<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Asia</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/irin-fp.aspx</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:30:42 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>PAKISTAN: Water woes compounded by internal disputes</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205150902590444t.jpg" />]]>KARACHI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The dead fish recently washed up on the shores of Lake Keenjhar, the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, shocked nearby villagers in Thatta District in the southern province of Sindh.</description><body><![CDATA[KARACHI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The dead fish recently washed up on the shores of Lake Keenjhar, the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, shocked nearby villagers in Thatta District in the southern province of Sindh.

“We saw the dead water life after a recent storm. It seems contaminated water came into the lake from a drain,” Zahir Ahmed, a villager said. “We have been trying to get water from other places, but it is hard work."

“The water flowing in from one drain is now dark and impure. It used to be crystal clear,” Jehangir Durrani, natural resources manager for the Worldwide Fund for Nature at Keenjhar, told IRIN.

An inquiry by Sindh Environment Protection Agency is under way, but has not yet produced definitive results. Concern is high since the Lake Keenjhar is the main source of water for Karachi, but is some 70km away.

“We are awaiting a detailed report so we know exactly what happened,” said Mir Hussain Ali, the Sindh environment secretary.

The Keenjhar episode is not the only case of water contamination in the country. Concern has in the past arisen over the pollution of other water bodies in Sindh, [ http://dawn.com/2011/06/09/polluted-manchar-lake-needs-help/ ] including the Lake Manchar.

The Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific 2011 [ http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2011/escap-syb2011.pdf ] published by the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in October 2011 says Pakistan is one of the nations of the world “facing major threats” of increasing water scarcity, high water utilization, deteriorating water quality and climate change risks. It was ranked among the “water hotspots” of the region.

For ordinary Pakistanis the situation is dire. "There used to be a water-well near our village," said Manni Bibi, who lives in Khuzdar District in Balochistan. "But it has dried up and now the other women and I have to walk nearly 6km to fetch water from a pond. Animals also drink from here and cleanliness is a concern, though we do boil the water,” she told IRIN.

Internal disputes

Internal disputes within the country add to the problems. The Water Apportionment Accord [ http://cms.waterinfo.net.pk/pdf/iwt.pdf ] between the four provinces of Pakistan was signed in 1991, but politicians, notably from Sindh which lies downstream of the Indus, say it has not been adhered to. Veteran Sindhi politician and activist Rasul Bux Palijo, who has also written extensively [ http://www.cpcs.org.pk/docs/bookshelf/Sindh-Punjab%20Water%20Dispute.pdf ] on the water distribution issue, said “enormous injustice” had been done to Sindh, with waterflow along the Indus dwindling. Canals and barrages built upstream on the river are a key factor in this, say Palijo and other Sindhi people.

“We live in perpetual crisis because not enough water flows down the Indus to water our crops. We barely have clean water to drink,” said Ghulam Bux, a farmer in Thatta District. He also complained that the dwindling Indus delta was leading to “land loss due to sea erosion”.

Indian connection

Problems linked to the division of water with India have also aggravated Pakistan's water shortage problem. On the acrimonious partition of the two nations in 1947, there was concern in Pakistan over the fact that almost all the key rivers providing water for agricultural and other purposes had sources in India or Indian-administered Kashmir.

The 1960 Indus Water Basin Treaty [ http://cms.waterinfo.net.pk/pdf/iwt.pdf ] signed between the two countries attempted to arrive at a water-sharing formula by allocating water from various rivers to each country. But as growing populations and dwindling water resources put pressure on both countries, more and more problems have arisen.

Environmental experts, such as Lahore-based lawyer and activist Rafay Alam told a seminar [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/274344/india-pakistan-issues-forget-kashmir-terrorism-worry-about-water/] last year on India-Pakistan water issues: “International concerns about the environment were in their infancy when the Indus waters treaty was negotiated. Now we need to engage communities living in the basin. The water resources of both countries were abundant at the time, now they are scare.”

Alam also called for the issue to be looked at scientifically, rather than politically, but this is easier said than done. In the National Assembly, a fierce debate is currently raging about five dams [ http://www.agrihunt.com/agri-news/50/2767.html ] India reportedly plans to construct on three western rivers. Pakistan’s minister for water and power believes this would violate the Indus Water Basin Treaty and further reduce water supplies to Pakistan. International arbitration is being sought.

“A lack of trust between the two countries holds up agreements on water discharge from rivers," Syed Jamaat Ali Shah, the Pakistan commissioner for the Indus Water Basin Treaty, told IRIN. Pakistan, he added, “needed at the least drinking water” from more rivers.

kh/eo/cb

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95460</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205150902590444t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KARACHI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The dead fish recently washed up on the shores of Lake Keenjhar, the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, shocked nearby villagers in Thatta District in the southern province of Sindh.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>THAILAND: Mapping urban farming</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million. 

“UPA produces around one-fifth of world’s food, with 800 million people involved in it. Our project aims at giving decision-makers more elements to harness this potential,” Yingyong Paisooksantivatana, the associate dean of the agriculture faculty at Kasetsart University in Bangkok, [ http://www.ku.ac.th/english/ ] told IRIN. 

The V-GIS (vegetable-GIS, or “veggies”,) project is a computerized information system that analyses data gathered on the ground and via satellite about crop species, production, land surface and workforce, launched in April 2012 by Kasetsart University and the German University of Freiburg, [ http://www.uni-freiburg.de/ ] with funding from the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ). 

Researchers, urban planners and policymakers can access the information for free, said David Oberhuber, the GIZ country director in Thailand. 

“The cultivation of fruits and vegetables inside Greater Bangkok is necessary for many inhabitants but very little is known about it,” said Narin Senapa, a research and training assistant at the Taiwan-based NGO, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC), [ http://www.avrdc.org/ ] previously known as Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre, which is participating in the project. 

Greater Bangkok - including Bangkok and five adjacent provinces, with a population of 14.5 million recorded in the 2010 census - has gained more than three million inhabitants since 2000. 

UPA is especially important to the less favoured section of the urban population, those without formal employment or a steady income, wrote Daniel Hoornweg, an urban development specialist from the World Bank, in a recent report. [ http://www.scribd.com/doc/67301608/Urban-Agriculture-for-Sustainable-Poverty-Alleviation-and-Food-Security ] 

The UN Population Division [ http://www.un.org/esa/population/ ] notes that more than half of world’s people now live in urban settings, and around one-third - some one billion people - live in slums. By 2020, an estimated 85 percent of the poor in Central and South America, and up to 45 percent of those in Africa and Asia will be concentrated in urban areas [ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbmethods.htm ]. 

GIS has been used to study UPA over the last decade in Chile, China, Portugal and Vietnam, among other countries. [ http://www.a-a-r-s.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2005/Papers/GDS1-1.pdf ] 

Rapid urbanization in developing countries has been accompanied by a sharp increase in urban food insecurity. Scientists and policymakers have increasingly turned to fruits and vegetables - a major portion of UPA crops - to get communities through lean times in creative ways. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88150/KENYA-Bag-a-farm ] 

Alma Linda Abubakar, a programme development officer at the Asia office of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Bangkok, said developing urban agriculture is crucial, given demographic trends. 

sb/pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95461</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205160643430523t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A Geographical Information System (GIS) is being  used to map vegetable production in the greater Bangkok region, seat of Thailand’s capital, to analyse how urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) contribute to food security in the city of more than 14 million.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR: Census offers hope to ethnic groups</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070220t.jpg" />]]>CHIANG MAI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A recent decision to undertake a national census could prove key to empowering Myanmar’s more than 100 ethnic groups, provided it is inclusive and conducted to international standards. </description><body><![CDATA[CHIANG MAI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A recent decision to undertake a national census could prove key to empowering Myanmar’s more than 100 ethnic groups, [ http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=95195 ] provided it is inclusive and conducted to international standards. 

“Potentially, the census would have a very positive affect on the ethnic areas and could serve to support claims for ethnic rights in education, language and culture that in some areas is repressed by the state and military,” David Scott Mathieson, a senior researcher in the Asia division of Human Rights Watch (HRW), told IRIN. 

The government lists 135 ethnic groups, comprising more than a third of Burma’s 55 million inhabitants, which are grouped into eight national races: Burman, Kachin, Kayah, Karen, Chin, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. 

The United Nations agreed on 30 April 2012 [ http://www.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/home/news/pid/10597;jsessionid=810FCD51766058633E92122306596081.jahia01 ] to assist the Burmese government in conducting its first census in 31 years. The project will start in April 2014, ahead of the next general election in 2015. 

“It’s incredibly important to have a census at this time, both to support the gradually expanding reforms and because there hasn’t been a census since 1983,” Mathieson said, noting that there had been severe limitations on gathering the data at the time, as ongoing armed conflict had excluded significant parts of the country. 

Karen State in the east of the country is one such area, where the long-standing conflict between Karen forces and Burma’s successive governments has hampered development for more than 60 years. 

Healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93979/MYANMAR-Improving-maternal-and-childcare-in-the-east ] and education standards in southeastern Myanmar are described as among the worst in Asia. 

According to the Thai Burma Border Consortium (TBBC), [ http://www.tbbc.org/ ] an umbrella group of NGOs working along the border, fighting has displaced more than 400,000 people. 

Although the Karen National Union (KNU), [ http://www.karennationalunion.net/ ] which has been fighting for greater autonomy from the Burmese government for decades, is now in the initial steps of implementing a ceasefire, the census process could prove just as difficult to carry out. 

“Right now, not many people in Karen state are aware of the proposed census, so the government will need to do a lot more to inform the communities about it,” said Knaw Paw, spokesperson for the Karen Women's Organization. 

“There is an urgent need to get accurate information out to international organizations and institutions, so that they are aware of the real situation on the ground in Karen State, where healthcare and education issues have been largely ignored by the Myanmar government,” Knaw Paw said. 

That will take careful planning, particularly as to how the survey is conducted. Za Uk Lin, of the Chin Human Rights Organization, [ http://www.chro.ca/ ] expressed concern that the census methodology might be skewed. “There is a significant number of Chin who can no longer speak their ethnic language fluently, so they are often mistaken for or classified as Burman,” Lin said. 

According to the 1983 census, the majority Burman ethnic group accounted for 69 percent of the population. 

Some 500,000 people live in Chin State, described by the United Nations as the poorest of Myanmar’s 14 regions and states, with 73.3 percent of the population living below the poverty line and having limited access to healthcare and education. Another 100,000 Chin, having fled persecution, live across the border in neighbouring India’s Mizoram State. 

There is also the challenge of ensuring that everyone living in Myanmar, regardless of race, is covered, including the Rohingya, who are officially classified as “stateless”. Activists say this ethnic, linguistic and religious (Muslim) minority, has long faced persecution. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94639/BANGLADESH-Rohingyas-wary-of-Burmese-reforms ] 

“In Myanmar, the term ‘Rohingya’ is not recognized by the government and, therefore, it does not feature in the official list of 135 national races whose membership guarantees full citizenship,” said Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, an advocacy group for Rohingya. “[It is] shocking that Myanmar’s government would only consider to include in this census people belonging to the ‘national races’.” 

There are some 800,000 Rohingya living in northern Rakhine State, while 200,000 or more fled persecution and are now living in Bangladesh, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR). 

Another challenge, said HRW’s Mathieson, are the “countless thousands of stateless hill-tribe people in Shan State and other border areas, plus thousands of civilians who have never been registered as Burmese citizens. [They have] no birth certificates, ID cards, or passports because they grew up in insurgent -controlled areas or refugee camps or migrant worker communities.” 

Such groups could strongly benefit from the upcoming census, as well as from the expected increase in international donor support, given the country’s ongoing political reforms. How that aid is spent, and its effectiveness, will require better information on the ground. 

“There is a dire need for the census to guide Myanmar's rural development and poverty reduction strategy, and 5-year national development plan. How can such plans be developed and monitored without accurate data on the number of people residing in the country, their age structure and sex, geographical locations, access to healthcare, water and sanitation?” said Mohamed Abdel-Ahad, country representative for the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). 

In the two years leading up to the census, UNFPA will be assisting in surveyor training and drafting the forms that will be completed during the data collection exercise. 

At the signing of the agreement to undertake the census, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said he was “very encouraged by the government’s strong commitment to the project”, and urged donors to support it. 

Myanmar’s Vice-President, Sai Mauk Kham, said his government “will cooperate closely with UNFPA to oversee the quality of the census, so that the result will be accurate and up to international standards”. 

ss/ds/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95462</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/2008070220t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CHIANG MAI 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - A recent decision to undertake a national census could prove key to empowering Myanmar’s more than 100 ethnic groups, provided it is inclusive and conducted to international standards. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFGHANISTAN: Bonded labour ensnares entire families</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205140859340618t.jpg" />]]>KABUL 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - Bonded labour in Afghanistan’s brick kilns is one of the most common forms of hazardous labour in the country. More than half of the brick kiln workers surveyed in a recent report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) were children, with most under 14. Few are getting any education to allow them to develop skills needed to break out of work in the kilns.</description><body><![CDATA[KABUL 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - Bonded labour in Afghanistan’s brick kilns is one of the most common forms of hazardous labour in the country. More than half of the brick kiln workers surveyed in a recent report [ http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_172671.pdf ] by the International Labour Organization (ILO) were children, with most under 14. Few are getting any education to allow them to develop skills needed to break out of work in the kilns.

