<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" version="2.0"><channel><title>IRIN - Aid Policy</title><link>http://www.irinnews.org/</link><description>Updated everyday</description><language>en-gb</language><lastBuildDate>Sat, 25 May 2013 07:32:57 GMT</lastBuildDate><item><title>How To: Get medical aid kits to Aleppo, Syria</title><pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305201430490338t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.

But aid workers can make it happen. In one of the latest examples, 54 tons of much-needed medical supplies arrived in Syria last month, destined for people living close to the frontlines of the conflict in the biggest city Aleppo.

“More than 60 percent of the hospitals [in Aleppo] are out of service. Many are at the frontline and used by armed personnel,” said Fares Kady, medical coordinator for the Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC) and the focal point for the World Health Organization (WHO) in Aleppo.

IRIN tracked the shipment, from the first phone call from a WHO official in Switzerland, all the way to the doctors in battle-scarred Syria on 13 April.

Switzerland

Olexander Babanin is a supply officer with the WHO Crises Support team in Geneva. In October last year he made a call to a medical supplies company in The Netherlands to order medical kits to restock the standby supplies at the UN Humanitarian Response Depot in Dubai.

“When the logistic supply chain starts, it is often not known where the medical assistance will in the end exactly go,” Babanin told IRIN.

“[It] all depends on requirement and availability. My job is to make sure that warehouses are full, but of course never too full.” 

The international humanitarian logistical network means emergency stocks can be pre-positioned in key parts of the world for rapid mobilization.

Medical kits like the ones that ended up in Aleppo are standardized packages of drugs and medical equipment, designed to be useful in a variety of regions and situations.

The Interagency Emergency Health Kit (IEHK) is composed of some 90 different types of drugs and 90 medical consumables and equipment packed in 44 boxes.

A single medical kit weighs just over a ton and its content meets the needs of 10,000 persons for three months.

WHO is the coordinating authority for international health within the UN system, and every five years an inter-agency committee consisting of pharmacists and technical staff from different relief organizations decides what essential drugs and medical supplies will be included in the medical kit.

The aim is to meet priority health care needs of a displaced population without medical facilities or a population with disrupted medical facilities.

The Netherlands

At the end of 2012 in the town of Gorinchem in the western Netherlands employees of the Medical Export Group (MEG), a commercial firm, pack the medications, spinal needles, surgical equipment, and other items into labelled boxes.

Like Babanin from WHO, the MEG packers are not aware of the final destination for the aid. The company specializes in providing medical packs internationally for humanitarian organizations.

The IEH Kits are loaded onto a ship at the port of Rotterdam, 40km away, and shipped to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

United Arab Emirates

By January the latest emergency shipment is in Dubai, home to the Middle East UN Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD) run by the World Food Programme (WFP), which as well as delivering food aid, provides logistical support to much of the UN.

Nevien Attalla is the pharmacist with UNHRD in Dubai, and helped the WHO medical aid along the next part of the journey.

“The request comes in through the UNHRD customer service mailbox. To support any emergency response we manage assets so they are readily available for deployment within a 24/48 hour time frame,” Attala told IRIN.

For this outbound shipment, she has to seek approvals from the UAE’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health and the Narcotic & Precursor Chemical Unit in the capital Abu Dhabi. 

She also arranges WFP supporting letters for each border crossing. As soon as the shipment is cleared the aid items are packed up for transportation by truck to Syria.

The medical aid is stocked at UNHRD’s 22,500 square metre covered storage space in a desert area far from Dubai’s skyscrapers.

The warehouses, part of Dubai’s International Humanitarian City [ http://www.ihc.ae ] are close to Jebel Ali port, the world’s largest man-made harbour, and also Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum airport.

The heat in this place is often unbearable. However, inside the warehouses it is mostly fresh and cool.

“We have 5,000 square metres which are temperature-controlled between 18 and 25 degrees Celsius. There is also a cold room to guarantee the storage for cold chain pharmaceutical goods,” Doris Mauron Klopfenstein, who works in logistics for UNHRD, told IRIN.

Syria

The hardest and final section of the journey begins on half a dozen trucks - driven by Syrian truck drivers, a requirement set by the Syrian government.

The two-year conflict in Syria has caused widespread disruption of the health care system; the 54 tons (52 kits) provide enough lifesaving medicines and supplies to cover emergency health needs for three months for an estimated population of half a million, potentially a tempting target for armed groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97011/SYRIA-Healthcare-system-crumbling ].

Since the beginning of the conflict WFP has reported more than 20 attacks on warehouses, trucks and cars in Syria.

The truck drivers hired by a WFP subcontractor set off from Dubai and take a route through Saudi Arabia, Jordan and then into Syria.

“The convoy remained several days at the Jordanian-Syrian border because of heavy fighting between Damascus and Dera’a Governorate,” said Elizabeth Hoff, head of the WHO office in Damascus.

Heading to the capital they cross through ever-changing government and rebel zones, and are frequently held up at checkpoints. But regular closures at the airport in Damascus and the length of the sea route mean trucks are the best option.

On 27 March the trucks finally arrive at the WFP warehouse in Alkisweh, rural Damascus. WHO and SARC carry out an assessment of the supplies, and then the aid is dispatched to Aleppo, 360km to the north.

WHO distributes 70 percent of such supplies through the Syrian Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Higher Education, and 30 percent through NGOs.

“Needs in Aleppo are increasing constantly. The health system is reeling due to the lack of medicine and medical instruments, especially for chronic diseases, and poor accessibility [geographical, social, economic and security], raising more challenges to the Syrian dilemma,” said Kady.

About six million people live in Aleppo Governorate, but since the conflict started an additional 1.5 million internally displaced persons have sought refuge in the city.

“This journey [Damascus-Aleppo] usually takes about four hours. Nowadays this road is very important for all parties of the war. The shipment passed almost 60 checkpoints and it took 11 hours,” said Kady.

On 13 April the goods are then distributed to their final destinations - two main hospitals in Aleppo and 10 health centres.

Syrian doctor Kady hopes for more supplies: “Opening new offices for humanitarian assistance and installing a safe road like a humanitarian corridor to Aleppo would be so important to decrease the suffering of people.”

But the possibility of further deliveries from Dubai is slight at the moment given the growing insecurity.

While UN officials continuously urge all parties to respect humanitarian principles and ensure safe access for relief supplies, “for the moment no further shipment of medications is planned from Dubai due to the continuing bad security situation in the entire southern part of Syria,” said Hoff.

af/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98087/How-To-Get-medical-aid-kits-to-Aleppo-Syria</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305201430490338t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 24 May 2013 (IRIN) - Getting humanitarian supplies into conflict zones like Syria is no mean feat, often requiring negotiations with warring parties, braving insecurity and facing repeated delays and logistical challenges.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Seeking safety in the city</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181441170873t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are forced from their homes by violence or natural disasters. But the face of displacement is changing: While the popular view of displacement is one of sprawling rural camps, displaced people are now just as likely to be living in urban areas, often hidden from view.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are forced from their homes by violence or natural disasters. But the face of displacement is changing: While the popular view of displacement is one of sprawling rural camps, displaced people are now just as likely to be living in urban areas, often hidden from view.

The Humanitarian Policy Group (HPG), based at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), has explored this phenomenon in a series of studies called “Sanctuary in the City?” [ http://www.odi.org.uk/projects/2437-sanctuary-city-urban-displacement-vulnerability#details ], which examines displacement conditions and policies in eight urban centres around the world.

HPG’s Simone Haysom told IRIN, “Urban displacement is the future of what displacement is going to look like. Many of the displaced come from cities and are not going to put up with camp conditions. Already more than half are in urban areas, and that percentage is only going to grow, except where governments enforce strict encampment policies. And humanitarians are not equipped with the right tools and resources to deal with urban displacement.”

Camps versus cities

Keeping displaced populations in refugee camps or internally displaced persons (IDP) camps simplifies administration for relief agencies. “Humanitarian operations in urban areas can be more costly and time-consuming,” according to the UN Refugee Agency’s 2012 State of the World’s Refugees report [ http://www.unhcr.org/publications/22-chapter-6-displacement-and-urbanization.html#more-22 ].

“In contrast to refugee camps, humanitarian actors in towns and cities often know little about the food security and nutritional status of urban refugees and IDPs,” the report states.

But as the world grows increasingly urbanized, displaced populations are increasingly gravitating to cities. “Unlike a closed camp, cities present obvious opportunities to stay anonymous, make money, and build a better future,” says UNHCR’s website [ http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html ].

Still, encampment policies are attractive to governments struggling to keep up with the service demands in urban areas, where the added presence of displaced populations could overextend resources and cause resentment among local residents.

Katy Long of the London School of Economics, who works on issues arising from protracted displacements, said, “Eighty percent of displaced people are hosted in developing countries, and they compete for resources. The politics of nationalism play into it too, and the encampment process and the aid which goes with it provide opportunities to pass the costs on [to aid agencies]. Camps may not address the root problems and may leave refugees and IDPs extremely vulnerable, but they make sense in terms of political economy.”

In denial

HPG’s research found that government officials often assert, against all evidence, that displacement is temporary problem.

This was the case in Syria, where the government seemed to be in denial about farmers and herders who had been driven into Damascus by drought and land loss. The HPG study (conducted in 2011, before current conflict reached the capital) found that the government consistently stressed the temporary nature of this displacement, and tried to limit assistance to the squalid displacement camps on the edge of Damascus “to avoid creating a culture of dependency.”

The study’s authors wrote, “Even if the government and the international community appear to portray the displacement… as temporary… the scale of losses in northeast Syria is huge, and return does not seem to be possible without… a long-term strategy aimed at restoring the viability of rural livelihood systems in these areas.”

Similarly, authorities in Afghanistan are reluctant to accept that new arrivals flocking into the capital, Kabul, are there to stay. The HPG Kabul study observed that, “The de facto policy of the government at all levels is that displacement is a temporary phenomenon, and that in time people will return to their rural areas of origin.”

Such assumptions can limit assistance. According to the study, “One senior… official… explained why he had refused an international agency… permission to build temporary toilets and wells in one settlement, on the grounds that ‘IDPs are here for a short time and they don’t need a bathroom and a well in this situation... When we provide them with these services they will never move back to their areas.’”

Long told IRIN that in reality more than two-thirds of the world’s IDPs have been displaced for more than five years, but authorities are often unwilling to face this fact, partly because it reflects badly on them.

“In Afghanistan, for instance, if they admit that they still have a displacement problem, they are admitting that the peace is still fragile and imperfect. But rather than only looking for permanent solutions, we have to learn to live with people being displaced at this moment and focus on making their displacement better, because policies often make displacement a far worse experience than it needs to be,” Long said.

Opportunities for settlement

The HPG researchers in Kabul found that an overwhelming majority of the displaced said they intended to settle permanently in the city. Evidence from elsewhere suggests that, if allowed to do so, they could eventually integrate and make new lives for themselves.

Even 60 years after their arrival, the Palestinians in Damascus are still officially considered refugees, but many have moved out of areas designated as refugee camps and into better housing. The “camps” are now home to a mixed population including migrant workers, IDPs and poor Syrians.

Integration may be easier now because many developing-world conurbations are cities of newcomers. One HPG study showed that virtually everyone living in Yei, a town in South Sudan, had come from somewhere else. New arrivals are also prevalent in more established urban areas like Nairobi, Kenya; one study estimates only 20 percent of those under 35 were born in the city.

In Yei, Nairobi and Kabul, HPG found that the displaced were in circumstances similar to other newcomers: they were relegated to informal settlements with few or no facilities, struggling to find decent housing and earn a living. Long, of the London School of Economics, says experts now wonder whether these situations should be tackled as a general development challenge, rather than differentiating between IDPs and other urban poor.

“There are some places where we need to focus,” she told IRIN, “such as the legal status of refugees, who often don’t have the correct paperwork to be in the city. But rather than pulling out displacement and putting it in a separate box, a lot of solutions work best if they are community-based, not least because then we are not privileging one group over another and building resentment against the displaced.”

eb/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98074/Seeking-safety-in-the-city</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2011/201105181441170873t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are forced from their homes by violence or natural disasters. But the face of displacement is changing: While the popular view of displacement is one of sprawling rural camps, displaced people are now just as likely to be living in urban areas, often hidden from view.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Report calls for radical reforms to reduce inequality</title><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003191335520252t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The hunger afflicting millions of people in the world’s poorest regions will not end unless there is radical shift in governance and development work toward narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, says a new report by the aid agency Oxfam.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The hunger afflicting millions of people in the world’s poorest regions will not end unless there is radical shift in governance and development work toward narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, says a new report [ http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp172-no-accident-resilience-inequality-of-risk-210513-en_1.pdf ] by the aid agency Oxfam.

According to the report, No Accident: Resilience and inequality of risk, the current focus on building resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97584/105/ ] among the poorest women and men is promising, but more could be achieved if  “risk is more equally shared globally and across societies”.

“This will require a major shift in development work, which for too long has avoided dealing with risk,” the report says. “More fundamentally, it will require challenging the inequality that exposes poor people to far more risk than the rich.”

“Real resilience”

The report calls for efforts to not only help the poor and vulnerable survive shocks, but to “help them thrive despite shocks, stresses, and uncertainty.” It calls this goal “real resilience”.

“Building skills and capacity must go alongside tackling the inequality and injustice that make poor women and men more vulnerable in the first place. This means challenging the social, economic and political institutions that lock in security for some, but vulnerability for many, by redistributing power and wealth (and with them, risk) to build models of shared societal risk,” the report says.

Coupled with conflict, climate change and related disasters have compounded the world’s humanitarian challenges, putting millions of people at risk of both poverty and food insecurity. This has led to calls for humanitarian approaches that help people cope in the face of these disasters. Resilience has gained prominence as a humanitarian and developmental approach to these disasters.

For instance, in the Sahel, where up to 10.3 million people are at risk of going hungry, building resilience is at the core of aid agencies’ 2013 Common Humanitarian Action Plan [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/SahelStrategy2013_Dec2012.pdf ].

Debbie Hillier, Oxfam humanitarian policy advisor and author of the report, said in a blog post that “the newly fashionable focus on resilience can help communities not only to cope but to thrive despite the shocks and stresses, but only if the current resilience dialogue and practice is broadened out to tackle inequality, redistribute risk and stop risk dumping”.

She noted, “States have the legal and political responsibility to reduce the risks faced by poor people and ensure that they are borne more evenly across society.”

The report’s authors recommend national governments provide leadership on building resilience and reducing inequality. “Identifying, analyzing and managing risk must be a fundamental aspect of development,” they say.

In a recent policy brief [ http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/IF32.pdf ], the Institute for Sustainable Development, ISD, said that resilient thinking does not always “ensure that the most marginal are systematically benefiting from resilience interventions.”

ko/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98075/Report-calls-for-radical-reforms-to-reduce-inequality</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201003191335520252t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 21 May 2013 (IRIN) - The hunger afflicting millions of people in the world’s poorest regions will not end unless there is radical shift in governance and development work toward narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, says a new report by the aid agency Oxfam.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>The making of the Hyogo2 disaster prevention framework</title><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111208550461t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). 

Countries have since begun discussing [ http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=32535 ] what a follow-up action plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2 (HFA2), should look like. The results of these talks, a sketch of the HFA2, will be presented at the Fourth Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, which begins in Geneva on 19 May [ http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2013/about ].

A draft will be finalized towards the end of 2014, for consideration and adoption at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Japan in 2015. 

The HFA2 will need to take on a number of emerging risks and concerns. While the HFA has helped countries reduce the loss of human lives, the economic consequences of natural disasters have continued to rise. For three consecutive years, natural hazards have cost the world more than US$100 billion a year, according to data from the Brussels-based Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) released in March 2013 [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ].

Additionally, disaster risks are changing: The effects of the changing climate are expected to prompt more intense and frequent extreme natural events, including floods, droughts and cyclones. Urban populations are growing, as is demand for food, ratcheting up pressure on resources like land and water. 

Accountability 

In tackling the HFA2, experts are discussing how to improve accountability. "We have a framework with options to develop good disaster plans in the Hyogo, but how do we make governments, agencies… ensure it is implemented?" Tom Mitchell, head of the climate change programme at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), told IRIN. 

Mitchell says one of the major weaknesses of the HFA is its failure to ensure that "well-crafted" disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies were actually implemented. The agreement is voluntary, and there are no penalties for failing to put in place measures to protect citizens. 

"Because it [HFA] is voluntary, we have to ask how… effective it can be," remarked Frank Thomalla, senior research fellow with the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) in Asia. 

Some question whether the world should consider a legal disaster-prevention treaty with a provision for penalties. 

The new plan’s timing is significant for the global community; 2015 also marks the end of the Millennium Development Goals and possibly the implementation of new Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are still under discussion. A new agreement on addressing and adapting to climate change is also likely to be put into place around that time. Aid agencies and think tanks are all calling on the global community to consider the synergies among these policy-shaping developments. 

Many observers now question whether DRR policies should become a part of the legal climate deal, which might ensure their implementation. Countries’ DRR activities are increasingly considered part of their climate change adaptation plans, and are being funded as such. 

But there is no appetite for a legal treaty on DRR, says UNISDR's McFarlane. 

Harjeet Singh, ActionAid's international coordinator for DRR and climate change adaptation (CAA), says he is uncertain if a legal treaty “will bring about a dramatic change… After all, we have seen how [the UN’s] climate convention (UNFCCC) … failed to deliver in the last 20 years." 

Besides, the climate change deal will not consider geophysical events such as earthquakes and other triggers of potential disasters unrelated to climate, he added. 

That fact, plus the range of social and economic factors contributing to disaster risk, calls into question the rationale for viewing DRR, CCA and development from a purely climatological perspective, SEI's Thomalla told IRIN in an email. 

But the Cancun Adaptation Framework adopted by countries at the UNFCCC talks in Mexico in 2010 urges countries to implement the HFA, so it does make it a part of a stronger commitment linked to climate change says UNISDR's MacFarlane. 

Taking measurements 

Under the HFA, countries are required to report on how far they have complied with implementing DRR strategies and policies. But how "reliable is this data?" asked Thomalla. "How much opportunity is there for governments to 'manipulate' the information in order to be seen to be doing something?” 

For instance, a country might report to the HFA that it has established an early warning system to reduce hazard vulnerability. “But how can we be sure that the system works…? That people know how to respond to the warnings?” Thomalla said. 

There is no proper baseline at the start of HFA, nor are there specific targets for countries to follow, said Singh. 

"Targets and milestones for implementation should... be relevant and realistic for each country and agreed on through multi-stakeholder consultations," noted Mitchell in a briefing paper co-authored with colleague Emily Wilkinson [ http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/6663-disaster-risk-management-sustainable-development-policy-post2015 ].

McFarlane and Mitchell suggest the development of a peer-review mechanism, which is just taking off in some developed countries, could be an effective way to ensure countries comply. 

