government commitment to democratic rule,” Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs Shafique Ahmed told IRIN. 

“The tribunal has been made fully independent of the executive. Its prosecution and investigative agencies are separate entities. The government has no scope for interfering with the tribunal,” he added. 

Reconciliation still far off 

Following violent street protests, the police have adopted a zero-tolerance policy, opening fire on protesters and killing indiscriminately, according to Odhikar, a local human rights NGO. Local media have reported between 67 and 185 deaths, including eight police. 

Country analyst Mustafa said that while politics in Bangladesh has always had a violent streak, “never before have protesters targeted police forces and local administration infrastructure... This raised a major concern about internal security and the government’s ability to deliver services.” 

Bergsmo, the legal researcher, called for “restraint and prudence both on the part of those who fear and those who favour the war crimes process” as the trials continue. 

Bergsmo also recommended clemency for the convicted: “The fact that more than 40 years have transpired and that Bangladesh remains a largely divided society invites clemency in the interest of reconciliation and unity.” 

But for Ali Riaz, the chair of politics at the US-based Illinois State University, reconciliation is “irrelevant” if perpetrators of the 1971 violence have not admitted guilt. 

“In Bangladesh the ‘truth’ was never addressed. Never ever [was] there an admission from the part of the perpetrators that they, as a collective entity and as individuals, have committed crimes against a nation, against humanity,” Riaz told IRIN. “Until such [an] admission is made, the question of reconciliation remains irrelevant.” 

Minister Ahmed confirmed the government is not considering any plan for reconciliation while criminal proceedings are ongoing. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97738/Time-to-reconcile-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303270242210868t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 27 March 2013 (IRIN) - Recent civil unrest on the streets of Bangladesh has left experts questioning how to move past the country’s violent birth - without incurring more deaths. “This is unprecedented violence of a shocking nature. The nation never experienced such violence in post-independent Bangladesh,” said Sabir Mustafa, a London-based political specialist covering Bangladeshi politics.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Furore over Australian detention of immigrant children</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303050339560690t.jpg" />]]>MELBOURNE 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - Australia is failing in its international obligations to protect the rights of close to 2,000 children now in immigration detention, say rights groups and legal experts.</description><body><![CDATA[MELBOURNE 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - Australia is failing in its international obligations to protect the rights of close to 2,000 children now in immigration detention, say rights groups and legal experts. 

“You cannot underestimate the human cost of detaining children,” Jeroen Van Hove, the coordinator of the International Detention Coalition (IDC) [ http://idcoalition.org/ ], an umbrella group of 258 members (including organizations) working in 50 countries around the world, based in Belgium, told IRIN, describing Australia’s detention regimes as one of the “harshest” in the world. 

“The current detention policy causes serious damage to these children and has been criticized internationally for its human rights violations.” 

According to Australia's Department of Immigration and Citizenship [ http://www.immi.gov.au/ ], as of 1 March there were 1,983 children (under 18) in immigration detention, including 998 in secure locked facilities and 985 detained in the community (the preferred option for children as it allows them to live in community-based accommodation without the need to be escorted outside a locked facility). 

Of these, 281 are detained on Christmas Island (off the coast of Indonesia), while a further 34 are on remote Manus Island in Papua New Guinea (PNG) as part of the government’s controversial offshore processing efforts. 

Activists there describe conditions as “overwhelmingly inadequate” [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97243/Activists-rap-Australia-s-offshore-processing-of-migrants ].

This is a “blatant violation of international norms and arguably in breach of a range of UN Conventions,” Linda Briskman, a professor of human rights at Swinburne University, charged. “There is a mounting body of evidence, particularly from mental health professionals and researchers that reveals the terrible harms resulting from the detention of children." 

Mental health impact 

Asylum advocacy groups in Australia have long raised concerns following reports of self-harm and trauma experienced by children in low-security facilities. 

In February, an Australian-based organization, the Darwin Asylum Seeker Support and Advocacy Network (DASSAN) [ http://dassan.weebly.com/ ], received reports from the Immigration Department under Australia’s Freedom of Information Act detailing self-harm among children at two Darwin detention centres. 

“These reports explain there were 26 self-harm incidents in Darwin centres from August 2010 to November 2011. The youngest child was only nine years old and he took an overdose of Panadeine, knowing what the full effects on him would be,” DASSAN coordinator Fernanda Dahlstrom said. 

This was despite the fact that the Darwin airport lodge is considered more humane than other processing centres, she added. 

“These cases aren’t isolated. More children are suffering the same psychological side effects as a result of detention in other facilities. We just don’t officially know the numbers,” said Leila Druery, a spokeswoman for ChilOut [ http://www.chilout.org/ ], an advocacy group for children in immigration detention in Australia.

“We would like to see the issue of detaining children depoliticized, by giving an independent children’s commission an oversight and guardianship role,” Druery explained, in reference to the current conflict of interest where the immigration minister is the sole person who decides if his own department is acting in the best interests of the child. 

The Australian Red Cross echoes these concerns on placing children in detention centres for unknown periods of time while their refugee status is processed. 

“[The] Australian Red Cross believe community-based detention for asylum seekers is a humane and sustainable alternative to the use of secured detention facilities and arrangements,” the Red Cross said in a statement. 

“Evidence shows that when people spend long periods in immigration detention facilities, not only does their health suffer, but also their ability to cope and their psychological [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94232/MIGRATION-Australia-will-pay-the-price-for-mandatory-detention ] well-being." 

Rights of the child 

Legal experts in Australia point to the responsibilities the government has under its international obligations, including as a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) [ http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/pdfs/SOWC-2012-The-Convention-on-the-Rights-of-the-Child.pdf ].

“Perhaps, the most obvious treaty breach is that of CRC. Clearly, maintaining children in detention for long periods of time does not treat their welfare as the paramount consideration,” said Stephen Keim, a Brisbane barrister and the president of Australian Lawyers for Human Rights [ http://www.alhr.asn.au/ ].

Keim noted that when the periods of detention were long and indefinite so as to affect the mental health of the children involved, or the conditions are unsatisfactory, “issues of cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment arise,” which is prohibited under the Convention Against Torture, the CRC and the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. 

According to CRC, the detention of children should be used "only as a measure of last resort, for the shortest appropriate period of time and taking into account the best interests of the child.” 

In February, a report [ http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/discussion2012/ReportDGDChildrenAndMigration2012.pdf ] by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child asked states to “expeditiously and completely cease the detention of children on the basis of their immigration status”. 

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) has also expressed deep concern over the treatment of children in the Manus processing centre, which was reopened on 21 November 2012 in PNG. 

“The mandatory detention of 34 children and their families at the Centre is particularly troubling for us,” said UNHCR regional representative Richard Towle. 

The UNHCR report [ http://unhcr.org.au/unhcr/images/2013-02-04%20Manus%20Island%20Report%20Final.pdf ] released on 4 February 2013 following a visit to the Manus Island facility noted that: “When viewed against the applicable international legal standards, it is clear that the current situation for detained children is profoundly unsatisfactory and UNHCR is therefore of the view that it is not currently appropriate for children to be transferred to Manus Island.” 

Duty of care 

Refugee policy has long been a divisive issue in Australia, even though the country receives a small number of refugees annually compared to other countries including the USA, France, Germany, Italy, and Sweden.

In 2011, Australia received 15,441 onshore asylum applications, just 0.92 percent of the 1,669,725 applications received across the world, the Refugee Council of Australia reported [ http://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/n/mr/120618-Global-Trends.pdf ].

However, according to Australia’s current labour government, the government is committed to ensuring people held in immigration detention are treated with dignity and respect and that children are always accommodated in the least restrictive form of detention accommodation available. 

“No-one wants to see children in detention for long periods, which is why children have priority processing and the department endeavours to process their claims quickly,” said Brendan O’Conner, Australia’s minister for immigration and citizenship, in a statement provided to IRIN. 

“The Australian government has a duty of care to ensure the health and wellbeing of children in immigration detention - including ensuring access to appropriate physical and recreational activities and excursions and education,” added O’Conner. 

At the same time, all irregular maritime arrivals have to be detained while their “identities, health and reasons for travel are ascertained”. 

Meanwhile, the Greens, a minority party that currently holds the balance of power in the Australian Senate, are campaigning for policy change when it comes to placing children in detention. 

“Some of these children have spent their whole lives behind bars, having committed no crime other than being born in a country from which they are forced to flee,” said Senator Hanson-Young, who visited the detention centre in Manus Island in February. 

