IRIN | In-depth | Laying Landmines to Rest? Humanitarian Mine Action

humanitarian news and analysis
a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs


Advanced search

Saturday 21 November 2009

Latest reports:

In-Depth: Laying Landmines to Rest? Humanitarian Mine Action

Laying Landmines to Rest?
Humanitarian Mine Action

November 2004
C O N T E N T S

Lead Feature

Humanitarian Mine Action and the historic Nairobi Summit

PDF file

Download this in-depth report
7.1 MB

Features covering the 5 core elements of this in-depth

Frontlines

Interviews

History

History of landmines

Maps

Links & References

Comprehensive listing of mine action literature including links to web sites dealing with the Nairobi Summit

A special thanks to the Mines Advisory Group and Sean Sutton for generous use of their excellent photos used extensively in this report.
For more information on the work of MAG visit www.magclearsmines.org

In-Depth Feedback

IRIN welcomes feedback. Send your messages to feedback.

AFRICA-ASIA: Mines links and references

The issue of Landmines/UXOs
Bottigliero, Ilaria “120 Million Landmines Deployed Worldwide: Fact or Fiction?” Geneva: Foundation Pro Victims, 2000. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, “The Landmines Crisis: A Humanitarian Disaster," Foreign Affairs 73, no.5, September/October 1994:8-13. Canada’s Guide to the Global Ban on Landmines Bibliography of landmine resources Bibliography dealing with a variety of subjects related to landmines. Croll, Mike “The History of Landmines” Barnsley: Leo Cooper, 1998. Dipankar, Banerjee and Mallika, Joseph “Anti-Personnel Landmines: A South Asian Regional Survey” New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1999. Donnelly, Barbara R. Bibliography Naval War College, Newport, R.I., USA, March 2002 Includes documents, books, periodical articles and Internet sites dealing with landmine issues. Gelfand, Julia M A selective bibliography on landmines University of California, Irvine Outstanding bibliography dealing with a variety of subjects related to landmines. Handicap International “Cluster Munitions Systems: Situation and Inventory” August 2003 Examines the situation on cluster munitions systems, the use of them in three wars, national positions, the efforts of the NGO’s and legal implications. INCORE Guide to Internet Sources on Landmines February 1998 The Internet resource includes news sources, institutions, non-governmental organisations, academic articles, various sources and maps. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Landmine Monitor Report 2003 Annually produced to monitor and report on implementation of and compliance with the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, and more generally to assess the international community’s response to the humanitarian crisis caused by landmines. The International Campaign To Ban Landmines Resource Center Publications Advocacy, mine action, the Mine Ban Treaty, the United Nations and victim assistance are some of the subjects of the publications. Hunt, Rich Bibliography of landmines Lawrence Livermore Library Covers many areas of de-mining, statistical reports and background information. Mather, Charles "Maps, Measurements and Landmines: The Global Landmines Crisis and the Politics of Development" Environment & Planning A 34, n2, February 2002: 239-251. McGrath, Rae “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance” Pluto Press, University of Michigan, 2000. McGrath, Rae “Landmines: Legacy of Conflict. A Manual for Development Workers” Oxfam, 1994. McGrath, Rae “Land Mines: A Deadly Threat” Soka Gakki International Quarterly, July 1998. Mines-Arms Unit, International Committee of the Red Cross “Cluster Bombs and Landmines in Kosovo” August 2000, revised June 2001 Examines the impact of cluster bombs, landmines and UXO in Kosovo, their mine action and UXO clearance and the international legislative aspects of cluster bombs and landmines. Monin, Lydia and Gallimore, Andrew “The Devil‘s Gardens: A History of Landmines“ London: Pimlico, 2002.
The legacy and consequences of Landmines/UXOs