UNISDR Chief Margareta Wahlstrom said there has been a change in mindset since HFA: “The most visible signs of this change are summarized by the facts that 121 countries have enacted legislation aimed at reducing the potential impact of disasters, and 56 countries have national disaster-loss databases, which illustrates the growing recognition that you cannot manage risk management if you are not measuring your disaster losses." 

Mitchell’s ODI briefing paper also suggests "a human rights approach, in which countries fulfil obligations to respect, protect and fulfil basic human rights, including the 'right to safety' of vulnerable people exposed to hazards." 

This suggestion has support. Singh says, “Legislation to ensure safety and security of people is a good first step.” But it has to be implemented effectively all the way down to the community level, and must take into account the voices of the poor and women, he added. 

Thomalla says a rights-based approach would be a good way to address DRR "because many of the drivers of vulnerability result from inequality and marginalization, meaning certain regions and social groups are more vulnerable to hazards than others and are more strongly affected by the impacts.” 

But, again, creating global legislation could be problematic, he noted. "Monitoring and enforcement will also be difficult. Rich countries must come forward to provide resources and transfer skills to developing countries to reduce disaster risks." 

Resilience is key 

Most experts pin their hopes on the new-found interest in "building resilience". Resilience [ http://www.irinnews.org/In-Depth/97584/105/ ] is billed as a concept that will better link development, DRR and CCA by bringing the humanitarian aid community, which deals with disasters, closer together with development agencies. A focus on resilience might also help push for the implementation of DRR plans and promote funding. 

“The current separation of what is mainly [a] humanitarian response to disasters, through DRR and CCA, from business-as-usual development funding no longer makes sense," said Thomalla. 

In fact, disasters routinely reverse development gains. For example, floods in Thailand in 2012 cost three percent of the country’s annual GDP, affected education and caused the loss of vulnerable families’ household assets. 

“New development goals must factor in risk, whereby all goals, to the extent possible, are risk- informed,” said Antony Spalton, the DRR specialist with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). "Given the significance of the risks posed by climate change, fragility and conflict, a post-2015 framework that better draws together DRR, climate change adaptation and conflict prevention/peace building under a goal or target for resilience could be considered.” 

UNISDR has already drafted a resilience-based disaster plan for the post-2015 development agenda, the Plan of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience. It calls for an assurance that “DRR for resilience” is central to post-2015 development agreements and targets. It calls for timely, coordinated and high-quality assistance to countries where disaster losses pose a threat to development, and for making DRR a priority for UN funds, programmes and specialized agencies. 

Singh says countries "should develop a comprehensive resilience strategy rather than a piecemeal …strategy, when ‘pushed’ by donors.” 

Building resilience to a range of changes and risks does make sense, according to Thomalla. But we have a long way to go. 

"While we have made a lot of progress in thinking about resilience as a unifying concept, we need to strengthen our methods and tools to help… develop the institutions and governance structures that enhance resilience and enable them to measure and demonstrate success," he said. 

Ultimately, Singh says, "it all depends on the willingness of country governments to take concrete steps from local to national levels and enhance [the] resilience of poor and vulnerable communities." 

McFarlane says there are lots of ideas and suggestions on the table. Stay tuned. 

jk/rz 

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98058/The-making-of-the-Hyogo2-disaster-prevention-framework</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301111208550461t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 17 May 2013 (IRIN) - A month after the Indian Ocean tsunami struck in December 2004, affecting millions, 168 countries signed on to a 10-year plan to make the world safer from natural hazards. Yet the plan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015, focused primarily on “what to do to prevent disasters, but not enough on how to implement it,” says Neil McFarlane, chief coordinator and head of all regional programmes at the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Humanitarian intervention in violence-hit slums - from whether to how</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801304t.jpg" />]]>RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In a move that experts say could open the door to a more robust aid response to chronic violence in urban areas, the European Commission’s humanitarian aid arm, ECHO, has approved 2 million euro in funding for interventions in cases of violence outside of conventional war in Central America and Mexico until the end of 2014. If large-scale aid work in so-called &apos;other situations of violence&apos; is the way of the future, there are certain things humanitarian workers will have to keep in mind.</description><body><![CDATA[RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In a move that experts say could open the door to a more robust aid response to chronic violence in urban areas, the European Commission’s humanitarian aid arm, ECHO, has approved two million euros in funding for violence-hit slums in Central America and Mexico until the end of 2014.

The world’s 10 most violent cities in 2012 were in Latin America, according to a study [ http://www.seguridadjusticiaypaz.org.mx/sala-de-prensa/759-san-pedro-sula-otra-vez-la-ciudad-mas-violenta-del-mundo-acapulco-la-segunda ] (Spanish) by the Mexico-based Citizens’ Council for Public Security and Criminal Justice; and Latin America is considered the part of the world where slum residents are most heavily burdened by organized crime and violence not linked to traditional armed conflict. But as more and more cities see rapid and often haphazard urbanization, experts say other parts of the world could increasingly face similar challenges.

If large-scale aid work in so-called “other situations of violence” [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97188/Urban-violence-new-territory-for-aid-workers ] is the way of the future, there are certain things humanitarian workers will have to keep in mind.

“It’s particularly true in situations of urban violence but it's true with urban issues in general - they are a real and significant challenge to the existing model of humanitarian action,” Paul Knox Clarke, head of research and communications at the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP), told IRIN.

ALNAP is putting together a “lessons learned” paper drawing from the handful of cases where humanitarian agencies have intervened in slums hit by violence.

In the meantime, here are a few strategies:

Go beyond basic needs

As one of Rio de Janeiro’s notoriously violent slums prepared for the April opening of a visual arts centre, some people asked why a slum would possibly need such a thing.

“It’s wrong to see a favela as solely a bundle of scarcity,” says Jailson de Souza e Silva, associate professor at Universidade Federal Fluminense and head of Brazil’s Observatório de Favelas [ http://observatoriodefavelas.org.br/en/ ] (the Slums Observatory).

While many slum communities are poor, that does not define them.

“In these areas you have deprivation of basic rights, but you have a very active social fabric,” said Adriano Campolina, head of ActionAid in Brazil. Such communities can be seen as very weak and humanitarians might misguidedly focus only on the most basic of needs - shelter, food, emergency care, Campolina told IRIN on the sidelines of a conference in Rio [ http://hasow.org/Seminarios/Index/1 ].

“Depending on the way [a humanitarian agency intervenes], if you focus only on this and you don’t appreciate that the community’s struggle is for the full range of rights as a citizen, you risk undermining these people.”

Build on existing community responses

Humanitarian aid in already marginalized slum communities could further stigmatize residents, ActionAid’s Campolina said. “The people in these communities have over the years built their own ways of mobilizing, organizing, and negotiating. If you ignore that and you just dump humanitarian aid, you may actually further ostracize the people.”

Robert Muggah, professor at the Institute of International Relations at the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and research director at Igarapé Institute, a Rio-based think tank [ http://pt.igarape.org.br/ ], says humanitarian actors with their “quick-in and quick-out mentalities” could undermine local forms of resilience and response.

He says city dwellers are dependent on services to ensure their livelihoods in ways the rural poor are not. “The rapid distribution of aid can unintentionally disrupt their networks and associations, often in dangerous ways. [Humanitarian action here] will require a high degree of sensitivity to local realities, willingness to work through community partnerships, and a considerable level of situation awareness.”

Understand local dynamics - even more so

At the conference, hosted by HASOW (Humanitarian Action in Situations Other than War) [ http://hasow.org/ ], discussions about Brazil’s slums pointed out the importance of understanding what Harvard Humanitarian Initiative's Ronak Patel called slums’ “small-p politics”: power relationships among various groups; factors determining identity and status; and interplay among residents, authorities, and armed groups [ http://hhi.harvard.edu/programs-and-research/urbanization-and-humanitarian-emergencies ].

Aid experts say while an understanding of the local context is important in any humanitarian intervention, it is that much more critical - and complicated - in violence-hit slums.

“This is going to make the difference between a relevant and valid operation and something you're doing completely blindly,” said Vicente Raimundo, rapid response coordinator with ECHO’s office for Latin America & the Caribbean. “What is going on in El Salvador, for example, has little resemblance to what's going on in Honduras or in Guatemala. `Other situations of violence’ is a regional phenomenon that has a lot of local characteristics.”

But the complexity of the local context is no reason for humanitarian aid agencies to stay away, says Javier Rio Navarro, Médecins Sans Frontières operational adviser in Mexico and Central America.

“During any intervention, there is the need to understand the actors and the context to be responsible in the way you interact,” Navarro told IRIN. “Yes, working in urban settings is different from working in the bush. In the bush it's you and your patients. In these urban settings you've got a much wider range of actors - also a wider set of perpetrators of violence. This makes things more complicated, but does not fundamentally change our function and mission and should not turn violent urban settings into no-go areas for humanitarians.”

Be extra meticulous in targeting

The fairly narrow targeting typical of humanitarian interventions would not be suitable for most urban areas, particularly where violence has taken hold, says François Grünewald, executive director of the France-based research, training and evaluation group, Urgence, Réhabilitation et Développement (Groupe URD).

“In these urban societies where you have violence, people do not survive on their own,” he said. “They belong to networks - be they gangs, age groups, neighbourhood cliques. But if you get stigmatized because you’re targeted by a humanitarian agency, you’ve got to choose between being part of that targeted group or part of your network. And this is sometimes a choice between life and death.”

Stigmatization can be for reasons as simple as being “singled out” as a recipient of aid, in ways others in your network have not been.

Grünewald says he finds it “both fascinating and terrifying” how little interest there seems to be in the humanitarian aid and donor community for the kind of anthropological study required to understand these dynamics. He says getting to know the sociological and anthropological setting is a vital operational issue.

Be wary of your mandate - and your expertise

Many aid experts say the debate over intervening in such settings is shifting from whether to how. Still there are more questions than answers, including the applicability of international humanitarian law.

Some observers say such engagement by humanitarian agencies is mandate creep. For international affairs and political science professor Michael Barnett, author of Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism, international humanitarian agencies should limit themselves to their terrain: emergencies. Even if international agencies could base their operations in violent cities in a legal framework, he said, it is better to fund local agencies - “those who know the terrain, not outsiders.” [ http://elliott.gwu.edu/research/books/books11.cfm#barnett ]

“What possible role could outsiders provide in terms of advancing the situation on the ground that locals couldn’t do? Perhaps there’s the neutrality aspect, but not operationally… I don’t think they [international NGOs] bring anything to the table. In urban settings - [there is a] clear role for humanitarians in assisting refugees or in natural disasters - beyond that, no.”

He acknowledged that the definition of humanitarianism has been stretched in recent decades. “But one of the things that has made humanitarian action effective is that it worked in emergency settings... Violence in urban settings is a classical human rights and development situation.”

Some agencies and donors, including ECHO, say uncertainty about the legal framework does not bar them from acting.

“We focus on the humanitarian consequences, on humanitarian needs, regardless of the causes,” ECHO’s Raimundo told IRIN. “If there are proven, unmet needs then there is a basis to act.”

For more, see IRIN’s piece on how fear of urban violence [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98039/The-price-of-fear ] is creating humanitarian need. 

np/ha/cb


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Does IHL apply? 

International humanitarian law (IHL), which gives civilians affected by conflict the right to humanitarian assistance, applies in situations deemed international or non-international armed conflicts. Traditionally, this has not been interpreted to include urban gang violence. But this may be beginning to change. 

Ronak Patel, director of urbanization and crises program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative: 

“More and more, in these `other situations of violence’, we’ll move away from IHL because they won’t be international conflicts. Even to call them `non-international armed conflicts’ we have to meet the two criteria - organization and intensity. In many cases the intensity is clearly there; these are areas that look very much like war. Organization is much more difficult. No longer is it one or two large paramilitary forces fighting the state; it’s a multiplicity of actors - some very weak, others very organized. But attempting to call these `non-international armed conflicts’ so we can apply IHL and engage as humanitarians doesn’t work very well.

“Some have promoted a case-by-case approach; to me this seems very unwieldy but it might be all we have right now and this is an area that needs a lot of work; we’re lacking a legal framework for this kind of intervention.

“The diversity of armed actors makes application of some of the traditional methods of engaging them with IHL very difficult - e.g. teaching them about neutrality, teaching them to stockpile weapons, to minimize effects on citizens. Because they’re so many and so diverse, it’s difficult; even if leaders of many groups agree with these principles there’s no guarantee that this can be commanded all the way down the line.”

Robert Muggah, professor at the Institute of International Relations at the Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and research director at Igarapé Institute:

“From an international relations perspective, the question of whether or not to apply IHL or to intervene in a city like Rio is an extraordinarily sensitive one for governments. The declaration of war, the determination of armed conflict, or the introduction of IHL has dramatic implications for everything - from notions of sovereignty, notions of the right to intervene, all the way to credit ratings, to tourism and even national pride and prestige. Even so, it is interesting that for most cities HASOW covers - Rio, Medellin, Ciudad Juarez, and Port-au-Prince - most municipal public officials, elected or otherwise, have no such qualms. They readily describe their cities as at war - less conscious perhaps of the diplomatic connotations.”

Vicente Raimundo, rapid response coordinator, ECHO office for Latin America & the Caribbean:

“ECHO does have a legal basis that rules and regulates our actions. A 1996 piece of European Commission legislation [ http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/humanitarian_aid/r10001_en.htm ] regulates humanitarian aid funded by the Commission.

“We operate guided by the so-called humanitarian principles. And nothing in them prevents us from funding OSV [“other situations of violence”]. In fact, it has been done always, virtually everywhere. We focus on the humanitarian consequences, on humanitarian needs, regardless of its causes. If there are proven, unmet needs, then there is a basis to act. 

“Finally, nowhere in our legislation is it defined that we have to operate only on IHL qualified situations. It is mentioned: `Whereas people in distress, victims of natural disasters, wars and outbreaks of fighting, or other comparable exceptional circumstances have a right to international humanitarian assistance where their own authorities prove unable to provide effective relief.’

“Therefore, acknowledging that we are not facing an officially-qualified armed conflict, we note as well that there are unmet humanitarian needs, that the victims do have the right to receive humanitarian assistance relevant and proportional to their needs from neutral aid actors, and that we believe that as a donor, ECHO has an added value justifying its intervention supported both by its legal mandate and previous experience.”

np/ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98038/Humanitarian-intervention-in-violence-hit-slums-from-whether-to-how</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801304t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In a move that experts say could open the door to a more robust aid response to chronic violence in urban areas, the European Commission’s humanitarian aid arm, ECHO, has approved 2 million euro in funding for interventions in cases of violence outside of conventional war in Central America and Mexico until the end of 2014. If large-scale aid work in so-called &apos;other situations of violence&apos; is the way of the future, there are certain things humanitarian workers will have to keep in mind.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>The price of fear</title><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801305t.jpg" />]]>RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In slums where killings, rape, kidnappings and other criminal violence are commonplace, say researchers, lives and livelihoods are hampered by a force that is tough to measure: Fear.</description><body><![CDATA[RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In slums where killings, rape, kidnappings and other criminal violence are commonplace, say researchers, lives and livelihoods are hampered by a force that is tough to measure: Fear.

“We talk about homicide rates and deaths. Fear is a huge part of the protection mandate, and we don’t measure it well,” said Ronak Patel, director of the urbanization and crises programme at the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative. He said surveys in recent years in slums in the Kenyan capital Nairobi - in a “non-crisis” peacetime setting - showed that 34 percent of people altered their daily activities for fear of violence and a quarter felt afraid in their own homes.

“This doesn’t get measured like mortality rates or rape incidence, but it has a huge impact that the humanitarian community needs to address.” For example this fear affects a woman’s ability to access a market, a prospective workplace or health care, he said.

Carlos Vilalta, professor and researcher at the Center for Economic Research and Education in Mexico City, at a recent conference [ http://hasow.org/Seminarios/Index/1 ] presented preliminary findings from research under way in Mexico.

Based on government survey data, he estimates that in 2010 it cost a family driven from home by fear of gang violence about US$611 to relocate, where the average monthly income was about $800. Very few studies into the fear of crime exist: it is an area that needs more attention, Vilalta said.

“Governments and particularly the police are obviously working very hard in fighting crime. However they seem to forget that fear of crime is also an issue for civil society and a matter of criminal policy.”

He said the premise that reducing crime will automatically reduce the sense of insecurity is false: “Mexico today has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s and, ironically, fear of crime is much higher.”

The European Commission’s humanitarian aid department, ECHO, says that in Central America, fear of organized violence is a constant.

“A frequent scenario is that people first escape inside the country, trying to seek refuge with family or friends, but are then localized by their aggressors and decide to leave the country,” ECHO said in its 2013 humanitarian implementation plan [ http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/decisions/2013/HIPs/central_america_en.pdf ] for the region.

A recent report [ http://www.cidehum.sitew.com/fs/Root/8svj6-Informe_CIDEHUM_Desplazados.pdf ] (Spanish) by the Costa Rica-based International Centre for the Human Rights of Migrants (CIDEHUM ) confirmed that organized crime is driving the displacement of populations in Central America.

Overlooked

The UN Refugee Agency, which commissioned the CIDEHUM study, three years ago issued guidance [ http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=4bb21fa02 ] for assessing whether victims of gang violence may be eligible for international protection. For now in Central America the human impact is largely overlooked, UNHCR said.

“While organized crime is being dealt with from a security angle, such as crime prevention and response, little attention has so far been paid to the impact of this phenomenon from a humanitarian and protection perspective,” the agency said in a February 2013 paper [ http://www.irinnews.org/pdf/UNHCR_Overview_Americas.pdf ].

The 1951 Refugee Convention does, however, recognize the concept of fear: it defines refugees as individuals with a genuine fear of persecution, not people who have necessarily experienced persecution.

Still, Javier Rio Navarro, Médecins Sans Frontières operational adviser in Mexico and Central America, says emigrants from Mexico or Central America are generally regarded as economic migrants.

"This is no longer applicable to all of them. A significant number of them are survival migrants, or displaced, or as they would be called anywhere else in the world - refugees."

np/ha/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 15 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98039/The-price-of-fear</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2008/200801305t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">RIO DE JANEIRO 15 May 2013 (IRIN) - In slums where killings, rape, kidnappings and other criminal violence are commonplace, say researchers, lives and livelihoods are hampered by a force that is tough to measure: Fear.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Tracking vaccine scares</title><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.

Vaccine scares have popped up in both the richest parts of the world and the poorest. Over a decade ago, suggestions in the UK that the combined MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine could trigger autism led to a dramatic drop in the number of parents having their children vaccinated. Wales, which had one of the lowest vaccination rates, is now in the grip of a major measles outbreak, with young teenagers - the generation that was not protected - particularly affected.

Northern Nigeria saw rumours that the polio vaccine was part of a Western conspiracy to sterilize Muslims [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97781/Analysis-Roots-of-polio-vaccine-suspicion ], preventing polio’s eradication in the country and leading to the disease’s reappearance in surrounding countries where it had already been eliminated.