Most children began working at the age of seven or eight, and almost 80 percent are under 10. According to the ILO, the kilns rely on debt bondage: Workers and their families are tied to a kiln by the need to pay off loans taken out for basic necessities, medical expenses, weddings and funerals.

The ILO report found that basic subsistence needs force families to repeatedly take out loans, often paying for a winter’s food with a loan which they pay back over an entire season. Of the families surveyed, 64 percent had worked in the kilns for 11 years or more, and 35 percent had done so for more than 20 years.

The exact number of kilns in Afghanistan is unknown, but reports suggest [ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/world/asia/16kiln.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all ] that in Nangarhar Province’s Surkhroad District alone there are about 90, with 150-200 children working in each one. ILO estimates that Kabul Province’s Deh Sabz District has 800 kilns.

“It is out of necessity and extreme poverty that households enlist their children from an early age to work in the kilns,” said Sarah Cramer, lead author of the ILO report. “There are four cycles prevalent in the situation of bonded labour in Afghanistan - the cycle of debt, cycle of vulnerability, cycle of dependence and the cycle of poverty.”

bm/eo/cb]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95463</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205140859340618t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KABUL 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - Bonded labour in Afghanistan’s brick kilns is one of the most common forms of hazardous labour in the country. More than half of the brick kiln workers surveyed in a recent report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) were children, with most under 14. Few are getting any education to allow them to develop skills needed to break out of work in the kilns.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Measles outbreak linked to conflict</title><pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200804012t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The recent outbreak of measles which claimed the lives of at least 12 children and one adult in Pakistan&apos;s North Waziristan&apos;s tribal agency is directly linked to conflict between militants and the army, according to local experts.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The recent outbreak of measles which claimed the lives of at least 12 children and one adult in Pakistan's North Waziristan's tribal agency is directly linked to conflict between militants and the army, according to local experts.

”Long curfews, road blockades and also the power cuts that take place mean the vaccines we receive expire," said Muhammad Ali Shah, who heads the main hospital in Miramshah, the headquarters of the agency. "The measles vaccine needs to be stored at a proper temperature.”

The hospital, Shah said, was receiving 5-10 cases of measles daily. “This is unusual," he told IRIN. "We do not usually see more than one or two deaths a year due to measles.”

North Waziristan, a poor area bordering Afghanistan, is a stronghold of the Taliban and affiliated militants. It is largely inaccessible, which makes it difficult for vaccination teams to move and for other humanitarian organizations to operate safely. 

“We are basically on our own here,” Shah added, noting that it was unclear how many people were affected by the virus in remote mountainous areas.

According to official figures, [ http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/Departments/BOS/fatadev-stat-abs-health.php ] healthcare facilities in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas - made up of seven agencies of which North Waziristan is one - are poor, with only one doctor for every 6,993 people. For the rest of the country the figure is 1,225 people per doctor, scattered among the 33 hospitals in the territory.

“Vaccination campaigns in our areas are frequently interrupted. The militancy here has affected us all, and this measles epidemic we hear of is the latest manifestation of this,” Rahim Khan, a 55-year-old villager said. "In my village of Hurmaz there are several sick children. We don’t know what they are suffering from - though one has high fever and mottled skin,” he added, saying bad roads and a lack of transport had made it “very hard” to take the children to a medical facility.

Policy concerns

Experts say the situation raises questions about overall health policy. "Outbreaks of disease can be prevented only if, rather than a focus on polio alone, we concentrate on vaccinating against all preventable diseases," Anita Zaidi, professor of paediatrics at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, told IRIN “. This is also the only way to combat polio."

Azmat Siddique, a doctor based at a clinic near Miramshah, said: ‘We need more help to tackle the problem." He said help was “unlikely to come”, given the situation in the agency.

Jamil Wazir, an office assistant at a clinic in Peshawar, underscored the irony of the situation. “My sister’s two-year-old son died from complications after contracting measles," he told IRIN. "Here, as part of my job at this clinic, I purchase dozens of measles vaccines to administer to children, so they are kept safe from such disease."

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), [ http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs286/en/ ] measles is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus. More than 95 percent of measles deaths occur in low-income countries with weak health infrastructure. 

kh/eo/cb
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95464</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2008/200804012t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 16 May 2012 (IRIN) - The recent outbreak of measles which claimed the lives of at least 12 children and one adult in Pakistan&apos;s North Waziristan&apos;s tribal agency is directly linked to conflict between militants and the army, according to local experts.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>NEPAL: HIV widows on the edge</title><pubDate>Tue, 15 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205150830370312t.jpg" />]]>RAKAM 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - Widows living with HIV in Nepal’s remote hill districts in some of the country’s poorest and vulnerable communities face a particularly bleak future.</description><body><![CDATA[RAKAM 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - Widows living with HIV in Nepal’s remote hill districts in some of the country’s poorest and vulnerable communities face a particularly bleak future. 

“My husband died four years ago. We had to sell our cattle and farm to pay his medical bills,” 32-year-old Sumi Karki* told IRIN in the tiny village of Rakam in Dailekh District, about 700km northwest of the capital, Kathmandu. 

Infected by her husband, a former labour migrant to India, she has no idea how she will care for her three children in the future, much less pay for their schooling. 

Most of Rakam’s more than 2,000 impoverished residents depend on subsistence agriculture and remittances from relatives working abroad as migrant labourers to get by. 

Now, struggling to put food on the table, Karki cannot even afford the travel costs to Surkhet, the nearest town, to check her CD4 count (a measure of immune system strength). 

Concentrated epidemic 

According to the National Centre for AIDS and STD [sexually transmitted disease] Control in the Ministry of Health and Population (NCASC), [ http://www.ncasc.gov.np/ ] there are more than 50,000 adults and children living with HIV, and an estimated overall prevalence of 0.30 percent in the adult population (15-49 years old). 

Most new infections occurred among adult males (58 percent), followed by women of reproductive age (28 percent), while 8 percent of infections occurred among children under 15 years old. 

With an estimated 29.4 percent of all HIV infections occurring amongst labour migrants - although many believe the real number to be higher - the significance of this group, and the affected women, cannot be ignored. 

Each year, tens of thousands of men leave home in search of work abroad, mostly in neighbouring India. Estimates suggest that more than 1 million Nepalese men live in India alone. However, it’s not just money they bring back with them. 

Many of these men frequent commercial sex workers and practice unsafe sex while they are away, and then infect their wives with HIV when they return home. 

A 2010 Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance Survey [ http://nepal.usaid.gov/downloads/all-downloads/category/10-business-opportunities.html?download=206:wives-of-migrnats-factsheet ] of 600 women in Nepal’s Far-Western region found that HIV prevalence among the wives of migrant labourers was 0.8 percent, and 22.5 percent amongst widows. 

But despite these figures, assistance and support for these women is low. “The women remain so vulnerable because they never use, or even dare to ask to use, condoms when their husbands return home,” said Deepa Bohara, coordinator of Parivartan Ko Lagi Pahuch (Access for Change), the only NGO supporting the women in Rakam village. 

The group distributes antiretroviral (ARV) drugs once every two months. In Dailekh District alone there are 185 cases, and more than half of them are widows, hospital officials say. Like Karki, most of these widows are desperately poor after spending what little money they had on medical care for their husbands before they died. 

Government indifference 

“There is no humanitarian aid or HIV/AIDS care for these poor widows, who are living in total despair because of government indifference,” said Nani Devi, coordinator of HIV-positive single women’s support group, Nava Prabhat Ekal Mahila Samuha. 

Government agencies in the capital and the district were too busy blaming each other for their own ineffectiveness while these women continued to suffer, Devi claimed. 

“We are tired and frustrated asking in Kathmandu for the government’s help while we watch these poor women suffer,” said Dil Bahadur Shahi, chief development officer of the Dailekh District Development Committee, the top local governmental body in the district. 

The NCASC reportedly provides just over US$2,200 per year to support all 185 people living with HIV and AIDS in Dailekh. 

“We have requested aid for these poor women for many years, but have not received any concrete response,” said Khagendra Jung Shah, chief of the district health office. 

The NCASC coordinates most of the funding for HIVAIDS at the national level, but has neglected this district, local government officials and NGO workers claim. 

Meanwhile, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) [ http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/nepal/ ] has expressed concern over the plight of these women and has pledged to follow up with the authorities. 

“We will address this issue strongly with the government officials so that these poor women will get all the support they can,” said Maria Elena Filio-Borromeo, the UNAIDS country representative. 

Hemant Chandra Ojha, a senior medical officer at NCASC agreed, saying, “We have to start a very serious discussion and decide how we should proceed with help for these single women.” 

*Not her real name 

nn/ds/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95457</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205150830370312t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RAKAM 15 May 2012 (IRIN) - Widows living with HIV in Nepal’s remote hill districts in some of the country’s poorest and vulnerable communities face a particularly bleak future.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Forests remain a source of conflict</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205140610400577t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - The world’s largest producer of teak, an Indonesian state-owned company on the island of Java, has again been awarded sustainable forest management (SFM) certification. But the company has a long and sometimes contentious relationship with forest communities in the area, and the forest rights of indigenous communities remain a potential cause of conflict.

</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - The world’s largest producer of teak, an Indonesian state-owned company on the island of Java, has again been awarded sustainable forest management (SFM) certification. But the company has a long and sometimes contentious relationship with forest communities in the area, and the forest rights of indigenous communities remain a potential cause of conflict. 

“Land rights have long been a source of violence on Java,” Rhett Butler, a leading environmentalist and creator of a leading environmental news website [ http://www.mongabay.com ] told IRIN. Perhutani (Indonesian state forestry company) [ http://perumperhutani.com/en/ ] exploits 2.4 million hectares of forests in Java - 7 percent of the island area - with earnings of around US$400 million in 2011. 

Although Perhutani agreed in 2011 to the voluntary process that promotes eco-friendly management in order to obtain certification, it controls a huge area of forest once used by indigenous communities, many of whom still depend on the forests for their livelihoods. 

The company needs FSC certification to access high-value wood markets in the US and Europe, said Muhammad Firman, director of the Forest Utilization Department under Indonesia’s Ministry of Forestry. [ http://www.dephut.go.id/index.php?q=en ] 

SFM balances the present use of forests with their preservation for future generations. Certification started in the 1980s and is granted to forest companies by around 60 independent organizations under two main umbrella groups - Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) [ http://www.pefc.org ], the world's largest forest certification system, and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) [ http://www.fsc.org ] - with 20 to 30 percent of North American and European forests having certification, and Asia lagging far behind with only 2 to 4 percent. 

However, many activists believe SFM certification is geared less towards local communities than towards the environment and facilitating trade between forest companies and Western wood buyers 

“When indigenous people have been denied the right to use forests in the traditional way, no ‘inclusion’ programme can fully match their loss. It is not a question of ‘exclusion’ or ‘inclusion’,” said Deddy Raith, from the Jakarta-based NGO, WALHI-Friends of the Earth Indonesia. [ http://www.walhi.or.id/ ] 

“Today, Perhutani still has full responsibility over the forests,” said Ambrosius Ruwindrijarto, president of the local NGO, Telapak. [ http://telapak.tripod.com/forest.htm#brief ] “What we want is to mainstream community logging as the new trees-management regime in Indonesia.” 

Martua Sirait, a policy analyst in Aceh Province for the Nairobi-based World Agroforestry Centre, [ http://www.worldagroforestry.org ] maintains that the management of forests has ignored the customary land rights of some 40 to 60 million people since the 1960s. 

Large-scale illegal loggers were often active in the forests, and local inhabitants were exposed to danger by sometimes becoming involved, or being caught in the crossfire. Between 1998 and 2008 Perhutani’s armed patrols were accused of killing 32 people and injuring 69 in the fight against illegal timber operators, The Forest Trust (TFT) [ http://www.tft-forests.org ], a Geneva-based international charity, reported. 

Perhutani lost its SFM certification in 2002 and required TFT’s assistance to define a course of action to regain it, said Scott Poynton, TFT’s executive director. 

The programme, ‘Drop the Guns’, began in 2003, with Perhutani providing a share of timber sales and non-timber forest products to forest communities. In exchange, villagers took on a new role as guardians of the forests. But both parties only laid down all their weapons in 2009, which explained why the deadly fights continued until 2008, Poynton said. 

“Peace remains fragile because the underlying cause of unequal forest rights is unresolved. Perhutani can better sell its products, but villagers have received too little,” said Hasbi Berliani, a programme manager at the national good governance NGO, Kemitraan, [ http://www.kemitraan.or.id/index.php/main/home ] quoting an ongoing evaluation by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, [ http://www.lipi.go.id/ ] which shows that poverty among indigenous households has yet to be alleviated. 

“Villagers have been given $19 million between 2005 and 2010,” said Bambang Sukmananto, chief executive officer of Perhutani, noting that the 2011 SFM certification was recognition of the company’s efforts. 