Ahmad, Khabil "Report Welcomes Slow but Steady Eradication of Landmines Worldwide" Lancet 356, n9234, UK: September 2000: 1012. Andersson, N., Palha do Sousa, C., Paredes, S. “Social Cost of Landmines in Four Countries: Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia and Mozambique” British Medical Journal, 16 Sept, 1995, Vol. 311, pp.718-721 The authors document the effects of land mines on the health and social conditions of communities in four affected countries. Bier, Gregory L “The Economic Impact of Landmines on Developing Countries” International Journal of Social Economics 30, n5, 2003: 651-662. Davies, Paul “War of the Mines: Cambodia, Landmines and the Impoverishment of a Nation” London: Pluto Press, 1994. Harpviken, Kristian Berg “Anti-Personnel Landmines: a Just Means of War?” Security Dialogue, vol. 28 (1997), no. 3, p. 272-285. Human Rights Watch Publication “Still Killing, Landmines in Southern Africa” 1997. International Committee of the Red Cross Publication ”Anti-Personnel Landmines in Central America: Conflict and Post-Conflict” 1996. Machel, G. ”Threats to Life and Limb: Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance in the Impact of War on Children” London: Hurst and Company, 2001. Mallika, Joseph and Suba, Chandran ”Lethal Fields: Landmines in South Asia” New Delhi: Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2001. Matthew, R; McDonald and Rutherford, K. “Landmines and Human Security: International Politics and War's Hidden Legacy” New York: SUNY Press, 2004. Purves, Bill; Cockburn, Bruce, and Dunlop, Nic ”Living With Landmines” Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2000. Roberts, S. and Williams, J. “After the Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines” Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation Washington, DC: 1995. Rupiya, Martin R. “Landmines in Zimbabwe: Deadly Legacy” SAPES Books, Harare: 1998. UNICEF, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office “Impact of Landmines on Children in the East Asia and Pacific Region” September 2003 Examines the Impact of Landmines on Children in the East and Pacific Region and covers the mine action projects of UNICEF in the region.
Humanitarian Mine Action
Bureau of Political-Military Affairs Milestones in Humanitarian Mine Action: Development of the Landmine Threat and the Discipline of Humanitarian Mine Action Washington, DC: July 29, 2003 Offers the reader a chronological history of mine action from 1862 - 2000. Eaton, Robert; Horwood, Chris and Niland, Norah ”The Development of Indigenous Mine Action Capacities” Lessons Learned Unit - Policy and Analysis Division, Department of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations. The study identifies the lessons learned in establishing UN supported mine action programmes in four of the most severely affected countries in the world: Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia and Mozambique. The European Union in Humanitarian De-mining Publications The publications include articles, books, brochures, conference reports, interviews, special journal reports, market studies, presentations, reference studies, and technical reports. Geneva International Center for Humanitarian De-mining: (GICHD) ”A Guide to Mine Action” Covers the issues of mine action and is intended for research, decision-making and planning. Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian De-mining (GICHD) Publications The publications provides the reader with aspects relating to Mine Action: Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), explosive remnants of war (ERW), database of de-mining accidents (DDAS) and insurance, information management (IMSMA), international mine action standards and technical notes, mechanical mine action systems, mine action equipment and technology, mine dog detection (MDD), mine risk education, socio-economic issues and victim assistance. Grayson, J ”Mine Action and Development: Merging Strategies” Disarmament Forum, UNIDIR, No. 3, pp.15-24, 2003. Harpviken, Kristian Berg, ed. "The Future of Humanitarian Mine Action" Macmillan, UK: 2004 Examines the relationship between mine action and its broader humanitarian context. Harpviken, Kristian Berg, ed. Special issue on ‘The Future of Humanitarian Mine Action’ Third World Quarterly 24(5), October 2003. Horwood, Chris “Humanitarian Mine Action: The First Decade of a New Sector in Humanitarian Aid” Relief and Rehabilitation Network, Network Paper, March 2000 The report scrutinizes the first ten years of mine action, and highlights the scope and nature of the landmine crisis, international response, the current status of mine actions in terms of operations and the central issues facing mine action. Journal of Mine Action Published by the Mine Action Information Center of James Madison University with all issues available online. Millard, Ananda S. and Kristian Berg Harpviken “Reassessing the Impact of Humanitarian Landmine Action: Illustrations from Mozambique” International Peace Research Institute report 1/2000, Oslo, Norway Examines mine action and the complex relationship between disarmament and development. Millard, Ananda S.; Harpviken, Kristian Berg and Kjellman, Kjell Erling “Risk Removed? Steps Towards Building Trust in Humanitarian Mine Action” Disasters 26, n2, 2002:161-174. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research “Selected Publications and Activities Focusing on Landmines” Includes books and reports, articles, periodicals and chapters, activities concerning landmines. United Nations Mine Action Service A variety of reports on Documents and Reports from the United Nations, Other Sources, Resource Mobilization, Resources on Technology, Research and Development and Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2004.