“Bad news stories damage vaccination programmes as much as biological hazards, and these stories evolve over minutes or hours, needing immediate action,” said University of Toronto public health specialists Natasha Crowcroft and Kwame McKenzie, in a comment [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(13)70131-2/fulltext ] published this week alongside Larson’s paper [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(13)70108-7/abstract?rss=yes ] in the medical journal The Lancet. “By the time a detailed scientific analysis of a vaccine safety issue is completed, the story is no longer newsworthy.”

Crowcroft and McKenzie point out that modern communications, especially the internet, can exacerbate vaccine scares. But Larson’s Vaccine Confidence Project set out to establish whether the internet could also provide the tools to fight misinformation.

Rumour surveillance

Larson’s team set up a media surveillance system covering 144 countries, looking at online articles, blogs and reports about vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases.

The first stage of the process was automated, using the HealthMap data collection system, which searched for terms such as “vaccine”, “rotavirus” or “measles”. The accumulated material was inspected by real people, who assessed whether it positively or negatively portrayed vaccination, and whether it should be flagged as a cause for concern.

When one report appeared on multiple websites, all copies were counted, “recognizing the fact that replicated reports show the spread of information,” Larson’s paper says.

Although it was a worldwide survey, the researchers paid particular attention to five countries - China, Finland, France, Nigeria and Pakistan - that had seen issues over public confidence in vaccines. They also mapped reports about the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine in India, where trial HPV vaccination projects had been suspended in two states.

The Vaccine Confidence Project initially ran from April 2010 to April 2011. At the end of the year, they could see that the system had worked - clusters of reports expressing concern about vaccination correlated with real-world events. Of the reports analysed, 69 percent were assessed as favourable to vaccination and 31 percent as hostile.

“We picked up concerns we already knew were there, but more than that,” Larson told IRIN. “For instance, we saw activity around a narcolepsy/H1N1 vaccine link, and we were picking up early discussions suggesting this might be an issue before the final confirmation (in Finland) that there was indeed a link.

“And in Pakistan, where we were following issues around polio acceptance, we started picking up political tensions and concerns among lady health workers. We certainly didn’t predict the killing of polio workers, but we had seen the tensions growing.”

Waves of information

There are questions about whether internet surveillance, using search terms in English, can spot emerging concerns in rural societies where internet penetration is low and public debate occurs in local languages. Could this kind of surveillance, for instance, have picked up the early signs of polio vaccine rejection in Hausa-speaking northern Nigeria?

Larson, who has worked in that area on behalf of the UN Children’s Fund, says she thinks it would have.

“It was emerging in the local media a bit, and then reports started to circulate on the BBC Hausa service. And since Nigeria has English as an official language, they were soon circulating in English as well. A former Nigerian minister of health, Nike Grange, is on our advisory board, and she says that if they had had a system like this at the time, and had understood the full impact of the rumours they heard, they would have acted much sooner,” Larson said.

“And the world has changed a lot in the last decade. What we are seeing is that you don’t have to have a computer in every household. People hear something on the radio, they tell their neighbour, they tweet it, and there are waves of information. We hadn’t anticipated how ubiquitous cellphones and smartphones were going to be, and that makes this work even more relevant.”

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98030/Tracking-vaccine-scares</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304020549030977t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 14 May 2013 (IRIN) - Vaccine scares have emerged as a major challenge to global efforts to eliminate preventable diseases, with rumours and conspiracy theories proliferating faster than health authorities can respond to them. Now researchers, led by Heidi Larson of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, are developing a tool to identify the first signs of these negative reports.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Helping local aid workers build meaningful careers</title><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304241001000573t.jpg" />]]>DAKAR 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - There has been much talk of decentralizing the northern-centric humanitarian aid sector to give more power to southern staff, but how much has changed over recent years?</description><body><![CDATA[DAKAR 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - There has been much talk of decentralizing the northern-centric humanitarian aid sector to give more power to southern staff, but how much has changed over recent years?

A 2012 study reviewing progress on professionalizing the humanitarian sector - with an emphasis on the deployment of national (local) staff in affected countries - revealed inadequate progress.

It is now well-understood that nationals - individuals, associations, professionals - are the first to respond to disasters, and in many cases are the most generous donors, though figures are still difficult to tally. With the number of recorded disasters up year on year - doubling over the past 20 years to more than 400 per year, according to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) - the need to support humanitarians to professionalize improve standards and obtain professional qualifications is more important than ever.

Increasingly aid agencies are sending nationals to run programmes in risky environments - such as northern Mali or Syria - due to shifting patterns of securing access and mounting fear for expat safety, but once internationals are allowed back in, the knowledge and experience accrued by national staff may not help them advance their careers.

As Sri Lankan aid workers told the authors of the 2010 aid professionalization scoping study [ http://www.elrha.org/uploads/Professionalising_the_humanitarian_sector.pdf ], (commissioned by ELHRA - Enhancing Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance): “After many of the INGOs left, the local staff were left with nothing - no references, no certification, no jobs. How can they prove they worked in the response?”

Progress

Some things are working better: agencies are collaborating more closely than ever to build national staff capacity, cutting down on the endless duplication of individual-branded training courses that used to predominate.

Security training Staying Alive [ http://www.eisf.eu/resources/item/?d=1601 ], for instance, is becoming “standard currency in the sector, as is the Humanitarian Logistics Association’s [ http://www.humanitarianlogistics.org/ ] accredited online logistics course. “Everyone recognizes that the piecemeal approach hasn’t worked,” said Save the Children’s head of learning and professional development, Catherine Russ.

“Working together raises the profile of the schemes, gives staff an opportunity to network and see what’s going on out there,” said People in Aid’s human resources services manager, Emmanuelle Lacroix. “It works because there is a commitment at the international level to push it forward.”

Standards are also improving - or at least systems to measure them. Agencies have agreed on a set of seven core competencies [ http://www.thecbha.org/media/website/file/Competencies_Framework_2012_colour.pdf ] for all aid workers, and these are increasingly being incorporated into training by established bodies, such as vocational training bodies Bioforce [ http://www.bioforce.asso.fr/ ], or RedR [ http://www.redr.org/ ].

The competencies include applying humanitarian principles, managing oneself in a pressured environment, and developing collaborative relationships. The framework marks “the beginning of occupational standards in our sector”, said Russ.

Training consortia

The Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies (CBHA) and the Emergency Capacity Building (ECB) project [ http://www.ecbproject.org/ ] also draw on these competencies in their global humanitarian training courses, as well as their leadership training programmes, which they have run in Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Niger, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Bolivia and South Sudan, and which are designed to be culturally responsive, accessible - in large part online-based, and practically-led, working with coaches and mentors.

There is growing awareness that rather than a general Masters in development or humanitarian studies, emerging modular certificates and diplomas focused on practical knowledge can build the necessary skills to get a job in the sector . “This brings down the costs significantly – you can build up your skills module by module even if you don’t have the time or money to do a Masters,” said Russ. (UN agencies still insist on a Masters degree for posts over a certain level.)

Universities and aid agencies are increasingly teaming up to design these courses: the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, for instance, provides training diplomas [ http://www.ifrc.org/en/get-involved/learning/ ] in health management, humanitarian diplomacy, voluntary sector leadership, and disaster management, in conjunction with the UK’s University of Manchester and other institutions.

While navigating the humanitarian training on offer globally is still difficult, it is easier than it was, said Russ. A Save the Children initiative, the Humanitarian and Leadership Academy, aims to make things clearer in the future by providing a one-stop-shop for all the types of humanitarian career-oriented information that exists.

Trained, then what?

But training for training’s sake is not useful. IRIN spoke to several national staff in NGOs and UN agencies, most of whom complained that they had had numerous training opportunities but that these had not resulted in any meaningful career changes.

“I’ve been on about seven career development trainings over the past six years, but the problem is once I’ve done them, I can’t use them. Nothing changes,” said one humanitarian aid worker in West Africa hub Dakar. Even when qualified as a humanitarian affairs officer, she has been unable to get a job in the position she is qualified for. “I am under-used. The organization has invested in me, but it doesn’t then use me well.”

Oxfam’s strategic project manager for humanitarian management and coordination, Sarah Lumsdon, said staff at many humanitarian organizations often do not have the time to manage their staff properly, to help them move forward, or to give even minimal feedback and support. “There’s no point putting people on a course and not following up with them, but that continues to happen,” she said.

National staff stress that it is not only logistical and cost barriers that might prohibit learning opportunities, but also organizational culture and planning which makes such learning unusable.

Despite ample learning opportunities, a Senegalese aid worker told IRIN many nationals feel stuck: “Lots of national staff are very frustrated. Some have been in their posts for 28 years. I think national staff should have possibilities to move on. So many promises have been made but things don’t change.”

Moumouni Komi, head of finance and administration at NGO French Agriculturers and International Development (AFDI) in Burkina Faso, has a diploma from a Bioforce-led training session in administration and recently participated in the ECB’s leadership development training, in Burkina Faso’s capital, Ouagadougou. “I hoped to use the training to in turn train others but I haven’t been able to realize this goal yet,” he said.

The problem for many is there is nowhere to rise up to, to flex their new leadership muscles.

Lumsdon says much more emphasis is needed on helping mid-level managers to navigate a meaningful career path: much of the current emphasis is on senior managers.

Way forward

Things are moving, but huge gaps remain, say professionals. The number of training schemes on offer increases year on year, but far more training programmes for managers are needed,  according to Lumsdon, particularly in regional hubs, where they are most needed.

It is likely that the number of jobs for national staff in humanitarian response will rise given the year-on-year expansion of the sector (international humanitarian funding reached US$17.1 billion in 2011) [ https://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/World%20Humanitarian%20Data%20and%20Trends%202012%20Web.pdf ].

But “show us the money” said an aid blogger. Donors believe in capacity-building, but too often fail to fund it. The CBHA-ECB training schemes are on hold as UK aid for them has run out.

“Everyone is responsible for staff development - the organization, the donor and the staff member,” said Komi. “NGO and donor budgets give very little room for national staff capacity-building, focusing only on direct project costs… As a result, rather than building up national staff capacity, tough jobs will often just go to already-trained international staff,” he said, adding that humanitarian training courses, costing on average 850 euros, are very expensive for national staff members.

“Education systems usually need a benefactor,” said Lumsdon, “be it government, alumnae or private investment.” But short-term emergency donors, such as European Union aid body ECHO, usually shy away from funding long-term staff development initiatives.

Going further

Other innovations floated by ELHRA in its scoping study include setting up an international professional association of humanitarian workers to oversee different sectors of humanitarian work, based on common competencies; giving each humanitarian worker a learning and development “passport” where staff can tag their competencies and relevant learning experiences; and certifying aid workers.

To become truly professional, the authors argue, some kind of quality certification is needed to gauge how good staff are. RedR, for instance, trained 2,000 field staff in the aftermath of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, but lacking certificates, they could not easily transfer their skills.

It will be a long time before any of these ideas becomes a reality, said interviewees. But the sector is at least moving in the direction of more accountability and professionalization, said Cathy Violland, manager at Bioforce. “If you look at trends, at least we’re going in the right direction in terms of shifting roles: internationals increasingly play technical support roles, and national staff are taking on more management of programmes.”   

The consortia approach is the one to take, and the one for donors to support, says Lumsdon.

“Ultimately we have to root all our work back to this question: do we work for the good of the sector, or for the good of ourselves,” she said.

aj/cb


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Humanitarian training resources

ECB Project’s Good Enough Guide [ http://www.ecbproject.org/the-good-enough-guide/the-good-enough-guide ]

Manchester University with the ICRC [ http://www.ifrc.org/en/get-involved/learning/ ]

DisasterReady [ https://disasterready.csod.com/client/disasterready/mission.html ]

ELRHA [ http://www.elrha.org/courses-and-centres ] and study containing annexe of humanitarian training courses [ http://www.elrha.org/uploads/Professionalising_the_humanitarian_sector.pdf ]

RedR [ http://www.redr.org.uk/ ]

Oxfam Context Project [ http://www.contextproject.org/ ]

Sphere [ http://www.sphereproject.org/community/calendar/ ]

Professionals in Humanitarian Assistance and Protection (PHAP) [ http://phap.org/events/training ]

Oxford Brooks [ http://www.brookes.ac.uk/studying-at-brookes/courses/postgraduate/2013/humanitarian-action-and-conflict/ ]

The Development and Humanitarian Assistance (D&HA) competency framework [ http://www.mandalafoundation.org.au/uploads/Forum%20Presentations%202009/ASC%20Frameworks%20for%20Training%20R%20Flynn.pdf ]


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advice to national staff

Emmanuelle Lacroix, human resources manager, People in Aid

“Network, network, network. Build your portfolio of experiences. Be clear on where you want to get from the outset. Look at ELHRA and make sure your skills are transferable. What is your plan?

Catherine Russ, head of learning and professional development, Save the Children

Staff have to have some sense of where they want to go - you can’t just take a generic approach to your career. Do you want to be a project manager or a health worker, for instance? Find websites where you can get career guidance information. Get on top of the competency frameworks. 

Cathy Violland, manager Bioforce

“Try to access as many humanitarian networks as you can - events, seminars, through training organizations like Bioforce. Be coherent in your goals.” 

Sarah Lumsdon, strategic project manager for management and coordination, Oxfam
Develop a technical specialism - that’s your best way in. Try to distance learn. Develop your languages. Present yourself well - there’s no excuse not to know how to create a decent CV. Be wary of spending lots of money on lots of courses without a clear goal in mind.

Allegra Baiocchi, head of OCHA, West Africa

Build your basic skill sets - particularly your written communication and your language skills: master English. Look at any opportunity you can find that will diversify your experience. Focus on less popular things - short-term contracts or emergency zones that others do not want to work in. Never feel that you are anything other than equal to your counterparts. We all know the JPO [UN junior professional officer] who has the confidence of a head of office: these are the people who go far. Don’t forget what you have to offer that others do not: institutional memory, a knowledge of your country’s political dynamics, lessons learned from past emergencies. Challenge expats when they talk about what’s going on in your country and evidently do not know what they are talking about. Be proactive. Seek advice from your managers. Get rostered [if in the UN system]. Apply, apply, apply. 

Moussa Ndiaye, administration manager, IRIN West Africa

My approach is to only do something for four years, otherwise you lose your edge. You always need new challenges. I’m proactive. I have a large network. Mobility is the most important thing. Your career shouldn’t look like a calm river that never moves. You need to be in the driving seat.

Moumouni Komi, head of administration and finance, AFDI

National staff also don’t strive to seek training opportunities - they tell themselves their employer won’t let them do it. But you must try. There are external support systems, such as grants, that can help [fund training]. Before signing your contract, ask for a training budget to be included as a clause… Try to save to invest in short courses. Ask your employer to provide you with relevant educational material. Encourage dialogue with other NGO leaders as to how they train their staff. Make your employer aware that investing in national capacity will boost engagement and thus the quality of their programmes. 

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]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 13 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98025/Analysis-Helping-local-aid-workers-build-meaningful-careers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304241001000573t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DAKAR 13 May 2013 (IRIN) - There has been much talk of decentralizing the northern-centric humanitarian aid sector to give more power to southern staff, but how much has changed over recent years?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Marshalling smartphones, gravediggers to fight dengue in Pakistan</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305091306350487t.jpg" />]]>LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.</description><body><![CDATA[LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.

“When the police show up, we will throw all these tyres into the basement,” said Rohil Ayub, 18, who runs a downtown repair shop.

“The police fine us a lot, thousands of rupees every time,” he said.

Every few days, police inspectors fine anyone who leaves tyres outside - a nuisance, complain the owners of the hundreds of repair shops in the area but essential, health experts say, for combating dengue, a potentially fatal haemorrhagic fever without a vaccine.

Response

In a four-month outbreak [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/93793/PAKISTAN-Dengue-deaths-mount ] in 2011, the mosquito-borne virus infected 21,000 in Pakistan, 85 percent of them in Lahore, leading to 352 deaths.

At the time, a range of rapidly deployed measures, including using smartphone technology, fumigation and the tracing of larvae breeding grounds, were set in motion by the provincial government to help prevent a worse crisis and keep deaths in the hundreds.

“No one expected this kind of political commitment,” said Qutbuddin Kakar, who oversees programmes to combat malaria and dengue in Pakistan for the World Health Organization (WHO). “In this part of the world, at least, we had not seen this kind of response before.”

The anticipated 1,000-plus deaths did not occur, and since then, dengue fever cases have dropped - 200 in the province (Punjab) last year, without any reported deaths.

So, what was done right, and what do the authorities need to do to make sure solutions are long-term?

The tactics developed to prevent another dengue outbreak were first developed in 2011: information campaigns, data-sharing, and destroying mosquito larvae sites.

Hundreds of government entomologists regularly visit cemeteries, public parks, and gardens, testing for aedes mosquitoes and larvae in any sources of water.

The results they collect are processed on site by specially-designed Android based applications on their smartphones, and uploaded to a centralized dengue prevention centre.

There, analysts match the entomological data with reports from hospitals showing where dengue patients are being treated. Based on the findings, a team is sent to fumigate areas where aedes mosquitos seem to be breeding and infecting people, or to identify and remove sources of standing water.

The key season for infections comes with monsoon rains, when the aedes aegyptus and aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which can carry the virus, begin to appear.

Chronology of an outbreak

In August 2011 heavy monsoon rain dumped 13 inches in a week, leaving parts of Lahore with large bodies of standing water, and raising immediate concerns about disease.

By mid-October, the provincial government in Punjab reported that more than 11,000 dengue cases were recorded.

“It was an exponential increase in number, and it really frightened the government,” said Faran Naru, a consultant hired by the provincial government to tackle the problem. “And the issue was resonating in the media... so it created a panic in the public which had to be contained.”

Most people infected with dengue recovered on their own, said Naru, but once media outlets began reporting on the extent of the outbreak, thousands showed up at hospitals and laboratories to get tested.

An initial team of 70 entomologists conducted 12,000 spot-checks to track where aedes mosquitos were present. By mid-October, this data had been mapped, along with the locations of 11,000 reported dengue patients.

The results surprised the scientists. The worst affected areas were some of the wealthiest neighbourhoods of Lahore: Model Town, Race Course, Mozang, and Gulberg.

“I saw that in Model Town there is a big park, and in Race Course there are two of Lahore's biggest parks… and I believe lots of breeding was happening there and mosquitoes were leaving from there and infecting people,” said Naru.

The mosquitoes need fresh water to lay their eggs, and the large puddles in Lahore's biggest public parks proved to be ideal homes.

Another hotspot was the Mozang neighbourhood, home to one of Pakistan's largest graveyards. The 150-acre area was found to be a major breeding ground for mosquitos. Gravediggers had dug large pits to hold water, which they used to soften the dirt when digging.

“It's fresh water,” said Naur, “from the tap, and there were 70 pits, and all of those were infected, full of larvae.”

Back in the hospital, dengue patients were separated into special areas for treatment. The home of each dengue patient was fumigated, along with 12 surrounding houses, three in each direction.

Sanitation workers unclogged sewers and drains in an effort to clear areas of rainwater; and parks, gardens, and cemeteries were also sprayed. Thousands of Mosquitofish and Garden Carp - fish species known to attack mosquito larvae - were also released into ponds and ditch canals.