“The government needs to end this cruel regime of indefinite detention.” 

Since January 2013, most of the 1,382 irregular maritime arrivals were asylum seekers arriving by boat from Iran, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97591/Analysis-Furore-over-Australian-detention-of-immigrant-children</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303050339560690t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MELBOURNE 05 March 2013 (IRIN) - Australia is failing in its international obligations to protect the rights of close to 2,000 children now in immigration detention, say rights groups and legal experts.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Games, cartoons boost youth disaster preparation</title><pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201005041239380203t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities. 

According to the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), at least half of those affected by natural disasters are youths under 18. Experiential learning (learning by doing), games and animated films are some ways entertainers and educators are using to teach youths disaster risk reduction (DRR) skills. 

“Feeling and experiencing it [disaster simulation] empowers them. There are gains, especially in flood and cyclone areas of Asia where games have been helpful,” said Jordan Naidoo, a senior education adviser with UNICEF in New York. 

The Asia-Pacific region [ http://www.unisdr.org/archive/29286 ] has been hardest hit by natural disasters, with an estimated two million people killed from 1970-2011, or 75 percent of global deaths from natural disasters in that period. 

Helping children handle stress before a disaster hits is critical, especially as countries confront slow-onset disasters [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] in addition to rapid-onset ones, said Naidoo. 

“While in Asia there tend to be more sudden onset emergencies such as earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons (flood and wind hazards), in the Middle East the types of emergencies are slow and complex, such as conflict, war and drought. In [each of] these situations, we use games differently, to help children deal with their emotional stress.” 

Games 

Games are effective in helping children prepare for calamity, said Unni Krishnan, head of disaster response for international NGO Plan International. 

The agency helped design a DRR board game, Riskland, in Viet Nam. Similar to “snakes and ladders” (known as “chutes and ladders” in some countries) the Vietnamese adaptation includes illustrations from schoolchildren that depict local geography to teach about climate change and local environmental threats, such as flooding and winds. Like the original game, the object is to navigate from start to finish, helped or hindered by ladders and snakes/chutes. 

According to a recent Plan International and UN Office for Disaster Reduction (UNIDSR) report [ http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/29304 ] games help children socialize and boost their confidence to discuss disasters with peers and family. 

Cartoons 

Thai and Indian youths have learned about flood preparation from a whale and elephant, respectively. A locally produced Thai animation broadcast [ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b8zAAEDGQPM ] during late 2011 flooding in Thailand called Roo Su Flood (Know, Fight Flood), attracted over 78,000 “likes” on YouTube the day it was uploaded, a number that has since grown to more than 650,000, according to the channel’s counter. 

Thailand-based Asia editor Jon Russell from the internet technology blog The Next Web [ http://thenextweb.com/ ], said he believed the cartoon’s popularity came from the perception its information was “unbiased and reliable”. Up to that point, Russell said government officials had provided conflicting flood assessments [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94109/GLOBAL-The-risk-of-warning-fatigue-in-disaster-preparedness ], announcing that the floods were under control one day, only to issue threatening warnings soon after. 

Over six months, flooding in Thailand killed at least 628 people, affected more than 13 million, and damaged 20,000sqkm of farmland [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3858.pdf ].

Elsewhere in the region India’s government and the UN Development Programme turned to an elephant figure popular among children to teach the dangers of floodwaters through colouring books. 

Slum art 

In some slum districts of Dhaka - Bangladesh’s capital that is listed among the world’s most natural disaster-prone cities - even a relatively small amount of rain can cause flooding due to poor drainage systems and even poorer construction. 

NGOs there have helped children create murals and community plays in some of those settlements outlining fire hazards and just how dangerous a clogged drain can be. 

UNICEF and the Dutch government worked to strengthen national DRR education following the country’s Cyclone Aila in May 2009, which killed an estimated 190 people. The same area was hit two years earlier by another cyclone that killed 3,500. 

To reach children not in schools, NGOs have used community plays in one of Dhaka’s slums, Jatrabari, to teach children living in overcrowded, fire-prone bamboo-and-tin homes about fire hazards. 

No matter the media, children must be central to DRR learning, said Krishna from Plan International, who credits them with being excellent information and education “sponges”. 

She said a 2010 tropical storm in El Salvador tested schoolchildren from El Zapotal, some 120km from the capital of San Salvador. “Children were in the forefront of evacuation and thus saved 415 people in their village from certain death of being buried alive by landslides.” 

In consultations UNISDR held with more than 200 youths from six Asian countries in 2012, almost all those interviewed said they did not want to be viewed as victims, but rather as people protecting their communities. 

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97558/Games-cartoons-boost-youth-disaster-preparation</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201005041239380203t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 27 February 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs and UN agencies warn that natural disasters disproportionately affect youths and that more creative use of media is needed to help brace them for natural calamities.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Bangladeshi health sector corruption hits poor hardest</title><pubDate>Tue, 12 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081719t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 12 February 2013 (IRIN) - Activists are calling for stronger action to address rising levels of corruption in Bangladesh&apos;s troubled public health care system.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 12 February 2013 (IRIN) - Activists are calling for stronger action to address rising levels of corruption in Bangladesh's troubled public health care system. 

"The government must strengthen its monitoring system to check corruption in public hospitals to ensure health access to under-privileged people," said Nitai Kanti Das, member secretary of the Health Rights Movement [ http://hrmbd.org/ ], a forum of 92 organizations working to establish community health rights.

There are longstanding and widespread allegations against doctors, nurses and other health professionals in Bangladesh's more than 500 public hospitals that they demand bribes for services that should be free of cost, he alleged.

According to Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2012 conducted by Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB) [ http://www.ti-bangladesh.org/files/HHSurvey-ExecSum-Eng-fin.pdf ], 40.2 percent of surveyed people fell victim to various irregularities and corruption in receiving services in public hospitals, compared to 33.2 percent in 2010. 

Of more than 7,500 households surveyed nationwide - half of whom received services through government hospitals - 21.5 percent reported paying for services they never got a receipt for. 

Officially, the government is meant to provide services at the primary level (community clinics), secondary level (district general hospital) and at the tertiary level (medical college hospitals and specialized hospitals) free of charge.

According to patients interviewed by IRIN, however, even in emergency situations, many said they were unable to access services, including medicine, unless a bribe was paid first - and in a country where 31.5 percent of people live below the poverty line, according to the World Bank [ http://data.worldbank.org/country/bangladesh ], many cannot pay.

"My sister had an accident last month. I rushed her to the National Institute of Traumatology & Orthopaedic Rehabilitation [ http://www.nitorbd.com/contact_us.php ]. However, the ward boy told me they would only admit her if I paid a bribe. Only when I gave him 200 taka (US$2.50) did they enter her into the operating room," Rustom Ali, a 35-year-old rickshaw puller, who earns just $4 per day, claimed.

While Ali's sister, who suffered from fractured bones and needed surgery, was in hospital for 15 days, he continued to pay bribes to the ward boy, nurses, doctors and even a night guard to ensure adequate services, he said.

"Whenever we receive any allegation, we take strong action," Abdul Awal Rizwi, the director of the hospital, said. "We have taken measures to make patients aware about our services."

Poor hit hardest

"While corruption affects everyone, the poorer sections of society suffer more," TIB's executive director, Iftekharuzzaman, who goes by only one name, said. "The poor will be affected if we cannot stop corruption in the health sector." He called on doctors and other health professionals in public hospitals to be held accountable.

Das said a client association involving local government officials and representatives from all groups should be created for each public hospital to better establish how a hospital is functioning. 

A.M. Badrudduza, additional secretary for the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare [ http://www.mohfw.gov.bd/ ], declined to comment on the Transparency International survey.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97454/Bangladeshi-health-sector-corruption-hits-poor-hardest</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2007/2007081719t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 12 February 2013 (IRIN) - Activists are calling for stronger action to address rising levels of corruption in Bangladesh&apos;s troubled public health care system.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Fresh outbreak of Nipah virus in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Tue, 05 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302050817210721t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts in Bangladesh have reported a fresh outbreak of the Nipah virus, with 10 deaths in the past few weeks. If infected you have a high chance of dying.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts in Bangladesh have reported a fresh outbreak of the Nipah virus, with 10 deaths in the past few weeks. If infected you have a high chance of dying.

“The fatality rate is an astounding 77 percent,” ASM Alamgir, a virologist at the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) [ http://www.iedcr.org/ ], told IRIN. 