Providing greater forest rights to indigenous people is a growing trend across Asia, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93203/ASIA-Indigenous-people-gain-greater-forest-rights ] aimed not only at safeguarding the livelihoods of villagers but also at improving environmental protection. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95295/LAOS-Communal-land-titles-could-save-more-than-forests ] 

sb/ds/he 
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95443</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205140610400577t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - The world’s largest producer of teak, an Indonesian state-owned company on the island of Java, has again been awarded sustainable forest management (SFM) certification. But the company has a long and sometimes contentious relationship with forest communities in the area, and the forest rights of indigenous communities remain a potential cause of conflict.

</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Concern over attacks on aid workers</title><pubDate>Mon, 14 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - Attacks on humanitarian workers in Pakistan have increased in the last four years, with five personnel abducted in the first two months of 2012, and three killed in separate incidents in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces, the Pakistan Humanitarian Forum (PHF) has warned.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - Attacks on humanitarian workers in Pakistan have increased in the last four years, with five personnel abducted in the first two months of 2012, and three killed in separate incidents in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces, the Pakistan Humanitarian Forum (PHF) has warned.

The escalating risk has forced the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to suspend operations in Pakistan, [ http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2012/pakistan-news-2012-05-10.htm ] particularly since the body of an ICRC health programme manager was found on the outskirts of Quetta on 29 April, with a note stating that he had been killed because “demands” had not been met. Khalil Rasjed Dale, 60, had been abducted four months ago. [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/377226/operations-review-red-cross-suspends-work-in-pakistan/ ]

The decision will have a ripple effect. "It is hard to give an exact figure, but we can say tens of thousands of people will be affected," Anastasia Isyuk, a spokesperson for the ICRC in Pakistan, told IRIN. Only a single ICRC-run rehabilitation project in Pakistan-administered Kashmir is still operating. "Our projects were mainly in the health, and also the in water and sanitation areas," Isyuk said. "No timeframe can be put on how long the ongoing review may take."

Other humanitarian organizations have also been affected by the ICRC decision. "Yes, we are also looking at security and reviewing measures, as are other organizations, but our work in the country is continuing," Aine Fey, Country Director of the UK-based charity, Concern Worldwide, told IRIN.

This is the first time the ICRC has suspended activities in Pakistan since it began working there in 1947. Offices in the port city of Karachi, and Peshawar, in the north, have been closed. International staff have been recalled to the capital, Islamabad, and national staff placed on paid leave. The Quetta office of the organization has been closed since Dale was kidnapped.

According to the PHF, the list of humanitarian aid staff who have been attacked in the past several years includes eight staff members of two organizations, who were shot in targeted attacks in 2009, and six who were killed in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province in 2010. Four more personnel were abducted and one murdered in an attack in Balochistan, and 14 were abducted in 2011.

Until now, none of the perpetrators have been captured or brought to justice, said the Forum, and seven humanitarian staff are still being held hostage since they were abducted in 2011 and 2012.

kh/eo/he]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95444</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201300958210387t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 14 May 2012 (IRIN) - Attacks on humanitarian workers in Pakistan have increased in the last four years, with five personnel abducted in the first two months of 2012, and three killed in separate incidents in Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab Provinces, the Pakistan Humanitarian Forum (PHF) has warned.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Child survival up, but not enough</title><pubDate>Fri, 11 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205041055210271t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 11 May 2012 (IRIN) - Global mortality among children younger than five years declined by 26 percent between 2000 and 2010 - meaning that the lives of some two million children were saved - but this is still not enough for many countries to meet the Millennium Development Goal of reducing deaths in this age group by two-thirds by 2015, according to recent US research.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 11 May 2012 (IRIN) - Global mortality among children younger than five years declined by 26 percent between 2000 and 2010 - meaning that the lives of some two million children were saved - but this is still not enough for many countries to meet the Millennium Development Goal of reducing deaths in this age group by two-thirds by 2015, according to recent US research [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60560-1/abstract ]. 

“Too much emphasis has been placed in recent years on global numbers and mortality, and less on understanding the determinants and direction of trends,” wrote Zulfiqar Bhutta, head of the maternal and child health division at the Aga Khan University Medical Centre in Karachi, Pakistan in a commentary accompanying the study. 

He noted that annual deaths from diarrhoea - a leading killer among young children - fell to less than 800,000 during the past two decades, but the drop occurred mostly in large countries like China, Brazil and India, and overall “the incidence of diarrhoeal disorders has hardly changed”. 

In a study by Johns Hopkins University, researchers used birth and death registries, household surveys, verbal autopsy (interviews with people familiar with the deceased  to learn the cause of death) [ http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/research/team/verbal-autopsy ] and multi-cause models [ http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/cod_2008_sources_methods.pdf ] to estimate the causes of death in children younger than five years during 2010 to monitor the progress of 193 countries towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG) - slashing child deaths annually by 4.4 percent, or 66 percent over 15 years. 

The study showed an average drop in mortality of only 2.6 percent annually, with preventable infectious diseases causing almost two-thirds of the deaths. Pre-term birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88216/HEALTH-Tissue-bank-to-study-invisible-stillbirths ] followed by pneumonia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91913/HEALTH-Vaccine-targets-world-s-biggest-child-killer ] were responsible for the highest number of deaths globally, with Africa and Southeast Asia hardest hit. 

In Africa, 73 percent of all child deaths (2.6 million children) were attributed mostly to malaria and HIV/AIDS, while in Southeast Asia nearly one million babies died within their first 28 days of life because of too-early birth, problems during delivery, or infection. 

pt/he ]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95441</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205041055210271t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 11 May 2012 (IRIN) - Global mortality among children younger than five years declined by 26 percent between 2000 and 2010 - meaning that the lives of some two million children were saved - but this is still not enough for many countries to meet the Millennium Development Goal of reducing deaths in this age group by two-thirds by 2015, according to recent US research.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HIV/AIDS: Global Fund will have US$1.6 billion more</title><pubDate>Thu, 10 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291150590936t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has announced that it will have US$1.6 billion more to invest in life-saving programmes between 2012 and 2014.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria has announced that it will have US$1.6 billion more to invest in life-saving programmes between 2012 and 2014.

The new funds are a result of "strategic decisions made by the Board, freeing up funds that can be invested in countries where there is the most pressing demand", a statement by the Fund said. [ http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/mediacenter/pressreleases/2012-05-09_Global_Fund_Forecasts_USD_1_6_billion_in_Available_Funds_for_2012_2014_Major_Shift_Reflects_Strategic_Choices_by_Board_Renewed_Confidence/] Organizational changes have brought "improved financial supervision and overall efficiency"; for instance, the Fund has cut its staff by 7.4 percent. In addition, it has received new donations recently, including $750 from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and $340 million from Japan.

Poor funding in 2011 forced the Fund to make an unprecedented decision to cancel its 11th round of funding, [http://www.plusnews.org/Report/94293/HIV-AIDS-Global-Fund-cancels-funding ] raising fears that gains made in the fight HIV would be lost. Some $616 million in grant requests is now being considered by the Technical Review Panel.

UNAIDS said the money would allow countries and communities to take the lead in determining their priorities to meet the targets of the 2011 UN Political Declaration on AIDS [ http://www.plusnews.org/Report/92940/HIV-AIDS-UN-High-Level-Meeting-on-AIDS-where-to-from-here ].

"This ushers in a new era for the Global Fund and I am pleased to see that it is opening the door to new partnerships," Michel Sidibé, executive director of UNAIDS, said in a statement. [http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2012/may/20120509psglobalfund/ ] "The Global Fund must keep firmly focused on country successes, and continue to leverage resources to ensure that countries can reach their goals and that more lives are saved."

The international NGO, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), welcomed the new money but cautioned that the Fund must stick to country-driven, needs-driven and demand-driven programming. Sharonann Lynch, HIV policy advisor to MSF International, urged the Global Fund, which will have its 26th board meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, on 10 and 11 May, to adhere to its founding principle of saving lives.

"The Global Fund will deliberate on whether it can afford to open a new funding window this year [2012]. MSF demands that it does so as quickly as possible - we can't afford to waste more time and squander the opportunity to save lives and prevent new infections," Lynch told IRIN/PlusNews.

"The funding window must be made available to all poor countries affected - the fear is that rushed reform within the Global Fund could lead to new strategies where it cherry-picks countries and interventions under the guise of poor funding.”

The Global Fund is one of the largest contributors to the fight against HIV, TB and malaria, and by 2010 was disbursing $3.5 billion annually. It has supported about 40 percent of all HIV treatment in developing countries and much of the care in middle-income nations such as China and India. More than two-thirds of the world’s malaria prevention and treatment, and three-quarters of all tuberculosis efforts, now depend on it.

"Countries that implement our grants are saving more and more people, but demand for services is still enormous,” said Gabriel Jaramillo, who became General Manager of the Global Fund in February 2012. “With more money, we can save more lives."

kr/he 
	
]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95434</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011291150590936t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has announced that it will have US$1.6 billion more to invest in life-saving programmes between 2012 and 2014.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>NEPAL: Government launches new malaria campaign</title><pubDate>Thu, 10 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg" />]]>KATHMANDU 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Nepalese government has launched an ambitious plan to curb the spread of malaria in high-risk parts of the country, where some 3,000 people were infected last year.</description><body><![CDATA[KATHMANDU 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Nepalese government has launched an ambitious plan to curb the spread of malaria in high-risk parts of the country, where some 3,000 people were infected last year.

“This programme aims to end malaria in Nepal and bring about significant change in how we battle the disease,” Nepal’s Minister of Health and Population, Rajendra Mahato, told IRIN. [ http://www.mohp.gov.np/english/home/index.php ] 

Nepal has run anti-malaria campaigns in the past, but Mahato said the latest effort was different, given the scope of the initiative and its goal of eradication. “We are not just monitoring and reacting, we are acting before any outbreak happens,” he said. 

The programme began on 1 May, and is the first nationwide push to end malaria. The central government aims to deliver anti-malarial drugs free of charge to some 500,000 people in 31 districts, including 13 southern Terai districts, the area most prone to the disease. 

The health ministry will distribute the drugs at their local offices, and through their representatives in rural areas.

Nepal is still considered one of the most malaria-prone countries in Asia, even though the ministry is using a 1994 study, which showed that 20 million of the country’s 30 million people were at risk.

More than half of the country finds obtaining medical attention for malaria difficult due to poor infrastructure, and at times the government also has done little to prevent the disease from spreading. Observers hope the new campaign is an indication that the country’s mindset and approach to health could be changing.

“We are working hard at reaching our goal of reducing the number of people that face malaria annually, by half this year,” said Prijita Kunat a ministry official working on the programme, who added that the government will also focus on developing water and sanitation systems in the impoverished areas of Terai. 

One of the main supporters of the new programme is G D Thakur, the director of the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) of the Department of Health Services, who said that although the mosquito-borne disease has not caused deaths in the country since 2009, there is no room for complacency.

“The new programme is a great chance for Nepal to reduce malaria… and if we can be proactive on this front, Nepal can be a malaria-free country in just a few years,” Thakur said. 

Eight people died of malaria in 2008, and six in 2009, but no deaths were reported among the few thousand cases in the past two years, the World Health Organization (WHO) said. There were about 216 million malaria cases globally in 2010, with an estimated 655,000 deaths.

“It is exciting to see the government and the health sector taking this issue seriously after many years of neglect, and we are watching to see how the implementation takes off,” Thakur said. “If successful, Nepalis could be facing a future that has them worrying about other things.” 

jm/ds/he]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95435</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/20039105t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATHMANDU 10 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Nepalese government has launched an ambitious plan to curb the spread of malaria in high-risk parts of the country, where some 3,000 people were infected last year.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>HEALTH: Leishmaniasis vaccine trial underway*</title><pubDate>Wed, 09 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/207081t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 09 May 2012 (IRIN) - A vaccine against one of the most neglected yet fatal tropical diseases is being tested for the first time in a clinical trial in India and the US. After malaria, leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer, and the visceral form is the most deadly.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 09 May 2012 (IRIN) - A vaccine against one of the most neglected yet fatal tropical diseases is being tested for the first time in a clinical trial in India and the US. After malaria, leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer, and the visceral form is the most deadly. 

“Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) kills 50,000 persons per year, 70 percent of them children. It can be treated but the costs are too high… at hundreds of US dollars per person,” said Dr Franco Piazza at the Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), [ http://www.idri.org/leishmaniasis.html ] a Seattle-based NGO that developed the vaccine with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. 

VL [ http://www.who.int/topics/leishmaniasis/en/ ], also called kala-azar or black fever, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93825/HEALTH-Defeating-kala-azar-needs-more-than-new-treatment ] infects an estimated half million persons or more annually. It is found most commonly in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Brazil and Sudan. 

The leishmaniasis group of diseases is transmitted by infected sand flies, which carry a parasite that attacks the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Left untreated, VL is almost always fatal, said Philippe Desjeux, a specialist in the infection at the San Francisco-based non-profit OneWorld Health. [ http://www.oneworldhealth.org ] 

The clinical trial testing IDRI’s vaccine is led by Gennova Pharmaceuticals, [ http://www.emcure.co.in/group_Gennova.asp ] - a Pune-based Indian company to which IDRI has transferred its technology - in collaboration with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. [ http://www.bhu.ac.in/ ] 

“We have just opened a formulation centre [research and production facility] for vaccines against neglected diseases in Pune," [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94788/HEALTH-Experts-pledge-to-eradicate-neglected-diseases ] said Sanjay Singh, the chief executive officer of Gennova. “If the vaccine passes all the tests, producing it in India will make it affordable to all the people who are affected by VL.” 