Within a few weeks, entomologists detected far fewer aedes mosquitoes, and the prevalence of dengue cases rapidly decreased.

A public awareness campaign also helped - with city residents encouraged to use mosquito repellent and bednets, and schoolchildren instructed to wear long-sleeved clothing, despite the monsoon heat.

Lessons learned?

There have only been two cases of dengue fever reported in the province so far this year, suggesting the anti-dengue measures have had an impact.

But the disease tends to come in 2-4 year cycles, and public health officials worry that if the lessons learned from the 2011 outbreak are not institutionalized, future governments might not handle subsequent outbreaks as well.

In March, an interim government took over in Pakistan to oversee national and provincial elections.

“We must see if the government is able to plan long-term for dengue. This was just a short-term response,” said Kakar from WHO.  He says the teams of entomologists and fumigators, and funding resources devoted to surveillance and data transmission, need to continue to work every season.

He also says Pakistan could devote the same kinds of resources to other mosquito-carried diseases like malaria.  

Pakistan sees more than 300,000 cases of malaria every year according to WHO, a figure that would inevitably drop with a successful long-term anti-mosquito campaign.

“So far,” he said, “a negligible amount is spent on malaria eradication in Pakistan. We should expect that all vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue... should be brought together under one programme.”

Kakar says malaria is mostly restricted to rural parts of Pakistan, where healthcare facilities are so bad that it is difficult to even get an accurate count of how many people are dying from the disease.

He said if the government provided good sources of water, in both cities and rural areas, he would expect a major impact on mosquitoes, whether they carry malaria or dengue.

uf/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98010/Marshalling-smartphones-gravediggers-to-fight-dengue-in-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201305091306350487t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LAHORE 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - On the frontline in the fight against dengue fever in Lahore, Pakistan’s second largest city, the authorities have a sharp eye for spare car tyres.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: The UN’s integrated mission in Somalia</title><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208151439550143t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - Following the unanimous adoption of a UN Security Council (UNSC) resolution setting up an integrated mission in Somalia, the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) will be set up for an initial one-year period beginning on 3 June; it will be based in the capital Mogadishu.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - Following the unanimous adoption of a UN Security Council (UNSC) resolution setting up an integrated mission in Somalia [ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10944.doc.htm ], the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) will be set up for an initial one-year period beginning on 3 June; it will be based in the capital Mogadishu. 

The UN defines an integrated mission as one in which there is a shared vision among all the UN actors at country level.

“This strategic objective is the result of a deliberate effort by all elements of the UN system to achieve a shared understanding of the mandates and functions of the various elements of the UN presence at country level and to use this understanding to maximize UN effectiveness, efficiency, and impact in all aspects of its work,” say the Integrated Mission Planning Guidelines [ http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/FN/Multidimensional%20and%20Integrated/06_DPKO_IMPP_final_.pdf ] endorsed in 2006 by the Secretary-General.

According to the resolution, the mission is intended to help Somalia build on the political gains made over the past year; assist the country to develop a federal system of government; review its constitution and hold a constitutional referendum; and facilitate preparations for presidential and parliamentary elections in 2016.

In addition, UNSOM will “promote respect for human rights and women's empowerment, promote child protection, prevent conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence, and strengthen justice institutions.” 

UN agencies working in Somalia are expected to move there. Many are currently based in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital. 

In this briefing, IRIN looks at what an integrated approach means for Somalia.

What is the political, humanitarian situation in Somalia?

Somalia has recently made progress towards stability. In 2012, the country set up a functioning federal government under the leadership of President Sheikh Hassan Mohamud, the first such administration since 1990.

However, there continue to be huge political and humanitarian challenges. Insurgents, who still control parts of the country, continue to launch deadly attacks regularly, while more than one million Somalis are displaced due to conflict and drought. One million more have crossed into neighbouring countries, mainly Kenya and Ethiopia.

A 2013 report [ http://www.fsnau.org/in-focus/technical-release-study-suggests-258000-somalis-died-due-severe-food-insecurity-and-famine ] published by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) revealed that over 250,000 Somalis, many of them children under five, died as a result of famine between October 2010 and April 2012. They were unable to receive any humanitarian assistance, in part, due to insecurity.

What is UNSOM’s role?

On 6 March 2013 the Security Council had, while partially lifting a 20-year-old arms embargo [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97703/Briefing-The-risks-and-rewards-of-easing-Somalia-s-arms-embargo ] on Somalia and extending the mandate of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), for another year, agreed with the UN Secretary-General that the UN Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS) had “fulfilled its obligation” and needed to be replaced by an integrated mission to give the Somali administration “a single door to knock on”.

The new mission, to be headed by a special representative of the Secretary-General would include, “the provision of policy advice to the Federal Government and AMISOM on peace-building and state-building in the areas of governance, security sector reform and rule of law (including the disengagement of combatants); development of a federal system (including preparations for elections in 2016); and coordination of international donor support.”

All the UN country teams, both political and humanitarian in Somalia, would be expected, with immediate effect, to coordinate all their activities with the head of the newly established mission. 

The office of the UN humanitarian coordinator for Somalia is expected to fall under the office of the special representative from the beginning January 2014.

What now for UNPOS and AMISOM?

With the creation of an integrated mission, UNPOS ceases to exist. Established in 1995 and headed by a special representative of the Secretary-General, UNPOS’s role was mainly political, facilitating political dialogue and peace-building activities. In his letter [ http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2013/239 ] to the UNSC seeking the establishment of an integrated mission in Somalia, the Secretary-General said UNPOS had fulfilled its mandate and should “be dissolved and replaced by a new expanded special political mission as soon as possible”.

The Somalia Federal Government is largely propped up by the 18,000-strong AMISOM force.

A technical assistance mission to Somalia by the Secretary-General recommended in its report [ http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2013_239.pdf ] “use of local UN-contracted and trained security guards, the impending deployment of an AMISOM guard force in Mogadishu, and reliance on Somali National Security Forces (SNSF). If these are deemed insufficient, UN Guard Units or international private security companies could be utilized.”

AMISOM has always been involved in limited humanitarian assistance [ http://amisom-au.org/mission-profile/humanitarian-work/ ] but it is not clear if this will continue with UNSOM.

The UNSC in its resolution, urges the newly appointed special representative to align closely with other stakeholders in Somalia, including UN country teams, the federal government, AMISOM, the Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), the European Union and “other regional, bilateral and multilateral partners”.

Experts, say the success of UNSOM will depend on whether it aligns its operations with the different actors in Somalia, some of whom may have qualms about sharing their areas of expertise and/or influence.

“The number of pivotal actors dealing with Somalia has increased as of late, not least as new donors have come in and stepped up their support. Hence, if the international community is serious about UNSOM and would like to see it fulfil its mandate, actors need to be aligned behind UNSOM,” Dominik Balthasar, an expert on Somalia at Chatham House, told IRIN. “Yet, this might possibly be a hard bullet to bite for other actors such as AMISOM or IGAD, as the participation of UNSOM is likely to restrict the roles they have played thus far.”

Abdi Aynte, executive director of the Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS) [ http://heritageinstitute.org ], a Mogadishu-based think tank, said: “With respect to its relations with AMISOM, the hope is that they become mutually reinforcing [and] not mutually exclusive [since] AMISOM is widely viewed positively.”

What are the merits of UNSOM? 

UNSOM will merge the UN’s humanitarian and political operations in Somalia, providing an opportunity to harness the operational capacities of the many agencies into a single mission. 

“It looks like an ambitious plan and is probably the most significant engagement in Somalia by the UN in decades,” Cedric Barnes, director, Horn of Africa programmes at the International Crisis Group, told IRIN.

HIPS’s Aynte said the integrated mission will provide a single international community narrative on Somalia, something he says the Somalis have wanted for a long time.

A unification of the development and humanitarian pillars in Somalia, others have argued, would help marshal the much-needed international funding to remedy the situation in Somalia while also “creating coherence and unifying strategies”.

Elmi Ahmed Duale, Somalia’s ambassador to the UN, described the resolution as important and said it had ensured “there was only “one door” to knock on, “as opposed to fragmented approaches in coordinating assistance”. 

According to ICG’s Barnes, this will be dependent on how much the government is willing to cede in the new engagement.

“It would be interesting to see how this will play out with a government that might want to assert authority while at the same time fronting the issue of sovereignty,” Barnes added.

The fact that Al Shabab is listed as a terrorist group has made it difficult for many humanitarian agencies to have an engagement with it, at least for the purposes of offering humanitarian assistance in areas still under the group’s control.

Why the dissenting voices against UNSOM?

Humanitarians have voiced their concerns against merging humanitarian operations with political and military activities, arguing it would make their work in Somalia difficult as it runs the risk of delegitimizing humanitarian actors.

“As many Somalis continue to struggle to obtain the basic necessities for survival, such as food, health care, and protection from violence, humanitarian assistance must remain a priority and it must remain completely independent of any political agenda,” Jerome Oberreit, secretary-general of Médecins Sans Frontières, said in a statement [ http://www.msf.org.uk/article/somalia-humanitarian-aid-must-not-be-co-opted ].

“The humanitarian aid system must not be co-opted as an implementing partner of counter-insurgency or stabilization efforts in Somalia,” he added. 

In March, InterAction, The International Council of Voluntary Agencies (ICVA) and Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies (VOICE), said in a joint statement [ http://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/131669840?access_key=key-axjqq1wp5tlwu7r4viw ] that the decision risked jeopardizing the delivery of impartial humanitarian assistance in the country: “By requiring UN humanitarian coordination to fall under the political mandate of the new UN peace-building mission in Somalia, the neutrality, impartiality and independence of humanitarian action will be compromised.” 

Russel Geekie, public information officer at the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Somalia office, said: “The integration should not hamper the delivery of aid. In its most recent resolution on Somalia (SC resolution 2102, which follows up on 2093), the Security Council reiterated that impartial, neutral and independent humanitarian assistance must be ensured, wherever those in need are.” 

According Chatham House’s Balthasar, integrating humanitarian operations into the broader politico-military stabilization plans “runs the risk of constraining humanitarian space, but that this does not necessarily need to be the case. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that humanitarian aid has always been political and that it has frequently been instrumentalized by a wide variety of actors - not least by those who oppose the government.” With an eye towards the dynamics surrounding humanitarian space in Somalia, he added that ever since Al Shabab had been put on the back foot, humanitarian actors who had become accustomed to negotiating with the insurgents to deliver humanitarian aid lacked clarity over who was in control and how to safely deliver aid. 

“Basically, the political situation on the ground appears to have become more, rather than less, complicated. In this situation, devising an integrated mission might not be the worst of all options for the sake of prioritizing stability and the establishment of functioning structures of governance,” he added. 

ko/kr/oa/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Fri, 10 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98015/Briefing-The-UN-s-integrated-mission-in-Somalia</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208151439550143t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 10 May 2013 (IRIN) - Following the unanimous adoption of a UN Security Council (UNSC) resolution setting up an integrated mission in Somalia, the UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) will be set up for an initial one-year period beginning on 3 June; it will be based in the capital Mogadishu.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Semi-synthetic artemisinin promises to boost global malaria gains</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2006217t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - The UN World Health Organization has accepted the first semi-synthetic version of artemisinin, the key ingredient for malaria treatment globally, for use in the manufacture of drugs, boosting hopes that more people will have access to life-saving medication.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - The UN World Health Organization has accepted the first semi-synthetic version of artemisinin [ http://apps.who.int/prequal/info_press/documents/PQ_non-plant_derived_artemisinin_1.pdf ], the key ingredient for malaria treatment globally, for use in the manufacture of drugs, boosting hopes that more people will have access to life-saving medication.

With an estimated 219 million malaria infections and 660,000 deaths – mainly children under five – annually, the disease is one of the world’s biggest killers.

Until now, artemisinin, the key ingredient in the WHO-recommended first-line malaria treatment artemisinin-combination therapy (ACT), has only been available by extraction from the sweet wormwood tree, native to Asia. However, climatic factors have meant it has suffered from uneven supply over the years.

“Normally, artemisinin is sourced from a plant, which is affected by seasonal factors - now, we have a man-made source, which ensures a constant supply of the drug,” Anthony Fake, active pharmaceutical ingredients focal point for WHO’s prequalification of medicines programme, told IRIN.

Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, scientists at the University of Berkeley, California, were able to genetically engineer a strain of baker’s yeast [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97924/Smart-science-in-the-fight-against-malaria ] to mass-produce the semi-synthetic artemisinin.

French pharmaceutical firm, Sanofi [ http://en.sanofi.com/Images/32474_20130411_ARTEMISININE_en.pdf ], which manufactures the semi-synthetic artemisinin, recently announced that it planned to “produce 35 tonnes of artemisinin in 2013 and, on average, 50 to 60 tonnes per year by 2014, which corresponds to between 80 and 150 million ACT treatments”.

Agencies involved in fighting malaria say they have big expectations for the new product.

“The production of semi-synthetic artemisinin will help secure part of the world’s supply and maintain the cost of this raw material at acceptable levels for public health authorities around the world and ultimately benefit patients… Having multiple sources of high-quality artemisinin will strengthen the artemisinin supply chain, contribute to a more stable price, and ultimately ensure greater availability of treatment to people suffering from malaria,” Scott Filler, senior technical adviser for malaria at the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis, told IRIN via email.

According to Martin de Smet, who heads up Médecins Sans Frontières’ working group on malaria, the uncertainty of natural artemisinin’s availability has led to bulk buying and speculation in the market, leading to the price of the raw product varying widely - from US$400 per kg to $1,000 per kg - over the years.

He noted that the new development would have gains wider than ACTs: “It also opens doors to other forms of artemisinin use other than ACT, for example, artemisinin injections for severe malaria.”

Not a replacement

De Smet said it would be important for the supply of the natural version of artemisinin to continue alongside the semi-synthetic production.

“We hope that the message will not be that it will replace the natural product, because this would act as a disincentive to the farmers, who could stop producing their crops. It should be complementary, with a growing share of the market,” he added. “Hopefully, we will see the price of ss artemisnin matching the lowest price available for the natural product.”

Both WHO’s Fake and MSF’s de Smet say there is no need for concern over differences in efficacy or safety, as drugs manufactured with both versions of artemisinin contained the same active chemical ingredient.

“There is still a lot to do - pharm companies need to formulate the end products that they will produce based on the semi-synthetic artemisinin, and these then need to be prequalified by WHO - a bureaucratic process but one which ensures that the drugs are safe and effective,” he said.

“We don’t expect to see change overnight, but rather a gradual increase in the market share by companies manufacturing drugs using the semi-synthetic artemisinin - even if we see them getting 10 percent and eventually 20 percent, this will help ease speculation about the product’s availability and stabilize prices.”

kr/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98006/Semi-synthetic-artemisinin-promises-to-boost-global-malaria-gains</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2006217t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - The UN World Health Organization has accepted the first semi-synthetic version of artemisinin, the key ingredient for malaria treatment globally, for use in the manufacture of drugs, boosting hopes that more people will have access to life-saving medication.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Getting governments to cough up for DRR</title><pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091116460112t.jpg" />]]>AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.</description><body><![CDATA[AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.

And yet a report [ https://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/WEB%20Humanitarianism%20in%20the%20Network%20Age%20vF%20single.pdf ] published last month by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) said DRR funding accounts for only 3 percent of humanitarian aid and just 1 percent of all other development assistance.

Last year (seen as a relatively quiet year by natural disaster experts), the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) [ http://cred01.epid.ucl.ac.be/f/CredCrunch31.pdf ] recorded 310 natural disasters, leading to 9,930 deaths affecting 106 million people.

In total in the last three years, disasters have caused more than US$300 billion of recorded damage [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97655/Tallying-natural-disaster-related-losses ].

So, if the scale of the damage is not in dispute, why is DRR not better resourced? Has the funding argument not yet been won?

Improving funding

“Funding is a challenge,” said Jordan Ryan, director of the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery at the UN Development Programme (UNDP).

“DRR doesn’t always get sufficient funding. Sometimes the donors don’t put a priority on disaster risk. They don’t always come through. So, I think we need even more attention.”

But natural disaster experts are emphatic that DRR funding is fundamentally a good investment. Estimates vary about how much can be saved, but the most conservative figures say that every $1 spent on DRR is worth $4 later on.

One example of the difference preparation can make is in what is now Bangladesh where in 1970 the Bhola cyclone killed up to 500,000 people. Nearly four decades later when another destructive storm hit (Cyclone Aila, 2009), early warning systems, hundreds of cyclone shelters, and disaster volunteer networks helped keep the country’s death toll below 200.

When natural hazards meet unprepared communities, populations are left extremely vulnerable, as seen when Cyclone Nargis hit Myanmar in 2008, a country without early warning systems or storm shelters.

Perceptions of the importance of disaster preparedness vary from country to country.

“In Japan people understand this is money well spent,” Kimio Takeya, visiting senior adviser for the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), told IRIN, saying the country had been buffeted by earthquakes, typhoons and floods in the last 50 years: “Everything hit Japan.”

This follows a clear pattern. Governments find it difficult to appreciate risk and the need for risk reduction, until disaster strikes.

Changing perceptions

“I suppose that if we had won the argument [about DRR funding], we wouldn’t be making the case for increased donor commitment anymore as much as we do, so I guess the simple answer is no, we haven’t won it yet. But I do also believe that it is changing,” said Jo Scheuer, team leader for DRR and recovery at UNDP.

“The recent events, including in Japan and US, have shown clearly that they disasters affect everybody. It is an increasing risk that we are facing, particularly in terms of climate change, and if you look at the global discussions around also humanitarian aid and the resilience debate, there is a clear movement - I would say a political will - to move away from just responding to humanitarian crises or disasters, to actually building resilience.”

For donors, agencies like UNDP make the argument that DRR spending can be a means of reducing the long-term emergency humanitarian aid needed annually to deal with each new natural disaster.

“Donors are now increasingly putting money into preparedness and resilience, so that there aren’t only these millions of dollars that are for response, but that you can actually prepare countries beforehand for building their resilience, particularly in urban cities, where there’s growing infrastructure and the risk of massive potential economic damage,” Aditi Banerjee, disaster risk management specialist in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region at the World Bank, told IRIN.

But beyond donors, experts say there needs to be a change of attitude in governments, which find it difficult to reallocate funds from areas like health and education to DRR.

“Of course it is very difficult to convince the political leaders or the people to spend money before the disaster. This needs something like far-sightedness,” said Takeya.

He has been looking at the impact of DRR spending on GDP growth. “We are modelling and trying to calculate and analyse for each country. There’s a definite positive pattern - we can show the evidence that… your GDP growth will go down without DRR investment,” he said.

Convincing governments that they are not yet spending what they should on DRR is crucial, said Longworth.

“The sustainability of DRR is when budget-holders, whether they be governments, local governments, or other entities actually start re-orientating their budget allocations to DRR, and that’s why we’re putting so much attention on the economic case. It is absolutely well established now that the scale of economic losses from disasters justifies significantly more investment in reducing risks.”