Humanitarian Mine Action - Victim assistance
Bailey, Sheree “Landmine Victim Assistance in South East Europe” Handicap International Belgium, September, 2003 This study aims to present a clearer picture of landmine survivors in the region and the facilities available. It also identifies challenges and opportunities for victim assistance. Finally, it provides an analysis and data for states, donors, and victim assistance practitioners to improve the effectiveness and reach of victim assistance programming responses. Bottomley, Ruth “Crossing the Divide, Landmines, Villagers and Organisations” International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway. January 2003 The report provides a vivid account of ‘village de-miners’ - local Cambodians who find themselves facing the same risks such as poverty, political oppression and fragmented social solidarity, and who choose to lift mines so they and their families survive. Coupland, Robin M. “Assistance for Victims of Anti-Personnel Mines: Needs, Constraints and Strategy” International Committee of the Red Cross Geneva: 1997 This brochure portrays the plight of victims of anti-personnel mines and describes their needs in purely medical terms. The constraints faced in providing surgical care and rehabilitation are also discussed. Accurate assessment determines the most appropriate form of assistance in each situation. The conclusion outlines a new strategy for bringing effective assistance to a larger proportion of mine victims. Handicap International “Victim Assistance In Bosnia and Herzegovina” Working Paper, December 2003. Developed to support a long-term strategy for landmine victim assistance. Handicap International Publication "Response to Injury Due to Anti-Personnel Landmines" March 2000 Uses Mozambique as a case study to identify responses to injuries due to anti-personnel landmines. Husum, Hans; Mads, Gilbert; and Wisborg, Torben “Save Lives, Save Limbs: Life Support for Victims of Mines, Wars and Accidents” Peace Research Abstracts 39, n4, 2002: 459-605. International Campaign to Ban Landmines “Guidelines for the Care and Rehabilitation of Survivors” 2000. Landmine Survivors Network Resources and Documents Contains information to help convince nations to abolish landmines, and to help survivors cope with the dreadful aftermath of limb loss. Physicians for Human Rights Publication “Measuring Landmine Incidents and Injuries and the Capacity to Provide Care” March, 2000 A guide intended to assist governments, and non-governmental organizations in collecting data about landmine victims, hospitals and orthopedics centers. United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on victim assistance Includes resources on contacts, standards and guidelines, projects, investments, standing committees on victim assistance.
Humanitarian Mine Action - Mine clearance
Angelini, Leonardo; De Carlo, Francesco; Marangi, Carmela et al. “Chaotic Neural Network Clustering: an Application to Landmine Detection by Dynamic Infrared Imaging” Optical Engineering: The Journal of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers 40, n12, 2001: 2878-2885. Banks, Eddie ”Anti-Personnel Mines: How to Recognize and Defuse” Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1997. Boulden, Laurie ”The Politics of De-Mining: Mine Clearance in Southern Africa. Johannesburg” South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999. Cahill, K.M. (ed) “Clearing the Fields: Solutions to the Global Landmine Crisis” Basic Books and the Council of Foreign Relations, New York: 1995. The Canadian Centre for Mine Action Technologies (CCMAT) Technical Reports The reports includes topics on detection, neutralization, protection and miscellaneous reports. Carevic, Dragana ”An Approach to Characterising Ground Probing Radar Target Echoes for Landmine Recognition” DSTO Electronics and Surveillance Research Laboratory, Salisbury, S. Aust.: 1998. Carevic, Dragana, “Clutter Reduction and Detection of Mine-like Objects in Ground Penetrating Radar Data Using