The infection is one of more than a dozen grouped as “neglected tropical diseases”, occurring mostly in tropical countries [ http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/Gilead_donation_2011/en/index.html ] where they kill an estimated half million people annually and for which few treatments exist due to lack of funding for research and treatment. 

A total of 72 volunteers are participating in the trial, but scientists say it will take years of testing to roll out an affordable vaccine to the 200 million people globally at risk of VL infection. 

VL is most fatal in South Sudan, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95407/SOUTH-SUDAN-Losing-the-war-against-kala-azar ] where poverty and conflict make even relatively inexpensive methods like treated bed nets to protect people from infected sand flies hard to implement. 

The WHO has warned that VL is spreading to previously unaffected countries due to co-infections of HIV and leishmaniasis, [ http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/hiv_coinfection/burden_hiv_coinfection/en/index.html ] while the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said climate change can also spur the spread of the disease. [ http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=362 ]

sb/pt/he

* This article was amended on 11 May 2012. The original report erroneously reported that OneWorld Health was part of the vaccine trials]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95431</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/207081t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 09 May 2012 (IRIN) - A vaccine against one of the most neglected yet fatal tropical diseases is being tested for the first time in a clinical trial in India and the US. After malaria, leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer, and the visceral form is the most deadly.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>NEPAL: Mountain dwellers “neglected”</title><pubDate>Tue, 08 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030238170070t.jpg" />]]>KATHMANDU 08 May 2012 (IRIN) - The needs of millions of indigenous mountain people across Nepal are overlooked, imperilling their food security and hindering their economic progress, activists and experts say. “People in the mountains of Nepal are worse off in terms of total poverty - food and non-food poverty,” said Jean-Yves Gerlitz, co-author of a recent study on mountain poverty, and statistical analyst at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), an intergovernmental regional organization. </description><body><![CDATA[KATHMANDU 08 May 2012 (IRIN) - The needs of millions of indigenous mountain people across Nepal are overlooked, imperilling their food security and hindering their economic progress, activists and experts say. 

“People in the mountains of Nepal are worse off in terms of total poverty - food and non-food poverty,” said Jean-Yves Gerlitz, co-author of a recent study [ http://books.icimod.org/index.php/search/publication/768 ] on mountain poverty, and statistical analyst at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), an NGO based in the capital, Kathmandu. 

In assessing the government-administered Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS) of 2003/2004, the authors noted that 40 percent of the 12 million people living in the mountainous and hilly regions of Nepal were below the poverty line (US$91per year), compared to a national average of 31 percent of 29 million people. 

Nepal is divided into three geographic zones - the northern mountains, central hills, and southern plains - each extending lengthwise through the country. The population is disproportionately distributed across these zones, with half residing in the plains, 43 percent in the hills, and only 7 percent in the mountains. 

While data from the 2011 NLSS reveal a declining national poverty rate - now at 25 percent - indigenous mountain groups still fare worse. An unpublished ICIMOD analysis indicates that “In the case of non-food poverty we even found that inequality was rising in the mountains,” said Gerlitz. 

ICIMOD says mountain and hill communities, compared to those living in the plains, have less access to “improved” sources [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88504/SANITATION-More-than-one-billion-people-still-without-toilets ] of safe drinking water and electricity, and live hours away from road networks, markets and financial services. 

Difficult terrain “aggravates the problems of access to essential services such as health, education, and livelihood support,” the report pointed out. 

Households are more likely to be headed by a family member without formal education, and with more youth leaving to seek work in urban centres or abroad, the women, children and elderly are often left behind to bear the work burden, Gerlitz said. 

General planning, special needs 

National plans and development strategies generally apply to the country as a whole, and fail to address the particular needs of mountain dwellers, said Kiran Hunzai, ICIMOD poverty analyst and co-author of the agency’s recent report. 

This has also been the case in the development of national climate change policies and programmes, said Ang Kaji Sherpa, general secretary of the Kathmandu-based NGO, Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities. [ http://www.nefin.org.np/ ] 

Indigenous groups were not consulted in the writing of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, [ http://www.napanepal.gov.np/ ] despite their increasing vulnerability to erratic weather patterns, Sherpa told an international conference that convened mountain countries in Kathmandu in April 2012. 

In recent years the Nepalese government has also cordoned off large areas of land for conservation and reforestation, displacing large numbers of the local population, who have had little say in the matter, Sherpa said. 

“They have been forcibly migrated, and their livelihoods have been affected. All of this should be taken into account when Nepal is implementing its adaptation or mitigation policies.” 

Batu Uprety, technical joint-secretary at the Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, maintained that representatives of the indigenous communities had participated in an open consultation on the NAPA, and that the root of mountain poverty is not neglect, but rather the difficult terrain, he told IRIN. 

ICIMOD’s Hunzai noted that not all mountain communities are isolated. 

A recent United Nations report [ http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/resources/res_pdfs/ga-66/SG%20report_Sustainable%20Mountain%20Development.pdf ] has called for greater focus on mountain development. 

“Covering about one-quarter of the world’s land surface, mountains provide a direct life-support base for about 12 percent of the world population, as well as essential goods and services to more than half of humankind,” noted the report's authors.

sm/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95418</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030238170070t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATHMANDU 08 May 2012 (IRIN) - The needs of millions of indigenous mountain people across Nepal are overlooked, imperilling their food security and hindering their economic progress, activists and experts say. “People in the mountains of Nepal are worse off in terms of total poverty - food and non-food poverty,” said Jean-Yves Gerlitz, co-author of a recent study on mountain poverty, and statistical analyst at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), an intergovernmental regional organization. </td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PHILIPPINES: Government, Muslim rebels move closer to peace deal</title><pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040702470090t.jpg" />]]>MANILA 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have edged nearer to a peace treaty after agreeing to a set of consensus points that could lead to less confrontation on the ground, officials say.</description><body><![CDATA[MANILA 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have edged nearer to a peace treaty after agreeing to a set of consensus points that could lead to less confrontation on the ground, officials say.

At talks in the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur, at the end of April, both sides signed a document containing "decision points on principles" that they said would open public scrutiny of any final peace deal with the 12,000-strong MILF, which has been engaged in a bloody rebellion for the past three decades on the southern island of Mindanao.

Among the 10 points in the document was consensus on creating a new autonomous political body to replace the current, often problematic, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), comprising six provinces and two cities that is home to some 2.8 million Muslim Filipinos.

ARMM was established in 1996 to provide the predominately Muslim population with some degree of self-rule after a peace agreement between the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), a former rebel group, and Manila, with the MNFL head as its first governor.

Despite millions of dollars in government assistance and resources, the area remains mired in poverty, corruption and violence.

Other key points in the document are the strengthening of Islamic courts, “assertion” of the people's basic rights - including those of the displaced - and sharing power and wealth in the mineral-rich region.

"This agreement should serve as a memorandum for both sides of the general directions of the negotiations as we move closer to a peace agreement," Teresita Deles, the government’s chief presidential adviser on the peace talks, told IRIN.

The transparent way in which the talks were being held could avoid further confusion that could lead to a new explosion of violence, and another round of displacements in the Mindanao region, she said.

It would also serve to calm tensions on both sides, and allow greater access to humanitarian workers on the ground to help those still in dire need of assistance, Deles noted.

“This generates more goodwill - to see evidence that despite the distance between our positions, there is substantive common ground that has in fact been engendered on the table,” she said.

According to MILF chief negotiator Mohagher Iqbal, despite the consensus points, the two sides are still “worlds apart” in reaching a final agreement.

MILF remained committed to the peace talks, and to the basic principles outlined in the consensus points, he said, but pointed out that the government had previously reneged on its promises, including the doomed proposed deal signed by both sides in 2008, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/80918/PHILIPPINES-Humanitarian-crisis-risk-in-Mindanao ] which would have given them control over large swathes of the area they consider as “ancestral domain”.

The deal was rejected by the Philippine Supreme Court, triggering violence and large-scale displacement. "The peace negotiations, however, are continuing, if limping," Iqbal told IRIN. He didn’t think a final peace deal would be signed in 2012.

Meanwhile, MILF fighters would abide by the truce, and an earlier agreement to help civilians caught up in the crossfire to return to their homes, he said.

Talks with the government opened in 2003 but were marred by periodic accusations of truce violations by both sides. In 2008, the MILF launched simultaneous attacks across Mindanao that left about 750,000 people displaced and nearly 400 dead on both sides.

Negotiations were resumed after President Benigno Aquino came to power in 2010, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89676/PHILIPPINES-Aquino-pledges-renewed-peace-efforts ] but again came close to collapsing in late 2011, when 19 Special Forces troops were killed while storming an MILF camp in the south.

The killing triggered heavy artillery reprisals from the army and the displacement of about another 30,000 people. Nonetheless, Aquino rejected widespread calls for an all-out war and ordered a return to the peace table, along with efforts to help the newly displaced.

Social Welfare Secretary Corazon Soliman said most of those displaced in 2008 and 2011 have since returned to their homes, but many were moved to camps that were vulnerable to deadly natural disasters such as flooding, but which eventually became their permanent residence.

The Department of Social Welfare and Development [ http://www.dswd.gov.ph/ ] estimates that at the end of 2011 some 46,000 internally displaced people were living in more than 40 camps and relocation sites across Mindanao.

Many of them have refused to return home for fear of getting caught in the crossfire again, and because basic services are more accessible in the camps than in the far-flung villages they come from.

fv/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95419</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040702470090t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MANILA 07 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) have edged nearer to a peace treaty after agreeing to a set of consensus points that could lead to less confrontation on the ground, officials say.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR-THAILAND: Struggling against malaria in conflict areas</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg" />]]>MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</description><body><![CDATA[MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services. 

“If the [malaria control] programme is done efficiently, and people are given access to the basic tools to reduce malaria, then this will help to overcome malaria across the region,” François Nosten, head of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit's clinic on the Thai-Burma border, told IRIN. 

“There has been a huge reduction in malaria, but we need continue to make sure those inside Myanmar are getting the necessary resources to prevent themselves from becoming infected.” Nosten anticipates a boost in funding to fight malaria along the Thai-Myanmar border from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). 

Between 2002 and 2009 the Burmese government reported a continuous reduction in the number of reported malaria deaths from 2,634 to 1,088 and admissions for malaria treatment at health facilities dropped from 82,193 to 47,772. 

However, these gains were not evenly distributed. “In the areas with the highest burden, infrastructure is not well developed and transport often has to be on foot. Furthermore, the control of some areas by local ethnic groups constrains the operation of public services,” the World Health Organization (WHO) noted in a national 2011-2015 malaria control strategy document. [ http://www.whomyanmar.org/LinkFiles/Malaria_MARC_framework_April_2011.pdf ] 

USAID announced plans in December 2011 to expand a regional malaria control project into “hard-to-reach border areas”, including Mon and Karen states in Myanmar, “depending on access”. In its 2012 operational plan [ http://pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy12/mekong_mop_fy12.pdf ] the proposed regional budget covering six countries in southeast Asia is US$12 million, with an estimated 40 percent going to Myanmar, 20 percent to Cambodia, 8 percent to border areas in Thailand, and 32 percent for regional support activities. 

Evidence surfaced at least 8 years ago that the malaria parasite was becoming resistant [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/83648/ASIA-Fighting-the-spread-of-Artemisinin-resistant-malaria ] to artemisinin [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95358/ASIA-Containing-anti-malarial-drug-resistance-in-Mekong ] in the currently recommended treatment cocktail for malaria, known as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Studies showed treatment time was taking longer and costing more. 

The USAID-funded project applies similar strategies to combat a malaria epidemic on the Thai-Cambodia border, including the mass distribution of bed nets, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94195/CAMBODIA-Millions-to-receive-insecticide-treated-mosquito-nets ] malaria prevention education in communities, and improving access to remote populations. 

Health experts have identified three tiers of "hotspots" in Myanmar. The highest priority is given to the 10 townships in Thanitharyi Division in the south, along the western Thai border, and Shwe Kyin township in Bago Division East. Tier 2 (unclear evidence of suspected resistance) includes all of Kayin (also known as Karen), Kayah and Mon states, and the rest of Bago Division East. Tier 3 is the rest of the country. 

While ethnic groups have fought for more autonomy, health workers have struggled to survey health provision, including combating malaria, in the dense jungles of Karen State, said Saw Eh Kalu, a border health worker with the NGO Karen Department of Health and Welfare (KDHW), which is run mostly by Karen exiles operating from Thailand near the Burmese border. [ http://kdhw.org/#1 ] 

With funding from the US-based NGO, Global Health Access Programme (GHAP), KDHW has trained health workers who have illegally crossed the border to work in some 200 remote villages, housing close to 50,000 people. 

“By setting up this network of village health workers, we have been able to dramatically decrease the level of malaria inside Karen State by treating people faster and more efficiently,” said Saw Eh Kalu. Health volunteers have cut down on the often-fatal treks to get to a health facility for treatment, he added. 