More data, a growing awareness of the link between the scale of a disaster and preparedness, and international initiatives like the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), agreed in January 2005 just after the Indian Ocean tsunami, have helped change perceptions about DRR.

For Banerjee at the World Bank, even in the MENA region, which has been less affected by natural disasters than others, thinking is clearly changing.

“To me this shift has been the most intense in MENA, because MENA is not typically a region that is like Asia or Latin America that is hit by a disaster every few months. It’s hit by big disasters but over time, which is why sometimes the institutional memory is forgotten. But in the five years that I’ve been here there’s been so much more dialogue on this.”

Using climate funds

One potential source of funding for DRR projects that garnered a lot of interest from delegates at March’s first DRR conference in the Arab world [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97941/Arab-cities-aim-to-build-resilience-to-natural-disasters ] is climate change resource streams.

“This is already happening. If you look at some of the projects, programmes, entities that have been funded from the various existing financial instruments related to climate change adaptation, many of those activities are actually classic DRR activities - from early warning systems to agricultural livelihood measures and so on,” said Scheuer.

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is in charge of three climate funds: the Adaptation Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund, and the Special Climate Change Fund, set up under the Kyoto Protocol to offset the negative effects of climate change in the developed world.

The first two projects [ http://irinnews.org/Report/90571/CLIMATE-CHANGE-Adaptation-Fund-starts-delivering ] under the Adaptation Fund were to help handle rising sea levels in Senegal, and water management in Honduras.

Another recent US$7.6 million project in northern Pakistan funded by the Adaptation Fund is to help communities better prepare for sudden glacial lake flooding.

“If it’s rising sea levels, or depleted water table, when you address it, you are reducing the risk, you’re also anticipating what’s coming in terms of global warming,” said Longworth.

Several Pacific countries are drawing up joint strategies at a national level to tackle DRR and climate change adaptation together.

“The issue here is not that you get a transfer from the climate pots into the disaster pots of money. The issue is that programmatically and substantively speaking, we make sure that we have the synergies between those two funding streams,” said Scheuer.

“It doesn’t matter where the money comes from; it matters that we address the issue of risk and build resilience,” he said.

But preparedness is not all about big money - much DRR work, experts stress, can be relatively cheap things like training volunteers, teaching basic first aid techniques, and making better use of tools like mobile phones that many people already have.

Sometimes it can even just be a question of remembering former ways of living that were more resilient in terms of natural hazards.

In Japan, flood prone areas in traditional communities normally had an elevated building somewhere in the area that people could escape to, with second floors commonly storing a boat to help residents escape.

Build back better

In reality, it is very difficult for governments to grasp the value of DRR until they have been the victim of a major disaster.

In the case of Algeria, it was only after the Boumerdès earthquake of 2003 and the deaths of around 3,500 people that the government beefed up regulations for the construction of schools and hospitals, according to Hichem Imouche from the country’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The same thing happened after the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake, which levelled most of Tokyo. Building regulations were strengthened again in Japan after the Great Hanshin earthquake near the city of Kobe in 1995; rubber blocks were placed under bridges and earthquake proof shelters constructed.

“Once disaster happens it is of course a bad situation but it is a chance to revise the way of thinking,” said Takeya.

No doubt the debate will move forward when DRR experts and officials meet on 19-23 May for the Fourth Session of the Global Platform for DRR [ http://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/2013/ ] in Geneva, Switzerland.

jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98003/Analysis-Getting-governments-to-cough-up-for-DRR</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201301091116460112t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">AQABA 09 May 2013 (IRIN) - Investing in preparation for potential disasters is a “no brainer”, Elizabeth Longworth, director of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), told a recent disaster risk reduction (DRR) conference in Aqaba, Jordan.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Analysis: Sending the right message on mHealth</title><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208091451120607t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - We’ve read the stories: From bedridden patients sending text messages to their health workers, to young people receiving HIV prevention messages via SMS, the mobile phone seems to have morphed from communications device to essential life-saver. But is the evidence there yet that mHealth is an effective health delivery intervention for the developing world?</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - We’ve read the stories: From bedridden patients sending text messages to their health workers, to young people receiving HIV prevention messages via SMS, the mobile phone seems to have morphed from communications device to essential life-saver. But is the evidence there yet that mHealth is an effective health delivery intervention for the developing world?

IRIN, like others, has been reporting for years on mHealth’s potential: This communication technology could provide the answer to distant and under-resourced health services, in particular for Africa’s poor. Kenyan health workers have recounted [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/88653/KENYA-R-U-OK-2day-SMS-check-up-takes-off ] how mobile phones have made it easier to track their patients’ progress; there have been anecdotal reports of lower maternal mortality rates as a result of Ghanaian mothers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/87261/GHANA-Cell-phones-cut-maternal-deaths ] being able to call for ambulances during labour.

In Africa, with some 63 mobile phones per 100 inhabitants (compared to Asia and the Pacific’s 89 per 100 inhabitants), the cell in your pocket can become a direct channel [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91287/AFRICA-Mobile-phones-for-health ] for receiving public health messages, improving communication between patients and health providers, boosting data collection and, increasingly, assisting in diagnosis.

But a systematic review - published in January in PLOS Medicine [ http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001363 ] - into the effectiveness of mHealth technology in improving health delivery found mixed results from 42 trials of mHealth interventions. SMS appointment reminders, for example, were found to have modest programmatic benefits, while using phones to send digital images for diagnosis actually led to a drop in the correct analysis in two trials examined.

A 2012 study by the mHealth Alliance [ http://mhealthalliance.org/images/content/baseline_evaulation_report2013.pdf ], which advocates the use of mobile technologies in health care, found that sub-Saharan Africa had a higher number of mHealth projects compared to Asia and Latin America, with more than half of all mHealth projects related to communicable diseases such as HIV and malaria.

Insufficient evidence

Despite the rapid growth, "there is currently a gap in terms of evidence linking mHealth to improved health and operational benefits, and this is particularly true when it comes to studies in low- and middle-income countries," Patricia Mechael, executive director of the mHealth Alliance, told IRIN.

The PLOS review found that “none of the trials were of high quality - many had methodological problems likely to affect the accuracy of their findings - and nearly all were undertaken in high-income countries.”

Rajesh Vedanthan, an assistant professor at New York’s Mount Sinai Medical Centre who is currently working with AMPATH [ http://www.ampathkenya.org/ ], an academic health programme involved in research and health care in Kenya, told IRIN via email that some of the practical challenges with the use of mHealth technology included “optimizing the user interface, ensuring that users have an easy and error-free working experience with the mHealth device, not impeding the workflow of clinicians, issues related to network connectivity, access to a central server, coordination of individual devices with a central coordinating office, systems integration, etc…

“mHealth has the potential to assist with several aspects of the ‘supply chain’ of care for non-communicable diseases - including screening/diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment/decision support, retention and follow-up, systems coordination, etc.,” he added. “Whether mHealth will be effective in all of those arenas is still not robustly known, and rigorous research is still required.”

A need for standards

The mushrooming of mHealth pilot projects has caused concern around monitoring. Uganda has declared a moratorium on pilot mHealth initiatives as it seeks to bring them in line with national health policies.

“We first needed to study them [mHealth and mHealth initiatives]… Some of these people are duplicating what is already there,” Asuman Lukwago, the permanent secretary in Uganda’s Ministry of Health, told IRIN. “As a ministry, we only implement innovations that have been tested and approved. At the moment, we are suggesting reforms to put into practice for these new innovations.”

The mHealth Alliance recently released a review [ http://www.mhealthalliance.org/images/content/state_of_standards_report_2013.pdf ] of standards in the use of mHealth among low- and middle-income countries, which found that as mobile health systems “move towards scale, existing guidelines and strategies will need to be revised to reflect new demands on executive sponsorship; national leadership of eHealth programmes; eHealth standards adoption and implementation; development of eHealth capability and capacity; eHealth financing and performance management and eHealth planning and architecture maintenance”.

Scaling up mHealth

Mechael noted that mHealth could only meet its potential if it was fully integrated into general health programmes, becoming “so much a part of health systems that we no longer need to use ‘m’ as a designation”, something that cannot happen unless mHealth projects move beyond the pilot phase and really reach scale at a national or regional level.

Importantly, experts say, the use of mHealth and other humanitarian technology should be allowed to be driven by the communities who benefit from it.

“There has been a recognition - belatedly, in some cases - of the ways beneficiaries are using technology, voting with their wallets and their feet... We can see that the most innovative models of humanitarian technology are driven by communities themselves,” Imogen Wall, the coordinator of communications with affected communities for the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, told IRIN.

She noted that humanitarian agencies would increasingly need to increase their engagement with the private sector as partners in preparedness and response, recognizing that the private sector is no longer merely a support system, but a humanitarian service provider as well.

OCHA recently released a report, Humanitarianism in the Network Age [ https://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/WEB%20Humanitarianism%20in%20the%20Network%20Age%20vF%20single.pdf ], which stresses the importance of information and communication in humanitarian work and urges new ways of thinking that adapt to the changing realities of communities around the world.

“In order for humanitarian technology to meet its full potential, there must be a willingness - an openness - to innovate, to think outside the box, to test new ideas and to risk failure and success in both the processes and the deliverables - essentially, a willingness to accept change,” Wall said.

kr/so/oa/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 08 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/98001/Analysis-Sending-the-right-message-on-mHealth</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201208091451120607t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 08 May 2013 (IRIN) - We’ve read the stories: From bedridden patients sending text messages to their health workers, to young people receiving HIV prevention messages via SMS, the mobile phone seems to have morphed from communications device to essential life-saver. But is the evidence there yet that mHealth is an effective health delivery intervention for the developing world?</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Innovative ICT helps aid workers in Afghanistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304281046160354t.jpg" />]]>KABUL 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Asia’s poorest country and the deadliest for aid workers, rugged Afghanistan offers a considerable challenge to humanitarian work.</description><body><![CDATA[KABUL 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Asia’s poorest country [ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2011+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc ] and the deadliest for aid workers [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97874/Afghanistan-the-world-s-most-dangerous-place-for-aid-workers ], rugged Afghanistan offers a considerable challenge to humanitarian work.

But just as in parts of Africa, the only other area of the world with similarly poor infrastructure, rapid advances in information and communications technology (ICT) have had a profound impact on humanitarian activities over the past decade.

To make a phone call in 2001, the only option for many Afghans was a trip to neighbouring Pakistan. Now 85 percent of the population enjoys mobile phone coverage, and aid agencies are taking full advantage.

Despite the remoteness of many regions (with three-quarters of the population living in rural areas), the mobile phone network has expanded rapidly and by 2010 a USAID survey [ http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/2010/Afghan%20Media%20in%202010.pdf ] estimated that 61 percent of the population owned or had access to a mobile phone.

The country's four major operators (Roshan, AWCC, Etisalat and MTN) share 18 million subscribers, according to a 2012 report by Research and Markets [ http://www.marketresearch.com/ISA-International-Strategic-Analysis-v2697/Afghanistan-ISA-Country-7489601/ ].

Five Afghan tech initiatives

Mobile Money, one of the most commonly used ICT services, allows Afghans to safely and securely transfer money, in some cases internationally [ http://www.roshan.af/Roshan/Media_Relations/News/News_Details/12-05-21/Roshan_and_Western_Union_Launch_International_Mobile_Money_Transfer_Service_in_Afghanistan.aspx ], using mobile phones. Currently all four of Afghanistan's major telecommunications operators provide money transfers. In March, USAID [ http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/USAID/Article/2948/Public_School_Teachers_Salary_Payment_Goes_Mobile ] partnered with other agencies to promote a new electronic salary payment programme. The project aims to disperse salaries to more than 30,000 teachers in about 200 schools across Afghanistan by 2014.

SMS or Interactive Voice Response (IVR) messages give Afghan farmers and traders information on crop and livestock prices in specific locations. In partnership with USAID and Mercy Corps, Roshan launched the Malomat service in 2010 - currently nearly 600 farmers and 19 traders are participating in 15 provincial markets. Malomat provides farmers and traders with wholesale prices for agricultural commodities - aiming to improve farmers’ livelihoods and thus providing a disincentive to farmers to engage in opium production.

Telemedicine: Afghan doctors are starting to use a new ICT service [ http://imaginationforpeople.org/en/project/afghanistans-telemedicine-project/ ] to access e-learning, training, management tips and tele-radiology (the electronic sharing of patient scans). Hospitals can have real-time access to medical experts outside the country. “In many areas, people cannot reach hospitals or clinics safely. And the end of winter is likely to bring renewed fighting, making the problem worse,” said Gherardo Pontrandolfi, head of the International Committee of the Red Cross delegation at a press conference in Kabul last week. “Fighting, roadblocks, roadside bombs and a general lack of security prevent medics and humanitarian aid from reaching the sick and wounded, just when they need it most,” he said.

Emergency hotline services: WFP's Beneficiary Feedback Desk is an example of how such a service can improve the distribution of aid. The hotline was launched through a series of radio adverts in three provinces last year. The mobile phone hotline operators told IRIN they quickly started getting calls from all over the country. Operators call back those who hang-up after a couple of rings, in case they lack phone credit. They say they receive complaints and suggestions on aid delivery. One young Afghan woman used the phone line to expose a man in her village who had set up fake literacy classes to benefit from WFP aid. In another case, in an insecure and impoverished part of Ghor Province, students were able to use the hotline to negotiate the safe delivery of WFP aid - something that had not been possible for eight years.

Mobile teacher software: Ustad Mobil was designed to help tackle the country's illiteracy problem. A UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) project [ http://unama.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?ctl=Details&tabid=12254&mid=15756&ItemID=36716 ] aims to improve literacy among the police force, an estimated 70-80 percent of whom are illiterate. The app adapts the national literacy curriculum so it can be taught on camera mobile phones, with slides, videos and quizzes. “The feedback has been positive,” said Mike Dawson, CEO of Paiwastoon Networking Service, the designers of Ustad Mobile software. “We expect students will reach level three, which means they will be able to read and write.”

Advantages and challenges

Though many of these new technologies lack integration and are generally stand-alone operations, ICT has helped aid organizations improve monitoring, transparency and accountability, and provided greater access to vulnerable populations.

“Access is one of the biggest issues in a country like Afghanistan. We can only help those who we can access. There is always conflict in this country so we can't visit every part of the country to see who is vulnerable and who needs assistance,” said WFP information officer Wahidullah Amani.

“We have also been able to prevent food diversion and better monitor our food distributions, which in turn gives us opportunities to be more transparent and accountable to the people.”

But such developments in Afghanistan have not been entirely benign.

Mobile phones are frequently scrutinized at Taliban checkpoints to see if people have links with government officials or Western organizations. Being caught with a suspicious phone number or contact can lead to the loss of the phone, and in some cases a beating.

bm/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 02 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97936/Innovative-ICT-helps-aid-workers-in-Afghanistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304281046160354t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KABUL 02 May 2013 (IRIN) - As Asia’s poorest country and the deadliest for aid workers, rugged Afghanistan offers a considerable challenge to humanitarian work.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Mapping the world’s trachoma hotspots</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304291616370589t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - When Iyabo Dolarin’s trachoma mapping team conducts surveys in Nigeria’s Kaduna State, they begin with a ritual: They go to the centre of the community and spin a bottle on the ground to determine which household will first be checked for signs of this painful and disabling disease.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - When Iyabo Dolarin’s trachoma mapping team conducts surveys in Nigeria’s Kaduna State, they begin with a ritual: They go to the centre of the community and spin a bottle on the ground to determine which household will first be checked for signs of this painful and disabling disease.

The activity always attracts a crowd. “When they see it, they laugh,” said Dolarin, an eye nurse. “But we make them understand that, although it’s not every house we visit… we are not choosing one and leaving another. And we explain that after we finish mapping, if anyone has eye disease, we will see them later.”

The mapping project - led by the charity Sightsavers, with funding from the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and support from other agencies - is part of an ambitious plan to eliminate trachoma, a bacterial infection spread by flies that causes blindness. 

“We had been mapping slowly, but now it’s all about speed,” Simon Bush, the Sightsavers director for neglected tropical diseases, told IRIN. “The international community has set out to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020. We have to get the mapping completed and start the treatment programme by 2015, otherwise we are just setting ourselves up, once again, to fail.”

SAFE

The mapping project sets out to determine the prevalence of disease in each district.

In places with low prevalence, where fewer than 10 percent of children have trachoma, the World Health Organization recommends focusing efforts on hygiene to prevent the disease - for example, building latrines and encouraging face washing. Places with high prevalence, where more than 10 percent of children have trachoma, receive a more aggressive intervention, including mass treatment with antibiotics.

The protocol is called SAFE, which stands for: Surgery (for those whose eyes are already damaged), Antibiotics (to treat those infected), Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (to prevent the spread of the disease).

The bacterium itself, Chlamydia trachomatis, is unlikely to be eradicated the way smallpox was, but the harm caused by the disease can be minimized. Trachoma causes damage over time, with repeated infections in childhood causing eyelid scars that turn the lashes inwards. The lashes scratch the eye, leading to blindness. The aim, therefore, is to reduce incidence of the disease and to treat cases before scarring and damage take place.

“If you implement SAFE over five years, you will eliminate blinding trachoma,” Bush said. “Ghana and the Gambia have already reached the elimination stage, where trachoma is no longer a serious public health concern.”

Backlog

Those whose eyes are already damaged can be treated with surgery.

“The backlog,” said Bush, “is my constant worry. We estimate that there are around eight million people needing surgery, some three million of them in Africa. And if we don’t operate on them, they will go blind.”

But to treat so large a caseload, many more health workers will have to be trained in the surgical procedure - and surgeons of any kind are in short supply in the countries most affected by trachoma. 

“It is important that we don’t divert attention from things even more important than trachoma,” the project’s chief scientist, Anthony Solomon, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, told IRIN. “Trachoma causes blindness, but, finally, it doesn’t kill you. I wouldn’t want it to stop obstetricians doing caesareans or other surgeons draining liver abscesses.”

But Solomon says others can be trained in the procedure: “We are also going to be training eye nurses to operate, and they will do it in addition to their other duties.”

Mapping tool

The mapping project collects data with a smartphone app. Collectors like Dolarin, the eye nurse, take global positioning system (GPS) readings for every household surveyed. 

Soloman, who worked on the app’s development, says organizers have been pleased with it: “It’s very robust because the data is stored on the phone’s micro SD card. If you drop the phone out of a window, run over it in a car or drop it in the river, we can recover the card, and the data will still be readable.”

Dolarin says the tool is a great improvement over old-fashioned disease mapping. “It’s much better, much faster. There’s no need for moving about with lots of papers, and immediately after we do the work we send the result, so it doesn’t waste time at all.”

She has also been pleased to find fewer trachoma cases in the areas she surveyed. “When we did this before, there were many [cases]. The living condition of the people then was very bad. Most of the communities didn’t have boreholes. Now, most communities have them, so there is water now, people are cleaner, and there’s much less trachoma.”