Since the deadly pathogen appeared in Bangladesh 12 years ago, 188 cases and 146 deaths have been reported; including 12 infections and 10 deaths so far in 2013. The virus is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans.

Infection is caused by the consumption of the raw sap of a date palm tree which has been contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats. When the sap is consumed, the virus infects the human body. Once infected, the patient can spread the virus [ http://www.iedcr.org/pdf/files/nipah/National_Nipah.pdf ] to other people through physical contact, health experts say. 

Winter (December to early February) is the traditional date palm sap gathering season in Bangladesh and the raw sap is a popular drink in rural areas. The outbreak coincides with this season, appearing between December and May.

Traditionally outbreaks have taken place in a group of 10 districts (Meherpur, Noagoan, Rajbari, Faridpur, Tangail, Thakurgaon, Kushtia, Manikgonj, Rajshahi, and Lalmonirhat) known as the “Nipah belt”. However, Dhaka, the Bangladeshi capital, reported its first victim in January.

“Although the sap was brought from Mymensingh [District], it was consumed in Dhaka. This is the first case of a Nipah-related death in the city,” said Alamgir.

The most recent death was of an 11-month-old baby in the port city of Chittagong on 4 February.

Government response

With no treatment or vaccine available for either people or animals, prevention and public awareness are key, health experts say. 

“The only effective way of preventing the Nipah outbreaks is to stop people from drinking raw date palm sap. Awareness remains quite low, and as this is a popular drink the risk is constant,” said Ferdousi Begum, a specialist and assistant professor at Dhaka Medical College [ http://www.dmc.edu.bd/ ].

“To prevent this practice, the government has undertaken awareness-raising campaigns through newspaper advertisements, talk shows and discussions on local TV,” said Alamgir. “We have to observe the entire season to understand the severity of the current outbreak,” he said, noting there were currently five monitoring centres (Rangpur, Rajshahi, Bogura, Faridpur, Rajshahi) within the Nipah belt, as well as two more in Chittagong and Sylhet, allowing any diagnosed cases to be quickly reported back to Dhaka.

According to World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs262/en/ ], although the Nipah virus has caused only a few outbreaks, it can infect a wide range of animals and causes severe illness (characterized by inflammation of the brain - encephalitis - or respiratory diseases) and death in people, making it a public health concern.

The Nipah virus was first identified in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers in Malaysia. Since then, there have been more than 12 outbreaks, all in South Asia.

Research on a new vaccine, based on trials with monkeys, is promising, US and Canadian researchers report [ http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1360879 ].

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97411/Fresh-outbreak-of-Nipah-virus-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201302050817210721t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 05 February 2013 (IRIN) - Health experts in Bangladesh have reported a fresh outbreak of the Nipah virus, with 10 deaths in the past few weeks. If infected you have a high chance of dying.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Why civil registration matters in Asia</title><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911221157120062t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Stronger civil registration systems are needed in Asia, home to 60 percent of the world’s population, to ensure the legal and human rights of all, and facilitate health planning, experts say.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Stronger civil registration systems are needed in Asia, home to 60 percent of the world’s population, to ensure the legal and human rights of all, and facilitate health planning, experts say.

“Civil registration is the most basic requirement for individuals to establish legal identity and to formalize family relationships, and is thus a basic responsibility of the state,” Haishan Fu, director of the statistics division at the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in Bangkok, told IRIN. “Without a legal identity, individuals may be deprived of the right of access to key public services such as health, education, social welfare and recourse to justice.”

According to the World Health Organization [ http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2012_Full.pdf ], only one quarter of the world’s seven billion inhabitants live in countries with registration systems that record births and death efficiently; 85 countries have only lower quality data ;74 lack any data on causes of death.

In the world’s two most populous countries (China and India - home to more than 2.5 billion people) there is no functional civil registration system, while mortality statistics are provided by using sample registration approaches, 2012 world health statistics [ http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS2012_Full.pdf ] reveal.

The UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) [ http://www.unicef.org/eapro/media_20119.html ] notes that 51 million children go unregistered each year globally, while in South Asia two out of three children are not registered at birth and thus have no official record of their names, family and place or date of birth.

About 60 percent of Indonesian children [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85952/INDONESIA-Unregistered-children-at-risk ] under-five years of age do not have birth certificates, and half are not registered anywhere, UNICEF reports, while in neighbouring Timor-Leste [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96384/TIMOR-LESTE-Making-inroads-on-birth-certificates ] an estimated 70 percent of children under five do not have a birth certificate - one of the lowest birth registration levels of any country in the region.

The absence of such documentation leaves children vulnerable, experts warn.

“Children also need recognition of their existence before the law, which can help protect them against illicit changes to their identity - such as their name and who their parents are,” said Amalee McCoy, regional child protection specialist for UNICEF. “No child deserves to be unregistered, and no nation can afford not to have reliable systems for registering them."

Birth certificates are critical forms of social protection for vulnerable and marginalized groups such as people in poverty, and can be an effective tool for preventing human trafficking and child marriages, ESCAP’s Fu said.

“Civil registration is at the heart of inclusive development because it provides the legal identity that enables voice, choice and protection,” she notes.

According to a 2011 report [ http://www.who.int/healthmetrics/news/chis_report.pdf ] published by the WHO Health Metrics Network (HMN), a Geneva-based network that assesses health information systems worldwide, basic foundations of a good health information system and health information workforce - including vital registration systems - remain inadequate in many countries.

A registration system is essential in a country because it creates the legal tools to establish and protect the civil rights of individuals, and creates a critical data source for the compilation of vital statistics, the report concludes.

However, without civil registration data, people who remain unregistered in a region, especially vulnerable populations such as women and children, are legally invisible to policymakers and thus exposed to exploitation, abuse and human trafficking.

Health planning

Data on fertility and causes of mortality derived from a functional registration system are essential in building national and global policies for health development.

“If children are not registered when they are born, they do not exist in the government plans. They are not eligible for immunization or for going to school. Adults do not receive appropriate health care; they do not have access to services nor legal rights. People are suffering, they are not protected and remain invisible,” said Alan Lopez, professor of global health and head of the School of Population Health at the University of Queensland.

Unregistered children and adults from ethnic minority groups such as Myanmar’s Rohingya, who are de jure stateless under Burmese law [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96801/Briefing-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-crisis ], by default have limited access to food and health care, leaving them susceptible to preventable diseases and malnutrition. Many are prevented from attending school and used for forced labour [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94672/In-Brief-40-000-Rohingya-children-in-Myanmar-unregistered ].

At the same time, the lack of death registrations - in particular for cause-specific mortality such as maternal, HIV/AIDS or malaria mortality in middle and low income countries - complicates health workers’ ability to estimate the disease burden, which is necessary for effective prevention and treatment.

“All countries have some form of a civil registration system but at different levels of quality and coverage,” ESCAP’s Fu said, adding that the best way to improve civil registration, and the most sustainable, is building on the systems already in place and identifying how civil registration can complement the other activities of governance.

“The value of regional collaboration and regional knowledge-sharing cannot be underestimated with respect to supporting the improvement of civil registration. Countries can learn from each other’s systems, particularly how they have overcome similar challenges,” she said.

The barriers for individuals registering births, deaths, marriages, adoptions, etc., are quite significant and those can include geography, cultural differences, inadequate legal frameworks and the cost of registration to the individual.

For UNICEF’s McCoy, costs attached to birth registrations, bureaucracy, and discriminatory laws against specific populations such as refugees, migrants, ethnic minorities and the stateless, are the main reasons why civil registration systems tend to fail vulnerable people.

“Systems exist in most countries - although they often still fail to reach marginalized children and families. They work best where parents are able to quickly and easily register children relatively soon after birth with little or no cost to parents," she noted.

Governments responsible

Experts agree vital registration systems are a government’s responsibility that requires long-term commitment at the highest levels of government, strong leadership and political will.

“Because civil registration is the responsibility of so many different agencies, long-term commitment is a precondition for improvement,” Fu said. “Another precondition is to involve local government, when relevant, in the improvement process because they are at the frontline of civil registration.”

Building public awareness of the value of civil registration or creating incentives, such as conditional cash transfers tied to birth registration in the family, can be crucial in improving registration rates.

In Nepal’s remote Karnali region, mothers are asked to register their newborn children as a condition to receive a cash grant for the purchase of nutritious food for children [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93878/NEPAL-Cash-grants-for-food-incentivize-birth-registrations ]. Birth registration is not prioritized in Nepal although it is important for children in order to receive governmental support, from health care to education.