Wavelets,” Subsurface Sensing Technologies and Applications 1, n1, 2000: 101-118. De-mining Technology Centre Publications on mine clearance The publications highlight the technical aspects of mine clearance. Elliot, Gareth, and Harris, Geoff “A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Landmine Clearance in Mozambique” Development Southern Africa 18, n5, 2001: 756-960. Elliot, Gareth ”Beyond De-Mining: Capacity Building and Socio-Economic Consequences” South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg: 2000. Harpviken, Kristian Berg “Landmines in Southern Africa: Regional Initiatives for Clearance and Control” Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 18 (1997), no. 1, p. 84-108. Harris, Geoff “Economics of Landmine Clearance in Afghanistan” Peace Research Abstracts 39, n6, 763-957, 2002. Horwood, Chris "The Use of Dogs for Operations Related to Humanitarian Mine Action" Handicap International, France: 1998. HUDEM Belgian joint research program for humanitarian de-mining Bibliography of publications They highlight the technical aspects of de-mining. Humanitarian De-mining Links to mine action links, de-mining NGOs, commercial de-mining, mine action centers and others. Publications on detection, clearance, neutralization, personal protection, tools and in-country technical evaluations and country technical assessments. MacDonald, Jacqueline ”Alternatives for Landmine Detection” RAND, Science and Technology Policy Institute, Santa Monica, CA: 2003. Marshall Legacy Institute "An Assessment of Mine Detection Dogs" US State Department, 1998. Mines Advisory Group (MAG) Publications The reports contain results of MAG’s in-depth photographic and case study based information gathering MAG missions. There is a diverse range of information focusing on problems faced by communities and individuals in post-conflict situations. They also highlight the innovative, life saving work of MAG in these countries. Mine Clearance Planning Agency *Socioeconomic Impact Study of Mine Actions Operations in Afghanistan” United Nations/Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan, 1998. Rosengard, U.; Dolan, T; Miklush, D. and others “Humanitarian De-mining Nuclear Techniques IAEA Bulletin: Quarterly Journal of the International Atomic Energy Agency 43, part 2, 2001: 16-19. United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on mine clearance.
Humanitarian Mine Action - Mine risk education
Aitkin, Susan ”Getting the Message about Mines: Towards a National Public Information Strategy and Program of Mines and Mine Safety” Phnom Penh: Cambodian mine Action Centre: UNESCO Cambodia: 1993. United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on mine risk education. United Nations "International Guidelines for Landmine and Unexploded Ordnance Awareness Education." 1999.
Humanitarian mine action programmes
International Committee of the Red Cross “Special Report: Mine Action 2003” Highlights the mine action projects of the ICRC in 2003. Mine Action Information Center at James Madison University National mine action centers and mine action support centers. International Mine Action Standards The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) are now the standards in force for all UN mine action operations. Useful Website for updates on the standards. United Nations Development Programme A description of their mine action. United States State Department “To Walk the Earth in Safety: The United States Commitment to Humanitarian De-mining” September, 2002 The report explains the humanitarian de-mining program of the United States. United Nations Mine Action Service Annual Report 2003 . United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on mine-affected countries Provides the reader with information on reference documents, mine action projects, contacts, stockpile destruction status, Landmine Monitor Report and donor investments.
The elimination of landmines/uxos - the legal framework