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97948/Mapping-the-world-s-trachoma-hotspots</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304291616370589t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - When Iyabo Dolarin’s trachoma mapping team conducts surveys in Nigeria’s Kaduna State, they begin with a ritual: They go to the centre of the community and spin a bottle on the ground to determine which household will first be checked for signs of this painful and disabling disease.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>From aid restrictions to access challenges</title><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304261033290092t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Aid work in Iraq has always had a bumpy ride, from the restrictions imposed under former president Saddam Hussein to the corruption associated with the Oil-for-Food Programme. But it has arguably never been as challenging as in the last decade, when violence and insecurity made access to much of the country nearly impossible.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Aid work in Iraq has always had a bumpy ride, from the restrictions imposed under former president Saddam Hussein to the corruption associated with the Oil-for-Food Programme. But it has arguably never been as challenging as in the last decade. 

Aid work was tightly controlled under Hussein’s rule, according to Yaseen Ahmed Abbas, president of the Iraq Red Crescent Society. “The Society was managed by the government - completely,” he told IRIN. “We have much more freedom now. You can’t compare.” 

But aid work in the post-2003 era takes place in a more “dangerous and volatile operating environment”, according to the UN [ http://www.japuiraq.org/documents/389/WHD%20Factsheet%20English.pdf ].

Dangers limit access 

Just a few months after the US-led invasion in 2003, a truck bomb targeting UN headquarters in the capital, Baghdad, killed 22 UN staff, including the special representative of the UN Secretary-General in Iraq, Sérgio Vieira de Mello.

Between 2003 and 2007, an estimated 94 aid workers in the country died and 248 were injured. 

In response, aid agencies largely managed their operations remotely from Jordan, at a cost to the quality of the services, aid workers say [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85756/IRAQ-Remote-control-aid ].

Aid throughout the past decade “was mainly limited to the provision of supplies and training from abroad, without direct population contact and the ability to provide prompt and targeted adjustment to the support,” Gustavo Fernandez, who headed Médecins sans Frontières’s mission in Iraq from 2008 to 2010, wrote in a recent article in the Lancet [ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2960664-9/fulltext#aff1 ].

Since 2009, security has improved, but aid workers are still exposed to considerable risk, the UN says. In January 2010, for example, a bomb devastated a hotel in Baghdad containing the offices of the International Rescue Committee, injuring staff and destroying assets. 

Hazards for local aid workers 

Local aid workers also face challenges operating in the high-security context of Iraq. For example, it can take an hour and a half every morning for Iraqis working with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) in Baghdad to get past all the checkpoints and into the fortified Green Zone, where the US embassy is located.

And many Iraqis continue to hide their employment with USAID or the UN from neighbours, friends and even family to protect themselves in case widespread violence resumes. 

Mohamed*, a UN driver, told IRIN he leaves his house before 6am so that no one sees where he is headed. He lies to friends about his employer and only his family knows the truth. 

“You never know how things will change here. It could go back to how it was before. Working with the UN is perceived as working with the US.” 

While the dangers of association have diminished in recent years (USAID has doubled the number of local staff it employs), many local aid workers still refuse to travel to field sites in UN vehicles, preferring to arrive in their personal vehicles, and choose to wear UN-marked clothing only under specific circumstances. 

“Humanitarian aid workers in Iraq live with the daily fear of being targeted by militias,” the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs wrote in a 2010 fact-sheet [ http://www.iauiraq.org/documents/389/WHD%20Factsheet%20English.pdf ]. “Lack of access to beneficiaries, corruption, underfunding and poor information on humanitarian needs are just some of the other problems faced by aid workers on a daily basis.” 

*not a real name 

ha/rz

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A decade after US-led forced toppled Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, IRIN examines the progress in basic living standards.
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]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97952/From-aid-restrictions-to-access-challenges</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304261033290092t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 01 May 2013 (IRIN) - Aid work in Iraq has always had a bumpy ride, from the restrictions imposed under former president Saddam Hussein to the corruption associated with the Oil-for-Food Programme. But it has arguably never been as challenging as in the last decade, when violence and insecurity made access to much of the country nearly impossible.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Red tape hits humanitarian work in NW Pakistan</title><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009071353040187t.jpg" />]]>ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools, aid workers and polio vaccination teams, and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.</description><body><![CDATA[ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97863/Far-from-home-but-closer-to-school-in-Pakistan ], aid workers [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/487834/swabi-bloodletting-in-grisly-attack-gunmen-kill-seven-aid-workers/ ] and polio vaccination teams [ http://tribune.com.pk/story/481267/targeting-polio-workers/ ], and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.

International and national humanitarian agencies in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KP) and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) often face long delays waiting for local officials to grant the relevant permits.

Since 2005, procedures to obtain No Objection Certificates (NOCs) for projects and travel have made it more difficult to deliver vital aid, and in at least one case, led directly to the cancellation of projects.

Relief and recovery projects in FATA and KP require project NOCs, while international staff, including UN workers, also require travel NOCs to move around.

“We had applied for a project implementation NOC to begin a project in livestock in the Kurram Agency to the FATA Disaster Management Authority in February, and had planned the project in December last year, but have still had no response,” said Anwar Shah, CEO of the Peshawar-based national NGO Shid, which works in livestock, livelihood and education.

“Now the local livestock authorities in Kurram say it is too late to start - so everyone suffers.”

Hearing reports of delays, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) set about getting a more comprehensive picture by gathering data from agencies operating in the area.

“The problem is not a new one. It has been there for some time, but now rather than just anecdotal accounts, we are trying to properly monitor the situation and create a database to engage the authorities on this issue based on evidence,” Christina Alfirev, OCHA humanitarian affairs officer in Islamabad, told IRIN.

Of the 18 humanitarian agencies who submitted data [ http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Humanitarian%20Bulletin%20Pakistan%20Issue%2013.pdf ] on NOC project requests in January and February, related to 27 projects, 21 were still being processed; only five had been approved and one had been rejected without explanation, as of early March.

Average processing time for project NOCs in KP as of the end of February was found to be 53 days and 66 days for FATA instead of the six weeks indicated by government authorities.  One NGO had to wait 118 days for an NOC.

The OCHA bulletin published 4 April 2013 says the delays are “hampering the provision of critical services” and calls on local authorities to speed up the paperwork “to enable timely assistance to people in need in KP and FATA.”

The bulletin says one emergency project had to be cancelled because of delays, while another had to be reduced in scope.

The paper trail

Humanitarian projects in KP need an NOC from the Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA) [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk/PaRRSA/Humanitarian_Coordination.php ], and must be requested at least six weeks in advance.

Expatriate staff also need an NOC for travel; and in February the Home Department in KP said applications should be made “at least 6-8 weeks prior to the visit”, something one international humanitarian worker, who asked not to be named, told IRIN that if implemented, “means regular visits to projects are nearly impossible.”

Donors have been expressing concern to the government about the delays these moves could create if implemented, and there are some indications the authorities may be prepared to revoke the policy.

Applications go to the home department of the provincial government in Peshawar, and then can often follow a trail of authorizations and approvals from various military units, as well as the Inter-Services Intelligence.

“A key reason for the new procedures is security concerns. The government is worried a foreign worker or local NGO worker may be harmed, and this brings it a bad name. I think recent events like attacks on polio workers are a factor in the decisions taken,” said a PDMA official in KP who preferred anonymity because he was not authorized to speak with the press.

The delays witnessed by agencies in the last few months are also affecting relations with donors, some of whom do not transfer funds until project NOCs have been issued.

“The Project NOC is valid for six months. Then the same game starts again. At this time I have been waiting now more than six weeks for the extension of an NOC,” said the aid worker, adding that donors usually extend a project’s lifespan, though without increasing budgets, which means they are almost inevitably reduced in size, something donors do not always understand.

“Right now one of our donors is very unhappy,” he said.

Permit mission creep

Alfirev said project implementation permits date back to the 2005 earthquake which killed 73,000 people in the north: “The procedure was put in place by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority [ http://www.erra.pk/ ] set up by the government after that disaster, and was really intended to coordinate the many agencies working in the quake zone and prevent duplication. The process worked smoothly then.”

All organizations working on relief and early recovery activities in KP/FATA are required to either apply for Project NOCs [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk ] for projects lasting up to six months, or apply for a Memorandum of Understanding for projects [ http://www.pdma.gov.pk/PaRRSA/Humanitarian_Coordination.php ] lasting more than six months.

Since 2005, there have been a series of additions to the list of documents and information needed when making NOC requests.

The latest came in February this year with the government’s announcement of a 6-8 week requirement for travel NOCs, against the normal 5-7 working days.

The Home and Tribal Affairs Department issued new directives for travel NOCs for 10 (out of 25) KP districts - Malakand, Swat, Upper and Lower Dir, Buner, Shangla, Chitral, DI Khan, Tank and Hangu. The Law and Order Department issued a similar directive covering FATA.

Humanitarian agencies are hoping the new time-scale will be officially reduced to the previous 5-7 working days, and as yet it does not seem the 6-8 week policy is being applied on the ground.

“Since 2008, the humanitarian community has raised US$1.38 billion in funding for people affected by violence in northwestern Pakistan. In order to ensure that the assistance is delivered to the people in need, we depend on the government to facilitate humanitarian operations and ease bureaucratic hurdles,” said Lynn Hastings, OCHA country director.

Aid workers say the delays are making it more difficult to deliver aid to KP and FATA. “People suffer when there are delays,” said Shah of Shid NGO.

In Mingora, the principal town in KP’s Swat District, Abdul Wali, 45, who lost his farm in the 2010 floods [ http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-202_162-6735391.html ], told IRIN: “There is a desperate need for more projects, more development here. So many people are jobless, and need help.”

kh/jj/cb

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 25 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97908/Red-tape-hits-humanitarian-work-in-NW-Pakistan</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2010/201009071353040187t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">ISLAMABAD 25 April 2013 (IRIN) - Delivering humanitarian aid in northwestern Pakistan has recently been hampered by attacks on schools, aid workers and polio vaccination teams, and bureaucratic procedures for aid projects are making matters worse.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Iraq 10 years on: the humanitarian impact</title><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg" />]]>BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</description><body><![CDATA[BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - The humanitarian legacy

Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97895/Iraq-10-years-on-The-humanitarian-legacy ]

Water and Sanitation: Are the taps flowing? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97894/Are-the-taps-flowing ]

Electricity: Blistering black-outs [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97896/Blistering-black-outs ]

The forgotten displacement crisis [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97905/The-forgotten-displacement-crisis ]

Economy grows, but how many benefit? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97909/Economy-grows-but-how-many-benefit ]

Education: Schools try to play catch-up [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97928/Schools-try-to-play-catch-up ]

Human Security: More freedom but less security? [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97937/More-freedom-but-less-security ]

Aid work: From restrictions to access challenges [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97952/From-aid-restrictions-to-access-challenges ]

War leaves lasting impact on healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97964/War-leaves-lasting-impact-on-healthcare ]

Gender: Women yet to regain their place [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97976/Women-yet-to-regain-their-place ]

Food security: Less dependent on food rations [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97991/Less-dependent-on-food-rations ]

]]></body><pubDate>Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97897/Iraq-10-years-on-the-humanitarian-impact</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2012/201209041322550503t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAGHDAD/DUBAI 23 April 2013 (IRIN) - Ten years after the toppling of Iraq’s former leader Saddam Hussein, human development statistics – flawed as they are – paint a complex portrait of a country that has seen improvement over the last decade, but is still largely struggling.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Afghanistan - the world’s most dangerous place for aid workers</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181147050933t.jpg" />]]>KABUL 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Attacks on aid workers in Afghanistan - the world’s most dangerous country for aid workers - are likely to be as high in 2013 as the worst year on record, 2011, according to a new report from the Afghanistan NGO Safety Office (ANSO) published today.</description><body><![CDATA[KABUL 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Attacks on aid workers in Afghanistan - the world’s most dangerous country for aid workers - are likely to be as high in 2013 as the worst year on record, 2011, according to a new report from the Afghanistan NGO Safety Office (ANSO) published today.

The latest figures - which tally only incidents affecting NGO personnel, excluding UN aid workers - show that in the first three months of this year, NGOs were affected by 39 separate incidents of violence, a 63 percent increase over 2012. Twenty incidents were attributed to armed opposition groups, 11 to pro-government forces and eight to criminals.

The latest incident involving violence against aid workers, not included in the report, occurred on 15 April. Two members of an Afghan Red Crescent Society medical team were killed and two others injured when gunmen attacked them as they travelled back from Sheberghan, the provincial capital of Jowzjan Province.

“It seems to be a deliberate act, however, we cannot speculate on who committed the acts. The Afghan Red Crescent emblem was clearly marked on the car,” Gherardo Pontrandolfi, head of the International Committee of the Red Cross delegation in Kabul, told IRIN.

“This is a tragedy, not only for the families of the deceased, but for all those needing medical attention, because now units like these might find it even more difficult to work in certain parts of the country,” Pontrandolfi said in a statement.

The increase in attacks on aid workers follows a rise in all attacks across the country, ANSO director Tomas Muzik told IRIN.

“Last year, we saw significantly less opposition activity in the field due to winter conditions and it being the first year international forces started to downsize.

“This year is quite different. We have once again seen a 47 percent increase in the opposition attacks [overall]. Since we are already seeing this data in the first three months, it is quite strong for us to anticipate that this year will be as violent or slightly less violent than 2011 for NGO workers.”

Aid workers vulnerable

According to the 2012 Aid Worker Security Report [ http://www.humanitarianoutcomes.org/resources/AidWorkerSecurityReport20126.pdf ] - which includes NGO and UN aid workers - 308 aid workers were killed, kidnapped or wounded worldwide in 2011, up from 245 in 2010.

These were the highest figures ever recorded, and Afghanistan had the highest number of attacks that year, with 51 of the total 151 violent incidents. In those attacks, 31 aid workers in Afghanistan were killed, 29 wounded and 32 kidnapped.

The Aid Worker Security Report says aid workers are most vulnerable to attacks in weak, unstable states with active, internal armed conflict.

“There is so much violence in the field that NGOs, given their presence in the field, are exposed to this. It doesn’t mean they are the ones targeted, it means they are the ones that accidentally receive rocket fire during engagements,” said Muzik.

In addition to opposition-related violence, NGOs have seen a spike in intrusions into NGO project sites by Afghan and international security forces, from three cases last year to 11 this year, according to the ANSO figures.

Anti-government groups are responsible for 40 to 60 percent of NGO attacks, but the majority of these cases are thought to be collateral or accidental exposure to violence rather than direct targeting, said the ANSO report.

“We understand that neither the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Taliban, nor any other factions such as Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin would be averse on a political level to NGO existence in the country,” said Muzik.

ANSO also highlights a decline in rural criminal offenses against aid workers. In the first three months of last year, Afghanistan had five NGO casualties, all tied to criminal activity. In the same period of this year, nine NGO casualties were recorded, all linked to opposition attacks.

Humanitarian access unstable

Aid workers and civilians exist alongside armed militias, formal security forces and criminal groups [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97788/Security-and-aid-work-in-militia-controlled-Afghanistan ], and telling them apart them can often be a challenge, according to research by Human Rights Watch [ http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/afghanistan0911webwcover.pdf ].

Aid groups spend a long time negotiating for humanitarian access, but analysts and officials say unstable command structures in anti-government groups mean those armed on the ground may not be under the strict control of their leaders.

The situation is complicated in Afghanistan by the desire of humanitarian actors - both UN aid agencies and NGOs - to distance themselves from the United Nation’s Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), a political mission working closely with the government.

“We as humanitarians want to distinguish ourselves from this whole thing,” said one UN humanitarian official in Afghanistan, who asked not to be named, referring to UNAMA.

“But still for people in the field in the villages, it’s all UN,” he said.

Looking ahead

With international forces continuing to hand over responsibility for security to Afghan government forces, the security situation will likely change over the next two years.

A recent report by the Overseas Development Institution (ODI) [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7968.pdf ] suggests that after the withdrawal of international security forces, aid agencies will need to work more with opposition forces.

“Aid agencies’ access negotiations with the Taliban will be critical after 2014. Establishing effective engagement policies is fundamental to reaching all Afghans in need,” said the report.

That will mean NGOs will need to establish clear engagement policies if they are to continue to operate with a degree of safety throughout the country, says Muzik.

“NGOs will be able to operate in Afghanistan to the extent that we are able to negotiate access with the combatants and that the combatants do not directly target NGOs,” he said.

bm/jj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97874/Afghanistan-the-world-s-most-dangerous-place-for-aid-workers</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181147050933t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">KABUL 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Attacks on aid workers in Afghanistan - the world’s most dangerous country for aid workers - are likely to be as high in 2013 as the worst year on record, 2011, according to a new report from the Afghanistan NGO Safety Office (ANSO) published today.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Promised aid funding for Syria reaches half-way point</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181456150982t.jpg" />]]>DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly three months ago, donors pledged $1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis. Today, Kuwait announced the transfer of its pledge of $300 million to international aid agencies and with that, half of the pledges have been fulfilled. IRIN takes a look at the status of the remaining pledges made in Kuwait, as aid agencies threaten to suspend their work for lack of funding.</description><body><![CDATA[DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - UN officials are lauding as a “big achievement” today’s announcement that Kuwait has officially allocated $300 million promised for humanitarian aid in Syria. 

Only once before has a Gulf country contributed such a large amount of money through multilateral channels - when Saudi Arabia made a $500 million contribution to the World Food Programme (WFP) in 2008, the single largest cash donation ever made to a UN agency. 

Kuwait’s announcement is a follow-through of the pledge it made at a major international conference on 30 January, in Kuwait, which saw more than US $1.5 billion in aid promised [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97376/Donors-pledge-1-5-billion-in-aid-to-Syria-while-demanding-more-access ]; it was one of the largest and most successful fundraising events in UN history (See the full list of pledges here) [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97395/Breakdown-of-Syria-aid-pledges-in-Kuwait ]. Yet hundreds of millions of dollars pledged at the conference by other donors have yet to materialize, and aid agencies in Syria are threatening to cut programming because of funding shortages. 

Kuwait has already begun handing over $275 million in cheques to UN agencies, with another $25 million going to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). 

“We are … matching our words with our deeds,” Dharar Abdul-Razzak Razzooqi, Kuwaiti ambassador to the United Nations in Geneva, told journalists at a press conference today [ http://webtv.un.org/watch/kuwaits-contribution-to-the-humanitarian-situation-in-syria-press-conference/2308918834001/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter#full-text ].

With Kuwait’s allocations, about half of the $1.5 billion has been committed or contributed, meaning the donor has provided details of the amount each recipient agency will receive or has actually transferred the money. 

“Without the Kuwait timely contribution now, we would all be in extreme difficulties, immediately,” Antonio Guterres, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, said at the press conference. “This gives us the breathing space to allow [us] to wait for other countries to commit themselves as Kuwait did and to make their pledges transformed into reality.” 

In December 2012, the UN appealed for $1.5 billion to help people both inside and outside Syria in the first six months of 2013, through two UN-coordinated response plans. As of 18 April, aid agencies had received approximately $810 million towards those appeals - or about 52 percent of the requested funding.