Technology

Technology can also play a crucial role in overcoming the barriers to registration faced by people in rural or remote areas.

The Bangladeshi government, assisted by UNICEF, has launched a campaign to register birth data online in an effort to fight high levels of child marriages mainly in rural areas [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95782/BANGLADESH-Online-birth-data-to-prevent-child-marriage ].

About a third of women in Bangladesh aged 20-24 are married by the age of 15 and birth certificates can be a tool for preventing such marriages [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/92375/BANGLADESH-Parents-still-not-heeding-child-marriage-warnings ].

The international community has an important role to play in improving registration, by providing technical assistance and funding, and facilitating the exchange of best practices, experts and academics agree.

Lopez of Queensland University noted that the role of the international community is vital in pushing governments to provide reliable statistics - mainly through pressure to reach Millennium Development Goals [ http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html ]. But “social and health policies require above all strong government leadership.”

Move to improve statistics

In a watershed moment for Asia and the Pacific in December 2012, leading statisticians and senior government officials from 46 countries gathered in Bangkok and agreed to ambitious steps to improve environment and social statistics, critical in the context of the post-2015 development agenda. Included in that was an endorsement of a strategy to improve civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems in the region, noting that dysfunctional CRVS systems hamper inclusive and sustainable growth.

“There is a strong business case for the improvement of civil registration,” Fu said. “With an understanding of the benefits of improved civil registration, governments will be able to prioritize this issue.”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97389/Why-civil-registration-matters-in-Asia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2009/200911221157120062t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 01 February 2013 (IRIN) - Stronger civil registration systems are needed in Asia, home to 60 percent of the world’s population, to ensure the legal and human rights of all, and facilitate health planning, experts say.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Needs assessment fatigue in Bangladesh - less is more</title><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 31 January 2013 (IRIN) - Donors and the Bangladeshi authorities have welcomed the recent implementation of the joint needs assessment (JNA) approach to better serve disaster-affected communities - and reduce the harassment of survivors by multiple aid agency assessors.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 31 January 2013 (IRIN) - Donors and the Bangladeshi authorities have welcomed recent implementation of the joint needs assessment (JNA) approach [ http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/HCTT/LLreport_final_121112.pdf ] to better serve disaster-affected communities and reduce the harassment of survivors by multiple aid agency assessors.

“The JNA approach is a welcome development,” Sarah Cooke, country representative of the UK’s Department for International Development, told IRIN in Dhaka. “It will provide a unified, evidence-based assessment of needs that will help donors, NGOs and the government of Bangladesh to work together and begin quickly to channel the right assistance to where it is needed most.”

“In a nutshell, the JNA will help the government to take decisions in regard to an emergency response quickly,” said Abdul Latif Khan, a specialist with the government’s Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme [ http://www.cdmp.org.bd/index.php ].

Under JNA, aid workers from various agencies team up with local government officials to assess humanitarian needs across different sectors (shelter, health, food, water and sanitation) to produce a single assessment as opposed to multiple assessments by multiple agencies.

“JNA will give voice to affected communities and emphasize the accountability of the agencies involved in disaster response,” said Harun or Rashid, programme manager of the Emergency Capacity Building Project [ http://www.ecbproject.org/ ] (a consortium of six international NGOs working to improve the speed, quality and effectiveness of humanitarian communities in emergencies).

Multiple assessments

JNA comes in the wake of uncoordinated rapid needs assessments by agencies in Bangladesh, often resulting in duplication of effort, assessment fatigue among affected communities, and potentially conflicting data sets.

First tested in August 2011, JNA was formally adopted and endorsed by the government in May 2012, before being put into practice in June following heavy flooding in the north and southeast of the country.

Some 47 agencies participated in the JNA, which took place in close collaboration with the government, and utilized information provided by local authorities. The time from the decision to launch the assessment, until findings were presented, was three days; the findings were used by the authorities as part of their response.

Why it matters

According to the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center [ http://www.adpc.net/2012/ ], Bangladesh is ranked one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, with cyclones striking coastal regions almost every year.

More than two-thirds of districts are prone to natural disasters, including cyclones, floods, landslides, tornadoes and drought.

In the past, humanitarian agencies would routinely undertake their own field assessments; either on their own or in conjunction with one of their partners - and these assessments would also form the basis for financial requests to donors.

But unilaterally undertaking assessments in a country with one of the largest humanitarian communities in the world creates problems, and places an additional burden on affected communities.

In addition to 12 UN agencies in the country (five of which are directly involved in humanitarian assistance and have an emergency response capacity), there are more than 75 international NGOs, 30 of which respond to natural disasters when needed. There are also more than 2,000 officially registered local NGOs, as well as over 60,000 community-based organizations.

“The problem with this approach was that too many agencies were producing too many reports with too many intentions which were misleading to donors and overlooking peoples’ multifaceted needs after a disaster,” Kaiser Rejve, the humanitarian programme manager of Oxfam in Bangladesh, explained.

In the wake of heavy waterlogging in Bangladesh’s southwestern coastal district of Satkhira in 2010, donors received no fewer than 14 different assessments of the needs of affected communities.

Burden on survivors

“After Cyclone Aila [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88716/BANGLADESH-Cyclone-Aila-survivors-take-another-hit ] in 2009, almost each day we saw a different team from a different agency coming and asking the same survivors what they needed,” said Ashek-E-Elahi, general secretary of the Peoples Research on Grassroots Ownership & Traditional Initiative, a civil society group working in Satkhira.

“This was a disgrace… Why is it necessary for different agencies to ask survivors - many of whom lost their homes, families and livelihood - the same question over and over again?” he asked.

Under the new system, the JNA report is shared with the Humanitarian Coordination Task Team [ http://www.lcgbangladesh.org/HCTT.php ], a joint platform formed by humanitarians to strengthen coordination.

“This approach proves that humanitarian agencies can work in a coordinated fashion despite their different mandates,” said Gerson Brandao, humanitarian affairs adviser to the office of the UN resident coordinator. He called the JNA one of the biggest achievements of the humanitarian community in Bangladesh to date.

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97379/Needs-assessment-fatigue-in-Bangladesh-less-is-more</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008100711t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 31 January 2013 (IRIN) - Donors and the Bangladeshi authorities have welcomed the recent implementation of the joint needs assessment (JNA) approach to better serve disaster-affected communities - and reduce the harassment of survivors by multiple aid agency assessors.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: The right to food in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301220938330813t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs in Bangladesh are pushing for a constitutional amendment to guarantee the legal right to access food, or a food security “framework law” that will hold the state liable for any scarcity.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs in Bangladesh are pushing for a constitutional amendment to guarantee the legal right to access food, or a food security “framework law” that will hold the state liable for any scarcity.

Despite the government laying out its commitment in 2012 to food security “for all people of the country at all times” [ http://www.nfpcsp.org/agridrupal/sites/default/files/Monitoring%20report%202012%20rev.pdf ] at least 31 percent of the population still lack nutritious life-sustaining food [ http://scalingupnutrition.org/country/Bangladesh ].

According to the most recently published National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from 2011 [ http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/PR15/PR15.pdf ], 40 percent of children are too short for their age (known medically as “stunting”), a harbinger of lifelong development delays and one of the leading causes globally of brain damage. Some 36 percent of the surveyed children in Bangladesh under five were underweight for their age (showing signs of stunting, and/or “wasting” - weighing too little for their height).

While there has been a slight improvement in child nutrition levels since the last DHS in 2007, there are still too many nutrition-deprived hungry children nationwide, say activists.

“The constitution of Bangladesh must endorse [the] right to food [ http://www.fao.org/righttofood/news-and-events/news-detail/en/c/166353/ ] or right to be free from hunger,” Mizanur Rahman, chairman of the independent National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), told IRIN.

The country’s goal of halving the rate of people who suffer from hunger “needs more attention”, according to the UN [ http://www.undp.org.bd/mdgs/goals/MDG%20Goal1.pdf ].

Monisha Biswas, policy and advocacy manager for international NGO Oxfam in Bangladesh, said even though Article 15 of the constitution recognizes the state’s responsibility to secure the “basic necessities of life” for its citizens [ http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/bangladesh-constitution.pdf ], - including food, it does not recognize a person’s right to food.