Anderson, K. ”The Ottawa Convention: Banning Landmines. The Role of International Non-Governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society” European Journal of International Law, Volume 11, No.1, 2000, pp91-112. Atwood, D. ”Implementing Ottawa: Continuity and Change in the Roles of NGOs” Disarmament Forum, UNIDIR, No. 4, 1999, pp19-31. Biddle, Stephen D., Klare, Julia L., and Jason Rosenfield ”The Military Utility of Landmines: Implications for Arms Control” Institute For Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA: 1994. Bohlen, Jim “Living with Landmines: From International Treaty to Reality” Black Rose, London: 2001. Brinkert, K. Seminar Presentation: Overview of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention. Presented at Ottawa Treaty Regional Seminar International Centre for Humanitarian De-mining, Geneva: 2004. Burkhalter, H. ”The Mine Ban Treaty In Focus” Foreign Policy Journal, Volume 5, No 21, 2000, pp.1-4. Convention on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (1997) Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (1996) The Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Review Conference adopted in May 1996 the Amended Mines Protocol (AMP), which significantly improves the original 1980 Protocol. Efaw, Andrew C. “The United States Refusal to Ban Landmines” Peace Research Abstracts 40, n1, 2003: 3-118. Funk, David E. ”A Mine is a Terrible Thing To Waste: The Operational Implications Of Banning Anti-Personnel Landmines” School of Advanced Military Studies, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA: 1998. Graham, Thomas ”Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era” University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, USA: 2003. International Committee of the Red Cross “Banning Anti-Personnel Landmines: The Ottawa Treaty Explained” Geneva: 1998 This paper provides a brief overview of the landmine problem, the "Ottawa process" and the content of the Ottawa Treaty. International Committee of the Red Cross Internet resources on international humanitarian law The resources focus on use of different types weapons - landmines, weapons, explosive remnants of war and conventional weapons and their relation to international humanitarian law. King, Colin ”Legislation and the Landmine” Jane’s Information Group, Coulson, Surrey, UK: 1997. Long, David “The European Union and the Ottawa Process to Ban Landmines” Journal of European Public Policy 9, n3, 2002: 429-446. Malanczuk, P. “The International Criminal Court and Landmines: What are the Consequences of Leaving the U.S. Behind?” European Journal of International Law 11, n1, 2000:77-91. Maresca, Lois and Maslen, Stuart ”Anti-Personnel Landmines: the Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross” Cambridge University Press, UK: 2000. McGrath, Joe and Robertson, David Monitoring the Landmine Convention: Ratification and National Implementation Legislation. Verification Research, Training and Information Centre, London: 1999. Thakur, Ramesh and Maley, William, “The Ottawa Convention on Landmines” Peace Research Abstracts 39, n3, 2002: 311-456.
The global movement against anti-personnel landmines and the responses of the international community
Anderson, Kenneth & Schurtman, Monica “Symposium: The United Nations Family: Challenges of Law and Development: The United Nations Response to the Crisis of Landmines in the Developing World.” Harvard International Law Journal, 36, Spring, 1995. Atwood, D. ”Tackling the Problem of Anti-Personnel Landmines: Issues and Developments” International Security Forum Workshop, Zurich, Switzerland: 1998 This examines focused attention on landmines, the factors behind the birth of the mine treaty and the factors that will affect the short-term progress of the solution to the anti-personnel mine problem. Cameron, M; Lawson, R; Tomlin, B. eds. To Walk Without Fear: the Global Movement to Ban Landmines” Oxford University Press, Canada: December 1, 1998. Carstairs, Tim “Diplomacy, International Law and the Civic Campaign against Landmines” International Peacekeeping, vol. 14 no.3, Fall 1997, p. 106. Davis, Julian “The Campaign to Ban Landmines: Public Diplomacy, Middle Power Leadership and an Unconventional Negotiating Process” The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, Posted July 6, 2004. The article scrutinizes the Ottawa process and assesses the role of NGOs in diplomacy. Dahinden, Martin “The Response to the Humanitarian Crisis Created by Landmines” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 15, n1, 2002: 65-74. European Commission ”The Response of the European Union to the Anti-Personnel Landmines Challenge” Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg: 2000. Harpviken, Kristian Berg “The Landmines Campaign: Representations and Reflections” Cooperation and Conflict 37, n1, 2002: 101-108. Harpviken, Kristian Berg “Breaking New Ground: Afghanistan’s Response to Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance” Third World Quarterly - Journal of Emerging Areas 23, n5, 2002: 931- 943. Hopkins, Lynne and Kaplan, Martin M. “Report on the Global Effort to Eliminate Anti-Personnel Landmines” Peace Research Abstracts 39, n3, 2002: 311-456. Hubert, Don “The Landmine Ban: A Case Study In Humanitarian Advocacy” Occasional Paper #42, Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies, Brown University, November 2000. An analysis of the successful effort to establish an international treaty to ban landmines. Human Rights Watch Reports on landmines. The International Journal on Grey Literature “Internet Activism: NGOs and the Mine Ban Treaty” 1, n3, 2000: 99-106. Kirkey, Christopher ”Washington's Response to the Ottawa Land Mines Process” Canadian-American Center, University of Maine, Orono, ME: 2001. Maslen, S , Lloyd, Richard ”Mine Action After Diana: Progress in the Struggle Against Landmines” Pluto Press, London: 2004. Matthew, Richard A. and Rutherford, Kenneth R. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Movement to Ban Landmines” Alternatives 28, n1, 2003: 29-56. McGrath, R ”Safe Mines and Sub-Munitions: The Humanitarian Response to Military Arguments” The Mines Advisory Group, Manchester: 1994. Report of the Secretary General Eliminating the Threat of Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War: United Nations Advocacy Strategy for 2004-2005 A/59/284/Add.1. United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on advocacy and conventions. United Nations Mine Action Service Resources on stockpile destruction. U.S. Department of State “United States Landmine Policy” February 27, 2004.
A selection of bodies involved in mine action and advocacy
United Nations Mine Action Service Mine Action Information Center at James Madison University has valuable Online Resources, focusing on detection and clearance, historical aspects, international diplomacy, landmine problems, landmine surveys, milestones, mine risk education, photo galleries, research and development, landmine survivor assistance and the Future: A Call for Action United States Campaign to Ban Landmines Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation International Campaign to Ban Landmines Geneva International Center for Humanitarian De-mining has an extensive Links Database, that contain links to organizations working with mine action and which are divided into three categories: type of organization, country and subject. Mines Advisory Group The Halo Trust Canadian Centre for Mine Action Technologies Cranfield University Mine Action Unit European Commission Joint Research Centre EUDEM - The European Union in Humanitarian De-mining has extensive Links that highlight the technical aspect of the landmine problem. International Trust Fund for De-mining and Victims Assistance Organization for America States South Eastern Mine Action Coordination Council Menschen Gegen Minen has useful Documents and Reports Norwegian Peoples Aid European Union (EU) Mine Action Adopt-A-Minefield USA SWEDEC - Swedish EOD and De-mining Centre
Maps
Global Use of Anti-personnel Landmines Since May 2002 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) Landmine/UXO and Victim Affected Nations and Territories Landmine Survivor Network Who has signed the Ottawa Treaty? International Committee of the Red Cross The International Campaign to Ban Landmines has a number of maps showing the signatories of the mine ban treaty (Africa, Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe and Central Asia, Middle East and North Africa), the use of landmines, the production of landmines, existing stockpiles and the landmine problem.
Guide to the nairobi summit on a mine-free world
Nairobi Summit Official Site International Campaign to Ban Landmines: Nairobi Summit Key Draft Documents to be discussed at the Nairobi Summit Draft review of the operation and the status of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction: 1999-2004 . Ending the Suffering Caused by Anti-Personnel Mines: Draft Nairobi Action Plan 2005-2009 . Towards a Mine-Free World: The 2004 Nairobi Declaration . Draft programme of meetings and related matters to facilitate implementation, 2005-2009 . Preparatory Meetings Second Preparatory Meeting held 28-29 June in Geneva. Related Documents. First Preparatory Meeting held 13 February in Geneva. Related Documents. Regional Conferences Documents from the regional conferences held worldwide in 2004.

[ENDS]

Back | Home page

Feedback | E-mail Webmaster | Terms & Conditions |

News Feeds | About IRIN | Jobs | Bookmark IRINnews | Donors

Copyright © IRIN 2009. All rights reserved.
This material comes to you via IRIN, the humanitarian news and analysis service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its Member States. The boundaries, names and designations used on maps on this site do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the UN. Republication is subject to terms and conditions as set out in the IRIN copyright page.