While the January conference was meant to meet those financial needs, not all the $1.5 billion pledged at the event will go towards the $1.5 billion needed for the response plans, with some donors choosing to fund project through other channels. 

FTS has so far tracked $336 million committed for humanitarian aid towards the Syrian crisis in 2013 outside of the two appeals [ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/pub?key=0AusGu5uwbtt-dEp0eHRzcWdVd2hBQmpBVWwxUHRjcUE&single=true&gid=0&output=html ].

Revised UN-coordinated plans, including the financial costs of aid programs for the second half of the year, will be presented at the end of May. Guterres said the number of refugees by year end could easily be triple the number accounted for in the current plans. 

Gulf donors 

The bulk of the money pledged at the conference came from Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. 

Several sources told IRIN the Emirati government is unlikely to channel much or any of its promised funding through the UN, instead spending the money through Emirati channels, including the UAE Red Crescent Authority, the Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Foundation and the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development. 

The UAE Red Crescent Authority is running a new camp for Syrian refugees, which opened in Jordan last week and was described by the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) as “five-star”. Ahmad Al Mazrouie, chairman of the Authority, told a local newspaper that the camp was “strong proof” of the commitment made at the January conference, with the Authority having spent more than 50 million Emirati dirham ($13.6 million) so far [ http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-funded-camp-offers-refuge-to-fleeing-syrians ].

Sulaiman Al-Turki, of the Saudi Ministry of Finance’s department of international financial affairs, told IRIN that Saudi Arabia’s contribution has already been allocated to UN agencies and the Saudi Relief Committees and Campaigns, a local NGO active in the countries hosting Syrian refugees. The National Campaign for Syria has already received some of the funding, Al-Turki said, disbursed on an “as-needed basis, according to the National Campaign assessment.” 

A group of Gulf NGOs, which pledged an additional $183 million at the conference, has yet to raise the full amount promised, according to Suleiman Shamsaldeen, general manager of the International Islamic Charitable Organization, one of the organizations in the coalition. The commitment made in January, he told IRIN, was to raise and spend that amount by the end of 2013.

“They are trying to finalize the formulation…“The way it works is that these societies and NGOs commit themselves, but it doesn’t mean… they [already] have money in their pockets,” he said. 

However, Gulf NGOs have already started implementing projects, said Othman al-Haggi, head of relief at the Kuwait Relief Society, which is coordinating the efforts. A complete action plan - aimed in part at supporting fundraising efforts, focused around the Muslim holy month of Ramadan - will be published by the end of the month, he said. 

Separate from the conference, Qatar announced it would give $100 million to the opposition Syrian National Coalition’s humanitarian aid arm, the Assistance Coordination Unit. 

Other donors 

After the Gulf donors, the next largest pledges at the Kuwait conference came from the US, the European Commission’s humanitarian arm ECHO and the UK, each of which have fully allocated their funds. (The UK’s full commitment, finalized today, has yet to be reflected on FTS)

Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Malta, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Poland and Slovakia have also completely paid off their pledges, though many countries had planned their funding in advance in order to announce it at the summit. 

There are also other sources of funding for UN agencies and NGOs working on the Syria crisis, including the UN-managed Central Emergency Response Fund, which just approved $20.5 million for use by UN agencies.

The separate Emergency Response Fund (ERF) for Syria, established last June, has received $36 million in funding, of which $10 million remains available for use, awaiting project proposals from NGOs. (The ERF only funds small short-term projects to a maximum of $500,000, which must meet certain criteria. Many local NGOs do not have the awareness or the skills to submit proper proposals).

Funding machinery 

Massive bureaucratic machinery is involved in the funding of humanitarian responses to crises. Contracts have to be negotiated, signed and counter-signed, often both in the field and at the headquarters level. Depending on the amount of money involved and the sophistication, funding cycles and bureaucracy of the donor, it can take days - or months - from the moment funding is authorized to when the money is transferred to a bank account. 

Aid agencies rarely have any guarantee that promised funding will come through on any given day. Many donors, like ECHO, have separate mechanisms in place to fund emergencies, meant to speed up the process. 

However, pledging conferences, like the one in January, are almost never fulfilled completely, according to donor transparency groups.

For example, according to an analysis done by the Office of the Special Envoy for Haiti, of $9 billion pledged for Haiti at a conference in March 2010, after the 7.0-magnitude (Mw) earthquake struck the island nation, $3.9 billion had been recovered by the end of 2010. By 2012, $6.4 billion had been received. (However, many pledges were multi-year commitments) [ http://www.lessonsfromhaiti.org/download/International_Assistance/5-ny-pledge-total.pdf ].

On average, from 2000-2012, year-long UN humanitarian appeals have been funded at 66 percent [ http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/gha-CAP-2013-analysis-1412121.pdf ].

While awaiting funds at the initial stages of the Syria emergency, many large operational UN agencies tapped into financial reserves from their headquarters, “at times taking some risks,” Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for Syria Radhouane Nouicer told IRIN. Even with these funds, UN agencies are now overstretched. “This practice has limitations and cannot accommodate all urgent needs,” Nouicer said. 

“If fresh funding does not come urgently,” he added, “the response will be seriously disturbed.”

Growing needs 

Inside Syria, at least four million people are displaced; millions more have lost their jobs and are struggling with increasing food prices [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97036/SYRIA-Bread-shortages-rising ], and unavailable healthcare [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97011/SYRIA-Healthcare-system-crumbling ].

UNHCR has registered more than 1.4 million Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries, and the unofficial number of refugees is thought to be much higher. In addition to their growing needs, refugees are also placing a massive burden on their host communities in Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, with the potential to undermine stability in the entire region. 

During the press conference, Guterres lobbied for a special fund through which governments could more sustainably support Syrian refugees and their host countries. “This is not a crisis like any other. The dimension, the intensity, the level of suffering, the level of destruction are such that this cannot be funded with usual humanitarian aid budgets,” he said. 

Funding is not the only constraint for the aid operation in Syria. Insecurity, a lack of information, and layers of required clearances from both the government and UN have also limited aid delivery. But inadequate funding has played a significant role. 

“We are precariously close, perhaps within weeks, to suspending some humanitarian support,” the heads of five UN agencies responding to the crisis said in an editorial in the New York Times this week [ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/16/opinion/global/a-un-appeal-to-save-syria.html?_r=0 ].

The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has already announced that without additional funding “in the coming days and weeks”, it will have to cut certain aid programmes inside Syria, including vaccination efforts, mobile health teams, water provision [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/97518/Diseases-spreading-in-Syria-as-WASH-systems-collapse ] and recreational activities for children. In neighbouring countries, UNICEF will no longer be able to provide water for drinking, showering or latrines for tens of thousands of refugees, and will have to cut off education for tens of thousands of Syrian children studying in Jordanian and Lebanese schools.

UNHCR is struggling to afford simple things like lighting and blankets in some of the refugee camps, let alone sufficient security measures in the increasingly insecure Za’atari camp in northern Jordan [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97778/Despite-new-police-presence-security-concerns-persist-at-Syrian-refugee-camp ]. Without new funding, UNHCR said it will have to reduce the healthcare coverage it provides to current refugees. It will also become “simply impossible” for UN agencies to provide food, clean water, schooling, shelter and healthcare for new refugees who keep streaming in, it said [ http://www.unhcr.org/516576b66.html ].

WFP has in the past had to cut food rations for people inside Syria due to lack of funding in the pipeline. It recently warned it would have to stop providing food vouchers to 400,000 refugees in Lebanon in one month and reduce the value of food vouchers for 175,000 refugees in Jordan [ http://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-says-81-million-urgently-needed-food-relief-35-million-syrians ].

“We heard [about] the huge generosity announced in Kuwait. We’d like to see it materialized now,” Panos Moumtzis, UNHCR’s regional coordinator for Syrian refugees, told IRIN. “The needs are more than what we are able to respond [to]. We don’t know how much longer we will be able to continue, unless a miracle happens with significant contributions.” 

Julie Thompson, who tracks donor commitments for FTS, also urged donors and recipients to inform FTS of money flows, “so we can help identify the gaps and direct resources where they are most needed”. 

af/ha/rz

*This article was amended on 19 April to correct Kuwait's allocation to UN agencies from $285 to $275 million. 

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97877/Promised-aid-funding-for-Syria-reaches-half-way-point</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304181456150982t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">DUBAI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Nearly three months ago, donors pledged $1.5 billion in humanitarian aid for the Syrian crisis. Today, Kuwait announced the transfer of its pledge of $300 million to international aid agencies and with that, half of the pledges have been fulfilled. IRIN takes a look at the status of the remaining pledges made in Kuwait, as aid agencies threaten to suspend their work for lack of funding.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Briefing: Negotiating aid delivery in Mali’s conflict zones</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303281209530967t.jpg" />]]>BAMAKO/MOPTI/DAKAR 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Aid agencies managed to work in northern Mali throughout its occupation by Islamist militants in 2012 and the new complications triggered by the French-led military campaign earlier this year. No single template guided their engagement.</description><body><![CDATA[BAMAKO/MOPTI/DAKAR 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Aid agencies managed to work in northern Mali throughout its occupation by Islamist militants in 2012 and the new complications triggered by the French-led military campaign earlier this year. No single template guided their engagement.

IRIN spoke to aid staff in Mali about how they navigated access challenges in a region facing critical nutritional and health needs over the course of 2012 and 2013.

What has humanitarian access looked like?

When rebel and Islamist groups first occupied northern Mali in April 2012 many international NGOs and UN agencies initially withdrew, often after having their offices, vehicles and aid supplies looted [ http://www.irinnews.org/report/95233/MALI-Looting-halts-aid-work-in-chaotic-north ]. Some relocated staff to the central region of Mopti and sent international staff down to the capital, Bamako; others shifted their programmes further south to Mopti, Douentza and Ségou.

Many agencies experienced access problems that hampered their scale of operations. Most of them were involved in longer-term development projects. For the World Food Programme (WFP) and several others, access is still a problem: “One of our top concerns is for humanitarian access to be re-established,” WFP head Sally Haydock told IRIN in March of this year. “This would allow WFP to reopen its offices in order to assist a larger caseload and for our partners to operate fully.”

However, many NGOs continued to operate in northern Mali throughout the Islamist occupation, and several significantly increased their humanitarian reach because of the crisis conditions. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Médecins du Monde (MDM), Action against Hunger (ACF), Solidarité Internationale and Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) all worked across northern regions in 2012 and 2013, and heads of each organization said their access was not significantly affected. These organizations together provided nutrition support, healthcare, and water and sanitation services to a significant proportion of the remaining population.

After the French-led military intervention, which began in January 2013, things became more problematic as there were no clear authorities in place in many northern regions, said Frank Abeille, the Mali director of Solidarité Internationale. Civic administrations are for the most part still unstaffed, and the military chain of command is often unclear.

ICRC spokesperson Wolde Saugeron, in Geneva, told IRIN, “Paradoxically, things got more complicated with the intervention, as the interlocutors started to change.”

“Now it is much more complicated with a lack of authorities in place. We negotiate access with whoever we can find,” ACF head Franck Vannetelle told IRIN.

MDM said the same of the northeastern region of Kidal, where access has been confused by power struggles among the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), the Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA) and other groups. “We don’t know who to address access-wise, who decides what. It is confusing for everyone, including the population,” MDM Belgium’s coordinator, Sebastien Lemaire, told IRIN.

The situation has eased in recent weeks, said Saugeron, who estimated that as of April 2013, ICRC’s access is back to pre-French-intervention levels.

What were some approaches used to secure access?

After the initial occupation, some organizations re-established access by working with local partners. WFP, for example, teamed up with ACTED in the area of Ménaka and Norwegian Church Aid in Kidal, both of which connected with local NGOs. According to WFP, its food aid reached up to 150,000 people in 2012 and 2013. ICRC also worked very closely with the Malian Red Cross.

On the other hand, many agencies negotiated access with whomever they needed to, including, in 2012, Islamic insurgent groups like the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO), Ansar Dine, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), and, in 2013, the Malian, French and Chadian armies, local authorities and the MNLA.
For example, in April 2012, MSF set up a large healthcare programme in Timbuktu Region and parts of Gao Region by negotiating with all the parties to the conflict - including armed groups and, more recently, the French and Malian militaries.

“All have to be approached. We worked out a way to keep our teams in the north last year and to keep them there this year - little by little we built up our humanitarian space,” said Johanne Sekkenes, MSF head in Mali. “This is part of our work as a humanitarian agency; it’s no secret. There is no guarantee of being accepted.”
According to ACF’s Vannetelle, MUJAO in Gao never refused access. “We had to confirm our movements 24 hours in advance, and they always cleared it. There was a direct chain of command, which gave us assurance.”

How has negotiation changed?

The use of negotiation to deliver aid in rebel-controlled areas has shifted over the past 20 years. In the 1990s, UN agencies often led negotiations over humanitarian access on behalf of much of the aid community – as in Operation Lifeline Sudan. Negotiation was considered integral to putting the humanitarian principles into practice.

This changed after the 9/11 attacks on the US, according to research by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI). “Humanitarian organizations have long been pressured by states not to engage with [armed non-state actors], in part because they fear that doing so may lend them legitimacy,” said the ODI report Talking to the other side [ http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/7711.pdf ]. But now these non-state actors “are often listed as terrorists in situations where humanitarian engagement is most necessary,” discouraging direct interaction.

This has marked a shift in the humanitarian culture, particularly for the UN, said one seasoned aid worker: “Now we’re more scared than we used to be… We’ve lost that culture of negotiating with rebels… It’s always been a high-risk job, but whenever we go now, we side with the government.”

For one senior UN official, who requested anonymity, the UN has no choice but to be more careful than other aid groups. “You must recognize the nature of groups like AQIM, MUJAO and Ansar Dine - who have said the UN is among their top five targets… If you are a UN employee, you’re on their target list,” he said. “That’s why we work through partners.”

But some agencies, such as MDM, fear that working with local partners could jeopardize their operations’ impartiality because it is impossible to know exactly where partners’ personnel stand without strict monitoring.

Many interviewees said training is needed on negotiating access in conflict zones, a point also made in the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) 2011 report To Stay and Deliver [ http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/menschl_entw/FKP/Stay_and_Deliver_Feb_17_1_.pdf ].

Several organizations, such as ICRC, already do this. ICRC uses networking and awareness-raising to help negotiating parties gain confidence in its impartiality.

“This is something that has been developed over a long, long period of time - and it is directly related to the practical issue of having to work in conflict zones,” said Saugeron, who mentioned some agencies have approached ICRC for guidance in this area.

In Mali, rather than negotiating access directly with armed groups, many aid providers negotiated with village-level crisis committees, which included civilians and rebels, said the UN official. Access worked out through these committees largely worked, he said, in part because two of the groups in question - MUJAO and Ansar Dine - had no interest in diverting humanitarian aid. The advantage of these crisis committees is that they could work back and forth between southern and northern Mali, with multiple points of contact, he pointed out.

“What was done was the best that could have been in the circumstances,” he said.

What are the remaining security challenges?

Given tight military control following the French-led intervention, much of the north is again opening up to aid groups. But access is still limited by opportunistic banditry and criminality where there are no security forces, said a UN worker.

Banditry includes attacks on vehicles up and down the Niger river valley and along certain routes, such as the main road from Gao to Kidal. Threats also include improvised explosive devices and mines in parts of Gao. Illicit trafficking in cigarettes, drugs and other contraband are likely to pick up again.

“We have security, for the most part, in towns, and insecurity elsewhere - much like pre-conflict 2012,” noted the UN official. “We don’t want to return to how things were. We want to go beyond.”

The UN Security Council is reviewing a draft resolution to put a 12,600-strong peacekeeping mission in Mali by 1 July. If such an initiative attempts to integrate military, humanitarian and political operations, the neutrality of UN agencies could come into question.

“The nature of the mandate of DPKO [Department of Peacekeeping Operations] in Mali will be a determinant,” said Fernando Arroyo, head of OCHA in Mali. “There is wide consensus among humanitarians that it is imperative to keep humanitarian and political agendas separate, as a failure to do so could undermine the perceived impartiality that humanitarian organizations have gained so far in the north.”

On the other hand, said the UN official, integration could give humanitarians a voice at the table, which could result in better security for their programmes.

But for now, said Arroyo, aid agencies’ top priority is to getting the right people in place to restore basic services.

aj/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97870/Briefing-Negotiating-aid-delivery-in-Mali-s-conflict-zones</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201303281209530967t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">BAMAKO/MOPTI/DAKAR 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - Aid agencies managed to work in northern Mali throughout its occupation by Islamist militants in 2012 and the new complications triggered by the French-led military campaign earlier this year. No single template guided their engagement.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>In Brief: Major price cut for five-in-one vaccine</title><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151356230053t.jpg" />]]>NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.</description><body><![CDATA[NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance [ http://www.gavialliance.org/library/news/press-releases/2013/pentavalent-vaccine-30-percent-price-drop/ ] and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.

GAVI will now be able to purchase the pentavalent vaccine - which protects against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, heptatitis B and Haemophilius influenzae type b - from Indian firm Biological E for US$1.19 per dose, down from its current price of $2.17 (and down from $3.56 per dose a decade ago). Millions of children in 73 GAVI-eligible countries are set to benefit from the price drop, which will free up an estimated $150 million for GAVI over the next four years.

"Working to secure price reductions means we are able to make our funding go further, reaching more children and protecting more lives," a GAVI Alliance spokesman told IRIN. 

Experts say reductions in the price of vaccines - and the price of transporting and storing them, which often requires expensive refrigeration - will be crucial to lowering child mortality [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97849/UN-makes-aggressive-push-to-reduce-child-mortality ] and meeting the UN Millennium Development Goal [ http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/ ] on child survival.

kr/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97873/In-Brief-Major-price-cut-for-five-in-one-vaccine</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151356230053t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">NAIROBI 18 April 2013 (IRIN) - The cost of vaccinating children with the pentavalent vaccine - a five-in-one formulation - is set to drop significantly following a deal between the GAVI Alliance and an Indian drug manufacturer that is reducing its price by 30 percent.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Lifeline to “climate refugees”?</title><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2006121823t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - The international community has steadfastly dodged the issue of recognition and protection for “climate refugees” - people forced to relocate to another country as a result of the risks and hazards of a changing climate. Now, the first global initiative to address humanitarian options is underway, with discussions focusing on the Pacific Ocean states to take place soon.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - The international community has steadfastly dodged the issue of recognition and protection for “climate refugees” - people forced to relocate to another country as a result of the risks and hazards of a changing climate. Now, the first global initiative to address humanitarian options is underway, with discussions focusing on the Pacific Ocean states to take place soon.

The UN Guiding Principles on Internal displacement, international human rights legislation, and many national laws protect the rights of people displaced within their own countries as a result of natural disasters, but those prompted to move across borders have no protection and are particularly vulnerable. 