As of December 2010 13 countries worldwide recognized the right to food [ http://www.webcitation.org/69IfZvFdH ] or provided for state obligations relating to food and nutrition as state policy - Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Malawi, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, and Uganda.

Biswas said constitutional recognition of such a right, or a “legislative framework ensuring people’s right to food security” can be a tool to hold the state accountable for its pledges.

Framework laws cover cross-cutting issues, and lay down general principles and obligations, leaving it to legislation and authorities to decide the specifics of implementation.

International commitments

The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security [ http://foodsecurityatlas.org/bgd/country/food-security-at-a-glance ] as “when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”.

Bangladesh has pledged to implement the UN Declaration on the Right to Development [ http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm ], which in 1986 made it the state’s responsibility to create “conditions favourable to the development of peoples and individuals”.

It also signed the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action [ http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/%28symbol%29/a.conf.157.23.en ] adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights (which said everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for their health and well-being, including food) in 1993.

The country is legally bound to implement the right to development after it ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1998 [ http://www.bdresearch.org.bd/home/attachments/article/270/The%20Right%20to%20Food.pdf ].

But in order for states to implement the treaties [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96456/Briefing-New-food-treaty-thin-on-substance ], according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ideally they need appropriate legislation, constitutional provisions and a framework law that clearly support the treaty - none of which exist in Bangladesh.

While the 2012 Global Hunger Index [ http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2012-global-hunger-index ] noted Bangladesh was one of seven countries that made the most “absolute progress” among 120 evaluated countries in slashing rates of hunger from 1990-2012, its level was still in the “alarming” range.

Falling short

Despite the government’s commitment to fight malnutrition through the Sixth Five Year Plan 2011-2015 [ http://www.irinnews.org/documents/Sixth_Five_Year_Plan_of_Bangladesh.ppt ], its policies are ineffective due to limited distribution of nutritional supplements, inadequate growth monitoring and lack of skilled personnel, according to the UN World Food Programme.

The Washington-DC headquartered International Food Policy Research (IFPRI) has said Bangladesh’s food safety-net programmes poorly target the neediest who miss out on safety-net programmes, including “vulnerable group development” and “vulnerable group feeding”.

A.K.M. Nazrul Islam, associate professor with the Dhaka School of Economics [ http://www.dscebd.org ], told IRIN that until the country’s overall governance improves, including tackling what he said is corruption in safety-net programmes [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96902/Analysis-What-s-happening-with-aid-to-Bangladesh ], it was difficult for him to see any food security law making a difference.

Hasan Mehedi, chief executive of local NGO Humanity Watch [ http://humanitybd.blogspot.com/ ], based in Khulna District nearly 150km from Dhaka, said a food security law could help vulnerable people in his natural-disaster prone area survive increasingly frequent and intense weather extremes.

Multiple international indices [ https://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/99703/1216800-WDR%202012-EN-LR.pdf ] rank Bangladesh one of the world’s most natural-disaster prone countries.

Zero hunger goals

Bangladesh joins a growing number of countries [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80549/GLOBAL-Govts-urged-to-recognise-the-right-to-affordable-food ] trying to endorse food as a legally binding right. As of December 2010 there were 56 countries whose constitutions recognized the right to food, implicitly or explicitly, according to FAO.

In 2010 Brazil endorsed food as a right through constitutional amendment, an extension of its near decade-long campaign to wipe out hunger through a “Zero Hunger” Policy (Fome Zero) [ http://hungercenter.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Zero-Hunger_Evaluating-Brazilian-Food-Security-Policy-Margolies1.pdf ] launched in 2003.

In 2001, the Indian Supreme Court tried to address food insecurity by ordering eight national food and nutrition programmes to ensure the poor had a right to food. The problem was irregularities in how the government identified the poor. The National Food Security Bill now before parliament, which was formulated as a human rights law to protect the right to access food [ http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/18/the-big-letdown-of-the-food-security-bill/ ], is already under intense public debate over its feasibility.

In Bangladesh a number of international NGOs including Oxfam and Action Aid, as well as local rights NGOs such as Angikar Bangladesh Foundation and Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods, are holding national forums - including briefings with parliamentarians - on food rights. The National Human Rights Commission is advising the government on food as a human right.

But most activists acknowledge it could be years before food is recognized as a constitutional or legislative right explicitly.

The director-general of Bangladesh’s Directorate-General of Food under the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, Ahmed Hossain Khan [ http://www.dgfood.gov.bd/pds.php ], told IRIN: “If the demand for peoples’ right to food is to be proven useful for… food security in Bangladesh, the government will consider it. However, before that, this demand requires [examination].”

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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97303/Analysis-The-right-to-food-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301220938330813t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 22 January 2013 (IRIN) - NGOs in Bangladesh are pushing for a constitutional amendment to guarantee the legal right to access food, or a food security “framework law” that will hold the state liable for any scarcity.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: Community radio role in disaster preparedness</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 Jan 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301040302500074t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - Kurem Sulla is well aware of the importance of the media when it comes to early warnings of a natural disaster.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - Kurem Sulla is well aware of the importance of the media when it comes to early warnings of a natural disaster.

“I’ve lived through a cyclone. I’ve seen its destruction,” the 35-year-old labourer, clutching a transistor radio to his ear, told IRIN outside his home in the town of Mohadapur, a community of farmers and casual labourers north of the port city of Chittagong.

On 30 April 1991 Cyclone Marian left more than 100,000 dead along the southeastern coast of Bangladesh.

“We need to be prepared,” explained the father-of-two, who now listens to Radio Sari Giri, one of 16 community radio stations recently established in Bangladesh and which broadcasts in the local Bengali dialect.

More than a third of the country’s population (some 50 million people) live in coastal areas. Many are in rural areas where radio is the main medium of information.

“Broadcasting in the local dialect of Bengali is particularly effective,” Bazlur Rahman, head of the Bangladesh NGOs Network for Radio and Communication (BNNRC) [ http://www.bnnrc.net/ ], comprising 150 local NGOs, said, describing the outreach potential as huge.

“It allows us to reach communities with timely information where and when they need it most,” said Mohammad Abdul Wazed, additional secretary of the Bangladesh Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief [ http://www.dmrd.gov.bd/ ].

Dhaka first adopted a policy on community radio in 2008 following years of grassroots efforts, effectively opening up the country’s radio spectrum to other players apart from the 18 national commercial radio stations. Community radio caters best for local interests and broadcasts programming specific to local needs.

This policy was followed by a national strategy on community radio [ http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/knowledgecentre_7730.htm ] in 2011, with a pledge for limited government funding in the future - though this has yet to materialize.

Expansion hopes

The government has issued licences to 16 community stations, including eight in cyclone-prone coastal areas (Khulna, Satkhira, Cox’s Bazar, Chittagong, Bhola, Hatiya, and two in Barguna), and by the end of 2013 BNNRC hopes to see 60 community stations established, with some 400 nationwide by 2021.

Although still in its infancy, community radio (broadcasting on FM in a number of dialects) offers more than 120 programming hours a day including weather forecasts, news, entertainment, and community talk shows.

“Disaster preparedness is now an important part of our programming,” said Shah Sultan Shamim, station manager for Radio Sagor Giri in the town of Muradpur in Chittagong District, adding that the station has increased its audience in 2012 and now has more than 100,000 listeners tuning in at some point during the five hours per day the station is on air.

Community radio programmes typically cover environmental and climate change issues but also provide practical tips on what to do if a cyclone approaches, he explained.

Many listeners participate in the programmes through SMS text messages or phone calls; some radio stations report receiving an average of 500 SMS messages a day.

According to BNNRC, about 50 percent of radio listeners in Bangladesh listen on their mobile phones.

“Nowadays most people in Bangladesh have a mobile phone and listen to radio that way,” Radio Sagor Giri’s Shamim said.

Challenges ahead

Community radio funding, however, remains a challenge.

Most stations are funded by local NGOs; a smaller number by development partners and the government. Of the 536 young people working in community radio stations most are volunteers.

Nearly all stations need better equipment, including computers and voice recorders, and training.

And with power outages common in Bangladesh, broadcasts can often be suspended for extended periods as the cost of fuel to run a generator can prove prohibitively high.

“It’s a huge cost and some community radio stations don’t have a generator at all,” said BNNRC’s Rahman. “This [equipment and training] is where international assistance would be greatly appreciated.”
 