Communities in conflict areas have also organized “malaria control committees” of village leaders, school teachers and others to help with bed net distribution and malaria education. When GHAP launched its programme, it estimated that 12 percent of Karen State’s population had malaria. After six months, prevalence decreased to between 2 and 6 percent, according to the NGO. 

The Karen National Liberation Army and its political wing, the Karen National Union, have engaged in ceasefire talks with the Burmese government in recent months. On 7 April, Myanmar’s President Thein Sein met with Karen leaders and agreed to a ceasefire, which both sides, despite flare-ups, have respected. 

“The conflict makes it very hard and dangerous for us to reach communities most affected by malaria,” said Saw Eh Kalu. “If these ceasefires remain in place, it will make it easier for us to access remote communities and make our programmes more efficient at reducing malaria.” 

Linda Smith, programme director of infectious disease at GHAP, which works closely with KHDW, noted that timing is critical. “As resistance to the artemisinin drug grows, it is an important time to increase funding and coverage,” she said. “And regardless of [drug] resistance, donors need to be sustaining funding to keep malaria down and prevent resurgence.” 

The government launched the Myanmar Artemisinin Resistance Containment Project (MARC) in 2011, surveying households, health facilities and drug outlets. 

Preliminary survey data has started providing a clearer picture, but WHO malaria expert Pascal Ringwald said there is a need to boost funding, to “better map the situation” in Myanmar. 

Smith noted that a benefit of increased funding from USAID and others will be greater collaboration between groups working inside Myanmar and border organizations, which are often affiliated with ethnic rebels and have long been disconnected from the work carried out in Myanmar. 

“The project will help to overcome past antagonisms and prejudices between the two groups, which will be important, since neither approach alone is sufficient to reach all the populations at risk.” 

wg/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95402</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205030836190016t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">MAE SOT 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - Health workers carrying out malaria control activities - sometimes covertly - in conflict zones along the Thai-Myanmar border hope additional donor funding will help reduce infection rates that have remained almost impervious to health services.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR: Fighting open defecation one village at a time</title><pubDate>Fri, 04 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040554400929t.jpg" />]]>YAE OO 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Burmese government declared three villages in western Bago Division open defecation free (ODF), a first in Myanmar, following the first year of a community-led total sanitation (CLTS) effort launched by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Health.</description><body><![CDATA[YAE OO 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Burmese government declared three villages in western Bago Division open defecation free (ODF), a first in Myanmar, following the first year of a community-led total sanitation (CLTS) [ http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/country/Myanmar ] effort launched by the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Health.
 
"This is a major step forward. It proves that communities can discard the practice of open defecation and build latrines on their own initiative," Ramesh Shrestha, the UNICEF country representative in Myanmar, told IRIN. The three villages declared ODF on 4 May were Kywe Ta Paung; Myauk Let Gyi; and Hnget Pyaw Taw.
 
UNICEF and the government have been working in 20 villages in three townships - Thae Kone, Pyay and Puak Khaung - to mobilize community action against open defecation, with plans to scale up to 15 townships over the next year, using hands-on visual training and demonstrations. Community awareness is an important part of the programme.
 
Yae Oo, a tiny agricultural community of 300 residents, is also making progress. Until recently, nearly one-third of the residents defecated in the open, using banana groves around the village to relieve themselves.
 
Ensuring that his community is ODF hasn't been easy, says Thet Naing, a father of two, "Even if a single household doesn't use a toilet, our village is still at risk of diarrhoea." Only two of the 92 homes have yet to build toilets.
 
Flies used to be a common pest and residents regularly complained of excrement being trampled back into their homes. Bouts of diarrhoea, a major killer of children aged under five, were common, Thet Naing said.
 
Community-led approach
 
Under CLTS, communities are mobilized and assisted to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of open defecation, and initiate their own strategies to become ODF. "The CLTS approach has the promise to position Myanmar for accelerated progress toward improved sanitation coverage, which is clearly linked to better health," Shrestha said.
 
The approach also recognizes that merely providing toilets to beneficiaries does not necessarily guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and hygiene. Earlier approaches set high standards and offered subsidies as an incentive.
 
In the 1980s, much of the Burmese government's efforts focused on encouraging ventilated pit latrines, rather than eliminating open defecation, but recent studies reveal uneven adoption, problems with long-term sustainability, and only partial use by beneficiaries.
 
It also created a culture of dependence on subsidies, while open defecation and the cycle of faecal-oral contamination continued to spread disease.
 
Open defecation continues
 
Despite this week's announcement, there are still huge challenges in stamping out open defecation. A 2012 updated joint report by the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF [ http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/MMR_san.pdf ] notes that about 8 percent of Myanmar's rural population still defecate in the open, against 1 percent in urban settings.
 
A separate UNICEF survey undertaken with the Ministry of Health, covering 6,000 households in 24 townships across nine states and regions in Myanmar, found that more than 7 percent of families defecate in the open, either in the field or in their family compound.
 
Of these, 62 percent reported having at least one household member working in the field, 85 percent said no latrine was available in the field, and 6 percent said they could not use their latrines at home for an average of four weeks every year, mostly due to flooding.
 
As a result, almost 42 percent defecated in the open during that period, the survey revealed.
 
Unsanitary environments allow diarrhoea-causing pathogens to spread more quickly. "Fly-proof latrines are crucial. As the usage of fly-proof latrines was previously low, people in the area were more vulnerable to diarrhoea," said a government health worker.
 
According to UNICEF, diarrhoea persists as a major cause of child mortality in Myanmar.
 
The UN estimates that around 40 percent of the world's population engage in open defecation, resulting in some 2 million preventable deaths a year, mostly in children killed by a variety of dysentery-like intestinal ailments that result from ingesting human faecal matter.
 
lm/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95411</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205040554400929t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">YAE OO 04 May 2012 (IRIN) - The Burmese government declared three villages in western Bago Division open defecation free (ODF), a first in Myanmar, following the first year of a community-led total sanitation (CLTS) effort launched by the UN Children&apos;s Fund (UNICEF) and the Ministry of Health.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>PAKISTAN: Tough times for IDPs living outside camps</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204300753550860t.jpg" />]]>PESHAWAR 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A large number of people displaced by the conflict between militants and security forces in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtoonkh’wa (KP) Province and tribal areas are staying outside the camps set up to house them, but many require urgent shelter, and health and education assistance, according to aid workers.</description><body><![CDATA[PESHAWAR 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A large number of people displaced by the conflict between militants and security forces in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtoonkh’wa (KP) Province and tribal areas are staying outside the camps set up to house them, but many require urgent shelter, and health and education assistance, according to aid workers.
 
Over 208,000 individuals have registered at the Jalozai Camp, according to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), most of whom have moved out of Khyber Agency area since January 2012. But that number is only a portion of the total population estimated to be displaced.
 
“Only 15 percent of the IDPs [internally displaced persons] actually live at the camp,” Duniya Aslam Khan, Public Relations officer for UNHCR, told IRIN. “Most opt to move in with relatives or friends.”
 
According to an inter-agency assessment report, [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_3857.pdf ] the IDPs living outside the camp are experiencing serious food shortages - the study of 2,157 families in 45 communities displaced from KP since January found that 7.3 percent of IDP communities did not have any food stocks. “Where food is available, 56 percent of communities stated that they possess food stocks for only 1 - 3 days,” it noted.
 
The report also states that 40 percent of assessed IDPs had received no food assistance, while a significant number were not collecting food rations they were entitled to from Jalozai. A lack of clarity over distribution times, and the cost of transportation to the camp were contributory factors.
 
Health, sanitation and child welfare issues for IDPs outside the camp were also a problem. “Alarmingly, 82.2 percent women respondents reported a decrease in frequency of breastfeeding after displacement,” the report said.
 
Culture
 
Humanitarian workers said some families preferred to stay outside camps for cultural reasons, associated mainly with privacy and security for women, but they faced problems and struggled to gain the support they need.
 
“We are running short of food for ourselves and my three children. My husband has gone back to our village to check on our house and lands, and my elderly mother-in-law and myself cannot make it to the Jalozai Camp on our own to collect rations,” Azra Bibi, who is living in rented accommodation on the outskirts of Peshawar, told IRIN.
 
Azra rarely goes out of her house on her own, has never used public transport, cannot read or write, and says, “Getting to Jalozai would cost money. We are already spending a lot on rent.”
 
Displacement in KP reached a peak in 2009 after increased fighting in the area and has continued since then, with most of the most recent [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95240/PAKISTAN-Fresh-displacements-in-Khyber-Agency ] occurring in Bara tehsil [ administrative unit ], Khyber Agency on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border.
 
“We were somewhat unaware that so many people would not want to move into camps, but today we understand this is the pattern,” Adnan Khan, a spokesman for the KP Provincial Disaster Management Authority told IRIN.
 
The IDPs who moved in with relatives have not been registered. “We are understaffed, some IDPs do not wish to reveal their identity - especially where enmity exists with other groups from the same area - and some families move back and forth between Khyber and Peshawar. This makes registration harder to organize,” said an official who asked not to be named.
 
“It is hard to suckle my four-month-old son, when you are living in a house with some twelve other people. Our host is a distant cousin, and I find it hard to find the privacy to feed, since there are so many people always coming in and out of the room we use,” Hameeda Bibi, 25, told IRIN.
 
Salim Jan, 50, who reached Peshawar a week ago from the town of Bara, said: “I know we may receive more help if we lived at Jalozai, but I have teenage daughters, and cannot expose them to a situation where they must live with strangers next door.”
 
kh/eo/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95401</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204300753550860t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">PESHAWAR 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A large number of people displaced by the conflict between militants and security forces in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtoonkh’wa (KP) Province and tribal areas are staying outside the camps set up to house them, but many require urgent shelter, and health and education assistance, according to aid workers.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: The right way forward for Afghan refugees?</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202230712400032t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - As a meeting of representatives of the Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani governments and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) opened to discuss a new strategy for dealing with the most protracted refugee crisis in the world, NGOs working in Afghanistan raised a number of questions about the new approach.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - As a meeting of representatives of the Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani governments and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) opened to discuss a new strategy [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94965/AFGHANISTAN-Towards-more-sustainable-solutions-for-returnees ] for dealing with the most protracted refugee crisis in the world, NGOs working in Afghanistan raised a number of questions about the new approach. 

The so-called Solutions Strategy for Afghan Refugees, to support Voluntary Repatriation, Sustainable Reintegration ad Assistance to Host Countries [ http://www.unhcr.org/afghanistan/solutions-strategy.pdf ] is an agreement between the three governments on a way forward for the 2.7 million Afghans registered as refugees in Iran and Pakistan; the estimated 2.4-3.4 million unregistered Afghans living in the two countries; and the nearly 6 million Afghans – one quarter of its population – who have returned from exile to very difficult circumstances. (See IRIN’s recent In-Depth look [ http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?indepthid=95&reportid=94960 ] at the realities on the ground).  
 
The two-day meeting in Geneva, which started on 2 May, invited international stakeholders – donors, diplomats, international organizations, aid agencies and others – to endorse the new approach, at a cost of nearly US$2 billion, which seeks to improve conditions in communities of origin in Afghanistan to encourage returns while supporting communities which host Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan, and providing Afghans in exile with skills training to help them upon their return to Afghanistan.   

One key component of the plan’s implementation is to improve up to 48 areas of high return in Afghanistan by creating “model villages” through coordinated community-based development: building schools, clinics, water canals, providing access to land and shelter, and creating livelihood opportunities. The goal is to improve the quality of life of returnees to the levels enjoyed by their local counterparts and to create an environment in which refugees are more willing to return to their areas of origin. 

But there are some concerns about how the strategy is to be implemented. Below are some of the key points up for discussion and clarification: 

Is it the right time to encourage returns to Afghanistan? 

Pakistan and Iran have hosted Afghan refugees for decades and have complained that they cannot continue to shoulder the burden of a massive refugee crisis indefinitely. But is now the right time to encourage refugees to return to Afghanistan? 

“Deteriorating security conditions mean reintegration efforts over the past 10 years have failed to provide tangible dividends for returning refugees,” says a discussion paper drafted by NGOs in Afghanistan. “Repatriation may not be the panacea many initially hoped for.”

Ongoing insecurity has internally displaced nearly half a million Afghans. Some displaced people say they would not return to their areas of origin, even if security conditions improved, because of a lack of government services and employment opportunities. Many refugees who have returned have migrated to the cities, or returned to Pakistan or Iran when they could not find work. And in the midst of all this, international security forces are drawing down their troop presence in a transition period that could well trigger a return to all-out civil war. 

The International Crisis Group says under such conditions, a big influx of returning refugees could be de-stabilizing. 

The strategy itself says “conditions in Afghanistan are too severe to support continued large-scale repatriation” and yet it refers on several occasions to voluntary repatriation as the preferred solution. 

“We are in an important period of transition in Afghanistan that is characterized by uncertainty,” Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, told the conference [ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=41908&Cr=afghan&Cr1= ] on 2 May. “Afghan refugees have shown that they vote with their feet when conditions for return are conducive … We have a collective responsibility to support and facilitate their legitimate aspirations.”