"There are unclear mandates for [aid] agencies to respond to cross-border displacement, since no NGO or agency has responsibility for overseeing people displaced by natural disasters," said Walter Kaelin, a former representative of the UN Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), and long-time advocate for people displaced directly as a result of extreme natural events. 

Kaelin is also the envoy to the chairmanship of the Nansen Initiative, an intergovernmental effort named after polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen, the first High Commissioner for Refugees appointed by the League of Nations in 1921, who introduced the 'Nansen passport' for stateless people [ http://www.nanseninitiative.org/ ].

Rolf Vestvik, of the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), says the lack of legal status inhibits agencies like his from raising money to help them. The NRC and the UN refugee agency (UNHCR) are working to facilitate the Initiative's efforts, which started in early 2013. 

Countries and agencies are wary of starting yet another, possibly lengthy, global process to deal with the legalities of assisting people displaced across international borders by natural disasters. 

"There is simply no appetite among states for a formal process right now, and the Nansen Initiative tries to build the necessary consensus on what needs to be done in an intergovernmental process," Kaelin told IRIN. 

Even the 2010 Cancun conference on the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the first to acknowledge the possibilities of "climate change-induced displacement", shied away from saying how the issue should be addressed. 

The Nansen Initiative was launched in 2012 by Norway and Switzerland with the aim of breaking this impasse and building consensus between countries on how best to deal with people displaced by sudden climatic shocks, or slow-onset ones like drought. "This is a necessary first step that may or may not lead to a new agreement," Kaelin noted. "There are no existing agreements that countries can emulate." 

The Initiative will try to build on the three pillars identified as the "protection agenda": international cooperation and solidarity; standards for the treatment of affected people regarding admission, stay, status; and operational responses, including funding mechanisms; and the responsibilities of international humanitarian and development actors. 
The work will be overseen by a Steering Group comprising government representatives of developing and developed countries, including Australia, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Germany,Kenya, Mexico and the Philippines. The first consultation will focus on Pacific Ocean island states, whose existence is threatened by a rising sea level. Kaelin told IRIN it could take place in the last week of May. 

The first round 

In 2012, New Zealand rejected an appeal from a citizen of the island of Kiribati for refuge from a changing climate [ http://ejfoundation.org/climate/climate-alert-september-2012 ].

Australia is a neighbour to many Pacific Ocean islands. A report in The Guardian newspaper said the Refugee Council of Australia had urged its government to become the first to formally recognize those fleeing the impact of a changing climate by creating a special refugee category that would enable them to access protection and support [ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/16/australia-climate-change-refugee-status ].

Countries' reluctance to deal with these problems was in evidence at the 2011 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Ministerial Meeting to commemorate the 60th and 50th Anniversaries of the UN Refugee and Statelessness Conventions, Kaelin wrote in the Forced Migration Review in 2012 [ http://www.fmreview.org/en/preventing/kalin.pdf ].

The Ministerial Communiqué adopted at the meeting did not directly refer to cross-border movements triggered by climate-related and other natural disasters. "This was no accident, but rather the expression of a lack of willingness by a majority of governments, whether from reasons of sovereignty, competing priorities or the lead role of UNHCR in the process," said Kaelin. 

Koko Warner, who heads environmentally induced migration research at the UN University (UNU) Institute for Environment and Human Security in Bonn, told IRIN: "There is a policy space for the discussion… if states see their own self-interest in the issue, they may find more reason to get involved.” Projections of millions of people who would be forced to relocate as climate changes have caused concern in developed countries. 

Joe Aitaro, a negotiator for the Alliance of Small Island States representing the Pacific Ocean island of Palau at the UNFCCC, speaking in his personal capacity, stressed that "We need the presence of major developed countries and commitment to a process which will compensate our losses." 

Kaelin said the consultation with Pacific Ocean island countries would consider three key issues: how to deal with the movement of people in adaptation plans and access funding; protect cultural identity, land and property in instances of displacement, voluntary migration and planned relocation; and the role of the Pacific Island Forum and other regional institutions in addressing these problems. 

Aitaro said the process also needs to deal with the loss of sources of revenue and livelihoods in the form of mineral wealth and fishing when the islands submerge. 

Scientist Steven Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Research Institute [ http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/modeling-sea-level-rise-25857988 ], an expert on the impact of climate change on sea-level rise, estimates that the sea could rise by one metre during this century, and low-lying Pacific island states would have to be abandoned. 

"I think that planned relocations will be a response to the effects of climate change in some countries,” said Elizabeth Ferris, a senior fellow and co-director of the Brookings-LSE Project on Internal Displacement at the Brookings Institution. 

“Particular care is needed to ensure community participation in the [relocation] process, to secure adequate land for resettlement and to restore livelihoods. Relocating people in a way that upholds their rights and maintains their dignity is a complex and expensive undertaking that requires commitment, expertise and above all, political will. It should only be used as a last resort." 

Other remedies could be tried. Palau has sought opinion from the International Court of Justice on whether countries have a legal responsibility to see their greenhouse gas emissions do not affect others. The court's opinion would not be legally binding but could sow the seeds for international legislation and open the way to compensation, perhaps as formal acceptance of the people displaced by extreme natural events. 

UNU's Warner and her research team are looking for links between extreme natural events and displacement that could help countries obtain compensation for loss and damage from climate change. At the UNFCCC meeting in Doha in 2012, it was agreed that a mechanism to address economic and non-economic losses, and possible technological interventions, would be discussed at its meeting in Poland in 2013. 

Pinning down the cause 

In the case of drowning islands it would be relatively easy to attribute displacement to climate change or extreme natural events, but trickier in instances where complex factors like drought and conflict are at play, as in Somalia during the 2011 famine. 

"It is always... challenging to decide what motivates people to move,” said NRC's Vestvik. This is illustrated by the mix of people flowing daily across the Mediterranean. “However, with the right tools… it is possible to identify the different motivations for displacement, and thereby also the protection needs of the people concerned." 

jk/he 

]]></body><pubDate>Wed, 17 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97862/Lifeline-to-climate-refugees</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2006121823t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 17 April 2013 (IRIN) - The international community has steadfastly dodged the issue of recognition and protection for “climate refugees” - people forced to relocate to another country as a result of the risks and hazards of a changing climate. Now, the first global initiative to address humanitarian options is underway, with discussions focusing on the Pacific Ocean states to take place soon.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>UN makes “aggressive” push to reduce child mortality</title><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151359190723t.jpg" />]]>LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles  in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.</description><body><![CDATA[LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles [ http://www.thelancet.com/series/childhood-pneumonia-and-diarrhoea ] in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.

The world has seen a dramatic decline in child mortality over the past 20 years: In 1990, 87 of every 1,000 children died before their fifth birthday; the number is now down to 51. But the drop is not yet big enough to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) on child survival - and pneumonia and diarrhoea deaths are two of the main reasons. These illnesses kill around two million young children a year and account for nearly 30 percent of deaths in early childhood.

WHO and UNICEF have proposed the “aggressive target” of bringing the number of pneumonia deaths in children under age five to less than three per 1,000 and the number of diarrhoea deaths to less than one per 1,000.

But this latest effort comes as global development aid is declining [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97785/Global-aid-drops-as-rich-nations-struggle ]. “The OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development] published figures last week showing that there is a 4 percent fall in international aid, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and that comes after a 2 percent fall in 2011,” said Richard Horton, Lancet’s editor. “And we are coming to the end of an extraordinary period of consensus over maternal and child health and the Millennium Development Goals. So we are at moment of precarious uncertainty.”

Even so, WHO and UNICEF say the cost of achieving their goal is moderate. An estimated $6.7 billion will be required, and they say there is already money in various funds and programmes, such as the GAVI Alliance and various water and sanitation programmes, that can contribute to the whole.

Straightforward interventions

The Lancet series demonstrates that tackling diarrhoea and pneumonia will be complicated: Neither is a single disease curable by one drug or preventable with one vaccine. Rather, they can both be caused by a range of different pathogens.

Yet some straightforward interventions can combat both.

At the top of the list are good hygiene and nutrition, including exclusive breast feeding for the first six months after birth. Healthy, well-nourished children are less likely to fall ill, and if they do, they are more likely to recover.

Increasing the availability of vaccines for common strains of pneumonia [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/91913/HEALTH-Vaccine-targets-world-s-biggest-child-killer ] and common causes of diarrhoea will also improve child survival. For example, there are vaccines against cholera and the rotavirus, which cause diarrhoea. Comprehensive measles vaccination could also play a role, since pneumonia is often the result of measles.

And when children do become ill, their parents must be able to seek treatment quickly. The right antibiotics for childhood pneumonia must be available in clinics and hospitals, along with oxygen, wherever possible.

For diarrhoea, the most essential treatment is also the cheapest and simplest - oral rehydration. It cannot cure diarrhoea, but it can stop children from dying of dehydration. If ready-made packets of oral rehydration salts (ORS) are unavailable, a reasonable substitute can be made with salt, sugar and water. Yet the authors found that most children with serious diarrhoea still do not receive ORS, and that its use has declined since the 1980s.

Christa Fischer Walker, of the Johns Hopkins University, told IRIN, “In the 1980s, when ORS was developed, there was a huge push from the international community. Celebrities were involved; you could find countries where they used to get the soccer players to go out there and be on billboards promoting it. But as that money has died out and those educational efforts have died out, ORS has died out as well.”

Old formulations of ORS were also problematic. “It’s not an enormously popular product among mothers,” Walker continued. “It doesn’t taste great. It’s hard to get kids to take it. New efforts with low-osmolarity [low concentration] ORS and flavoured ORS have improved on that, but people haven’t really capitalized on the fact that it does taste better, and it is actually more effective.”

Today, there is a move to package ORS with zinc as a full diarrhoea treatment kit. Zinc shortens bouts of diarrhoea and strengthens the immune system, yet in many countries it is difficult to come by.

In Nigeria, for example, there is only one local producer packaging therapeutic zinc, said Shamim Qazi, an expert with WHO. “The cost of a course of zinc in Nigeria is more than three dollars. The reason is that it’s imported. There are regulations, there are taxes. So then it becomes expensive, and there is low demand. People want to use something to treat diarrhoea, so in more than half of the diarrhoea episodes, they use antibiotics, which is quite unnecessary.”

Private sector participation

Qazi’s example illustrates the broad efforts that will be required to eliminate preventable pneumonia- and diarrhoea-related deaths. Manufacturers must be persuaded to produce life-saving interventions, such as zinc tablets, and these interventions must be available to parents through village stores and private medicine sellers.

Elizabeth Mason, director of WHO’s Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Department, says this is why the UN brought private sector representatives into its Commission on Life-Saving Commodities [ http://www.everywomaneverychild.org/resources/un-commission-on-life-saving-commodities ], which was established last year.

She told IRIN, “They are part and parcel of the working groups. And part of the motivation for businessmen is that if they know that they will have a market, then they will actually have the motivation to produce, because they will be making their profit, even though the profit may be very small for each individual dose.”

Well-coordinated health structures and properly supported staff at the community level will also be essential, said Qazi, “We need to build capacity and raise the skills of health workers, and also motivate them to provide these services. There are fantastic health workers out there who are paid peanuts and do excellent jobs, but we need to do better.”

Above all, every region of the world has countries that have already achieved or are close to achieving the targets.

“What we have looked at is who is moving fastest,” said Mason. “Which countries have moved fastest, and what has their rate of decline been? And if they have managed it, we ought to be able to support all countries to manage this.”

eb/rz

]]></body><pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97849/UN-makes-aggressive-push-to-reduce-child-mortality</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304151359190723t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">LONDON 15 April 2013 (IRIN) - The UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have launched their Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea, which aims to end preventable child deaths from these conditions by 2025. The launch was supported by the publication of a series of articles  in the medical journal The Lancet showing that the tools to accomplish this goal already exist, and that the targets should be achievable at a reasonable cost.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title>Obama proposes end of monetized food aid</title><pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description><![CDATA[<img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111559160065t.jpg" />]]>JOHANNESBURG 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - In a major development, President Barack Obama has proposed an end to the sale of US food aid in developing countries, with options for buying food locally and cash transfers, among other radical reforms to the system. USAID has accounted for more than half of the world&apos;s food aid every year for decades.</description><body><![CDATA[JOHANNESBURG 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - In a major development, President Barack Obama has proposed an end to the sale of US food aid in developing countries, with options for buying food locally and cash transfers, among other radical reforms to the system. USAID has accounted for more than half of the world's food aid every year for decades. 

The President's budget, tabled on Wednesday 10 April, ends years of US reliance for food aid on its agriculture surpluses. However, NGOs have been asking for removing the requirement to buy most of the emergency food aid in the US and transporting it on US vehicles to reduce costs and save time. 

This has been met with stiff resistance from various interest groups. In a compromise move to ensure the proposals garner much-needed support in Congress and improve efficiency, the Obama administration has proposed allowing around 45 percent of emergency aid to be bought locally, and using the funds for cash transfers or food vouchers. But 55 percent of emergency food aid would still be bought in the US. 

Emergency food aid - US$1.4 billion - forms a substantial chunk of the total food aid assistance package of $1.8 billion. 

The changes make the food aid system more efficient and flexible, and will help feed four million more people every year, said Rajiv Shah, the administrator of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) in an address to a forum at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), webcast live on Wednesday evening [ http://csis.org/event/future-food-assistance ].

Of the $1.4 billion for emergency assistance, $1.1 billion will be provided to International Disaster Assistance (IDA) for emergency food response in times of crises, which could be ongoing. 

The 2014 budget also creates a new Emergency Food Assistance Contingency Fund worth US$75 million - roughly five percent of the total emergency food aid allocation of $1.4 billion - allowing USAID to provide emergency food assistance for “unexpected and urgent food needs worldwide”. It will also have various aid options - cash assistance, purchasing food locally, or food vouchers - according to details posted on the USAID website [ http://www.usaid.gov/foodaidreform ].

The remainder of the funds goes towards development assistance to address chronic food insecurity. 

Shah said existing food aid restrictions denied the US government the flexibility to provide cash transfers that could have prevented Somali children from slipping into severe malnutrition. “Inefficiency was inexcusable“ in the country’s efforts to “accomplish something so profound [as helping people in need],” he noted. 

Various studies - from the US Government Accountability Office (GAO), an independent investigative arm of Congress, to Cornell University - have pointed out that millions of US taxpayers’ dollars are wasted because of inefficiencies in the existing food aid system. 

There have been several attempts to fix the system. The George Bush administration, pushed by former USAID administrator Andrew Natsios, called for similar reforms but failed to get the necessary support in Congress [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79036/GLOBAL-US-farm-bill-too-little-too-late-for-developing-world ].

Reforms have usually faced tough opposition from a lobby referred to as the "iron triangle", comprising agribusiness, the shipping sector, and some development organizations and NGOs, but food aid experts, NGOs and think-tanks, who have all welcomed the Obama administration’s efforts, are more optimistic this time. 

The problems 

There are two major flaws in the US food aid system. One is monetization, in which US agricultural commodities are donated to NGOs and development organizations, who then sell these in countries that need assistance to raise the money for their programmes. 

This practice has prevailed since the beginning of food aid, which was based on the idea of providing surplus produce as gifts. Almost all major donors have now given up this practice because selling gifts of maize, wheat or other staples in developing countries often distorted local markets, and surpluses to gift are much smaller than before for various reasons, including shrinking production. 

But the US has kept up with the practice. In 2007, US charity CARE was the first to turn down the monetized approach. The US has also been under pressure from the World Trade Organization (WTO) to end this trade-distorting form of development aid, which now comes to an end with Obama’s proposal. 

The other flaw is a policy called the Agricultural Cargo Preference (ACP), which requires that 75 percent of US food aid be shipped on privately owned, US registered vessels, even if they do not offer the most competitive rates. Some of these costs are reimbursed by the Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration, but ultimately the US taxpayer foots the entire bill. 

This policy affects the shipping sector of the "iron triangle", and any efforts to change it have met with stiff resistance. In 2010, a study led by Christopher Barrett, a food aid expert at Cornell University [ http://www.irinnews.org/Report/89815/AID-POLICY-Millions-wasted-on-shipping-food-aid ] showed that US taxpayers spent about $140 million per year to ship food aid to global destinations on US vessels - money that could have been used to feed more people. 

The Obama administration has not called for the end of this policy entirely, but has reduced the percentage of food aid that has to be bought in the US and shipped on US vessels to 55 percent of the total requested $1.4 billion for emergency food assistance. 

“I imagine that trying to garner political support, or at least neutralizing opposition, is part of the reason for some of the proposals such as retaining over half of the 2014 budget going to US commodity purchases,” said Daniel Maxwell, a food aid expert at Tufts University, who wrote about the “iron triangle” in the 2005 book, Food Aid After Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role, co-authored with Barrett. 

Maxwell described the proposals as “a huge step” in a positive direction. “It finally puts to rest the wasteful and sometimes harmful practice of monetization. It highlights the speed and cost effectiveness of local and regional purchase of food, and it emphasizes flexible and evidence-based approaches to food assistance.” 

He told IRIN, “There is no doubt that some advocates of reform would have wished to omit the guarantee of 55 percent of the 2014 budget still going to commodities purchased in the US, and… [have been disappointed] that the role of cash transfers isn't highlighted more in the proposed changes… But the administration is clearly committed to a long-term course of reform.” 

Barrett said the tabled proposal had been watered down "from the informal proposal that was floated discretely a month or so ago and elicited intense opposition from vested agribusiness and shipping interests, as well as a few NGOs". The earlier proposal called for doing away with procuring food aid in the US only. "But that's the political reality", and even this proposal will face "stiff opposition". He added, "Congressional lawmakers from both parties are indicating openness to this proposal and most of the major NGOs are strongly supporting these proposals." 

Ben Grossman-Cohen, of Oxfam America, speaking on behalf of several NGOs and think-tanks in the US who have lauded Obama’s efforts, noted that “This budget goes farther than previous reform proposals have… [and] common sense changes that get taxpayers more bang for their buck will be hard for legislators to overlook.” 

Republican Congressman Vin Weber backed that view in the CSIS discussion that followed Shah’s address on Wednesday evening, saying that "budget tightness", where even Obama has agreed to take a pay cut to show solidarity with other government officials, will force everyone to consider the reforms seriously. 

Republican Congressman Ed Royce, Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and Democrat Eliot Engel, the Committee’s Ranking Member, issued a joint statement supporting the reforms [ http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/royce-engel-statement-food-aid-reforms-proposed-president-obama%E2%80%99s-fy-2014-budget ].

jk/he 

]]></body><pubDate>Thu, 11 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate><link>http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97833/Obama-proposes-end-of-monetized-food-aid</link><content:encoded><![CDATA[<table cellpadding="3"><tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://www.irinnews.org/images/2013/201304111559160065t.jpg"/></td><td valign="top">JOHANNESBURG 11 April 2013 (IRIN) - In a major development, President Barack Obama has proposed an end to the sale of US food aid in developing countries, with options for buying food locally and cash transfers, among other radical reforms to the system. USAID has accounted for more than half of the world&apos;s food aid every year for decades.</td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>