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]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97171/BANGLADESH-Community-radio-role-in-disaster-preparedness</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301040302500074t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 04 January 2013 (IRIN) - Kurem Sulla is well aware of the importance of the media when it comes to early warnings of a natural disaster.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Low prevalence, high stigma in Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212310842140903t.jpg" />]]>DHAKA 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - Even though HIV prevalence in Bangladesh is as low as 0.1 percent of the 160 million population, experts fear that widespread discrimination towards people who test positive for HIV may leave infections unreported.</description><body><![CDATA[DHAKA 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - Even though HIV prevalence in Bangladesh is as low as 0.1 percent of the 160 million population, experts fear that widespread discrimination towards people who test positive for HIV may leave infections unreported. 

“It is possible that due to social stigmatization towards HIV-positive people, people with HIV can go unreported,” said Munir Ahmed, a social mobilization adviser at UNAIDS in Bangladesh. 

Migrant workers, injecting drug users, sex workers and men who have sex with men are most vulnerable to HIV infections in Bangladesh, according to various medical studies [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2740703/ ].

Despite years of HIV awareness programming by the government and NGOs, a number of people with HIV told IRIN they face unabated discrimination in their homes, communities, jobs and health facilities. 

“It’s not possible for me to let my friends, family and colleagues in my workplace know that I am HIV-positive because they will simply oust me from society,” said an HIV-positive male from Noakhali District in southern Bangladesh. He travels 165km monthly to the capital, Dhaka, to receive free anti-retrovirals (ARVs) from local NGO Asar Alo Society (AAS). 

Turned away 

Rejection started in the home for Mohammad Ferdous Sikder, 36. “When I let my family know that I was infected with HIV, my father kicked me out,” said Sikher, who was infected when he went to Saudi Arabia to work in 2004. “I requested my father to return some of the money I sent back home from Saudi Arabia, but he replied that you don’t need money to die,” Sikder recalled. 

Health facilities were not much better. He waited a year to remove his wisdom teeth because “no doctor in the capital was ready to operate when they knew I was HIV-positive. The pain was unbearable but I had to live with it.” 

M. Razibul Islam Razon, a doctor practising in the private sector in the capital, said lack of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among health staff is the main problem. “This is simply unacceptable and it needs to change because such behaviour towards HIV-positive [people] is contrary to the basic principle of the medical profession, which is to serve a patient,” Razon said. 

Despite tens of millions of donor dollars going to HIV prevention and service provider training in recent years [ http://portfolio.theglobalfund.org/en/Grant/List/BAN ], accurate information about the risk of HIV transmission is still scarce. 

Poor messaging 

One problem, said Abdul Waheed, director of the government’s National AIDS/Sexually Transmitted Disease Programme [ http://www.bdnasp.net/ ], has been the government’s messaging. 

“We acknowledge that messages used in the AIDS campaigns were put wrongly… For example, we used to propagate AIDS as a predatory disease,” he said, adding that some anti-HIV campaigns warned how people could be infected “due to unethical relationships or through other behaviours… against the moral code of Bangladeshi society.” 

As a result, a negative perception about HIV and persons infected by it was created, spurring stigmatization. “We already identified this problem and are working to address this through more thoughtful messaging,” Waheed said. 

“If you have HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh, the society here will make sure in every possible way that you feel that you are a dirty person who committed heinous sin,” Sikder said. “I became invisible [with] shame and guilt.” 

Experts say stigma suppresses reporting, and as a consequence, treatment and prevention efforts. 

“I know I was HIV-positive but I got married because I was lonely,” said Anwara Begum, a former sex worker. “Now my husband is also HIV-positive, but we both are happy as we are not alone.” 

Company was poor consolation for China Begum, 23, whose husband knowingly infected her. “How can he do that to me?” China asked. 

Stigma hits not only people infected with HIV, but also those who work with them, said Momtaz Parvin Jolly, an NGO social worker who works closely with HIV-positive people. After years on the job, she said friends still say her work exposes her to infection. 

“No friends came to attend my baby’s birthday as they think me and my baby might be infected with HIV as we both are friends to many HIV-positive [people],” Jolly said. 

Confidentiality breaches 

As of 2010 there were some 105 voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) centres nationwide operated by NGOs and the government, which offer confidential counselling before and after HIV testing. 

But according to Sanwar Hossain, a project coordinator with AAS, many centres fail to protect client confidentiality. “As a result, in the fear of social discrimination, people with HIV might not go to the VCTs,” said Hossain. 

Mohammad Ali, a counsellor at a VCT facility in Dhaka, said many counsellors do not understand the importance of protecting clients’ privacy. 

The government is considering legislation to protect people infected with HIV from discrimination, said the government’s Waheed. “We are now holding meetings with the lawmakers in this regard.” 

According to the most recent UNAIDS estimate [ http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/bangladesh/ ], some 7,700 people in Bangladesh are living with HIV. 

mh/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97153/HIV-AIDS-Low-prevalence-high-stigma-in-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212310842140903t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DHAKA 31 December 2012 (IRIN) - Even though HIV prevalence in Bangladesh is as low as 0.1 percent of the 160 million population, experts fear that widespread discrimination towards people who test positive for HIV may leave infections unreported.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: Mohammad Shafique, “I am having trouble just supporting myself here”</title><pubDate>Thu, 27 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212190705180262t.jpg" />]]>COX’S BAZAR 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - More than two months after Rohingya refugee Mohammad Shafique fled to Bangladesh from Myanmar, the 32-year-old wonders whether he will be able to return.</description><body><![CDATA[COX’S BAZAR 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - More than two months after Rohingya refugee Mohammad Shafique fled to Bangladesh from Myanmar, the 32-year-old wonders whether he will be able to return.

Under Burmese law, the Rohingya are de jure stateless and have long faced persecution and discrimination in Myanmar, human rights groups say. Meanwhile, Bangladesh, already home to more than 250,000, mostly undocumented Rohingya refugees, insists it is in no position to accept any more. Shafique told IRIN his story:

“There had always been trouble between Rohingya and Rakhine people, but never anything like this. So much violence and suffering. I felt I had no choice but to leave in October.

“However, life here in Bangladesh is not easy and there are restrictions on us here as well. We can’t go where we want and cannot legally work. Although I would like to return to Myanmar, I just don’t know when I can.

“Here in Bangladesh life is difficult. I only wish I could work so that I might help my family back in Myanmar.

“But that’s proving difficult. I am having trouble just supporting myself here, let alone my family. There are no jobs here for Rohingya and people have nothing to do but cut and collect wood for an income.

“Living here is difficult and I try to get by on what little I have.

“For those of us who have just arrived, there is a lot of fear, but also a lot of hope. At least here I am not afraid for my life. At least here I can sleep and get something to eat.

“Here most people don’t misbehave towards us. They treat us well. Sometimes they give us some food.

“Life in Myanmar for the Rohingya remains a struggle, and people do what they have to do to get by, while those with nothing have to borrow or beg to survive.

“If we can live in Myanmar with the freedom with which people of Bangladesh live then I would return to Myanmar. I came alone, my family’s back there. If there’s peace, I want to go back.”

ms/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97096/BANGLADESH-Mohammad-Shafique-I-am-having-trouble-just-supporting-myself-here</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212190705180262t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COX’S BAZAR 27 December 2012 (IRIN) - More than two months after Rohingya refugee Mohammad Shafique fled to Bangladesh from Myanmar, the 32-year-old wonders whether he will be able to return.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: Deforestation threatens food security in southeast</title><pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002180532470964t.jpg" />]]>COX’S BAZAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Activists warn food insecurity in southeastern Bangladesh may worsen over the next decade as a result of unfettered deforestation.</description><body><![CDATA[COX’S BAZAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Activists warn food insecurity in southeastern Bangladesh may worsen over the next decade as a result of unfettered deforestation. 

Abdul Mannan of local NGO Society for Health Extension & Development works with communities in Cox’s Bazar District where, by the group’s estimate, some 400,000 depend on the forest to survive. 

“The southeastern sub-districts of Ukhia and Teknaf are, in comparison, far poorer than other parts of the country,” he told IRIN. “And the people here have no alternative income sources to the forest.” 

Mannan’s organization provides loans and training to encourage people to find new income sources, such as poultry farming or cattle rearing. But he said his group is able to reach less than 10 percent of the affected communities. 

By his organization’s tally, among the most affected by deforestation are some 100,000 Bangladeshis who rank among the country’s poorest, about 2,000 indigenous hill tribe people, and close to 300,000 ethnic Rohingya refugees from neighbouring Myanmar. 