But UNHCR says the strategy is not aimed at trucking in masses of people. Its estimate for the number of returns in 2012 is about 120,000, up from last year’s 68,000, but far below the numbers during the first half of the last decade. 

According to the Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief (ACBAR), a coordination of national and international NGOs, most Afghan refugees are in a ‘wait and see’ mode during the transition period. 

Is there enough baseline data? 

The solutions strategy says the government of Iran and UNHCR will profile the refugee population in order to allow the establishment of model villages in Afghanistan to which they can return. But NGOs say this research should have been done before embarking on an “expensive hypothesis”.  

They say more data and community consultation is needed to assess whether refugees really want to return; whether they want to go back to their areas of origin; and what they would need in order to fully re-integrate – such that solutions are crafted from the perspective of the user, not the designer, as Wael Ibrahim, head of ACBAR, put it. 

Suzanne Murray Jones, senior UNHCR advisor working on the Solutions Strategy, acknowledges that “in an ideal world, this should have been done before, but we saw the political will of the three governments for discussing this now. It’s a matter of striking while the iron is hot. They were ready to engage, so we acted as a catalyst.” She said refugees are required by law to return to their areas of origin, which are all known in detailed refugee profiling done in both Pakistan and Iran.  

“This is not the be-all and end-all. We are just saying a new paradigm is necessary. [Refugee re-integration] hasn’t been working for the last 10 years. We need to re-evaluate and improve the approach…If this works in the next 2-3 years, replicate it in other areas.” 

But some aid workers say this is an example of policy-making in reverse order.

Most remaining refugees are urbanized and/or born in exile. Why is the strategy focused on areas of origin? 

Some 125,000 Afghans are born in Pakistan and Iran every year. In Iran, 97 percent of Afghan refugees live in urban areas. 

“The strategy is premised around the idea that Afghan refugees should return to place of origin,” said Dan Tyler, protection and advocacy adviser with the Norwegian Refugee Council in the Afghan capital, Kabul. “But all the evidence shows that when you try to return people who have been exiled for generations to their place of origin, it is very difficult to re-integrate.” 

The profile of the Afghan refugee caseloads in Pakistan and Iran today is different than that of the many who returned between 2002 and 2005. Those who chose not to return then, even when Afghanistan was safer, may have less institutional, family and social ties to Afghanistan, and may not have land or housing. “ For many, returning to rural places of origin, whether or not there are livelihood opportunities, is not really relevant,” Tyler told IRIN.  For some, “they’ve never lived in these areas.” 

“We’re not talking about people who are going to return. We’re talking about people who have already returned,” said Murray Jones. “We are trying to assist those who have already returned, to assist villages whose coping mechanisms have already been stretched to the nth degree.” 

Besides she told IRIN, the government does not allow UNHCR to assist displaced Afghans living in urban settlements, apart from temporary shelter and some household items, because “the government does not want them there.” 

But Tyler says more effort should be invested in adequate urban planning.

“Urban migration is a major coping response for a population...It’s not something you try and prevent. It’s something you can try and respond to.” 

Will return really be voluntary? 

NGOs also fear the strategy could give the government of Iran and Pakistan “a green light to... aggressively pursue repatriation efforts,” the draft paper says. 

The Pakistani government has noted that it will not extend residency cards for Afghan refugees, which expire at the end of 2012. Both Iran and Pakistan have previously deported [ http://www.irinnews.org/HOV/94958/Mehdi-My-hands-were-hurting-because-the-handcuffs-were-too-tight ] undocumented Afghans. 
  
“Is it a coincidence that this is happening right before the conference?” asked ACBAR’s Ibrahim. “Are they building the case that they can no longer afford them?” 

But according to Murray Jones, Pakistan has said it was never going to extend the residency cards past 2012. She said she hoped the conference will help bolster the political support need to maintain asylum space there. 

Is this strategy politicized? 

"The ability for refugees to return in safety and dignity and become productive citizens in their communities upon return is also integral to the stability and progress of Afghanistan," Guterres said at the start of the conference, according to Reuters [ http://news.yahoo.com/u-n-seeks-2-billion-speed-return-afghan-161411810.html ]. 

The joint strategy similarly notes that improving the quality of life of returnees is critical for the “stability and security” of Afghanistan – language that makes some people uncomfortable. 

“The timing of the strategy plays into the transition rhetoric,” Tyler said. 

International forces have argued during the transition process that the Afghan government is increasingly in a position to take care of itself. Pakistan and Iran can now argue that this should extend to refugees as well. 

“The reason there’s been a lot of reaction on this are some of the wider political conditions around the timing of the strategy and the possible messages that it sends,” Tyler said. 

Murray Jones says the goal is to work with both countries to preserve a space for refugees. “God forbid things explode in 2014/15, we don’t want those borders closed, which they could very well be.” 

Why not put more effort into alternative solutions in Pakistan and Iran? 

UNHCR admits the strategy doesn’t address in any detail alternative durable solutions, like legalized migration and naturalization. But UNHCR felt that “a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush,” as Murray Jones put it. 

“It’s certainly not a complete strategy. But it’s the best that we could get from the three governments that are actually sitting around the same table [for the first time]…This is a consensus. Whilst we would have liked to have [included economic migration], we would rather have this basis of consensus between three governments as a starting line and see if we can build on that moving forward.” 

A 2010 Pakistani government strategy for dealing with Afghan refugees did refer to regularizing the legal stay of Afghans in Pakistan as one long-term solution. Pakistan has since backed off from that position, but observers say Iran and Pakistan both recognize they need laborers. 

Is this the best way to spend a lot of money in such tight financial times? 

The overall strategy – including projects in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan – is expected to cost around $2 billion, with $863 million needed for the Afghan component. 

The proposed strategy spends “disproportionately large amounts of resources through an alternative off-budget mechanism outside of the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund to a statistically small sample of the population,” the ACBAR paper said, making “the sustainability of any intervention questionable.” 

But Murray Jones said the $863 million reflects the needs of 3.7 million returnees in 19 provinces, as calculated by the Ministry of Refugees and Repatriations, in consultation with other ministries and UN agencies. It was simply a “number-crunching exercise just to have a handle on the enormity of it.” She said the majority of that money would be spent through development programmes, primarily the National Priority Programmes (NPPs). 

UNHCR’s project, in conjunction with UNDP to improve 48 model villages, reaching some 600,000 people, will cost $180 million, she said, and come from UNHCR and UNDP funds already available. 

“$180 million for 48 sites. That’s $3.75 million a site. One site on average is 12,000 people. That’s a lot of money for a humanitarian like me. But colleagues at UNDP say that’s peanuts for doing development work. We are trying to bridge the gap.”  She said she hopes money spent in this coordinated approach will be more cost-effective. 

An earlier proposal to create a new Multi-Donor Trust Fund was ditched when found to be unpopular, Murray Jones said. 

Why not work through already existing government programmes? 

Government programmes like the National Solidarity Programme (NSP), the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS), and the NPPs, already provide a framework through which to develop the country, critics argue.  

“Endorsing a new strategy ahead of the national strategy is counter-productive and dangerous: it risks creating severe inconsistencies,” the NGO paper said. 
 
UNHCR Representative in Afghanistan, Peter Nicolaus, said in December that UNHCR’s approach to refugee re-integration was “the biggest mistake UNHCR ever made [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/312714/un-says-its-afghan-refugee-strategy-a-big-mistake/ ]…We thought if we gave humanitarian assistance then macro-development would kick in."

UNHCR says it has realized that existing systems have not worked.  

For Ibrahim, that’s all the reason to work harder to make it work, “rather than create an alternative system. It’s not sustainable and expensive.” 

But UNHCR says it has identified 13 NPPs that are relevant to returnees and Vice-President Mohammad Qasim Fahim is working with ministries to prioritize returnees within those programmes.  

Murray Jones says returnees still need special attention, in additional to national programmes that may include them. 

“If you mainstream a group too much, they become invisible. Twenty-five percent of the country of Afghanistan is returnees. They shouldn’t be invisible.”

Observers say the pace of action in government is slow, and made worse by corruption and nepotism. So UNHCR and UNDP – in coordination with partners – will go ahead and build schools and clinics, in coordination with the relevant ministries, who will supply the necessary teachers and doctors.   

Are returnees really the most vulnerable people in Afghanistan? 

While refugees may return to Afghanistan with new skills learned abroad, they return to environments where those skills cannot be used, and a recent UNHCR survey found that 60 percent of returnees lived in worse conditions than their local counterparts.

But with internal displacement rising exponentially in 2011 and expected to worsen further in 2012, some wonder whether returnees should really be the central focus. While some are relieved at the search for longer-term solutions for returnees, other worry that continued humanitarian crises may be overlooked. 

There are no statistics in Afghanistan assessing comparative vulnerability, and with many returnees becoming IDPs, it is hard to track anyway. 

While UNHCR has been pushing the Solutions Strategy, it has also continued work on IDPs, with what it calls a landmark agreement by the government in March to draft an IDP policy. 

But given one-quarter of the population has returned from exile, it is an important segment of the population to prioritize, Murray Jones maintained. 

“These people should not be forgotten.” 

ha/eo/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95404</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201202230712400032t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - As a meeting of representatives of the Afghan, Iranian and Pakistani governments and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) opened to discuss a new strategy for dealing with the most protracted refugee crisis in the world, NGOs working in Afghanistan raised a number of questions about the new approach.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>AFGHANISTAN: Concerns over child detention conditions in Kandahar</title><pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903041t.jpg" />]]>KABUL 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A government plan to relocate an all-boys juvenile rehabilitation centre (JRC) in Kandahar, southern Afghanistan, from the city centre to a site near Sarposa prison, where top Taliban leaders are held, could expose the children to significant risk, according to observers.</description><body><![CDATA[KABUL 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A government plan to relocate an all-boys juvenile rehabilitation centre (JRC) in Kandahar, southern Afghanistan, from the city centre to a site near Sarposa prison, where top Taliban leaders are held, could expose the children to significant risk, according to observers.

The Kandahar JRC in its current site holds 20 to 55 boys at a time, some as young as seven, in cramped and insanitary conditions. According to the Child Rights Consortium (CRC), a program managed by Terre des Hommes in conjunction with Afghan NGOs, the centre "gathers a large number of youths who should not be in custody: the offence they committed is often trifling, or the legal age of detention is not respected". It also offers no educational, vocational or recreational activities.

"The director explained that they own sewing machines for vocational training, but the last tailoring teacher moved to another position in the prison for financial reasons and was not replaced. And although the director assured the visitors that books are at least available, the children categorically contradicted this," the Consortium said. [ http://www.crc-afghanistan.org/newsitems/crc-juvenile-justice-activities-in-kandahar ] following a visit to the centre in August 2011.

Other sources said the centre lacks adequate bed space and food, and there have been complaints of pilfering of some of the donations it receives. “The winter aid donations made to the centre, such as rice cookers and tables, cannot be found anywhere,” said one aid worker who makes frequent visits to the centre.

Drug use, sexual abuse and torture are reportedly ongoing problems, with guards, who are government employees, accused of providing drugs in exchange for sexual favors. Recently a boy was shot by one of the guards who was said to have had problems with the juvenile.

Initially, the justice ministry - then in charge of detention facilities - had decided to relocate the centre to a space inside the Sarposa maximum security prison. The move was cancelled when Afghan President Hamid Karzai in January transferred responsibility for prisons from justice to the interior ministry.

But the proposed new site is only marginally better: a building close to Sarposa offered by the US-funded Provincial Reconstruction Team in Kandahar. Locating a JRC anywhere close to the maximum security prison, observers said, was totally inappropriate.

“We naturally have a concern about security, about transferring the kids to a location where there would be greater risk, and about the facilities in general and whether the facilities themselves are appreciably better or have greater capacity so there is no overcrowding,” said James Rodehaver, spokesman for the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). He also expressed concern over the sustainability of long-term funding for the proposed new centre.

Taliban risk

Sarposa prison was attacked in 2008 and again in April 2011, resulting in the escape of hundreds of Taliban commanders. The first attack was preceded by inmates stitching their mouths shut in a protest against what they claimed was their unlawful detention and unfair trials.

“Behind Sarposa, in Police District 8, is a small town named Kargonic,” said an Afghan journalist who preferred anonymity. “Kargonic is connected to Pirpaymal village in Arghandab District where the Taliban are very active. Because Kargonic borders this area insurgents sometimes plan and carry out attacks here.”

Government officials in Kandahar said the city administration was applying pressure on all parties to accept the new facility due to funding constraints. “The land has already been submitted for judicial review,” said Zelmai Ayoubi, spokesman for the governor of Kandahar. “It is at the provincial level. We have the land but are looking for donors to help with construction.”

Hundreds held

Hundreds of children are held in JRCs across Afghanistan. As at May 2011, almost 800 (including approximately 100 girls), aged 12 to 18 were being held in 31 centres, according [ http://www.unodc.org/afghanistan/en/frontpage/2011/July/support-for-children.html ] to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime.  But 29 were located in rented properties that had not been designed to house juveniles and lacked rehabilitation programmes or recreational facilities.

"In Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres children’s basic needs are not met," said the NGO War Child [ http://www.warchild.org.uk/issues/juvenile-justice-afghanistan ]. "Many children are not provided with a medical check-up before being placed in detention and those who become sick struggle to access to medical attention. The food is not nutritionally adequate, there’s nowhere to play and no toys or equipment to play with. Children also struggle to get an education as many facilities lack books, pens and writing paper."

Yet, according to the CRC, the juvenile justice system in Afghanistan has evolved over the last decade.

"The legal framework has been enriched with some of the most important international standards, such as the principle of detention as last resort (Art. 40 of the United Nations Child Rights Convention) and the principles guaranteeing a fair trial and a due process of law," it said. The 2005 Afghan Juvenile Code, for example, raised the age of criminal responsibility from 7 to 12 years old and defined alternatives to detention such as performing social services, conditional suspension of punishment or home confinement, the rights group noted.
"Until recently, these alternatives to detention have hardly been used by judges and prosecutors; the predominant trend has been to systematically send children to JRCs regardless of the severity of the offence," said CRC. "A 14 year-old child who committed a theft to survive can be detained with a 17-year-old murderer. This exposition to the justice process can have a very negative impact on juveniles."

bm/eo/oa

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95405</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2009/200903041t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KABUL 03 May 2012 (IRIN) - A government plan to relocate an all-boys juvenile rehabilitation centre (JRC) in Kandahar, southern Afghanistan, from the city centre to a site near Sarposa prison, where top Taliban leaders are held, could expose the children to significant risk, according to observers.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>NEPAL: Muslims call for constitutional input</title><pubDate>Tue, 01 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205010624040473t.jpg" />]]>KATHMANDU 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Sheikh Islam, a local community leader in Mantikar, a tiny mountain village of 1,000 inhabitants in Nepal, stops at the rickety steel wire bridge and with a broad sweep of his arm indicates the expanse of the Kathmandu Valley that unfolds on the outskirts of Nepal&apos;s capital city.</description><body><![CDATA[KATHMANDU 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Sheikh Islam, a local community leader in Mantikar, a tiny mountain village of 1,000 inhabitants in Nepal, stops at the rickety steel wire bridge and with a broad sweep of his arm indicates the expanse of the Kathmandu Valley that unfolds on the outskirts of Nepal's capital city. 
  
"We are Muslim, but we are Nepali as well. We are a growing segment of society and we hope to have our voices heard as political leaders write a new constitution," he told IRIN. 
  
According to the Nepal Central Bureau of Statistics, 4.2 percent of Nepal's 30 million inhabitants are Muslim. [ http://www.cbs.gov.np/index.php ] 
  
More than 90 percent live in the Terai - the southern plains bordering India - one of the country's most densely populated and poorest areas, where they are predominant in the Banke, Parsa, Kapilvastu, and Rautahat districts. 
  
Nepal's Constituent Assembly (CA), [ http://www.can.gov.np/en ] a legislative body elected in 2008 to draft the next constitution, is working to complete the task by 27 May - its 5th deadline. 
  
More than five years since the end of a decade-long civil war between Maoist forces and the government, in which 13,000 people died, [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-depth/33611/11/Between-Two-Stones-Nepal-s-decade-of-conflict ] many Muslims complain that they have been left out of the drafting process. 
  
"Here in our village, we are struggling to make life tolerable and our community has hopes that Muslims will have a voice in the drafting process," Sheikh Islam noted. 
  
His optimism does not appear to be widely shared among Muslims, who are under-represented in government. The 2007 interim constitution was the first time in Nepal's history that Muslims were officially represented. Of the 329 members of the interim parliament, four are Muslim - much lower than the 4.2 percent in the overall population. 
  
Nepal's political leaders aim to develop a federal system that can incorporate the more than 100 ethnic groups in the former Hindu monarchy. 
  
"In many ways, the Muslims in Nepal struggle like everyone else, but with the rising fear of Islam across the world, Nepalese remain scared of Muslims, which is why we are pressing for change," said Sheikh Islam. 
  
Making things tougher is an incident that occurred on 24 April. Muslim activists and politicians demonstrated at the District Administrative Office in Kathmandu, a prohibited zone that is off-limits to protesters, demanding that their voices be heard in the drafting of the constitution and their identity and religious background be supported - 23 were detained. Some in the community perceive this as a crackdown on Muslim activism and further action has been threatened. 
  
A broad alliance of 31 Muslim groups submitted a 10-point memorandum to the CA in mid-April, calling for the formation of a constitutional commission and a federation that recognizes the Muslim community as an integral aspect of Nepali society. They also asked the state to adopt a policy of positive discrimination towards the community. 
  
"We would really like to be able to build more mosques, expand our traditions and be able to publicly practice our faith without being fearful of repression," said Sadrul Miya Haq, a Muslim MP and coordinator of the National Muslim Struggle Alliance (NMSA). "Fundamentally, the Muslim demands are part of the need to create freedom of religion that does not keep Nepal only Hindu."  
  
As the deadline for Nepal's constitution approaches, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93616/NEPAL-Timeline-of-the-constitution-dilemma ] many contentious issues among Nepal's ethnic, caste, regional and political groups remain to be resolved. [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/62971/NEPAL-Low-caste-communities-still-suffering-discrimination ] Analysts warn of further political instability unless a constitution can be agreed upon soon, while NMSA says it will launch a second phase of protests on 2 May to ensure constitutional garantees for Muslims. 
  
jm/ds/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95387</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205010624040473t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KATHMANDU 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Sheikh Islam, a local community leader in Mantikar, a tiny mountain village of 1,000 inhabitants in Nepal, stops at the rickety steel wire bridge and with a broad sweep of his arm indicates the expanse of the Kathmandu Valley that unfolds on the outskirts of Nepal&apos;s capital city.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>BANGLADESH: Jaheda Begum, “I can’t feed my family”</title><pubDate>Tue, 01 May 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205010603110760t.jpg" />]]>KUTUPALONG 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Jaheda Begum, 25, and her family - Rohingya refugees who crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar - haven’t had a square meal in days because the heavy pre-monsoon rains have prevented her husband from finding any work.</description><body><![CDATA[KUTUPALONG 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Jaheda Begum, 25, and her family - Rohingya refugees who crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar - haven’t had a square meal in days because the heavy pre-monsoon rains have prevented her husband from finding any work. 

Only those Rohingya - a Muslim ethnic minority - registered with the government (28,000) receive protection, humanitarian assistance and food rations from UN agencies and international NGOs, but those who are undocumented are unassisted. More than 200,000 undocumented Rohingya refugees [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88145/BANGLADESH-Rohingya-humanitarian-crisis-looms ] are living in southern Bangladesh. 

Hundreds of thousands have fled since 1991 to escape persecution in neighbouring Myanmar, where they have long been subjected to systematic and widespread human rights violations, including summary executions, torture, state-sanctioned rape, arbitrary arrest, and forced labour. 

Jaheda has two children, Jannat Ara, 4, and Mohammed Rafique, 8. Jannat Ara’s middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC) - used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to measure the severity of malnutrition - is 12cm. It puts her on the brink of severe acute malnutrition. 

A recent report by Physicians for Human Rights, an American NGO, [ http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/issues/mass-atrocities/bangladesh-refugee-crisis/background.html ] notes that many undocumented Rohingya refugees at the Kutupalong makeshift camp outside Cox’s Bazar District, Chittagong, (where Jaheda and an estimated 25,000 others are living) had not eaten in two days, and 18 percent of children under the age of 5 were suffering from acute malnutrition, a situation WHO defined as ‘critical’. [ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/Acute-Malnutrition-Summary-Sheet.pdf ] 

“We ran away from our hometown in Maungdaw [District, in Myanmar’s Rakhine State] six years ago after the military accused my husband of murder and took him into forced labour. 

“We managed to escape to Bangladesh by boat and we have been living here in the makeshift camp for the last four years. 

“My husband, Hashem Ullah, 35, tries to find work as a fisherman or as a day labourer in the brickfields. It’s not easy, as legally we’re not allowed to work. Sometimes he pulls rickshaws. He earns between 150TK (US$2) to 200TK ($3) per day. 

“I cannot work. After I lost my third child during childbirth earlier this year, the doctors told me that I couldn’t work for another six months if I wanted to have children again. 

“How do I feed my family? I can’t. 

“We have plain rice for breakfast, we don’t have lunch. Dinner depends on whether or not my husband gets work, otherwise we don’t eat until the morning after. 

“If things get very bad, I borrow food from neighbours, but we’re all in the same mess. 

“I am always worried about my children because I cannot give them proper food or study expenses. 

“How can the next generation succeed if we have to choose between buying food and buying schoolbooks? 

“I hope to go back to my village in Maungdaw, but the situation in Myanmar is still no better. When the country’s situation improves, nobody will stop me from going home.” 

mh/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95388</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201205010603110760t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KUTUPALONG 01 May 2012 (IRIN) - Jaheda Begum, 25, and her family - Rohingya refugees who crossed into Bangladesh from Myanmar - haven’t had a square meal in days because the heavy pre-monsoon rains have prevented her husband from finding any work.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>TIMOR-LESTE: Trafficked people left unsupported</title><pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190731290796t.jpg" />]]>DILI 30 April 2012 (IRIN) - Support services for women and children trafficked to Timor-Leste have been forced to close or will soon run out of funding, and NGOs worry that the government will not have the resources to fill the gap.</description><body><![CDATA[DILI 30 April 2012 (IRIN) - Support services for women and children trafficked to Timor-Leste have been forced to close or will soon run out of funding, and NGOs worry that the government will not have the resources to fill the gap. 

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) says Timor-Leste is primarily a destination country for international human trafficking, with mostly women and children brought across the border with Indonesia. 

People are often lured from their villages with promises of jobs to pay off debts or earn large salaries in the country's US dollar economy, say activists. 

IOM assisted 33 women trafficked from 2008 to 2011 - 13 from Myanmar, 8 from Indonesia, 6 from Cambodia, 3 from China and 3 Timorese trafficked from rural areas to cities - but it is unclear exactly how many people have been trafficked into the country. Others speculate that the number could be higher. 

The Alola Foundation, [ http://www.alolafoundation.org/ ] a Timorese NGO focusing on women's issues and prevention of trafficking, reported 50 trafficked women in the same timeframe. "It's a big issue," Alzira dos Reis, the organization’s advocacy officer, told IRIN. 

"I'm quite sure the number of trafficking victims is much higher than being reported," said Susan Kendall, an international mentor at PRADET, a local NGO providing psychosocial support. "Nobody really knows what is going on. The border authorities lack resources. The whole system of identifying victims and referrals has broken down." 

The most recent US State Department Trafficking in Persons report [ http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/ ] notes that Indonesian and Chinese women are trafficked to Timor Leste and often forced to become commercial sex workers, while Cambodian and Burmese men and boys are often forced into labour or onto fishing boats operating in Timorese waters. 

With just over 1 million inhabitants, Timor-Leste has nowhere near the volume of trafficking experienced by larger countries, but the number is significant, given the country's size. 

The lack of funding has already taken its toll. Dos Reis said the Alola Foundation's human trafficking programme, funded by IOM, ended in February, with human trafficking awareness efforts now integrated into other programmes. 

A shelter set up to provide temporary safe accommodation, counselling and health care for trafficked people by PRADET, [ http://pradet.org/ ] had to close when funding ran out in August 2011. "Even if someone was referred to us, we wouldn't have a designated place to put them now," said Kendall. 

IOM has cut back all direct trafficking support and has a limited budget for a capacity building and training programme, but that funding looks set to run out in September 2012. 

"We have just finished the external funding we had," noted IOM Chief of Mission Noberto Celistino, who said he was trying to source extra funding and was hoping for a positive response from the US government. The organization would 'close up shop' and leave Timor-Leste if additional funding was not forthcoming. 

He had 'little confidence' that the Ministry for Social Solidarity would have the resources to cope with international trafficking should IOM cease its operations, although "They may have means to support or manage a case of domestic trafficking." 

Timor Leste is classified by the US State Department as a Tier 2 country, which means it does not meet the minimum standards in the internationally recognized Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 [ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf ] but is making "significant" efforts to do so. 

A comprehensive draft law on trafficking, put forward in 2010, still needs three ministers to sign off on the proposed legislation before it goes to parliament for approval. 

mw/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95378</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2011/201110190731290796t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DILI 30 April 2012 (IRIN) - Support services for women and children trafficked to Timor-Leste have been forced to close or will soon run out of funding, and NGOs worry that the government will not have the resources to fill the gap.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>MYANMAR: Ethnic minorities call for caution as sanctions ease</title><pubDate>Fri, 27 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201091020400264t.jpg" />]]>CHIANG MAI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - Ethnic minority groups in Myanmar are calling on the international community to set stronger benchmarks or steps in the incremental removal of international sanctions, following this week&apos;s announcement by the European Union (EU) to suspend sanctions for a year, retaining only the embargo on arms sales.</description><body><![CDATA[CHIANG MAI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - Ethnic minority groups in Myanmar are calling on the international community to set stronger benchmarks or steps in the incremental removal of international sanctions, following this week's announcement by the European Union (EU) to suspend sanctions for a year, retaining only the embargo on arms sales. 