Burmese law considers the Rohingya [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95190/96/ ] - officially referred to as Muslims - stateless, while Bangladesh views all but some 30,000 as illegal migrants. 

Population pressure 

“From this 10,000 hectare forest, people manage to extract as much as US$20 million income a year. But the extraction rate is far too high, and the population pressure is too great now,” said Mannan. 

“It is not enough income, and it is disappearing fast. I have asked local woodcutters [loggers] how much they would have to walk to work in the past, and it was about 1-2km. Now it is 9-10km. So looking 10 years down the line, they will have to walk 20km, 30km to find wood. If things continue to go this way, then these people’s livelihoods will disappear.” 

The $20 million figure sounds lucrative, but is still not enough to support the numbers depending on that cash, said Fariduddin Ahmed, the executive director of Arannayk Foundation, a conservation group based in the capital, Dhaka. 

In 2010, the country had an estimated 1,442,000 hectares of forest, 52,000 hectares less than two decades earlier [ http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1757e/i1757e.pdf ]. While official data for forests in the country’s southeast are unavailable, NGOs and residents say forest loss here has been more dramatic. 

Both Ahmed and local Rohingya estimate loggers earn less than $2 a day, which they use to feed often sizeable families. While population control has been successful in much of Bangladesh, the southeast remains an exception, said Ahmed. 

Over the past three decades the population growth rate nationwide dropped from almost 7 percent [ http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm ] to 1.2 percent in 2011 [ https://www.google.co.th/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&idim=country:BGD&dl=en&hl=en&q=population%20growth%20rate%20bangladesh ].

“In the southeast part of Bangladesh you will see an interesting situation - here the local and tribal people have many children… And these people, to feed their families, most of them have no option but to go to the forest, cut the wood, and sell it,” said Ahmed. 

Resentment 

“The Rohingya migration is a big part of the pressure - the more people come, the greater the pressure on the forest. They have no source of work, so they all go to the jungle and cut the wood, all the while hiding and trying not to get caught,” he added. 

Timber, used for cooking, is sold in local markets, but Rohingya often resort to black markets or selling through intermediaries. 

Abdul Gohor, a Rohingya who has been in Bangladesh for over 20 years, said resentment is on the rise. “They [locals] say we are being fed by the UN, why should we use up their resources?” 

Rohingya refugees in two government camps receive food rations from the World Food Programme. 

In 2012 the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) estimated 12.6 percent of under-five children in two government camps for Rohingya refugees are afflited by wasting (too low weight for height), of whom almost 1 percent are severely malnourished. Some six out of 10 children in the camps are stunted (too short for their age) - a sign of too few nutrients and a harbinger of brain damage, development delays and a broken immune system that no longer fights off fatal infections. 

It is even worse in makeshift unofficial refugee sites in Kutupalong, one of two official government camps, where international media [ http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/may/24/dhaka-aid-embargo-bangladesh-rohingya ] has reported an acute malnutrition rate of up to 27 percent. 

“Everyone here cuts wood to live,” said Abu Jamal, a Rohingya refugee living in Leda camp, a makeshift gathering on the outskirts of the official Nayapara refugee camp. “Many times you can’t finish the job because Bengalis will come and beat us and take our wood away.” 

ms/pt/cb 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97067/BANGLADESH-Deforestation-threatens-food-security-in-southeast</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201002180532470964t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COX’S BAZAR 18 December 2012 (IRIN) - Activists warn food insecurity in southeastern Bangladesh may worsen over the next decade as a result of unfettered deforestation.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: NGO ban hurting undocumented Rohingya</title><pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008102618t.jpg" />]]>COX’S BAZAR 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Some 40,000 undocumented Rohingya refugees are being adversely affected by a government ban four months ago on NGOs working at two makeshift sites in southeastern Bangladesh.</description><body><![CDATA[COX’S BAZAR 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Some 40,000 undocumented Rohingya refugees are being adversely affected by a government ban four months ago on NGOs working at two makeshift sites in southeastern Bangladesh. 

“If we get some rice, we eat. Otherwise, we don’t eat,” Anowara Begum, an undocumented Rohingya refugee and 40-year-old mother-of-four at the Leda makeshift camp outside Nayapara, one of two makeshift sites outside two official government camps for Rohingya refugees told IRIN.  

"Since the NGOs stopped coming our kids don't get medicine. They don't get treated for what they need. They  don't get the food they need," Sokeya Begum, 39, another undocumented Rohingya, said.

In August, Bangladeshi authorities ordered three NGOs - Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Action Against Hunger and Muslim Aid UK – to stop the formal delivery of humanitarian services, including health care and food to undocumented Rohingya refugees, saying such services would encourage more to flee to Bangladesh.

According to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), there are more than 200,000 Rohingyas in Bangladesh, of whom only 30,000 are documented and living in two government camps assisted by the agency. 

Some 12,000 documented refugees live at the Kutupalong camp in Cox’s Bazar District, with another nearly 18,000 further south at Nayapara - both within 2km of Myanmar. 

Documented refugees are provided food rations by the World Food Programme (WFP), along with shelter assistance, non-food items, water/sanitation services, vocational training and supplementary feeding for malnourished refugees by UNHCR. 

However, most Rohingya [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96801/Briefing-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-crisis ] - a mainly Muslim ethnic group who fled persecution en masse to Bangladesh from Myanmar’s neighbouring Rakhine State years earlier - are undocumented. 

UNHCR has not been permitted to register newly arriving Rohingya since mid-1992. 

Only those who are documented receive regular assistance, while those who are undocumented are largely dependent on a handful of international NGOs who until recently were allowed to work in the area. 

Poor living conditions 

Prior to the government ban, conditions in the makeshift camps were described by Physicians for Human Rights [ http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/issues/mass-atrocities/bangladesh-refugee-crisis/background.html ] as “among the worst they had ever seen”.

Most people outside the Kutupalong camp are housed in ramshackle huts made of twigs and plastic sheeting, denied food aid, and live beside open sewers, the Boston-based group says. 

In its most recent survey, MSF found that global acute malnutrition, one of the basic indicators for assessing the severity of a humanitarian crisis, was as high as 27 percent at the Kutupalong makeshift camp, where an estimated 20,000 unregistered refugees live - almost double the emergency threshold of 15 percent set by the World Health Organization.

No further surveys have been made since the ban took effect. 

In June, the Bangladeshi authorities effectively closed the door [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95634/BANGLADESH-Closing-the-door-on-Rohingya ] to Rohingya fleeing communal violence in Rakhine State in June and October which left dozens dead and thousands of homes destroyed. 

"We are not interested in more people coming to Bangladesh," Foreign Minister Dipu Moni told reporters at the time, noting that Bangladesh was already a densely populated country and could not afford a fresh influx.

 Government figures suggest 200,000-500,000 undocumented Rohingya live in villages and towns outside the camps, many of them in Cox’s Bazar, Bandarban and Chittagong.

UNHCR has repeatedly called on Dhaka to lift the ban, but more than four months on it remains in place, leaving aid workers reluctant to comment on the record.  
 
“The situation here is very bad, it’s horrific,” Shahina Akter, a local nutrition volunteer who asked that her organization not be identified, citing issues of severe malnutrition.

“Because of the ban, it’s harder for us to help the Rohingya,” another aid worker who asked not to be identified, confirmed. 

ms/ds/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97061/BANGLADESH-NGO-ban-hurting-undocumented-Rohingya</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/2008102618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">COX’S BAZAR 17 December 2012 (IRIN) - Some 40,000 undocumented Rohingya refugees are being adversely affected by a government ban four months ago on NGOs working at two makeshift sites in southeastern Bangladesh.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>DISASTERS: Asia’s 2012 figures and trends</title><pubDate>Tue, 11 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents. 

“Cities are growing. There will be even more people and factories. If you think we have a problem now, we will have even more in the future,” said Jerry Velasquez, head of the Asia-Pacific office for the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). The agency estimates the number of people living in flood-prone urban areas in East Asia may reach 67 million by 2060.

The Belgian-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains a database of natural disasters worldwide [ http://www.emdat.be/ ], called for more regional cooperation on disaster data gathering, more work translating science for policymakers and the public [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96965/Analysis-When-lack-of-early-warning-becomes-manslaughter ], and more grassroots research on the needs of those affected, especially farmers [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/96054/SRI-LANKA-Better-weather-warnings-needed ]. 