“Now more than ever, it’s important that our voice is heard,” Zipporah Sein, general secretary of the Karen National Union [ http://karennationalunion.net/index.php ] told IRIN on 27 April. “If sanctions are to be lifted, it’s important that specific benchmarks be put in place.” Many argue there can be no real progress towards democracy until the country formerly known as Burma makes peace with all its ethnic groups. 

Viewed as key to the development of Myanmar, the suspension of EU sanctions announced on 23 April [ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/129739.pdf ] is seen as another major endorsement of Burmese President U Thein Sein’s recent political reforms, [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95194/96/ ] which include the release of hundreds of political prisoners, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95191/MYANMAR-Hundreds-of-political-prisoners-still-behind-bars ] new laws allowing labour unions and strikes, a gradual easing of media restrictions, and ceasefire agreements with various ethnic rebel groups. 

Ethnic divide 

The Burmese government has had contentious relationships with its ethnic minority groups, which account for about a third of the country’s more than 54 million inhabitants, and many have fought for greater autonomy or secession for their regions since the country gained independence from Great Britain in 1948. 

At the weekend, leaders of the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC), an umbrella group comprised of 11 of Myanmar’s leading ethnic groups - including the Mon, Shan, Karenni, Chin, and Kachin people - released a statement announcing that they were prepared to meet with Myanmar's chief negotiator, U Aung Min Aung Min, to present their version of a durable roadmap to peace. 

At the end of 2011, the government launched peace initiatives [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95008/MYANMAR-Karen-groups-cautious-on-peace-initiative ] with several of Myanmar’s ethnic armies. 

“The UNFC has the same position as Daw Aung San Suu Kyi [leader of the National League for Democracy, Burma’s main opposition party],” said KNU Vice President David Tharckabaw, during the meeting in northern Thailand near the Burmese border. “We support the rule of law, the amendment of the constitution, and building internal peace.” 

Tharckabaw, along with other members of the UNFC, maintains that political dialogue, not resource development, must be the top priority after a nationwide cease-fire is reached. 

Sanctions eased 

The EU’s decision to ease sanctions follows an announcement by Washington a week earlier that the US will relax some financial restrictions on the country to support certain humanitarian and development projects. 

"These [steps] were… in response to what we viewed as very positive parliamentary elections," US State Department spokesman Mark Toner told a news briefing on 17 April. 

Less than a week later, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda announced that his government would resume loans to Myanmar, and cancel US$3.7 billion of debt owed by the impoverished nation after by-elections that saw Aung San Suu Kyi’s party win 43 of the 44 contested seats earlier in April. 

Some $61 million to assist ethnic minorities, improve medical care and other rural development programmes, as well as disaster prevention efforts, were also pledged, the Japan Times reported. Canada suspended most of its sanctions on 24 April. 

Benchmarks needed 

Nevertheless, there are also calls for caution, particularly in Myanmar’s ethnic minority areas. “The suspension of EU sanctions keeps the pressure on the Burmese government to continue reforms, while also making a strong positive gesture that genuine reforms will be rewarded,” said Anna Roberts, executive director of Burma Campaign UK. [ http://www.burmacampaign.org.uk/ ] “For the threat of re-imposition of sanctions to be credible, the EU must set clear timelines and benchmarks.” 

Speaking before the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs on 26 April, [ http://www.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2012/188523.htm ] Joseph Yun, principle deputy assistant secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the US State Department, noted: “In Rakhine State systematic discrimination and denial of human rights against ethnic Rohingya remains deplorable. Overall, the legacy of five decades of military rule - repressive laws, a pervasive security apparatus, a corrupt judiciary, and media censorship - is all too present.” 

Fighting continues in Kachin State, in northern Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/94544/MYANMAR-Displaced-Kachin-face-grim-Christmas ] as thousands of displaced people in camps brace for the coming monsoon season. 

“Right now, the IDP [internally displaced person] number is increasing” along the edge of the areas controlled by the Kachin Independent Organization (KIO), General Secretary La Ja reported. 

“There are about 75,000 internally displaced people in Kachin State. Now that the rainy season is setting in, they will be needing shelter, food and medicine.” 

Current UN planning figures put the number of displaced at between 50,000 and 55,000, while international access [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95264/MYANMAR-Cross-line-NGOs-in-Kachin-need-support ] to areas controlled by the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), the military arm of the KIO, remains limited. 

La Ja says the recent armed build-up of government troops, and the escalation in attacks, is out of step with the government's words of peace. 

“We want the first step to be that the government… withdraws, [and] re-positions their… troops. Their troops are very close to the KIA troops - that can spark many problems and a never-ending conflict.” 

ss/ds/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95370</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201201091020400264t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">CHIANG MAI 27 April 2012 (IRIN) - Ethnic minority groups in Myanmar are calling on the international community to set stronger benchmarks or steps in the incremental removal of international sanctions, following this week&apos;s announcement by the European Union (EU) to suspend sanctions for a year, retaining only the embargo on arms sales.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>ASIA: Containing anti-malarial drug resistance in Mekong</title><pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg" />]]>BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</description><body><![CDATA[BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago. 

Resistance - the ability of the malaria parasite to survive drugs intended to kill it quickly - to chloroquine, an antimalarial previously widely used, forced treatment to change in the early 1970s and also originated in what is known as the Greater Mekong sub-region, [ http://www.whothailand.org/LinkFiles/Roll_Back_Malaria_MekongMalaria_I-new.pdf ] which includes Cambodia, the southern provinces of China, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. 

Chloroquine resistance spread to India and then to sub-Saharan Africa, which has the world’s highest burden of the disease. 

Decades later, faced with another bout of resistance, officials are cautiously optimistic about preventing the spread of resistance to artemisinin. 

"So far, we haven't found any artemisinin resistance outside the Mekong region… I think we have good chances to keep it in the Mekong region," Pascal Ringwald, coordinator of the global malaria programme for the World Health Organization (WHO), told a meeting of experts on antimalarial drug resistance in Bangkok. 

He noted that the suspected cases of drug resistance along the two Thai borders appeared to be "totally independent, and it raises a concern that it could emerge anywhere." 

Roots of resistance 

Resistance to artemisinin is not necessarily fatal for patients because partner drugs can boost its efficacy when it falters, but treatment may take longer and be more expensive. 

Studies published earlier in April, covering more than 3,200 patients along the northwestern border of Thailand near Myanmar from 2001 to 2010, [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960484-X/abstract ] indicated a steady increase in drug resistance from 0.6 percent of surveyed patients to 20 percent after a decade. 

Scientists are still searching for the exact causes of the resistance, but link it to the widespread use of monotherapies, in which only artemisinin is prescribed. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/marketing_of_oral_artemisinin_monotherapies/en/index.html ] 

Despite an international resolution addressing the danger of monotherapies, [ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA60/A60_R18-en.pdf ] 25 countries and 28 pharmaceutical companies continue to market them. 

Monotherapies are easier and less expensive to manufacture and market than combination therapies, which pair artemisinin with other drugs (artemisinin combination therapies, or ACTs) but they speed the development of resistance to artemisinin in malaria parasites. According to WHO, the parasite is highly unlikely to become drug resistant to ACTs. 

Other possible factors in resistance are parasite biology, human behaviour (like not taking the correct dosage or type of antimalaria drugs) and counterfeit drugs. [ http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/malaria.pdf ] 

Where? 

The four countries most affected thus far by artemisinin resistance are Cambodia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ], Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87993/MYANMAR-WHO-warns-of-tolerance-to-anti-malaria-drug ] the most affected, with 69 percent of its population living in areas where malaria is endemic, or prevalent. 

Poor data has made it difficult to get a clear picture of the threat in Myanmar, where conflict zones are still largely off-limits to aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/95188/96/ ]. 

A national malaria containment project, [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/82327/CAMBODIA-Malaria-gaining-tolerance-to-some-treatments ] implemented in 2011, has started yielding important data, but WHO notes that a lack of funding is stunting its rollout. “We are starting to get more baseline data to better map the situation,” said Ringwald. 

Myanmar currently chairs the expert group on communicable diseases for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and will be responsible for implementing any regional work plan on containment, said Ferdinal Fernando, the association’s head of health and communicable diseases division. 

While there are several national and regional plans to fight resistance to malaria, there is no regional coordination and a lack of cross-border collaboration to contain it, according to WHO experts trying to get the issue on the agenda of a meeting from 2 to 6 July of ASEAN health ministers. 

In 2010, there were about 216 million malaria cases globally, and an estimated 655, 000 deaths. [ http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/ ] 

pt/he 

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95358</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2010/201011010856160503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BANGKOK 26 April 2012 (IRIN) - Resistance to an anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, is suspected along the Thailand-Myanmar border and in southern Vietnam, but scientists are hoping that it can be contained. Artemisinin resistance emerged on the Thailand-Cambodia border around eight years ago.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>INDONESIA: Living with dirty water</title><pubDate>Tue, 24 Apr 2012 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204240957110804t.jpg" />]]>JAKARTA 24 April 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy pollution of river water by household and industrial waste in the Indonesian province of West Java is threatening the health of at least five million people living on the riverbanks, say government officials and water experts.</description><body><![CDATA[JAKARTA 24 April 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy pollution of river water by household and industrial waste in the Indonesian province of West Java is threatening the health of at least five million people living on the riverbanks, say government officials and water experts. 

Poor sanitation and hygiene cause 50,000 deaths annually in Indonesia, with untreated sewage resulting in over six million tons of human waste being released into inland water bodies, according to an ongoing study by the World Bank [ https://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/ESI_Indonesia_2.pdf ]. 

Ibu Sutria, 53, lives in a wooden shack on the banks of West Java’s Krukut River, which runs approximately 20km south from the capital, Jakarta, to the city of Depok. “Sometimes the river is clean, sometimes it’s dirty,” she said. Sutria suffers from regular bouts of stomach ache and diarrhoea, and says the river is constantly flooded. 

“People use the river for a toilet and children play in it because they have nowhere else to swim.” She and others in her community use nearby ground water to wash themselves because they think it is cleaner than river water. 

Pak Jumari, 35, is a leader of a community group living along the Ciliwung River, which runs north for 97km from the West Java city of Bogor. Since 2010 he has been using a boat to keep his own section of the Ciliwung clean by scooping out rubbish. “We find many detergents and soaps in the river, “he said. “We no longer use it for washing or drinking.” 

Fishermen on the Ciliwung use “blast fishing” - bombs made of kerosene and fertilizer to kill fish so they are easier to catch - which has worsened pollution. Nevertheless, his community still fishes in the river, with few reported ill effects, he said. 

Reasons for pollution 

The Deputy Minister of the Indonesian Environment Ministry, Hendri Bastaman, told IRIN that pollution in West Java’s rivers is worsening, particularly in the Ciliwung and Citarum, where five million people live along the riverbanks. 

“Much of the waste is dumped into rivers from households,” said Bastaman. “People are using these rivers as personal toilets. We’ve also found mercury in river water, which we suspect is coming from companies or those running small-scale mining activities close to the rivers.” 

Health risks 

Muhammad Rez Sahib, advocacy coordinator of KRuHA, [ http://www.kruha.org/page/en/home.html ] a Jakarta-based coalition of more than 30 Indonesian NGOs focusing on safe water access, said none of the capital’s rivers could be viewed as safe for human use. 

“Even the water suppliers in Jakarta don’t use the water here because it is so polluted,” he said. “Instead, they use water from the Citarum River, which is also heavily polluted. Even after this water is treated it’s still unsafe to drink.” The Citarum flows north from Bandung, the capital of West Java, for approximately 300km to the Java Sea. 

Safe water alternatives for poor communities are “few and far between” Sahib noted. “Many will turn to use ground water, but due to a poor sewage system and open defecation, 90 percent of ground water in Jakarta is contaminated by E.coli bacteria. Many infant deaths are caused by this bacteria - E.coli is the main threat to human life from these rivers.” 

Edward Carwardine, spokesperson for the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in Indonesia, noted that in West Java the use of “improved water” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88508/HEALTH-When-is-water-safe ] - obtained from taps, boreholes, covered wells and springs - falls below the national average, with only half of the population (approximately 20 million) able to access it. 

“When families don’t have access to improved water sources, disease is much more likely,” said Carwardine. “Nearly a quarter of all deaths amongst children under five in Indonesia are caused by diarrhoeal disease.” 

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that nationwide more than 20,000 children in this age group die every year from diarrhoea. 

Dengue fever and malaria, both spread by mosquitoes that thrive in stagnant water, account for an additional 3 percent of overall child deaths, according to Carwardine, who said more focus is needed to end the widespread practice of defecating in the open. 

The Environment Ministry’s Bastaman said the government is using educational campaigns to raise awareness of the dangers of unsafe water and to end defecation in rivers. 

“For the Ciliwung we have a 10-year plan to restore the river’s health,” said Bastaman. “But for the Citarum, it’s impossible to get it back to the way it was prior to being polluted. The pollution is just too much.” 

mw/pt/he

]]></body><link>http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=95343</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://irinnews.org/images/2012/201204240957110804t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JAKARTA 24 April 2012 (IRIN) - Heavy pollution of river water by household and industrial waste in the Indonesian province of West Java is threatening the health of at least five million people living on the riverbanks, say government officials and water experts.</td></tr></table>>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>