Below are 10 highlights from the preliminary 2012 data on natural disasters in 28 Asian countries, released by UNISDR and CRED on 11 December. 

1. Countries in the region reported 83 disasters - mostly floods - in 2012. The disasters killed some 3,100 people, affected 64.5 million and left behind US$15 billion in damage.

2. Worldwide, 231 disasters killed some 5,400 people, affected 87 million and caused $44.6 billion in damage.

3. From 1950 to 2011, nine out of 10 people affected by disasters worldwide were in Asia.

4. One of the region’s hardest-hit countries this year (and this past decade) was the Philippines. Since 2002, the country has had 182 recorded disasters, which killed almost 11,000 people. This figure does not include the storm that hit the country’s south [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97010/PHILIPPINES-Still-struggling-to-reach-Typhoon-Bopha-survivors ] on 4 December; more than 600 were killed in that event, and some 800 are still reported missing. 

5. Of the top five disasters that created the most damage this year, three were in China, and the other two were in Pakistan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96194/PAKISTAN-Preparedness-doubts-as-monsoon-claims-first-victims ] and Iran. Cumulatively, these events resulted in an estimated $13.3 billion in damage.

6. China led the list of most disasters in 2012 (18), followed by Philippines (16), Indonesia (10), Afghanistan (9) and India (5).

7. China was the only “multi-hazard”-prone country. In the others, including Pakistan, 85 percent of damage came from one event, calling into question efforts to cultivate “multi-hazard” resiliency, said CRED.

8. Two-hazard countries included Afghanistan (drought and flood); Bangladesh and Vietnam (flood and storm); and India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (flood and earthquake). 

9. In the past decade, Indonesia and the Philippines have had many disasters but relatively few affected people, while Bangladesh [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96706/BANGLADESH-Government-urges-stronger-aid-coordination ] and Thailand [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96989/DISASTERS-Slow-onset-disasters-take-toll ] have had fewer disasters and more affected, while Pakistan and Vietnam fell in between the two categories. These numbers offer a sign of how prepared these respective countries were [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95602/INDONESIA-Report-card-on-disaster-preparedness ] to face emergencies, researchers noted.

10. Pakistan suffered large-scale loss of life from floods for the third successive year; from August to October, 480 people died in floods. June-July floods in China affected over 17 million people and caused the most economic loss in the region - $4.8 billion.

pt/rz

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97021/DISASTERS-Asia-s-2012-figures-and-trends</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208100940420825t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 11 December 2012 (IRIN) - The good news: fewer people died from natural disasters in Asia in 2012 than in previous years. The bad news: between January and October, natural disasters still claimed more lives here than anywhere else in the world - and experts predict the trend will continue as populations and industries expand in a region that already houses the world’s largest number of urban residents.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH-KENYA: Our Lives - A survivors&apos; guide to hard times</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Our Lives - A survivors' guide to hard times

In-Depth Global Reports

Our Lives is a new IRIN series following 20 people in 10 countries as they try to get by in these testing times. The men and women featured - from teachers to truck drivers - describe how they cope with the rising cost of living, and explain their hopes for the future. This series will be regularly updated.

Survivors

Bangladesh
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96869/98/ ] Samir Uddin – Street hawker
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96870/98/ ] Wliar Rahman – School teacher

Kenya
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96886/98/ ] Jane Njeri – Displaced person
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96908/98/ ] Millicent Wanyama – Breadcrumb seller

Lesotho
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96896/98/ ] ‘Mammuso Lebakeng – Crafts trader
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96692/98/ ] Moloantoa Mokhomphatha – Builder

Liberia
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96863/98/ ] John Tamba – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96862/98/ ] Lorpu Kah – Single mum

Madagascar
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96857/98/ ] Liliana Lova Rahoaritsalamanirinarisoa – Trainee teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96859/98/ ] Thierry Mafisy Miharivonjy Razafindranaivo – Cook

Mali
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96864/98/ ] Chaka Dagnoko – Mechanic
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96865/98/ ] Tembely Coulibaly – Restaurateur

Nepal
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96868/98/ ] Kumari Magar – Maid
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96871/98/ ] Manbahadur Tamang – Farmer

Pakistan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96861/98/ ] Aslam Rehmat – Dental assistant
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96860/98/ ] Rashid Minhas – Driver

South Sudan
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96961/98/ ] Grace Taban Genova – Home-brewer
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96866/98/ ] Kenyi Chaplain Paul – Security guard

Yemen
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96855/98/ ] Adel Aklin – Teacher
[ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96856/98/ ] Ali Abdullah al-Moudai – Community liaison officer


IRIN Films – Food for thought

Cassava in Cote di”ivoire [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4773/FOO/Food-Security/Cassava-in-C%C3%B4te-d-Ivoire ]
Wheat in India [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4700/Wheat-in-India ]
Lentils in Nepal [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4701/Lentils-in-Nepal ]
Rice in Madagascar [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4769/Rice-in-Madagascar ]
Kenya’s Unga revolution [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4882/Kenya-s-Unga-Revolution ]
A question of dignity [ http://www.irinnews.org/film/4757/A-Question-of-Dignity ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96695/BANGLADESH-KENYA-Our-Lives-A-survivors-apos-guide-to-hard-times</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201212061756470519t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Price Watch (Our lives)</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: Samir Uddin – Street hawker, Bangladesh</title><pubDate>Thu, 06 Dec 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211081322420247t.jpg" />]]>MYMENSING 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Samir Uddin, a 50-year-old street hawker, lives with his wife and two children in the village of Charpara in Mymensing District, a rural area 120km north of the capital Dhaka. His children do not go to school.</description><body><![CDATA[MYMENSING 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Samir Uddin, a 50-year-old street hawker, lives with his wife and two children in the village of Charpara in Mymensing District, a rural area 120km north of the capital Dhaka. His children do not go to school.

He describes his financial situation as “very bad” and is particularly worried about the growing number of street hawkers - so much so that he is looking for another job. He says he cannot see things getting better.

“Each day when I go to shop for food, at least one item of food has increased in price. It’s been like this in recent years.

“Nowadays, I’m afraid to go shopping.

“Because of financial difficulties, there are more street hawkers than before. As a result, my income has decreased.

“This is the worst time ever. Even if I work hard, I cannot manage my expenses as the price of everything has increased.

“Not only food items. Almost everything has doubled in price over the past five years.

“Things were good for the first two or three years [after being fired from his previous job making bricks], but now it is really difficult to manage a four-member family with the income I earn. 

“I am looking for another job again now. Otherwise, I won’t be able to manage three meals for my family.

“Getting a job isn’t easy at the moment when there are so many unemployed people out there. I have been looking for a job for the past 6-7 months but without success.

“If someone in the family gets sick, this is the absolute worst. It means at least $10 in doctors’ bills.

“Every month after paying my bills, I am short of money. I don’t know how I will ever be able to repay this. [a $400-loan he took out a few months ago]. 

“I don’t see any indication that food prices will decrease. Once the prices go up, they never come down. 

“I do not know what I will do if prices keep going this way.”

mw/ds/cb


Name: Samir Uddin 

Age: 50

Location: Charpara village in Mymensing District

Does your spouse/partner live with you? Yes. 

What is your primary job? Street hawker.

What is your monthly salary? $60 a month. 

What is your household’s total income - including your partner’s salary, and any additional sources? No other income. My partner is a housewife.

How many people are living in your household - what is their relationship to you? Four - wife and two children.

How many are dependent on you/your partner's income - what is their relationship to you? Four.

How much do you spend each month on food? About $50.

What is your main staple - how much does it cost each month? Rice/$12. 

How much do you spend on rent? Nothing. I have my own home.

How much on transport? About $5. 

How much do you spend on educating your children each month? My children don’t go to school as I can’t afford it. 

After you have paid all your bills each month, how much is left? Nothing.

Have you or any member of the household been forced to skip meals or reduce portion sizes in the last three months? Not yet, but we have reduced portion sizes. 

Have you been forced to borrow money (or food) in the last three months to cover basic household needs? In August, I borrowed $400. 

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For more Survivor stories, please visit our In-Depth Our Lives [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/96695/98/ ]

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/96869/BANGLADESH-Samir-Uddin-Street-hawker-Bangladesh</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201211081322420247t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MYMENSING 06 December 2012 (IRIN) - Samir Uddin, a 50-year-old street hawker, lives with his wife and two children in the village of Charpara in Mymensing District, a rural area 120km north of the capital Dhaka. His children do not go to school.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>